hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Paweł (bishop of Poznań)
Paweł, was a bishop of Poznań from the 12th century.

He is known from the Chronicle of Gallus Anonymus.  Gall Anonim dedicated his first and second part of this chronicle, which means that he certainly held his office around 1112/1113. The date of his taking up the diocese and the date of death remain unknown. However, if we assume that Gall in the dedication of his first book mentioned four Polish bishops in the order of seniority counted from consecration, then Paul had to become a bishop before 1110. Perhaps he became a bishop as a result of Gwalon's legacy in 1103, for it is known that Gwalon has filed two Polish bishops from office.

Gallus Anonymus
Gallus Anonymus (Polish: Gall Anonim, Anonim, tak zwany Gall), is the name traditionally given to the anonymous author of Gesta principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in Latin between 1112 and 1118.
Gallus is generally regarded as the first historian to have described the history of Poland. His Chronicles are an obligatory text for university courses in Polish history. Very little is known of the author himself and it is widely believed that he was a foreigner.
Laatre
Laatre is a small borough (alevik) in Valga County in southern Estonia, located about 16 km northeast of the town of Valga. Between 1992 and 2017, until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian local governments, Laatre was the administrative center of Tõlliste Parish. It is now part of Valga Parish. Laatre has a population of 238 (as of 2011) and an area of 2.024 km2.

Laatre Manor (Välek, later Fölck) was first mentioned in 1555. The name Laatre is derived from one of the owners of the manor, the Platers.

There are two churches in Laatre: the Lutheran St. Lawrence's Church (Estonian: Laatre Püha Laurentsiuse kirik) and the Orthodox Laatre Holy Spirit Church (Estonian: Laatre Pühavaimu kirik).

St. Lawrence's Church

Laatre Holy Spirit Church

Valga, Estonia
Valga (German: Walk; Latvian: Valka) is a town in southern Estonia and the capital of Valga County and Valga Parish. Until their separation in 1920, Valga and the town of Valka in northern Latvia were one town. They are now twin-towns. The area of Valga is 16.5 square kilometres (6.4 square miles). The population is 12,261. On 21 December 2007 all border-crossing points were removed and roads and fences opened between the two countries with both countries joining the Schengen Agreement.
Nuffield Universal
The Nuffield Universal was a tractor produced from 1948 by the Agricultural Division of Morris Motors, later a subsidiary of The British Motor Corporation Limited. When William Morris the founder of Morris Motors was honoured with a title and elevated to the peerage he chose the name of his Nuffield, Oxfordshire village. When in 1948 the Morris Motors Agricultural Division launched its tractor range, the name Nuffield was chosen to be the brand name for the company's agricultural products. The design was similar to the new David Brown built tractors as the designer Dr. Merit had also worked on the design of the David Brown 50D before moving to Nuffield. Nuffield were part of the amalgamations that created British Leyland in 1968, becoming part of Leyland Tractors.

Perkins Engines
Perkins Engines Company Limited is primarily a diesel engine manufacturer for several markets including agricultural, construction, material handling, power generation, and industrial.  It was established in Peterborough, England in 1932 and has been a subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. since 1998. Over the years, Perkins has expanded its engine catalogue, producing thousands of different engine specifications including diesel and petrol engine automotives.
Terrorism in Colombia
Terrorism in Colombia has occurred repeatedly during the last several decades, largely due to the ongoing armed conflict the country has been involved in since 1964. Perpetrators of terrorist acts in the country range from leftist guerrilla forces including FARC, ELN and M-19, to drug cartels such as the Medellín Cartel, to right-wing paramilitary forces including the AUC.

Drug cartel
A drug cartel   is a criminal organization composed of independent drug lords who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade. Drug cartels form with the purpose of controlling the supply of the illegal drug trade and maintaining prices at a high level. The formations of drug cartels are common in Latin American countries. Rivalries between multiple drug cartels cause them to wage turf wars against each other. Drug cartels often transport both drugs and narcotics, and most often the term "Narcotics cartel" is not used to describe an organization that transports the latter legally defined set of illegal substances, such as marijuana.
Alessandro Sibilio
Alessandro Sibilio (born 27 April 1999) is an Italian sprinter and hurdler, who competes in the 400 metres hurdles and 400 metres. He won a gold medal at the 2018 IAAF World U20 Championships. He competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in 400 m hurdles.

