hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor
The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) also known as CD114 (Cluster of Differentiation 114) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSF3R gene. G-CSF-R is a cell-surface receptor for the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The G-CSF receptors belong to a family of cytokine receptors known as the hematopoietin receptor family. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor is present on precursor cells in the bone marrow, and, in response to stimulation by G-CSF, initiates cell proliferation and differentiation into mature neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.

The G-CSF-R is a transmembrane receptor that consists of an extracellular ligand-binding portion, a transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic portion that is responsible for signal transduction. GCSF-R ligand-binding is associated with dimerization of the receptor and signal transduction through proteins including Jak, Lyn, STAT, and Erk1/2.

LYN
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LYN gene.

Lyn is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, which is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells, in neural tissues liver, and adipose tissue. In various hematopoietic cells, Lyn has emerged as a key enzyme involved in the regulation of cell activation. In these cells, a small amount of LYN is associated with cell surface receptor proteins, including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), CD40, or CD19. The abbreviation Lyn is derived from Lck/Yes novel tyrosine kinase, Lck and Yes also being members of the Src kinase family.
Kim Ga-eun (badminton)
Kim Ga-eun (Korean: 김가은; born 7 February 1998) is a South Korean badminton player. She competed and at the Summer Youth Olympics in 2014,  in Nanjing, China, and in 2016, Kim was selected to join the Korean national team. She also competed at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and the 2024 Paris Olympics.

South Korea national badminton team
The South Korea national badminton team (Korean: 대한민국 배드민턴 국가대표팀; recognized as Korea by BWF) represents South Korea in international badminton team competitions. The team emerged as the Sudirman Cup champion in 1991, 1993, 2003, and 2017, also won world women's team championships in the 2010 and repeated this feat in the 2022 Uber Cups.
Tsat language
Tsat, also known as Utsat, Utset, Hainan Cham, or Huihui (simplified Chinese: 回辉语; traditional Chinese: 回輝語; pinyin: Huíhuīyǔ), is an Austronesian language spoken by 4,500 Utsul people in the Huihui and Huixin villages near the city of Sanya in Hainan, China.

Hainan Cham offers an extreme example of change through language contact. Its phonology, word structure, and grammar have all been extensively influenced by neighbouring Hlai and Sinitic languages, making it a member of the Mainland Southeast Asian linguistic area in contrast to other Austronesian languages.

Utsuls
The Utsuls ([hu˩ t͡saːn˧˨]; traditional Chinese: 回輝人; simplified Chinese: 回辉人; pinyin: Huíhuīrén) are a Chamic-speaking ethnic group which lives on the island of Hainan and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's unrecognized ethnic groups. They are found on the southernmost tip of Hainan, in the two villages of Huihui (回辉) and Huixin (回新) of Tianya, Sanya.
TUX web server
The TUX web server is an unmaintained in-kernel web server for Linux licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). It was maintained by Ingo Molnár.

It was limited to serving static web pages and coordinating between kernelspace modules, userspace modules, and regular userspace web server daemons that provide dynamic content. Regular userspace web servers do not need to be altered in any way for TUX to coordinate with them. However, userspace code has to use a new interface based on the tux(2) system call.

User space and kernel space
A modern computer operating system usually uses virtual memory to provide separate address spaces or regions of a single address space, called user space and kernel space. This separation primarily provides memory protection and hardware protection from malicious or errant software behaviour.

Kernel space is strictly reserved for running a privileged operating system kernel, kernel extensions, and most device drivers. In contrast, user space is the memory area where application software, daemons, and some drivers execute, typically with one address space per process.
Martin Nesbitt
Martin Hughes Nesbitt (born November 29, 1962) is an American businessman and public figure. Nesbit is co-CEO of the Vistria Group, a Chicago-based private equity firm. Nesbitt is on the boards of directors of publicly traded companies CenterPoint Energy, Norfolk Southern Corporation, and American Airlines Group. Nesbitt was the founder and former CEO of The Parking Spot, an airport parking company. He was on the board of the Chicago Housing Authority.

Nesbitt is a close personal friend of former US President Barack Obama and was the campaign treasurer during Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. He is the board chair of the Obama Foundation.

Obama Foundation
The Barack Obama Foundation is a Chicago-based nonprofit organization founded in 2014. It oversees the creation of the Barack Obama Presidential Center, runs the My Brother's Keeper Alliance (a program Barack Obama began while he was president), and operates a scholarship program through the University of Chicago's Harris School of Public Policy.
Louis Gilavert
Louis Gilavert (born 1 January 1998) is a French athlete specializing in the 3000 metres steeplechase.

He finished third in the junior race at the 2017 European Cross Country Championships behind winner Jakob Ingebrigtsen. He also finished third and behind Ingebrigtsen at the 2017 European Athletics U20 Championships.

