hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jamin interferometer
The Jamin interferometer is a type of interferometer, related to the Mach–Zehnder interferometer.  It was developed in 1856 by the French physicist Jules Jamin.

The interferometer consists of two mirrors, made of the thickest glass possible. The Fresnel reflection from the first surface of the mirror acts as a beam splitter.  The incident light is split into two rays, parallel to each other and displaced by an amount depending on the thickness of the mirror.  The rays are recombined at the second mirror and ultimately imaged onto a screen.

If a phase-shifting element is added to one arm of the interferometer, then the displacement it causes can be determined by simply counting the interference fringes, i.e., the minima.

The Jamin interferometer allows very exact measurements of the refractive index and dispersion of gases; a transparent pressure chamber can be positioned in the instrument.  The phase shift due to changes in pressure is quite easy to measure.

Gas
Gas is a state of matter with neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. It is a compressible form of fluid, in contrast to a liquid. A pure gas consists of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), or molecules (e.g. oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide). Pure gases can also be mixed together such as in the air. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer.

The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter, see list of states of matter.
Cleofa Malatesta
Cleofa Malatesta da Pesaro (also Cleofe, Cleopa or Cleopha) (fl. 1420 – died 1433) was an Italian noblewoman and the wife of Theodore II Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, brother of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor. She was a daughter of Malatesta dei Sonetti, Count of Pesaro, and Elisabetta da Varano. She married Theodore Palaiologos in Mystras on January 21, 1421, or sometime in 1422 in an arranged marriage that was part of an initiative of her uncle, Pope Martin V, to join Western (Roman Catholic) with Orthodox nobility, who in this way hoped to gain political alliances against the Ottoman Turks.

Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V (Latin: Martinus V; Italian: Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Oddone Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism of 1378–1417. As of 2026, he remains the last pope to have taken the pontifical name "Martin".
Texas's 89th House of Representatives district
District 89 is a district in the Texas House of Representatives. The district contains the southeastern portion of Collin County, Texas. It contains the cities of Josephine, Lavon, Lowry Crossing, Lucas, Nevada, Parker, St. Paul, and parts of Allen, Dallas, Fairview, McKinney, Murphy, Plano, Princeton, Royse City, and Wylie. The district has been represented by Candy Noble since 2019.

Princeton, Texas
Princeton is a city in Collin County, Texas, United States. The population was 17,027 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 37,019 in 2024.  Princeton, Texas, as of 2025, is currently the fastest-growing city in the United States. Its population surged by 30% in just one year, making it the fastest-growing city or town in the country, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
Hugo de Garis
Hugo de Garis (born 1947) is an Australian retired researcher in the sub-field of artificial intelligence (AI) known as evolvable hardware. In the 1990s and early 2000s, he performed research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve artificial neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays. He has written about his belief in an coming war between the supporters and opponents of intelligent machines, with the potential for the elimination of humanity by artificial superintelligences.

Evolvable hardware
Evolvable hardware (EH) is a field focusing on the use of evolutionary algorithms (EA) to create specialized electronics without manual engineering. It brings together reconfigurable hardware, evolutionary computation, fault tolerance and autonomous systems. Evolvable hardware refers to hardware that can change its architecture and behavior dynamically and autonomously by interacting with its environment.
Plec pe Marte (song)
"Plec pe Marte" (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈplek pe ˈmarte]; "Leaving for Mars") is a single by Romanian singer Smiley, which headlines the album with the same title Plec pe Marte, released on January 28, 2010. The song peaked at number one in the Romania Top 20 chart, spending fifteen weeks there, and five weeks in the most-broadcast songs on Romanian radio stations in the 2010s (and Top 100).

The song was directly nominalized the at the 2011 Romanian Music Awards category for the Best Album with mother album Plec pe Marte. It was also nominalized at the Radio România Actualităţi Awards 2011 category Best Pop Song.

RRA Awards 2011
The Radio România Actualităţi Awards 2011 (shortly RRA Awards) was held on March 13, 2011, in the Sala Radio (Radio Hall) of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company. The awards are yearly and they are developed by the Radio România Actualităţi, the main National Radio Channel. They will be broadcast by RRA, as well as by Radio România Muzical and Radio România Cultural. It will also be broadcast online and on TVR International all around the world. The nominations were announced via Adevărul newspaper, on February 4.

