hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Populus tremuloides
Populus tremuloides is a deciduous tree native to cooler areas of North America, one of several species referred to by the common name aspen. It is commonly called quaking aspen, trembling aspen, American aspen, mountain or golden aspen, trembling poplar, white poplar, and popple, as well as others. The trees have tall trunks, up to 25 metres (82 feet) tall, with smooth pale bark, scarred with black. The glossy green leaves, dull beneath, become golden to yellow, rarely red, in autumn. The species often propagates through its roots to form large clonal groves originating from a shared root system. These roots are not rhizomes, as new growth develops from adventitious buds on the parent root system (the ortet).

Populus tremuloides is the most widely distributed tree in North America, being found from Canada to central Mexico. It is the defining species of the aspen parkland biome in the Prairie Provinces of Canada and extreme northwest Minnesota.

Oriented strand board
Oriented strand board (OSB) is a type of engineered wood, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands (flakes) in specific orientations. It was invented by Armin Elmendorf in California in 1963. OSB may have a rough and variegated surface with the individual strips of around 2.5 cm × 15 cm (1.0 by 5.9 inches), lying unevenly across each other, and is produced in a variety of types and thicknesses.

Oriented strand board is sometimes confused with chipboard, a synonym for particle board, whose "chips" are of a size that a lay person would likely describe as "particles".
Laws of War on Land
The Laws of War on Land, often known as the Oxford Manual, was an early effort to publish a comprehensive treatise on the Law of War. It was principally drafted by Gustave Moynier, president of the International Committee of the Red Cross and founder of the Institute of International Law, and unanimously approved by the board of that institute at a conference at Oxford on September 9, 1880. The manual itself was not an international treaty with any binding legal status, and Argentina and Serbia were the only countries to adopt it as national law.: 30, note 58  Nevertheless, its philosophical and jurisprudential stances remained influential in European popular discourse (if not among governments or militaries), and most of its provisions were eventually formally adopted into the Hague and Geneva Conventions.  The 1904 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Institute largely on the basis of this contribution "to make the laws of war more humane".

Gustave Moynier
Gustave Moynier (21 September 1826 – 21 August 1910) was a Swiss jurist who was active in many charitable organizations in Geneva.

He was a co-founder of the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded, which became the International Committee of the Red Cross after 1876. In 1864, he took over the position of president of the committee from Guillaume-Henri Dufour, and he was also a major rival of the founder Henry Dunant. During his record long term of 46 years as president, he did much to support the development of the committee in the first decades after its creation.
Darisha Parker
Darisha K. Parker (born 1975) is an American politician serving as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 198th district.

Elected in November 2020, she assumed office on December 1, 2020.

Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 198
The 198th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Philadelphia County and includes the following areas:

Ward 11 [PART, Divisions 04, 05, 06, 09, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18]

Ward 12

Ward 13

Ward 17 [PART, Divisions 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 29]

Ward 38 [PART, Divisions 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 10, 11, 17, 18 and 21]
Monumenta Historica Britannica
Monumenta Historica Britannica (MHB); or, Materials for the History of Britain, From the Earliest Period, is an incomplete work by Henry Petrie, the Keeper of the Records of the Tower of London, assisted by John Sharpe.  Only the first volume covering material prior to the Norman Conquest was printed in 1848 by G. E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode for Her Majesty.OCLC 4063392  It was reprinted by Gregg Publishing in March 1971 (ISBN 0576199958).

Petrie drafted the proposal to include all the references to Britain in the Greek and Roman writers, as well as general histories and annals.
In 1823 the Record Commission, predecessor to the Public Record Office, gave the task to Henry Petrie.  The work was suspended in 1835 by order of the commissioners, after Petrie had prepared the first volume and had started work on the second, "due to a misunderstanding between them and Petrie."  Petrie died in 1842.  The first volume was posthumously published by Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, Petrie's successor.

Record Commission
The Record Commissions were a series of six royal commissions of Great Britain and (from 1801) the United Kingdom which sat between 1800 and 1837 to inquire into the custody and public accessibility of the state archives. The commissioners' work paved the way for the establishment of the Public Record Office in 1838. The commissioners were also responsible for publishing various historical records, including the Statutes of the Realm (i.e. of England and Great Britain) to 1714 and the Acts of Parliament of Scotland to 1707, as well as a number of important medieval records.

