hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Video game controversies
There have been many debates on the social effects of video games on players and broader society, as well as debates within the video game industry. Since the early 2000s, advocates of video games have emphasized their use as an expressive medium, arguing for their protection under the laws governing freedom of speech and also as an educational tool. Detractors argue that video games are harmful and therefore should be subject to legislative oversight and restrictions. The positive and alleged negative characteristics and effects of video games are the subject of scientific study. Academic research has examined the links between video games and addiction, aggression, violence, social development, and a variety of stereotyping and sexual morality issues.

Freemium
Freemium, a portmanteau of the words "free" and "premium", is a pricing strategy by which a basic product or service is provided free of charge, but money (a premium) is charged for additional features, services and virtual (online) or physical (offline) goods that expand the functionality of the free version of the software. This business model has been used in the software industry since the 1980s. A subset of this model used by the video game industry is called free-to-play.

The ethics of freemium, especially the free-to-play subset, were criticized by Touch Arcade and Business Insider in 2014 and 2015.
Kengesh
Kengesh (Kyrgyz: Кеңеш) is a village in Kara-Kulja District, Osh Region, southern Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 2,763 in 2021. It is situated near the confluence of the rivers Tar and Kara-Kulja. In 2011 it made headlines after announcing it would begin staging its own criminal law trials due to dissatisfaction with the  Kyrgyz legal system.

Osh Region
Osh is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Osh, which is not part of the region. It is bounded (clockwise) by Jalal-Abad Region, Naryn Region, China (Xinjiang), Tajikistan (Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region), Batken Region, and Uzbekistan (Andijan and Fergana Regions). Its total area is 28,934 km2 (11,171 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 1,391,649 as of January 2021. According to the 2009 census, 28% of the total population are ethnic Uzbeks.
Ma Haide
Ma Haide (simplified Chinese: 马海德; traditional Chinese: 馬海德; pinyin: Mǎ Hǎidé; September 26, 1910 – October 3, 1988), born Shafick George Hatem (Arabic: جورج شفيق حاتم), was an American-born Chinese doctor who practiced medicine in China.

Hammana
Hammana (Arabic: حمانا) is a town in Lebanon, about 26 km (16 miles) east of Beirut. At an altitude of 1200 m (about 4000 ft) above sea level, Hammana is in the Mount Lebanon Governorate in the district (or Caza) of Baabda. Hammana is bordered by the towns of Falougha, Shbaniye, Khraybe, Bmariam, Khalwet and Mdeirej.
History of English cricket (1826–1845)
In English cricket, the years 1826–1845 were dominated by the roundarm bowling issue, which was resolved when the style was legalised in 1835, and by the formation of the first modern county clubs between 1839 and 1845.

County cricket
Inter-county cricket matches have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales.

Two county championship competitions have existed since the late 19th century at different levels: the County Championship, a first-class competition which involves 18 clubs, of which 17 are English and one is from Wales; and the National Counties Championship, with 19 English clubs and one club representing several Welsh counties.

County clubs have also played limited-overs competitions since the 1960s. The first edition of the Gillette Cup in 1963 was the world's first List A cricket tournament. The Sunday League existed from 1969 to 2009, mostly as a 40-overs-per-side league. The 2003 Twenty20 Cup was the world's first Twenty20 tournament. Currently, the main limited-overs county competitions are the One-Day Cup, Women's One-Day Cup, T20 Blast and Women's T20 Blast.
Un giorno speciale
Un giorno speciale (also known as A Special Day) is a 2012 Italian drama film directed by Francesca Comencini. The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival.

69th Venice International Film Festival
The 69th annual Venice International Film Festival, was held from 29 August to 8 September 2012, at Venice Lido in Italy.

American filmmaker Michael Mann was the jury president for the main competition. Polish actress Kasia Smutniak was the Host of the opening and closing ceremonies. The Golden Lion was awarded to Pietà by Kim Ki-duk.

The festival opened with The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mira Nair, and closed with The Man Who Laughs by Jean-Pierre Ameris.
Preston W. Campbell
Preston White Campbell (January 24, 1874 – July 2, 1954) was a Virginia lawyer who served as the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. Born in Abingdon, Virginia, he was educated by tutors and at the Abingdon Male Academy.  He read law in the office of Francis B. Hutton, later a circuit judge, and after being admitted to the bar, attended the University of Virginia for further study under Professor John B. Minor.  He began practice in Abingdon and was the youngest member of the Constitutional Convention of 1901-02.   In 1911, he became Commonwealth's Attorney of Washington County, Virginia and served until 1914 when he became judge of the Twenty-Third Circuit Court.  When Judge Joseph L. Kelly retired in 1924, Judge Campbell was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals and, in 1931, became chief justice.  He retired from the court in 1946.

