hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Padma Kant Shukla
Padma Kant Shukla (CorrFRSE, FInstP, FAPS, AFTWAS) (7 July 1950 – 26 January 2013) was a distinguished Professor and first International Chair of the Physics and Astronomy Department of Ruhr-University Bochum in Germany. He was also the director of the International Centre for Advanced Studies in Physical Sciences at Ruhr-University Bochum. He held a PhD in physics from Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India and a second doctorate in Theoretical Plasma Physics from Umeå University in Sweden.

Umeå University
Umeå University (Swedish: Umeå universitet; Ume Sami: Ubmejen universitiähta; Meänkieli: Uumaja ynivärsiteetti); is a public research university located in Umeå, in the mid-northern region of Sweden. The university was founded in 1965 and is the fifth oldest within Sweden's present borders.

As of 2015, Umeå University has over 36,000 registered students (approximately 16,000 full-time students), including those at the postgraduate and doctoral level. It has more than 4,000 employees, half of which are teachers/researchers, including 310 professors.

Internationally, the university is known for research relating to the genome of the poplar tree and the Norway Spruce, and its highly ranked Institute of (industrial) Design.
Shereen Usdin
Shereen Usdin was born in Durban (South Africa), on 8 April 1962. She graduated as a medical doctor from the University of Witwatersrand (Johannesburg) in 1985. In 1995 she attained a Masters of Public Health, at Harvard University. She is a founding member of the South-African Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication, now the Soul City Institute of Social Justice. She is active in the fields of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, violence against women and health and human rights.

Professional degrees of public health
The Master of Public Health (MPH), Master of Science in Public Health (MSPH), Master of Medical Science in Public Health (MMSPH) and the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH), International Masters for Health Leadership (IMHL) are interdisciplinary professional degrees awarded for studies in areas related to public health. The MPH degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. Master of Public Health programs are available throughout the world in Schools of Public Health, Programs in Public Health, Medical Schools, and Schools of Public Affairs. MPH degrees, in addition to including a core curriculum, will usually also let students pursue a specialization in a specific field, such as epidemiology, biostatistics, or health management.
Immune-selective anti-inflammatory derivative
Immune Selective Anti-Inflammatory Derivatives (ImSAIDs) are a class of peptides that have anti-inflammatory properties.  ImSAIDs work by altering the activation and migration of inflammatory cells, which are immune cells responsible for amplifying the inflammatory response.

Immunity (medicine)
In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease. Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization.
18th Airlift Squadron
The 18th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was to the 305th Operations Group, Air Mobility Command, stationed at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey.

It was inactivated on 1 July 1995.

Air Mobility Command
The Air Mobility Command (AMC) is a Major Command (MAJCOM) of the U.S. Air Force. It is headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, east of St. Louis, Missouri, near Mascoutah, Illinois.

Air Mobility Command was established on 1 June 1992 and was formed from elements of the inactivated Military Airlift Command (MAC) and Strategic Air Command (SAC).  AMC melded MAC's worldwide airlift system of primarily C-5 Galaxy, C-141 Starlifter (later replaced by C-17 Globemaster III beginning in 1995), and C-130 Hercules airlift aircraft with SAC's tanker force of KC-135 Stratotanker and KC-10 Extender aerial refueling aircraft, the latter air refueling aircraft having been freed from their strategic nuclear strike commitment to SAC's B-52 Stratofortress and B-1 Lancer bomber fleet by the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.  In 2016, the Air Force Historical Research Agency consolidated the histories of AMC and MAC, extending AMC's lineage back to 1941.
Parker Price-Miller
Parker D. Price-Miller (born May 2, 1998) is an American professional dirt track racing driver who competes full-time in the World of Outlaws for PPM Racing. Price-Miller made his NASCAR Camping World Truck Series debut in the No. 3 Chevrolet Silverado for Jordan Anderson Racing at the 2021 Corn Belt 150 at Knoxville Raceway. Price-Miller is also referred to by his nickname "The Law Firm".

In October 2021, Price-Miller announced he was diagnosed with B-cell lymphoma, the most common form of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Dirt track racing
Dirt track racing is a form of motorsport held on clay or dirt surfaced banked oval racetracks. Dirt track racing started in the United States before World War I and became widespread during the 1920s and 1930s using both automobiles and motorcycles, spreading throughout Japan and often running on horse racing tracks. There are a myriad of types of race cars used, from open wheel Sprint cars and Modifieds to stock cars. While open wheel race cars are purpose-built racing vehicles, stock cars (also known as fendered cars) can be either purpose-built race cars or street vehicles that have been modified to varying degrees. There are hundreds of local and regional racetracks throughout the United States and also throughout Japan. The sport is also popular in Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom.
Nilai University
Nilai University is a private university in Nilai, Seremban District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. established in 1998, excels in teaching and learning. This commitment is underscored by 5-stars QS ratings in 6 categories and awarded as a specialist for MBA programme.