Although the six commissions were technically distinct from one another, there was a considerable degree of continuity between them, and it is common practice to regard them as a single entity and to refer to them in singular form as the Record Commission.
Maumusson
Maumusson is the name or part of the name of the following communes in France:

Maumusson, Loire-Atlantique, in the Loire-Atlantique department

Maumusson, Tarn-et-Garonne, in the Tarn-et-Garonne department

Maumusson-Laguian, in the Gers department

Baliracq-Maumusson, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

Maumusson, Loire-Atlantique
Maumusson (French pronunciation: [momysɔ̃]; Breton: Malvegon) is a former commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Vallons-de-l'Erdre.
Wilmington High School (Illinois)
Wilmington High School (or WHS) is a public four-year high school located in Wilmington, a southwest suburb of Chicago of the United States, in Will County. It is operated by Wilmington School District 209-U.

Wilmington, Illinois
Wilmington is a city in Will County, Illinois, United States. Located on Illinois Route 53 and Historic U.S. Route 66 along the east bank of the Kankakee River, it is approximately 60 miles (97 km) south-west from downtown Chicago. The population was 5,664 at the 2020 census. Wilmington is just south of Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, which is home to the largest bison herd in the state.
History of Dundee
Dundee (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Dèagh) is the fourth-largest city in Scotland with a population of around 150,000 people. It is situated on the north bank of the Firth of Tay on the east coast of the Central Lowlands of Scotland. The Dundee area has been settled since the Mesolithic with evidence of Pictish habitation beginning in the Iron Age. During the Medieval Era the city became a prominent trading port and was the site of many battles. Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the local jute industry caused the city to grow rapidly. In this period, Dundee also gained prominence due to its marmalade industry and its journalism, giving Dundee its epithet as the city of "jute, jam and journalism".

Central Lowlands
56°24′29″N 4°02′38″W﻿ / ﻿56.408°N 4.044°W﻿ / 56.408; -4.044

The Central Lowlands, sometimes called the Midland Valley or Central Valley, is a geologically defined area of relatively low-lying  land in southern Scotland. It consists of a rift valley between the Highland Boundary Fault to the north and the Southern Uplands Fault to the south. The Central Lowlands are one of the three main geographical sub-divisions of Scotland, the other two being the Highlands and Islands which lie to the north, northwest and the Southern Uplands, which lie south of the associated second fault line. It is the most populated of Scotland’s three geographical regions.
Muungano wa Wanavijiji
Muungano wa Wanavijiji (which means united slum dwellers in Swahili), was formed in the slums of Nairobi in 1996, to represent the rights of slum dwellers. By 2000, it was nationwide and the following year it affiliated with Slum Dwellers International (SDI).: 7  The group aims to improve conditions for its members in terms of housing, sanitation and water, whilst also engaging in citizenship debates and resisting evictions. By 2014, it had set up over 100 savings funds serving 25,000 members in nine different cities through its financial wing Akiba Mashinani Trust (AMT).

In Nairobi, the capital, Muungano has worked to upgrade the Kambinoto slum set within Huruma and negotiated with both mafia interests and the Nairobi Water Company to ensure a water supply to the Kosovo slum. In 2010, it enumerated the 44,000 slum households in Kisumu.

Huruma
Huruma is a low-income residential estate located in the northeast of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya. It borders Kariobangi and Dandora to the east, Moi Air Base to the south, Mathare to the north to west and Eastleigh to the southwest.

In April 2016, during Kenya's rainy season, a building collapse in Huruma resulted in the deaths of 52 people. The building's owner, Samuel Karanja Kamau, was charged with manslaughter.
Marianne Jean-Baptiste
Marianne Raigipcien Jean-Baptiste (born 26 April 1967) is an English actress and director. She is known for her role in Mike Leigh's drama film Secrets & Lies (1996), for which she received acclaim and earned nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress.

Jean-Baptiste is also known for her role as Vivian Johnson on the television series Without a Trace (2002–2009) and has also starred in multiple television shows such as Blindspot (2015–2016) and Homecoming (2018). She gained renewed recognition for starring as a depressed woman in Leigh's drama film Hard Truths (2024), for which she received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.

BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
Best Actress in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actress who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film.

From 1952 to 1967, there were two Best Actress awards presented, Best British Actress and Best Foreign Actress.

From 1968 onwards, the two awards merged into one award, which from 1968 to 1984 was known as Best Actress.

From 1985 to present, the award has been known by its current name of Best Actress in a Leading Role.

In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a gold background are the winners and recipients respectively; those not in bold are the nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which always takes place the following year.
Ordinary Days (film)
Ordinary Days is a 2017 Canadian dramatic thriller film. Directed by Kris Booth, Renuka Jeyapalan and Jordan Canning, the film centres on the mysterious disappearance of Cara Cook (Jacqueline Byers), telling the story from three different perspectives.

Canning directs the first segment, which centres on Cara's parents Rich (Richard Clarkin) and Marie (Torri Higginson); Booth directs the second segment centring on Jonathan Brightbill (Michael Xavier), the police officer investigating Cara's disappearance; Jeyapalan directs the third, which reveals the story from Cara's own perspective. The cast also includes Joris Jarsky, Jefferson Brown and Daniel Kash.

