hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jung's theorem
In geometry, Jung's theorem is an inequality between the diameter of a set of points in any Euclidean space and the radius of the minimum enclosing ball of that set. It is named after Heinrich Jung, who first studied this inequality in 1901. Algorithms also exist to solve the smallest-circle problem explicitly.

Inequality (mathematics)
In mathematics, an inequality is a relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions. It is used most often to compare two numbers on the number line by their size. The main types of inequality are less than and greater than (denoted by < and >, respectively the less-than and greater-than signs).
Kayuta Lake
Kayuta Lake is located northwest of Bardwell Mill, New York. Kayuta Lake Campground is located by the Black River inlet. Fish species present in the lake are smallmouth bass, pickerel, white sucker, rock bass, yellow perch, bluegill, and black bullhead. There is a carry down access on the north shore located on State Dam Road.

American pickerel
The American pickerel (Esox americanus) is a medium-sized species of North American freshwater predatory fish belonging to the pike family. The genus Esox is placed in the family Esocidae (in the order Esociformes).

Two subspecies are sometimes recognised:

Redfin pickerel, sometimes called the brook pickerel, E. americanus americanus Gmelin, 1789;

Grass pickerel, E. americanus vermiculatus Lesueur, 1846.

Lesueur originally classified the grass pickerel as E. vermiculatus, but it is now considered a subspecies of E. americanus.

There is no widely accepted English common collective name for the two E. americanus subspecies; "American pickerel" is a translation of the French systematic name brochet d'Amérique.
Roseborough
Roseborough is the surname of:

Barry Roseborough (1932–1992), Canadian football player

Cliff Roseborough (c. 1910–1984), Canadian football player

Teresa Wynn Roseborough (born 1958), American lawyer and former Deputy Assistant Attorney General

Viola Roseborough, stage name of Viola Roseboro' (1857—1945), American literary editor and briefly an actress

Teresa Wynn Roseborough
Teresa Wynn Roseborough (born November 28, 1958) is an American lawyer, a former Deputy Assistant Attorney General during the Clinton administration and is the executive vice president and general counsel at The Home Depot.  She used to be Deputy General Counsel at MetLife, where she at one point led a department of 62 associates and supervised MetLife's litigation activities worldwide.
Döberitzer Heide
The Döberitzer Heide is an approximately 5000-hectare area in the Havelland region, part of the southeastern Nauen Plateau. The area mainly consists of the former Döberitz military training area, which has been designated as nature reserves and hosts a wilderness project by The Heinz Sielmann Foundation covering about 3600 hectares, unique in Europe. The heathland is located west of the Berlin city border and south of the Bundesstraße 5 between Dallgow-Döberitz and the district of Seeburg as well as the Wustermark districts of Elstal and Priort. A small part in the southwest lies within Potsdam territory.

Nauen Plateau
The Nauen Plateau (German: Nauener Platte) is a low plateau in the German states of Brandenburg and Berlin. It rises above the surrounding countryside by an average of 15 metres (49 ft) and is a largely contiguous upland area that was formed during the Saale and Weichselian glaciations. It consists predominantly of ground moraine deposits, partly overlain by gently rolling end moraine formations. Whilst the neighbouring regions of Zauche to the south, the Teltow to the southeast and the Barnim to the northeast have the same name as their geological formation, the cultural landscape on the Nauen Plateau bears the historical and regional name of Havelland. That said, the river country of the  Havelland extends beyond the plateau to include the Havel valley and other lowland areas.
2024 Libéma Open – Women's doubles
Ingrid Neel and Bibiane Schoofs defeated Tereza Mihalíková and Olivia Nicholls in the final, 7–6(8–6), 6–3 to win the women's doubles tennis title at the 2024 Libéma Open.

Shuko Aoyama and Ena Shibahara were the reigning champions, but Shibahara chose to compete in Nottingham instead. Aoyama partnered Aldila Sutjiadi, but lost in the quarterfinals to Suzan Lamens and Eva Vedder.

Shuko Aoyama
Shuko Aoyama (青山 修子, Aoyama Shūko; born 19 December 1987) is a Japanese professional tennis player who specializes in doubles.

