hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phyllachora maydis
Phyllachora maydis is a plant pathogen causing ascomycete diseases in maize/corn, and is more commonly referred to as tar spot. Identified by the distinctive development of stroma, this pathogen in itself is of little economic importance in the production of corn. However, the accompanying fungal infection of Monographella maydis, identified by "fish-eye" lesions, was claimed to cause significant foliar damage and subsequently yield reduction. As of 2021 there is insufficient information about this pathogen and its management.

Lesion
A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by injury or diseases. The term lesion is derived from the Latin laesio, meaning "injury". Lesions may occur in plants and animals.
David R. Morgan
David R. Morgan is a retired professor of political science at the University of Oklahoma where he was the Henry Bellmon Chair of Public Service.

Morgan served two years as the first city manager of Yukon, Oklahoma.

In 2004 he received the Distinguished Service Award from the Southwestern Social Science Association.

City manager
A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city in the council–manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are referred to as the chief executive officer (CEO) or chief administrative officer (CAO) in some municipalities.
2016 Washington Kastles season
The 2016 season was the ninth season of the Washington Kastles in World TeamTennis (WTT). The Kastles finished third in WTT with seven wins and five losses and missed the postseason for the first time since 2010, ending their run of five consecutive WTT championships.

Bob Bryan
Robert Charles Bryan (born April 29, 1978) is an American former professional tennis player. Widely regarded as one of the greatest doubles tennis players of all time, Bryan was ranked as the world No. 1 in men's doubles for 438 weeks (second-most of all time), and finished as the year-end No. 1 eight times. Bryan won 126 ATP Tour-level doubles titles, including 23 majors: 16 in men's doubles and seven in mixed doubles. Alongside his twin brother Mike, the Bryan brothers were one of the most successful doubles partnerships in tennis history. The pair were named the ATP Team of the Decade for the 2000s. They became the second men's doubles team to complete the career Golden Slam at the 2012 London Olympics.

The Bryan brothers retired from the sport together in August 2020. In 2025, they were inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
Loveman's (Chattanooga)
Loveman's was a Chattanooga, Tennessee-based chain of department stores with locations throughout East Tennessee and North Georgia. Relatives of the founder of the chain founded Loveman's of Alabama and Loveman's located in Nashville, Tennessee.

North Georgia
34°36′21.9″N 83°58′46.17″W﻿ / ﻿34.606083°N 83.9794917°W﻿ / 34.606083; -83.9794917

North Georgia is the northern hilly/mountainous region in the U.S. state of Georgia. At the time of the arrival of settlers from Europe, it was inhabited largely by the Cherokee. The counties of north Georgia were often scenes of important events in the history of Georgia. It was the site of many American Civil War battles, including the Battle of Lookout Mountain and the Battle of Chickamauga, leading up to the Atlanta campaign. Today, particularly in the northeast portion of the region, tourism sustains the local economy.
You Are So Beautiful (album)
You Are So Beautiful is a compilation album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was released in June 1977 by Columbia Records and with producer Billy Sherrill. It consisted of songs Tucker had recorded several years prior while still recording for Columbia.  The highest-charting single was "Spring," which rose to #18 on the Billboard C&W chart in 1975, two years before the album's release, that single having been released by Columbia to compete with Tucker's debut MCA single, the #1 C&W hit "Lizzie and the Rainman".  At the time the You Are So Beautiful album was released, Tucker's rendition of the title track was issued as a single reaching #40 C&W; the album was Tucker's lowest ranking up to that point at #44 on the C&W Albums chart.

Lizzie and the Rainman
"Lizzie and the Rainman"  is a song written by Kenny O'Dell and Larry Henley. The song was first recorded in 1972, being that year a single release for its co-writer Kenny O'Dell and an album cut for Bobby Goldsboro (California Wine) and the Hollies (Romany, under the slightly different title "Lizzy and the Rain Man").
Rockingham (1767 ship)
Rockingham was launched in America in 1767 as Almsbury. By 1768 Samuel Enderby & Sons were her owners and her name was Rockingham. At least from 1773, Enderbys used her as a whaler, and she made eight whaling voyages for them under that name. On 4 July 1773, she met the Phipps' expedition by Shpitzbergen. In 1782 Enderbys renamed her Swift, and as Swift she then performed ten whaling voyages on the Brazil Banks and off Africa until 1793. She was still listed in Lloyd's Register as whaling until 1795.

