hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apartheid legislation
The system of racial segregation and oppression in South Africa known as apartheid was implemented and enforced by many acts and other laws. This legislation served to institutionalize racial discrimination and the dominance by white people over people of other races. While the bulk of this legislation was enacted after the election of the National Party government in 1948, it was preceded by discriminatory legislation enacted under earlier British and Afrikaner governments. Apartheid is distinguished from segregation in other countries by the systematic way in which it was formalized in law.

Coloured vote constitutional crisis
The Coloured vote constitutional crisis, also known as the Coloured vote case, was a constitutional crisis that occurred in the Union of South Africa during the 1950s as the result of an attempt by the Nationalist government to remove coloured voters in the Union's Cape Province from the common voters' rolls. It developed into a dispute between the judiciary (in particular the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court) and the other branches of government (Parliament and the executive) over the power of Parliament to amend an entrenched clause in the South Africa Act 1909 (the constitution) and the power of the Appellate Division to overturn the amendment as unconstitutional. The crisis ended when the government enlarged the Senate and altered its method of election, allowing the amendment to be successfully enacted.
ABC Islands bear
The ABC Islands bear or Sitka brown bear (Ursus arctos sitkensis) is a subspecies or population of brown bear that resides in Southeast Alaska and is found on Admiralty Island, Baranof Island, and Chichagof Island in Alaska (colloquially known as the ABC Islands), and a part of the Alexander Archipelago. It has a unique genetic structure that relates them not only to brown bears, but also to polar bears. Its habitat exists within the Tongass National Forest, which is part of the perhumid rainforest zone.

ABC Islands (Alaska)
57°24′00″N 134°43′59″W﻿ / ﻿57.4°N 134.733°W﻿ / 57.4; -134.733

The ABC Islands is the colloquial name for the Alaskan islands of Admiralty, Baranof, and Chichagof in the northern part of the Alexander Archipelago, which are all part of the Tongass National Forest. The islands are known for their wilderness and wildlife, including a dense brown bear population.

Most of the islands' area is federally protected wilderness. The city of Sitka has its urban center on the west coast of Baranof Island. Outside of Sitka, there is only minimal industry and human presence on the islands, despite the fact that Admiralty (7th), Baranof (10th), and Chichagof (5th) are among the largest islands in the United States.
Neeraja
Neeraja is a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language drama film written and directed by Rajesh K. Raman. The film stars Shruti Ramachandran, Guru Somasundaram, Govind Padmasoorya, Jinu Joseph, and Srinda. It is a remake of the 2018 Kannada film Nathicharami. It was produced by Uma and M. Ramesh Reddy under the banner of Suraj Production. It was released in theatres on 2 June 2023.

Govind Padmasoorya
Govind Padmasoorya (born 16 June 1987), popularly known by his initials GP, is an Indian actor who works mainly in Malayalam cinema and Telugu films. He made his debut in the movie Atayalangal directed by M. G. Sasi which won 5 Kerala State awards including Best Film.

He became popular through the dance reality show D 4 Dance. He directed a promo film for Malayalam television channel Asianet  for their 25 years celebration. He marked his Telugu debut in the film Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo directed by Trivikram Srinivas starring Allu Arjun.
Peter Kocan
Peter Raymond Kocan (born Peter Raymond Douglas, 4 May 1947) is an Australian author and poet who attempted to assassinate Australian Opposition Leader Arthur Calwell on 21 June 1966. He fired a shot at point-blank range through a car window, but Calwell escaped with only minor facial injuries from broken glass. Kocan, 19 years old at the time, was sentenced to life imprisonment. He was transferred to the Morisset Mental Hospital and released in 1976.

He began writing in prison and has published several volumes of poetry. After his release from prison he continued to write poetry and novels.

Creative Australia
Creative Australia, formerly known as the Australia Council for the Arts and the Australia Council, is the country's official arts council, serving as an arts funding and advisory body for the Government of Australia.

The council was announced in 1967 as the Australian Council for the Arts, with the first members appointed the following year. It was made a statutory corporation by the passage of the Australia Council Act 1975. It became the Australia Council in 2013, and then Creative Australia, with a new organisational structure, from 24 August 2023.

