hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles Hopton
Charles Ernest Hopton  (13 February 1861 – 20 December 1946) was Archdeacon of Birmingham from 1915 to 1944.

Hopton was born in 1861, educated at Clifton College, Hereford Cathedral School and St John’s College, Cambridge and ordained in 1885.
After curacies in Selly Oak and Redditch  he was  Vicar of Stretton Grandison   with Ashperton; St Stephen’s, Worcester; and then Moseley before his Archdeacon’s appointment.

Redditch
Redditch is a town and non-metropolitan district with borough status in Worcestershire, England. In 2021, the town had a population of 81,637 and the district had a population of 87,037. In the 1800s, it became a centre for the needle and fishing tackle industry; by the end of the century,
90% of the world's needles were manufactured in the town and its surrounding areas.

In the 1960s, it became part of the new town planning movement which included it expanding into neighbouring villages and hamlets surrounding the town. It is the second largest settlement in Worcestershire, after Worcester.
Oblique order
The oblique order (also known as the 'declined flank') is a military tactic whereby an attacking army focuses its forces to attack a single enemy flank. The force commander concentrates the majority of his strength on one flank and uses the remainder to fix the enemy line. This allows a commander with weaker or equal forces to achieve a local superiority in numbers. The commander can then try to defeat the enemy in detail. It has been used by numerous successful generals. Oblique order requires disciplined troops able to execute complex maneuvers in varied circumstances.

Military tactics
Military tactics encompasses the art of organizing and employing fighting forces on or near the battlefield. They involve the application of four battlefield functions which are closely related – kinetic or firepower, mobility, protection or security, and shock action. Tactics are a separate function from command and control and logistics. In contemporary military science, tactics are the lowest of three levels of warfighting, the higher levels being the strategic and operational levels. Throughout history, there has been a shifting balance between the four tactical functions, generally based on the application of military technology, which has led to one or more of the tactical functions being dominant for a period of time, usually accompanied by the dominance of an associated fighting arm deployed on the battlefield, such as infantry, artillery, cavalry or tanks.
Sports entertainment
Sports entertainment is a type of spectacle which presents an ostensibly competitive event using a high level of theatrical flourish and extravagant presentation, with the purpose of entertaining an audience. Unlike typical sports and games, which are conducted for competition, sportsmanship, physical exercise or personal recreation, the primary product of sports entertainment is performance for an audience's benefit. Commonly, but not in all cases, the outcomes are predetermined; as this is an open secret, it is not considered to be match fixing.

Sportsmanship
Sportsmanship is an ethos that a sport or activity should be enjoyed for its own sake, with proper consideration for fairness, ethics, respect, and a sense of fellowship with competitors.

A "sore loser" refers to one who takes defeat poorly, whereas a "good sport" means being a "good winner" as well as being a "good loser".
Morris Weiss
Morris S. Weiss (August 11, 1915 – May 18, 2014) was an American comic book and comic strip artist and writer. Active from the 1930s through the mid-1970s, he created the teen-comedy character Margie for Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics, and was the final cartoonist on the comic strip Mickey Finn. He also worked as a writer or illustrator on numerous other strips, including Joe Palooka.

George Bridgman
George Brant Bridgman RCA (November 5, 1864 – December 16, 1943) was a Canadian-American painter, writer, and teacher in the fields of anatomy and figure drawing. Bridgman taught anatomy for artists at the Art Students League of New York for some 45 years.
SAOCOM
SAOCOM (Satélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas, Spanish for Argentine Microwaves Observation Satellite) is an Earth observation satellite constellation of Argentina's space agency CONAE. Two satellites are already orbiting the Earth in a Sun-synchronous orbit. The second one was launched on 30 August 2020.

CONAE contracted the company INVAP as main contractor for the project.

