hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Freesia marginata
Freesia marginata is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a perennial geophyte native to the Western Cape and is endemic to the Breede River Valley between Worcester and Robertson. The species has a range of only 113 km2. The plant has lost 50% of its habitat to the establishment of olive groves and vineyards. The process is still ongoing.

Iridaceae
Iridaceae (/ɪrɪˈdeɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises. It has a nearly global distribution, with 69 accepted genera with a total of about 2500 species. It includes a number of economically important cultivated plants, such as species of Freesia, Gladiolus, and Crocus, as well as the crop saffron.

Members of this family are perennial plants, with a bulb, corm or rhizome.  The plants grow erect, and have leaves that are generally grass-like, with a sharp central fold. Some examples of members of this family are the blue flag and yellow flag.
Linus Svenning
Linus Martin Tommy Svenning (born 13 April 1990) is a Swedish singer and songwriter who participated in Melodifestivalen 2014, the selection process for picking the Swedish entry to the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Bröder".

He sang in the first semi-final passing to the second chance round on 1 March in Lidköping and qualified after a duel round with Martin Stenmarck's song "När änglarna går hem". The duel qualified him for the Final 10 round held on 8 March 2014 where he finished fifth overall. Despite not winning the contest, the song "Bröder" became popular with the Swedish public reaching #3 on Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish Singles Chart immediately after the contest.

Lidköping
Lidköping (pronunciationⓘ) is a locality and the seat of Lidköping Municipality in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had about 
40,000 inhabitants in 2021.

It is situated on the southern shore of Lake Vänern  and sometimes refers to itself as "Lidköping vid Vänern", to distinguish itself from Linköping near Sweden's east coast. Attempts have been made to change the official name to "Lidköping vid Vänern" but these attempts have not been successful.
Kent Army Cadet Force
The Kent Army Cadet Force (Kent ACF) is the county cadet force for Kent and Medway which operates as part of the Army Cadet Force.  Since 2014, the county has been part of Headquarters South East, and is divided into four companies (one entitled a squadron for the Royal Engineers).

Army Cadet Force
The Army Cadet Force (ACF), generally shortened to Army Cadets, is a British national youth organisation sponsored by the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence and the British Army. Along with the Sea Cadet Corps and the Air Training Corps, the ACF make up the Community Cadet Forces. It is a separate organisation from the Combined Cadet Force which provides similar training within principally private schools.

Although sponsored by the Ministry of Defence, the ACF is not part of the British Army, and as such cadets are not subject to military law or military 'call up' but is funded by the MOD. Some cadets do, however, go on to enlist in the armed forces later in life.

The Army Cadet Charitable Trust UK (ACCT UK) is a registered charity that acts in an advisory role to the Ministry of Defence and other Government bodies on matters connected with the ACF.

As of 1 April 2023, there are 38,180 cadets, and 8,020 Cadet Force Adult Volunteers (CFAVs).
Guilford Bevil Reed
Guilford Bevil Reed OBE FRSC (November 27, 1887 – February 21, 1955) was a Canadian medical researcher whose research involved diseases such as tuberculosis, gas gangrene, tetanus and rinderpest.

Born in Port George, Nova Scotia, he received a B.Sc. in 1912, M.A. in 1913 and Ph.D. in 1915 from Harvard University. From 1915 to 1954, he taught at Queen's University.

In 1932, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was its president from 1952 to 1953. In 1947, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal.

In 1942, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

Royal Society of Canada
The Royal Society of Canada (RSC; French: Société royale du Canada, SRC), also known as the Academies of Arts, Humanities, and Sciences of Canada (French: Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada), is the senior national, bilingual council of distinguished Canadian scholars, humanists, scientists, and artists in Canada.

As Canada's national academy, the RSC exists to promote Canadian research and scholarly accomplishment in both of Canada's official languages; advise governments, non-governmental organizations, and Canadians generally on matters of public interest; recognize academic and artistic excellence; and mentor young scholars and artists.
Bukharan Revolution
The Bukharan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1925, which led to the elimination of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1920, the formation of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the elimination of the newly established republic as a result of national delimitation and the formation of the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR and Tajik ASSR (from 1929 the Tajik SSR) in 1924.

Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Turkmenistan, the Turkmen SSR, TuSSR, TurSSR, TurkSSR, TurkmSSR, Turkmenistan, or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, located in Central Asia, that existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991. Initially, on 7 August 1921, it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR before being made, on 13 May 1925, a separate republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR.

