hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ramification problem
In philosophy and artificial intelligence (especially, knowledge based systems), the ramification problem is concerned with the indirect consequences of an action. It might also be posed as how to represent what happens implicitly due to an action or how to control the secondary and tertiary effects of an action. It is strongly connected to, and is opposite the qualification side of, the frame problem.

Limit theory helps in operational usage. For instance, in KBE derivation of a populated design (geometrical objects, etc., similar concerns apply in shape theory), equivalence assumptions allow convergence where potentially large, and perhaps even computationally indeterminate, solution sets are handled deftly. Yet, in a chain of computation, downstream events may very well find some types of results from earlier resolutions of ramification as problematic for their own algorithms.

Operational definition
An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct. In the words of American psychologist S.S. Stevens (1935), "An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept." For example, an operational definition of "fear" (the construct) often includes measurable physiologic responses that occur in response to a perceived threat. Thus, "fear" might be operationally defined as specified changes in heart rate, electrodermal activity, pupil dilation, and blood pressure.
Maddie & Tae (EP)
Maddie & Tae is the debut EP from American country music duo Maddie & Tae. It was released on November 4, 2014, and is the first work produced by Dot Records. The duo, composed of Madison Marlow and Taylor Dye, co-wrote all four tracks, and it was recorded at Blackbird Studio.

Blackbird Studio
Blackbird Studio is a music recording studio located at 2806 Azalea Place in Berry Hill, Tennessee. Originally built as Creative Workshop II and later operated as Creative Recording, the studio changed ownership and was rebuilt and renamed Blackbird Studio in 2002. Blackbird has since become one of the largest recording facilities in Nashville, with one of the largest collections of vintage musical instruments and recording equipment in the United States.
Saif Al-Din Al-Rawi
Saif Al-Din Al-Rawi  (Arabic: سيف الدين الراوي; born 1949) is an Iraqi military officer and was the commander of the Republican Guard under the rule of Saddam Hussein. He was the "Jack of Clubs" in the U.S. deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. He was 14th of the 55 wanted.

Saif Al-Din is still at large.

Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
During the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a United States–led coalition, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency developed a set of playing cards to help troops identify the most-wanted members of President Saddam Hussein's government, mostly high-ranking members of the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party or members of the Revolutionary Command Council; among them were some of Hussein's family members. The cards were officially named the "personality identification playing cards".

As of 6 January 2025, all but four of the 52 most wanted have either died or been captured, ten of whom have been released.
East Hawaiʻi Cultural Center
The East Hawaiʻi Cultural Center (EHCC) is an art gallery, community theater, and cultural center in downtown Hilo, Hawaii. EHCC features regular art exhibitions with free or suggested donation entry to the general public. Founded by an umbrella group of local arts organizations, the Center is housed in a historic former police station facing Kalakaua Park.

Cultural center
A cultural center or cultural centre is an organization, building or complex that promotes culture and arts. Cultural centers can be neighborhood community arts organizations, private facilities, government-sponsored, or activist-run.
Shane Eagle
Shane Patrick Hughes (born June 7, 1996), known professionally as Shane Eagle, is a South African rapper and songwriter. He rose to fame in 2015, after finishing fourth place on the first season of the Vuzu rapping reality competition, The Hustle. After releasing several non-album singles, Eagle released his debut album Yellow in 2017, which features the gold-certified lead single, "Let It Flow". In October 2019, Eagle released his debut mixtape, Dark Moon Flower which boasted features from American rappers, Kota the friend, Santi, Caleborate, Dreamville's Lute and Bas along with the English band, The Hics and fellow South African rappers Nasty C and PatrickxxLee.

