hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2013 in comics
Notable events of 2013 in comics. It includes any relevant comics-related events, deaths of notable comics-related people, conventions and first issues by title. For an overview of the year in Japanese comics, see 2013 in manga.

Disney comics
Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring characters created by the Walt Disney Company, including Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, Scrooge McDuck and José Carioca.

The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on, starting with the Mickey Mouse comic strip. Mickey Mouse Magazine, the first American newsstand publication with Disney comics, launched in 1935. In 1940, Western Publishing launched the long-running flagship comic book, Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, which reached 750 issues in September 2019. Uncle Scrooge, launched in 1952, reached issue #450 in June 2019. In recent decades, Disney comics have seen a decline of popularity in the United States. In the rest of the world Disney comics have remained very successful, especially in Europe, where weekly Disney comics magazines and monthly paperback digests are national best sellers.

Disney comics have been the basis for academic theory, cultural criticism, and fan-created databases.
Plants in Middle-earth
The plants in Middle-earth, the fictional continent in the world devised by J. R. R. Tolkien, are a mixture of real plant species with fictional ones. Middle-earth was intended to represent Europe in the real world in an imagined past, and in many respects its natural history is realistic.

The botany and ecology of Middle-earth are described in sufficient detail for botanists to have identified its plant communities, ranging from Arctic tundra to hot deserts, with many named plant species, both wild and cultivated.

Scholars such as Walter S. Judd, Dinah Hazell, Tom Shippey, Matthew T. Dickerson, and Christopher Vaccaro have noted that Tolkien described fictional plants for reasons including his own interest in plants and scenery, to enrich his descriptions of an area with beauty and emotion, to fulfil specific plot needs, to characterise the peoples of Middle-earth, and to carry symbolic meaning.

Nothofagus
Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere, found across southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and eastern and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. The species are ecological dominants in many temperate forests in these regions. Some species are reportedly naturalised in Germany and Great Britain. The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, cupules, and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous period and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, and South America.
Andreas Sotiriou
Andreas Sotiriou (Greek: Ανδρέας Σωτηρίου) (born June 7, 1968) is a former international Cypriot football striker.

He started his career in 1987 from APOEL and he spent his career mainly there, where he totally played for twelve years. He had also played for Anorthosis Famagusta and Digenis Morphou.

Anorthosis Famagusta FC
Anorthosis Famagusta (Greek: Ανόρθωση Αμμοχώστου, romanized: Anorthosi Ammochostou) is a Cypriot football club, part of the Famagusta multi-sport club founded in 1911 in Varosha, Famagusta.

Anorthosis was one of the founding clubs of the Cyprus Football Association in 1934. After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, they were forced to relocate to Larnaca where they now play their home matches at the Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium. The club's original stadium, GSE, has been abandoned since 1974 and is in poor condition.

One of the most successful clubs in Cypriot football, Anorthosis have won 13 National Championships, 11 cups and 6 Super Cups. Anorthosis is one of three Cypriot clubs never to have been relegated to the second division, was the first Cypriot club to participate in the Champions League group stage, and the second Cypriot club to qualify for the Europa Conference League group stage.
Dukat i pribadače
Dukat i pribadače is the fourth album of the Croatian rock band Aerodrom, released through Jugoton in 1984. The album is recorded as a trio with the new drummer Nenad Smoljanović. The keyboards were played by Rajko Dujmić of Novi Fosili, who is also the producer of the album. Dukat i pribadače turns the band's sound on a pop rock path and carries three successful singles, "Fratello", "24 sata dnevno", which were released on a 7" record, and "Digni me visoko".

Rajko Dujmić
Rajko Dujmić (7 August 1954 – 4 August 2020) was a Croatian songwriter, composer and music producer best known as a member of the pop group Novi fosili.

He composed the winner entry of Eurovision Song Contest 1989, "Rock me", along with Stevo Cvikić. They also composed the two previous Yugoslav entries, "Ja sam za ples", sung by Novi fosili, and "Mangup", sung by Srebrna Krila.

He received the Porin award for lifetime achievement at the Croatian music awards in 2013.
Kožljevec
Kožljevec (pronounced [kɔˈʒleːʋəts]; in older sources also Kozljevo, German: Koslewz) is a small settlement in the hills north of Polica in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

A small roadside chapel-shrine at the village crossroads is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and was built in 1910.

