hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Independent Battery E, Pennsylvania Light Artillery
Independent Battery E, Pennsylvania Light Artillery, was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit organized in September 1861 from the elements of two infantry regiments and served until 14 June 1865. The battery participated in the battles of Cedar Mountain and Antietam in 1862 and Chancellorsville and Gettysburg in 1863. That fall, Battery E transferred to the Western theater where it fought in the battles of Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold Gap. The years 1864–65 saw the unit take part in the Atlanta campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and the battles of Averasborough and Bentonville. Battery E marched in the Grand Review of the Armies before being mustered out.

Battle of Averasborough
The Battle of Averasborough fought March 16, 1865, in Harnett and Cumberland counties, North Carolina, as part of the Carolinas campaign of the American Civil War, was a prelude to the climactic Battle of Bentonville, which began three days later.
South American territorial disputes
The South American territorial disputes are the territorial disputes and litigations that have developed in South America since the aftermath of the continent's wars of independence, which have shaped the current political geography of the region. These conflicts have been resolved through both military and diplomatic means. The most recent conflict in the Americas of this nature was the Cenepa War in 1995, between Ecuador and Peru.

Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
The Second Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, usually called simply the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, and known locally as the War of '41 (Spanish: Guerra del 41), was a South American border war fought between 5–31 July 1941. It was the first of three military conflicts between Ecuador and Peru during the 20th century.

During the war, Peru occupied the western Ecuadorian province of El Oro and parts of the Andean province of Loja. Although the war took place during World War II, it is unrelated to that conflict, as neither country was supported by either the Allies or the Axis.

A ceasefire agreement between the two countries came into effect on 31 July 1941. Both countries signed the Rio Protocol on 29 January 1942, and Peruvian forces subsequently withdrew. Enmity over the territorial dispute continued after 1942, and the border disputes were not entirely resolved until the Cenepa War of 1995 and the signing of the Brasilia Presidential Act agreement in October 1998.
Adeler
Adeler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cort Adeler (1622–1675), Norwegian seaman

Frederik Adeler (disambiguation), multiple people

Henrik Adeler (1660–1718), Norwegian civil servant and politician

Henrik Adeler
Henrik Adeler (1660–1718) was a Norwegian civil servant and politician. He served as the County Governor in Bratsberg amt from 1692 until 1710.  Then he served as the Diocesan Governor of Christianssand stiftamt from 1711 until his death in 1718. During his time in Christianssand, he also served as County Governor of one of the subordinate counties: Nedenæs amt. During his time as diocesan governor in Christiansand, he came into bitter conflict with the Bishop of Christianssand, Jens Bircherod. The bishop sent a complaint against him to the king in 1712. The complaint led to a sharp reprimand for both, but especially towards Adeler, directly from the king.

He was the son of County Governor Niels Sørensen Adeler and nephew of Admiral Cort Adeler.
System Management Unit
The System Management Unit (SMU) is an advanced internal subsystem introduced in late 2004 with the iMac G5 and Power Mac G5 series computers. It manages the functions previously governed by the PMU (Power Management Unit) as well as additional cooling functions.

IMac G5
The iMac G5 is a series of all-in-one personal computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 2004 to 2006. The iMac G5 returned to a more traditional design after the "sunflower" iMac G4, with the computer components fitted behind a liquid-crystal display and mounted on an aluminum foot. The computer was designed around the need to cool its PowerPC 970 processor, and features an interior divided into zones for cooler, quieter operation.

The iMac G5 was announced at the Apple Expo in Paris in August 2004, and was revised twice during its lifespan before being replaced by the first iMacs based on Intel processors. The iMac G5 was well received by critics, who noted its performance, quiet operation, and ease of use. Criticisms included its port placement, lack of ergonomic adjustments, and lack of base memory. The design established by the G5 iMacs would influence the design of subsequent models.
Klamath County Event Center
The Klamath County Event Center is a 2,800-seat multipurpose arena located in Klamath Falls, Oregon, as part of the Klamath County Fairgrounds.

The arena contains a 45,000-square-foot (150-by-300 feet) arena floor, allowing it to be used for multiple events, including rodeos, concerts, conventions and trade shows.  Adjacent to the arena seating a building housing two ticket booths, two concession stands, and a conference room.  The concrete exhibit area measures 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2).

The Klamath County Fairgrounds also include two exhibit halls, the largest of which measures 11,440 square feet (1,063 m2) and contains two meeting rooms and the smallest, 4,200 square feet (390 m2); a 900-seat indoor arena with 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) of arena floor space; two livestock barns; an outdoor arena; horse stalls; and an outdoor stage.  There are 2000 parking spaces in the fairgrounds.

