hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Japanese-American life before World War II
People from Japan began emigrating to the U.S. in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the 1868 Meiji Restoration. Japanese immigration to the Americas started with immigration to Hawaii in the first year of the Meiji era in 1868.

Matthew C. Perry
Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a United States Navy officer who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War. He led the Perry Expedition that ended Japan's isolationism and signed the Convention of Kanagawa between Japan and the United States in 1854.

Perry was interested in the education of naval officers and assisted in the development of an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States.
1954 Richmond Trophy
The 1954 Richmond Trophy was a Formula Libre motor race held at the Goodwood Circuit, West Sussex on 19 April 1954. The winner was also awarded the Glover Trophy. The race was won by Ken Wharton in a BRM Type 15, setting joint fastest lap in the process. Roy Salvadori in a Maserati 250F equalled Wharton's time but retired after colliding with him. Kenneth McAlpine and Leslie Marr were second and third in their Connaught A Type-Lea Francises.

BRM Type 15
The BRM Type 15 was a Formula One racing car of the early 1950s, and the first car produced by British Racing Motors. The car was fitted with a revolutionary and highly complex supercharged 1.5-litre British Racing Motors V16 which produced considerably more power than any of its contemporaries.

The distinctive noise of the car made it a favourite with crowds wherever it appeared, but the initial unreliability of the car, its inability to live up to the hype that the project's leading figures had created around it, and the change to Formula Two regulations in 1952 meant the project never achieved the hoped-for level of success on the Grand Prix stage; the car's complexities meant it had a longer development time than its competitors and was not properly competitive until 1953 (3 years after it first raced), where it saw success at non-championship events.
1861 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
The 1861 United States Senate election in Wisconsin was held in the 14th Wisconsin Legislature on January 23, 1861.  Incumbent Republican U.S. senator Charles Durkee did not run for re-election.  Former Wisconsin circuit court judge Timothy O. Howe was elected United States senator on the first ballot.

At the start of the 1861 term, Republicans held large majorities in both chambers of the Wisconsin Legislature, so had more than enough votes to elect a Republican United States senator.  The main drama of the election was in the Republican legislative caucuses as they parsed through Republican candidates and selected the former judge, Timothy Howe, as their nominee.  Howe had previously sought the party's nomination for U.S. Senate in the 1857 election, but lost out to James Rood Doolittle.

James R. Doolittle
James Rood Doolittle Sr. (January 3, 1815 – July 27, 1897) was an American lawyer, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He represented Wisconsin for 12 years as a United States senator, from March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1869.  During his years in the Senate, he was a Republican and a strong supporter of Abraham Lincoln's administration during the American Civil War.  He was chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee from 1861 to 1867.  Later in life he became a member of the Democratic Party and made an unsuccessful run for governor of Wisconsin.
Ağbulaq, Nakhchivan
Ağbulaq (also as Aghbulag, Akbulak; until 2003, Geçəzur, Gecəzur, Gedzhazur, and Gidzhadzur) is a village and municipality in the Shahbuz District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located 16 km in the north-east from the district center. The People of the village are typically busy with animal husbandry. There are secondary schools, clubs, a library, medical center and a Ski Resort in the village. It has a population of 445.

Shahbuz District
Shahbuz District (Azerbaijani: Şahbuz rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Julfa, Babek, and the Syunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Shahbuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 25,300.
Astra (missile)
Astra (Sanskrit: "Weapon") is a family of Indian all weather beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile  (BVRAAM) developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. Multiple variants of this missile have been developed with engagement range varying from 500 m (0.31 mi) to 340 km (210 mi). Astra Mk-1 has been integrated with the Sukhoi Su-30MKI fleet. The missile will be integrated with the entire fighter fleet except the Dassault Mirage 2000 of the Indian Air Force as well as the Dassault Rafale fleet of the Navy. In 2024, the missile was cleared for full production.

Helmet-mounted display
In aviation, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) is a head-worn device that uses digital displays and optics to project imagery and/or symbology to the wearer's eyes. It provides visual information to the user where head protection is required – most notably in military aircraft. The display-optics assembly can be attached to a helmet or integrated into the design of the helmet. An HMD provides the pilot with situation awareness, an enhanced image of the scene, and in military applications cue weapons systems, to the direction their head is pointing.  Applications which allow cuing of weapon systems are referred to as helmet-mounted sight and display (HMSD) or helmet-mounted sights (HMS).
Karl Allard
Karl Allard (born June 3, 1976 in Saint-Prime, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian racing driver. He competes in the PASS North Series and previously in the Quebec's ACT Series.

Champion of the Quebec's ACT Series in 2010 and of the Série Supreme ADL Tobacco in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003.

