hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2013 South American Rugby Championship "A"
The 2013 South American Rugby Championship (Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (CONSUR) Championship) Division A doubled as a 2015 Rugby World Cup qualifier. The matches were held in Montevideo, Uruguay and Temuco, Chile between 27 April and 4 May 2013.

Argentina already qualified for the 2015 Rugby World Cup, after being quarter-finalists at the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The highest place team after Argentina would progress to a playoff with the losing team in the North America playoff, either Canada or the US.

Argentina, Uruguay and Chile qualified for this tournament, after finishing in the top three of the 2012 edition. The fourth spot went to Brazil, decided by a playoff between the 4th placed team at the 2012 South American Rugby Championship "A" (Brazil) and the 2012 South American Rugby Championship "B" champions (Paraguay).

Temuco
Temuco (Spanish pronunciation: [teˈmuko]) is a city and commune, capital of the Cautín Province and of the Araucanía Region in southern Chile. The city is located 670 kilometres (416 miles) south of Santiago. The city grew out from a fort of the same name established in 1881 during Chile's invasion of Araucanía. Temuco lies in the middle of the historic Araucanía, a traditional land of the indigenous Mapuche.

Temuco's central place in Araucanía with easy access to the Andean valleys, lakes and coastal areas makes it a hub for tourism, agricultural, livestock and forestry operations as well as a communication and trade centre for the numerous small towns of Araucanía. Temuco has recently been regarded as a university city as it houses two large universities: University of the Frontier and Temuco Catholic University. Nobel laureates Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda both lived in Temuco for some time.
Fachrul Razi
Fachrul Razi (born 26 July 1947) is an Indonesian politician and retired army officer who serves as Indonesian Minister of Religious Affairs since 23 October 2019. He is only the third person of military background to occupy the office, after Navy retiree Tarmizi Taher (1993–1998) and Army general Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara (1978–1983). As Tarmizi was a 2-star admiral and Alamsyah was a 3-star general, Fachrul – a 4-star general – is the highest-ranked military officer to have ever held this ministerial office.

Fachrul is the last Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (1999–2000) and is one of the founders of political party Hanura.

Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara
Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara (25 December 1925 – 8 January 1998) was an Indonesian retired military general and politician who served as State Secretary Minister, Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare, Minister of Religious Affairs, and Ambassador of Indonesia to the Netherlands.
The Cutter and the Clan
The Cutter and the Clan is the fifth studio album by Scottish Celtic rock band Runrig. Released on 1 December 1987, it was the band's breakthrough album, taking them from cottage industry to the international stage. Initially, it peaked at number seven on the UK Independent Albums Chart in 1988, however, a re–release in 1995 saw it debut at number forty-five on the UK Albums Chart as well as a debut appearance of number thirty one on the Scottish Albums Chart. A further re–release in 2024 saw it reach a new peak in their native Scotland of number twelve.

It was also the first Runrig album to feature keyboard player Pete Wishart – forming the "classic" line-up of the band through what would be their most commercially successful period. A 1995 re–release produced the single "An Ubhal as Àirde (The Highest Apple)", which made history by becoming the first song to be performed in Scottish Gaelic to chart in the United Kingdom.

UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts
The UK Independent Singles Chart and UK Independent Albums Chart are charts of the best-selling independent singles and albums, respectively, in the United Kingdom. Originally published in January 1980, and widely known as the indie chart, the relevance of the chart dwindled in the 1990s as major-label ownership blurred the boundary between independent and major labels.

Separate independent charts are currently published weekly by the Official Charts Company.
White Tigers (gang)
The White Tigers (Chinese: 白虎; Jyutping: Baak6 Fu2) were a Chinese American street gang that was prominent in New York City's Flushing, Queens, and northern area of Chinatown from the early 1980s to the mid 1990s. They were formed in 1980 by immigrants from China of the ethnicity of Cantonese and Taiwanese, and ABCs (American-born Chinese). They adopted the color white as their clothing to match the name of the set. Throughout the 80s, the gang was often engaged in bloody turf wars with other Queens gangs, such as the younger Green Dragons. Their activities included extortion, kidnapping, illegal gambling, racketeering, drug trafficking, human trafficking, arson and murder.

