hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prime Minister of Malta
The prime minister of Malta (Maltese: Prim Ministru ta' Malta) is the head of government, which is the highest official of Malta. The prime minister chairs Cabinet meetings, and selects its ministers to serve in their respective portfolios. The prime minister holds office by their ability to command the confidence of the Parliament, as such they sit as members of Parliament.

The prime minister is appointed by the president, in doing so, the president believes that the appointed individual is the most able to command the majority of the House of Representatives; typically, this individual is the leader of a political party or coalition of parties that hold the largest number of seats in the House of Representatives.

The prime minister is ex officio an appointee to the grade of Companion of Honour - K.U.O.M. (Kumpanju tal-Unur) of the National Order of Merit.

Ex officio member
An ex officio member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic.

According to Robert's Rules of Order, the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting.

Opposite notions are dual mandate, when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union, when two states share the same monarch.
Eline Jansen (cyclist)
Eline Jansen (born 8 March 2002) is a Dutch professional speed skater and cyclist, who rides for UCI Women's ProTeam VolkerWessels Women Cyclingteam.

As an infant, Jansen suffered from a hip condition requiring a pelvic osteotomy surgery, with her doctors considering it unlikely she would be able to walk. She pursued speed skating from an early age, picking up cycling as additional training.

Jansen transitioned fully from skating to cycling in 2024. In her debut season as a professional with VolkerWessels Women Cyclingteam, she won the young rider classification at the Tour of Britain Women, earning a long-term contract extension until 2027.

In 2025, after a strong classics season with five top 20 results in one-day races, Jansen won La Classique Morbihan in an uphill sprint finish

UCI Women's Team
A UCI Women's Team is a women's road bicycle team sanctioned by the International Cycling Union (UCI). These teams compete in the major women's bicycle races, including the UCI Women's World Tour. The country designation of each team is determined by the country of registration of most of its riders and is not necessarily the country where the team is registered or based.
Max Kretzschmar
Max Alexander Kretzschmar (born 12 October 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays for National League South club Hampton & Richmond Borough where he holds the role of player/assistant manager.

East Thurrock United F.C.
East Thurrock United Football Club was a football club based in Corringham, Essex, England. They last competed in Isthmian League North Division and played at Rookery Hill. The club was placed into liquidation by owner Alfie Best on 1 September 2023. The club stated this was due to historic debts from the previous owners.
Lisa Hemmerle
Lisa Hemmerle (born December 11, 1995) is a German ice hockey goaltender. She is a member of the Germany women's national ice hockey team that participated in women's ice hockey tournament at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

Germany women's national ice hockey team
The German women's national ice hockey team represents Germany at the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) Women's World Championship and other international ice hockey tournaments. The women's national team was ranked eighth in the IIHF World Ranking in 2025. It is organized under the direct administration of the Deutscher Eishockey-Bund (DEB).

Women's participation in ice hockey in Germany has slowly increased in the past decades – in 2011 the country had 2,549 female players registered with the IIHF and reported 3,168 in 2025.
Soft-decision decoder
In information theory, a soft-decision decoder is a kind of decoding method – a class of algorithm used to decode data that has been encoded with an error correcting code.  Whereas a hard-decision decoder operates on data that take on a fixed set of possible values (typically 0 or 1 in a binary code), the inputs to a soft-decision decoder may take on a whole range of values in-between.  This extra information indicates the reliability of each input data point, and is used to form better estimates of the original data.  Therefore, a soft-decision decoder will typically perform better in the presence of corrupted data than its hard-decision counterpart.

Soft-decision decoders are often used in Viterbi decoders and turbo code decoders.

Decoding methods
In coding theory, decoding is the process of translating received messages into codewords of a given code. There have been many common methods of mapping messages to codewords. These are often used to recover messages sent over a noisy channel, such as a binary symmetric channel.
John Blackthorne
John Blackthorne, also known as Anjin (按針; lit. "Pilot", "Steuermann"), is the protagonist of James Clavell's 1975 novel Shōgun. The character is loosely based on the life of the 17th-century English navigator William Adams, who was the first Englishman to visit Japan. The character is played by Richard Chamberlain in the 1980 TV miniseries, and by Cosmo Jarvis in the 2024 series.

Gai-Jin
Gai-Jin (Japanese for "foreigner") is a 1993 novel by James Clavell, chronologically the third book in his Asian Saga, although it was the last to be published. Taking place about 20 years after the events of Tai-Pan, it chronicles the adventures of Malcolm Struan, the son of Culum and Tess Struan, in Japan. The story delves deeply into the political situation in Japan and the hostility Westerners faced there, and is loosely based on the Namamugi Incident and the subsequent Anglo-Satsuma War.
John Wickham (urologist)
John Ewart Alfred Wickham (10 December 1927 – 26 October 2017) was a British urologist and surgeon, who was a pioneer of keyhole surgery and the autonomous transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) robot, foreseeing the subsequent revolution in robotic surgery.