As part of the French team for the delayed 2020 Summer Games in Tokyo, Gilavert finished twelfth in the third steeplechase heat.

He competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris in the 3000 metres steeplechase.

He was selected for the 2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Appeldoorn, where he qualified for the final of the men’s 1500 metres. He ran a new personal best of 3:32.25 for that distance at the 2025 Meeting de Paris.

In September 2025, he competed in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2025 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan.

Apeldoorn
Apeldoorn ([ˈaːpəldoːr(ə)n] ⓘ; Dutch Low Saxon: Apeldoorne) is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland in the centre of the Netherlands. The municipality of Apeldoorn, including the villages of Beekbergen, Loenen, Ugchelen and Hoenderloo, had a population of 165,525 on 1 December 2021. The western half of the municipality lies on the Veluwe ridge, with the eastern half in the IJssel valley.
Small population size
Small populations can behave differently from larger populations. They are often the result of population bottlenecks from larger populations, leading to loss of heterozygosity and reduced genetic diversity and loss or fixation of alleles and shifts in allele frequencies. A small population is then more susceptible to demographic and genetic stochastic events, which can impact the long-term survival of the population. Therefore, small populations are often considered at risk of endangerment or extinction, and are often of conservation concern.

Stochastic
Stochastic (/stəˈkæstɪk/; from Ancient Greek  στόχος (stókhos) 'aim, guess') is the property of being well-described by a random probability distribution. Stochasticity and randomness are technically distinct concepts. Stochasticity refers to a modeling approach, while randomness describes phenomena. These terms are often used interchangeably. In probability theory, the formal concept of a stochastic process is also referred to as a random process.

Stochasticity is used in many different fields, including actuarial science, image processing, signal processing, computer science, information theory, telecommunications, chemistry, ecology, neuroscience, physics, and cryptography. It is also used in finance, medicine, linguistics,  music, media, colour theory,  botany, manufacturing and geomorphology.
Saint Nedelya
Saint Nedelya (St. Sunday, St. Anastasia, in folk Orthodoxy of the Slavs is the personification of Sunday as day of the week. It is correlated with Saint Anastasia (in Bulgarians also with Saint Kyriakia. The veneration of the Week is associated with the prohibition of various kinds of work (cf. the origin of the Slavic week from not to do).

Sunday
Sunday (Latin: dies solis meaning "day of the sun") is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries and a part of the weekend. In some Arab countries, Sunday is a weekday.

For most Christians, Sunday is observed as a day of worship and rest, holding it as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection; in the United States, Canada, Japan, as well as in parts of South America, Sunday is the first day of the week. According to the Islamic calendar, Hebrew calendar and traditional calendars (including Christian calendars) Sunday is the first day of the week; Quaker Christians call Sunday the "first day" in accordance with their testimony of simplicity. The International Organization for Standardization ISO 8601, which is based in Switzerland, calls Sunday the seventh day of the week.
Doug Crothers
Douglass Crothers  (November 16, 1859 – March 29, 1907) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Kansas City Cowboys of the Union Association in 1884 and the New York Metropolitans of the American Association in 1885. He played in the minor leagues through 1892.

Union Association
The Union Association was an American professional baseball league which competed with Major League Baseball, lasting for just the 1884 season. St. Louis won the pennant and joined the National League the following season.

Seven of the twelve teams who were in the Association at some point during the season did not play a full schedule: four teams folded during the season and were replaced, while  Chicago moved to Pittsburgh in late August.
Galbites
Galbites is a genus of mostly Asian click beetle allies in the subfamily Eucneminae and typical of the tribe Galbitini, erected by Edmond Fleutiaux in 1918.  Species have been recorded from Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea and northern Australia.

Malesia
Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. It is a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical kingdom. It was first recognized as a distinct region in 1857 by Heinrich Zollinger, a Swiss botanist and explorer. The precise boundaries used to define Malesia vary. The broadly defined area used in Flora Malesiana consists of the countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. The original definition by the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) covered a similar area, but New Guinea and some offshore islands were split off as Papuasia in its 2001 version.
Kotnik
Kotnik is a Slovenian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrej Kotnik (born 1995), Slovenian footballer

Ciril Kotnik (1895–1948), Yugoslav diplomat

Gloria Kotnik (born 1989), Slovenian snowboarder

Matic Kotnik (born 1990), Slovenian footballer

Renato Kotnik (born 1970), Slovenian footballer

Slavko Kotnik (born 1962), Yugoslav-Slovenian basketball player

Stanko Kotnik (1928–2004), Slovenian academic and editor

Stanko Kotnik
Stanko Kotnik (23 June 1928 – 3 July 2004) was a Slovene professor of Slavic studies who taught methods of teaching Slovene language and literature at the University of Maribor. Together with Leopold Suhodolčan he was one of the conceptors of the Reading Badge of Slovenia competition that still runs today as a motivation for primary school children in reading and literacy.