American-born Chinese
American-born Chinese (abbreviated as ABC) is a term widely used as an ethnic generational identifier to refer to Chinese people who were born in the United States and received U.S. citizenship due to birthright citizenship in the United States.
Gran conquista de Ultramar
The Gran conquista de Ultramar ('Great Conquest Beyond the Sea') is a late 13th-century Castilian chronicle of the Crusades for the period 1095–1271. It is a work of compilation, translation and prosification of Old French and Old Occitan sources, mixing historical material with legends drawn from the epic chansons de geste. It was produced under royal patronage by Sancho IV and probably his father, Alfonso X.

It was translated into Catalan and Galician-Portuguese. It survives in four manuscripts and received its editio princeps (first edition) in 1503.

Old Spanish
Old Spanish (roman, romançe, romaz; Spanish: español antiguo), also known as Old Castilian or Medieval Spanish, refers to the varieties of Ibero-Romance spoken predominantly in Castile and environs during the Middle Ages. The earliest, longest, and most famous literary composition in Old Spanish is the Cantar de mio Cid (c. 1140–1207).
Rupert Covered Bridge No. 56
The Rupert Covered Bridge No. 56 (also known as the Rupert Bridge) is a covered bridge in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is one of 23 covered bridges in Columbia County. The bridge is on the National Register of Historic Places and is the oldest existing covered bridge in Columbia County. The bridge is located in the community of Rupert and is open to traffic.

Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Columbia County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 64,727. Its county seat is Bloomsburg. The county was created on March 22, 1813, from part of Northumberland County. It was named Columbia, alluding to the United States and Christopher Columbus. The county is part of the Central region of the commonwealth.

Columbia County is part of the Bloomsburg–Berwick metropolitan area.
Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368
Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368 is a fragment of Manichaean manuscripts collected in Germany Berlin Asian Art Museum, drawn during the 8th-9th centuries, Was discovered in Xinjiang by German Turpan expedition team in the early 20th century. The remaining page is 8.2 cm long and 11.0 cm wide, with slender painting illustrations on both sides, and the text is Sogdian.

Sogdian alphabet
The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, a language in the Iranian family used by the people of Sogdia. The alphabet is derived from Syriac, a descendant script of the Aramaic alphabet. The Sogdian alphabet is one of three scripts used to write the Sogdian language, the others being the Manichaean alphabet and the Syriac alphabet. It was used throughout Central Asia, from the edge of Iran in the west, to China in the east, from c. 100 to c. 1200 AD.
William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard
William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard (c. 1623 – 3 February 1688/89) was an English aristocrat, the son of William Maynard, 1st Baron Maynard and Anne Everard. He married Dorothy Banastre. He later married Lady Margaret Murray, daughter of William Murray, 1st Earl of Dysart and Catherine Bruce. He was Comptroller of the Household from 1672 to 1687 and Custos Rotulorum of Essex from 1673 to 1688.

By Margaret he had one daughter, Elizabeth. She married Sir Thomas Brograve, 3rd Baronet, son of Sir Thomas Brograve, 1st Baronet and Grace Hewet (daughter of Sir John Hewet, 1st Baronet), on 26 January 1691–92 at the Chapel Royal in Whitehall, London.

Hewet baronets
The Hewet Baronetcy, of Headley Hall in the County of York, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 11 October 1621 for John Hewet. The title became extinct on the death of the eighth Baronet in 1822.

The Viscounts Hewett were members of another branch of this family.
1S-LSD
1S-LSD, also known as 1-(3-(trimethylsilyl)propionyl)-LSD, is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide family related to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It is the trimethylsilyl derivative of 1P-LSD and functions as a prodrug and functional analogue of LSD. 1S-LSD was developed in response to legal restrictions on similar compounds, such as 1D-LSD, which were banned in Germany under the NpSG law in June 2024.