Aoyama turned professional after graduating from Waseda University. She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 182, on 9 February 2015, and a doubles ranking of world No. 4, on 28 February 2022. She plays predominantly in doubles and has won 20 titles on the WTA Tour, having had her most successful Grand Slam appearances at the 2023 Australian Open final and at Wimbledon, reaching the semifinals at the 2013 and 2021 tournaments. She has also won four singles and 30 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
2000 African Badminton Championships
The 2000 African Badminton Championships were the continental badminton championships to crown the best players and teams across Africa. The tournament was held at the Bauchi Multi-Purpose Indoor Sports Hall in Bauchi, Nigeria, from 24 to 31 July 2000.

In the team event, South Africa, Mauritius, Seychelles and Nigeria reached the semi-finals. Mauritius won their first ever team title by defeating Nigeria in the final. South Africa defeated Seychelles in the third place play-off.

South Africa national badminton team
The South African national badminton team (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrika nasionale pluimbalspan; Sotho: Sehlopha sa naha sa badminton sa Afrika Borwa; Xhosa: Iqela lesizwe le-badminton loMzantsi Afrika; Zulu: Iqembu lesizwe laseNingizimu Afrika i-badminton) represents South Africa in international badminton team competitions and is controlled by Badminton South Africa, the governing body for badminton in South Africa. South Africa has participated in the Thomas Cup, Uber Cup and the Sudirman Cup but have never been to the quarterfinals.

South Africa is one of the leading badminton nations in Africa, winning all three team events at the African Badminton Championships for more than four times.
Emil Racoviță
Emil Gheorghe Racoviță (Romanian: [eˈmil ˈrakovit͡sə]; 15 November 1868 – 19 November 1947) was a Romanian biologist, zoologist, speleologist, and Antarctic explorer.

Together with Grigore Antipa, he was one of the most noted promoters of natural sciences in Romania. Racoviță was the first Romanian to have gone on a scientific research expedition to the Antarctic. He was an influential professor, scholar and researcher, and served as President of the Romanian Academy from 1926 to 1929.

Romanian leu
The Romanian leu (Romanian pronunciation: [lew], plural lei [lej]; ISO code: RON; numeric code: 946) is the currency of Romania. It is subdivided into 100 bani (Romanian pronunciation: [banʲ], singular: ban [ban]), a word that also means "money" in the Romanian language.
Mikhail Benyash
Mikhail Mikhailovich Benyash (Russian: Михаил Михайлович Беньяш; born 2 September 1977) is a Russian lawyer (former advocate) based in Krasnodar Krai, known for his support of human rights activists and conscientious objectors until he was disbarred in 2023. During his career, Benyash was subjected to multiple arrests and criminal sentences, which led to him fleeing Russia and claiming asylum in Lithuania.

Ministry of Justice (Russia)
The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (Russian: Министе́рство юсти́ции Росси́йской Федера́ции, Миню́ст Росси́и) is a ministry of the Government of Russia responsible for the legal system and penal system.

The Ministry of Justice is the federal authority for operating Russia's courts and correctional services with enforcement by two subordinate executive federal agencies: the Federal Bailiffs Service (FSSP) and the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN). The Ministry of Justice is headquartered at Zhitnaya Street 14 in Yakimanka District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow.

The Ministry of Justice was founded in 1991 by renaming of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian SFSR following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but claims succession from the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Empire founded in 1802.

Konstantin Chuychenko has been the Minister of Justice since 21 January 2020.
HydroGeoSphere
HydroGeoSphere (HGS) is a 3D control-volume finite element groundwater model, and is based on a rigorous conceptualization of the hydrologic system consisting of surface and subsurface flow regimes. The model is designed to take into account all key components of the hydrologic cycle. For each time step, the model solves surface and subsurface flow, solute and energy transport equations simultaneously, and provides a complete water and solute balance.

Subsurface flow
Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath Earth's surface as part of the water cycle.