X band
The X band is the designation for a band of frequencies in the microwave radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some cases, such as in communication engineering, the frequency range of the X band is set at approximately 7.0–11.2 GHz. In radar engineering, the frequency range is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as 8.0–12.0 GHz. The X band is used for radar, satellite communication, and wireless computer networks.
Catherine Violet Hubbard Animal Sanctuary
The Catherine Violet Hubbard Animal Sanctuary was created in 2013 in honor of Catherine Violet Hubbard, a six-year-old killed at Sandy Hook Elementary School on December 14, 2012. Started by Catherine's parents, Jenny and Matt Hubbard, the goal of the sanctuary is to provide “a place of compassion and acceptance where all creatures will know they are safe and people are kind, just as Catherine would have wanted.” Jenny Hubbard is the Executive Director of the Sanctuary and President of the Catherine Violet Hubbard Foundation.

The sanctuary includes 34 acres of meadows and woodlands in Newtown, Connecticut. The sanctuary does not have a building at this time, though the property is open to the public from dawn to dusk.

Newtown, Connecticut
Newtown (/ˈnutaʊn/ NOO-town) is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is part of the Greater Danbury area as well as the New York metropolitan area. Newtown was founded in 1705, and later incorporated in 1711. As of the 2020 census, its population was 27,173. The town is part of the Western Connecticut Planning Region.
Wudaxian
The Wǔdàxiān (五大仙 "Five Great Immortals"), also known as Wǔdàjiā (五大家) and Wǔdàmén (五大门), meaning the "Five Great Genii", are a group of five zoomorphic deities of northeastern Chinese religion, and important to local shamanic practices. They are the localised adaptation of the Five Forms of the Highest Deity (五方上帝 Wǔfāng Shàngdì) of common Chinese theology.

Genius (mythology)
In Roman religion, the genius (Latin: [ˈɡɛnɪ.ʊs]; pl.: genii) is the individual instance of a general divine nature that is present in every individual person, place, or thing. Much like a guardian angel, the genius would follow each man from the hour of his birth until the day he died. For women, it was the Juno spirit that would accompany each of them.
Buckingham Correctional Center
Buckingham Correctional Center is a state prison (close custody male institution) located on 968 acres (3.9 km2) outside the town of Dillwyn in Buckingham County, Virginia, USA.  This facility is a Security Level 3-4 and has assignment criteria of Single, Multiple, and Life. Transfer to any less-secure facility requires no disruptive behavior for at least 24 months prior to consideration.

Buckingham County, Virginia
Buckingham County is a rural United States county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and containing the geographic center of the state. Buckingham County is part of the Piedmont region of Virginia, and the county seat is Buckingham.

Buckingham County was created in 1761 from the southeastern portion of Albemarle County and was predominantly farmland. The county was probably named in honor of the Duke of Buckingham, though the precise origin is uncertain. Several changes were made to the borders, until the existing boundaries were established in 1860.

As of the 2020 census, the county population was 16,824.
Litobothrium amsichensis
Litobothrium amsichensis is a species of tapeworms from the family Litobothriidae.

This species was first described (along with Marsupiobothrium gobelinus) from a specimen collected from the spiral valve digestive organ of a goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) caught in New South Wales in Australia.

Spiral valve
A spiral valve or scroll valve is the corkscrew-shaped lower portion of the intestine of some sharks, Acipenseriformes (sturgeon and paddlefish), rays, skates, bichirs, Lepisosteiformes (gars), and lungfishes. A modification of the ileum, the spiral valve is internally twisted or coiled to increase the surface area of the intestine which increases nutrient absorption.
Penguin Award
The Penguin Award was an annual award given for excellence in broadcasting by the Television Society of Australia. It was founded in 1954. The award trophy depicts an ear listening to a television tube, but strongly resembles a penguin, hence the name. The award was designed by Des White, an artist and designer at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Four Corners (Australian TV program)
Four Corners is an Australian investigative journalism and current affairs documentary television program. Broadcast on ABC TV, it premiered on 19 August 1961 and is the longest-running Australian television program in history. The program is one of only five in Australia inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame.
Rodolfo Emilio Giuseppe Pichi-Sermolli
Rodolfo Emilio Giuseppe Pichi-Sermolli (24 February 1912 – 22 April 2005) was an Italian botanist. The standard author abbreviation Pic.Serm. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

He was born in Florence, son of Giuseppe Pichi-Sermolli and Maria née Del Rosso. He graduated in natural history from the University of Florence in 1935. He married Carla Bernardini on 9 April 1942, and they went on to have two children.

