hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Navdeep Singh (cricketer)
Navdeep Singh (born 24 January 1974) is an Indian former first-class cricketer. He is now an umpire and has stood in matches in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy and the final of the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy.

2015–16 Ranji Trophy
The 2015–16 Ranji Trophy was the 82nd season of the Ranji Trophy, the premier first-class cricket tournament in India. It was contested by 27 teams divided into three groups of nine teams each. The top three teams from Groups A and B advanced to the quarterfinals along with the top two teams from Group C. For this season the schedule splits into two stages,  the first is a league stage and the second being a  knock-out stage. The league stage starts on  1 October 2015 and ends on 4 December 2015 and the knock-out stage starts on 3 February 2016 and ends on 28 February 2016. The 2015–16 Ranji Trophy will be followed by the Vijay Hazare Trophy, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy and Deodhar Trophy.

The final was contested by Saurashtra and Mumbai, a repeat of the 2012–13 final. Mumbai won the match by an innings and 21 runs to claim their 41st title.
Commemoration (liturgy)
In the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church, a commemoration is the recital, within the Liturgy of the Hours or the Mass of one celebration, of part of another celebration that is generally of lower rank and impeded because of a coincidence of date.

Credo
In Christian liturgy, the credo (Latin: [ˈkreːdoː]; Latin for "I believe") is the portion of the Mass where a creed is recited or sung. The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed or the Apostles' Creed are the primary creeds used for this purpose.
Ron Stollings
Ronny Douglas Stollings (born April 24, 1955) is a Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate, who represented the 7th district from 2006 to 2022. The 7th District is based in Southern West Virginia, covering all of Boone, Lincoln, and Logan Counties and parts of Mingo and Wayne Counties. Stollings' success in the district is notable, considering Donald Trump won the district by a 78%-19% margin in 2016, which was Trump’s best performance in any of the state’s 17 Senate districts.

Boone County, West Virginia
Boone County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,809. Its county seat is Madison. Boone County is part of the Charleston, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Leading industries and chief agricultural products in Boone County include coal, lumber, natural gas, tobacco, and strawberries.
Shelbyville Municipal Airport (Tennessee)
Shelbyville Municipal Airport (IATA: SYI, ICAO: KSYI, FAA LID: SYI) is a city-owned public-use airport located four miles (6 km) north of the central business district of Shelbyville, a city in Bedford County, Tennessee, United States.

In 2022, Middle Tennessee State University announced it would relocate its aviation training from Murfreesboro Municipal Airport to Shelbyville, investing $62 million in the project.

Bedford County, Tennessee
Bedford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50,237. Its county seat is Shelbyville. Bedford County comprises the Shelbyville, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN Combined Statistical Area.
Tarrant County Corrections Center
The Tarrant County Corrections Center (TCCC) is a detention center located in Downtown Fort Worth in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. Designed to house prisoners either awaiting trial, transfer or serving short jail sentences, the structure handles both male and female inmates. The jail was constructed in 1990 after several delays and became best known in 2000 when a religious education program run by its chaplain was challenged and declared unconstitutional. At 203 feet (62 m) in height, the center is one of the tallest buildings in Fort Worth and the largest prison structure in the city.

Prisoner
A prisoner, also known as an inmate or detainee, is a person who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a prison or physical restraint. The term usually applies to one serving a sentence in prison.
Cathedral of Angra do Heroísmo
The Cathedral of Angra do Heroísmo (Portuguese: Sé Catedral de Angra do Heroísmo) is a Portuguese 16th-century cathedral located in the civil parish of Sé, in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, on the island of Terceira in the archipelago of the Azores.

Portuguese real
The real (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁiˈal], meaning "royal", plural: réis or [archaic] reais) was the unit of currency of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from around 1430 until 1911. It replaced the dinheiro at the rate of 1 real = 3+1⁄2 libras = 70 soldos = 840 dinheiros and was itself replaced by the escudo (as a result of the Republican revolution of 1910) at a rate of 1 escudo = 1000 réis. The escudo was further replaced by the euro at a rate of 1 euro = 200.482 escudos in 2002.
2012–13 Bulgarian Cup
The 2012–13 Bulgarian Cup was the 31st official season of the Bulgarian annual football knockout tournament. The competition began on 13 October 2012 with the matches of the preliminary round and ended with the final on 15 May 2013. Ludogorets Razgrad were the defending champions, but were eliminated by CSKA Sofia in the second round. Beroe Stara Zagora won the title, their second overall, after defeating Levski Sofia in the final by penalties.

The winners of the competition, Beroe Stara Zagora, qualified for the second qualifying round of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League.

