hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Suzanne DiMaggio
Suzanne DiMaggio is an American foreign policy analyst and a leading practitioner of Track II diplomacy, with a focus on countries that have limited or no official relations with the United States. She has led informal dialogues to help policymakers identify pathways for diplomatic progress on a range of issues, including regional security, nuclear nonproliferation, conflict prevention and resolution, crisis management, confidence building and negotiation, and bilateral relations. Her research and work draw on an approach to unofficial engagement she has been developing since the late 1990s, which began with a focus on U.S. relations with China, Russia, and Japan, and later expanded to Iran and the Middle East, Myanmar, and North Korea.

Foreign policy analysis
Foreign policy analysis (FPA) is a technique within the international relations sub-field of political science dealing with theory, development, and empirical study regarding the processes and outcomes of foreign policy.

FPA is the study of the management of external relations and activities of state. Foreign policy involves goals, strategies, measures, management methods, guidelines, directives, agreements, and so on. National governments may conduct international relations not only with other nation-states but also with international organizations and non-governmental organizations.

Managing foreign relations need carefully considered plans of actions that are adapted to foreign interests and concerns of the government.
Pockau-Lengefeld station
Pockau–Lengefeld station is a local railway junction in Pockau-Lengefeld in the German state of Saxony. The Pockau-Lengefeld–Neuhausen railway branches off the Reitzenhain–Flöha railway here. The station and lines were opened in 1875.

Today, the station has lost much of its former importance, the former Pockau-Lengefeld locomotive depot was closed in the 2000s. No passenger traffic has taken place on the Pockau-Lengefeld-Marienberg section since 2013. Erzgebirgsbahn operates services hourly from Monday to Friday with gaps at noon and in the evening on the Chemnitz–Flöha–Pockau-Lengefeld–Olbernhau route. On weekends, it generally runs every two hours.

Reitzenhain–Flöha railway
The Reitzenhain–Flöha railway, one of two lines also called the Flöha Valley Railway (German: Flöhatalbahn), is a branch line in Saxony in East Germany. It links the city of Chemnitz with Flöha, Lengefeld, Pockau, Olbernhau and Marienberg, formerly also Neuhausen/Erzgeb. and Reitzenhain and runs through the valleys of the Flöha and the Black Pockau. The line belongs today to DB Regio-Netz Erzgebirgsbahn.
Stephen Ailes
Stephen C. Ailes (May 25, 1912 – June 30, 2001) was a prominent member of the District of Columbia Bar and a partner in the firm of Steptoe & Johnson. He served as the United States Under Secretary of the Army from February 9, 1961, to January 28, 1964, and as United States Secretary of the Army from January 28, 1964, to July 1, 1965. He received his undergraduate education at Princeton University, and attended the law school of West Virginia University, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.

Phi Kappa Psi
Phi Kappa Psi (ΦΚΨ), commonly known as Phi Psi, is an American collegiate social fraternity that was founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania in 1852. The fraternity has over ninety chapters at accredited four-year colleges and universities throughout the United States. More than 179,000 men have been initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding. Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Gamma Delta, both founded at the same college, form the Jefferson Duo.
Corydon, Iowa
Corydon is a city in Wayne County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,526 in the 2020 census, a decline from 1,591 in 2000. It is the county seat of Wayne County.

The town was laid out and platted in 1851 and later that year designated as the county seat. The town was named by county judge Seth Anderson after his old hometown of Corydon, Indiana.

Section of Painting and Sculpture
The Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture was a New Deal art project established on October 16, 1934, and administered by the Procurement Division of the United States Department of the Treasury.

Commonly known as the Section, it was renamed the Section of Fine Arts in 1939. Its primary mission was the embellishment of public buildings — including many United States post offices — through site-specific murals and sculptures commissioned on a competitive basis. The program all but ceased to operate in 1942, and was officially terminated on July 15, 1943.
Liebenzell Castle
Liebenzell Castle (German: Burg Liebenzell) is a hill castle on a sloping hill spur on the sides of the Schlossberg ("castle hill") above the town of Bad Liebenzell in the district of Calw in the south German state of Baden-Württemberg. The fortification was once the most important castle in the Württemberg part of the Black Forest.