Transurethral resection of the prostate
Transurethral resection of the prostate (commonly known as a TURP, plural TURPs, and rarely as a transurethral prostatic resection, TUPR) is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. It has been the standard treatment for BPH for many years, but recently alternative, minimally invasive techniques have become available. This procedure is done with spinal or general anaesthetic. A triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. The outcome is considered excellent for 80–90% of BPH patients. The procedure carries minimal risk for erectile dysfunction, moderate risk for bleeding, and a large risk for retrograde ejaculation.
Cambrian Stage 3
Cambrian Stage 3 is the still unnamed third stage of the Cambrian. It succeeds Cambrian Stage 2 and precedes Cambrian Stage 4, although neither its base nor top have been formally defined. The plan is for its lower boundary to correspond approximately to the first appearance of trilobites, about 521 million years ago, though the globally asynchronous appearance of trilobites warrants the use of a separate, globally synchronous marker to define the base. The upper boundary and beginning of Cambrian Stage 4 is informally defined as the first appearance of the trilobite genera Olenellus or Redlichia around 514.5 million years ago.

Olenellus
Olenellus is an extinct genus of redlichiid trilobites, with species of average size (about 5 centimetres or 2.0 inches long). It lived during the Botomian and Toyonian stages of the Lower Cambrian (Olenellus-zone), 522 to 510 million years ago, in what is currently North America, part of the palaeocontinent Laurentia.
Fries rearrangement
The Fries rearrangement, named for the German chemist Karl Theophil Fries, is a rearrangement reaction of a phenolic ester to a keto phenol.  The reaction is induced by a Lewis acid.
It involves migration of an acyl group of phenol ester to the aryl ring. The reaction is ortho and para selective and one of the two products can be favoured by changing reaction conditions, such as temperature and solvent.  In some cases, the reaction is conducted with no solvent.

Aryl group
In organic chemistry, an aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl. "Aryl" is used for the sake of abbreviation or generalization, and "Ar" is used as a placeholder for the aryl group in chemical structure diagrams, analogous to “R” used for any organic substituent. “Ar” is not to be confused with the elemental symbol for argon.

A simple aryl group is phenyl (C6H5−), a group derived from benzene. Examples of other aryl groups consist of:

The tolyl group (CH3C6H4−) which is derived from toluene (methylbenzene)

The xylyl group ((CH3)2C6H3−), which is derived from xylene (dimethylbenzene)

The naphthyl group (C10H7−), which is derived from naphthalene

Arylation is the process in which an aryl group is attached to a substituent. It is typically achieved by cross-coupling reactions.
January 2016 North Korean nuclear test
North Korea conducted its fourth nuclear detonation on 6 January 2016 at 10:00:01 UTC+08:30. At the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, approximately 50 kilometres (30 miles) northwest of Kilju City in Kilju County, an underground nuclear test was carried out. The United States Geological Survey reported a 5.1 magnitude earthquake from the location; the China Earthquake Networks Center reported the magnitude as 4.9.

North Korean media announced that the country had successfully tested a hydrogen bomb in "self-defence against US". However, third-party experts as well as officials and agencies in South Korea questioned North Korea's claims and contend that the device was more likely to have been a fission bomb such as a boosted fission weapon. Such weapons use hydrogen fusion to produce smaller, lighter warheads suitable for arming a delivery device such as a missile, rather than to attain the destructive power of a true hydrogen bomb.

China Earthquake Networks Center
The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC; Chinese: 中国地震台网中心; pinyin: Zhōngguó dìzhèn tái wǎng zhōngxīn) is an institution under the China Earthquake Administration. Established on October 18, 2004, it is one of the most important hubs of China's earthquake disaster reduction network and the basis of information for the international community. It is responsible for the operational guidance and management of the national seismic network, short-term earthquake prediction, earthquake data collection, report processing, scientific journal management, seismological construction, technological research and operations for emergency response and relief including the State Council of the People's Republic of China's earthquake relief headquarters.
Kile Oak Tree
The Kile Oak Tree is a bur oak tree that is a landmark in the Irvington Historic District in Indianapolis, Indiana. The tree is preserved by the Irvington Historical Society and Irvington Historical Landmarks Foundation. It is assumed to be "somewhere between 300 and 500 years old" and is one of the oldest trees in the city of Indianapolis.