Klamath Falls, Oregon
Klamath Falls (/ˈklæməθ/ KLAM-əth) is a city in and the county seat of Klamath County, Oregon, United States. The city was originally called Linkville when George Nurse founded the town in 1867. It was named after the Link River, on whose falls the city was sited. The name was changed to Klamath Falls in 1893. The population was 21,813 at the 2020 census. With its suburb Altamont, a census-designated place, the combined population of the towns is 42,046 residents. The city is on the southeastern shore of the Upper Klamath Lake, at the foothills of the Cascade Range, and is home to the Oregon Institute of Technology.

Logging was the first major industry of Klamath Falls.
Imbaba
Imbaba (Arabic: إمبابة Imbāba, IPA: [emˈbæːbæ]) is a working-class neighbourhood in northern Giza, Egypt, located west of the Nile and northwest of and near Gezira Island and downtown Cairo, within the Giza Governorate. The district is located in the historic upper Nile Delta, and is part of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area. Imbaba is the most densely populated city subdivision in the world.

Imbaba is also the name of an adjacent administrative centre (مركز) in rural Giza Governorate, which has 18 villages in its jurisdiction.

Downtown Cairo
Downtown Cairo (Egyptian Arabic: وسط البلد Wust al-Balad, "middle of town") is the colloquial name given to the 19th-century western expansion of Egypt's capital Cairo, between the historic medieval Cairo, and the Nile, which became the commercial center of the city during the 20th century. Given its rich architectural heritage from the era of Khedive Ismail, it has been officially named Khedival Cairo and declared by the government as a protected Area of Value, with many of its buildings also deemed protected.

Administratively Wust al-Balad covers areas of qism Qasr al-Nil, and the Abdeen and Azbakeya districts. The protected Khedival Cairo covers a larger area extending south to Sayeda Zeinab.
The Play What I Wrote
The Play What I Wrote is a comedy play written by Hamish McColl, Sean Foley and Eddie Braben, starring Foley and McColl (the double act The Right Size, playing characters named "Sean" and "Hamish"), with Toby Jones, directed by Kenneth Branagh and produced in its original production by David Pugh and Dafydd Rogers. The show is a celebration of the British comedy double act Morecambe and Wise, and an irreverent and farcical exploration of the nature of double acts in general.

Double act
A double act (also known as a comedy duo) is a form of comedy originating in the British music hall tradition, and American vaudeville, in which two comedians perform together as a single act, often highlighting differences in their characters' personalities. Pairings are typically long-term, in some cases for the artists' entire careers. Double acts perform on the stage, television and film.

The format is particularly popular in the United Kingdom where successful acts have included Peter Cook and Dudley Moore (Cook's deadpan delivery contrasted with Moore's buffoonery), Flanagan and Allen, Morecambe and Wise, The Two Ronnies, and French and Saunders, Armstrong and Miller, and Mitchell and Webb. The tradition is also present in the United States with acts like Wheeler & Woolsey, Abbott and Costello, Gallagher and Shean, Burns and Allen, Olsen and Johnson and Lyons and Yosco. The British-American comedy double act Laurel and Hardy has been described as the most popular in the world.
Jim Wilkinson (communications)
Jim Wilkinson (born 1970) is an American political advisor who served as the chief of staff to Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson during the George W. Bush administration. He had previously served in the White House as deputy communications director and as an aide to then National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice. Overall, Wilkinson was a "well-traveled utility man for the Bush administration's PR team".

In 2011, he was portrayed in the HBO film Too Big to Fail by actor Topher Grace.

Wilkinson works as chairman and CEO of TrailRunner International, as well as the chairman of Mountain Lion Aviation, an airline based in Sierra Nevada region. He was previously the senior vice president and head of international corporate affairs for the Alibaba Group.

The New York Observer
The New York Observer was a weekly newspaper established in 1987. In 2016, it ceased print publication and became the online-only newspaper Observer. The media site focuses on culture, real estate, media, politics and the entertainment and publishing industries.
Michael Koch (basketball)
Michael Koch (born January 13, 1966) is a German professional basketball coach and former player. He is currently the head coach of Bayer Giants Leverkusen of the ProA. Prior to his stint in Bayreuth, he was the head coach of Telekom Baskets Bonn from 2005 to 2013.

Medi Bayreuth
Medi Bayreuth, official stylized as medi bayreuth, is a German professional basketball club that is based in Bayreuth, Germany. It was re-founded as BBC Bayreuth in 1999. The team plays in the ProA, the second-highest division of basketball in Germany. From 2013 until 2023, the company medi was the head and naming sponsor of the team. For the start of the 2023-24 season the club renamed itself BBC Bayreuth again.
Yummy FTP
Yummy FTP Pro is an FTP client for macOS made by Yummy Software. It supports FTP/S, SFTP and WebDAV/S. It is noted for its speed and reliability, and automation capability using AppleScript.