Nilai University’s exceptional performance in key areas also secured a ‘Competitive’ rating in the SETARA 2022 evaluation.

Nilai University: Enrichment For Life

Seremban District
The Seremban District (Negeri Sembilan Malay: Somban) is one of the seven districts in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. This is where the capital of Negeri Sembilan, Seremban is located.

Seremban District shares a border with Sepang and Hulu Langat Districts, Selangor to the north, Jelebu District to the northeast, Kuala Pilah District to the east, Port Dickson District to the west, and Rembau District to the south.
Paasonen
Paasonen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aladár Paasonen (1898–1974), Finnish military officer

Sakari Paasonen (1935–2020), Finnish sport shooter

Jani Paasonen (born 1975), Finnish rally driver

Susanna Paasonen (born 1975), Finnish feminist scholar

Heikki Paasonen (linguist) (1865–1919), Finnish linguist and ethnographer

Heikki Paasonen (born 1983), Finnish television presenter

Jani Paasonen
Jani Paasonen (born 11 April 1975) is a Finnish rally driver. He used to compete in the World Rally Championship (WRC) with Škoda Motorsport. His best result was 6th place at Rally Finland 2004 with Škoda Fabia WRC.
Chillington Iron Company Tramway
The Chillington Iron Works opened in 1822. Foster, Rastrick and Company in Stourbridge played a role in equipping the works. An extensive 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge tramway connected the ironworks with the Birmingham canal at Chillington Wharf, but had disappeared by the turn of the century. Steam locomotives from John Smith Village Foundry at Coven, were purchased for use on the line.

Birmingham Canal Navigations
Birmingham Canal Navigations (BCN) is a network of canals connecting Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and the eastern part of the Black Country. The BCN is connected to the rest of the English canal system at several junctions. It was owned and operated by the Birmingham Canal Navigation Company from 1767 to 1948.

At its working peak, the BCN contained about 160 miles (257 km) of canals; today just over 100 miles (160 km) are navigable, and the majority of traffic is from tourist and residential narrowboats.
Non-Hausdorff manifold
In geometry and topology, it is a usual axiom of a manifold to be a Hausdorff space. In general topology, this axiom is relaxed, and one studies non-Hausdorff manifolds: spaces locally homeomorphic to Euclidean space, but not necessarily Hausdorff.

Locally compact space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space is called locally compact if, roughly speaking, each small portion of the space looks like a small portion of a compact space. More precisely, it is a topological space in which every point has a compact neighborhood.

When locally compact spaces are Hausdorff they are called locally compact Hausdorff, which are of particular interest in mathematical analysis.
Malus sikkimensis
Malus sikkimensis is a rare species of apple known by the common name Sikkim crabapple. Its Chinese name is xi jin hai tang (锡金海棠).

It bears white and pink flowers and dark red fruit. It was first published in Gatt. Pomac. in 1890.

It is native to China, Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet and parts of India, where it is threatened due to loss of habitat.

The edible fruits are a primary source (within India and the Himalayas) of dietary dihydrochalcones and flavonoids (both organic compounds). An extract of the fruit has potential for protective and therapeutic properties.

Dihydrochalcone
Dihydrochalcone (DHC) is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)(CH2)2C6H5.  It is the reduced derivative of chalcone (C6H5C(O)(CH)2C6H5). It is a white solid that is soluble in many organic solvents. Dihydrochalcone per se is often minor significance, but some derivatives occur in nature and have attracted attention as drugs.

The formation of dihydrochalcones removes the conjugation between the two ring systems (via the ketone) when the double bond is abolished. This causes the visible color of the chalcones to disappear in their dihydrochalcone derivatives.
Systematic theology
Systematic theology, or systematics, is a discipline of Christian theology that formulates an orderly, rational, and coherent account of the doctrines of the Christian faith. It addresses issues such as what the Bible teaches about certain topics or what is true about God and God's universe. It also builds on biblical disciplines, church history, as well as biblical and historical theology. Systematic theology shares its systematic tasks with other disciplines such as constructive theology, dogmatics, ethics, apologetics, and philosophy of religion.