Lute (rapper)
Luther Nicholson, better known by his stage name Lute, is an American rapper. He is signed to J. Cole's Dreamville Records. He released his first mixtape, West1996, in 2012, his debut album, West1996 pt. 2,  in 2017, and his second album Gold Mouf in 2021.
Smithville, West Virginia
Smithville is an unincorporated community in southern Ritchie County, West Virginia, United States.  It lies along West Virginia Route 47 south of the town of Harrisville, the county seat of Ritchie County.  Its elevation is 686 feet (209 m).  It has a post office with the ZIP code 26178.

The community was named after Barnes Smith, Sr., the original owner of the town site.

West Virginia Route 47
West Virginia Route 47 is an east–west state highway in northern West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at WV 618 (former US 50) in Parkersburg. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 33 and U.S. Route 119 in Linn.
Luis Mosquera (footballer, born 1959)
Luis Alberto Mosquera Rivera (born 3 October 1959) is a Chilean former footballer. A defender, played for Universidad de Chile, Audax Italiano, C.F. Monterrey, and the Edmonton Brick Men and also represented Chile.

Edmonton Brick Men
The Edmonton Brick Men (also Edmonton Brickmen) were a Canadian soccer team in Edmonton, Alberta that competed in the Canadian Soccer League and the Western Soccer Alliance. During their time in the WSA and the CSL, the team played at both John Ducey Park and Clarke Stadium for their matches. The choice of John Ducey Park was due in part to the sharing of costs with the Edmonton Trappers.
Sir Charles Maclean, 9th Baronet
Sir Charles Fitzroy Maclean, 9th Baronet of Morvern (14 October 1798 – 27 January 1883) was the 25th Clan Chief of Clan Maclean from 1847 to 1883. He was a colonel of the 81st regiment from 1831 to 1839, then following that was also the Military Secretary at Gibraltar.

Scottish clan chief
The Scottish Gaelic word clann means children. In early times, and possibly even today, Scottish clan members believed themselves to descend from a common ancestor, the founder of the clan, after whom the clan is named. The clan chief (ceannard cinnidh) is the representative of this founder, and represents the clan. In the Scottish clan system, a chief is greater than a chieftain (ceann-cinnidh), a designation applied to heads of branches of a clan. Scottish clans that no longer have a clan chief are referred to as armigerous clans.
51825 Davidbrown
51825 Davidbrown (provisional designation 2001 OQ33) is an Eoan asteroid in the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 July 2001, by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named for American astronaut David Brown, who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

Palomar Observatory
The Palomar Observatory is an astronomical research observatory in the Palomar Mountains of San Diego County, California, United States. It is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Research time at the observatory is granted to Caltech and its research partners, which include the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Yale University, and the National Astronomical Observatories of China.

The observatory operates several telescopes, including the 200-inch (5.1 m) Hale Telescope, the 48-inch (1.2 m) Samuel Oschin telescope (dedicated to the Zwicky Transient Facility, ZTF), the Palomar 60-inch (1.5 m) Telescope, and the 30-centimetre (12-inch) Gattini-IR telescope. Decommissioned instruments include the Palomar Testbed Interferometer and the first telescopes at the observatory, an 18-inch (46 cm) Schmidt camera from 1936.
Harrison McIntosh
Harrison Edward McIntosh (11 September 1914 – 21 January 2016) was an American ceramic artist. He was an exponent of the Mid-century Modern style of ceramics, featuring simple symmetrical forms. His work has been exhibited in venues in the United States including the Smithsonian and internationally including at the Louvre in France.

Millard Sheets
Millard Owen Sheets (June 24, 1907 – March 31, 1989) was an American artist, teacher, and architectural designer. He was one of the earliest of the California Scene Painting artists and helped define the art movement. Many of his large-scale building-mounted mosaics from the mid-20th century are still extant in Southern California. His paintings are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum in New York, the Chicago Art Institute, the National Gallery in Washington D.C.; and the Los Angeles County Museum.
Elfed
Elfed is a Welsh language place name and personal name. It commonly refers to one of two geographic areas:

The Kingdom of Elfed (English: Elmet), an Old Welsh kingdom in what is now northern England during the Early Middle Ages