Bulgarian Cup
The Bulgarian Cup (Bulgarian: Купа на България, romanized: Kupa na Bŭlgariya) is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.

The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.

The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based clubs. They have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful clubs are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA Sofia 1–0 in the 2025 final.
2012 Anzac Test
The 2012 ANZAC test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Eden Park on 20 April 2012. It was the 13th Anzac test played between the two nations.

Australian five-eighth, Johnathan Thurston scored a try and kicked four goals from four attempts, and was named man-of-the-match.

English referee Richard Silverwood's performance drew criticism in the media.

Test match (rugby league)
A test match is a historical term used in rugby league football which has no official use with the sports global governing body – the International Rugby League (IRL).

The term predates the creation of the IRL, thus every national governing body has slightly varying definitions which has changed throughout history. As such, it is possible for a game to have test status in one nation but not the other. The Rugby Football League (RFL), the governing body in England and first governing body of the sport, currently defines a "Test Match" as "a game of Rugby League Football played between teams representing members of the IRL".

The first official test match took place on 1 January 1908 when Wales defeated New Zealand 9–8 at the Aberdare Athletic Ground in Aberdare, Wales in front of approximately 15,000 fans. The match was the 29th game of the 1907–08 All Golds tour.
MacClure & Spahr
MacClure & Spahr was an architectural firm based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania which was active from 1901 to 1922. Several of the firm's buildings have received historic designations. The firm was a partnership between Colbert Anderson MacClure (1879–1912) and Albert Hubbard Spahr (1873–1966), both of whom had studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Benno Janssen, another notable Pittsburgh architect, began his career at MacClure & Spahr before starting his own firm.

Midland, Pennsylvania
Midland is a borough located along the Ohio River in western Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,433. It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Founded in 1906, it was initially a company town surrounding the Crucible Steel Company's Midland Works.
2025 mid-year rugby union tests
The 2025 mid-year rugby union internationals (also known as the Summer Internationals in the Northern Hemisphere) were international rugby union matches that were played (mostly) in the Southern Hemisphere during the July rugby international window. The international window saw the return of many prominent tours replayed again from four years prior such as the Argentina–England test series and the British & Irish Lions tour of Australia.

The 2025 mid-year rugby union tests were notable for being the last mid-year break before the introduction of the Nations Championship competition.

Jac Morgan
Jac Morgan (born 21 January 2000) is a Welsh rugby union player, who plays in the backrow for the Ospreys, Wales, and the British and Irish Lions. He was the captain of the Wales national rugby union team. He is a fluent Welsh speaker.
OctaHate
"OctaHate" is the debut single by Ryn Weaver, taken from her Promises EP as well as debut album, The Fool. It was released by Interscope and Friends Keep Secrets Records on August 8, 2014. The song's lyrics, which do not contain the title, were written by Weaver and fellow musician Charli XCX, while production was handled by Benny Blanco, Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit and Norwegian electronic musician Cashmere Cat.

Passion Pit
Passion Pit is an American indie pop band from Cambridge, Massachusetts. Formed in 2007, frontman and keyboardist Michael Angelakos is the band's primary recording member. As a touring act, the band currently consists of Angelakos (vocals, synthesiser), Chris Hartz (drums), Aaron Harrison Folb (bass, synthesiser), Giuliano Pizzulo (guitar, synthesiser), and Ray Suen (guitars, synthesiser).

The band released their debut studio album Manners in 2009. A second album entitled Gossamer was released in 2012, which debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 and gave the band their first top 10 album. Kindred, the band's third album, was released on April 17, 2015. Their fourth album, Tremendous Sea of Love, was self-released by the band in 2017.
Independence Cup (Albania)
The Independence Cup (Albanian: Kupa Pavarësia) is an annual friendly football tournament held in Albania on 28 November to commemorate Albanian Independence Day. The tournament took place in Vlorë between 2009 and 2015, in Tirana in 2016 and in Korçë in 2017. Clubs from Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Montenegro have taken part in the tournament. Since the 2019 Albania earthquake the tournament has not been held anymore.

2019 Albania earthquake
On 26 November 2019 at 03:54 CET (UTC+1), northwestern Albania was struck by a magnitude 6.4 earthquake with an epicentre 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west-southwest of Mamurras. The earthquake lasted at least 50 seconds and was felt in Albania's capital Tirana, and in places as far away as Bari, Taranto and Belgrade, 370 kilometres (230 mi) northeast of the epicentre. The maximum felt intensity was VIII (Severe) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. A total of 51 people were killed in the earthquake, with about 3,000 injured. It was the second earthquake to strike the region within three months. It was the strongest earthquake to hit Albania in more than 40 years, its deadliest earthquake in 99 years and the world's deadliest earthquake in 2019.
National power
National power is defined as the sum of all resources available to a nation in the pursuit of national objectives. Assessing the national power of political entities was already a matter of relevance during the classical antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and today. Classics Shang Yang, Guan Zhong and Chanakya, widely discussed the power of state. Many other classics, such as Mozi, Appian, Pliny the Elder, also concerned the subject. Herodotes described whence derives the power of Babylon. The considerations of Hannibal on the matter is found in Titus Livy.