1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole
The 1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole was a Royal Navy expedition suggested by the Royal Society and especially its vice president Daines Barrington, who believed in an ice-free Open Polar Sea. Two bomb vessels, HMS Racehorse and HMS Carcass, were modified for greater protection against ice and sailed towards the North Pole in the summer of 1773 under the commands of Constantine Phipps and Skeffington Lutwidge. The ships became stuck in ice near Svalbard. The report of the journey, published by Phipps in 1774, contained the first scientific descriptions of the polar bear, ivory gull, and naked sea butterfly.
Frank D. Weir
Frank D. Weir (December 16, 1863 - August 11, 1923) was an American trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses best known as the trainer of U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Roseben and the trainer of another Hall of Fame inductee Old Rosebud with whom he won the 1914 Kentucky Derby as well as the winning trainer of the 1918 Preakness Stakes with Jack Hare Jr.

Weir began his career as a trainer in 1884 and in 1893 won 150 races. Success led to a move in 1903 to New York to compete at the big tracks at Sheepshead Bay, Gravesend, Brighton Beach, Aqueduct, Jamaica and Saratoga. There, between 1903 and 1907 he won 217 races and earned $294,957 (adjusted for inflation: $8,212,083 in 2019).

Aqueduct Racetrack
Aqueduct Racetrack is a Thoroughbred horse racing facility and casino in the South Ozone Park and Jamaica neighborhoods of Queens, New York City, United States. Aqueduct is the only racetrack within New York City limits. Its races usually run from late October/early November through April.

The track has three courses: the main track (dirt), with a circumference of 1+1⁄8 miles (1.8 km), whose infield holds the 1 mile (1.6 km) Main Turf Course and the Inner Turf Course, measuring 7.065 furlongs (1.421 km). The track has seating capacity of 17,000 and total capacity of 40,000.

The racetrack and the adjacent headquarters of the New York Racing Association (NYRA) sit on a 172-acre (70 ha) site controlled by the New York State Franchise Oversight Board, which leases about 72.6 acres (29.4 ha) to the Resorts World New York City casino and hotel.
Słodkówko
Słodkówko [swɔtˈkufkɔ] (German: Klein Schlatikow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Suchań, within Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-west of Suchań, 17 km (11 mi) east of Stargard, and 48 km (30 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Suchań
Suchań [ˈsuxaɲ] (German: Zachan) is a town in Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of Gmina Suchań. Its recorded population is 1,490 (2018).

Suchań is positioned on the Reczek river, a tributary of the Ina which in turn feeds into the River Oder.

The town's main historic landmarks are the Gothic church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help and the old watermill.
Iain Armitage
Iain Armitage (born July 15, 2008) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Sheldon Cooper in Young Sheldon, a spin-off prequel to The Big Bang Theory, from 2017 to 2024. He also played Ziggy Chapman in Big Little Lies (2017–2019) and voiced young Shaggy Rogers in Scoob! (2020) and Chase in Paw Patrol: The Movie (2021).

Prequel
A prequel is a literary, dramatic or cinematic work whose story precedes that of a previous work, by focusing on events that occur before the original narrative. A prequel is a work that forms part of a backstory to the preceding work.

The term "prequel" is a 20th-century neologism from the prefix "pre-" (from Latin prae, "before") and "sequel".

Like sequels, prequels may or may not concern the same plot as the work from which they are derived. More often they explain the background that led to the events in the original, but sometimes the connections are not completely explicit. Sometimes prequels play on the audience's knowledge of what will happen next, using deliberate references to create dramatic irony.
Maud Gonne
Maud Gonne MacBride (Irish: Maud Nic Ghoinn Bean Mhic Giolla Bhríghde; born Edith Maud Gonne; 21 December 1866 – 27 April 1953) was an Irish republican revolutionary, suffragette and actress. She was, contrary to her own claims of Anglo-Irish descent, English on the sides of both parents, and was won over to Irish nationalism by the plight of people evicted in the Land Wars. MacBride actively agitated for Home Rule and then for the republic declared in 1916. During the 1930s, as a founding member of the Social Credit Party, she promoted the distributive programme of C. H. Douglas. Gonne was well known for being the muse and long-time love interest of Irish poet W. B. Yeats.

Proclamation of the Irish Republic
The Proclamation of the Republic (Irish: Forógra na Poblachta), also known as the 1916 Proclamation or the Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. In it, the Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, writing as the "Provisional Government of the Irish Republic," proclaimed Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom. The reading of the proclamation by Patrick Pearse outside the General Post Office (GPO) on Sackville Street (now called O'Connell Street), Dublin's main thoroughfare, marked the beginning of the Rising. The proclamation was modelled on a similar independence proclamation issued during the 1803 rebellion by Robert Emmet.
Jeremiah 11
Jeremiah 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter includes the first of the passages known as the "Confessions of Jeremiah" (Jeremiah 11:18–12:6).

