hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lerum (surname)
Lerum is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arnie Lerum (1879–1911), American football player and coach

Bjarne Lerum (1941–2010), Norwegian businessperson and politician

Kåre Lerum (born 1939), Norwegian businessperson and politician

May Grethe Lerum (born 1965), Norwegian novelist

Arnie Lerum
Arne Christopher Lerum (July 20, 1879 – June 25, 1911) was a Norwegian-American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point–then known as Stevens Point Normal School–in 1904, compiling a record of 1–2. Lerum selected as a guard on the 1901 All-Western college football team while playing for Wisconsin.  Lerum immigrated to the United States from Bergen, Norway when he was 14.  He was active in politics in as a Republican in the state of Wisconsin.  Lerum died on cancer on June 25, 1911, in Madison, Wisconsin.
Ursayevo
Ursayevo (Russian: Урсаево; Bashkir: Урсай, Ursay) is a rural locality (a village) in Akbarisovsky Selsoviet, Sharansky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 106 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Sharansky District
Sharansky District (Russian: Шара́нский райо́н; Bashkir: Шаран районы, Şaran rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Bakalinsky District in the northwest and north, Chekmagushevsky District in the northeast, Buzdyaksky District in the southeast, Tuymazinsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is 1,384 square kilometers (534 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Sharan. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 22,514, with the population of Sharan accounting for 26.3% of that number.
Mount Jagged, South Australia
Mount Jagged is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south of the state capital of Adelaide and about 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) north-west and 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) north respectively of the municipal seats of Goolwa and Victor Harbor.

The boundaries were created in August 1998 for the part in the District Council of Victor Harbor and then again in August 2000 for the part in the Alexandrina Council.  Its name is derived from Mount Jagged, a hill located within its boundaries.

The Victor Harbor Road passes through the locality.  Land use within Mount Jagged is limited to non-broadacre farming and horticulture due to its location within a zone for the protection of groundwater intended to supply the needs of the town of Mount Compass.

Mount Jagged is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Finniss and the local government areas of the Alexandrina Council and the City of Victor Harbor.

Victor Harbor Road
Victor Harbor Road (and its southern sections Adelaide Road, Hindmarsh Road and Torrens Street through Victor Harbor) is a major road in South Australia that runs south from Main South Road at Old Noarlunga on the southern fringes of suburban Adelaide to Victor Harbor on the Fleurieu Peninsula. It is designated part of route A13.
Manam Pole Mangalyam
Manam Pole Mangalyam  (transl. Marriage to partner of your own choice) is a Malayalam language television series airing on Zee Keralam and streams on Zee5. It stars Niyaz Musliyar, Meera Nair, Swasika, Rajendran N and Prem Jacob. It premiered on 28 December 2020. It is an official remake of Zee Marathi series Aggabai Sasubai aired from 2019 to 2021.

Zee Marathi
Zee Marathi is an Indian  Marathi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The channel was launched on 15 August 1999 and was known as Alpha TV Marathi until 28 March 2005, when it was renamed as Zee Marathi. It is the first Marathi GEC channel. A HD version of this channel, Zee Marathi HD, was launched on 20 November 2016.
2016–17 Second Professional Football League (Bulgaria)
The 2016–17 Second League was the 61st season of the Bulgarian Second League, the second tier of the Bulgarian football league system and the 1st season under this name and current league structure.

A total of 16 teams contested the league in a similar format to the B Group: 7 of which returning from the 2015–16 season, 7 of which promoted from third division and the reserves teams of Ludogorets Razgrad and CSKA Sofia.

Bulgarian football league system
The Bulgarian football league system or the Bulgarian football pyramid, is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in Bulgaria. The system has a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels, and allows even the smallest club to dream of rising to the very top of the system.
Cope rearrangement
The Cope rearrangement (sometimes referred to as the Hardy–Cope rearrangement) is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. It was developed by Arthur C. Cope and Elizabeth Hardy. For example, 3-methyl-hexa-1,5-diene heated to 300 °C yields hepta-1,5-diene.