He was assistant at the Institute of Botany in the University of Florence from 1935 to 1958, then became professor of botany at the University of Sassari in Sardinia from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 he was professor at the Institute of Botany in the University of Genoa and director of the Botanical Garden.
He was a specialist on the ecology and phytogeography of tropical Africa, and also worked in plant taxonomy and pteridology.

Phytogeography
Phytogeography (from Greek  φυτόν, phytón 'plant' and  γεωγραφία, geographía 'geography' meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Geobotany, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.
Khalil Fong
Khalil Fong Tai-tung (Chinese: 方大同; 14 July 1983 – 21 February 2025) was a Hong Kong singer-songwriter, notable for infusing a R&B and soul sensibility into Chinese pop music. He won the 28th Golden Melody Award for Best Male Mandarin Singer for his album Journey to the West (2016).

Commercial Radio Hong Kong
Commercial Radio Hong Kong (CRHK, Chinese: 香港商業電台), also known as Hong Kong Commercial Broadcasting Company Limited, is one of the two commercial radio broadcasting companies in Hong Kong, alongside Metro Radio Hong Kong. CRHK offers a variety of radio programs, including news and weather reports, music, and cultural arts.
Celta (train)
The Celta is a train connection from the Portuguese railway operator Comboios de Portugal and the Spanish railway operator Renfe Operadora between Campanhã railway station in Porto (Portugal) and Vigo-Guixar railway station in Vigo (Spain). It is one of only two international rail services between Portugal and Spain, along with the regional train between Badajoz and Entroncamento.

The service runs twice every day in each direction, taking 2 hours and 20 minutes to connect both cities.

Entroncamento
Entroncamento (Portuguese pronunciation: [ẽtɾõkɐˈmẽtu] ⓘ) is a Portuguese municipality in district of Santarém in the Médio Tejo Subregion (Middle Tagus) of the Centro Region. The population in 2011 was 20,206, in an area of 13.73 km2. Situated in the Ribatejo, it benefits from its geo-strategic position along the Tagus Valley, with important accessibility to the motorways and railway lines that historically promoted its growth and expansion.
Porcupine Mountains Ski Area
The Porcupine Mountains Ski Area, also known as Ski the Porkies is a ski area located in the Porcupine Mountains State Park in Carp Lake Township near Silver City, Michigan, United States. Clearing of the area began on October 18, 1940, on Weather Horn Peak and finished by January 11, 1941. After being abandoned during World War II it was reopened in December 1949.

Ski area
A ski area is the terrain and supporting infrastructure where skiing and other snow sports take place. Such sports include alpine and cross-country skiing, snow boarding, tubing, sledding, etc. Ski areas may stand alone or be part of a ski resort.
Gouged Stronghold
The Gouged stronghold is located in the city of Gouged, Golpayegan county, Iran. Gouged is located 5 km to the north of Golpayegan. In peacetime, the stronghold was used as a caravansary, but during war time or when bandits attacked, it was used as a castle. This structure is located in the Golpayegani alley and Ghale alley. At present, the stronghold is used as a traditional three star hotel.

The Gouged stronghold is one of the biggest adobe and mud structures in Iran. It was built approximately 400 years ago. The only document related to this structure dates back to 140 years ago. By this document, Ali Khan Bakhtiari gave half of the stronghold to his wife as mahr.