The compound was introduced as a legal alternative by incorporating a trimethylsilyl group, which is not covered under current NpSG regulations. This chemical modification allows 1S-LSD to be legally sold in Germany as of September 2024. It is typically distributed in its hemi-D-tartrate form, a common format for lysergamides due to its stability and ease of use.

Functional analog (chemistry)
In chemistry and pharmacology, functional analogs are chemical compounds that have similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. Functional analogs are not necessarily structural analogs with a similar chemical structure.  An example of pharmacological functional analogs are morphine, heroin and fentanyl, which have the same mechanism of action, but fentanyl is structurally quite different from the other two with significant variance in dosage.

Morphine

Heroin

Fentanyl
2015–16 Clemson Tigers men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Clemson Tigers men's basketball team represented Clemson University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by sixth year head coach Brad Brownell, the Tigers played their home games at Bon Secours Wellness Arena, due to renovations at Littlejohn Coliseum, as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They finished the season 17–14, 10–8 in ACC play to finish in a tie for seventh place.

They lost in the second round of the ACC tournament to Georgia Tech.

2016 ACC men's basketball tournament
The 2016 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball tournament is the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Atlantic Coast Conference and was held at the Verizon Center in Washington D.C. from March 8 to 12, 2016. The winner of the tournament receives the conference's automatic bid to the 2016 NCAA tournament. The tournament included 14 of the 15 ACC teams due to Louisville's self-imposed postseason ban. This was the 20th consecutive ACC Tournament that featured Duke or UNC in the championship game.
José Quiles
José Quiles Brotons (born 19 October 1997) is a Spanish boxer. He won the silver medal in the men's featherweight event at the 2023 European Games held in Poland. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan and the men's featherweight event at the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, France.

In 2019, he competed in the men's 56 kg event at the European Games held in Minsk, Belarus.

2023 European Games
The 3rd European Games (Polish: III Igrzyska Europejskie, Igrzyska Europejskie 2023), also known as the 2023 European Games or Kraków-Małopolska 2023, was an international multi-sport event held from 21 June to 2 July 2023 in Kraków and Małopolska, Poland. It was the first time that Poland hosted the European Games. All Olympic sports held at the European Games provided qualification opportunities for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.
Erwin A. Heers
Erwin A. Heers (July 4, 1896 – 11 June 1960) was an American college football and basketball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Alfred University in Alfred, New York from 1926 to 1929. He also served as the freshmen football coach at Rider University in 1931. The school had no varsity team that year.

Alfred, New York
Alfred is a town in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 4,896 at the 2020 census.

The Town of Alfred has a village named Alfred in the center of the town.

Alfred University and Alfred State College are located in the Village of Alfred.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas
The Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas is a four-volume reference work on intellectual history published by Charles Scribner's Sons in 1973. Philip P. Wiener was its editor-in-chief. Associate editors included Isaiah Berlin, Salomon Bochner, and Ernest Nagel, It contains more than 300 articles written by 254 contributors, organized into seven categories. Contributors included Berlin, Boas, Herbert Butterfield, Merle Curti, Mircea Eliade, Joan Kelly Gadol, Sidney Hook, Milton Konvitz, Leonard Kreiger, Judith Shklar, Peter N. Stearns, and René Wellek.

An updated edition (the New Dictionary of the History of Ideas), edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz, was published in 2004. The 2004 edition has 700 articles across six volumes. Scribner made the 1973 edition available for free online after the new edition was published.