Wayside shrine
A wayside shrine is a religious image, usually in some sort of small shelter, placed by a road or pathway, sometimes in a settlement or at a crossroads, but often in the middle of an empty stretch of country road, or at the top of a hill or mountain.  They have been a feature of many cultures, including Chinese folk religious communities, Catholic and Orthodox Europe and some Asian regions.
Jane Irish
Jane Irish (born 1955, Pittsfield, Massachusetts) is an American artist, painter, and ceramicist who lives and works in Philadelphia.  Working primarily in gouache and egg tempera her paintings are characterized by their perspectives of Rococo interiors and explorations of the legacy of the Vietnam War. Irish infuses sumptuous interiors with memories of colonialism and orientalism, sometimes making raised text within her painting surfaces, which feature war poetry or historical protest text. The text on the surface of her ceramics includes collaborations with prominent art critics like Vincent Katz and Carter Ratcliff and poetry from Vietnam war veterans from a 1972 collection.

La Salle University
La Salle University (/ləˈsæl/) is a private, Catholic university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The university was founded in 1863 by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools and named for St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle.
Mark Kielesz-Levine
Mark Kielesz-Levine (born 1985) is a British Polish television reporter and presenter. He currently works at ITV Central in the Midlands.

Originally from Leeds in West Yorkshire, Kielesz-Levine started his journalism career following a postgraduate diploma at Leeds Trinity University, after completing an undergraduate degree at Newcastle University and a master's degree at the University of Leeds.

He first worked for the Global radio network brand before moving to local television and Leeds TV where he would become the lead news and sport presenter for Leeds and then across the whole network.

Kielesz-Levine has been nominated for both Royal Television Society and O2 Journalism awards, winning the Reporter of the Year Award for Yorkshire in 2017 He has worked for ITV Central since August 2019.

Royal Television Society
The Royal Television Society (RTS) is a British-based educational charity for the discussion, and analysis of television in all its forms, past, present, and future. It is the oldest television society in the world. It currently has fourteen regional and national centres in the UK, as well as a branch in the Republic of Ireland.
Durdy Bayramov
Durdy Bayramov (Turkmen: Durdy Baýramow, Cyrillic: Дурды Байрамов; 14 April 1938 – 14 February 2014) was a Turkmen academician and artist who was awarded the highest honorary title in his country: "People's Artist of Turkmen SSR". In his native Turkmen language, Durdy Bayramov's name is simply "Durdy Bayram" (without the Slavic-style "ov" suffix added to Russify names during the Soviet era). The name "Bayram" means "celebration" in Turkic languages.

Monochrome photography
Monochrome photography  is photography where each position on an image can record and show a different amount of light (value), but not a different color (hue). The majority of monochrome photographs produced today are black-and-white, either from a gelatin silver process, or as digital photography. Other hues besides grey can be used to create monochrome photography, but brown and sepia tones are the result of older processes like the albumen print, and cyan tones are the product of cyanotype prints.

As monochrome photography provides an inherently less complete reproduction than color photography, it is mostly used for artistic purposes and certain technical imaging applications.
2022 South American Rugby League Championship
The 2022 South American Rugby League Championship was the second edition of the tournament and was held in Jericó, Colombia between 25 and 27 November 2022. The teams participating in the tournament were Brazil, Chile and Colombia. Brazil won the tournament, winning both their games.

The tournament was also a qualification round for the 2025 Rugby League World Cup, as Brazil were to advance to the 2023 Americas Rugby League Championship where they were to play against Canada, Jamaica and United States to determine which two sides would represent the Americas in France in 2025. However, 2025 World Cup was cancelled before details of the Americas Rugby League Championship had been confirmed and the men's tournament did not take place in 2023. A different qualification process was announced for the 2026 World Cup.

Jamaica national rugby league team
The Jamaica national rugby league team represents Jamaica in international rugby league tournaments. Administered by the Jamaica Rugby League Association, the team made their full international debut at the 2009 Atlantic Cup against the United States.

The team made their first appearance at the Rugby League World Cup in 2021. They primarily wear yellow jerseys with green shorts and green socks. Their strongest line-up is composed mainly of British Jamaican professional and semi-professional players, alongside amateurs based in Jamaica.
Crime in Oman
The crime rate in Oman is low compared to other industrialized countries. Incidents of serious crime are rare in the country. Incidents of petty crime are occasionally reported, including burglary and theft of property of foreign tourists. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) describes the law and order situation in Oman as "generally good". Incidence of street crime is low. Violent crime occurs, but is extremely low compared to the rest of the Middle East.

Summary offence
A summary offence or petty offence is a violation in some common law jurisdictions that can be proceeded against summarily, without the right to a jury trial and/or indictment (required for an indictable offence).
Shire of Gatton
The Shire of Gatton was a local government area located in the Lockyer Valley region between the cities of Toowoomba and Ipswich, and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. The shire covered an area of 1,571.8 square kilometres (606.9 sq mi), and existed from 1880 until its merger with the Shire of Laidley to form the Lockyer Valley Region on 15 March 2008.

