hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Handbook of Automated Reasoning
The Handbook of Automated Reasoning (ISBN 0444508139, 2128 pages) is a collection of survey articles on the field of automated reasoning. Published in June 2001 by MIT Press, it is edited by John Alan Robinson and Andrei Voronkov. Volume 1 describes methods for classical logic, first-order logic with equality and other theories, and induction. Volume 2 covers higher-order, non-classical and other kinds of logic.

Higher-order logic
In mathematics and logic, a higher-order logic (abbreviated HOL) is a form of logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics. Higher-order logics with their standard semantics are more expressive, but their model-theoretic properties are less well-behaved than those of first-order logic.

The term "higher-order logic" is commonly used to mean higher-order simple predicate logic. Here "simple" indicates that the underlying type theory is the theory of simple types, also called the simple theory of types. Leon Chwistek and Frank P. Ramsey proposed this as a simplification of ramified theory of types specified in the Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Simple types is sometimes also meant to exclude polymorphic and dependent types.
Malang Plain
Malang Plain is a group of nine ash cones, maars and volcanic plugs. It is located around the city of Malang, from southeast to northeast, in East Java, Indonesia. Some of the cones might be parasitic cones from Tengger caldera complex.

Volcanic plug
A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano. When present, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of high gas pressure if rising volatile-charged magma is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption.  In a plinian eruption the plug is destroyed and ash is ejected.

Glacial erosion can lead to exposure of the plug on one side, while a long slope of material remains on the opposite side. Such landforms are called crag and tail. If a plug is preserved, erosion may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive upstanding landform.
Jewell, California
Jewell was an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It was located 11 miles (18 km) west-southwest of Novato.

In the 1860s, the site was a dairy and pig farm owned by Omar Jewell. When the Northwestern Pacific Railroad was built nearby, Jewell sold a right-of-way across his land and a flagstop called Jewells was set up on the ranch. In the 1930s, a strip of land between Lagunitas Creek and the Sir Francis Drake Highway was subdivided into small lots where city dwellers built weekend cottages. The settlement became known as Jewell because it lay opposite of the Jewell train flagstop.

The National Park Service bought the community alongside the creek and removed the few remaining residents. In 2018 an environmental group tore down the cluster of houses and began to restore the creek to improve the habitat for endangered coho salmon.

Novato, California
Novato (Spanish for "Novatus") is a city in Marin County, California, United States, situated in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. At the 2020 census, Novato had a population of 53,225.
Sivamani (percussionist)
Anandan "Drums" Sivamani (born 1 December 1959) is an Indian percussionist. He plays many instruments including drums, octoban, darbuka, udukai, ghatam and kanjira. He performed drumming during the Indian Premier League in 2008 and 2010. He is affiliated with the Chennai Super Kings team, but gained recognition through his role as A. R. Rahman's lead percussionist. They have been close friends since childhood. In 2019, he was conferred with Padma Shri.

Udukai
The udukku , udukai or udukkai (Tamil: உடுக்கை) is a member of the family of membranophone percussion instruments of India and Nepal used in folk music and prayers in Tamil Nadu.

The drums are an ancient design of  hourglass drums similar to the northern damaru and southern idakka. Its shape is similar to other Indian hourglass drums, having a small snare stretched over one side. They are played with the bare hand, and the pitch may be tered by squeezing the lacing in the middle. It is made of wood or brass and is very portable. It originated in Tamil Nadu as well. Other members in the family include thehuruk, hurkî, hurko, hudko or hudka, utukkai.

Another non-hourglass drum that is also referred to as udukkai is the damru (while in the hands of Shiva).
Pronnoi
Pronnoi (Ancient Greek: Πρόννοι), also known as Pronesus or Pronesos (Πρωνῆσος), was one of the four towns of Cephallenia, situated upon the southeastern coast. Together with the other towns of Cephallenia it joined the Athenian alliance in 431 BCE. It is described by Polybius as a small fortress; but it was so difficult to besiege that Philip V of Macedon did not venture to attack it, but sailed against Pale. Livy, in his account of the surrender of Cephallenia to the Romans in 189 BCE, speaks of the Nesiotae, Cranii, Palenses, and Samaei. Now as we know that Pronnoi was one of the four towns of Cephallenia, it is probable that Nesiotae is a false reading for Pronesiotae, which would be the ethnic form of Pronesus, the name of the town in Strabo. Pronnoi or Pronesus was one of the three towns which continued to exist in the island after the destruction of Same.

Its site is located near Poros, Cephalonia.