Abingdon, Virginia
Abingdon is a town in and the county seat  of Washington County, Virginia, United States, 133 miles (214 km) southwest of Roanoke. The population was 8,375 at  the 2020 census. The town encompasses several historically significant sites and features a fine arts and crafts scene centered on the galleries and museums along Main Street.

Abingdon is part of the Kingsport−Bristol (TN) Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City−Kingsport−Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area − commonly known as the Tri-Cities region.
Ladawas
Ladawas is a village in the Badhra tehsil of the Charkhi Dadri district in the Indian state of Haryana. Located approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south west of the district headquarters town of Charkhi Dadri, as of the 2011 Census of India, the village had 430 households with a total population of 1,992 of which 1,049 were male and 943 female.

Badhra
Badhra is a tehsil, sub-division and assembly constituency in the Charkhi Dadri district of the Indian state of Haryana. It is located 37 kilometres (23 mi) west of district headquarters Charkhi Dadri, 44 kilometres (27 mi) south west of city of Bhiwani and 145 kilometres (90 mi) east of the national capital Delhi. As of the 2011 Census of India, the tehsil had 22,407 households with a total population of 118,084 of which 62,791 were male and 55,293 female.
Aija Klakocka
Aija Klakocka (née Brumermane, born 17 October 1986) is a Latvian women's basketball player with the Latvia women's national basketball team. She competed with the team at the 2008 Summer Olympics and EuroBasket Women 2009.

Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics was the seventeenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It was held from 9 August to 24 August 2008.  Competitions were held at the Wukesong Indoor Stadium in Beijing, China.
Amita Nangia
Amita Nangia (also known as Ameeta Nangia) is a TV actress in Bollywood.  Her initial popularity was from her role as Sheena in the very famous TV serial Tara, in Season 2 broadcast on Zee TV in 1993. She has acted in Bollywood Horror movies like Purani Haveli and College Girl. She was a sorcerer in the Indian mystery and thriller show, Kaal Bhairav Rahasya. She is also remembered for the role of Radhika in the tele-serial Hum Paanch where Rakhi Vijjan who played Sweety Mathur worked with her.

Tara (TV series)
Tara is an Indian soap opera that aired on Zee TV channel, based on the trials and tribulations, the joys and sorrows of the main character, Tara. The series was known as the  first ever Indian soap on contemporary urban women, and was the first Hindi-language drama series to run for about five years. Besides focusing on the life of Tara, the series also showed the lives of her four other friends, Kanchan, Devyani, Arzoo and Sheena.
Registered historic parks and gardens in Denbighshire
Denbighshire is a county in the north of Wales. It covers an area of 844 km2 (326 sq mi) and in 2021 the population was approximately 96,000.

The Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales was established in 2002 and given statutory status in 2022. It is administered by Cadw, the historic environment agency of the Welsh Government.  It includes just under 400 sites, ranging from gardens of private houses, to cemeteries and public parks. Parks and gardens are listed at one of three grades, matching the grading system used for listed buildings. Grade I is the highest grade, for sites of exceptional interest; Grade II*, the next highest, denotes parks and gardens of more than special interest; while Grade II denotes nationally important sites of special interest.

There are 27 registered parks and gardens in Denbighshire. Five are listed at grade II*, and 22 at grade II.

Principal areas of Wales
The principal areas of Wales, comprising the counties and county boroughs of Wales, are a form of subdivision in Wales. There are currently 22 principal areas in Wales, and they were established in 1996. They are a single-tier form of local government, each governed by a principal council, with eleven styled as a "county" (sir) and the other eleven as a "county borough" (bwrdeistref sirol). They replaced the previous two-tier system of eight counties and 37 districts that were in place in Wales from 1974 to 1996.
Carlos Bielicki
Carlos Bielicki (15 May 1940 – 9 September 2024) was an Argentine chess master.

In 1958, he won the Argentine Junior Championship. In 1959, Bielicki was World Junior Chess Champion, winning the tournament in Münchenstein and earning the International Master title. In 1960, he took 11th at Mar del Plata (Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer won). In 1961, he took 7th in Mar del Plata (Miguel Najdorf won). In 1961, he tied for 3rd–5th in the Argentine Chess Championship (Héctor Rossetto won). Bielicki died on 9 September 2024, at the age of 84.

Argentine Chess Championship
The first Argentine Chess Championship was held in 1921. The Champion's title was granted after victorious or drawn match between previous champion and challenger, a winner of Torneo Mayor (this or the next year). The matches were done away in 1950 year, for except 1952 year.

The Argentine Chess Championship is organized by the Argentine Chess Federation.
Velvary
Velvary (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvɛlvarɪ]) is a town in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,100 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Central Bohemian Region
The Central Bohemian Region (Czech: Středočeský kraj [ˈstr̝̊ɛdotʃɛskiː ˈkraj]; German: Mittelböhmische Region) is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the central part of its historical region of Bohemia. Its administrative centre is in the Czech capital Prague, which lies in the centre of the region. However, the city is not part of it but is a region of its own.