Mud
Mud (from Middle Low German  mudde, mod(de) 'thick mud', or Middle Dutch) is loam, silt or clay mixed with water. Mud is usually formed after rainfall or near water sources. Ancient mud deposits hardened over geological time to form sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites). When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries, the resultant layers are termed bay muds. Mud has also been used for centuries as a construction resource for mostly houses and also used as a binder. An Old English word for it was fen, now in most dialects referring to a type of wetland.
Thomas Goodaire
Thomas Goodaire (c. 1620 - ?) was an early member of the Society of Friends and an associate of George Fox. He may have come from Wakefield. He was later imprisoned in Warwick, and is regarded as one of the Valiant Sixty.

Valiant Sixty
The Valiant Sixty were a group of early activists and itinerant preachers in the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Mainly from northern England, they spread the ideas of the Friends in the second half of the 17th century. They were also called the First Publishers of Truth. In fact they numbered more than 60.
Jabal Zambar
Jabal Zambar (Arabic: جبل زمبر) is a large hill in the Tel Afar District of Nineveh Province of northern Iraq.
The name may also be rendered as Jabal or Jebel Sinbar, Zinbar or Zinbār, or Zambar Mountain.

Tel Afar District
Tel Afar District (Arabic: قضاء تلعفر; Turkish: Telafer) is a district in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. Its administrative center is the city of Tal Afar. Other towns include Rabia, Zummar, and al-Ayadia. It is predominantly populated by Iraqi Turkmens, followed by minorities of Arabs and Kurds.

On 27 April 2025, Baghdad Today reported of an ongoing government initiative to convert the Tel Afar district into the 20th governorate of Iraq. The proposed name of the new governorate is Jazira.
Porteus Maze test
The Porteus Maze test (PMT) is a psychological test. It is designed to measure psychological planning capacity and foresight. It is a nonverbal test of intelligence. It was developed by University of Hawaiʻi psychology Professor Stanley Porteus.

The test consists of a set of mazes for the subject to solve. The mazes are of varying complexity. The test runs for 15–60 minutes, allowing the subject to solve as many mazes as possible. The test serves as a supplementary subtest of the Wechsler intelligence scales.

The test is suitable for ages 3 and up. The original version was developed by Porteus when he was head teacher of the Victorian Education Department's first special school in Melbourne, Australia. Porteus developed his idea further when he migrated to Vineland, New Jersey and then Hawaii. The "Vineland Series" is an intermediate form. Additional mazes were provided in the Porteus Maze Extension and the Porteus Maze Supplement.

Psychological testing
Psychological testing refers to the administration of psychological tests. Psychological tests are administered or scored by trained evaluators. A person's responses are evaluated according to carefully prescribed guidelines. Scores are thought to reflect individual or group differences in the theoretical construct the test purports to measure. The science behind psychological testing is psychometrics.
TS Class 2
TS Class 2 was a series of twelve trams built by Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk for Trondheim Sporvei. They were delivered between 13 September 1913 and November 1917, and used on the newly opened Elgeseter Line.

Each of the two Siemens motors had a power of 33 kW (44 hp). They had a single compartment, with outdoor platforms at each end. They made up part of the old 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) wide trams, with benches along the length of the cars. They remained in service until 1955, but after the Dalsenget fire the following year, ten of the trams were taken back into use until the Class 7 trams were delivered. Scrapping started in 1956, and lasted until 1975. Two unit are still preserved at Trondheim Tramway Museum.

In 1918, eight used horsecar trailers bought used from Kristiania Sporveisselskap. Numbered 55–62, they were used during World War I and World War II to handle the increased ridership. Three were scrapped in 1922, while the rest were sold in 1945. One has been preserved.

Siemens Mobility
Siemens Mobility GmbH is a division of Siemens that specializes in rail transport. With its global headquarters in Munich, Siemens Mobility has four core business units: Mobility Management, dedicated to rail technology and intelligent traffic systems, Railway Electrification, Rolling Stock, and Customer Services.
At the Foot of the Stairs
At The Foot of the Stairs is a 1914 American silent short drama film. Otis Turner directed this silent motion picture. The film features Robert Z. Leonard as the betrayed husband and Ella Hall as the new maid. The film was produced by Rex Motion Picture Company, distributed by Universal Pictures and released in the United States on July 23, 1914.