The organisation has included several boards within its structure over the years, including more than one incarnation of a Visual Arts Board (VAB), in the 1970s–80s and in the early 2000s.
Henry Holme
Christianity portal

Henry Redmayne Holme (8 November 1839 in Kirk Leatham – 6 July 1891 at Basseterre) was an Anglican bishop in the late 19th century.

Of a Yorkshire family, Henry Redmayne Holme was son of the Rev. James Holme. He was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1868. Ordained in 1868, his first posts were curacies in Attercliffe and Lythe. From 1875 to 1881, he was Vicar of St Anthony's Montserrat, and from 1882 to 1891 Vicar of St George's, Basseterre, and Chaplain to the Bishop of Antigua; he was also Archdeacon of St Kitts from 1885 to 1891. In 1891, he was appointed Bishop of British Honduras. Consecrated on 1 March, he died in a shipwreck four months later. There is a memorial to him at Belize's Anglican cathedral.

Shipwreck
A shipwreck is the wreckage of a ship that is either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water. It results from the event of shipwrecking, which may be intentional or unintentional. There were approximately three million shipwrecks worldwide as of January 1999, according to Angela Croome, a science writer and author who specialized in the history of underwater archaeology  (an estimate rapidly endorsed by UNESCO and other organizations).
When a ship's crew has died or abandoned the ship, and the ship has remained adrift but unsunk, they are instead referred to as ghost ships.
TrashMail
TrashMail is a free disposable e-mail address service created in 2002 by Stephan Ferraro, a computer science student at Epitech Paris  which belongs now to Ferraro Ltd. The service provides temporary email addresses that can be abandoned if they start receiving email spam. It mainly forwards emails to a real hidden email address.

Email forwarding
Email forwarding generically refers to the operation of re-sending a previously delivered email to an email address to one or more different email addresses.

The term forwarding, used for mail since long before electronic communications, has no specific technical meaning, but it implies that the email has been moved "forward" to a new destination.

Email forwarding can also redirect mail going to a certain address and send it to one or more other addresses. Vice versa, email items going to several different addresses can converge via forwarding to end up in a single address in-box.

Email users and administrators of email systems use the same term when speaking of both server-based and client-based forwarding.
Service rifle
A service rifle (or standard-issue rifle) is any rifle a military issues to its regular soldiers or infantry. In modern militaries, this is generally a versatile, rugged, and reliable assault rifle or battle rifle, suitable for use in nearly all environments and is effective in most combat situations. Service rifles are solely designated and used as the primary weapon in almost all instances of warfare and training. Almost all modern militaries are also issued service pistols as sidearms to accompany their service rifles. The term can also be used to describe weapons issued by non-military forces, such as law enforcement or paramilitaries.

If the issued weapon is not a rifle or carbine, but instead a different type of firearm intended to serve in a specialized role such as a combat shotgun, submachine gun, or light machine gun, it is called a service firearm or service weapon.

Sidearm (weapon)
A sidearm is an individual-served weapon that is kept at one's side and can be rapidly accessed if needed. A sidearm may be carried alone or as an ancillary weapon to a more frequently-used primary weapon. The term historically referred to swords, daggers, and similar small weapons kept at one's side in a sheath, and in modern combat dominated by guns, sidearms are often defined as handguns that are similarly kept in a holster.

A sidearm is typically required equipment for military officers and may be carried by law enforcement personnel. Usually, uniformed personnel of these services wear their weapons openly, while plainclothes personnel have their sidearms concealed under their clothes.
Ézy-sur-Eure
Ézy-sur-Eure (French pronunciation: [ezi syʁ œʁ]; lit. 'Ézy-on-Eure'), colloquially known simply as Ézy, is a commune in the Eure department in the Normandy region in northern France. It is on the departmental border with Eure-et-Loir, which mainly follows the river Eure, just northwest of the town of Anet.