Kotnik was born in Maribor in 1928. He studied Slavic languages and literature at the University of Ljubljana and graduated in 1954. He worked as a teacher in Prevalje in Slovenian Carinthia and from 1968 to his retirement in 1988 lectured at the University of Maribor. He died in Maribor in 2004.

He won the Levstik Award in 1969 for his book Po domovih naših pisateljev (In the Homes of Our Writers).
Commission of Review
A Commission of Review is an ad hoc court of the Church of England.

A Commission of Review may be appointed by His Majesty The King on the petition of an appellant to hear appeals from the Court for Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved in matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremony; and formerly from the Commissions of Convocation. This would comprise three judges of the Supreme Court or members of the supplementary panel of former judges under section 39 of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (being communicants) and 2 Lords Spiritual sitting as Lords of Parliament. If doctrine is in issue the Commission sits with five advisers chosen from panels of theologians appointed jointly by the Upper House of each of the Convocations of Canterbury and York.

Majesty
Majesty (abbreviated HM for His Majesty or Her Majesty, oral address Your Majesty; from the Latin maiestas, meaning 'greatness') is used as a manner of address by many monarchs, usually kings or queens. Where used, the style outranks the style of (Imperial/Royal) Highness, but is inferior to the style of Imperial Majesty. It has cognates in many other languages, especially of Europe.
Tromsø techno scene
The Tromsø techno scene is the origin of many of Norway's most important artists within electronic music. The internationally best-known names are Röyksopp, Biosphere and Bel Canto.

The record label Beatservice Records and the Insomnia Festival makes Tromsø still leading in the country as of the development and promotion of the genre.

Alog
Alog  is a Norwegian musical duo.

Alog was formed in Tromsø in Troms county, Norway in 1997 and produced experimental electronic music.

The musical duo consists of Norwegian musicians Espen Sommer Eide and Dag-Are Haugan. The band records for Rune Grammofon, a Norwegian record label focusing on improv, electronica, jazz, avant rock and alternative pop. In 2005, Alog was the winner of the Spellemannprisen, the Norwegian equivalent of the Grammy.
Manndorff zu Pfannhofen und Wissenau
The Manndorff zu Pfannhofen und Wissenau family is an ancient Austrian noble family, more specifically the Uradel (old nobility). They are among the oldest Carinthian noble families still in existence today.

Esterházy
The House of Esterházy, also spelled Eszterházy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɛstɛrhaːzi]), is a Hungarian noble family with origins in the Middle Ages. From the 17th century, the Esterházys were the greatest landowner magnates of the Kingdom of Hungary, during the time that it was part of the Habsburg monarchy and later Austria-Hungary. During the history of the Habsburg Empire, the Esterházy family were consistently loyal to the Habsburg rulers. The Esterházys received the title of Graf (Count) in 1626, and the Forchtenstein line received the title of Fürst (Prince) from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1712. The Esterházy family’s estate is today Austria’s largest private landholding.
Aram Byer James
Aram Byer James is a former Santa Clara County, CA Assistant Public Defender, police watchdog, social activist, and civil rights attorney. As an expert on the defense of necessity, he headed the team of attorneys defending Stanford University students and professors arrested in anti-apartheid protests in 1980’s. He is an advocate of jury nullification, educator in the use of the Marsden Motion to fire ineffective public defenders, a critic of the prison industrial complex, and critic of police use of tasers and racial profiling.

Necessity (tort)
In tort common law, the defense of necessity gives the state or an individual a privilege to take or use the property of another. A defendant typically invokes the defense of necessity only against the intentional torts of trespass to chattels, trespass to land, or conversion. The Latin phrase from common law is necessitas inducit privilegium quod jura privata ("Necessity induces a privilege because of a private right").  A court will grant this privilege to a trespasser when the risk of harm to an individual or society is apparently and reasonably greater than the harm to the property.  Unlike the privilege of self-defense, those who are harmed by individuals invoking the necessity privilege are usually free from any wrongdoing.  Generally, an individual invoking this privilege is obligated to pay any actual damages caused in the use of the property but not punitive or nominal damages.
Determination (biology)
In biology, determination is the process of matching a specimen or sample of an organism to a known taxon, for example identifying a plant as belonging to a particular species. Expert taxonomists may perform this task, but structures created by taxonomists are sometimes used by non-specialists. Modern tools include single or multi-access identification keys, which can be printed or computer-assisted.

Identification key
In biology, an identification key, taxonomic key, or frequently just key, is a printed or computer-aided device that aids in the identification of biological organisms.