The Central Bohemian Region is in the centre of Bohemia. In terms of area, it is the largest region in the Czech Republic, with 11,014 km2, almost 14% of the total area of the country. It surrounds the country's capital, Prague, and borders Liberec Region (in the north), Hradec Králové Region (northeast), Pardubice Region (east), Vysočina Region (southeast), South Bohemian Region (south), Plzeň Region (west) and Ústí nad Labem Region (northwest).
Humbert (bishop of Würzburg)
Humbert or Hunbert (died 9 March 842) was the bishop of Würzburg from 833 until his death. Although he was resident in Würzburg from 815, Humbert seems to have been a suffragan bishop of the archdiocese of Mainz without a see of his own before he was appointed to succeed Wolfgar at Würzburg in 833.

Humbert was a friend and correspondent of Hraban Maur, whose biblical commentaries he greatly admired. He sent a large supply of parchment to Fulda Abbey to have copies made of some of Hraban's books for his cathedral's library. He also acquired biblical manuscripts and some commentaries by Bede.

Rabanus Maurus
Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c. 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of the encyclopaedia De rerum naturis ("On the Natures of Things"). He also wrote treatises on education and grammar and commentaries on the Bible. He was one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age, and was called "Praeceptor Germaniae", or "the teacher of Germany". In the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology (Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, p. 133), his feast is given as 4 February and he is qualified as a Saint ('sanctus').
Hayden v. County of Nassau
In Hayden v. County of Nassau, 180 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 1999), the Second Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal of a suit brought by White and Latino police officers alleging violations of the Equal Protection Clause and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:

District of Connecticut

Eastern District of New York

Northern District of New York

Southern District of New York

Western District of New York

District of Vermont
Hillsboro, New Mexico
Hillsboro is an unincorporated community in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States, located in the southwestern part of the state. It was founded in 1877, following the discovery of gold. The community was the county seat of Sierra County from 1884 until 1936, when Hot Springs (now called Truth or Consequences) became the county seat.

The town was named Hillsborough by prospectors in December 1877, but later shortened to Hillsboro. By 1880, the town had four companies of soldiers and 400 miners, but the population soon grew to 700. A county courthouse was built in 1892. By 1907, the population was 1200. A flood on 10 June 1914 caused considerable damage to many town buildings. New Mexico State Road 152 and NM 27 intersect in and bisect the town.

Andesite
Andesite (/ˈændəzaɪt/) is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between silica-poor basalt and silica-rich rhyolite. It is fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic in texture, and is composed predominantly of sodium-rich plagioclase plus pyroxene or hornblende.

Andesite is the extrusive equivalent of plutonic diorite. Characteristic of subduction zones, andesite represents the dominant rock type in island arcs. The average composition of the continental crust is andesitic.  Along with basalts, andesites are a component of the Martian crust.

The name andesite is derived from the Andes mountain range, where this rock type is found in abundance. It was first applied by Christian Leopold von Buch in 1826.
Sky & Telescope
Sky & Telescope (S&T) is a monthly  magazine covering all aspects of amateur and professional astronomy, including what to see in the sky tonight and new findings in astronomy. Other topics covered include:

observing guides for planets, galaxies, star clusters, and other objects visible in the night sky

reviews of telescopes and other astronomical equipment, books, and software

events in the amateur astronomy community

amateur telescope making

astrophotography

The articles are intended for the informed lay reader and include detailed discussions of current discoveries, frequently by participating scientists. The magazine is illustrated in full color, with both amateur and professional photography of celestial sights, as well as tables and charts of upcoming celestial events.

Telescope
A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an optical telescope. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.

The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes with glass lenses and were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

The reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope.

In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
Baczynski
Baczynski or Baczyński is a Polish surname. People with the surname include:

Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński (1921–1944), Polish poet killed during the Warsaw Uprising

Seth Baczynski (born 1981), American mixed martial artist

Stanisław Baczyński (1890–1939), Polish writer and literary critic

Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński
Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkʂɨʂtɔf ˈkamil baˈt͡ʂɨɲskʲi]; nom de guerre: Jan Bugaj; 22 January 1921 – 4 August 1944) was a Polish poet and Home Army soldier, one of the most well known of the Generation of Columbuses, the young generation of Polish poets, of whom several perished in the Warsaw Uprising and during the German occupation of Poland.
Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport
Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport (IATA: JIQ, ICAO: ZUQJ) is an airport serving Chongqing municipality, China.  It is located in the town of  Zhoubai and was formerly called Qianjiang Zhoubai Airport, but was renamed in November 2011 after the nearby Wuling Mountains.  The airport was opened on November 22, 2010 with a total investment of 600 million yuan.  It has a 2,400-meter runway (class 4C).