Guan Zhong
Guan Zhong (Chinese: 管仲; Wade–Giles: Kuan Chung; c. 720–645 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He served as chancellor and was a reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. His given name was Yiwu (Chinese: 夷吾; pinyin: Yíwú). Zhong was his courtesy name. He is mainly remembered for his reforms as chancellor under Duke Huan of Qi, as well as his friendship with his colleague Bao Shuya, though his reputation remained controversial among the Confucians, as detailed in the  appraisal section.

Through Guan Zhong's reforms and skilful diplomacy Qi became the most powerful of the feudal states and Duke Huan became the first of the Five Hegemons. Though knowledge of his reforms is limited, in particular he instituted a famous fiscal policy known as "balancing the light and the heavy", associated with salt and iron monopolies. Otherwise a diverse work, the Guanzi compilation making use of his name makes similar such recommendations.
Flatbush Avenue
Flatbush Avenue is a major avenue in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn. It runs from the Manhattan Bridge south-southeastward to Jamaica Bay, where it joins the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, which connects Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens. The north end was extended from Fulton Street to the Manhattan Bridge as "Flatbush Avenue Extension".

Flatbush Avenue, including the extension, is 9.9 miles (15.9 km) long. The avenue is a four-lane street throughout the majority of its run. North of Atlantic Avenue and south of Utica Avenue, it is a six-lane-wide median-divided street.

Jamaica Bay
Jamaica Bay (also known as Grassy Bay) is an estuary on the southern portion of the western tip of Long Island, in the U.S. state of New York. The estuary is partially man-made, and partially natural. The bay connects with Lower New York Bay to the west, through Rockaway Inlet, and is the westernmost of the coastal lagoons on the south shore of Long Island. Politically, it is primarily divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City, with a small part touching Nassau County.

The bay contains numerous marshy islands. It was known as Grassy Bay as late as the 1940s. Jamaica Bay is located adjacent to the confluence of the New York Bight and New York Bay, and is at the turning point of the primarily east-west oriented coastline of southern New England and Long Island and the north-south oriented coastline of the mid-Atlantic coast.
Jean-Luc Joncas
Jean-Luc Joncas (born 16 December 1936) was a Progressive Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a businessman by career.

Born in Amqui, Quebec, Joncas represented the Quebec riding of Matapédia—Matane where he was first elected in the 1984 federal election and re-elected in 1988, therefore becoming a member in the 33rd and 34th Canadian Parliaments.

Joncas left federal politics after his defeat in the 1993 federal election by René Canuel of the Bloc Québécois.

34th Canadian Parliament
The 34th Canadian Parliament was in session from December 12, 1988, until September 8, 1993.  The membership was set by the 1988 federal election on November 21, 1988, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1993 election.

There were three sessions of the 34th Parliament:
Price to Pay
"Price to Pay" is a single by South African DJ and record producer Miss Pru DJ, it features guest appearances from Blaq Diamond and Malome Vector. The single was released on 8 May 2020 through Ambitiouz Entertainment and has received a South African Music Award in 2021 for Best Music Video of the Year.

Blaq Diamond
Blaq Diamond (stylized BlaQ Diamond) is a South African Afro pop duo from Ladysmith KwaZulu-Natal. 
They met in 2010 on a school trip where both participated in a music cypher in the school bus. They signed to record label Ambitiouz Entertainment, releasing their debut album Inqola (2017), which became their first iTunes number one.

The band first  gained  prominence  for their single "Ibhanoyi" released 2019, which received "SAMA Record of the Year".

Their second  studio album  Umuthi (2020), spawned  two platinum selling singles "Ibhanoyi" and "Love Letter".
Blum: Masters of Their Own Destiny
Blum: Masters of Their Own Destiny (Bosnian: Blum - Gospodari svoje buducnosti) is a 2024 Bosnian documentary film written, co-produced and directed by Jasmila Žbanić. The film tells the story of how Emerik Blum, Bosnian Jewish businessman, philanthropist and politician transformed a small studio into a major company Energoinvest using a unique and democratic management style. In this model, every employee had a say in the decisions affecting the business. Though not widely known, it shows how shared decision-making can lead to big success.