Bona Thompson Memorial Center
The Bona Thompson Memorial Center, formerly the Bona Thompson Memorial Library, is a historic building on the original Butler University campus in the Irvington Historic District of Indianapolis, Indiana. The building was designed by Henry H. Dupont and Jesse T. Johnson. It was constructed in 1903, during the period from 1875 to 1928 when Irvington was the home of Butler University. The building is now known as Bona Thompson Memorial Center.

Except for the library and former university president's home (now Irvington United Methodist Church, locally called the "Church on the Circle"), all the other Butler University buildings in Irvington have been demolished.
Vogjani
Vogjani (Macedonian: Воѓани, also transliterated Voǵani) is a small village situated in North Macedonia. It lies at the end of a cluster of villages including Bela Crkva and Krušeani. The river Crna runs alongside the village. Its position makes it the final village in its part of the Municipality of Krivogaštani (within the Pelagonia statistical region), with bordering Bučin further down the Crna being in the neighbouring Kruševo Municipality. The settlement has an absolute Macedonian majority.

The village has a post office and has a rail link with the municipality (opština) of Demir Hisar. The rail link continues to the village of Sopotnica and was constructed in late 1950. The line was a link between the upper Demir Hisar region and the Bakarno Gumno exchange, which was then included within the rest of the wider rail network.

Sopotnica, Demir Hisar
Sopotnica (Macedonian: Сoпoτница) is a village in North Macedonia. It used to be a separate municipality but is now part of the Demir Hisar Municipality.

The area of Sopotnica includes a mix of rural and urban environments. Settled areas range from smaller villages such as Boište, Cerovo and Virovo, located in the mountainous area of Sopotnica, to places with elements of urban living, such as Sopotnica, the administrative centre of the former Municipality of Sopotnica. 
A key characteristic of the area is the contrast between the wild landscapes and the man-made features of cultivated areas.

The area of Sopotnica is rich in natural resources, and has significant cultural and historical heritage.
2006 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III – Pool A
Group A of the 2006 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III was one of two pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2006 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advanced to Group I for 2007.

2006 Fed Cup
The 2006 Fed Cup was the 44th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women's tennis.

The final took place at Spiroudome in Charleroi, Belgium, on 16–17 September. The home team, Belgium, lost to Italy, 2–3, giving Italy their first title in their first final and Belgium's second final.
2010 Open Castilla y León – Doubles
Nicolas Mahut and Édouard Roger-Vasselin were the defending champions, but only Mahut chose to compete in the doubles competition.
He played with Marc Gicquel and they were the 3rd seed in the tournament, but lost to Brian Battistone and Harsh Mankad in the quarterfinal.
Thiago Alves and Franco Ferreiro won in the final 6–2, 5–7, [10–8], against Battistone and Mankad.

Harsh Mankad
Harsh Mankad (born 10 November 1979) is a former world ranked ATP Professional tennis player from India. He played Davis Cup for India between 2001–2010 and was the No. 1 singles player on the team for several of those years.
Criminal justice reform
Criminal justice reform is the reform of criminal justice systems. 
Stated reasons for criminal justice reform include reducing crime statistics, racial profiling, police brutality, overcriminalization, mass incarceration, under-reporting, and recidivism or improving Victims' rights, Prisoners' rights and crime prevention. Criminal justice reform can take place at any point where the criminal justice system intervenes in citizens’ lives, including lawmaking, policing, and sentencing.

Victims' rights
Victims' rights are generally defined as legal entitlements afforded to victims of crime. They vary according to the legal jurisdiction within which they are applied and are dependent on several variants including societal, cultural, political, socio-economic and geographical. Victims's rights belong to the public law sphere, and relate to criminal justice proceedings, constitutional law and restorative justice. Victims' rights must be aligned with international human rights law and in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Examples include the right to restitution, the right to a victims' advocate, and the right not to be excluded from criminal justice proceedings. A key principle underlying victims' rights is the need to avoid secondary victimisation in their implementation particularly when victims' are called to take a role in criminal justice proceedings.
Bhanwar Singh Samaur
Bhanwar Singh Samaur (born 15 August 1943) is an Indian writer, poet, historian, and social worker from Rajasthan. Samaur is the recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award 2020 (in Rajasthani language) for his work Sanskriti ri Sanatana Deeth. His career has spanned more than 50 years including works on history, literature, and poetry in Rajasthani as well as Hindi. Dr. Samaur is a retired Hindi Lecturer from Lohia Postgraduate College, Churu.

Samaur is considered an expert on Marwari (Rajasthani) language. His ongoing work is Rajasthani (Marwari)-English-Hindi Dictionary.

In February 2020, he was awarded the Kavi Shri Kag Bapu Lok Sahitya Award.