The film was written and produced by Ramona Barckert, and commenced production in October 2016. It premiered in September 2017 at the Atlantic Film Festival

Torri Higginson
Sarah Victoria Higginson (born December 6, 1969) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in the TekWar movies and series, and for portraying Elizabeth Weir in Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis (2004–2008), Jordan Hampton in NCIS (2007–2009), and Commander Delaney Truffault in Dark Matter (2015–2017). She is also a theatre actress and has appeared in Three Tall Women, Weldon Rising, and Picasso at the Lapin Agile.
Discrete Laplace operator
In mathematics, the discrete Laplace operator is an analog of the continuous Laplace operator, defined so that it has meaning on a graph or a discrete grid. For the case of a finite-dimensional graph (having a finite number of edges and vertices), the discrete Laplace operator is more commonly called the Laplacian matrix.

The discrete Laplace operator occurs in physics problems such as the Ising model and loop quantum gravity, as well as in the study of discrete dynamical systems. It is also used in numerical analysis as a stand-in for the continuous Laplace operator. Common applications include image processing, where it is known as the Laplace filter, and in machine learning for clustering and semi-supervised learning on neighborhood graphs.

Weak supervision
Weak supervision (also known as semi-supervised learning) is a paradigm in machine learning, the relevance and notability of which increased with the advent of large language models due to the large amount of data required to train them.  It is characterized by using a combination of a small amount of human-labeled data (exclusively used in more expensive and time-consuming supervised learning paradigm), followed by a large amount of unlabeled data (used exclusively in unsupervised learning paradigm). In other words, the desired output values are provided only for a subset of the training data. The remaining data is unlabeled or imprecisely labeled. Intuitively, it can be seen as an exam and labeled data as sample problems that the teacher solves for the class as an aid in solving another set of problems. In the transductive setting, these unsolved problems act as exam questions. In the inductive setting, they become practice problems of the sort that will make up the exam.
Camarines Sur's 5th congressional district
Camarines Sur's 5th congressional district is one of the five congressional districts in the province of Camarines Sur. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 2010. The district was created following the 2009 reapportionment that split the 1st district into two thereby creating an additional district for the province. The district consists of the city of Iriga and adjacent municipalities in the Partido region of southern Camarines Sur that previously comprised the 4th district, namely Baao, Balatan, Bato, Buhi, Bula and Nabua. It is currently represented in the 19th Congress by Miguel Luis Villafuerte of the National Unity Party (NUP).

Bato, Camarines Sur
Bato, officially the Municipality of Bato (Rinconada Bikol: Banwāan ka Bato; Tagalog: Bayan ng Bato), is a  municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 52,021 people.

The municipality of Bato is home to a lake teeming with various kinds of fishes. Sinarapan, the world's smallest commercially harvested fish, occupies the waters of Lake Bato. Also present, the lake abounds with tilapia housed in fish cages.
5 Trianguli
5 Trianguli is a solitary star located in the northern constellation Triangulum. With an apparent magnitude of 6.23, it’s barely visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is located 399 light years away from the Solar System, but is drifting away with a radial velocity of 7.7 km/s.

5 Trianguli has a classification of A0 Vm, which states it’s an A-type main-sequence star with unusually strong metallic lines. It has 2.22 times the mass of the Sun and 2.96 times the radius of the Sun. 5 Trianguli radiates at 48 solar luminosities from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,836 kelvin, which gives it a white-hue of an A-type star. It has a low projected rotational velocity of 15 km/s, common for Am stars.

Metallicity
In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Most of the normal currently detectable (i.e. non-dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word metals as convenient shorthand for all elements except hydrogen and helium. This word-use is distinct from the conventional chemical or physical definition of a metal as an electrically conducting element. Stars and nebulae with relatively high abundances of heavier elements are called metal-rich when discussing metallicity, even though many of those elements are called nonmetals in chemistry.
Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1990s
This is a list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1990s, as determined by Publishers Weekly. The list features the most popular novels of each year from 1990 through 1999.

The standards set for inclusion in the lists – which, for example, led to the exclusion of the novels in the Harry Potter series from the lists for the 1990s and 2000s – are currently unknown.