Philip V of Macedon
Philip V (Greek: Φίλιππος, romanized: Philippos; 238 BC – 179 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by the Social War in Greece (220-217 BC) and a struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. He would lead Macedon against Rome in the First (212-205 BC) and Second (200-196 BC) Macedonian Wars. While he lost the latter, Philip later allied with Rome against Antiochus III in the Roman-Seleucid War. He died in 179 BC from illness after efforts to recover the military and economic condition of Macedonia and passed the throne onto his elder son, Perseus of Macedon.
Zaragoza Congress
The Zaragoza Congress was the Second Congress of the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (FRE-AIT). It was held in Zaragoza in April 1872, at the end of the reign of Amadeo I. To prevent it from being suspended by the government, as it ended up happening, the delegates met secretly a few days before the scheduled date. Previously, the Valencia Conference, had also been held in semi-underground conditions. The Congress, among other matters, dealt with the conflict that arose in the Madrid Federation between the anarchists, the majority, and the Marxists, the minority.

Pablo Iglesias Posse
Pablo Iglesias Posse (17 October 1850 – 9 December 1925) was a Spanish socialist and Marxist labour leader. He is regarded as the father of Spanish socialism, having founded the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in 1879 and the Spanish General Workers' Union (UGT) in 1888.
Tina Modotti
Tina Modotti (born Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini, August 16/17,  1896 – January 5, 1942) was an Italian and American photographer, model, actor, and revolutionary political activist for the Comintern. She left her native Italy in 1913 and emigrated to the United States, where she settled in San Francisco with her father and sister. In San Francisco, Modotti worked as a seamstress, model, and theater performer and, later, moved to Los Angeles where she worked in film. She later became a photographer and essayist. In 1922 she moved to Mexico, where she became an active member of the Mexican Communist Party.

International Red Aid
International Red Aid (also commonly known by its Russian acronym MOPR) was an international  social-service organization. MOPR was founded in 1922 by the Communist International to function as an "international political Red Cross", providing material and moral aid to radical "class-war" political prisoners around the world.
Reef of Death
Reef of Death is a 1998 young adult novel by Paul Zindel published by HarperCollins and Hyperion and is the fifth book of "The Zone Unknown" series. Set in Australia, it is an adventure story with elements of horror.

Disney Publishing Worldwide
Disney Publishing Worldwide (DPW), formerly known as The Disney Publishing Group and Buena Vista Publishing Group, is the publishing subsidiary of Disney Experiences, a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company. Its imprints include Disney Editions, Disney Press, Kingswell, Freeform, and Hyperion Books for Children. It has creative centers in Glendale, California, and Milan, Italy.
Sandringham railway station
Sandringham station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne and the terminus of the Sandringham line, which is part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the south-eastern suburb of Sandringham, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sandringham station is a ground level premium station, featuring a single platform. It opened on 2 September 1887.

A signal box is located at the up (Flinders Street) end of the station and a stabling yard is located directly opposite to the station, stabling up to four trains overnight.

Rail directions
Rail directions are used to describe train directions on rail systems. The terms used may be derived from such sources as compass directions, altitude directions, or other directions. These directions are often specific to system, country, or region.
Sipajhar
Sipajhar is a small town in Darrang district of Assam, India. It is around 50 km away from Dispur, capital city of Assam. The district headquarters of Mangaldoi is around 15 km from Sipajhar. National Highway 15 (India) goes through the town.

Dispur
Dispur (/dɪsˈpʊər/, Assamese: [ˈdispuɹ] ⓘ) is the capital of the Indian state of Assam and is a suburb of Guwahati.

It became the capital in 1973, when Shillong the erstwhile capital, became the capital of the state of Meghalaya that was carved out of Assam.

Dispur is the seat of power of Government of Assam. The Assam Secretariat (Janata Bhawan) building is located in Dispur along with the Assam Legislative Assembly House, MLA Hostels and the State Emergency Operations Centre. The Assam Trunk road and the G S road pass through Dispur. To the south of Dispur lies the theologically important site of Basistha Ashram and the Shankardev Kalakshetra, a cultural centre created in the 1990s. Next to Dispur is the township of Jatia.