Elfed, a cymwd (commote) of Cantref Gwarthaf (in modern Carmarthenshire, Wales), later anglicised to 'Elvet Hundred'

Elfed may also refers to:

Cynwyl Elfed, a community in the cymwd of Elfed, Wales

Elfed High School, in Buckley, Flintshire, Wales

Elfed Davies, Baron Davies of Penrhys (1913–1992), Welsh politician

Elfed Evans (1926–1988), Welsh professional footballer

Howell Elvet Lewis hymn-writer, poet and Archdruid whose bardic name was Elfed

Elfed Morris (born 1942), Welsh professional footballer

Howell Elvet Lewis
Howell Elvet Lewis CH (14 April 1860 – 10 December 1953), widely known by his bardic name Elfed, was a Welsh Congregational minister, hymn-writer, and devotional poet, who served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1924 to 1928.

Elfed High School in Buckley, Flintshire, was named after him.
Hold On (A Little Longer)
"Hold On (A Little Longer)" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Steve Wariner.  It was released in October 1988 as the third single from the album I Should Be with You.  The song reached #6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.  The song was written by Wariner and Randy Hart.

I Should Be with You
I Should Be with You is the sixth studio album by American country music artist Steve Wariner. It was released on March 7, 1988, by MCA Records. It includes the singles "Baby I'm Yours", "I Should Be With You" and "Hold On (A Little Longer)", which reached #2, #2, and #6, respectively, on the Billboard country charts. The album peaked at #20 on Top Country Albums. "More Than Enough" was recorded the same year by Glen Campbell on Light Years, also produced by Jimmy Bowen for MCA.
All About My Parents
All About My Parents (Polish: Pani z przedszkola) is a 2014 Polish comedy drama film written and directed by Marcin Krzysztalowicz. The film stars Łukasz Simlat, Agata Kulesza, Adam Woronowicz and Karolina Gruszka. It follows a 40 year-old man who works with a therapist and go through his childhood memories about his parents' sex life and their lives during the 1970s in Polish People's Republic. It was released on December 25, 2014, by Kino Świat in Poland.

At the 2015 Polish Film Awards, All About My Parents received three nominations: for Best Actress (Kulesza), Best Supporting Actor (Woronowicz) and Best Supporting Actress (Gruszka).

Kino Świat
Kino Świat ("world cinema") is a Polish independent film distributor and producer. The company was founded in Warsaw in 2001. It was honored by the Polish Film Institute for film distribution in 2011 and 2012.

DVD series Kino Świat released and distributed in Poland:

“Golden Collection of Polish Cinema”

“Great Film Adaptations” (Les Misérables, Robinson Crusoe, The Old Man and the Sea, Doctor Zhivago, The Great Gatsby)

“Comedy Classics” (films from the Olsen Gang series)

“Great Films – Great Directors” (Kola, Cinema Paradiso, Cyrano de Bergerac, Burnt by the Sun, The Hussar, Look at Me, The Hairdresser's Husband)

“Family cinema”

“Platinum series”

“Jean-Pierre Melville”

“Catherine Deneuve”

“Percy Adlon”

“Jean-Paul Belmondo”

“Louis de Funès”

“Woody Allen”

“Brigitte Bardot”

“Jean-Luc Godard”

“Sam Peckinpah”

“Alain Delon”

“François Truffaut”
Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security
The Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security is a ministry of labor of different countries:

Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Argentina)

Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Myanmar)

Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Nepal)

Ministry of Labour (Myanmar)
The Ministry of Labour (Burmese: အလုပ်သမား ဝန်ကြီးဌာန) is a ministry of Government of Myanmar, responsible for the country's labour welfare and renders services to employers and workers. President Htin Kyaw combined Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security and Ministry of Immigration and Population to form the Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population.

