hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1991 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1991.

Animal track
An animal track is an imprint left behind in soil, snow, or mud, or on some other ground surface, by an animal walking across it. Animal tracks are used by hunters in tracking their prey and by naturalists to identify animals living in a given area.
Shinchokusen Wakashū
Shinchokusen Wakashū (新勅撰和歌集; "New Imperial Waka Collection"), abbreviated as Shinchokusenshū, is an imperial anthology of Japanese waka, initially compiled in ~1234 CE at the behest of the Retired Emperor Go-Horikawa. It was compiled by Fujiwara no Teika (who also wrote its Japanese preface). It consists of twenty volumes containing 1,376 poems. Miner and Brower remark that "The collection reflects Teika's late preference for poetry of a relatively plain, simple style." This sentiment accurately reflects its conservative selection, taking 47 poems from Fujiwara no Ietaka, 36 from Fujiwara no Yoshitsune, a full 35 from Fujiwara no Shunzei, along with 30 by Saionji Kintsune and 27 from the priest Jakuren.

Waka (poetry)
Waka (和歌; 'Japanese poem') is a type of poetry in classical Japanese literature. Although waka in modern Japanese is written as 和歌, in the past it was also written as 倭歌 (see Wa, an old name for Japan), and a variant name is yamato-uta (大和歌).
John Kineman
John Jay Kineman (born 1949) is an American physical scientist and theoretical ecologist, affiliated with the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at the University of Colorado Boulder, Past President of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), and Fellow of the Sri Sathya Sai Center for Human Values in Puttaparthi, India; known for his work in the fields of Geographical information systems, ecological characterization, ecological niche modeling, Complex Systems Theory, and Vedic Studies.

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) is a research institute that is sponsored jointly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the University of Colorado Boulder (CU). CIRES scientists study the Earth system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, and communicate these findings to decision makers, the scientific community, and the public.

It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes (CIs).
Akash Bhandari
Akash Bhandari (born 10 June 1993) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Hyderabad. In the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy match against Himachal Pradesh, he took four wickets for no runs, when Himachal Pradesh were bowled out in their first innings for 36.

Hyderabad cricket team
The Hyderabad cricket team is a domestic cricket team based in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, run by the Hyderabad Cricket Association. It is part of the Ranji Trophy Plate Group and has seen scattered success over its many years in the Ranji Trophy circuit. It has won Ranji Trophy twice and been runners-up thrice and have made one appearance in the Irani Trophy.
Teramo Castelli
Teramo Cristoforo Castelli (1597 – 3 October 1659) was an Italian Theatine missionary, born of a noble family, who spent twenty-two years in Georgia from 1632 to 1654. He left seven volumes of travel notes and pen-and-ink sketches and other illustrations, mainly of the people and landscapes of Georgia. This manuscript was discovered and delivered to the municipal library of Palermo by the priest Gioacchino di Marzo in 1878 and brought to the attention of scholars of Georgia by Michel Tamarati in 1910.

Gioacchino Di Marzo
Gioacchino Di Marzo (2 December 1839 – 4 April 1916) was an Italian art historian, librarian and Jesuit. He was librarian to the Comunale di Palermo as well as a historiographer and one of the founders of modern Sicilian art history.
Hans-Karl Mayer
Hans-Karl Mayer (9 March 1911 – 17 October 1940) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during Spanish Civil War and World War II. He is credited with eight aerial victories during the Spanish Civil War and further 31 aerial victories on the Western Front of World War II.

Staffelkapitän
Staffelkapitän is a command appointment, rather than a military rank, in the air force units of German-speaking countries.

The rank normally held by a Staffelkapitän has changed over time. In the present-day German Luftwaffe – part of the Bundeswehr – the position is usually held by an Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) or Major.
Marcus O'Lone
Sir Marcus James O'Lone, KCVO, FRICS (born 1953) is a retired British land agent.

Born in Belfast, O'Lone was the son of a colonel. He was educated at the Royal Agricultural College. In 1977, he became agent to the Marquess of Salisbury, working for him until joining the Royal Household as Deputy Ranger of Windsor Great Park in 1995. Three years later, he became Land Agent to Queen at Sandringham, serving until 2018 when he retired. O'Lone and Sandringham's head keeper David Clark received the Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust's Mills & Reeve Grey Partridge Award in 2018 for their efforts to conserve the grey partridge on the Sandringham Estate.