Anet
Anet (French pronunciation: [anɛt]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. It lies 14 km north-northeast of Dreux between the rivers Eure and Vesgre, the latter flowing into the former some 4 km northeast of Anet town hall.
Law enforcement in Malaysia
Law enforcement in Malaysia is performed by numerous law enforcement agencies and primarily the responsibility of the Royal Malaysia Police. Although Malaysia is a federation, criminal matters and majority of law enforcement bodies are placed under the jurisdiction of federal government by the Malaysian Constitution. State or local governments often play limited roles in law enforcement, and its powers were restricted to matters such as land, forestry, and hawkers. Below are some of the law enforcement bodies and agencies of Malaysia.

State governments of Malaysia
The state governments in Malaysia are the governments ruling the 13 states in the federation of Malaysia. All 13 states adopts the Westminster Parliamentary system and each has a unicameral state legislative assembly. Each of the States of Malaya is run by an Executive Council (EXCO), while Sabah and Sarawak have their respective Cabinet and Ministry. The state government structure in all 13 states is similar to the government system of the federal government of Malaysia and that the state legislatures consist of only a single chamber.
Pavlo Frolov
Pavlo Valeriyovych Frolov  (Ukrainian: Павло Валерійович Фролов; born September 1, 1976, Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovska oblast) is a Ukrainian politician. Member of the Ukrainian Parliament of the 9th convocation from the Servant of the People party.

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровська область, romanized: Dnipropetrovska oblast), also commonly known as Dnipropetrovshchyna (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровщина), is an oblast (province) in southeastern Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a population of about 3,096,485 (2022 estimate), approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative centers: Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol and Pavlohrad. The Dnieper River runs through the oblast.
Delony
Delony or DeLony is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eric DeLony (1944–2018), American historic preservationist

Jenny Eakin Delony (1866–1949), American painter and educator

John Delony

Vail M. Delony

Jenny Eakin Delony
Jenny Eakin Delony, also known as Jenny Eakin Delony Rice and Jenny Meyrowitz, (1866–1949) was an American painter and educator. She specialized in portraits of notable and historic figures in the United States, but also made miniature, landscape, wildlife, still life, and genre paintings. She was the founder of collegiate art education in Arkansas.
2005 French Open – Girls' singles
Ágnes Szávay won the title, defeating Raluca Olaru in the final 6–2, 6–1.

Sesil Karatantcheva was the defending champion, but chose to compete in the women's singles competition, where she reached the quarterfinals, losing to 16th seed Elena Likhovtseva.

Raluca Olaru
Ioana Raluca Olaru (born 3 March 1989) is a Romanian former professional tennis player. The winner of eleven singles and fifteen doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, Olaru reached one WTA Tour singles final, at the 2009 Gastein Ladies, losing to Andrea Petkovic, in straight sets. She also won eleven doubles titles on WTA Tour tournaments.

Olaru was a successful junior player. She was the runner–up in both junior singles and doubles at the 2005 French Open, and captured the 2006 US Open doubles title along with Mihaela Buzărnescu. Her best professional Grand Slam result has been the third round of the 2007 French Open, when she defeated the 30th seed Julia Vakulenko, in straight sets, and lost to eventual runner–up, the seventh seed Ana Ivanovic. Olaru reached her highest singles ranking, world No. 53, on 27 July 2009, and her best doubles ranking, No. 30, on 31 January 2022.

Olaru announced her retirement from tennis in June 2024.
Polly (opera)
Polly is a ballad opera with text by John Gay and music by Johann Christoph Pepusch. It is a sequel to Gay's The Beggar's Opera. Due to censorship, the opera was not performed in Gay's lifetime. It had its world premiere on 19 June 1777 at the Haymarket Theatre in London. A revised and edited version of the text and score by Clifford Bax and Frederic Austin, respectively, premiered on 30 December 1922 at the Kingsway Theatre in London.

Johann Christoph Pepusch
Johann Christoph Pepusch (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈkʁɪstɔf ˈpeːpʊʃ]; 1667 – 31 July [O.S. 20 July] 1752), also known as  John Christopher Pepusch (English: /ˈpeɪpʊʃ/) and Dr Pepusch, was a German-born  Baroque composer who spent most of his working life in England.
Berlin Ostkreuz station
Berlin Ostkreuz station (German: Bahnhof Berlin Ostkreuz) (literally "Berlin East Cross") is a station on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway and the busiest interchange station in Berlin. It is in the former East Berlin district of Friedrichshain, now part of the borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. A smaller part of the station is in Rummelsburg, part of the borough of Lichtenberg. The station is a Turmbahnhof ("tower station", i.e., a two-level interchange) with the Berlin–Frankfurt (Oder) railway ("Lower Silesian–March Railway") and the Prussian Eastern Railway on the lower level and the Berlin Ringbahn on the upper level. It is used by a total of around 235,000 passengers every day on eight lines, entering or leaving.