After the 2021 coup, it was reformed as Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Immigration and Population.
Oil reserves in Mexico
As of 2007, the proven oil reserves in Mexico were 12.4 billion barrels (1.97×10^9 m3). The US Energy Information Administration estimated Mexican proved reserves to be 10.3 billion barrels (1.64×10^9 m3) as of 2013.

Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
Oil and gas reserves denote discovered quantities of crude oil and natural gas from known fields that can be profitably produced/recovered from an approved development. Oil and gas reserves tied to approved operational plans filed on the day of reserves reporting are also sensitive to fluctuating global market pricing.  The remaining resource estimates (after the reserves have been accounted) are likely sub-commercial and may still be under appraisal with the potential to be technically recoverable once commercially established. Natural gas is frequently associated with oil directly and gas reserves are commonly quoted in barrels of oil equivalent (BOE).  Consequently, both oil and gas reserves, as well as resource estimates, follow the same reporting guidelines, and are referred to collectively hereinafter as oil & gas.
Dan Meyer (Wisconsin politician)
Daniel L. Meyer (born January 1, 1949) is a retired American businessman and Republican politician from Wisconsin.  He was secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2017–2018) in the cabinet of governor Scott Walker.  He previously served 14 years (1999–2012) in the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 34th Assembly district (northern Wisconsin), and was mayor of Eagle River, Wisconsin (1997–2001).

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) is a government agency of the U.S. state of Wisconsin charged with conserving and managing Wisconsin's natural resources.  The Wisconsin Natural Resources Board has the authority to set policy for the WDNR. The WDNR is led by the Secretary, who is appointed by the Governor of Wisconsin. The WDNR develops regulations and guidance in accordance with laws passed by the Wisconsin Legislature. It administers wildlife, fish, forests, endangered resources, air, water, waste, and other issues related to natural resources. The central office of the WDNR is located in downtown Madison, near the state capitol.
Joseph-Victor Monfette
Joseph-Victor Monfette (October 13, 1841 – September 16, 1924) was a farmer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Nicolet in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Parti National.

He was born in Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets, Canada East, the son of Jean-Baptiste Monfet and Rosalie Gagnon. Monfette was a justice of the peace and owned a farm at Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard. Monfette was married twice: to Elmire Tousignant in 1866 and to Célina Legendre (née Pépin) in 1901. He was mayor of Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard from 1882 to 1890, from 1896 to 1901 and from 1910 to 1913. He died in Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard at the age of 82.

Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets
Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ pjɛʁ le bekɛ]) is a village municipality located in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec, Canada. It is situated on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, approximately 180 km (110 mi) east-northeast of Montreal and 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Quebec City. The village is part of the Bécancour Regional County Municipality and has a population of 1,183 people according to the 2021 Canadian census.
Gaston LeBlanc
Gaston Thomas LeBlanc (August 1, 1941 – February 15, 1980) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Richmond in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1974 to 1980. He was a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

Born in 1941 in West Arichat, Nova Scotia, LeBlanc graduated from the Nova Scotia Technical College with an engineering degree. LeBlanc entered provincial politics in the 1974 election, winning the Richmond riding by over 1500 votes. He was re-elected in 1978. LeBlanc died in office on February 15, 1980.

1974 Nova Scotia general election
The 1974 Nova Scotia general election was held on 2 April 1974 to elect members of the 51st House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Liberal Party.

Most of its MLAs were elected in single-member district using first past the post voting but some, such as in Colchester and Yarmouth, were elected in two-seat districts using plurality block voting.
Ophlitaspongia papilla
Ophlitaspongia papilla is a species of demosponge belonging to the family Microcionidae. It is found along north-eastern Atlantic coastlines. This is a red sponge which forms thin, smooth encrusting patches, up to 5 cm across, with regularly spaced oscula.