Inna topped the nominations, with four, "Artist of the Year", "Best Pop/Dance Act", "Best Pop/Dance Song" and "Album of the Year". She is followed by Alex, Ştefan Bănică, Jr., Smiley, Paula Seling, Nico and Mădălina Manole, with three awards. Keo, Andreea Banica and Andra have all two nominations.
Newburgh Lifeboat Station
Newburgh Lifeboat Station was located on the western shore of the River Ythan estuary near Newburgh, a village approximately 14 miles (23 km) north-east of Aberdeen, in the county of Aberdeenshire, on the east coast of Scotland.

A lifeboat was first placed at Newburgh in 1828, by the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS), but the station closed in 1841. A new station was established at Newburgh in 1877, by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).

Newburgh Lifeboat Station was closed in 1965.

River Ythan
The Ythan /ˈaɪθən/ is a river in the north-east of Scotland rising at Wells of Ythan near the village of Ythanwells and flowing south-eastwards through the towns of Fyvie, Methlick and Ellon before flowing into the North Sea near Newburgh, in Formartine.

The lower reach of the river is known as the Ythan Estuary and forms part of the River Ythan, Sands of Forvie and Meikle Loch Special Protection Area for conservation, particularly as a breeding ground for three tern species (common tern, little tern and Sandwich tern) (Lumina, 2004).

The River Ythan has a catchment area of 680 km2 (260 sq mi). Reported average discharge figures vary, with estimates of 6 m3/s (210 cu ft/s) or 7.2 m3/s (250 cu ft/s).
Jun'ai Monogatari
Jun'ai Monogatari (純愛物語; A Story of Pure Love) is a 1957 Japanese film directed by Tadashi Imai. It was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival where Imai won the Silver Bear for Best Director.

Silver Bear for Best Director
The Silver Bear for Best Director (German: Silberner Bär/Bester Regie) is an award presented annually at the Berlin International Film Festival since 1956. It is given for the best achievement in directing and is chosen by the International Jury from the films in the Competition slate at the festival.

At the 6th Berlin International Film Festival held in 1956, Robert Aldrich was the first winner of this award for his work on Autumn Leaves, and Grant Gee is the most recent winner in this category for his work on Everybody Digs Bill Evans at the 76th Berlin International Film Festival in 2026.
Legazpi City Science High School
Legazpi City Science High School (translated in Filipino: Mataas na Paaralang Pang-agham ng Lungsod ng Legazpi and locally known as LEGASCI (/ˈlɛɡəsaɪ/) is a public science high school in Legazpi City, Albay, Bicol, Philippines.

Located in Bitano, Legazpi City, it provides education for junior and senior high school students. Its junior high school department offers SPSTE (Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering). As of School Year 2025–2026, its senior high school offers one track, the academic track, with two strands: STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and ABM (Accounting and Business Management).

Legazpi City Science High School is a science high school that is funded by the Philippine government. Students of the science high school are commonly called Citinistas.

Engineering and Science Education Program (Philippines)
The Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Education Program (STEM, formerly Engineering and Science Education Program or ESEP) is a science and mathematics-oriented curriculum devised for high schools in the Philippines. The STEM program is offered by specialized high schools, whether public or private, supervised by the Department of Education. Currently, there are 110 high schools offering the STEM program, the majority being public. It was piloted in 1994 by the Department of Science & Technology (DOST).
James Arena-DeRosa
James Arena-DeRosa is an American politician who is the member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the 8th Middlesex district. He was elected in the November 2022 General Election, against Republican Loring Barnes

Massachusetts House of Representatives' 8th Middlesex district
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 8th Middlesex district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers parts of Middlesex County and Worcester County. Democrat Carolyn Dykema of Holliston represented the district from 2009 until her resignation to take a private sector job in 2022.
Frontenac (Quebec provincial electoral district, 1912–1973)
Frontenac was the name of a defunct provincial electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada.  It was located in the Estrie region, and is not to be confused with the existing Frontenac electoral district located in the Chaudière-Appalaches region, which re-used the name.

Sources differ on whether the pre-1973 and post-1973 Frontenac electoral districts should be considered different or one and the same. The 1966 version of Frontenac and the 1973 version of Frontenac were drastically different but actually had a small overlap of territory around the area of the modern municipality of Adstock.

It was created for the 1912 election from parts of the existing Beauce and Compton districts. It last existed in the 1970 election.  Its successor electoral district was Mégantic-Compton.

It was named after a former governor of New France, Louis de Buade de Frontenac.