In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the Earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers. The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone soil, recharging aquifers, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In hydrogeology it is measured by the Groundwater flow equation.
Masao Murata
Masao Murata (村田 正夫, Murata Masao, born 6 April 1964) is a retired Japanese judoka.

Murata is from Ichinomiya, Aichi and moved to Moriguchi, Osaka when he was in the second grade. He belonged to Nippon Steel after graduating from Tokai University.

Murata was good at Uchimata, Seoi nage, Osotogari and Deashibarai

In 1987, he won a bronze medal at the World Championships held in Essen, Germany. He was also expected to get a medal in the Olympic Games in 1988 and 1992 but couldn't participate due to his own Chronic, Cervical disc herniation.

Murata retired in 1994. Now, he has been coaching judo at Biwako Seikei Sport College since 2007.

De ashi barai
De ashi barai or de ashi harai (出足払) ("forward foot sweep") is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It is a foot sweep and is classified in judo as an ashi waza, or "foot technique". It belongs to the first group, Dai-Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. De ashi barai is also one of the 20 techniques in Danzan Ryu's (DZR) Nagete list.
Can't Say I'm Sorry
"Can't Say I'm Sorry" is a song by Danish pop singer Bryan Rice. It was written by Pelle Nylén and Andreas Carlsson, and released as the third single from the singer's debut album, Confessional on 30 October 2006.

Bryan Rice
Brian Risberg Clausen, better known as Bryan Rice (born 29 May 1978 in Dåstrup, near Viby, Roskilde, Denmark), is a Danish pop singer and songwriter. He is best known for his debut single "No Promises" and for competing in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2010 and 2014.
Nguyễn Trung Tôn
Nguyễn Trung Tôn (born September 2, 1971) is a Vietnamese Protestant pastor, human rights activist and prisoner of conscience. Ton is known for campaigning for democracy and freedom of religion in Vietnam. He has been arrested twice, in 2011 and 2017, for being involved in his political activism. Ton is currently imprisoned since July 30, 2017 with a sentence of 12 years in prison.

Prisoner of conscience
A prisoner of conscience (POC) is anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. The term also refers to those who have been imprisoned or persecuted for the nonviolent expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.

Most often associated with the human rights organisation Amnesty International, the term was coined by that organisation's founder Peter Benenson in a 28 May 1961 article ("The Forgotten Prisoners") for London newspaper The Observer.
Bebić
Bebić is a Croatian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ana Bebić (born 1986), Croatian singer

Luka Bebić (born 1937), Croatian politician

Milivoj Bebić (born 1959), Croatian water polo player

Toma Bebić (1935–1990), Croatian artist

Toma Bebić
Toma Bebić (November 6, 1935 – February 4, 1990) was a Croatian multidisciplinary artist: musician, writer, actor, painter and poet. During his life he worked as a navy officer, police inspector and journalist for "Nedjeljna Dalmacija" and "Vjesnik". He published six books of aphorisms, few books of poetry and one children's picture book.

The book of aphorisms Volite se ljudožderi (Love each other, cannibals) was published after his death from his unpublished books, manuscripts and tone records. His albums include Volite se ljudožderi (1975) and Oya noya (1980). His well-known song is "Tu tu auto vrag ti piz odni" (Honk Honk Car, May the Devil Take You Away) where he criticizes cars for polluting the air and making so much noise that he cannot hear his mule. His poetic work was academically evaluated by the Croatian comparatist Helena Peričić.

He died of lung cancer in Split in 1990.
Agriculture in Puerto Rico
The agriculture industry in Puerto Rico constitutes over $800 million or about 0.69% of the island's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020. Currently the sector accounts for 15% of the food consumed locally. Experts from the University of Puerto Rico argued that these crops could cover approximately 30% of the local demand, particularly that of smaller vegetables such as tomatoes, lettuce, etc. and several kinds of tubers that are currently being imported. The existence of a thriving agricultural economy has been prevented due to a shift in priorities towards industrialization, bureaucratization, mismanagement of terrains, lack of alternative methods and a deficient workforce. Its geographical location within the Caribbean exacerbates these issues, making the scarce existing crops propense to the devastating effects of Atlantic hurricanes.