The Cope rearrangement causes the fluxional states of the molecules in the bullvalene family.

Transition state
In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along this reaction coordinate.  It is often marked with the double dagger (‡) symbol.

As an example, the transition state shown below occurs during the SN2 reaction of bromoethane with a hydroxide anion:

The activated complex of a reaction can refer to either the transition state or to other states along the reaction coordinate between reactants and products, especially those close to the transition state.

According to the transition state theory, once the reactants have passed through the transition state configuration, they always continue to form products.
16-line message format
16-line message format, or Basic Message Format, is the NATO standard military radiogram format for the manner in which a paper message form is transcribed through voice, Morse code, or Teletypewriter transmission formats. The overall structure of the message has three parts: HEADING (which can use as many as 10 of the format's 16 lines), TEXT (line 12), and ENDING. This heading is further divided into procedure, preamble, address, and prefix. Each format line contains pre-defined content. An actual message may have fewer than 16 actual lines, or far more than 16, because some lines are skipped in some delivery methods, and a long message may have a TEXT portion that is longer than 16 lines by itself.

This radiotelegraph message format (also "radio teletype message format", "teletypewriter message format", and "radiotelephone message format") and transmission procedures have been documented in numerous military standards, going back to at least World War II-era U.S. Army manuals.

Radiotelephone
A radiotelephone (or radiophone), abbreviated RT, is a radio communication system for conducting a conversation; radiotelephony means telephony by radio. It is in contrast to radiotelegraphy, which is radio transmission of telegrams (messages), or television, transmission of moving pictures and sound.  The term is related to radio broadcasting, which transmit audio one way to listeners. Radiotelephony refers specifically to two-way radio systems for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication between separated users, such as CB radio or marine radio. In spite of the name, radiotelephony systems are not necessarily connected to or have anything to do with the telephone network, and in some radio services, including GMRS, interconnection is prohibited.
Bridges and Powerlines
Bridges and Powerlines is a Brooklyn indie pop band. Their style is influenced by electronic and indie-rock. The band has cited indie forefathers the Zombies, Guided by Voices and the Elephant 6 Collective as influences, and has coined the phrase ‘optimist fuzz pop’ to describe their music. The band has stated that their common love is the pursuit of intricately arranged three-minute pop songs.

The Zombies
The Zombies are an English rock band formed in St Albans in 1962. Led by keyboardist/vocalist Rod Argent and lead vocalist Colin Blunstone, the group had their first British and American hit in 1964 with "She's Not There". In the US, two further singles—"Tell Her No" in 1965 and "Time of the Season" in 1968—were also successful.

Their 1968 album Odessey and Oracle was ranked number 100 on Rolling Stone's 2012 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and number 243 on Rolling Stone's 2020 list. The Zombies were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019.
The Golden Pony
The Golden Pony is a restaurant and live music venue located in Harrisonburg, Virginia, US. The Golden Pony was created in 2015 by Paul Somers and is frequented by students at James Madison University and Harrisonburg residents. Acts that have played at The Golden Pony include Cursive, White Reaper, The Callous Daoboys, and Black Tusk. The stage is 16 feet by 16 feet and that the venue has a capacity of 175 people.

Cursive (band)
Cursive is an American indie rock band from Omaha, Nebraska. Stylistically described as emo and post-hardcore, Cursive came to prominence with 2000's Domestica and found commercial and critical success with 2003's The Ugly Organ. The band has released ten studio albums, a compilations album, and a mix of singles and EPs since 1997. They have released recordings on several labels, including 15 Passenger Records, Saddle Creek Records, and Big Scary Monsters (UK).
Siege of Ramsej
The Sieges of Ramsej (1682 – 1688) were a series of military confrontations between the Maratha Kingdom headed by Sambhaji and the Mughal Empire led by Aurangzeb regarding the control of Ramsej Fort in the Nashik region. Aurangzeb arrived in the Deccan in late 1681 with a strong army to destroy the Maratha Kingdom and the Deccan Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda. He wanted to capture the forts held by the Marathas in the Nashik and Baglana regions. Hence he decided to begin his Deccan campaign with an attack on Ramsej Fort which is near Nashik. The Mughal forces under  Kasim Khan Kirmani captured Ramsej from the Marathas. The defending Maratha forces evacuated the fort.