1912 Quebec general election
The 1912 Quebec general election was held on May 15, 1912, to elect members of the 13th Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada.  The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Lomer Gouin, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Joseph-Mathias Tellier.
Steven Henikoff
Steven Henikoff is a scientist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and an HHMI Investigator. His field of study is chromatin-related transcriptional regulation. 
He earned his BS in chemistry at the University of Chicago. He earned his PhD in biochemistry and molecular biology from Harvard University in the lab of Matt Meselson in 1977. He did a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Washington. His research has been funded by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and HHMI. In 1992, Steven Henikoff, together with his wife Jorja Henikoff, introduced the BLOSUM substitution matrices. The BLOSUM matrices are widely used for sequence alignment of proteins. In 2005, Henikoff was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

In 2025 Steven Henikoff was awarded the Rosenstiel Award for his transformative research on genome organization and gene expression.

Sequence alignment
In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns.
Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences such as calculating the distance cost between strings in a natural language, or to display financial data.
City Independents
The City Independents are a political party based in Stoke-on-Trent, England. Formed in 2004, they regularly stand candidates for election to Stoke-on-Trent City Council.

Following the results of the 2015 election, the City Independents formed an administration with the support of the Conservatives and UKIP, with City Independents leader, Ann James, becoming Leader of the council. In the aftermath of the 2019 election, the City Independents would form a second administration with the Conservatives, this time as a junior partner, with Ann James moving to Deputy Leader of the council.

The second administration continued until September 2020, when it collapsed following a cabinet shuffle that saw the remaining two City Independent cabinet members removed from their posts. The group's remaining 6 councillors then sat in opposition to the minority Conservative administration.

In the 2023 elections, the group lost five of the six seats with only Lilian Dodd retaining her seat.

Stoke-on-Trent
Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England. It had an estimated population of 259,965 in 2022, making it the largest settlement in Staffordshire and one of the largest cities of the Midlands. Stoke is surrounded by the towns of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Alsager, Kidsgrove and Biddulph, which form a conurbation around the city.

The city is polycentric, formed from the federation of six towns in 1910. It took its name from the town of Stoke-upon-Trent, where the main centre of government and the principal railway station in the district were located. Hanley is the primary commercial centre. The other four towns which form the city are Burslem, Tunstall, Longton and Fenton.

As the home of the pottery industry in England, the area is known as The Potteries. It is a centre for service industries and distribution centres. It formerly had a primarily heavy industry sector.
Dave Gibson (American songwriter)
David Lowell Gibson (born October 1, 1946) is an American country music songwriter. Gibson has written songs for Alabama, Tanya Tucker, and others.

Gibson was born in El Dorado, Arkansas and raised in Odessa, Texas before moving to Nashville, Tennessee in 1982.

He held a publishing contract with a company owned by The Oak Ridge Boys. Between 1990 and 1994, Gibson was the frontman of the Gibson/Miller Band. Gibson was married to singer-songwriter Daisy Dern.

The Oak Ridge Boys
The Oak Ridge Boys are an American vocal quartet. The group consists of Duane Allen (lead), William Lee Golden (baritone), Richard Sterban (bass), and Ben James, who replaced Joe Bonsall as tenor in December of 2023. Allen, Bonsall, Golden, and Sterban comprised the group's longest-lasting lineup, from 1973 until 2023, except for the period between 1987 and 1995 when Golden was replaced by Steve Sanders.

The act was founded in 1943 as Wally Fowler and the Georgia Clodhoppers, but were soon known as The Oak Ridge Quartet. They became popular in Southern gospel in the 1950s and their name was changed to Oak Ridge Boys in the 1960s. They moved from traditional southern gospel to contemporary gospel before going into popular music in the mid-1970s.

The Oak Ridge Boys finally broke through in the late 1970s, including their appearance on "Slip Slidin' Away" with Paul Simon, and reached their commercial peak in 1981 with their cover of "Elvira", a Top 5 hit on the Billboard Hot 100.
San Pablo Formation
The San Pablo Formation is a Late/Upper Miocene epoch geologic formation of the East Bay region in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.

It is found on the south shore of San Pablo Bay, in western Contra Costa County.