O'Lone was appointed a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order in 2003 and promoted to Commander ten years later. On retirement, he was promoted to Knight Commander. He is also a fellow of the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors and the Association of Agricultural Valuers.

Marquess of Salisbury
Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain, held by a branch of the Cecil family. It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury. Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess, who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Maddur Assembly constituency
Maddur Assembly constituency is one of the 224 constituencies in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly of Karnataka, a southern state of India. It is also part of Mandya Lok Sabha constituency.

K. M. Udaya is the current MLA from Maddur Assembly constituency as he won the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election.

2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Karnataka on 10 May 2023 to elect all 224 members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 13 May 2023.

The election saw a final voter turnout of 73.84%, the highest ever recorded in the history of Legislative Assembly elections in Karnataka.

The Indian National Congress won the election in decisive victory by getting 135 seats, making it their biggest win by seats and vote share in Karnataka since the 1989 elections. The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Janata Dal (Secular) conceded defeat, finishing second and third, respectively.
Venicephrenia
Venicephrenia (Spanish: Veneciafrenia) is a 2021 Spanish slasher thriller film directed by Álex de la Iglesia. It is the first film belonging to the 'Fear Collection' label created by Sony Pictures International Productions and Pokeepsie Films in association with Amazon Prime Video. It stars Ingrid García Jonsson, Silvia Alonso, Goize Blanco, Nicolás Iloro and Alberto Bang as a group of Spanish friends who travel to Venice as part of a vacation plan, but as soon as they arrive to their destination, they encounter with furious inhabitants who refuse to welcome them, and a deadly killer who hunts each of them down.

Venicephrenia had its world premiere at Sitges Film Festival on 9 October 2021, with several more festival screenings following until it was released theatrically on Spain on 22 April 2022.

Silvia Alonso
Silvia Alonso Cruz (born 28 December 1989, in Salamanca) is a Spanish actress. Her debut was as the protagonist of the Telecinco series Tierra de lobos, playing Almudena Lobo. She has participated in different Spanish series such as Amar es para siempre, Sin identidad and Tiempos de guerra.
On the Trail of the Buffalo
"On the Trail of the Buffalo" (Roud 634), also known as "The Buffalo Skinners" or "The Hills of Mexico", is a traditional American folk song in the western music genre.  It tells the story of an 1873 buffalo hunt on the southern plains.  According to Fannie Eckstorm, 1873 is correct, as the year that professional buffalo hunters from Dodge City first entered the northern part of the Texas panhandle.  It is thought to be based on the song Canaday-I-O.

According to extensive research carried out by Jürgen Kloss in 2010–2012, this song is one of the many variants of John B Freeman's "The Buffalo Song".

Western music (North America)
Western music, also known as country and western or simply western, is a form of music composed by and about the people who settled and worked throughout the Western United States and Western Canada. Western music celebrates the lifestyle of the cowboy on the open range, along the Rocky Mountains, and among the prairies of Western North America. The genre grew from the mix of cultural influences in the American frontier and what became the Southwestern United States at the time, it came from the folk music traditions of those living the region, those being the hillbilly music from those that arrived from the Eastern U.S., the corrido and ranchera from Northern Mexico, and the New Mexico and Tejano endemic to the Southwest. The music industry of the mid-20th century grouped the western genre with that of similar folk origins, instrumentation and rural themes, to create the banner of country and western music, which was simplified in time to country music.
Symzonia
Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery is a piece of fictional travel literature published on November 2, 1820, by Jonathan Seymour. It was written under the pseudonym Captain Adam Seaborn and its true authorship is uncertain, although stylometric analysis performed by Paul Collins suggests that the author was Nathaniel Ames. The book is premised on the Earth being hollow and was influenced by the theories of John Symmes. The account by the fictional Captain Seaborn details a voyage from the United States in which Captain Seaborn leads a crew of sailors to the center of the Earth.

John Cleves Symmes Jr.
Captain John Cleves Symmes Jr. (November 5, 1780 – May 28, 1829) was an American Army officer, trader, and lecturer. Symmes is best known for his 1818 variant of the Hollow Earth theory, which introduced the concept of openings to the inner world at the poles.
Vermilion Bay (Louisiana)
Vermilion Bay (French: Baie Vermilion) is a bay in southern Louisiana, in the United States.