Merle Curti
Merle Eugene Curti (September 15, 1897 – March 9, 1996) was an American progressive historian who influenced peace studies, intellectual history and social history, including by using cliometrics (quantitative tools in historical research). At Columbia University and for decades at the University of Wisconsin, Curti directed 86 finished Ph.D. dissertations and had a wide range of correspondents. He was known for his commitment to democracy, as well as the Turnerian thesis that social and economic forces shape American life, thought and character.
Single-minded Dandelion
Single-minded Dandelion (Korean: TV소설 일편단심 민들레; RR: TVsoseol ilpyeondansim mindeulle) is a 2014 South Korean morning soap opera starring Kim Ga-eun, Hong In-young, Yoon Sun-woo and Jeon Seung-bin. It aired on KBS2 from August 25, 2014 to February 27, 2015 on Mondays to Fridays at 09:00 for 134 episodes.

KBS2
KBS 2TV (Korean: KBS 제2텔레비전) is a South Korean free-to-air television channel launched on 1 December 1980 and owned by Korean Broadcasting System. In contrast to KBS1, the channel specializes primarily in entertainment.
Cycling at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's cross-country
The men's cross-country competition of the cycling events at the 2011 Pan American Games was held on October 15 at the Pan American Mountain Bike Circuit in Tapalpa. The defending Pan American Games champion is Adam Craig of the United States, while the defending Pan American Championship, champion is Hector Paez of Colombia.

Adam Craig (cyclist)
Adam Craig (born August 15, 1981, in Bangor, Maine) is a professional mountain biker currently living in Bend, Oregon. Originally from Corinth, Maine, Craig was educated at the University of Maine. He is a three-time Under 23 Cross-country National Champion, 2007 and 2008 National Champion, and represented the United States at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

Adam Craig competed in several events at the 2013 Sea Otter Classic using a Mongoose Beast, a 47 lb singlespeed fatbike sold for $200 at Walmart. Craig gave interviews under the pseudonym Manuel Beastley and competed wearing Giant Factory Team casual apparel.

Adam Craig won Single Speed Cyclocross World Championship five times.
Hyundai Motor America
Hyundai Motor America, doing business as Hyundai Motor North America is the operating subsidiary that oversees all operations of Hyundai Motor Company in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Along with Hyundai's USA manufacturing plant in Montgomery, Alabama called Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Hyundai has total of 19 manufacturing plants globally. It has a plant in Ellabell, Georgia, which it is currently expanding. Its operations include research and development, manufacturing, sales, marketing, after sales and corporate functions, which are controlled by HMA but sometimes executed by other subsidiaries and holding companies. The company is headquartered in Fountain Valley, California.

North American International Auto Show
The Detroit Auto Show, formerly known as the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), is an annual auto show held in Detroit, Michigan. Hosted at Huntington Place (formerly Cobo Center) since 1965, it is among the largest auto shows in North America, and is widely regarded as one of the automotive industry's most important events.

The show is organized by the Detroit Auto Dealers Association (DADA), and has been held annually in January for much of its recent history. It is usually open to the general public for 1–2 weeks, preceded by previews for industry employees and media, and a black-tie "charity preview" fundraiser for local children's charities.
Duncan Alexander Stewart
Duncan Alexander Stewart (30 June 1850 – 18 December 1936) was a Scottish-born farmer and political figure in Manitoba, Canada. He represented Lisgar in the House of Commons of Canada from 1902 to 1904 as a Liberal.

He was born in Anchterarder, Perthshire, the son of John Stewart and Catherine Robertson, and was educated in Lanark County, in Carleton Place and at McGill College. In 1883, he married Marjorie Cameron McIntyre. Stewart was an inspector of schools for Manitoba and treasurer for Rock Lake County. Stewart died in the rural municipality of Louise in Manitoba at the age of 86.

Lisgar (electoral district)
Lisgar was a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1871 to 1988. This riding was created following the admission of Manitoba into the Canadian Confederation in 1870.