Its programmer died in August 2018 and there seems to be no one continuing his work. As the program is 32-bit, it will fail to work starting with macOS 10.15 Catalina.

MacOS Catalina
macOS Catalina (version 10.15) is the sixteenth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the successor to macOS Mojave and was announced at WWDC 2019 on June 3, 2019 and released to the public on October 7, 2019. Catalina is the first version of macOS to support only 64-bit applications and the first to include Activation Lock. It is also the last version of macOS to have the major version number be 10.x; its successor, Big Sur, released on November 12, 2020, is version 11. In order to increase web compatibility, Safari, Chromium and Firefox have frozen the OS in the user agent running in subsequent releases of macOS at 10.15.7 Catalina.

The operating system is named after Santa Catalina Island, which is located off the coast of southern California.

macOS Catalina is the final version of macOS that supports the Unibody MacBook Pro, as its successor, macOS Big Sur, drops support for its mid-2012 and final model.
Odette Herviaux
Odette Herviaux (born 6 January 1948) is a French political personality. Member of the Socialist Party, she was the Mayor of La Croix-Helléan (Morbihan department) and Regional Councillor of Brittany. She served as a Senator from Morbihan between 2001 and 2017.

Morbihan
The Morbihan (/mɔːrbiˈɒ̃/ mor-bee-ON; French: [mɔʁbi(j)ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan [moːrˈbiː(h)ãn]) is a department in the administrative region of Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It had a population of 759,684 in 2019. It is noted for its Carnac stones, which predate and are more extensive than the Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England.

Three major military educational facilities are located in Guer, including École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, the national military academy for officers.
V. N. Viswanatha Rao
Diwan Bahadur Raya Vallur Nott Viswanatha Rao CIE was an Indian civil servant and statesman who served as Finance Secretary, Law Secretary, and Education Secretary of the Madras Presidency, as well as in the Legislative Council of Madras, and as Collector of Tinnevelly, and of Tanjore.

His early days in civil service marked him as variously Statistical Assistant and then Personal Assistant to the Director of Agriculture, Madras Presidency.

He was son-in-law to Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri, brother to Madras judge V. N. Ramanatha Rao, nephew to C. V. Viswanatha Sastri and C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, and father to jurist, tehsildar, and historian V. N. Srinivasa Rao.

Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)
Tanjore District was one of the districts in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the area of the present-day districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Mayiladuthurai and Aranthangi taluk, Karambakkudi taluk of Pudukkottai District in Tamil Nadu. Apart from being a bedrock of Hindu orthodoxy, Tanjore was a centre of Chola cultural heritage and one of the richest and most prosperous districts in Madras Presidency.

Tanjore district was constituted in 1799 when the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II ceded most of his kingdom to the British East India Company in return for his restitution on the throne. Tanjore district, which is situated on the Cauvery Delta, is one of the richest rice-growing regions in South India. It was scarcely affected by famines such as the Great Famine of 1876–78.
Flow-mediated dilation
Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) refers to dilation (widening) of an artery when blood flow increases in that artery. The primary cause of FMD is release of nitric oxide by endothelial cells.

To determine FMD, brachial artery dilation following a transient period of forearm ischemia is measured using ultrasound.  Because the value of FMD can be compromised when improperly applied, attempts have been made to standardize the methodology for measuring FMD.

Endothelium
The endothelium (pl.: endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells whereas those in direct contact with lymph are known as lymphatic endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries.

These cells have unique functions that include fluid filtration, such as in the glomerulus of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone trafficking. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers is called endocardium. An impaired function can lead to serious health issues throughout the body.
Pride (horse)
Pride is a champion French racemare who won three Group 1 races. Her biggest success was the 2006 Hong Kong Cup. She was also an unlucky second in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Her other feature wins were the Champion Stakes and Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud. Her rating of 123 on the 2006 World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings made her the highest ranked mare in the world.

Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud
The Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged four years or older. It is run at Saint-Cloud over a distance of 2,400 metres (about 1½ miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late June or early July.
Luis Bustamante (baseball)
Luis "the Eel" Bustamante Anguilla (1880 – death date unknown) was a Cuban professional baseball shortstop, third baseman and second baseman in the Cuban League and Negro leagues. He played from 1901 to 1913 with several ballclubs. He was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.

Bustamante played in the Negro leagues from 1904 to 1913, spending 1904 and 1906 with the Cuban X-Giants, 1904, 1905 and 1911 with the All Cubans, 1907 with the Brooklyn Royal Giants, and 1906 through 1913 with the Cuban Stars of Havana.