Vermilion Bay is located in southwestern Iberia Parish and southeastern Vermilion Parish. It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico to which it is connected to the south by a narrow strait, Southwest Pass,. Marsh Island and a portion of the Louisiana mainland in southeastern Vermilion Parish otherwise separate it from the Gulf of Mexico. On the east, Vermilion Bay connects directly to West Cote Blanche Bay.

Strait
A strait is a water body connecting two seas or water basins. The surface water is, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and can flow through the strait in either direction, although the topography generally constricts the flow somewhat. In some straits, there is a dominant directional current. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow channel that lies between two land masses. Straits are loci for sediment accumulation, with sand-sized deposits usually occurring on the two strait exits, forming subaqueous fans or deltas. Some straits are not navigable because they are too narrow, too shallow, or due to the presence of a reef or archipelago.
Ryukyuan culture
Ryukyuan culture (Okinawan: 琉球ぬ文化, romanized: Ruucuu nu munkwa) are the cultural elements of the indigenous Ryukyuan people, an ethnic group native to Okinawa Prefecture and parts of Kagoshima Prefecture in southwestern Japan.

The cultural elements of the Ryukyuans are far from a unified entity, with different islands having their own distinct subculture and practices. Furthermore, the inhabitants of the Tokara and Ōsumi Islands are of Yamato Japanese descent, akin to the inhabitants of mainland Japan.

Tokara Islands
The Tokara Islands (吐噶喇列島, Tokara-rettō) are an archipelago in the Nansei Islands, and are part of the Satsunan Islands, which are, in turn, part of the Ryukyu Archipelago.

The 150-kilometre (93 mi)-long chain consists of twelve small islands located between Yakushima and Amami-Oshima. The islands have a total area of 101.35 square kilometres (39.13 sq mi). Administratively, the whole group belongs to Toshima Village, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Only seven of the islands are permanently inhabited. The islands, especially Takarajima, are home to the Tokara horse.
Whiteford (surname)
Whiteford is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andy Whiteford (born 1977), Scottish footballer and manager

Blackie Whiteford (1889–1962), American actor

Derek Whiteford (born 1947), Scottish footballer and manager

Doug Whiteford (died 1979), Australian racing driver

Eilidh Whiteford (born 1969), Scottish politician

Hugh C. Whiteford, American politician

Joseph S. Whiteford (politician) (1859–1923), American politician from Maryland

Kate Whiteford (born 1952), Scottish artist

Peter Whiteford (born 1980), Scottish golfer

Robert Whiteford, Scottish mixed martial artist

Samuel M. Whiteford (1809–1889), American politician

William Whiteford, American politician

William M. Whiteford (died 1936), American politician

Rob Whiteford
Robert Whiteford (born 12 April 1983) is a Scottish mixed martial artist competing in Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 2009, he formerly competed for the UFC, being the first Scottish fighter to be signed by the promotion,  Bellator MMA, and Absolute Championship Berkut.
ISO 3166-2:CO
ISO 3166-2:CO is the entry for Colombia in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces, states or departments) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Colombia, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for one capital district and 32 departments. The capital district of Bogotá has special status equal to the departments.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is CO, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Colombia. The second part is either of the following:

two letters: capital district

three letters: departments

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Ash (chemistry)
In analytical chemistry, ashing or ash content determination is the process of mineralization by complete combustion for preconcentration of trace substances prior to a chemical analysis, such as chromatography, or optical analysis, such as spectroscopy.

Oxide
An oxide (/ˈɒksaɪd/) is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion (anion bearing a net charge of −2) of oxygen, an O2− ion with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Even materials considered pure elements often develop an oxide coating. For example, aluminium foil develops a thin skin of Al2O3 (called a passivation layer) that protects the foil from further oxidation.
Alice Bunker Stockham
Alice Bunker Stockham (November 8, 1833 – December 3, 1912) was an American obstetrician and gynecologist who was the fifth woman to become a doctor in the United States. She promoted gender equality, dress reform, birth control, and male and female sexual fulfillment for successful marriages.

Leo Tolstoy and Havelock Ellis were among her friends. She visited Sweden and from her trips to schools there she brought back the idea of teaching children domestic crafts, establishing shop and home economics classes in the United States.

Her children were William Henry Stockham (1861–1923) founder of Stockham Valve and Fittings Inc. and Cora L. Stockham (1857–?)