Nashik
Nashik, formerly Nasik, is a city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra situated on the banks of the river Godavari, about 165 km (103 mi) northeast of the state capital Mumbai.

Nashik is one of the Hindu pilgrimage sites of the Kumbh Mela, which is held every 12 years.

According to the Ramayana, Nashik is where Lakshmana cut off the nose of the demoness Shurpanakha on the banks of the Godavari River. It is also called Panchavati.
It was known as "Gulshanabad" during the Mughal period.
5692 Shirao
5692 Shirao, provisional designation 1992 FR, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1992, by Japanese amateur astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami Observatory, Hokkaidō, Japan. The asteroid was later named for Japanese geologist and astrophotographer Motomaro Shirao.

Kitami Observatory
Kitami Observatory is an astronomical observatory in the Kitami-Abashiri Region Cultural Centre in eastern Hokkaidō, Japan. Its observatory code is 400. It is 0.72344 Earth radii from the rotation axis and +0.68811 Earth radii from the equatorial plane, 143.7827 degrees east of Greenwich.

The amateur astronomers Atsushi Takahashi and Kazuro Watanabe discovered many asteroids here. As of 2012, 680 discoveries have been made at Kitami.
Olga D. González-Sanabria
Olga D. González-Sanabria is a Puerto Rican scientist and inventor. She is the highest-ranking Hispanic at NASA Glenn Research Center, and a member of the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame. González-Sanabria, Director of the Engineering and Technical Services, is responsible for planning and directing a full range of integrated services including engineering, fabrication, testing, facility management and aircraft services for the Glenn Research Center. She played an instrumental role in the development of the "Long Cycle-Life Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries" which helps enable the International Space Station power system.

Ohio Women's Hall of Fame
The Ohio Women's Hall of Fame was a program the State of Ohio's Department of Job and Family Services ran from 1978 through 2011. The Hall has over 400 members. In 2019, the Hall's physical archives and online records were transferred to the State Archives in the Ohio History Center.
Gliese 514
Gliese 514, also known as BD+11 2576 or HIP 65859, is an M-type main-sequence star, in the constellation Virgo 24.88 light-years away from the Solar System.

Gliese 514's metallicity Fe/H index is largely unknown, with median values from -0.4 to +0.18 reported in the literature. This discrepancy is due to peculiarities of the stellar spectrum of Gliese 514. The spectrum peculiarities also affect the accuracy of the star's temperature measurement, with reported values as low as 2901 K. The spectrum of Gliese 514 shows emission lines, but the star itself has a low starspot activity.

Multiplicity surveys did not detect any stellar companions as of 2020.

The Sun is currently calculated to be passing through the tidal tail of Gliese 514's Oort cloud. Thus, future interstellar objects passing through the Solar System may originate from Gliese 514.

Starspot
Starspots are stellar phenomena, so-named by analogy with sunspots.  Spots as small as sunspots have not been detected on other stars, as they would cause undetectably small fluctuations in brightness. The commonly observed starspots are in general much larger than those on the Sun: up to about 30% of the stellar surface may be covered, corresponding to starspots 100 times larger than those on the Sun.
Danny Coughlan
Danny Coughlan (11 March 1970 – 26 January 2026) was an English singer and guitarist from London, later based in Bristol.

He performed under the name "Crybaby". In an article in Vice magazine, Tom Watson, then deputy leader of the Labour Party, has described him as a "master songwriter".