Ipswich, Queensland
Ipswich (/ˈɪpswɪtʃ/ ⓘ) is an urban centre within the City of Ipswich in South East Queensland, Australia. Situated on the Bremer River, it is approximately 40 km (25 mi) west of the Brisbane central business district. Ipswich is renowned for its architectural, natural and cultural heritage, and the city preserves and operates from many of its historical buildings, with more than 6000 heritage-listed sites and over 500 parks. Ipswich was founded in 1827 as a mining settlement, and soon developed into a major commercial and population centre. The suburb of the same name serves as the city's central business district. In the 2021 census, the population of the urban area of Ipswich was 115,913 people.
Horizon Airlines (Australia)
Horizon Airlines was an Australian airline based in Sydney. It predominantly operated night time cargo services under contract to Australian airExpress using Hawker Siddeley HS 748 and Fairchild Metroliner from Sydney to Cooma, Grafton, Kempsey, Newcastle and Taree.

In October 2003 was placed in Voluntary administration. In November 2003 MacAir Airlines acquired the airline with the brand retired.

Newcastle Airport (New South Wales)
Newcastle Airport (IATA: NTL, ICAO: YWLM), also known as Williamtown Airport, is an international airport in Williamtown, New South Wales. It is located 15 kilometres; 9.2 miles (8 NM) north of the Newcastle City Centre (27 km (17 mi) by road) in Port Stephens. It is the 13th busiest airport in Australia, handling over 1.25 million passengers in the year ended 30 June 2017, an increase of 6.6% on the previous year. The airport occupies a 28 ha (69-acre) site on the southern border of RAAF Base Williamtown.
Biffi
Biffi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carlo Biffi (1605–1675), Italian painter

G. A. Biffi (1606), an early codifier of written Italian language

Giacomo Biffi (1928–2015), Archbishop of Bologna

Jessica Biffi, a contestant on second season of Project Runway Canada TV

Roberto Biffi (born 1965), Italian football player

Serafino Biffi (1822–1899), co-founder of the Italian institution with Andrea Verga

Giacomo Biffi
Giacomo Biffi (13 June 1928 – 11 July 2015) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna, having served as archbishop there from 1984 to 2003. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.
Avignon Exchange
The Avignon Exchange was one of the first foreign exchange markets in history, established in the Comtat Venaissin during the Avignon Papacy. The Exchange was composed of the agents (factores) of the great Italian banking-houses, who acted as money-changers as well as financial intermediaries between the Apostolic Camera and its debtors and creditors. The most prosperous quarter of the city of Avignon, where the bankers settled, became known simply as the Exchange. According to de Roover, "Avignon can be considered an Italian colony, since the papal bankers were all Italians".

Avignon was the first legal body to regulate fiduciary transactions: a statute of Avignon, of 1243, contains a paragraph entitled De Litteris Cambii, "of bills of exchange".

Financial intermediary
A financial intermediary is an institution or individual that serves as a middleman between two or more parties, typically a lender and borrower, in order to facilitate financial transactions. Common types include commercial banks, investment banks, stockbrokers, insurance and pension funds, pooled investment funds, leasing companies, and stock exchanges.

When the money is lent directly via the financial markets, eliminating the financial intermediary, the converse process of financial disintermediation occurs.
Teymur bey Novruzov
Teymur bey Novruzov (Azerbaijani: Teymur bəy Npvruzov, born April 20, 1880, Qovlar, Elizavetpol uezd, Elisabethpol Governorate, Russian Empire – died 1961, Nice, France) was a decorated Imperial Russian and Azerbaijani military commander, having the rank of major-general.

His father Mirza Haji bey Novruzov was also general.

Elizavetpol Governorate
The Elizavetpol Governorate, also known after 1918 as the Ganja Governorate, was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Yelisavetpol (present-day Ganja). The area of the governorate stretched 38,922.43 square versts (44,296.15 square kilometres; 17,102.84 square miles) and was composed of 1,275,131 inhabitants in 1916. The Elizavetpol Governorate bordered the Erivan Governorate to the west, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the north, the Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, the Baku Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south.
Musical setting
A musical setting is a musical composition that is written on the basis of a literary work. The literary work is said to be set, or adapted, to music. Musical settings include choral music and other vocal music. A musical setting is made to particular words, such as poems. By contrast, a musical arrangement is a musical reconceptualization of a previously composed work, rather than a brand new piece of music. An arrangement often refers to a change in medium or style and can be instrumental, not necessarily vocal music.

Texts commonly used in choral settings include the mass and the requiem in Western Christianity, and the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom and the All-night vigil in Eastern Christianity. Examples include Mozart's Great Mass, and Leontovych's Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

A poem that has been set to music is known as an art song or Lied (German variant). Composers known for their art songs include Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann.