Sibilio also competed for Italy at the 2024 Summer Olympics in the men's 400 metres hurdles and men's 4 × 400 metres relay events.

Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres hurdles
The men's 400 metres hurdles event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place between 30 July and 3 August 2021 at the Olympic Stadium. 36 athletes from 26 nations competed.

In what has been described as one of the greatest races in Olympic history, Karsten Warholm of Norway won the gold medal, setting a new world record of 45.94 seconds. He beat his own previous record, set a month before, by 0.76 seconds; silver medalist Rai Benjamin of the United States beat the previous record by 0.53 seconds. Brazilian hurdler Alison dos Santos took bronze and would have bettered the almost 30-year-old Olympic record in the final by 0.06 seconds. The medals were the first ever in the event for both Norway and Brazil; the United States' podium streak in the event stretched to four Games.
Nimy
Nimy (French pronunciation: [nimi]; Walloon: Nîmi) is a sub-municipality of the city of Mons located in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1972. On 1 January 1972, it was merged into Mons.

Deelgemeente
A deelgemeente (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːlɣəˌmeːntə] ⓘ, literally sub-municipality), or section (French pronunciation: [sɛksjɔ̃] ⓘ), is a subdivision of a municipality in Belgium and, until March 2014, in the Netherlands as well.
Magic Channel
Magic Channel (channel 17 on UHF and channel 78 on ESTESA's cable-TV system) is a nationwide terrestrial music television channel from Nicaragua owned by GR Enterprise from Miami, and Magic Broadcasting System, property of Nicaraguan radio entrepreneur Arnoldo Ríos. The channel was founded in 2002, after a change to the structure of Cadena Mágica, and one of the plans was the setup of a UHF channel.

ESTESA
ESTESA, abbreviated from Estaciones Terrenas de Satélite, was a Nicaraguan cable television company established in the early 1990s and was acquired by Claro in 2008 (ESTESA's services continue under Claro's brand name).
KSBS-CD
KSBS-CD (channel 10) is a low-power, Class A television station in Denver, Colorado, United States. It is a translator of Sterling-licensed independent station KCDO-TV (channel 3) which is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company; it is also sister to ABC affiliate KMGH-TV (channel 7). KSBS-CD's transmitter is located atop Lookout Mountain, near Golden; its parent station shares studios with KMGH-TV on Delgany Street in Denver's River North Art District.

Lookout Mountain Park
Lookout Mountain Park is a Denver Mountain Park located around 12 miles (20 km) west of downtown Denver overlooking Golden, Colorado. It consists of 65.7 acres (266,000 m2) of evergreen wilderness atop Lookout Mountain, named for its being a favored lookout point of the native Ute Indian tribe. Lookout Mountain Park is the burial site of the internationally famous western frontiersman William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Lohagad
Lohagad is one of the many hill forts of Maharashtra state in India. Situated close to the hill station Lonavala and 52 km (32 mi) northwest of Pune, Lohagad rises to an elevation of 1,033 m (3,389 ft) above sea level. The fort is connected to the neighboring Visapur fort by a small range. The fort was under the Lohtamia empire for the majority of the time, with a short period of 5 years under the Mughal Empire.

Namokar Mantra
The Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to as the Pancha Namaskāra Mantra, Namaskāra Mantra, Navakāra Mantra, Namaskāra Mangala or Paramesthi Mantra. It is dedicated to the Panch-Parmeshthi, namely the arihant, the siddhas, the acharyas, the upadhyaya and all the ascetics.
Vorstadt
In German, a Vorstadt (German: [ˈfoːɐ̯ˌʃtat] ⓘ, literally "fore city") is an area of a city that is outside the Altstadt (city center) but tightly connected to it and densely populated, thus distinguishing itself from a Vorort (suburb).

Historically, a Vorstadt ("suburb" in German) was a settlement outside the city walls, sometimes dedicated to specific trades. Later, large Vorstädte appeared in the Gründerzeit era. Places named Vorstadt include Vorstadt (Königsberg), the Oranienburger Vorstadt in Berlin or the Nordvorstadt (lit. Northern Vorstadt) and the Inner West Vorstadt in Leipzig and other cities in Germany.