The Guwahati Tea Auction Centre, one of the busiest tea trading facilities in the world, is located in the city.
Spahr
Spahr  is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Barzillai Spahr (1860-1904), American political economist

Charles E. Spahr (1913–2009)

Gebhard Spahr (1913–1986), German Benedictine monk, historian, art historian

Jean Gurney Fine Spahr (1861-1935), American social reformer

Juliana Spahr (born 1966), American poet, critic, and editor

Samuel Spahr Laws (1824–1921), American physician, businessman, inventor, professor, college president and minister

Timothy B. Spahr, American astronomer
171P/Spahr, periodic comet in the Solar System; named after Timothy B. Spahr
242P/Spahr
2975 Spahr, main-belt asteroid; named after Timothy B. Spahr
Walter Earl Spahr, (1891-1970), Economist, Professor, Consultant, Author
David L. Spahr, (born 1950), Author, Educator, Naturalist, Photographer, Martial Artist, Farmer

Juliana Spahr
Juliana Spahr (born 1966) is an American poet, critic, and editor. She is the recipient of the 2009 Hardison Poetry Prize awarded by the Folger Shakespeare Library to honor a U.S. poet whose art and teaching demonstrate great imagination and daring.
The White Hills Park Federation Trust
The White Hills Park Trust, is a collective group of academies in Nottinghamshire, England. The name is derived from the three schools originally within the White Hills Park Federation. The Federation was founded in 2006 after recruiting a 'super head', for the three schools which at the time none of which had a headteachers. Kevin Dean was recruited from Eastwood Comprehensive School, to become the Federation Executive Head Teacher.

On 1 October 2012 the White Hills Park Federation became The White Hills Park Federation Trust, a multi-academy trust, and since then has become known simply as The White Hills Park Trust.

Hall Park Academy
Hall Park Academy (formerly Eastwood Comprehensive School) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form  located in Eastwood in the English county of Nottinghamshire.

Previously a community school administered by Nottinghamshire County Council, Eastwood Comprehensive School converted to academy status on 1 July 2014 and was renamed Hall Park Academy. The school is now sponsored by the Redhill Academy Trust, however Hall Park Academy continues to coordinate with Nottinghamshire County Council for admissions.

Hall Park Academy offers GCSEs, BTECs and NVQs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A Levels and further BTECs.
2021 Chicago Challenger – Doubles
Mona Barthel and Kristýna Plíšková were the defending champions, but Plíšková chose not to participate.

Eri Hozumi and Peangtarn Plipuech won the title, defeating Barthel and Hsieh Yu-chieh in the final, 7–5, 6–2.

Mona Barthel
Mona Barthel (born 11 July 1990) is a German tennis player.
On 18 March 2013, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 23. On 14 September 2015, she peaked at No. 63 in the doubles rankings.

Barthel has won four singles and three doubles titles on the WTA Tour, one doubles title on the WTA Challenger Tour as well as five singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit in her career.
West Sonoma Coast AVA
West Sonoma Coast is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in portions of Sonoma County, California.  It was established as the nation's 262nd, the state's 144th and the county's nineteenth appellation on May 23, 2022 by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by Patrick L. Shabram, on behalf of the West Sonoma Coast Vintners Association, proposing a viticultural area named "West Sonoma Coast."  The AVA encompasses 141,846 acres (222 sq mi) with approximately 47 commercial vineyards cultivating about 1,028 acres (416 ha) throughout an area largely located within the Marine zone climate classification including the established Fort Ross-Seaview viticultural area.

Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, statutorily named the Tax and Trade Bureau and frequently shortened to TTB, is a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury, which regulates and collects taxes on trade and imports of alcohol, tobacco, and firearms within the United States.
CCL15
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 15 (CCL15) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as leukotactin-1, MIP5 and HCC-2.  CCL15 is expressed in liver, small intestine, colon, and in certain leukocytes and macrophages of the lung. It is chemotactic for neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes and elicits its effects by binding to cell surface chemokine receptors like CCR1 and CCR3.  The human CCL15 gene spans four exons and is located in a head-to-tail orientation on chromosome 17 with the gene of another CC chemokine known as CCL14.

Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons constitutes the exome.
2014 Tour de Bretagne Féminin
The 2014 Tour de Bretagne Féminin was the 9th edition of the Tour de Bretagne Féminin, a women's cycling stage race in France. It was rated by the UCI as a category 2.2 race and was held between 16 and 20 July 2014.

Bretagne Ladies Tour
Tour de Bretagne Féminin is a women's staged cycle race that takes place in Brittany in north-west France. The race was previously known as the Tour de Bretagne International Féminin in 2004 and Tour de Bretagne Féminin from 2007 through to 2019. In 2025, the race was cancelled over budgetary concerns.
Branko Jorović
Branko Jorović (Serbian Cyrillic: Бранко Јоровић; born November 27, 1981) is a Serbian professional basketball coach and former player who serves as the U-19 head coach for Crvena zvezda mts. He played both the small forward and power forward positions.

KK FMP (1991–2011)
Košarkaški klub FMP (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошаркашки клуб ФMП), commonly referred to as KK FMP, was a men's professional basketball club based in Belgrade, Serbia. The club played its home games at the 3,000 capacity Železnik Hall and have won the regional ABA League twice, in the 2003–04 and 2005–06 seasons.