His debut Crybaby album, Crybaby, was released by Helium Records on 9 April 2012. It was produced by Chris Hughes. The track "When the Lights Go Out" was on the soundtrack Colossal which was released in 2017.

A collaborative project between singer-songwriter Tracyanne Campbell (Camera Obscura) and Danny was released by Merge Records in May 2018 with the title Tracyanne & Danny. The album was co-produced by Edwyn Collins along with engineer and multi-instrumentalist Sean Read (Dexys Midnight Runners).

Coughlan died on 26 January 2026.

Chris Hughes (musician)
Christopher Merrick Hughes (born 3 March 1954, London, England), also known as Merrick, is a British music producer, songwriter, and drummer.  He produced Tears for Fears' Songs from the Big Chair (1985), and was the co-writer of "Everybody Wants to Rule the World".  His career began with Adam and the Ants as drummer and producer of the "Cartrouble" and "Kings of the Wild Frontier" singles, then the album Kings of the Wild Frontier (1980). Yielding three hit singles, the album earned Hughes Music Week's 'Producer of the Year Award'.
Afronemacheilus abyssinicus
Afronemacheilus abyssinicus is a species of stone loach endemic to Ethiopia. As such, it is known as the ethiopian loach. It is known from the Blue Nile at its outlet from Tana Lake (the type locality), with records from the Baro River. Originally the only species in its genus, in 2013 A. kaffa was described based on the Omo population, formerly included in A. abyssinicus.

A. abyssinicus can reach a standard length of 5.1 cm (2.0 in). The specific epithet, abyssinicus, is derived from Latin and means "Abyssinian" or "Ethiopian".

Nemacheilidae
The Nemacheilidae, or stone loaches, are a family of cypriniform fishes that inhabit stream environments, mostly in Eurasia, with one genus, Afronemacheilus, found in Africa. The family includes about 790 species.
Bielanki
Bielanki [bjɛˈlaŋki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brzeziny, within Brzeziny County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north-east of Brzeziny and 24 km (15 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Brzeziny, Brzeziny County
Brzeziny ([bʐɛˈʑinɨ]; Yiddish: ברעזין, Brezin) is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship, about 20 km (12 mi) east of Łódź. It is the capital of Brzeziny County and has a population of 12,326 as of December 2021. It is situated on the Mrożyca River within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Mancia
Mancia is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrienne Mancia (1927–2022), American film curator

Iván Mancía (born 1989), Salvadoran footballer

Orietta Mancia (born 1968), Italian runner

Saúl Enrique Mancía (born 1983-84), Salvadoran politician

Titus Curtilius Mancia, Roman senator

Titus Curtilius Mancia
Titus Curtilius Mancia was a Roman senator, who held several offices in the emperor's service during the middle of the first century. He was suffect consul in the nundinium of November to December 55 as the colleague of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus. No other senator with his gentilicium is known, so Mancia seems to have been a homo novus.

His origins are not known for sure; however, there are several indications that he came from Gallia Narbonensis. At this time several senators came from this province, probably due to the influence of Nero's advisor, Sextus Afranius Burrus. In addition, his daughter married Gnaeus Domitius Lucanus, a member of the Narbonensian aristocracy. His granddaughter, Domitia Lucilla Major, was, through her eponymous daughter, grandmother of the emperor Marcus Aurelius.
Semiconductor optical gain
Optical gain is the most important requirement for the realization of a semiconductor laser because it describes the optical amplification in the semiconductor material. This optical gain is due to stimulated emission associated with light emission created by recombination of electrons and holes. While in other laser materials like in gas lasers or solid state lasers, the processes associated with optical gain are rather simple, in semiconductors this is a complex many-body problem of interacting photons, electrons, and holes. Accordingly, understanding these processes is a major objective as being a basic requirement for device optimization. This task can be solved by development of appropriate theoretical models to describe the semiconductor optical gain and by comparison of the predictions of these models with experimental results found.