Since its creation, the borders of Soviet Turkmenistan remained unchanged. On 22 August 1990, the republic declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. On 27 October 1991, it became independent as Turkmenistan.

Geographically, Soviet Turkmenistan was bordered by Iran and Afghanistan to the south, the Caspian Sea to the west, the Kazakh SSR to the north, and the Uzbek SSR to the east.
Matter of Rome
According to the medieval poet Jean Bodel, the Matter of Rome (French: matière de Rome; Latin: Res Romana) is the literary cycle of Greek and Roman mythology, together with episodes from the history of classical antiquity, focusing on military heroes like Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. Bodel's division of literary cycles also included the Matter of France and the Matter of Britain (although "non-cyclical" romance also existed). The Matter of Rome includes the Matter of Troy, consisting of romances and other texts based on the Trojan War and its legacy, including the adventures of Aeneas.

Medieval poetry
Poetry took numerous forms in medieval Europe, for example, lyric and epic poetry.  The troubadours, trouvères, and the minnesänger are known for composing their lyric poetry about courtly love usually accompanied by an instrument.

Among the most famous of secular poetry is Carmina Burana, a manuscript collection of 254 poems. Twenty-four poems of Carmina Burana were later set to music by German composer Carl Orff in 1936.
Calamops
Calamops is an extinct genus of large temnospondyl amphibian known from the base of the Solebury Member of the Late Triassic Newark Supergroup of Pennsylvania, United States. Calamops was first named by Sinclair in 1917 and the type species is Calamops paludosus. It was usually thought to be a metoposaurid of questionable validity as its holotype and only known specimen, which comprises three pieces of a left mandibular ramus, had never been prepared. Following a preparation and casting of the specimen, Hans-Dieter Sues and Rainer R. Schoch found in 2013 Calamops to represent a valid taxon of trematosauroid temnospondyls that can be diagnosed by several autapomorphies. It represents one of the geologically youngest known long-snouted trematosaurs and the first record of these temnospondyls from the Late Triassic of North America. It is also the oldest known tetrapod fossil from the Triassic of the Newark basin.

1917 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1917.
Berkshire and Eastern Railroad
The Berkshire and Eastern Railroad (reporting mark BERX) is a shortline railroad in New England and New York, using tracks owned by Pan Am Southern. Pan Am Southern is jointly owned by CSX Transportation (CSXT) and Norfolk Southern Railway (NS).

Following CSXT's purchase of Pan Am Systems, CSXT and NS chose Genesee & Wyoming (GWI) to operate Pan Am Southern. GWI, in turn, selected its Pittsburg and Shawmut Railroad (PSR) subsidiary to operate Pan Am Southern. PSR — doing business as Berkshire & Eastern — will operate, maintain, and market the Pan Am Southern freight rail lines previously operated by Pan Am Railways.

Surface Transportation Board approval of the formation and operation of B&E was contingent on the Board's approval of CSXT's purchase of Pan Am Systems. The Board approved the CSXT–Pan Am deal on April 14, 2022. B&E began operating Pan Am Southern on September 1, 2023.

Shortline railroad
A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company that operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger, national railroad networks. The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada. In the former, railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board.
Aliw Broadcasting Corporation
Aliw Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is a Philippine broadcasting company. Its corporate office and studios are located at the 20th floor of Citystate Centre, 709 Shaw Blvd., Brgy. Oranbo, Pasig. It is one of the broadcast media assets of the ALC Group of Companies, alongside RPN, NewsWatch Plus and Nine Media. Aliw operates a number of radio stations under the Home Radio & DWIZ brands, as well as its only digital television and cable channel, ALIW Channel 23.

Mass media in the Philippines
Mass media in the Philippines consists of several types of media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, cinema, and websites.

In 2004, the Philippines had 225 television stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in circulation.

Media outlets, such as PTV/RPN/IBC (television) and the Presidential Broadcast Service (radio), are government-run, while most outlets are privately owned.

The most trusted newspapers in the Philippines are the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star.
Double counting (proof technique)
In combinatorics, double counting, also called counting in two ways, is a combinatorial proof technique for showing that two expressions are equal by demonstrating that they are two ways of counting the size of one set. In this technique, which van Lint & Wilson (2001) call "one of the most important tools in combinatorics", one describes a finite set from two perspectives leading to two distinct expressions for the size of the set. Since both expressions equal the size of the same set, they equal each other.