He won 10 races in Quebec's ACT Series.

American Canadian Tour
The American-Canadian Tour (ACT) is an independent regional stock car racing series based in the northeastern United States, and Eastern Canada. The American-Canadian Tour was founded in 1979 and conducts professionally-run stock car racing events across New England and Quebec.
Fjellimellom Valley
Fjellimellom Valley is an ice-filled valley between Jutulsessen Mountain and Nupskammen Ridge in the Gjelsvik Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52), and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Fjellimellom (between the mountains).

Gjelsvik Mountains
The Gjelsvik Mountains are a group of mountains about 25 nautical miles (50 km) long, between the Sverdrup Mountains and the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. With its summit at 2,705 metres (8,875 ft), the massive Risemedet Mountain forms the highest point in these mountains, also marking their eastern end.
Joe Preston (musician)
Joe Preston (born October 1969) is an American bass guitarist and a former band member of the rock bands Earth, Melvins, Men's Recovery Project, The Need and High on Fire.  Preston has also played with Sunn O))), and has his long-running solo project called Thrones. In 2007, he joined Harvey Milk in the studio for the recording of Life... The Best Game in Town and toured with them during their 2008 US and European tours. He is currently serving as a touring member of Sumac. He is the uncle of actor Dominic Janes.

Harvey Milk (band)
Harvey Milk is an American experimental rock/noise rock band that formed in Athens, Georgia in the early 1990s. While Harvey Milk invariably draws comparisons to the Melvins, due to their penchant for slow, heavy riffs, the band has touched upon such artists as ZZ Top, Led Zeppelin, Leonard Cohen, and Kiss as influences in their music. They even went so far as to perform a live show consisting of nothing but Hank Williams covers. One April Fool's Day gig at the 40 Watt in Athens, they performed R.E.M.'s Reckoning album from beginning to end, while Michael Stipe was in attendance.
Nycasius de Clibano
Nycasius de Clibano (also Nicasius, Casijn) (fl. 1457 – 1497; d. 9-14 Oct. 1497) was a Franco-Flemish singer and composer of the Renaissance, probably active only in his homeland, the southern part of the Netherlands.

Franco-Flemish School
The designation Franco-Flemish School, also called Netherlandish School, Burgundian School, Low Countries School, Flemish School, Dutch School, or Northern School, refers to the style of polyphonic vocal music composition originating from France and from the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th and 16th centuries as well as to the composers who wrote it. The spread of their technique, especially after the revolutionary development of printing, produced the first true international style since the unification of Gregorian chant in the 9th century. Franco-Flemish composers mainly wrote sacred music, primarily masses, motets, and hymns.
Tetramethrin
Tetramethrin is a potent synthetic insecticide in the pyrethroid family.  It is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 65–80 °C.  The commercial product is a mixture of stereoisomers.

It is commonly used as an insecticide, and affects the insect's nervous system.  It is found in many household insecticide products.

Tetramethrin has an expected half-life of 12.5–14 days in soil and 13–25 days in water. Tetramethrin was classified as a Category 2 carcinogen in 2018 by Directorate-General for the Environment of the European Commission.

Stereoisomerism
In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same molecular formula, but the bond connections or their order differs. By definition, molecules that are stereoisomers of each other represent the same structural isomer.
Gregers Winther Wulfsberg
Gregers Winther Wulfsberg (26 October 1780 – 23 September 1846) was a Norwegian jurist and politician, and a member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll that wrote the Constitution of Norway on 17 May 1814.

Constitution of Norway
The Constitution of Norway (complete name: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway; Danish: Kongeriget Norges Grundlov; Norwegian Bokmål: Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov; Norwegian Nynorsk: Kongeriket Noregs Grunnlov) was adopted on 16 May and signed on 17 May 1814 by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll. The latter date is the National Day of Norway; it marks the establishment of the constitution.

It is the fourth oldest written single-document national constitution in Europe after the Constitution of Poland, the French constitution of 1791, and the Spanish Constitution of 1812. The document is also the second oldest working national constitution in the world, after the Constitution of the United States. In May 2014, the Storting passed the most substantial changes since 1814, particularly by including paragraphs on human rights.
Mike Alberts
Mike Alberts is an American Republican Party politician who served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 50th district, which consists of the towns of Brooklyn, Woodstock, Eastford, Pomfret and Union, from 2005 to 2017. Near the end of his term, Alberts served on the House's Banks Committee, Commerce Committee, and Higher Education and Employment Advancement Committee. After his retirement from the House, He was succeeded in the seat by Democrat Pat Boyd. Alberts is a graduate of the University of Connecticut and was selected as President and CEO of the regional Jewett City Savings Bank in 2021.