The film premiered on 8 November 2024 in Sarajevo. It was selected as the Bosnia and Herzegovina entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 98th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

Jasmila Žbanić
Jasmila Žbanić (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Јасмила Жбанић, Bosnian pronunciation: [jasmǐla ʒbǎːnitɕ]; born 19 December 1974) is a Bosnian film director, screenwriter and producer. She has received numerous accolades, including nominations for the Academy Award and two BAFTA Awards. Žbanić has also won the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival and has been nominated for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.

She is known for writing and directing the 2020 war drama film Quo Vadis, Aida?, which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language and the BAFTA Award for Best Direction.
History of programming languages
The history of programming languages spans from documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools for software development. Early programming languages were highly specialized, relying on mathematical notation and similarly obscure syntax. Throughout the 20th century, research in compiler theory led to the creation of high-level programming languages, which use a more accessible syntax to communicate instructions.

The first high-level programming language was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. The first high-level language to have an associated compiler was created by Corrado Böhm in 1951, for his PhD thesis. The first commercially available language was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), developed in 1956 (first manual appeared in 1956, but first developed in 1954) by a team led by John Backus at IBM.

Dennis Ritchie
Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – c. October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist. He created, together with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system, C programming language, and B programming language.
Galstyan
Galstyan is the surname of the following people:

Aharon Galstyan (born 1970), Russian serial killer

Arsen Galstyan (born 1989), American judoka

Haykaz Galstyan (born 1977), Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler

Hovhannes Galstyan (born 1969), American film director

Katya Galstyan (born 1993), Armenian cross-country skier

Lilit Galstyan (born 1962), Armenian politician

Marine Galstyan (born 1980), Armenian actress

Poghos Galstyan (born 1961), American footballer

Sargis Galstyan (born 1979), American actor and theatre director

Slavik Galstyan (born 1996), Armenian sport wrestler

Vaghinak Galstyan (born 1973), Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler

Vilen Galstyan (1941–2021), American ballet dancer

Vruir Galstyan (1924–1996), Armenian painter

Vilen Galstyan
Vilen Galstyan (Armenian: Վիլեն Գալստյան, (Vilen Sargsyan) 12 February 1941 – 4 June 2021) was an Armenian ballet dancer and actor who was popular in the former U.S.S.R. and especially in Armenia. He was awarded by the People's Artist of Armenia honorary title.
Cabangu Museum
The Cabangu Museum (Portuguese: Museu de Cabangu)  is a museum in the town of Santos Dumont, Brazil. It is dedicated to the memory of Santos Dumont, the "Father of Aviation".

In the house, personal objects, photos and the aviation museum are still preserved. In the Museum are also deposited the ashes of the first woman pilot of the Brazilian aviation, Anésia Pinheiro Machado.

Anésia Pinheiro Machado
Anésia Pinheiro Machado (June 1902 or 5 June 1904, in Itapetininga – 10 May 1999) was the second licensed female pilot in Brazil (Teresa De Marzo being the first.) She made her first solo flight on March 17, 1922. In April 1922 she received Brevet No. 77 from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) by Aeroclube do Brasil.
Phoenix High School (Texas)
Phoenix High School is a secondary alternative school located in Elgin, Texas, in the Elgin Independent School District. The school serves all of EISD, including the city of Elgin, as well as portions of Travis County, Lee County and northern Bastrop County. In 2024-2025, the school was given a "C" by the Texas Education Agency.

Phoenix High School is an alternative school and does not have school team sports.

Elgin Independent School District
Elgin Independent School District is a public school district based in Elgin, Texas (USA).

The district is located in northern Bastrop County and extends into small portions of Travis and Lee counties.

It includes parts of Manor.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
Andrey Kursanov
Andrey Lvovich Kursanov (Russian: Андрей Львович Курсанов; 8 November 1902 – 20 September 1999) was a Soviet specialist on the physiology and biochemistry of plants. He was an academician of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences since 1953. He was a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1957–1963.

Kursanov graduated from Moscow State University in 1926. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Sciences in biology in 1940 and became a professor at his alma mater in 1944. In 1954, Kursanov and Boris Rybakov represented the Soviet Academy of Sciences at the Columbia University Bicentennial in New York City.

Professor Kursanov was awarded a number of honorary doctorates and was an honorary member of a number of foreign scientific societies and academies. He was elected a foreign fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962 and member of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1965.

Polish Academy of Sciences
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored national academy of sciences and institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars and a network of research institutes.

It was established in 1951, during the early period of the Polish People's Republic following World War II.