The station was completely reconstructed from 2006 to December 2018 while operations continued. In the past it was exclusively used as a Berlin S-Bahn station, but it is now also a stopping point for regional services. This station is open 24/7.

Friedrichshain
Friedrichshain (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪçsˌhaɪn] ⓘ) is a quarter (Ortsteil) of the borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg in Berlin, Germany. From its creation in 1920 until 2001, it was a freestanding city borough. Formerly part of East Berlin, it is adjacent to Mitte, Prenzlauer Berg, Kreuzberg and Lichtenberg.

Friedrichshain is named after the Volkspark Friedrichshain, a vast green park at the northern border with Prenzlauer Berg. In the Nazi era, the borough was called Horst-Wessel-Stadt. Friedrichshain is one of the trendy districts of Berlin and has experienced gentrification.
Kaʽb bin Zaid bin An-Najjar
Kaʽb bin Zaid bin An-Najjar was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
He was from the city of Medina, making him one of the Ansar. According to Ibn Ishaq, he participated in the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud. He was also present at the Expedition of Bir Maona, where 40 to 70 Muslims were betrayed and massacred by Bani Salim at the instigation of Amir bin Tufayl. Ka'b was severely wounded and left for dead, but lived and was the only survivor. He later died in the Battle of the Trench when he was struck by an arrow shot by Dirar bin Al-Khattab Al-Fihri.

Massacre of Bi'r Ma'una
The Massacre of Bi'r Ma'una (Arabic: يَوْم بِئْرِ مَعُونَةَ, romanized: Yawm Biʾr Maʿūna, lit. 'Day of Bi'r Ma'una') was the killing of Muslim missionaries by the Mushrikites four months after the Battle of Uhud in 625 (4 AH). 
It is believed the Islamic prophet Muhammad sent missionaries to preach Islam, at the request of Abu Bara. Forty (as per Ibn Ishaq) or seventy (as per Sahih Bukhari) of the Muslim missionaries were killed.
William Smith Jewett
William Smith Jewett (1821–1873) was an American painter.

Jewett was born in South Dover, New York. He studied painting at the New York Academy of Design, where he became an associate in 1845. He sold many paintings through the American Art-Union, and he exhibited his artwork at the Academy of Design in 1841–1851.

Jewett moved to San Francisco, California in 1851, where he joined the Society of California Pioneers and he did many portraits of pioneers like him, including John Sutter. Jewett died in Springfield, Massachusetts. His son, William Dunbar Jewett, became a sculptor.

American Art-Union
The American Art-Union (1839–1851) was a subscription-based organization whose goal was to enlighten and educate an American public to the nation's art, while providing a support system for the viewing and sales of art “executed by artists in the United States or by American artists abroad."  Art unions had been popular since the early 19th century in Europe; they first appeared in Switzerland, gaining great popularity in both Germany and the United Kingdom in the 1830s.  The British version, Art Union of London (AUL), was a model for the American Art-Union (AAU).
South and Southeast Asian solar New Year
In many countries of South Asia and South East Asia, the traditional new year is calculated on the sun's entry into the constellation Aries as per the regional Hindu calendars or Buddhist calendars. This event is known by a variety of names in different nations, including Sankranti in India, Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh, Songkran in Thailand, Aluth Avurudda or Puthandu in Sri Lanka, and Thingyan in Myanmar.

In modern times, it is usually reckoned around 14 April.

