hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework
The Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) framework is a general framework to model the evolution of interest rate curves – instantaneous forward rate curves in particular (as opposed to simple forward rates). When the volatility and drift of the instantaneous forward rate are assumed to be deterministic, this is known as the Gaussian Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) model of forward rates.: 394  For direct modeling of simple forward rates the Brace–Gatarek–Musiela model represents an example.

The HJM framework originates from the work of David Heath, Robert A. Jarrow, and Andrew Morton in the late 1980s, especially Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology (1987) – working paper, Cornell University, and Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology (1989) – working paper (revised ed.), Cornell University. It has its critics, however, with Paul Wilmott describing it as "...actually just a big rug for [mistakes] to be swept under".

Paul Wilmott
Paul Wilmott (born 8 November 1959) is an English researcher, consultant and lecturer in quantitative finance. He is best known as the author of various academic and practitioner texts on risk and derivatives, for Wilmott magazine and Wilmott.com, a quantitative finance portal, and for his prescient warnings about the misuse of mathematics in finance.
Johji Manabe
Johji Manabe (真鍋譲治, Manabe Jōji; born 18 December 1964), also known as George Manabe, is a Japanese manga artist.

He is best known in the English-speaking world for Caravan Kidd, Outlanders, and Capricorn.

He is not to be confused with an animator of the same name (but written differently; 真鍋譲二) who worked mainly in the 1970s for Oh! Production, contributing to such works as A Dog of Flanders, Genshi Shōnen Ryû, 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother, Dokonjō Gaeru, King Arthur, Galaxy Express 999, Lupin the 3rd: Season 1, Lupin the 3rd: The Castle of Cagliostro, Future Boy Conan (episodes 8–17), and others.

The Gutsy Frog
The Gutsy Frog (Japanese: ど根性ガエル, Hepburn: Dokonjō Gaeru) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yasumi Yoshizawa. It was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 1970 to June 1976, with its chapters collected in 27 tankōbon volumes. A 103-episode anime television series by Tokyo Movie was broadcast on ABC and TBS from October 1972 to September 1974; a second anime television series, titled The Gutsy Frog 2 (known in Japan as New Gutsy Frog), was broadcast on Nippon TV from September 1981 to March 1982. An anime film was released in March 1982. A ten-episode television drama aired on Nippon TV from July to September 2015.
Bird Garden of Isfahan
The Bird Garden of Isfahan was founded in 1998 by the municipality of Isfahan and it is now under the supervision of the recreation and welfare organization of the municipality. The garden has an area of 17000 m². It's enclosed and covered by a chain-link fence pitched on 16 moveable metal pillars with a height of up to 32 m. More than 5000 birds from 130 different species are kept in the garden. The birds are native to different parts of Iran and also other countries like Australia, Indonesia, China, and Tanzania.

Square metre
The square metre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures) or square meter (American spelling) is the unit of area in the International System of Units (SI) with symbol m2. It is the area of a square with sides one metre in length.

Adding and subtracting SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples; however, as the unit is exponentiated, the quantities grow exponentially by the corresponding power of 10. For example, 1 kilometre is 103 (one thousand) times the length of 1 metre, but 1 square kilometre is (103)2 (106, one million) times the area of 1 square metre, and 1 cubic kilometre is (103)3 (109, one billion) cubic metres.

Its inverse is the reciprocal square metre (m−2), often called "per square metre".
Bottom-up approach of the Holocaust
The bottom-up approach is a viewpoint on the causes of the Holocaust.

This approach is usually housed under a common debate in understanding the Holocaust, known as the functionalism versus intentionalism debate. Functionalists represent the argument that the decision to kill the Jews developed over time with a concept called "cumulative radicalization" (Hans Mommsen). Intentionalists, on the other hand, believe that the Final Solution was intended to occur all along and use antisemitism to prove this point. In the functionalism versus intentionalism debate, the bottom-up approach originated under the functionalist perspective. Götz Aly, specifically, has argued the case for the bottom-up approach from the functionalist view.

The approach is best defined as one of the many arguments used to explain the Holocaust. This reasoning focuses on those of lower rank and their pressuring of higher ranks to implement what is now known as the Final Solution.

Hans Mommsen
Hans Mommsen (5 November 1930 – 5 November 2015) was a German historian, known for his studies in German social history, for his functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich, and especially for arguing that Adolf Hitler was a weak dictator. Descended from Nobel Prize-winning historian Theodor Mommsen, he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
Extraembryonic tissue
Extraembryonic tissue includes the four extraembryonic membranes which assist in the development of the animal embryo. The membranes occur in a range of animals from mammals to insects. The tissue originates from the zygote, but is not considered part of the embryo.  The membranes typically perform roles in nutrition, gas exchange and waste removal. In humans and other mammals they are more usually known as the fetal membranes.