Binomial theorem
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial. According to the theorem, the power ⁠⁠ expands into a polynomial with terms of the form ⁠⁠, where the exponents ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠ are nonnegative integers satisfying ⁠⁠ and the coefficient ⁠⁠ of each term is a specific positive integer depending on ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠. For example, for ⁠⁠,

The coefficient ⁠⁠ in each term ⁠⁠ is known as the binomial coefficient ⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠ (the two have the same value). These coefficients for varying ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠ can be arranged to form Pascal's triangle. These numbers also occur in combinatorics, where ⁠⁠ gives the number of different combinations (i.e. subsets) of ⁠⁠ elements that can be chosen from an ⁠⁠-element set. Therefore ⁠⁠ is usually pronounced as "⁠⁠ choose ⁠⁠".
Kalimash
Kalimash (Albanian pronunciation: [kali'maʃ]; Albanian definite form: Kalimashi) is a village in the former municipality of Malzi in Kukës County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Kukës. There are several chromium mines near the village.

Kukës
Kukës (Albanian pronunciation: [ˈkukəs]; Albanian definite form: Kukësi) is a city in Albania. The city is the capital of the surrounding municipality of Kukës and county of Kukës, one of 12 constituent counties of the republic. It spans 8.2 km2 (3.2 sq mi) and had a total population of 15,643 people as of 2023.

Geologically, the surrounding area is dominated by mountainous and high terrain. The city sprawls across the Luma Plain within the Albanian Alps between the banks of Lake Fierza and the hills of the northernmost Korab Mountains and westernmost Sharr Mountains. At the confluence of the Black and White Drin, the Drin River originates close to the city's territory.
Liming (soil)
Liming is the application of calcium- (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)-rich materials in various forms, including marl, chalk, limestone, burnt lime or hydrated lime to soil. In acid soils, these materials react as a base and neutralize soil acidity. This often improves plant growth and increases the activity of soil bacteria, but oversupply may result in harm to plant life. Modern liming was preceded by marling, a process of spreading raw chalk and lime debris across soil, in an attempt to modify pH or aggregate size. Evidence of these practices dates to the 1200's and the earliest examples are taken from the modern British Isles.

Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed with water.  Annually, approximately 125 million tons of calcium hydroxide are produced worldwide.

Calcium hydroxide has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, and pickling lime. Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation, where it has been identified as E number E526. Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.
Process decision program chart
Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) is a technique designed to help prepare contingency plans.  The emphasis of the PDPC is to identify the consequential impact of failure on activity plans, and create appropriate contingency plans to limit risks.  Process diagrams and planning tree diagrams are extended by a couple of levels when the PDPC is applied to the bottom level tasks on those diagrams.

Contingency plan
A contingency plan, or alternate plan, also known colloquially as Plan B, is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan. It is often used for risk management for an exceptional risk that, though unlikely, would have catastrophic consequences.
The Thin Wall
"The Thin Wall" is a song by British new wave band Ultravox, released in 1981 as the lead single from their fifth studio album Rage in Eden. It was recorded in Conny Plank's Studio in Cologne, Germany and released on Chrysalis Records on 14 August 1981.

The music video, directed by Russell Mulcahy, features Midge Ure struggling to cope among strange and nightmarish imagery, similar to a haunted house setting, while the other band members seemingly plot his demise.

It peaked at No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

Russell Mulcahy
Russell Mulcahy (/mʌlˈkæhi/ mul-KA-hee; born 23 June 1953) is an Australian director, writer, and producer. He began his career directing music videos for artists like Elton John and Duran Duran, before making his feature directorial debut with the horror film Razorback (1984). He achieved international prominence by directing the fantasy action film Highlander (1986), which spawned a multimedia franchise.

Mulcahy's subsequent work includes Highlander's first sequel Highlander II: The Quickening (1991), the superhero film The Shadow (1994), the action-horror film Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and the Errol Flynn biopic In Like Flynn (2018). He was also a director and executive producer of the television series Teen Wolf (2011–17), and directed the film's 2023 feature film spin-off.