Rajasthani peoples
The Rajasthani peoples or Rajasthanis are a group of Indo-Aryan peoples native to Rajasthan ("the land of kings"), a state in Northern India. Their languages, Rajasthani, is a part of the western group of Indo-Aryan languages.
Kanashimi Johnny
"Kanashimi Johnny" (悲しみジョニー) is Japanese singer-songwriter Ua's eighth single, released on October 22, 1997. It served as theme song for the TBS TV drama "Fukigen na Kajitsu" starring Yuriko Ishida. "Kanashimi Johnny" debuted at number 11 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart with 60,740 units sold, becoming Ua's highest debut. Its b-side "Amefuri Hiades" was used in UCC Ueshima Coffee's Super 2 commercials.

Ua (singer)
Kaori Hasegawa (長谷川 歌織, Hasegawa Kaori) (born March 11, 1972), simply known by the stage name Ua (Japanese pronunciation: [ɯːa]), is a Japanese singer. She made her debut under Speedstar Records in 1995 with the single "Horizon". She is also the vocalist for AJICO.
IPW:UK Women's Championship
The IPW:UK Women's Championship was a women's professional wrestling championship created and promoted by the English professional wrestling promotion, International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom.  The championship was originally established on 20 December 2015 and Tennessee Honey was the inaugural champion.

Women's professional wrestling
Professional wrestling is a dramatic enactment of wrestling as a spectator sport. As is the norm for this sport, women's professional wrestling is organized by wrestling federations called promotions. Some promotions are exclusively for women, while others have separate divisions for women. Among the nations that have women's professional wrestling are Australia, Bolivia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Quincy Center
Quincy Center is an area of Quincy, Massachusetts, centered along Hancock Street and covering the downtown area of the city. The area is a retail shopping locale and also includes the City Hall, the Thomas Crane Public Library, several churches, including the United First Parish Church, where John Adams and John Quincy Adams were buried, and numerous office buildings, including the headquarters of Stop & Shop. A memorial to the soldiers of World War I along with various statues of other great figures can be found in the vicinity. It is served by a large Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) station which includes subway access and bus services.

United First Parish Church
United First Parish Church is an American Unitarian Universalist congregation in Quincy, Massachusetts, established as the parish church of Quincy in 1639. The current building was constructed in 1828 by Boston stonecutter Abner Joy to designs by Alexander Parris. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970, for its association with the Adams family, who funded its construction; four members of the family are buried there.

United First Parish Church is called the Church of the Presidents because two American Presidents, John Adams and John Quincy Adams, attended the church along with their wives, Abigail Adams and Louisa Catherine Adams. All four are buried beneath the church in a family crypt. Pew number 54, used by John Quincy Adams and his family, is marked with a plaque and ribbon on the side.
1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament
The 1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament, or International Women's Football Tournament, was organised by FIFA in China from 1 to 12 June 1988. The competition was a test to study if a global women's World Cup was feasible following the experience of non-FIFA invitational competitions such as the Mundialito (1981–88) and the Women's World Invitational Tournament (1978–87). The competition was a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup for 1991, which would also be held in China.

Twelve national teams took part in the competition – four from UEFA, three from AFC, two from CONCACAF and one from CONMEBOL, CAF and OFC. European champion Norway defeated Sweden 1–0 in the final to win the tournament, while Brazil clinched the bronze by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout. Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States also reached the final stages.

1987 European Competition for Women's Football
The 1987 European Competition for Women's Football took place in Norway. It was won by the hosts in a final against defending champions Sweden. Once again, the competition began with four qualifying groups, but this time a host nation was selected for the semi-final stage onwards after the four semi-finalists were identified.
Gabriel Maralngurra
Gabriel Maralngurra, also known by his clan name Nawakadj Ngalangbali, (1968-2025) was a leading Kunwinjku speaking artist, author, and researcher in West Arnhem Land, Australia. As an Aboriginal artist, he was well-known and respected within his community for the wide range of responsibilities he took on, especially mentoring new generations of artists at the local art centre, Injalak Arts. His artwork is displayed in various collections including the Australian Museum, Museum Victoria, and the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of the University of Virginia. Maralngurra’s paintings have been cited in global archaeological discourse as active interventions that assert Indigenous agency and reinterpret colonial histories through art.

Yolŋu
The Yolŋu or Yolngu (IPA: [ˈjuːlŋʊ] or [ˈjuːŋuːl]) are an aggregation of Aboriginal Australian people inhabiting north-eastern Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. Yolŋu means "person" in the Yolŋu languages. The terms Murngin, Wulamba, Yalnumata, Murrgin and Yulangor were formerly used by some anthropologists for the Yolŋu.

All Yolŋu clans are affiliated with either the Dhuwa (also spelt Dua) or the Yirritja moiety. Prominent Dhuwa clans include the Rirratjiŋu and Gälpu clans of the Dangu people, while the Gumatj clan is the most prominent in the Yirritja moiety.