Gas laser
A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. The gas laser was the first continuous-light laser and the first laser to operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output. The first gas laser, the Helium–neon laser (HeNe), was co-invented by Iranian engineer and scientist Ali Javan and American physicist William R. Bennett, Jr., in 1960.   It produced a coherent light beam in the infrared region of the spectrum at 1.15 micrometres.
Sharov
Sharov (masculine, Russian: Шаров) or Sharova (feminine, Russian: Шарова) is a Russian surname. It originates from the Russian slang expression шары выкатить meaning to google, to stare, where шар means eyeball rather than ball. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksandr Sharov (footballer) (born 1981), Russian footballer

Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov, Russian paleontologist

Brian Sharoff (1943–2020), American businessman and politician

Robert Sharoff (1922–1973), American architectural writer

Sergei Sharov (born 1992), Russian footballer

Yury Sharov (1939–2021), Soviet Russian fencer

Robert Sharoff
Robert Sharoff is a Chicago-based architectural writer and author. He has written for a variety of publications including the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Chicago Tribune, and Chicago Magazine. He frequently collaborates with photographer William Zbaren.
Iounane
Iounane (Berber: ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ, Iyunan) is a small town and rural commune in Chefchaouen Province, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 23,132 people living in 3,085 households.

Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima
Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima (Arabic: طنجة - تطوان - الحسيمة, romanized: ṭanja - tiṭwān - al-ḥusayma) is the northernmost of the twelve regions of Morocco. It covers an area of 15,090 km2 and recorded a population of 4,030,222 in the 2024 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Tangier.
Sterling Hershey
Sterling Hershey  is a full-time architect and freelance game designer, who has worked on three different incarnations of the Star Wars role-playing game for West End Games, Wizards of the Coast and Fantasy Flight Games, and also on the Star Wars Miniatures game. He has pursued freelance writing and cartography work since the early 1990s.

His Dungeons & Dragons credits include Monster Manual V (2007) and Monster Vault (2010).

His screen name is SilverForce on both StarWars.com and the Wizards boards.

Fantasy Flight Games
Fantasy Flight Games (FFG) is a game developer based in Roseville, Minnesota, United States, that creates and publishes role-playing, board, card, and dice games. In 2014, it became a division of Asmodee North America.
Notozomus bronwenae
Notozomus bronwenae is a species of schizomid arachnid (commonly known as short-tailed whip-scorpions) in the Hubbardiidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2000 by Australian arachnologist Mark Harvey. The specific epithet bronwenae honours Bronwen Scott for her assistance with the collection of the type specimens.

Arachnid
Arachnids are arthropods in the class Arachnida (/əˈræknɪdə/) of the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegaroons.

Adult arachnids have eight legs attached to the  cephalothorax. In some species the frontmost pair of legs has converted to a sensory function, while in others, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs.

Almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial, living mainly on land. However, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the pelagic zone, marine environments as well. They comprise over 110,000 named species, of which 51,000 are species of spiders.

The term is derived from the Greek word ἀράχνη (aráchnē, 'spider'), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne, who was turned into a spider.
Chan Heng Chee
Chan Heng Chee DUBC PJG PPA(E) (Chinese: 陈庆珠; born 19 April 1942) is a Singaporean academic and diplomat who has been serving as Ambassador-at-Large at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 2012, Chairwoman of the National Arts Council and Member of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights. She had also served as Singapore Ambassador to the United States between 1996 and 2012.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA; Malay: Kementerian Ehwal Luar Negeri; Chinese: 新加坡外交部; Tamil: வெளியுறவு அமைச்சு) is in charge of the country's foreign relations, as well as handling matters and providing consular assistance related to overseas Singaporean citizens. It was established on 9 August 1965. 
A ministry for the Government of Singapore, it is also responsible for conducting and managing diplomatic relations between Singapore and other countries and regions.