Zygote
A zygote (/ˈzaɪˌɡoʊt/ ⓘ; from Ancient Greek  ζυγωτός (zygōtós) 'joined, yoked', from  ζυγοῦν (zygoun) 'to join, to yoke') is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.

The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and contains all of the genetic information of a new individual organism.

The sexual fusion of haploid cells is called karyogamy, the result of which is the formation of a diploid cell called the zygote (or zygospore in specific cases).
Bujar
Bujar is an Albanian masculine given name which means generous. People named Bujar include:

Bujar Asqeriu (born 1956), Albanian actor

Bujar Bukoshi (1947-2025), Kosovar politician

Bujar Çani (1946–2012), Albanian footballer

Bujar Dida (born 1961), Albanian chemist and diplomat

Bujar Hoxha, Albanian chess player

Bujar Idrizi (born 1991), Kosovar footballer

Bujar Lako (1947–2016), Albanian actor

Bujar Lika (born 1992), Swiss-Albanian footballer

Bujar Nishani (1966–2022), Albanian politician, the sixth President of Albania

Bujar Osmani (born 1979), Albanian politician from Macedonia

Bujar Pllana (born 2001), Kosovan footballer

Bujar Shehu (born 1939), Albanian basketball player and coach

Bujar Spahiu (born 1976), Albanian Muslim scholar

Bujar Osmani
Bujar Osmani (Macedonian: Бујар Османи, born 11 September 1979) is a Macedonian politician of Albanian descent who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia from 2020 until 2024 and Minister of Health from 2008 until 2011. In June 2017, he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in charge of European affairs. On 30 August 2020, Osmani became Minister of Foreign Affairs. Osmani was the first Macedonian of Albanian descent to lead the top diplomatic post in North Macedonia.

He was previously a doctor at the Public Hospital in Skopje.

On 26 November 2019, an earthquake struck Albania. Osmani was part of a delegation of Albanian politicians from North Macedonia visiting the earthquake epicentre that expressed their condolences to Albanian president Ilir Meta.

With North Macedonia assuming the Chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe for 2023, Osmani became the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE on 1 January 2023.
It's Been So Long Darling
"It's Been So Long, Darling" is a 1945 song by Ernest Tubb.  "It's Been So Long, Darling" was Ernest Tubb's seventh chart entry on the country charts and his second to make it to number one, where it stayed for four weeks and a total of thirteen weeks on the chart.

Ernest Tubb
Ernest Dale Tubb (February 9, 1914 – September 6, 1984), nicknamed the Texas Troubadour, was an American singer and songwriter and one of the pioneers of country music. His biggest career hit song, "Walking the Floor Over You" (1941), marked the rise of the honky-tonk style of music.

In 1948, he was the first singer to record a hit version of Billy Hayes and Jay W. Johnson's "Blue Christmas", a song more commonly associated with Elvis Presley and his late-1950s version. Another well-known Tubb hit was his 1965 "Waltz Across Texas" (written by his nephew Quanah Talmadge Tubb, known professionally as Billy Talmadge), which became one of his most requested songs and is often used in dance halls throughout Texas during waltz lessons. Tubb recorded duets with the then up-and-coming Loretta Lynn in the early 1960s, including their hit "Sweet Thang". Tubb is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.
Kōtarō Tanaka (photographer)
Kōtarō Tanaka (田中 幸太郎, Tanaka Kōtarō; 1901–1995) was a Japanese amateur photographer particularly noted for his photography of Osaka and his use of color.

Tanaka was born in Ise, Mie (Japan) in 1901.

From 1932 onwards he participated in a variety of amateur photography groups. From 1948 he worked in the Osaka office of Asahi Shinbun's publishing company.

From 1955, Tanaka worked to photograph Kawachi in Osaka, in a series titled Kawachi Fūdoki (河内風土記). In 1962 he started photographing firework displays in color (then still unusual for such purposes), with his camera attached to his moving body.

Starting in the seventies, Tanaka won a series of awards for his long service to amateur photography in the Kansai area. He died on 7 November 1995.

Kansai region
The Kansai region (関西地方, Kansai Chihō; [kaꜜɰ̃.sai, kaɰ̃.sai tɕiꜜ.hoː] ⓘ) (also known as the Kinki region (近畿地方, Kinki Chihō; Japanese pronunciation: [kʲiꜜŋ.ki, kʲiŋ.ki̥ tɕiꜜ.hoː])) is a region of Japan that lies in the southern-central portion of Japan's main island, Honshū. The region consists of the prefectures of Hyōgo, Kyoto, Mie, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, and Wakayama.  Additionally, the prefectures of Fukui, Tokushima and Tottori are sometimes associated with Kansai.