Bad Liebenzell
Bad Liebenzell (German: [baːt ˌliːbm̩ˈtsɛl] ⓘ; Swabian: Bad Liabazell) is a spa town in the Nagold River valley, the northern part of the Black Forest. It was first mentioned in 1090 and is the heart of the Liebenzeller Mission (a religious movement).

Bad Liebenzell is part of the Calw district; it in turn comprises seven sub-districts besides the town itself: Möttlingen, Unterhaugstett, Monakam, Beinberg, Unterlengenhardt und Maisenbach-Zainen. Bad Liebenzell has also had an alliance with Villaines-la-Juhel in France since 1992.
Nordic skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics
At the 1936 Winter Olympics, five Nordic skiing events were contested – three cross-country skiing events, one ski jumping event, and one Nordic combined event, all for men only.

In cross-country skiing Erik August Larsson of Sweden won the 18 km while Elis Wiklund, also of Sweden, won the 50 km. The winners for the 4x10 km relay in cross-country skiing were the Finnish team, which consisted of Klaus Karppinen, Kalle Jalkanen, Matti Lähde, and Sulo Nurmela. In ski jumping, Birger Ruud of Norway won the only event which was the large hill. In the Nordic combined, Oddbjørn Hagen of Norway won the only event, which was individual.

Sulo Nurmela
Sulo Nurmela (13 February 1908 – 13 August 1999) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He won a gold medal at the 1936 Winter Olympics in the 4 × 10 km relay and served as the Finnish flag bearer at those games.

Nurmela won two world titles in 1934: in the individual 18 km and 4 × 10 km relay events. While traveling to Czechoslovakia to the next world championships he became ill with a high fever and had to withdraw from his individual races. Yet he felt obliged to compete in the relay, as Finland had sent only four skiers, and there was no substitute. His first three teammates gained a two-minute lead, and Nurmela managed to finish more than a minute ahead of the competitors and win his third world title.

Nurmela won three races in the Lahti Ski Games: 17 km in 1934 and 1937 and 50 km in 1937. He retired after placing eighth over 50 km at the 1938 World Championships. He worked as a farmer most of his life.
G factor in non-humans
The g factor, or general factor, of intelligence is a psychometric construct that summarizes observed correlations between an individual's scores on various measures of cognitive abilities. First described in humans, a g factor has since been identified in a number of non-human species.

Non-human models of g have been used in genetic and neurological research on intelligence to help understand the mechanisms behind variation in g.

Laboratory rat
Laboratory rats or lab rats are strains of the rat subspecies Rattus norvegicus domestica (Domestic Norwegian rat) which are bred and kept for scientific research. While less commonly used for research than laboratory mice, rats have served as an important animal model for research in psychology and biomedical science, and "lab rat" is commonly used as an idiom for a test subject.
The Tenth Plague of Egypt
The Tenth Plague of Egypt is an 1802 oil painting by the British artist J.M.W. Turner. Blending landscape and history painting, it depicts the tenth of the biblical plagues to strike Ancient Egypt in punishment for the enslavement of the Israelites causing the death of all the firstborn sons, including that of Pharaoh who had refused to let the Israelites go free. Turner took inspiration from the Old Master Nicolas Poussin for the background. A terrifying storm whips across the scene, reinforcing the despair of the mothers seen with their dead children.
The backdrop appears to be an Italian hill town, although the towers resemble both those of the Medieval era and the much older Etruscan civilisation.

The painting was displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1802 at Somerset House in London, the first to be held following Turner's full election as a member of the Royal Academy. Part of the Turner Bequest of 1856, it is now in the collection of the Tate Britain in Pimlico.

Plagues of Egypt
In the Book of Exodus, the Plagues of Egypt (Hebrew: מכות מצרים‎) were ten disasters that Yahweh inflicted on the Egyptians to convince the Pharaoh to emancipate the enslaved Israelites, each of them confronting the Pharaoh and one of his Egyptian gods; they served as "signs and marvels" given by Yahweh in response to the Pharaoh's taunt that he did not know Yahweh: "The Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD".: 117  These Plagues are recited by Jews during the Passover Seder.