Nevi'im
The Nevi'im (/nəviˈiːm, nəˈviːɪm/; Biblical Hebrew: נְבִיאִים, romanized: Nəviʾim, lit. 'spokespersons, prophets') is the second major division of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), lying between the first division, the Torah (lit. 'instruction') and the third division, Ketuvim (lit. 'writings'). The Nevi'im are divided into two groups. The Former Prophets (Hebrew: נביאים ראשונים Nəviʾim Rishonim) consists of the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings; while the Latter Prophets (נביאים אחרונים Nəviʾim Aḥaronim) include the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets.
ALCO Century Series locomotives
The ALCO Century Series locomotives were a line of road switcher locomotives produced by Alco, the Montreal Locomotive Works and AE Goodwin under license in Australia.

Production of the Century Series began in 1963 and ended in 1972. MLW and Goodwin continued to build Century locomotives after Alco ended locomotive production and shut down in early 1969. A total of 841 locomotives, in eleven variants, were produced over the ten years of production.

Road switcher locomotive
A road switcher locomotive is a type of railroad locomotive 
designed to both haul railcars in mainline service and shunt them in railroad yards. Both type and term are North American in origin, although similar types have been used elsewhere.

A road switcher must be able to operate and have good visibility in both directions. As a road engine, a road switcher must be able to operate at road speeds, with suitable power and cooling capacity. It has high-speed road trucks rather than low-speed switcher only trucks.

Modern road trucks are always equipped with "frictionless" roller bearings, whereas switcher trucks were almost always equipped with "friction" plain bearings, until plain bearings were outlawed in interchange service on both railcars and locomotives.
United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co.
United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Company, 532 U.S. 200 (2001), is a United States Supreme Court case that deals with the federal tax code. The question before the court was “Is back-pay subject to federal taxes under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, based on the year the money should have been paid out?” The court held that wages are to be taxed on the year they were actually paid. Carter G. Phillips argued for the respondent and James A. Feldman argued for the petitioner, the Department of Justice.

Federal Unemployment Tax Act
The Federal Unemployment Tax Act (or FUTA, I.R.C. ch. 23) is a United States federal law that imposes a federal employer tax used to help fund state workforce agencies. Employers report this tax by filing Internal Revenue Service Form 940 annually. In some cases, employers are required to pay the tax in installments during the tax year.

FUTA covers a federal share of unemployment insurance (UI) and job service program administration costs in every state. In addition, FUTA pays one-half the cost of extended unemployment benefits during periods of high unemployment. It also provides a fund that states can borrow from when necessary to pay benefits.
Epidendrum ciliare
Epidendrum ciliare, synonyms including Coilostylis ciliaris is a species of orchid. It is known as the fringed star orchid. It has a wide distribution from Mexico through Central America and the Caribbean to northern and western South America.

It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1759. It was transferred from Epidendrum to Coilostylis by Withner and Harding in 2004, but this is not accepted by Plants of the World Online.

The diploid chromosome number of E. ciliare has been determined from several individuals as 2n = 40, 80, and 160, the haploid chromosome number as n = 20.

The moth Pseudosphinx tetrio has been observed as a pollinator in Puerto Rico.

Pollinator
A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower. This helps to bring about fertilization of the ovules in the flower by the male gametes from the pollen grains.

Insects are the major pollinators of most plants, and insect pollinators include all families of bees and most families of aculeate wasps; ants; many families of flies; many lepidopterans (both butterflies and moths); and many families of beetles. Vertebrates, mainly bats and birds, but also some non-bat mammals (monkeys, lemurs, possums, rodents) and some lizards pollinate certain plants. Among the pollinating birds are hummingbirds, honeyeaters and sunbirds with long beaks; they pollinate a number of deep-throated flowers. Humans may also carry out artificial pollination.

A pollinator is different from a pollenizer, a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process.
Inon Zur
Inon Zur (Hebrew: ינון צור, [jiˈnon ˈt͡sur]) is an Israeli-born American composer of soundtracks for film, television, and video games. He has composed soundtracks for over 80 video games, which include Dragon Age, EverQuest, Fallout, Prince of Persia, Star Trek, the Syberia series, and Starfield. He has received multiple nominations, including three BAFTAs, and has won several awards, including an Emmy. Various music awards for his soundtracks on Men of Valor (2004), Crysis (2007), Dragon Age: Origins (2009), The Elder Scrolls: Blades (2019), Syberia: The World Before (2023), Starfield (2024) and Rise of the Ronin (2024).

Syberia: The World Before
Syberia: The World Before is a graphic adventure video game developed and published by Microids and the fourth installment in the Syberia series. The game is dedicated to the memory of creator Benoît Sokal, who died during development in 2021.
Curia
Curia (pl.: curiae) in ancient Rome referred to one of the original groupings of the citizenry, eventually numbering 30, and later every Roman citizen was presumed to belong to one. While they originally probably had wider powers, they came to meet for only a few purposes by the end of the Republic: to confirm the election of magistrates with imperium, to witness the installation of priests, the making of wills, and to carry out certain adoptions.