Osculum
The osculum (pl.: oscula) is an excretory structure in the living sponge, a large opening to the outside through which the current of water exits after passing through the spongocoel. Wastes diffuse into the water and the water is pumped through the osculum carrying away with it the sponge's wastes. Sponges pump large volumes of water: typically a volume of water equal to the sponge's body size is pumped every five seconds.
The size of the osculum is regulated by contractile myocytes. Its size, in turn, is one of the factors which determines the amount of water flowing through the sponge. It can be closed completely in response to excess silt in the water.
LV N ATTN
LV N ATTN (an abbreviation for Love and Attention) is a collaborative EP by Nigerian singer Lojay and Nigerian record producer Sarz. Released on 4 June 2021 through Metallic Music and 1789 Records, it fuses genres like Afrobeats, R&B, hip-hop, and electro, and features a sole guest appearance from Wizkid. With production was entirely handled by Sarz, LV N ATTN was preceded by the single "Tonongo" and spawned the song "Monalisa", which had a remix with Chris Brown that peaked at #8 on the Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs chart.

Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs
The U.S. Afrobeats Songs chart is a standard record chart, ranking the most popular Afrobeats songs in the United States and it is published weekly by Billboard. The chart ranks the 50 most popular songs every week. It was established by Billboard, in association with Afro Nation, on 22 March 2022. The chart is compiled by Billboard, and Afro Nation. The chart is measured from leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers. The first chart was published in the issue dated 29 March.

The first number-one song on the U.S. Afrobeats Songs chart was "Love Nwantiti (Ah Ah Ah)" by CKay, on 29 March 2022. The current number-one song on the chart is "Chanel" by Tyla. The chart is updated every Tuesday. The longest running number-one song on the U.S. Afrobeats Songs chart is "Calm Down (Remix)" by Rema and Selena Gomez with 59 weeks. Tyla's "Water" is the longest running number-one song by a solo act and by a lead female artist with 55 weeks at number one.
544 BC
The year 544 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 210  Ab urbe condita. The denomination 544 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Many Buddhist traditions believe it was the year when the Buddha reached parinirvana, though the actual year 0 of the Buddhist calendar corresponds to the previous year, 545 BC.

Year zero
A year zero is a date where the current year for a given calendar system is zero. In systems which include a year zero, this year would be the epoch. Year zero does not exist in the Anno Domini (AD) calendar year system commonly used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and Julian calendar. Instead, AD 1 is treated as the epoch, so that the year 1 BC is followed directly by year AD 1. However, there is a year zero in both the astronomical year numbering system (where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC), and the ISO 8601:2004 system, a data interchange standard for certain time and calendar information (where year zero coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC; see: Holocene calendar § Conversion). There is also a year zero in most Buddhist and Hindu calendars.
Troublesome Creek: A Midwestern
Troublesome Creek: A Midwestern is a 1995 documentary by filmmakers Jeanne Jordan and Steven Ascher. The film explores the family farm crisis through the story of Jordan's own family, as they take extraordinary measures to save their Iowa farm.

The film received the Grand Jury Prize and Audience Award for best documentary at the Sundance Film Festival, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, among many other awards.

Jeanne Jordan
Jeanne Jordan is an American independent director, producer and editor.  She was nominated for an Academy Award and has received the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival among many other awards.
Tashlultum
Tashlultum (fl. c. 2300 BC) was a wife of King Sargon of Akkad. Her name is known to archaeology only from a single shard of an alabaster vase or bowl with an inscription indicating it was dedicated to the temple by her steward/scribe.  This dedication provides insight into the position and features of Akkadian queenship: it is notable that Tashlultum had staff which included men, and these men were learned officials.

From this, it has been assumed (for lack of any conflicting information) that she was queen of Akkad and the mother of Sargon's children Enheduanna, Rimush, Manishtushu, Shu-Enlil, and Ilaba'is-takal.

Queen consort
A queen consort  is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as regent.  In polygynous societies, a (male) monarch has a principal or senior wife.

In contrast, a queen regnant is a female monarch who rules suo jure (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.

A queen dowager is a widowed queen consort, and a queen mother is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.