The consensus of modern scholars is that the Pentateuch does not give an accurate account of the origins of the Israelites.: 81 : 6–7  Similarly, attempts to find natural explanations for the plagues (e.g., a volcanic eruption to explain the "darkness" plague) have been dismissed by biblical scholars on the grounds that their pattern, timing, rapid succession, and above all, control by Moses mark them as supernatural.: 90 : 117–118
Climate Change (children's book)
Climate Change is a children's book co-authored by Charles III, the King of the United Kingdom, Tony Juniper, the Chair of Natural England, and climate scientist Emily Shuckburgh. The book was published by Ladybird Books on 9 March 2023. Aimed at those aged between seven and eleven, it discusses climate change and the various threats that face the environment. The book was launched at a reception held at Buckingham Palace on 17 February 2023, and attended by politicians, businesspeople and indigenous leaders from around the world.

Charles had previously collaborated with Juniper and Shuckburgh on a book for adults, also titled Climate Change, and published by Ladybird in 2017. The information was updated and rewritten for the 2023 version to make it accessible to children. Juniper has described Climate Change as a way of "trying to bring the facts to the fingertips of the people who've got most to gain by finding solutions in time".

Ladybird Books
Ladybird Books are a London-based publishing company, trading as a stand-alone imprint within the Penguin Group of companies. The Ladybird imprint publishes mass-market children's books.

It is an imprint of Penguin Random House, a subsidiary of German media conglomerate Bertelsmann.
George Heather
George Abraham Heather  was an Anglican priest in Ireland in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the 20th.

Allen was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. After a curacy in Ardrahan he was Rector of St John, Cincinnati from 1860 to 1962; Secretary of the CMS in Ireland from 1863 to 1967; and Incumbent of Dugort from 1866 to 1871. He was Rector of Achonry from 1871; an Honorary Canon of St. Crumnathy's Cathedral, Achonry from 1875 to 1894; Archdeacon of Achonry from 1894 to 1895; and Dean of Achonry (and Prebendary of Kilmovee) from 1895. He died on 7 February 1907.

Kilmovee
Kilmovee (Irish: Cill Mobhí, meaning 'Church of Mobhí') is a village and civil parish in County Mayo, Ireland. It is a mainly rural parish on the R325 road, midway between Kilkelly and Ballaghaderreen.

In March 2004, the Cois Tine Heritage Centre was opened and since then it has become a cultural centre for the people of the area. In 2011, the Annual Seosamh Mac Gabhann Summer School was established in Kilmovee to honour the Irish language playwright and music teacher Seosamh Mac Gabhann, who lived and worked in Kilmovee for much of his life.
Arfaoui
Arfaoui is an Arabic surname of North African origin. It is most commonly used in Tunisia.

Fedi Arfaoui (born 1992), Tunisian football player

Latifa Bint Alaya El Arfaoui (born 1961), Tunisian singer

Rached Arfaoui (born 1996), Tunisian football player

Latifa (singer)
Latifa bint Alaya El Arfaoui (Arabic: لطيفة بنت عليه العرفاوي  pronunciation: [ɫɑˈt̪ˤiːfæ bɪnt ʕælɛi̯jæ (e)l.ʕɑrˤˈfɛːwi]; born 14 February 1961), better known as Latifa (Arabic: لطيفة), is a Tunisian pop singer and former actress who resides in Egypt, and one of the most known and best-selling singers in the Arab world and the Middle East. She is known for her Tunisian and Egyptian Arabic genre. She sings with 3 different languages, Arabic, French and English. 
She received the World Music Awards in 2004 for best selling Artist in the Middle East and she is the first Tunisian receiving this award in history.
Benzenesulfonyl chloride
Benzenesulfonyl chloride is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H5SO2Cl. It is a colourless viscous oil that dissolves in organic solvents, but reacts with compounds containing reactive N-H and O-H bonds. It is mainly used to prepare sulfonamides and sulfonate esters by reactions with amines and alcohols, respectively. The closely related compound toluenesulfonyl chloride is often preferred analogue because it is a solid at room temperature and easier to handle.