Historically, the most common type of identification key is the dichotomous key, a type of single-access key which offers a fixed sequence of identification steps, each with two alternatives. The earliest examples of identification keys originate in the seventeenth century, but their conceptual history can be traced back to antiquity. Modern multi-access keys allow the user to freely choose the identification steps and any order. They were traditionally performed using punched cards but now almost exclusively take the form of computer programs.
David Ancrum
David Chalton Ancrum (known in Greece as David Ingram, due to a transliteration error; born June 9, 1958) is an American former college and professional basketball player and coach. Ancrum played college basketball for Utica College. Subsequently, he had a professional basketball career, and he played in several leagues, most notably in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA), the Greek Basketball League, and the Israeli Premier League. In 1994, he was the Israeli Premier League's Top Scorer.

Utica Pioneers
The Utica Pioneers are composed of 27 teams representing Utica University in intercollegiate athletics, including men and women's basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track and field, and wrestling. Men's sports include baseball and football. Women's sports include field hockey, gymnastics, softball, volleyball, and water polo. The Pioneers compete in the NCAA Division III and are members of the Empire 8 for all sports except men's and women's ice hockey, and women's water polo. The men's and women's ice hockey teams compete as members of the United Collegiate Hockey Conference, and the women's water polo team competes as a member of the Collegiate Water Polo Association.
Plectophila pyrgodes
Plectophila pyrgodes is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1898. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Queensland.

The wingspan is about 15 mm for males and 18 mm for females. The forewings are white with ochreous-fuscous markings, and the costal edge fuscous at the extreme base. There is a broad streak along the inner margin from one-fourth to the anal angle. From this arises a broad transverse bar crossing the disc at one-third, ceasing abruptly at one-third breadth of the wing from the costa. There is a very broad fascia from the costa beyond the middle to the anal angle, both margins irregularly dentate. A dark-fuscous longitudinal streak is found at the apex, attenuated anteriorly. Between this and the costa is an ochreous-brown area with two white dots on the costa. The hindmarginal part of the disc is irrorated with fuscous. The hindwings are dark-grey.

Alfred Jefferis Turner
Alfred Jefferis Turner (3 October 1861 in Canton – 29 December 1947 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) was a pediatrician and amateur entomologist. He was the son of missionary Frederick Storrs-Turner. He introduced the use of diphtheria antitoxin to Australia in 1895, and resided in Dauphin Terrace, Highgate Hill, Brisbane.

The Jefferis Turner Centre for mothercraft was opened in 1952 as part of the Queensland Government's Maternal and Child Welfare program. In 1986, its role was changed to provide short-term respite care for intellectually disabled children. It is located in the heritage building Fairy Knoll in Ipswich.
Pan American School of Porto Alegre
Pan American School of Porto Alegre is an American international school in Petrópolis, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The private not-for-profit educational establishment teaches preschool through grade 12 in both Portuguese and English. It was established in 1966. Since then it has grown into an educational institute offering three programs:

Primary Years Program (PYP)

Middle Years Program (MYP)

AP Capstone Program

In 2007 it moved to a new campus. As of 2014 it had 392 students, with 72% of them being solely Brazilian citizens, 19% holding a single citizenship from another country, and 9% having two or more citizenships. In 2018 the number of students had increased to 400.

From July 2021, Ms. Shaysann Kaun Faria replaced Mr. Jeffrey Michael Jurkovac as Head of School.

IB Primary Years Programme
The International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (PYP) is an educational programme managed by the International Baccalaureate (IB) for students aged 3 to 12. While the programme prepares students for the IB Middle Years Programme, it is not a prerequisite for it. The subject areas of the PYP are language, social studies, mathematics, science, technology, arts; personal, social and physical education. Students are required to learn a second language during the programme. Assessment is carried out by teachers according to strategies provided by the IB and concerning guidelines to what the students should learn specified in the curriculum model.
Basic Ali
Basic Ali is a Bangladeshi comic strip written and illustrated by Sharier Khan, first published on November 26, 2006, in Prothom Alo. It has been adapted into a TV series on Channel i and renewed for a third season in February 2018.

Channel i
Channel i (Bengali: চ্যানেল আই) is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language satellite and cable television channel owned by Impress Group. It was launched on 1 October 1999, as Bangladesh's first digital television channel. It is one of the oldest satellite television channels in Bangladesh. Channel i is broadcast via satellite television using PanAmSat and Bangabandhu-1, covering most of Asia and parts of Australia. It is sister to the radio station, Radio Bhumi.
Grant Shaw
Grant Shaw (born August 3, 1984) is a Canadian former professional football placekicker and punter. He was drafted eleventh overall by the Toronto Argonauts in the 2010 CFL draft and signed with the team on May 22, 2010. He played college football for the Saskatchewan Huskies football team, where he was named a Canada West All-Star for playing defensive back in 2009.

Punter (gridiron football)
A punter in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts (kicks) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage. This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football. Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations, when they throw or run the football to get a first down instead of punting.