Contra Costa County, California
Contra Costa County (/ˌkɒntrə ˈkɒstə/ ⓘ; Contra Costa, Spanish for 'Opposite Coast') is a county located in the U.S. state of California, in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,165,927. The county seat is Martinez. It occupies the northern portion of the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area and is primarily suburban. The county's name refers to its position on the other side of the bay from San Francisco. Contra Costa County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Bunting Road Campus Auckland Park
Bunting Road Campus Auckland Park, also known as APB, is one of the four urban campuses of the University of Johannesburg. The APB was originally a campus of  the Technikon Witwatersrand.

Uniquely, the campus is an enclosed section of a suburb. The main thoroughfare of the suburb is Bunting Road, whose name, according to the City of Johannesburg archives, is derived from a subspecies of bird and not the decorative banner it is currently associated with.

A common misconception, as with Kingsway Campus, is that the campus itself is in Auckland Park. However, it is not technically within the demarcated suburb of Auckland Park, but rather in the suburb of Cottesloe. The roads within the campus are Lark Street, Jay Street, Vista Close, Ibis Street, Katjiepiering Street, Falcon Street and Dorbie Street.

City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality
The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala weDolobhakazi laseGoli) is a metropolitan municipality that manages the local governance of Johannesburg, the largest city in South Africa. It is divided into several branches and departments in order to expedite services for the city. Zulu is the most spoken home language at 23.4% followed by English at 20.1%.

Johannesburg is a divided municipality: the poor mostly live in the southern suburbs or on the peripheries of the far north, and the middle and upper class live largely in the suburbs of the center and north. As of 2012, unemployment was near 25% and most young people were out of work. Around 20% of the municipality lives in abject poverty in informal settlements that lack proper roads, electricity, or any other kind of direct municipal service.
1986 Ipswich Borough Council election
The 1986 Ipswich Borough Council election was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time.

It took place as part of the 1986 United Kingdom local elections.

There were 16 wards each returning one councillor plus two bye-elections for Sprites Ward. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.

1986 United Kingdom local elections
The 1986 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 8 May 1986. There was a 3% reduction in the number of councillors, owing to the abolition of the Greater London Council and the Metropolitan County Councils.

The national projected share of the vote was Labour 37%, Conservative 34%, Liberal-SDP Alliance 26%.  The Conservatives lost 975 seats, Labour gained 13 seats and the Liberal-SDP Alliance gained 338 seats.

Two parliamentary by-elections were also held on the same day in the West Derbyshire and Ryedale constituencies. The Conservatives held West Derbyshire, though only by 100 votes. The Alliance gained Ryedale from the Conservatives.

The elections were delayed a week from the usual date of the first Thursday in May, due to 1 May 1986 falling within Passover.
Oil Springs Reservation
Oil Springs Reservation or Oil Spring Reservation (Seneca: Tga:no’s) is an Indian reservation of the federally recognized Seneca Nation that is located in southwestern New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the Indian reservation had one resident; in 2005 no tribal members had lived on the property. The reservation covers about one square mile (2.6 km2), divided between the present-day counties of Allegany and Cattaraugus. The reservation is northwest of the village of Cuba. It is bordered by the Town of Cuba and the Town of Ischua.

The Seneca and earlier indigenous peoples had learned to use the petroleum-tainted water of the spring at this site for medicinal purposes. French Jesuit missionaries learned about its properties from the Seneca and recorded the spring as early as the 17th century. Today the Seneca operate two tax-free gas stations on this reservation to generate revenue for their people's welfare.

Cuba (village), New York
Cuba is a village in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 1,575 at the 2010 census. The village is in the western part of the town of Cuba at the junction of Routes 305 and 446 on Oil Creek.
Günther Enderlein
Günther Enderlein (7 July 1872 – 11 August 1968)  was a German zoologist, entomologist, microbiologist, researcher, physician for 60 years, and later a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products. Enderlein received international renown for his insect research, and in Germany became famous due to his concept of the pleomorphism of microorganisms and his hypotheses about the origins of cancer, based on the work of other scientists. His hypotheses about pleomorphism and cancer have now been disproved by science and have only some historical importance today. Some of his concepts, however, are still popular in alternative medicine. A blood test is named after him: dark field microscopy according to Enderlein.

Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick. Multiple tests for specific blood components, such as a glucose test or a cholesterol test, are often grouped together into one test panel called a blood panel or blood work. Blood tests are often used in health care to determine physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, pharmaceutical drug effectiveness, and organ function. Typical clinical blood panels include a basic metabolic panel or a complete blood count. Blood tests are also used in drug tests to detect drug abuse.