In 2011, the club started cooperating with KK Crvena zvezda and competed under their name until 2015. In 2015, the club disbanded its senior team and changed the name to KK ILR Železnik. In 2013, Radnički FMP (formerly Radnički Novi Sad) adopted the name and the FMP logo, and renamed itself to KK FMP. However, not only according to the club's official website, but also according to the official website of the Adriatic League, this club still competes in the Adriatic League.
Wet strength
The wet strength of paper and paperboard is a measure of how well the web of fibers holding the paper together can resist a force of rupture when the paper is wet. Wet strength is routinely expressed as the ratio of wet to dry tensile force at break.

With combined board such as corrugated fiberboard or with laminations, wet strength also includes the ability to stay intact under humid or wet conditions.   Wet strength adhesives are often needed.

Lamination
Lamination is the technique/process of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance, or other properties from the use of the differing materials, such as plastic. A laminate is a layered object or material assembled using heat, pressure, welding, or adhesives.  Various coating machines, machine presses and calendering equipment are used.

Lamination may be applied to textiles, glass, wood, or other materials. Laminating paper in plastic makes it sturdy, waterproof, and erasable. Laminating metals and electronic components may provide electrical insulation and other benefits.
Emerson University, Multan
Emerson University, Multan, formerly known as the Government Emerson College Multan is located in the city of Multan in the Punjab province of Pakistan.  It is the largest college in Multan city located on Bosan Road.

Province
A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Turkey. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.
St. Augustine's University Historic Chapel
Saint Augustine's University Historic Chapel is a historic Episcopal chapel located on the campus of St. Augustine's University near downtown Raleigh, North Carolina. Built in 1895, it is one of the oldest buildings on the campus of St. Augustine's and has been designated as a Raleigh Historic Landmark. The building was also included as a contributing property to the St. Augustine's College Campus historic district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

The chapel was built with the patronage of the Episcopal Church Freedmen's Bureau. Episcopal priest Rev. Henry Beard Delany directed the construction; at the time he was an instructor of carpentry and masonry, as well as a chaplain and musician. The chapel was built by students of the college using stone from the Raleigh area.

The chapel houses the cathedra of the Episcopal Bishop of North Carolina, a memorial of Henry Delany's consecration as the first African American Episcopal Bishop in North Carolina.

Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was a U.S. government agency of early post American Civil War Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (i.e., former enslaved people) in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a federal agency after the War, from 1865 to November 1872, to direct provisions, clothing, and fuel for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children.
Almaș
Almaș (Hungarian: Háromalmás) is a commune in Arad County, Romania. Situated in the Gurahonț Basin, in the left valley of the Crişul Alb River, the commune is composed of four villages: Almaș (situated at 97 km (60 mi) from Arad), Cil (Alcsil), Joia Mare (Kakaró) and Rădești (Bozósd). Its total administrative territory is 8127 ha.

Crișul Alb
The Crișul Alb (Romanian), (Hungarian: Fehér-Körös) is a river in western Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, and in south-eastern Hungary (Békés County).

Its source is in the southern Apuseni Mountains (Romanian: Munții Apuseni) of Romania. It flows through the towns of Brad, Ineu, Chișineu-Criș in Romania, and Gyula in Hungary. Crossing the border of Hungary, the river, now called Fehér-Körös, joins the Fekete-Körös (Crișul Negru) a few kilometres north from Gyula to form the river Körös (Criș), which ultimately flows into the Danube. In Romania, its length is 234 km (145 mi), and its basin size is 4,240 km2 (1,640 sq mi).
Reed and Stem
Reed and Stem (present-day WASA Studio) is an American architectural and engineering firm. The firm was founded in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1891 as a partnership between Charles A. Reed (1858–1911) and Allen H. Stem (1856–1931), the successful partnership captured a wide range of commissions. The firm was reformed as Wank Adams Slavin Associates in 1961, and adopted the name WASA Studio in 2004.

Ellensburg, Washington
Ellensburg is a city in and the county seat of Kittitas County, Washington, United States. It is located just east of the Cascade Range near the junction of Interstate 90 and Interstate 82. The population was 18,666 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 20,996 in 2024.

The city is located along the Yakima River in the Kittitas Valley, an agricultural region that extends east towards the Columbia River. The valley is a major producer of timothy hay, which is processed and shipped internationally. Ellensburg is also the home of Central Washington University (CWU).

Ellensburg, originally named Ellensburgh for the wife of town founder John Alden Shoudy, was founded in 1871 and grew rapidly in the 1880s following the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway. The city was once a leading candidate to become the state capital of Washington, but its campaign was scuppered by a major fire in 1889.