Cuban Stars (West)
The Cuban Stars were a team of Cuban professional baseball players that competed in the United States Negro leagues from 1907 to 1930. The team was also sometimes known as the Cuban Stars of Havana, Stars of Cuba, Cuban All-Stars, Havana Reds, Almendares Blues or simply as the Cubans. For one season, 1921, the team played home games in Cincinnati, Ohio,  and was known as the Cincinnati Cuban Stars.
Ambrosini S.1001
The Ambrosini S.1001 Grifo ("Griffin") was an Italian light airplane that appeared shortly after the end of World War II.  The first plane built by SAI Ambrosini postwar, the prototype flew in 1947 and was derived from the pre-war SAI.2S.  It was a four-seat monoplane with spatted fixed undercarriage.  A small series was produced for the Italian aeroclubs with an Alfa Romeo 110-ter engine of 97 kW (130 hp).  Three examples were even bought by the Italian Aeronautica Militare (AMI), which used them between 1948 and 1950.

Reciprocating engine
C. Crankshaft

E. Exhaust camshaft

I. Intake camshaft

P. Piston

R. Connecting rod

S. Spark plug

W. Water jacket for coolant flow

V. Valves

A reciprocating engine, more often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles; the steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution; and the Stirling engine for niche applications. Internal combustion engines are further classified in two ways: either a spark-ignition (SI) engine, where the spark plug initiates the combustion; or a compression-ignition (CI) engine, where the air within the cylinder is compressed, thus heating it, so that the heated air ignites fuel that is injected then, in a diesel engine, or earlier, in a hot bulb engine.
Frinkenstein's Monster
"Frinkenstein's Monster" is the eleventh episode of the thirty-fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 761st episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on February 18, 2024. The episode was directed by Steven Dean Moore and written by Joel H. Cohen.

In this episode, Homer gets a new job by cheating during the interview, but the woman whom he beat for the job becomes suspicious of him. Amanda Seyfried guest starred as Dr. Spivak. The episode received mixed reviews.

The Simpsons season 35
The thirty-fifth season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons aired on Fox between October 1, 2023, and May 19, 2024. The thirty-fifth season was the first of two seasons ordered by Fox. It was produced by Gracie Films and 20th Television Animation. The primary showrunner for the season was Matt Selman.

Work from episodes from the season was nominated for two Emmy Awards, four Writers Guild of America Awards, and one Humanitas Prize.
Coinage of Cales
The coinage of Cales concerns coins minted in Cales, a city in Campania, the most important urban center of the ancient Italic population of the Ausones. Cales was located on the Via Latina, halfway between the mountains of Samnium and the plains of Campania felix, a few kilometers north of Casilinum (present-day Capua) and just south of Teanum Sidicinum.

The archaeological site is located in the municipality of Calvi Risorta, a short distance from the town.

The city minted coins in the period between 268 BC and the Second Punic War. The coins of Cales are included among those issued by colonies and allies of Rome, in an area centered around ancient Campania. After the Second Punic War, Cales, like most centers in Roman Italy, no longer minted its own coins and used Roman coinage centered on the denarius.

Traditionally numismatists treat Calenian coins as Greek coinage.

Italic peoples
The concept of Italic peoples is widely used in linguistics and historiography of ancient Italy. In a strict sense, commonly used in linguistics, it refers to the Osco-Umbrians and Latino-Faliscans, speakers of the Italic languages, a subgroup of the Indo-European language family.  In a broader sense, commonly used in historiography, all the ancient peoples of Italy are referred to as Italic peoples, including the non-Indo-European ones, as Rhaetians, Ligures and Etruscans. As the Latins achieved a dominant position among these tribes, by virtue of the expansion of the Roman civilization, the other Italic tribes adopted Latin language and culture as part of the process of Romanization.
Jere Behrman
Jere Richard Behrman (born March 2, 1940) is an American economist and the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania. He belongs to the world's most prominent development and education economists and human capital scholars, with a strong focus on Central and South America.

Education economics
Education economics or the economics of education is the study of economic issues relating to education, including the demand for education, the financing and provision of education, and the comparative efficiency of various educational programs and policies. From early works on the relationship between schooling and labor market outcomes for individuals, the field of the economics of education has grown rapidly to cover virtually all areas with linkages to education.
Matthijs Siegenbeek
Matthijs Siegenbeek (Dutch pronunciation: [mɑˈtɛis ˈsiɣə(m)ˌbeːk]; 23 June 1774 in Amsterdam – 26 November 1854 in Leiden) was a Dutch academic. From 1797 to 1847 he was the first professor of the Dutch language at the University of Leiden. From 1803 he was the member, then secretary, of the head-office of that university's literary faculty. Initially he was a Mennonite voorganger in Dokkum.

Dokkum
Dokkum (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdɔ.kʏm] ⓘ) is a Dutch fortified city in the municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân in the province of Friesland. It has 12,669 inhabitants (February 8, 2020). The fortifications of Dokkum are well preserved and are known as the bolwerken (bulwarks). It is the fifth most popular shopping city in Friesland. It also had the smallest hospital in the Netherlands.