All-night vigil
The all-night vigil is a service of the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches consisting of an aggregation of the canonical hours of Compline (in Greek usage only), Vespers (or, on a few occasions, Great Compline), Matins, and the First Hour.  This service may be performed (commencing the evening before) on any Sunday or major feast,
any feast for which a Litia is prescribed; these feasts are marked in the Typikon and in liturgical calendars by a Greek cross printed in red in a properly shaped semicircle [open at the top] (); this symbol is encoded in Unicode as U+1F541 (🕁).
South London Electric Supply Corporation
The South London Electric Supply Corporation Limited was a British electricity undertaking. It was established in 1896 to supply electricity to the parish/borough of Lambeth in south London. The corporation owned and operated a power station at Loughborough Junction. From 1925 it formed an association with three other London companies to centralise electricity generation in the new, high thermal efficiency, power station at Barking. The South London Electric  Corporation was abolished in March 1948 upon the nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry.

Loughborough Junction
Loughborough Junction is an area in Herne Hill, South London, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is located equidistant between Herne Hill, Brixton and Camberwell providing excellent transport connections to Central London. While it is not a formal neighbourhood, it straddles postcodes SE24 (Herne Hill), SW9 (Brixton) and SE5 (Camberwell).

Loughborough Junction is centred on a rail junction consisting of four railway lines and seven railway bridges, six of which can be seen at once from the centre of the junction and date from 19th Century.

The source of this area's name is Loughborough Junction railway station; 'Loughborough' because the area was once the location of Loughborough House, the residence of Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough, which was previously the Manor House of Lambeth Wick.
A Dictionary of English Etymology
A Dictionary of English Etymology is an etymological dictionary of the English language written by Hensleigh Wedgwood and published by Trübner and Company in three volumes from 1859 to 1865 (vol. 1 1859, vol. 2 1862, vol. 3 1865), with a second edition published in 1871.

It was reviewed anonymously and by Herbert Coleridge.

The second volume was reviewed anonymously, by William Dwight Whitney, and by Eduard Müller and Henry Sweet.

Henry Sweet
Henry Sweet (15 September 1845 – 30 April 1912) was an English philologist, phonetician and grammarian.

As a philologist, he specialized in the Germanic languages, particularly Old English and Old Norse. In addition, Sweet published works on larger issues of phonetics and grammar in language and the teaching of languages. Many of his ideas have remained influential, and a number of his works continue to be in print, being used as course texts at colleges and universities.
2014 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
The 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, to elect the 13 U.S. representatives from the state of North Carolina, one from each of the state's 13 congressional districts. The elections coincided with other elections to the United States Senate and House of Representatives and various state and local elections, including an election to the U.S. Senate.

Primary elections were held on Tuesday, May 6, 2014. In primaries in which no candidate won more than 40% of the vote (the Democratic primary in the 5th district and the Republican primary in the 6th district), second primary elections (runoffs) were held between the top two candidates on July 15, 2014.

National Right to Life Committee
The National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) is the oldest and largest national anti-abortion organization in the United States with affiliates in all 50 states and more than 3,000 local chapters nationwide.

Since the 1980s, NRLC has influenced abortion policy at national and state levels through campaign financing of anti-abortion (and almost exclusively Republican) candidates and writing model legislation that would restrict or ban abortion.
Archon of Aegeira
Archon (Ancient Greek: Ἄρχων) of Aegeira was an Achaean statesman of the 2nd century BCE.

Archon was one of those who defended the conduct of the Achaean League with reference to Sparta before Caecilius Metellus in 185. And he was one of the Achaean ambassadors sent to Egypt in 168.

Archon is perhaps the same as the "Archo", the brother of Xenarchus, who was mentioned by Livy.

Achaea
Achaea (/əˈkiːə/) or Achaia (/əˈkaɪə/), sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia (Αχαΐα, Akhaḯa, Greek: [axaˈia]), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital is Patras which is the third largest city in Greece.
Cephalofovea clandestina
Cephalofovea clandestina is a species of ovoviviparous velvet worm in the family Peripatopsidae. This species has 15 pairs of oncopods (legs) and lives in rotting logs and leaf litter. The type locality is Kanangra-Boyd National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Like all members of the genus Cephalofovea, both sexes of C. clandestina have a furrow on the head, between the antennae, which the male everts to carry his spermatophore to the female.

Spermatophore
A spermatophore, from Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma), meaning "seed", and -φόρος (-phóros), meaning "bearing", or sperm ampulla is a capsule or mass containing spermatozoa created by males of various animal species, especially salamanders and arthropods, and transferred in entirety to the female's ovipore during reproduction. Spermatophores may additionally contain nourishment for the female, in which case it is called a nuptial gift, as in the instance of bush crickets.  In the case of the toxic moth Utetheisa ornatrix, the spermatophore includes sperm, nutrients, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids which prevent predation because it is poisonous to most organisms.  However, in some species such as the Edith's checkerspot butterfly, the "gift" provides little nutrient value.  The weight of the spermatophore transferred at mating has little effect on female reproductive output.