Its French equivalent is faubourg, the Dutch equivalent is Voorstad, e.g. Voorstad St. Jacob in Roermond.

Roermond
Roermond (Dutch pronunciation: [ruːrˈmɔnt] ⓘ; Limburgish: Remunj [ʀəˈmʏɲ] or Remuunj [ʀəˈmyːɲ]) is a city, municipality, and diocese in the Limburg province of the Netherlands. Roermond is a historically important town on the lower Roer on the east bank of the river Meuse. It received town rights in 1231. Roermond's town centre has become a designated conservation area.

Through the centuries, the town has filled the role of commercial centre and a principal town in the duchy of Guelders. Since 1559, it has served as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond. The skyline of the town is dominated by the towers of its two churches, St. Christopher's Cathedral and Roermond Minster ("Munsterkerk" in Dutch). In addition to the churches, the town centre has many significant buildings and monuments.
Custos Rotulorum of Caernarvonshire
This is a list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Caernarvonshire.

Sir Richard Bulkeley c. 1544

John "Wynn" ap Maredudd bef. 1550–1559

Maurice Wynn bef. 1562 – aft. 1577

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester bef. 1579–1588

William Maurice bef. 1594–1596

Sir Thomas Mostyn 1596–1618

Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet 1618–1627

Sir Richard Wynn, 2nd Baronet 1627–1646

Interregnum

Sir Richard Wynn, 4th Baronet 1660–1674

Richard Bulkeley, 3rd Viscount Bulkeley 1679–1689

Lord Edward Russell 1689–1714

Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven 1714–1739

Sir William Yonge, 4th Baronet 1739–1755

Sir John Wynn, 2nd Baronet 1756–1773

Thomas Wynn, 1st Baron Newborough 1773–1781

For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire.

John "Wynn" ap Maredudd
John "Wynn" ap Maredudd (born around 1495, died 9 July 1559) was a Welsh Member of Parliament.

He was son of Meredydd ap Ieuan ap Robert of Dolwyddelan, then Caernarvonshire. He had twenty six siblings. He is cited by Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet as his ancestor and head of the family at that time. He is believed to have had a number of children including Morys Wynn ap John, Owain Wynn ap John, Griffith Wynn ap John and Robert Wynn. His brother-in-law was Edward Stanley, MP for Merioneth.

He inherited his father's estates at Gwydir, Nantconwy, Dolwyddelan and Llanfrothen. He rebuilt Gwydir in 1555 and served as Member of Parliament for Caernarvonshire in 1542 and 1547–1551. He also served as High Sheriff of Caernarvonshire for 1544 and 1556. and as Custos Rotulorum of Merionethshire from 1543 to c.1548.

He was succeeded by his son Morys Wynn ap John (Maurice Wynn).
Ryan Brothers Bus Service
Ryan Brothers Bus Service (often styled as Ryan's or Ryans) is a school and charter bus operator in Melbourne, Australia. The company was also a route service operator up until 30 June 2025, it operated three routes under contract to Public Transport Victoria (PTV). Ryans continue to operate charter and school bus services.

Public Transport Victoria
Public Transport Victoria (PTV) is the brand name for public transport in the Australian state of Victoria. It was previously the trading name of the Public Transport Development Authority (PTDA), a now-defunct statutory authority in Victoria, responsible for providing, coordinating, and promoting public transport.

PTV began operating on 2 April 2012, taking over many of the responsibilities previously exercised by the Director of Public Transport and the Department of Transport. It also took over the marketing of public transport in Victoria from Metlink and Viclink, as well as responsibility for the myki ticketing system, formerly handled by the Transport Ticketing Authority.

PTV's functions were transferred to the Department of Transport and Planning (DTP) on 1 July 2019. The branding was subsumed by Transport Victoria in August 2025.
360 Newbury Street
360 Newbury Street (also known as the Transit Building and the Tower Records building) is a nine-story commercial and residential building located at the intersection of Newbury Street and Massachusetts Avenue in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Designed by Arthur Bowditch, it was constructed in 1919 and first served as the headquarters of the Boston Elevated Railway. The eight-story building was later used as a warehouse and office space, and housed Tower Records from 1987 to 2001. An additional story was added in the late 1980s during a Frank Gehry-designed renovation; another was created from a mezzanine during a 2005 renovation. The lower three floors house retail space and an entrance to Hynes Convention Center station; the upper six floors contain private condominiums.