Wuling Mountains
The Wuling Mountains (simplified Chinese: 武陵山脉; traditional Chinese: 武陵山脈; pinyin: Wǔlíng Shānmài) are a mountain range located in Central China, running from Chongqing Municipality and East Guizhou to West Hunan. They are home to many ethnic groups, including the Tujia, Han, Miao, Dong, and Bai.
Johann Gottfried Schnabel
Johann Gottfried Schnabel (November 7, 1692 – c. 1751–1758) was a German writer best known for his novel Palisades Island. He published his works under the pen name Gisander.

Schnabel was born in Sandersdorf near Bitterfeld, today's Germany.  Orphaned in 1694, he was raised by relatives. After an apprenticeship with a barber from 1706 to 1709, Schnabel worked as a Feldsher, a military barber-surgeon, in the regiments of Wolfenbüttel and Saxony until 1717. In this capacity he took part in the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1719, Schnabel settled as a master barber in Querfurt. From 1724 he was court barber in the County of Stolberg-Wernigerode, where he was promoted to valet de chambre in 1729 and to court agent around 1737. The year 1750 shows the last record of Schnabel's life; his death date and place are unknown.

Wolfenbüttel
Wolfenbüttel (German pronunciation: [ˌvɔlfn̩ˈbʏtl̩] ⓘ; Low German: Wulfenbüddel) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel District. It is best known as the location of the internationally renowned Herzog August Library and for having the largest concentration of timber-framed buildings in Germany, around 1,000. It is an episcopal see of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick. It is also home to the Jägermeister distillery, houses a campus of the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, and the Landesmusikakademie of Lower Saxony.
Schwäbis railway station
Schwäbis railway station (German: Bahnhof Schwäbis) is a railway station in the municipality of Steffisburg, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is located on the standard gauge Burgdorf–Thun line of BLS AG.

Burgdorf–Thun railway
The  Burgdorf–Thun railway is a railway line in Switzerland, which was built by the Burgdorf-Thun-Bahn (Burgdorf-Thun Railway, BTB). The line from Burgdorf via Konolfingen to Thun was opened by the company in 1899 as the first electrified mainline railway (as distinct from light railway) in Europe. It is now part of BLS AG.
German Writers' Union
The German Writers' Union (German, "Deutscher Schriftstellerverband") was an East German association of writers. It was founded in 1950 and renamed in 1973 as Schriftstellerverband der DDR (Writers' Association of the GDR).

The association considered itself an heir to the earlier traditions of the SDS (Schutzverband deutscher Schriftsteller, "Protection League of German Writers") which had flourished in the 1920s but then, after 1933, been forced into line under the Hitler dictatorship and, in July 1933, found itself subsumed into the "National Association of German Writers" (Reichsverband deutscher Schriftsteller), a Nazi mandated successor organisation  between 1933 and 1945.

The DSV archives are now in the Academy of Arts Berlin.

Gleichschaltung
In Nazi terminology, Gleichschaltung (German pronunciation: [ˈɡlaɪçʃaltʊŋ] ⓘ), meaning 'synchronization' or 'coordination', was the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler—leader of the Nazi Party in Germany—established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society "from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education".

Although the Weimar Constitution remained nominally in effect throughout Hitler's dictatorship, near total Nazification was achieved by 1935 with the resolutions approved during that year's Nuremberg Rally, fusing the symbols of the party and the state (see Flag of Nazi Germany) and depriving German Jews of their citizenship (see Nuremberg Laws). The tenets of Gleichschaltung, including the Nuremberg Laws, also applied to territories occupied by the German Reich.
Tadabbur-i-Quran
Tadabbur-i-Qur'an (Urdu: تدبر قرآن) is a exegeses (tafsir) of the Qur'an by Amin Ahsan Islahi based on the concept of thematic and structural coherence, which was originally inspired by Allama Hamiduddin Farahi. The tafsir is extended over nine volumes of six thousand pages. It was originally written in Urdu, but now it is being translated in English. And it is translated in Tamil by Abdur Rahman Umari.

Exegesis
Exegesis (/ˌɛksɪˈdʒiːsɪs/ ⓘ EK-sih-JEE-sis; from the Greek ἐξήγησις, from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Biblical works. In modern usage, exegesis can involve critical interpretations of virtually any text, including not just religious texts but also philosophy, literature, or virtually any other genre of writing. The phrase Biblical exegesis can be used to distinguish studies of the Bible from other critical textual explanations.

Textual criticism investigates the history and origins of the text, but exegesis may include the study of the historical and cultural backgrounds of the author, text, and original audience. Other analyses include classification of the type of literary genres presented in the text and analysis of grammatical and syntactical features in the text itself.