Patricia Cornwell
Patricia Cornwell (born Patricia Carroll Daniels; June 9, 1956) is an American crime writer. She is known for her best-selling novels featuring medical examiner Kay Scarpetta, of which the first was inspired by a series of sensational murders in Richmond, Virginia, where most of the stories are set. The plots are notable for their emphasis on forensic science, which has influenced later TV treatments of police work. Cornwell has also accused Walter Sickert of carrying out the Jack the Ripper killings; Sickert is not considered a serious suspect by most who study the case, and strong evidence shows he spent most of 1888 outside the UK and was in France at the time of most of the Ripper murders. Her books have sold more than 120 million copies.
Riot (video game)
Riot is a 2019 real time strategy video game that simulates riots based on real events. The project started with a successful Indiegogo campaign in February 2014 and entered early access in December 2017. The director of the game and previously an editor and cinematographer at Valve, Leonard Menchiari, has experienced riots personally and the game "Riot" was created as a way to express it and to tell the stories of these events. The player can pick between playing as police or rioters. It supports Linux, macOS, Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and iOS.

Early access
Early access, also known as alpha access, alpha founding, paid alpha, or game preview, is a funding model in the video game industry by which consumers can play a game in the various pre-release development cycles, such as pre-alpha, alpha, and/or beta, while the developer is able to use those funds to continue further development on the game. Those that pay to participate typically help to debug the game, provide feedback and suggestions, and may have access to special materials in the game. The early-access approach is a common way to obtain funding for indie games, and may also be used along with other funding mechanisms, including crowdfunding. Many crowdfunding projects promise to offer access to alpha and/or beta versions of the game as development progresses; however, unlike some of these projects which solicit funds but do not yet have a playable game, all early access games offer an immediately playable version of the unfinished game to players.
First Söder cabinet
The First Söder cabinet was the state government of Bavaria from March to November 2018, sworn in on 21 March 2018 after Markus Söder was elected as Minister-President of Bavaria by the members of the Landtag of Bavaria. It was the 26th Cabinet of Bavaria.

It was formed after the resignation of Minister-President Horst Seehofer to become Federal Minister of the Interior, Building and Community; it was a continuation of the Christian Social Union (CSU) majority government formed after the 2013 Bavarian state election. Excluding the Minister-President, the cabinet comprised thirteen ministers and four state secretaries. All were members of the CSU.

The first Söder CSU-only cabinet was succeeded by the coalition second Söder cabinet on 12 November 2018 following the 2018 Bavarian state election.

2013 Bavarian state election
The 2013 Bavarian state election was held on 15 September 2013 to elect the 180 members of the 17th Landtag of Bavaria. It was held one week before the 2013 German federal election. The CSU regained the absolute majority it had lost in 2008, while the Free Democratic Party (FDP), a member of the outgoing governing coalition, fell below the 5% electoral threshold and lost all its seats. Minister-President Horst Seehofer continued in office.

This election was the last election in which a single party got an absolute majority in a state parliament until the 2022 Saarland state election. The CSU previously held an absolute majority, and therefore governed alone, from 1966 to 2008 and again from 2013 to 2018. Previously, even in the late 1990s, it was common that either the CDU/CSU or the SPD got an absolute majority in a state election. For example, this happened in Brandenburg in 1994, 1998 in Lower Saxony and 1999 in Saxony
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Chaimae Eddinari
Chaimae Eddinari is a Moroccan judoka. She is a gold medalist at the 2019 African Games and a bronze medalist at the 2021 African Judo Championships.

In 2018, she competed in the women's 48 kg event at the World Judo Championships held in Baku, Azerbaijan. She was eliminated in her first match.

She competed in the women's 48 kg event at the 2022 Mediterranean Games held in Oran, Algeria.

2022 Mediterranean Games
The 2022 Mediterranean Games (Arabic: ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 2022, romanized: ʾAlʿāb al-Baḥr al-ʾAbyaḍ al-Mutawassiṭ 2022), officially known as the XIX Mediterranean Games and commonly known as Oran 2022, was an international multi-sport event held from 25 June to 6 July 2022 in Oran, Algeria. Oran was announced as the host city at the ICMG General Assembly in Pescara, Italy, on 15 August 2015. They were supposed to take place in 2021, but they were delayed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 3,298 athletes (2,014 men and 1,284 women) took part in the games. When the event held in 2022, this cycle become the 4-year cycle of the event.
Joe Martinek
"Jersey" Joe Martinek (born February 8, 1989) is an American former football fullback. He is the all-time high school leading rusher in New Jersey state history with 7,589 yards and was a running back at Rutgers. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New York Giants after the 2012 NFL draft. Joe then played professionally in the Italian Football League for the Parma Panthers.

Rutgers Scarlet Knights football
The Rutgers Scarlet Knights football program represents Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Rutgers competes as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Prior to joining the Big Ten, the Scarlet Knights were a member of the American Athletic Conference (formerly the Big East Conference) from 1991 to 2013. Rutgers plays its home games at SHI Stadium, in Piscataway, New Jersey. The team is currently led by head coach Greg Schiano. The Scarlet Knights football team is also notable for playing in the first college football game in 1869, in which the Scarlet Knights won by the score 6–4.