Connecticut's 50th House of Representatives district
Connecticut's 50th House of Representatives district elects one member of the Connecticut House of Representatives. It consists of the towns of Ashford, Brooklyn, Woodstock, Eastford, Hampton, Pomfret and Mansfield. It has been represented by Democrat Pat Boyd since 2017.
Nobody (Rick Ross song)
"Nobody" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Rick Ross, taken from his sixth studio album, Mastermind (2014), released through Maybach Music Group, Slip-n-Slide Records, and Def Jam Recordings.. The song, produced by P. Diddy, features a guest appearance by rapper French Montana. It was written by Ross, Diddy, and Montana themselves, alongside The Notorious B.I.G., Stevie J, DJ Enuff and Jiv Poss.

On February 19, 2014, it was released as the album's third promotional single. Upon its release, "Nobody" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised Ross' lyrics and the Biggie Smalls sample. Commercially, the track debuted at number 38 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 23 on the Hot Rap Songs chart, alongside peaking at number 8 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Chart.

Hot Rap Songs
Hot Rap Songs (formerly known as Hot Rap Tracks and Hot Rap Singles) is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States. It lists the 25 most popular hip-hop/rap songs, calculated weekly by airplay on rhythmic and urban radio stations and sales in hip hop-focused or exclusive markets. Streaming data, digital downloads and All-Format radio stations were added to the methodology of determining chart rankings in 2012. From 1989 through 2001, it was based on how much the single sold in that given week.
Maine State Route 105
State Route 105 (SR 105) is a highway in the south-central part of the U.S. state of Maine.  SR 105 begins in Augusta at Cony Circle where it intersects U.S. Route 201 (US 201), US 202, and State Routes 9, 17, and 100. It continues east approximately for 48 miles (77 km) until it terminates at US 1 in Camden.

U.S. Route 202
U.S. Route 202 (US 202) is a spur route of US 2. It follows a northeasterly and southwesterly direction stretching from Delaware in the south to Maine in the north and traveling through the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. The highway has borne the number 202 since at least 1936. Before this, sections of the highway were designated U.S. Route 122, as it intersected US 22 in New Jersey. It ends at I-395, SR 9, and SR 15 in Bangor, Maine.

This highway is considerably longer than the eastern segment of US 2 (although considerably shorter than the combined segments of US 2), making it one of several three-digit U.S. highways to be longer than their parent routes.
Botryosphaeriales
The Botryosphaeriales are an order of sac fungi (Ascomycetes), placed under class Dothideomycetes.  Some species are parasites, causing leaf spot, plant rot, die-back or cankers, but they can also be saprophytes or endophytes. They occur world-wide on many hosts. For example, in China, infections related to Botryosphaeriales have been recorded on numerous hosts such as grapes, Caragana arborescens,Cercis chinensis, Eucalyptus, Chinese hackberry, blueberry, forest trees, and various other woody hosts.

The order was originally defined in 2006 to have only one family, Botryosphaeriaceae, but new taxonomic studies have added at least seven other families. It was then reduced to just seven families in 2020.

Canker
A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture. Their causes include a wide range of organisms such as fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host species or genus, but a few will attack other plants. Weather (via frost or windstorm damage) and animal damage can also cause stress to the plant resulting in cankers. Other causes of cankers is pruning when the bark is wet or using un-sterilized tools.

Although fungicides or bactericides can treat some cankers, often the only available treatment is to destroy the infected plant to contain the disease.
Jack Grisman
William Jack Grisman (30 August 1914 – 6 April 1944) was a British Vickers Wellington bomber crew member who was taken prisoner during the Second World War. He took part in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944, but was one of the men re-captured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo.

RAF Halton
Royal Air Force Halton, or more simply RAF Halton, is a Royal Air Force station in the United Kingdom. It is located near the village of Halton near Wendover, Buckinghamshire. The site has been in use since the First World War but is due to close by 2030 at the earliest.
Enayatollah Reza
Enayatollah Reza (Persian: عنایت‌الله رضا; June 18, 1920 in Rasht – July 20, 2010 in Tehran) was an Iranian historian and professor of philosophy, a former member of the Iranian Communist Party, and a former Iranian military officer. He was a member of the Supreme Academic Council of the Centre for Iranian and Islamic Studies in Tehran, Iran, the publishers of the Encyclopaedia Islamica. His research concerned the historical regions of Iranian Azerbaijan and Caucasian Arran; based on this research, he claimed that "Azerbaijan" should properly refer only to the land south of the Aras River (in Iran) and that the country of Azerbaijan should instead be called "Aran".