Havelock Ellis
Henry Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939) was an English physician, eugenicist, writer, progressive intellectual and social reformer who studied human sexuality. He co-wrote the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, as well as on transgender psychology. He developed the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis.

Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896. He supported eugenics and served as one of 16 vice-presidents of the Eugenics Society from 1909 to 1912.
Dude (2025 film)
Dude is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language romantic action comedy film written and directed by Keerthiswaran. Produced by Mythri Movie Makers, the film stars Pradeep Ranganathan and Mamitha Baiju in the lead, alongside R. Sarathkumar, Hridhu Haroon, Rohini, Aishwarya Sharma and Neha Shetty.

The film, Keerthiswaran's directorial debut and Mythri's second Tamil production, was confirmed by its streaming platform Netflix in January 2025, while Mythri officially announced the project the following March under the tentative title PR 04, as it is Pradeep's fourth film as a lead actor. Principal photography commenced the same month in Chennai. The official title was revealed in May. The film has music composed by Sai Abhyankkar, cinematography handled by Niketh Bommi and editing by Barath Vikraman.

Dude was released worldwide on 17 October 2025 in theaters, during the Diwali weekend. The film received mixed reviews from critics but became a commerical success.

Rohini (actress)
Rohini Molleti, known professionally as Rohini, is an Indian actress, screenwriter, dubbing artist, and lyricist. She has mainly acted in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu films along with few Kannada films. Having started her acting career at five, she has about 130 films to her credit. She received National Film Award – Special Mention and Andhra Pradesh state Nandi Special Jury Award for Best Performance as Rangi in the 1995 film Stri.
Helen Elele
Helen Elele (born (1973-09-09)9 September 1973) is a retired Kenyan female volleyball player. She was part of the Kenya women's national volleyball team.

She participated at the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, and at the 1998 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Japan.

1998 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship
The 1998 FIVB Women's World Championship was the thirteenth edition of the tournament, organized by the world's governing body, the FIVB. It was held from 3 to 12 November 1998 in Tokyo, Tokuyama, Matsumoto, Kagoshima, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Osaka, Japan.
Schrattenkalk Formation
The Schrattenkalk Formation is a Barremian to Aptian geologic formation in the Alps. The limestone is highly karstified. Fossil ornithopod tracks have been reported from the formation. Iguanodont tracks have been registered in the Swiss portion of the formation. The famous north face of the Eiger is partly composed of Schrattenkalk, as well as the Sturmannshöhle in southernmost Bavaria, Germany, and the Hölloch (second-longest cave in Europe) and Silberen system karst caves in Switzerland.

Solutional cave
A solutional cave, solution cave, or karst cave is usually formed in a soluble rock like limestone, of which calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composes. Being the most common type of cave, it can also form in other rocks, including chalk, dolomite, marble, salt beds, and gypsum.
Palazzo Celestri di Santacroce
The Palazzo Celestri di Santacroce, also known as the  Palazzo Sant'Elia is a Baroque-style aristocratic palace located on via Maqueda 90 in the ancient quarter of Kalsa of central Palermo, region of Sicily, Italy. Once the urban palace of a wealthy and prominent family, a large portion of the palace is now used for exhibitions and private functions. The palace is diagonal to the Southeast of the Palazzo Comitini, and just a block north of the church of the Assunta.

Via Maqueda
Via Maqueda (Italian pronunciation: [ˈviːa maˈkwɛːda]), also known as Strada Nuova ('New Street'), is an important street of Palermo, Sicily. Together with the Cassaro, it represents the main axis of the historic centre and provides access to a number of important sights, including Teatro Massimo and Fontana Pretoria. The street is named after the Viceroy of Sicily Bernardino de Cárdenas y Portugal, Duque de Maqueda.
Tohoraonepu
Tohoraonepu is an extinct genus of kekenodontid cetacean that lived in the South Pacific during the Chattian stage of the Oligocene epoch. It is a monotypic genus known from the species Tohoraonepu nihokaiwaiu.

Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.  A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.

Rock series are divided into stages, just as geological epochs are divided into ages. Stages are divided into smaller stratigraphic units called chronozones or substages, and added together into superstages.

The term faunal stage is sometimes used, referring to the fact that the same fauna (animals) are found throughout the layer (by definition).