Herman Bavinck
Herman Bavinck (13 December 1854 – 29 July 1921) was a Dutch Calvinist theologian and churchman. He was a significant scholar in the Calvinist tradition, alongside Abraham Kuyper, B. B. Warfield, and Geerhardus Vos.
Pfuhl
Pfuhl (German for "quagmire", geographically and figurative) is a German topographic surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Ernst Pfuhl (1876–1940), German-Swiss classical archaeologist and art historian, son of Johannes

Gavin Pfuhl (1947–2002), South African first-class cricketer and cricket commentator

Gerit Pfuhl, German mountain bike orienteer

Graham Pfuhl (born 1950), South African cricketer

Herb Pfuhl (1928–2011), American politician and teacher

Johannes Pfuhl (1846–1914), German sculptor

Gerit Pfuhl
Gerit Pfuhl is a German mountain bike orienteer. At the 2005 World MTB Orienteering Championships in Banská Bystrica she won a gold medal in the relay, together with Anke Dannowski and Antje Bornhak.

At the 2006 World MTB Championships she placed 13th in the middle distance and fifth in the relay.
Conygar Hillfort
Conygar Hillfort is a small multivallate Iron Age hill fort in the North Somerset district of Somerset, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

The hill fort is situated approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south from the village of Portbury near Bristol and the M5.

The fort is triangular in shape and there are the remains of a 3 feet (0.91 m) high bank on the south-western side.

North Somerset
North Somerset is a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. The council is based in Weston-super-Mare, the area's largest town. The district also contains the towns of Clevedon, Nailsea and Portishead, along with a number of villages and surrounding rural areas. Some southern parts of the district fall within the Mendip Hills, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The district was formed in 1974 as the Woodspring district of the county of Avon. Avon was abolished in 1996, when the district was renamed North Somerset and its council took on county-level functions from the abolished county council.

The district is on the coast, facing the Bristol Channel to the west. The neighbouring districts are Bristol, Bath and North East Somerset and Somerset.
Joseph Wright (American painter)
Joseph Wright (July 16, 1756 – September 13, 1793) was an American painter and sculptor. He painted life portraits of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, and was a designer of early U.S. coinage. Wright had been Washington's original choice for Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, but died he at age 37 before being confirmed to that position by the United States Congress. Wright is often confused with his contemporary, the English painter Joseph Wright of Derby.

United States Mint
The United States Mint is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. The U.S. Mint is one of two U.S. agencies that manufactures physical money. The other is the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which prints paper currency. The first United States Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and was soon joined by other centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.
Dave Pelzer
David James Pelzer (born December 29, 1960) is an American author of several autobiographical and self-help books. His 1995 memoir of childhood abuse, A Child Called "It": One Child's Courage to Survive, was listed on The New York Times Best Seller list for several years, and in 5 years had sold at least 1.6 million copies. The book brought Pelzer fame, and has also been a source of controversy: family members and journalists have accused Pelzer of fabricating several events in the book.

Child abuse
Child abuse (also called child endangerment or child maltreatment) is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.

Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute a criminal charge.
The Elusive Quest for Growth
The Elusive Quest For Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics is a 2001 book by World Bank development economist William Easterly. Upon its release, the book received acclaim from such figures as Bruce Bartlett, Robert Solow, and Paul Romer, and has since become widely cited in the Economic Development literature.

Easterly’s primary thesis is that the numerous efforts to remedy extreme poverty in the Third World have failed because they have neglected that individuals, businesses, governments, and donors respond to incentives. Thus, he argues, the failure of economic development in poor tropical nations is not the failure of economics, but the failure to apply economic principles to practical policy work. Inspired by the moral imperative to improve the lives of the poor, his recommendation is not to abandon the quest, but to improve the institutions of governments and international actors to create incentives that promote growth.

Bruce Bartlett
Bruce Reeves Bartlett (born October 11, 1951) is an American historian and author. He served as a domestic policy adviser to Ronald Reagan and as a Treasury official under George H. W. Bush. Bartlett also writes for the New York Times Economix blog.

Bartlett has written several books and magazine articles critical of the George W. Bush administration, asserting that its economic policies significantly departed from traditional conservative principles.
Omninet
Omninet, headquartered in Eckental, Germany in the region of Nuremberg, is a medium-sized software development company known as an international orientation innovator in the area of business process management software. Its subsidiaries and offices are located in Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Russia; it has also a sales office in the United States. Omninet is a Microsoft Gold partner.

Eckental
Eckental is a municipality in the district of Erlangen-Höchstadt, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 14 km east of Erlangen, and 16 km northeast of Nuremberg. It contains 17 districts: Benzendorf, Brand, Brandermühle, Büg, Ebach, Eckenhaid, Eckenmühle, Eschenau, Forth, Frohnhof, Herpersdorf, Illhof, Marquardsburg, Mausgesees, Oberschöllenbach, Oedhof, and Unterschöllenbach.
Pepe Soares
José Manoel Soares (30 January 1908 – 24 October 1931), known as Pepe, was a Portuguese footballer. During his brief career, he played as an inside forward for CF Belenenses and the Portugal national football team, and was considered by many to be Portugal's best player of the time. Despite the young age at which he died, Pépe won two Portuguese Championships (Taça de Portugal) and three Lisbon Championships (Campeonato de Lisboa).