Kansai is the second-most populated region of Japan (after Kantō), and contains the metropolitan region of Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto (Keihanshin region), which is the second-most populated metropolitan region in Japan (after the Greater Tokyo Area).
Moolort railway station
Moolort station was opened on 7 July 1874. There is no longer a station platform at Moolort (it was shortened from 61.5m to 18.3m in length in 1973). However, there are still sidings provided to grain silos and to ballast piles. On 17 December 2004, the line from Moolort to Maldon Junction was closed, due to the line being reserved for the Victorian Goldfields Railway to operate between Maldon and Castlemaine. Ballast trains operate from Maryborough to Moolort.

Victorian Goldfields Railway
The Victorian Goldfields Railway is a 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge tourist railway in Victoria, Australia. It operates along a formerly disused branch line between the towns of Maldon and Castlemaine.
Stephen Pratt
Stephen Joel Pratt (born 8 July 1984) is an Australian politician and former local government councillor for the City of Cockburn and senior ministerial advisor to Roger Cook.

At the 2021 Western Australian state election, Pratt was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council as a Labor member for South Metropolitan.

On 11 February 2025, Pratt resigned from the Legislative Council to contest the seat of Jandakot at the 2025 state election, where he was elected.

Western Australian Labor Party
The Western Australian Labor Party, officially known as WA Labor, is the Western Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). It is the current governing party of Western Australia since winning the 2017 state election under Mark McGowan.
Padma Ratna Tuladhar
Padma Ratna Tuladhar (Nepali: पद्मरत्न तुलाधर) (1940–2018) was a Nepalese politician and human rights activist. A resident of Kathmandu, he played an instrumental role in bringing the Nepali Maoists to mainstream politics from armed struggle.

He was elected to the Rastriya Panchayat from Kathmandu in the 1986 election. Following the restoration of multi party democracy he was elected to the Pratinidhi Sabha from Kathmandu 4 in 1991. He served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Man Mohan Adhikari as Minister for Labour and Health.

Tuladhar died at Kathmandu on 4 November 2018 due to a brain hemorrhage. He is survived by his wife Nil Shova Tuladhar and four children.

1991 Nepalese general election
General elections were held in Nepal on 12 May 1991, to elect 205 members to the House of Representatives. The elections were the first multi-party elections since 1959 and were a result of the 1990 revolution forcing King Birendra to restore a multi-party system.

Although the Nepali Congress won the most seats, its leader Krishna Prasad Bhattarai lost in his own constituency, Kathmandu 1. Communist leader Madan Kumar Bhandari was elected in both Kathmandu 1 and Kathmandu 5, vacating the latter.
Sandy Ridge, Hong Kong
Sandy Ridge (simplified Chinese: 沙岭; traditional Chinese: 沙嶺; pinyin: Shā Lǐng), is a hill on the east side of Lo Wu in the New Territories, Hong Kong. The village of Sha Ling (沙嶺), is located south of the hill besides Man Kam To Road. Sandy Ridge is completely within the Closed Area of Hong Kong adjacent to the territory's border with Shenzhen in mainland China.

Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains. Hills fall under the category of slope landforms.
Gapi Baguna
Sultan Gapi Baguna (Jawi: سلطان ݢاڤي بݢون‎; c. 1547 – 29 April 1599), also known as Sirajul Arifin (سراج العارفين‎), was the sixth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands. He reigned from 1560 to 1599, a time of major political realignments. Due to the great expansion of Tidore's rival Ternate, the previous Tidorese hostility towards the Portuguese was changed into a strategic policy of cooperation, while the Spanish establishment in the Philippines and the Iberian Union in 1581 brought him Spanish support.

Banda Islands
The Banda Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Banda) are a volcanic group of ten small islands in the Banda Sea, about 140 km (87 mi) south of Seram Island and about 2,000 km (1,243 mi) east of Java, and constitute an administrative district (kecamatan) within the Central Maluku Regency in the Indonesian province of Maluku. The islands rise out of 4-to-6-kilometre (2.5 to 3.7 mi) deep ocean and have a total land area of approximately 172 square kilometres (66 sq mi); with associated maritime area this reaches 736.3 square kilometres (284.3 sq mi). They had a population of 18,544 at the 2010 Census and 20,924 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 21,902. Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree. The islands are also popular destinations for scuba diving and snorkeling. The main town and administrative centre is Banda Neira, located on the island of the same name.
Langona zimbabwensis
Langona zimbabwensis is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Langona that lives in Zimbabwe.  The male was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming in 2011. The female has not been identified. The spider is large with a cephalothorax between 2.9 and 3 mm (0.11 and 0.12 in) long and an abdomen between 2.5 and 2.6 mm (0.098 and 0.102 in). The spider has a brown carapace with two faint white stripes on its back and a black eye field. It has the toothless chelicerae typical of the genus. It has a long and thin tibial apophysis. The spider can be distinguished from others in the genus by its distinctive pattern of 12 white spots, consisting of six pairs, and a black stripe on its abdomen.