The term is more broadly used to designate an assembly, council, or court, in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decided. Lesser curiae existed for other purposes. The word curia also came to denote the places of assembly, especially of the senate. Similar institutions existed in other towns and cities of Italy.

In medieval times, a king's council was often referred to as a curia. Today, the most famous curia is the Curia that assists the Pope in the hierarchical government of the Catholic Church.

Council
A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or national level are not considered councils. At such levels, there may be no separate executive branch, and the council may effectively represent the entire government. A board of directors might also be denoted as a council.

A committee might also be denoted as a council, though a committee is generally a subordinate body composed of members of a larger body, while a council may not be. Because many schools have a student council, the council is the form of governance with which many people are likely to have their first experience as electors or participants.

A member of a council may be referred to as a councillor or councilperson, or by the gender-specific titles of councilman and councilwoman.
Fellhanera baeomycoides
Fellhanera baeomycoides is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) lichen in the family Ectolechiaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2017 by the lichenologists Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by the authors along a trail near a field station in the Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus); here it was found growing on the ground in an open area of an old-growth rainforest. The lichen has a granular, grayish-green thallus that lacks a cortex and a prothallus. The species epithet refers to the way the stipitate apothecia resemble those in genus Baeomyces.

Field research
Field research, field studies, or fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct field research may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting field research may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures.

Field research involves a range of well-defined, although variable, methods: informal interviews, direct observation, participation in the life of the group, collective discussions, analyses of personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis, results from activities undertaken off- or on-line, and life-histories. Although the method generally is characterized as qualitative research, it may (and often does) include quantitative dimensions.
Pakotai
Pakotai (Māori: Pakōtai) is a locality in the Mangakahia River Valley of Northland, New Zealand. Kaikohe is about 37 km to the north, and Maungatapere is about 34 km to the south east.

Copper was mined at Pakotai from 1947 to 1951.

Ngāpuhi
Ngāpuhi (also known as Ngāpuhi-Nui-Tonu or Ngā Puhi) is a Māori iwi associated with the Northland regions of New Zealand centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands, and Whangārei.

According to the 2023 New Zealand census, the estimated population of Ngāpuhi is 184,470. This compares to 125,601 in 2001, 102,981 in 2006, 122,214  in 2013. and 165,201 in 2018. It is formed from 150 hapū or subtribes, with 55 marae.

Despite such diversity, the people of Ngāpuhi maintain their shared history and self-identity. Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi, based in Kaikohe, administers the iwi. The Rūnanga acts on behalf of the iwi in consultations with the New Zealand government. It also ensures the equitable distribution of benefits from the 1992 fisheries settlement with the government, and undertakes resource management and education initiatives.
Brodeur Peninsula
The Brodeur Peninsula is an uninhabited headland on Baffin Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in the northwestern part of the island and is bounded by Prince Regent Inlet to the west, Lancaster Sound to the north, and Admiralty Inlet to the east. The peninsula is connected to the rest of Baffin Island by a narrow isthmus to the south.

Admiralty Inlet (Nunavut)
Admiralty Inlet is a bay in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It extends southerly from Lancaster Sound along the western shore of Baffin Island's Borden Peninsula. Its only permanent settlement is the hamlet of Arctic Bay, which is located on Uluksan Peninsula, a landform that juts into Admiralty Inlet south of Sirmilik National Park.

Several waterways extend from it, including Elwin Inlet, Baillarge Bay, Strathcona Sound, Victor Bay, Adams Sound, Levasseur Inlet, and Moffet Inlet, before it ends at Jungersen Bay. There are many islands within Admiralty Inlet, including the Peter Richards Islands, Yeoman Island and the Saneruarsuk Islands.

Admiralty Inlet sustains a large population of narwhals. caribou, polar bears, and walrus frequent the area.
Johnny Tsunami
Johnny Tsunami is a 1999 American sports drama film released as a Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM). The film focuses on a young surfer from Hawaii who must adapt to new challenges when his father's job forces the family to move to Vermont. The film premiered on Disney Channel on July 24, 1999. It was nominated in 2000 for the Humanitas Prize in the Children's Live-Action Category. The film was followed by a sequel, Johnny Kapahala: Back on Board, released in 2007.

Sports film
A sports film is a film genre in which any particular sport plays a prominent role in the film's plot or acts as its central theme. It is a production in which a sport or a sports-related topic is prominently featured or is a focus of the plot. Despite this, sport is ultimately rarely the central concern of such films and sport performs primarily an allegorical role. Furthermore, sports fans are not necessarily the target demographic in such movies, but sports fans tend to maintain a high following and esteem for such movies.