Campeonato de Lisboa
The Campeonato de Lisboa (English: Championship of Lisbon) was a regional football league in Portugal situated at the third level of the Portuguese football league system. It started in 1906, before the Lisbon Football Association was created, and ran until 1947.

The Campeonato de Portugal was created in 1922 and reunited all of regional league winners in a playoff. From 1934, with the establishment of the Primeira Divisão and Segunda Divisão, it became the third level.

As time progressed, main clubs focused on national competitions, so the league folded in 1947.
Holpertal
The Holpertal is a valley, just one and a half kilometres long, in the central Palatine Forest of Germany. It lies within the municipality of Ramberg in the county of Südliche Weinstraße in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Its V-shaped cross-section was cut by the waters of the Holperbach stream, which has incised deeply into the rock layers of the Lower Bunter. The valley floor climbs from an elevation of about 250 metres to well over 400 metres. Its slopes are covered with mixed forest and sweet chestnut. Whilst at one time, the valley produced raw materials for the traditional broom and brush-making industries, today forestry and tourism predominate.

In the immediate vicinity of the Holpertal are a number of points of interest that include the castle ruins of Meistersel, Ramburg and Neuscharfeneck Castle, the Brushmakers' Museum in Ramberg and a number of hiking destinations.

Palatinate Forest
The Palatinate Forest (/pəˈlætɪnɪt/; German: Pfälzerwald [ˈpfɛltsɐvalt] ⓘ), sometimes also called the Palatine Forest, is a low-mountain region in southwestern Germany, located in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park (German: Naturpark Pfälzerwald) covering 1,771 km2 and its highest elevation is the Kalmit (672.6 m).

Together with the northern part of the adjacent Vosges Mountains in France it forms the UNESCO-designated Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
Julian Deryl Hart
Julian Deryl Hart (August 27, 1894 – June 1, 1980) served as President of Duke University from 1960 to 1963. Previously, he was the Professor and Chairman of the Department of Surgery at Duke.  During his presidency of three years, he planned and initiated programs to enhance the "academic excellence" of the university.  For example, he redefined the Office of the Registrar, Undergraduate Admissions, and Development.  Faculty salaries increased and the number of distinguished professorships doubled.  He also was instrumental in amending the admissions policy to uphold equality regardless of race, creed, or national origin.

Hart's home, the J. Deryl Hart House in Durham, North Carolina, serves as the official residence of Duke's presidents.

Faculty (division)
A faculty or academic division is an academic and administrative unit within a university or college comprising one subject area or a group of related subject areas, possibly also delimited by level (e.g. undergraduate). In North America, academic divisions are sometimes titled colleges, schools, or departments, with universities occasionally using a mixture of terminology, e.g., Harvard University has a Faculty of Arts and Sciences and a Law School.
City Plaza (New Taipei)
City Plaza (Chinese: 大都會廣場; pinyin: Dà Dūhuì Guǎngchǎng) is a shopping center in Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan that opened in June 2015. The original name of the mall was Meito Mall, but was later changed to its current name. It is the first and largest shopping mall in the district. The main core stores of the mall include Uniqlo, NET, Owndays, and Kura Sushi. The mall is located in close proximity to Tamsui metro station on the Red Line of the Taipei Metro.

Tamsui District
Tamsui District (Chinese: 淡水; pinyin: Dànshuǐ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tām-chúi; Tâi-lô: Tām-tsuí) is a seaside district in New Taipei City, Taiwan adjacent to the Tamsui River and overlooking the Taiwan Strait. The name of the district means "fresh water" in Chinese. Although modest in size (population 205,706), Tamsui plays a significant role in Taiwanese history and culture.
Trojena
Trojena (Arabic: تروجينا) is a mountain tourism destination under construction in Neom, Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia. Trojena is one of the various announced regions of NEOM and will be located 50 km (31 mi) from the Gulf of Aqaba, covering a total area of 60 km2 (23 sq mi) with an elevation ranging from 1,500–2,600 m (4,900–8,500 ft) above sea level. The tourism destination is part of Saudi Vision 2030 and when announced in 2022 was set to be completed by 2027.

A 2023 review of the project found that costs had surged by over $10 billion, leading the project to fall below the internal rate of return. An internal audit found evidence of financial manipulation to justify the cost overruns and obfuscate problems related to the project.

Internal rate of return
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return. The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or financial risk.

The method may be applied either ex-post or ex-ante. Applied ex-ante, the IRR is an estimate of a future annual rate of return. Applied ex-post, it measures the actual achieved investment return of a historical investment.

It is also called the discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) or yield rate.