Alcohol (chemistry)
In chemistry, an alcohol (from Arabic  al-kuḥl 'the kohl') is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbons, conferring hydrophilic (water-attracted) properties.  The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur.
Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's vault
The men's vault competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held on August 9 and 18 at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium. The eight competitors (with a maximum of two per nation) with the highest scores in qualifying, among the gymnasts electing to make two vaults, proceeded to the men's vault finals. There, each gymnast performed two vaults; the scores from the final round (ignoring qualification) determined final ranking. There were 16 competitors from 13 nations that made a second vault attempt. The event was won by Leszek Blanik of Poland, the nation's first victory in the men's vault. Blanik was the seventh man to win multiple medals in the event, adding to his 2000 bronze. France earned its first medal in the event with Thomas Bouhail's silver. Anton Golotsutskov of Russia took bronze, putting the nation back on the podium after a one-Games absence.

Vault (gymnastics)
The vault is an artistic gymnastics maneuver typically performed on a pommel horse or a vaulting table. Both male and female gymnasts perform the vault. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is VT.
Ifigenija Zagoričnik Simonović
Ifigenija Zagoričnik Simonović (born 24 March 1953) is a Slovene poet, essayist, writer, editor and potter.

Zagoričnik was born in Kranj in 1953. She studied Comparative literature and Slavistics at the University of Ljubljana and from 1978 to 2003 lived in London where she attended Art school and worked as a potter and artist. In 2009 she received the Rožanc Award for her collection of essays Konci in kraji (Bits and Places). She also writes for children.

Art school
An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on practice and related theory in the visual arts and design. This includes fine art – especially illustration, painting, contemporary art, sculpture, and graphic design.   They may be independent or operate within a larger institution, such as a university. Some may be associated with an art museum.

Art schools may be organized to offer elementary, secondary, post-secondary, undergraduate, or graduate programs, and can also offer a broad-based range of programs (such as the liberal arts and sciences). In the West there have been six major periods of art school curricula, and each one has had its own hand in developing modern institutions worldwide throughout all levels of education. Art schools also teach a variety of non-academic skills to many students.
Thaavalam
Thaavalam is a 1983 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Thampi Kannanthanam and produced by Koshi Ninan and Philip Maryvilla. The film stars M. G. Soman, Mohanlal, Jayabharathi, Shubha and Menaka in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Johnson.

M. G. Soman
M. G. Soman (28 October 1941 – 12 December 1997) was an Indian actor and former Indian Air Force officer who appeared in Malayalam films. He was among the actors who played leading roles in Malayalam cinema during the late 1970s and early 1980s. He also had some Tamil films to his credit, including Aval Oru Thodar Kathai. However, in the late 1980s and 1990s, he switched to character and villainous roles.
Xanthocarpia diffusa
Xanthocarpia diffusa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. First described in 2011 from coastal rocks in Georgia, it is characterised by its yellow to greyish thallus with distinctive diffuse margins often bordered by a pale prothallus. The species primarily occurs along coastal areas of the Black Sea region, with some isolated populations in the Mediterranean region, where it grows on damp siliceous rocks, particularly around seepage zones and in areas exposed to sea spray. Though initially described in the genus Caloplaca, molecular phylogenetics studies led to its transfer to Xanthocarpia in 2013.

Caloplaca
Caloplaca is a lichen genus comprising a number of distinct species. Members of the genus are commonly called firedot lichen,: 235  jewel lichen.: 235  gold lichens, "orange lichens", but they are not always orange, as in the case of C. albovariegata. The distribution of this lichen genus is worldwide, extending from Antarctica to the high Arctic. It includes a portion of northern North America and the Russian High Arctic. There are about thirty species of Caloplaca in the flora of the British Isles.