Otis Turner
Otis Turner (November 29, 1862 – March 28, 1918) was an American director, screenwriter and producer. Between 1908 and 1918, he directed more than 130 films and wrote 40 scenarios. He was born in Fairfield, Indiana, and died in Los Angeles.

The producer/director Otis Werner in L. Frank Baum's Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West is a send-up of Turner, who had adapted Baum's works into films, first in collaboration with Baum, then legally but without Baum's approval.
Roxby Hall
Roxby Hall (or Rousby Hall) is a former manor house or castle in the town of Roxby, North Yorkshire, England. Only one ruined corner and earthworks of Roxby Hall remains in a field adjacent to St. Nicholas’s Church.

Roxby, North Yorkshire
Roxby (formerly Rousby) is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It is located near Staithes.

The population of the civil parish was estimated at 120 in 2014, about the same as the 2001 UK census figure of 119.

Roxby was historically a township in the parish of Hinderwell in the North Riding of Yorkshire.  It became a separate civil parish in 1866.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Scarborough, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

The name Roxby derives from the Old Norse Rauthrsbȳ meaning 'Rauthr's village'.

St Nicholas' Church, Roxby was built in the 17th century on the site of an earlier church.  It is a Grade II listed building. It includes family tombs of the Boynton baronets.
Kilcar
Cill Charthaigh (anglicised as Kilcar) is a Gaeltacht village on the R263 regional road in the south-west of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. It is also a townland of 233 acres and a civil parish in the historic barony of Banagh.

Kilcar's main street has a Catholic church (known locally as 'the chapel') at one end and two textile factories at the other end. In between there are several shops and three pubs. The village has a tweed handweaving facility, with a shop selling tweed products. Kilcar is also known for its tradition in knitting.

The primary school is about 750 metres from the main street, and the parish of Kilcar stretches to the 'burn' which separates it from the next village, Carrick, which is about 5 kilometres away.

Located near the Slieve League cliffs, Kilcar is known for its coastal landscapes and musical traditions.

Provinces of Ireland
There are four provinces of Ireland: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster. The Irish word for this territorial division, cúige, meaning "fifth part", suggests that there were once five, and at times Meath has been considered to be the fifth province. In the medieval period, however, there were often more than five. The number of provinces and their delineation fluctuated until 1610, when they were permanently set by the administration of James I. The provinces of Ireland no longer serve administrative or political purposes but function as historical and cultural entities.
Acsis
Acsis, Inc. is an American software company that specializes in enterprise software providing end-to-end supply chain traceability. In February 2022 ACSIS was acquired by the Italian company, Antares Vision Group.

Enterprise software
Enterprise software, also known as enterprise application software (EAS), is computer software that has been specially developed or adapted to meet the complex requirements of larger organizations. Enterprise software is an integral part of a computer-based information system, handling a number of business operations, for example to enhance business and management reporting tasks, or support production operations and back office functions. Enterprise systems must process information at a relatively high speed.

Services provided by enterprise software are typically business-oriented tools. As companies and other organizations have similar departments and systems, enterprise software is often available as a suite of customizable programs. Function-specific enterprise software uses include database management, customer relationship management, supply chain management and business process management.
Daryl Szarenski
Daryl Szarenski (born March 14, 1968) is an American sport shooter who competes in pistol events. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he finished 23rd in the qualifying round, failing to make the cut for the final. He has also competed at the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics.

Szarenski is Sergeant First Class with the U.S. Army. He studied industrial technology at Tennessee Tech University, where he competed both in the pistol and rifle, and later at Roger Williams University.

Roger Williams University
Roger Williams University (RWU) is a private university in Bristol, Rhode Island, United States. Founded in 1956, it was named for theologian and Rhode Island cofounder Roger Williams. The school enrolled approximately 4,400 undergraduate and graduate students and employs over 480 academic staff as of 2022.