Stylistically, Mulcahy's work is recognisable by the use of fast cuts, tracking shots, glowing lights, neo-noir lighting, windblown drapery, and fans.
Ajit Kumar Panja
Ajit Kumar Panja (13 September 1936 – 14 November 2008) was a Union minister of state in the Government of India. He was a member of Indian National Congress but left it to join Trinamool Congress. He was born in Calcutta, and studied law at the Scottish Church College, Calcutta and at the Lincoln's Inn. His native village was a small village in Burdwan district, named Majigram. A lawyer by profession, he authored many books. He was also a stage actor who enacted the role of Ramakrishna Paramahansa in Kolkata.

Scottish Church College
Scottish Church College is a college affiliated by Calcutta University, India. It offers selective co-educational undergraduate and postgraduate studies and is the oldest continuously running Christian liberal arts and sciences college in Asia. It has been rated (A) by the Indian National Assessment and Accreditation Council. Students and alumni call themselves "Caledonians" in the name of the college festival, "Caledonia". The Scottish Church College has been embellished as GRADE-I Heritage Building on 8 November 2023.
Adoption Information Disclosure Act
The Adoption Information Disclosure Act, formally An Act respecting the disclosure of information and records to adopted persons and birth parents, also known as Bill 183, is an Ontario (Canada) law regarding the disclosure of information between parties involved in adoptions.

The Act was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 2005 and put into force on September 17, 2007.  Significant sections of it were quashed just two days later in a ruling by Judge Edward Belobaba of the Ontario Superior Court.

On November 13, 2007, the Ontario government announced that instead of appealing Belobaba's decision, it would opt to amend the act to contain a universal disclosure veto.  It accordingly introduced the Access to Adoption Records Act on December 10, 2007, which passed third reading in May 2008 and took effect in September 2008.

Adoption
Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means (notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations.
Nariai-ji
Nariai-ji (成相寺) is a Buddhist temple located in the Nariai neighborhood of the city of Miyazu, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It belongs to the  Hashidate Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism and its honzon (primary image) is a hibutsu (secret / hidden image) statue of Sho-Kannon Bosatsu. The temple's full name is Nariai-san Nariai-ji (成相山 成相寺).The temple is the 28th stop on the 33 temple Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage route. The temple is located at an elevation of approximately 328 meters on the southeast slope of Mount Tsuzumigatake (569 meters above sea level) overlooking the Amanohashidate, one of Japan's three scenic views. The precincts of the temple were designated a National Historic Site in 2016. In April 2017, the temple was designated a Japan Heritage Site as part of the "Tango Chirimen Corridor" project.

Amanohashidate
Amanohashidate (天橋立; Japanese pronunciation: [aꜜ.ma no (|) ha.ɕi.da.te]) is one of Japan's three scenic views. The sandbar is located in Miyazu Bay in northern Kyoto Prefecture. It forms part of the Tango-Amanohashidate-Ōeyama Quasi-National Park.
Huguang
Huguang was a province of China during the Yuan and Ming dynasties. It was founded by the Yuan dynasty in 1274. During the Yuan dynasty it included the areas of modern Hubei south of the Yangtze river, Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. During the Ming dynasty it came to include just the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan, in the process adding areas north of the Yangtze. It was partitioned in 1644 by the newly established Qing dynasty, becoming the provinces of Hubei and Hunan, which were administered by the viceroy of Huguang.

Provinces of China
Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions, the first-level subdivisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC, and one further province that is claimed but not administered, which is Taiwan.

The local governments of Chinese provinces consist of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a party secretary and a provincial standing committee.
(When You Feel Like You're in Love) Don't Just Stand There
"(When You Feel Like You're in Love) Don't Just Stand There" is a song written by Tacoma, Washington country/western artist Cherokee Jack Henley, as revised by Ernest Tubb. The best known recording is the 1952 single by Carl Smith. The single was Carl Smith's second number one on the Country & Western Best Seller charts, staying at the top for five weeks with a total of twenty-four weeks on the chart.

Carl Smith (musician)
Carl Milton Smith (March 15, 1927 – January 16, 2010) was an American country singer. Known as "Mister Country", he was one of the genre's most successful male artists during the 1950s, scoring 30 top-10 Billboard hits (21 of which were consecutive). Smith's success continued well into the 1970s, when he had a charting single every year but one. In 1952, Smith married June Carter, with whom he had daughter Carlene; the couple divorced in 1956. His eldest daughter Carlene was the stepdaughter of fellow country singer Johnny Cash, who was subsequently married to his ex-wife June Carter. He later married Goldie Hill, and they had three children together. In 2003, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. According to the Hollywood Walk of Fame website, he was a "drinking companion" to Johnny Cash, his daughter's stepfather.