A new species of Caloplaca, C. obamae, the first species to be named in honor of Barack Obama, was discovered in 2007 on Santa Rosa Island in California and published in March 2009.
ErgoGroup
ErgoGroup was a Nordic information technology corporation, systems integrator and consulting company headquartered in Oslo, Norway. The company provided services for IT operations, business solutions, outsourcing, infrastructure and consulting. ErgoGroup had a total of 90 offices and regional branches throughout Norway, Sweden and Finland, and was a subsidiary of Posten Norge, the Norwegian Postal Service. The company also held partial ownership in SYSteam, TransWare, Gecko, Eiendomsverdi, Buypass, Eye-Share and Bekk Consulting. ErgoGroup merged with EDB Business Partner in 2010, creating EVRY.

Posten Bring
Posten Bring, formerly Posten Norge (lit. 'The Mail, Norway'), is the name of the Norwegian postal service. The company, owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, had a monopoly until 2016 on the distribution of letters weighing less than 50 grams (1.8 oz) throughout the country. There are 6 post offices in Norway, in addition to approximately 1400 sales outlets.
George Thornhill (MP)
George Thornhill (12 June 1783 – 19 May 1852) was an English Conservative member of parliament.

Thornhill was the eldest son of another George Thornhill, of Diddington Hall, Huntingdonshire. He was educated at Eton and St John's College, Cambridge. He studied law and was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1805. He was High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in 1836. He was elected to Parliament for the Huntingdonshire constituency in the 1837 general election and held the seat until his death. He had three sons who played first-class cricket: Charles, George junior and John.

Huntingdonshire
Huntingdonshire (/ˈhʌntɪŋdənʃər, -ʃɪər/; abbreviated Hunts) is a local government district in Cambridgeshire, England. 
The district had a population of 180,800 at the 2021 census, and has an area of 354.3 square miles (918 km2). The largest towns are St Neots (33,410), Huntingdon (25,428), and St Ives (16,815). The district council is based in Huntingdon.

Historically a county in its own right, Huntingdonshire's boundaries were established in the Anglo-Saxon era. Huntingdonshire became an administrative county in 1889. In 1965, it was merged with the Soke of Peterborough to form Huntingdon and Peterborough, which was in turn merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely in 1974 to form Cambridgeshire, of which Huntingdonshire is now a district.
Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1925 film)
Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1925) is a feature length silent adventure crime drama/romance motion picture starring House Peters, Miss DuPont, Hedda Hopper, Fred Esmelton, and Walter Long.

Directed by King Baggot and produced by Carl Laemmle's Universal Pictures, the screenplay was adapted by Harvey F. Thew from the play by Eugene W. Presbrey and the 1899 short story collection, The Amateur Cracksman, by E.W. Hornung.

Walter Long (actor)
Walter Huntley Long (March 5, 1879 – July 4, 1952) was an American stage and film character actor who between 1909 and the late 1940s performed in nearly 200 screen productions.  He appeared in blackface in The Birth of a Nation, a film depicting black characters, such as the one portrayed by Long, as savage sexual predators and the Ku Klux Klan as society’s righteous protector.

Among his many other roles in both the silent and sound eras, he portrayed mostly crooks, tough guys, and comic villains, including in four short comedies with Laurel and Hardy. He played Miles Archer, Sam Spade's partner, in the first film of The Maltese Falcon (1931).
Richard Harman (politician)
Richard Harman (c. 1621 – 1646) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1640 to 1646.

Harman was born at St Andrew's, Norwich,  the son of Richard Harman, alderman, of Norwich. He was educated at Norwich School under Mr Briggs and was admitted at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge on 28 March 1638 aged 17. He was admitted at Gray's Inn on 18 March 1640.

In November 1640, Harman was elected Member of Parliament for Norwich in the Long Parliament.  He sat until his death in 1646.

Norwich (UK Parliament constituency)
Norwich was a borough constituency in Norfolk which was represented in the House of Commons of England from 1298 to 1707, in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 until it was abolished for the 1950 general election. Consisting of the city of Norwich in Norfolk, it returned two members of parliament (MPs), elected by the bloc vote system.

It was replaced in 1950 by two new single-member constituencies, Norwich North and Norwich South.