Palpal bulb
The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in adult male spiders and are not completely visible until after the final moult. In the majority of species of spider, the bulbs have complex shapes and are important in identification.
K. Ramasubbu
K. Ramasubbu (born 30 May 1911, date of death unknown) was an Indian politician who was a member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.

Ramasubbu was born in Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli district on 30 May 1911. He had school education at St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai. He studied at The Madurai Diraviyam Thayumanavar Hindu College in Tirunelveli Pettai and the Presidency College in Chennai. He was also the district functionary of the Indian National Congress Party and held several key positions in the Tirunelveli district administration. He contested and won assembly elections of Kadampur Assembly constituency in the year 1957.

St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai
St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School is a private Catholic secondary school located in  Palayamkottai in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, India. The school was established by the Jesuits in 1880 and provides co-educational schooling for students from standards VI through XII. The school includes a hostel for 300 boys and has an active alumni association, founded in 1990.
Amsterdam–Arnhem railway
The Amsterdam–Arnhem railway, also referred to as the Amsterdam–Elten railway or Rhijnspoorweg in Dutch (English: Rhine railway), is an important railway that connects Amsterdam in the Netherlands with Utrecht and Arnhem, and continues into Germany.

Amersfoort Centraal railway station
Amersfoort Centraal is the main railway station in Amersfoort in the province of Utrecht, Netherlands. The station was an important link between the western part of the Netherlands and the north and east of the country until December 2012 when the Hanzelijn opened.
Sandrine Péché
Sandrine Péché (born 1977) is a French mathematician who works as a professor in the Laboratoire de Probabilités, Statistique et Modélisation of Paris Diderot University. Her research concerns probability theory, mathematical physics, and the theory and applications of random matrices.

After studying at the École normale supérieure de Cachan,
Péché earned a Ph.D. from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland, in 2002, under the supervision of Gérard Ben Arous.
She taught at the University of Grenoble before moving to Paris Diderot in 2011.

She served as the editor-in-chief of Electronic Communications in Probability from 2015 to 2017.
She was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2014.

Paris Diderot University
Paris Diderot University, also known as Paris 7 (French: Université Paris Diderot), was a French university located in Paris, France. It was one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which was split into 13 universities in 1970. Paris Diderot merged with Paris Descartes University in 2019 to form the University of Paris, which was later renamed Paris Cité University.

With two Nobel Prize laureates, two Fields Medal winners and two former French Ministers of Education among its faculty or former faculty, the university was famous for its teaching in science, especially in mathematics. Many fundamental results of the theory of probability were discovered at one of its research centres, the Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (Laboratory of Probability and Random Models).
Robert Coleby
Robert Coleby (born 1947) is a British actor who has spent most of his career in Australia. Active since the 1970s, he has over 70 film and television credits to his name. Coleby has acted on stage in numerous productions for the Queensland Theatre Company in Brisbane.

Queensland Theatre
Queensland Theatre Company, formerly the Queensland Theatre and Royal Queensland Theatre Company, is a professional theatre company based in Brisbane, Australia. It regularly performs in its own Bille Brown Theatre and the Queensland Performing Arts Centre's Playhouse.

The company was founded in 1970 by British actor and director Alan Edwards with a full company of performers. It was granted the prefix "Royal" in 1984. It is currently headed by executive director Criena Gehrke.
1998 du Maurier Open – Men's doubles
Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to the eventual runners-up Ellis Ferreira and Rick Leach.

Martin Damm and Jim Grabb won the title, by defeating Ferreira and Leach, 6–7, 6–2, 7–6 in the final.

Mahesh Bhupathi
Mahesh Shrinivas Bhupathi (born 7 June 1974) is an Indian former doubles world No. 1 tennis player. In 1997, he became the first Indian to win a major tournament (with Rika Hiraki). With his win at the 2006 Australian Open mixed doubles, he joined the elite group of eight tennis players who have achieved a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles. He is also the founder of International Premier Tennis League. In December 2016, Bhupathi was appointed as India's next non-playing Davis Cup captain and took over the reins from Anand Amritraj in February 2017.
Comet (dinghy)
The Comet, sometimes called the Comet OD or Comet One-Design, is an American sailing dinghy that was designed by C. Lowndes Johnson as a one-design racer and first built in 1932. The design has evolved over time via modifications.

The design was intended as a smaller version of the Star keelboat, making it easier to transport.

One-design racing
One-design racing is a racing method which may be adopted in sports using complex equipment, whereby all vehicles have identical or very similar designs or models, avoiding the need for a handicap system.