Marma people
The Marma (Burmese: မရမာ) are an ethnic group native to parts of south-eastern Bangladesh and southern Tripura in India. They are the second-largest ethnic community in Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts, primarily residing in the Bandarban, Khagrachari and Rangamati Hill Districts. They belong to the same community as the Rakhine people. There are three endogamous groups within the Magh Community, known as (i) the Thongtha, Khyongtha, or Mrokpatha, (ii) the Marma, Mayamma, or Rakhaing Magh, (iii) the Maramagri, otherwise called the Barua Maghs.
Phyo Zeya Thaw
Phyo Zeya Thaw (Burmese: ဖြိုးဇေယျာသော်; pronounced [pʰjò zèjà θɔ̀], also referred to as Zeya Thaw (Burmese: ဇေယျာသော်; pronounced [zèjà θɔ̀]; 26 March 1981 – 23 July 2022) was a Burmese politician and hip hop recording artist who was unfairly detained and executed due to the perceived anti-junta messages in his lyrics. Amnesty International designated him as a prisoner of conscience. He served as a member of Pyithu Hluttaw, the Lower House of the Burmese parliament. Phyo Zeya Thaw, alongside opposition leader and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, was elected to the lower house on 1 April 2012.

In November 2021, Phyo Zeya Thaw was arrested by the Myanmar military junta and was sentenced to death in January 2022. In early June 2022, the junta announced that his execution was imminent. On 23 July 2022, Phyo Zeya Thaw and three other pro-democracy activists, including Kyaw Min Yu (Ko Jimmy), were executed.

Opposition (Myanmar)
The Opposition are the political parties represented in the Assembly of the Union that are not in government either on their own or as part of a governing coalition. The Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest political party in the Assembly of the Union that is not in government.

The Leader of the Opposition is often seen as a President-in-Waiting or future Speaker of the Assembly of the Union and Speaker of Pyithu Hluttaw or Speaker of Amyotha Hluttaw.
Greens/Green Party USA
The Greens/Green Party USA (G/GPUSA) was a political organization formed out of the Green Committees of Correspondence in 1991 and was recognized as a national political party by the FEC from 1991 to 2005. It was based in Chicago. Synthesis/Regeneration, an affiliated journal of green social thought, was published in St. Louis. The now predominant Green Party of the United States split from the G/GPUSA in 2001.

Synthesis/Regeneration
Synthesis/Regeneration was an independently published quarterly magazine whose articles examined contemporary issues in environmental politics, energy development, energy policy, climate change, social change, and social justice.

Synthesis/Regeneration was the editorial confluence of two earlier magazines, Green Synthesis and Regeneration.
Bohr–Mollerup theorem
In mathematical analysis, the Bohr–Mollerup theorem is a theorem proved by the Danish mathematicians Harald Bohr and Johannes Mollerup. The theorem characterizes the gamma function, defined for x > 0 by

as the only positive function  f , with domain on the interval x > 0, that simultaneously has the following three properties:

f (1) = 1, and

f (x + 1) = x f (x) for x > 0 and

f  is logarithmically convex.

A treatment of this theorem is in Artin's book The Gamma Function, which has been reprinted by the AMS in a collection of Artin's writings.

The theorem was first published in a textbook on complex analysis, as Bohr and Mollerup thought it had already been proved.

The theorem admits a far-reaching generalization to a wide variety of functions (that have convexity or concavity properties of any order).

Emil Artin
Emil Artin (German: [ˈaʁtiːn]; March 3, 1898 – December 20, 1962) was an Austrian mathematician of Armenian descent.

Artin was one of the leading mathematicians of the twentieth century. He is best known for his work on algebraic number theory, contributing largely to class field theory and a new construction of L-functions. He also contributed to the pure theories of rings, groups and fields.

Along with Emmy Noether, he is considered the founder of modern abstract algebra.
Norman L. James
Norman Leslie James (November 29, 1840 – November 25, 1918) was an American farmer, merchant, and Republican politician.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate (1885, 1887) and State Assembly (1873, 1875), representing Richland County.  His brother David G. James also served in the Wisconsin Senate, representing the same district.

27th Wisconsin Legislature
The Twenty-Seventh Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 14, 1874, to March 12, 1874, in regular session.

This was the first session since 1856 in which the Democratic Party held control of the Assembly.

Senators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 4, 1873. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 5, 1872.

The governor of Wisconsin during this entire term was Democrat William Robert Taylor, of Dane County, serving the first year of a two-year term, having won election in the 1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election.