It was abolished in 1987 when it was redistributed into Portage—Interlake, Brandon—Souris, Lisgar—Marquette and Provencher ridings.
1930 Palm Island tragedy
The Palm Island Tragedy occurred in 1930 on Palm Island Aboriginal settlement on Great Palm Island in Queensland, Australia, when the settlement's Superintendent, Robert Henry Curry, shot and wounded two people, and set fire to several buildings, killing his two children. Later in the day, the Superintendent was shot dead. An official inquiry by the Attorney-General of Queensland followed. Those involved in the shooting death were charged with murder, but during the trial, under the advice of the trial judge, the Crown Prosecutor dropped the charges.

Crown prosecutor (Australia)
Crown prosecutors are the public prosecutors in the legal system of Australia. In Western Australia, they are referred to as State prosecutors.

Crown prosecutors represent the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and in right of each state or Territory in criminal proceedings. Crown prosecutors are appointed (not elected) and are not public servants; they are private counsel briefed by the Director of Public Prosecutions for particular cases.

Both the Commonwealth of Australia and the states and territories can make criminal laws under the Constitution of Australia, so Crown prosecutors deal with both state and federal offences. The typical Crown prosecutor, often a King's Counsel or Senior Counsel, will have extensive experience as defence counsel as well as prosecuting counsel, across a full spectrum of legal disciplines.
Sar Tang, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
Sar Tang (Persian: سرتنگ; also known as Sar Tang-e Maḩmūd) is a village in Dinaran Rural District, in the Central District of Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 10 families.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province (Persian: استان چهارمحال و بختیاری) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Shahr-e Kord. The province lies in the southwest of the country, with an area of 16,332 square kilometers.

The province was classified as part of Region 2 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province lies in the heart of the Zagros Mountains, a mountain range that stretches across north-western Iran and forms a natural barrier between Iran and Iraq.
Loz Wildbore
Loz Wildbore (born 23 September 1984) is an English rugby league footballer who has played in the 2000s and 2010s. He has played at representative level for British Amateur Rugby League Association (2004 tour of Australia), Great Britain (Academy) and England (Academy), and at club level for West Hull A.R.L.F.C., Hull F.C. (Academy), Hull Kingston Rovers (c. 2005), the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats (A-Team), Doncaster, Featherstone Rovers (2007...2008), the Widnes Vikings (c. 2008…2009), the Dewsbury Rams, the York City Knights (c. 2009), and in Championship One for the South Wales Scorpions, and for Hunslet Hawks (c. 2011) and the Myton Warriors ARLFC (c. 2017), as an occasional goal-kicking fullback, stand-off or loose forward.

Hunslet R.L.F.C.
Hunslet R.L.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in Beeston, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. They play home games at South Leeds Stadium and compete in Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

The club was formed as a Phoenix club after the original Hunslet club folded.
Von Neumann entropy
In physics, the von Neumann entropy, named after John von Neumann, is a measure of the statistical uncertainty within a description of a quantum system. It extends the concept of Gibbs entropy from classical statistical mechanics to quantum statistical mechanics, and it is the quantum counterpart of the Shannon entropy from classical information theory. For a quantum-mechanical system described by a density matrix ρ, the von Neumann entropy is

where  denotes the trace and  denotes the matrix version of the natural logarithm. If the density matrix ρ is written in a basis of its eigenvectors  as

then the von Neumann entropy is merely

In this form, S can be seen as the Shannon entropy of the eigenvalues, reinterpreted as probabilities.

The von Neumann entropy and quantities based upon it are widely used in the study of quantum entanglement.

Trace (linear algebra)
In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix A, denoted tr(A), is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal, . It is only defined for a square matrix (n × n).

The trace of a matrix is the sum of its eigenvalues (counted with multiplicities). Also, tr(AB) = tr(BA) for any matrices A and B of the same size. Thus, similar matrices have the same trace. As a consequence, one can define the trace of a linear operator mapping a finite-dimensional vector space into itself, since all matrices describing such an operator with respect to a basis are similar.

The trace is related to the derivative of the determinant (see Jacobi's formula).