Boston Elevated Railway
The Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) was a streetcar and rapid transit railroad operated on, above, and below, the streets of Boston, Massachusetts and surrounding communities. Founded in 1894, it eventually acquired the West End Street Railway via lease and merger to become the city's primary mass transit provider. Its modern successor is the state-run Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), which continues to operate in part on infrastructure developed by BERy and its predecessors.
Kisejärve Lakes
The Kisejärve Lakes (Estonian: Kisejärve järvestik) are a group of lakes in Rõuge Parish, Võru County, Estonia. The group consists of seven lakes that in limnological sense are semi-dystrophic or oligotropic.

The lakes are:

Kisõjärv, Kisejärv, Kiisajärv, Kisi järv, or Küsajärv (44.3 ha, depth up to 5.1 m)

Kõrbjärv, Rõuge Kõrbjärv, or Kirbujärv (1.4 ha)

Laihjärv or Luikjärv (3.8 ha, depth up to 3 m)

Mägialonõ järv, Madaljärv, Medaljärv, Mägialuse järv, or Mägialune järv (1.8 ha)

Pahijärv (8.3 ha)
Lõuna-Pahijärv (3.9 ha)
Põhja-Pahijärv (4.4 ha, depth up to 2 m)

Sõdaalonõ järv, Sõdaalune järv, Sedaljärv, Sõdaaluse järv, or Söödialune järv (7.1 ha)

Vuuhjärv, Vuhjärv, or Laihjärv (1.5 ha)

At the time of the last glacial age, these lakes were not separated.

The lakes and their surroundings are under protection as the Kisejärv Landscape Conservation Area.

Dystrophic lake
Dystrophic lakes, also known as humic lakes, are lakes that contain high amounts of humic substances and organic acids. The presence of these substances causes the water to be brown in colour and have a generally low pH of around 4.0-6.0. The presence of humic substances are mainly due to certain plants in the watersheds of the lakes, such as peat mosses and conifers. Due to these acidic conditions, few taxa are able to survive, consisting mostly of aquatic plants, algae, phytoplankton, picoplankton, and bacteria. Dystrophic lakes can be found in many areas of the world, especially in the northern boreal regions.
Claudiopolis
Claudiopolis (Ancient Greek: Κλαυδιόπολις, romanized: Klaudiopolis, lit. 'city of Claudius') is the name of a number of ancient cities named after Roman emperor Claudius or another person bearing that name (in the case of Cluj-Napoca), notably:

in Turkey

Claudiopolis (Bithynia) or Bithynium

Claudiopolis (Bolu)

Claudiopolis (Cilicia)

Claudiopolis (Cappadocia)

Claudiopolis (Cataonia)

Claudiopolis (Galatia)

Elsewhere

Abila Lysaniou, an ancient city in Syria also called Claudiopolis

Cluj-Napoca, a city in Romania

The ancient town of Cyrene, Libya, renamed after 262 AD, in honor of the 3rd-century Roman emperor Claudius II

Claudiopolis (Galatia)
Claudiopolis (Greek: Κλαυδιόπολις, city of Claudius) was an ancient city of Galatia mentioned by Ptolemy as belonging to the Trocmi.  It sat on the Halys river, northwest of Carissa; but its site has not been located.  From its name one can adduce that it was named for Roman emperor Claudius.
Algaemia
Algaemia is a secondary term that refers to the rare yet emerging condition in which green algae enter the bloodstream. Members of the genus Prototheca are the most common causes of human algaemia. Prototheca and Chlorella are the only two known algae genera capable of inflicting disease on mammals. The majority of cases are observed in dairy cattle as a cause of bovine mastitis as well as other domesticated animals. Cases of algaemia have been observed in dogs and cats as well. Few cases have been observed in humans. Human cases of protothecosis are examined on a case-by-case basis due to the particularity of each case. Protothecosis infection is classified based on the symptoms: (i) cutaneous lesions, (ii) olecranon bursitis, and (iii) disseminated multi-organ infections.