University of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Universidad de Puerto Rico; often shortened to UPR) is the main public university system in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is a government-owned corporation with 11 campuses and approximately 44,200 students and approximately 4,450 faculty members. UPR has the largest and most diverse academic offerings in the commonwealth, with 472 academic programs of which 32 lead to a doctorate.
J. Krishnaswamy
Jagannath Krishnaswamy (1932 – 6 November 1981), better known as "Kittu", was a former footballer who represented India as a forward at the 1956 Summer Olympics, where he scored once. He was vice-captain of the national team.

1980 AFC Women's Championship
The 1980 AFC Women's Championship was the 3rd edition of the AFC Women's Championship (now the AFC Women's Asian Cup). The tournament was hosted by India (with two teams India N and India S) and was the first time the competition was held in South Asia. It was originally scheduled to be held in 1979, but was eventually held between 11 and 20 January 1980. All matches were played at the EMS Stadium in Calicut (now Kozhikode), Kerala.

The tournament was won by the Republic of China (Taiwan) for the second time.
Bush blackcap
The bush blackcap (Sylvia nigricapillus) is a species of bird in the family Sylviidae. It is endemic to South Africa and Eswatini. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Sylviidae
Sylviidae is a family of passerine birds that includes the typical warblers Sylvia, and the closely related genus Curruca, formerly included in Sylvia. They are found in Eurasia and Africa, with the greatest diversity in the Mediterranean region.
2023 Abierto Tampico – Doubles
Kamilla Rakhimova and Anastasia Tikhonova won the doubles title at the 2023 Abierto Tampico, defeating Sabrina Santamaria and Heather Watson in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–2.

Tereza Mihalíková and Aldila Sutjiadi were the reigning champions, but Sutjiadi qualified for the WTA Elite Trophy and Mihalíková did not participate this year.

Sabrina Santamaria
Sabrina Ashley Vida Santamaria (born February 24, 1993) is an American tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 384, achieved June 2016, and a best WTA doubles ranking of No. 53, set on 12 August 2019.
42ft Watson-class lifeboat
The 42ft Watson-class was a class of non self-righting displacement hull lifeboat, built between 1954 and 1962, and operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) around the coasts of the United Kingdom and Ireland between 1954 and 1987.

Lifeboat (rescue)
A rescue lifeboat is a boat rescue craft which is used to attend a vessel in distress, or its survivors, to rescue crew and passengers. It can be hand pulled, sail powered or powered by an engine. Lifeboats may be rigid, inflatable or rigid-inflatable combination-hulled vessels.
Udmurtia
Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk.

It was established as the Udmurt (until 1931 — Votskaya) an autonomous region of the Udmurts, Udmurtia, within Russia on November 4, 1920.

Volga Federal District
The Volga Federal District (Russian: Приволжский федеральный округ, IPA: [prʲɪˈvolʂskʲɪj fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnɨj ˈokrʊk]) is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. It forms the southeastern part of European Russia. It is the second most populated federal district (after Central). Its population was 29,899,699 (70.8% urban) according to the 2010 Census, living on an area of 1,038,000 square kilometers (401,000 sq mi). Igor Komarov was appointed the federal district's Presidential Envoy on 18 September 2018.
Kartvelian languages
The Kartvelian languages (/kɑːrtˈvɛliən, -ˈviːl-/ kart-VEL-ee-ən, -⁠VEEL-; Georgian: ქართველური ენები, romanized: kartveluri enebi), also known as South Caucasian or Kartvelic languages, are a language family indigenous to the South Caucasus and spoken primarily in Georgia. There are approximately 5 million Georgian language speakers worldwide. The Kartvelian family has no known relation to any other language family, making it one of the world's primary language families.

The most widely spoken Kartvelian language is the standard Georgian. The earliest written source in any Kartvelian language is an Old Georgian inscription at the once-existing Georgian monastery near Bethlehem, dated to c. 430 AD. Georgian scripts are used to write all Kartvelian languages.