Aras (river)
The Aras is a transboundary river in the Caucasus. It rises in eastern Turkey and flows along the borders between Turkey and Armenia, between Turkey and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, between Iran and both Azerbaijan and Armenia, and, finally, through Azerbaijan where it flows into the Kura river as a right tributary. It drains the south side of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, while the Kura drains the north side of the Lesser Caucasus. The river's total length is 1,072 km (666 mi) and its watershed covers an area of 102,000 km2 (39,000 mi2). The Aras is one of the longest rivers in the Caucasus.
Prawęcin
Prawęcin [praˈvɛnt͡ɕin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kunów, within Ostrowiec County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Kunów, 12 km (7 mi) west of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, and 45 km (28 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Ostrowiec County
Ostrowiec County (Polish: powiat ostrowiecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, which lies 56 kilometres (35 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce. The county also contains the towns of Ćmielów, lying 10 km (6 mi) south-east of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, and Kunów, 9 km (6 mi) west of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski.

The county covers an area of 616.33 square kilometres (238.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 109,512, out of which the population of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski is 68,641, that of Ćmielów is 3,012, that of Kunów is 2,967, and the rural population is 34,892.
Stieler
People named Stieler:

Joseph Karl Stieler (1781–1858), a German painter.

Adolf Stieler (1775–1836), a German cartographer.

Karl Stieler (1842–1885), a lawyer and author.

Other uses of the word:

Stielers Handatlas, named after Adolf Stieler.

Stielers Handatlas
Stielers Handatlas (after Adolf Stieler, 1775–1836), formally titled Hand-Atlas über alle Theile der Erde und über das Weltgebäude (Handy atlas of all parts of the world and of the universe), was the leading German world atlas of the last three decades of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Published by Justus Perthes of Gotha (established 1785 and still existing there) it went through ten editions from 1816 to 1945.: 290/2  As with many 19th century publications, an edition was issued in parts; for example, the eighth edition was issued in 32 monthly parts.
Ernest Joseph Lemaire
Ernest Joseph Lemaire, CMG (October 22, 1874 – October 6, 1945) was Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada, Secretary to the Cabinet and head of the Canadian civil service from August 14, 1923, to January 1, 1940.
He was educated at St. Charles College, Sherbrooke and began his career in the civil service at the Privy Council Office in January 1894.

From 1904 to 1912 he was Private Secretary to Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier and attended the Colonial Conference of 1907 and the Imperial Conference of 1911 with Laurier.

After Laurier left office Lemaire moved to the Post Office Department as Superintendent of the Postage Stamp Branch in 1912 and then, in 1921, he became the Superintendent of the Equipment and Supply Branch.

In 1923, Lemaire was promoted to Clerk of the Privy Council by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King.

In 1934, he was named a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

Cabinet of Canada
The Canadian Ministry (French: Conseil des ministres), colloquially referred to as the Cabinet of Canada (French: Cabinet du Canada), is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. Chaired by the prime minister, the Cabinet is part of and acts on behalf of the King's Privy Council for Canada and the senior echelon of the Ministry, the membership of the Cabinet and Ministry often being co-terminal; as of March 2025 there were no members of the latter who were not also members of the former.

For practical reasons, the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the prime minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation. The current Cabinet is the Cabinet of Mark Carney, which is part of the 30th Ministry. The interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and  ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion.
Clark W. McDonnell
Clark W. McDonnell (May 19, 1870 – May 15, 1952) was a North Dakota Republican Party politician who served as a North Dakota Public Service Commissioner from 1941 to 1950. Prior to 1941, his title was North Dakota Railroad Commissioner. He had served in that position since 1920.

North Dakota Republican Party
The North Dakota Republican Party is the North Dakota affiliate of the United States Republican Party.

Its platform is conservative. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling North Dakota's at-large U.S. House seat, both U.S. Senate seats and the governorship, and it has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.
Liechtenstein and the United Nations
The Principality of Liechtenstein is a member state of the United Nations. The Principality of Liechtenstein joined the United Nations on September 18, 1990. It has never been a member of the Security Council. The Principality of Liechtenstein is a part of the Group of Western European and Other States (WEOG).

Member states of the United Nations
The United Nations comprise 193 sovereign states and the world's largest intergovernmental organization. All members have equal representation in the United Nations General Assembly.

The Charter of the United Nations defines the rules for admission of member states. Membership is open to all states which accept certain terms of the charter and are able to carry them out. New members must be recommended by the United Nations Security Council. In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states to be observer states at the UN General Assembly. A member state that has persistently violated the principles of the United Nations Charter can be expelled from the United Nations.