Olecranon
The olecranon (/oʊˈlɛkrənɒn/, from Greek  olene 'elbow' and  kranon 'head'), is a large, thick, curved bony process on the proximal, posterior end of the ulna. It forms the protruding part of the elbow and is opposite to the cubital fossa or elbow pit (trochlear notch). The olecranon serves as a lever for the extensor muscles that straighten the elbow joint.
Michael Foreman (illustrator)
Michael Foreman OBE (born 21 March 1938) is a British author and illustrator, one of the best-known and most prolific creators of children's books. He won the 1982 and 1989 Kate Greenaway Medals for British children's book illustration and he was a runner-up five times.

For his contribution as a children's illustrator he was UK nominee in 1988 and again in 2010 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books.

Hans Christian Andersen Award
The Hans Christian Andersen Awards are two literary awards given by the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY), recognising one living author and one living illustrator for their "lasting contribution to children's literature". The writing award was first given in 1956, the illustration award in 1966. The former is sometimes called the "Nobel Prize for children's literature".

The awards are named after Hans Christian Andersen, a 19th-century Danish author of fairy tales, and each winner receives the Hans Christian Andersen Medaille (a gold medal with the bust of Andersen) and a diploma. Medals are presented at the biennial IBBY Congress.
Czerniaków
Czerniaków (Polish pronunciation: [t͡ʂɛrˈɲakuf]) is a neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in Warsaw, Poland, within the district of Mokotów. It is a residential area with high-rise multifamily housing. The neighbourhood features the St. Anthony of Padua Church dating to 1693, and the Warsaw Uprising Mound, an artificial hill and memorial, as well as the Czerniaków Lake, the largest still body of fresh water in the city.

Czerniaków was founded in the 13th century, as a small farming community. It was incorporated into Warsaw in the 1916, and in the 1920s, together with nearby Sadyba, it developed as a single-family residential neighbourhood, designed with principles of the garden city movement. In the 1970s, there were constructed high-rise multifamily residential neighbourhoods.

Thoroughfare
A thoroughfare is a primary passage or way of transport, whether by road on dry land or, by extension, via watercraft or aircraft. Originally, the word referred to a main road or open street which was frequented thoroughly.
Carlsson II cabinet
The second cabinet of Ingvar Carlsson (Swedish: Regeringen Carlsson II) was the cabinet and Government of Sweden from 27 February 1990 to 4 October 1991.

The cabinet was a single-party minority government consisting the Social Democrats.  The cabinet was led by Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson whose first cabinet had resigned in early February 1990 due an emergency package that had been voted down in Swedish Riksdag.  The need for an emergency package were still left when his second cabinet assumed office on 27 February 1990 and on 5 April 1990 his government made up an emergency package with the Liberal People's Party.

The cabinet resigned on 4 October 1991 following defeat in the 1991 general election. The cabinet was succeeded by the cabinet of Carl Bildt.

Ingvar Carlsson
Gösta Ingvar Carlsson (born 9 November 1934) is a Swedish retired politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1986 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 1996. He was leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1986 to 1996. He led Sweden into the European Union.

Carlsson was a member of the Riksdag from 1965 to 1996 representing the constituency of Stockholm County (until 1970 in the lower house). He served as Minister of Education from 1969 to 1973, as Minister of Housing in 1973 and again from 1974 to 1976, and as Minister of Environmental affairs from 1985 to 1986. He served as deputy prime minister from 1982 to 1986, and assumed office as Prime Minister of Sweden upon the assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986.
Netherlands at the 2024 European Athletics Championships
Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 2024 European Athletics Championships in the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy from 7 to 12 June 2024.

With three gold, four silver, and five bronze medals, the Dutch athletes won the more medals than in any previous edition of the European Athletics Championships. Nine medals were won in the women's competitions, two medals in the men's competition, and one medal in the mixed relay. The Netherlands ranked 6th in the championship's overall medal table.

Femke Bol, Jessica Schilder, and the women's 4 × 400 metres relay team won gold medals. Bol and Lieke Klaver each won three medals and Liemarvin Bonevacia, Jorinde van Klinken, and Cathelijn Peeters won two medals each. Bol also received a Golden Crown for the highest scoring performance in the women's sprints and hurdles category.

European Athletics Championships
The European Athletics Championships is a biennial (from 2010) athletics event organised by the European Athletic Association and is recognised as the elite continental outdoor athletics championships for Europe.