Old Georgian
Old Georgian (ႤႬႠჂ ႵႠႰႧႭჃႪႨ, enay kartuli) is a literary language of the Georgian monarchies attested from the 5th century. The language remains in use as the liturgical language of the Georgian Orthodox Church and for the most part is still intelligible. Spoken Old Georgian gave way to what is classified as Middle Georgian in the 11th century, which in turn developed into the modern Georgian language in the 18th century.
Prehistoric Norfolk
The prehistory of the County of Norfolk, England is broken into specific time periods, these being Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic .

Norfolk has a very rich prehistoric past, from the Palaeolithic era 950,000 years ago, to end of the Iron Age 2000 years ago. Indeed, Norfolk has the earliest evidence of human occupation of what is now Britain, and some of the country's best-preserved archaeological sites.

Roughton, Norfolk
Roughton is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is located 3+3⁄4 miles (6 kilometres) south of Cromer, 19+1⁄2 miles (31.5 kilometres) north of Norwich and 6+1⁄2 miles (10.5 kilometres) northwest of North Walsham. The village's name means 'Rough farm/settlement', referring to the character of the ground.
Ray Hackett
Ray Hackett (né Raymond William Hackett; 5 November 1909 Carlin, Nevada – 29 March 1987 Santa Rosa, California) was an American radio broadcast and dance orchestra leader who flourished from 1928, while attending the University of Nevada, Reno, to the mid-1970s in the San Francisco Bay Area, where he spent most of his professional career.

Carlin, Nevada
Carlin is a small city in Elko County in northeast Nevada, United States, and 23 miles (37 km) west of the city of Elko. As of the 2020 census, Carlin had a population of 2,050. Carlin sits along Interstate 80 at an elevation of approximately 4,900 feet (1,500 m). The city was named for Civil War general William Passmore Carlin. Its slogan is "Where the Train Stops...  and the Gold Rush Begins".
Pratomagno
The Pratomagno is a mountain range, which has the Arno River on both sides: to the west is the upper Valdarno and to the east is the Casentino. It lies north-west of the city of Arezzo, in Tuscany, Italy.

Its highest peak has an elevation of 1,592 m.

Valdarno
The Valdarno is the valley of the river Arno, from Florence to the sea. The name applies to the entire river basin, though usage of the term generally excludes Casentino and the valleys formed by major tributaries.

The valley has been renowned since Renaissance for its fossils, dating from the Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene, including species such as the mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis, and the sabertooth cats Homotherium and Megantereon.

Some towns in the area:

Rignano sull'Arno

Figline e Incisa Valdarno

San Giovanni Valdarno

Montevarchi

Terranuova Bracciolini

Reggello

Castelfranco Piandiscò
Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI
The resignation of Pope Benedict XVI took effect on 28 February 2013 at 20:00 Roman-Vatican Time, following Benedict XVI's announcement of the same on 11 February. It made him the first pope to relinquish the office since Gregory XII was forced to resign in 1415 to end the Western Schism, and the first pope to voluntarily resign since Celestine V in 1294.

All other popes in the modern era have held the position from election until death. Benedict resigned at the age of 85, citing declining health due to old age. The conclave to select his successor began on 12 March 2013 and on 13 March 2013 elected cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Argentina, who took the name of Francis.

Benedict chose to be known as "Pope emeritus" upon his resignation, and he retained this title until his death in December 2022.

St. Peter's Square
St. Peter's Square (Latin: Forum Sancti Petri, Italian: Piazza San Pietro [ˈpjattsa sam ˈpjɛːtro]) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider the first Pope.

At the centre of the square is the Vatican obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Tuscan colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the maternal arms of Mother Church". A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.
Jillian Beardwood
Jillian Beardwood (20 December 1934 – 28 October 2019) was a British mathematician known for the Beardwood–Halton–Hammersley theorem. Published by the Cambridge Philosophical Society in a 1959 article entitled "The Shortest Path Through Many Points", the theorem provides an asymptotic formula for the length of a traveling salesperson tour of a given number of points in a unit square, both in the worst case and for random points.

Unit square
In mathematics, a unit square is a square whose sides have length 1.  Often, the unit square refers specifically to the square in the Cartesian plane with corners at the four points (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 1).