hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mock Spanish
Mock Spanish (Spanish: pseudoespañol, lit. 'Pseudo-Spanish') is a loaded term used to describe a variety of Spanish-inspired phrases used by speakers of English in the United States. The term "mock Spanish" has been used by anthropologist-linguist Jane H. Hill of the University of Arizona, most recognizably in relation to the catchphrase, "Hasta la vista, baby", from the film, Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Hill argued that using pseudo-Spanish terms is covert racism. Other researchers have extended Hill's analysis and suggested that "Mock Spanish" is a manifestation of linguistic racism.

Loanword
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).

Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
Endurance: A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery
Endurance: A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery is a 2017 memoir by American astronaut Scott Kelly and Margaret Lazarus Dean.  The book details Kelly's life, as well as that of his twin brother Mark, as they became naval aviators and test pilots, and were both selected for NASA Astronaut Group 16.  Kelly recounts his four spaceflights, with an emphasis on the ISS year long mission, in which he participated.

The book's title was inspired by Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage, a 1959 book which detailed the epic efforts of Ernest Shackleton and his crew to survive after their exploratory ship the Endurance became trapped and was crushed by Antarctic sea ice in 1915. During his year aboard the Space Station, Kelly would occasionally thumb through the account of his predecessor explorer's harrowing story to try and put his own mission's inevitable difficulties in perspective.

NASA Astronaut Group 16
NASA Astronaut Group 16 ("The Sardines") was a group of 44 astronauts announced by NASA on May 1, 1996.  The class was nicknamed "The Sardines" for being such a large class, humorously implying that their training sessions would be as tightly packed as sardines in a can.  These 44 candidates compose the largest astronaut class to date.  NASA selected so many candidates in preparation for the anticipated need for ISS crew members, along with regular shuttle needs. Nine of the 44 astronauts selected were from other countries, including 1 each from 5 Europe nations and 2 each from Canada and Japan.

Three members of this group, William C. McCool, David M. Brown, and Laurel B. Clark, died in the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, during STS-107. These three received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

The group includes identical twins Mark and Scott J. Kelly. The group also includes Lisa Nowak, who was expelled from the astronaut corps in 2007.
Sangatsu Manga
Sangatsu Manga is a major manga publisher in Finland. It was a division of Tammi Publishers until it became part of H-Town in 2023. In 2003 it became the first Finnish publisher to sell manga (Dragon Ball, respectably) in convenience stores and supermarkets, which triggered the current wave of manga publishing in Finland.

Tammi (company)
Tammi, also known as Kustannusyhtiö Tammi and Tammi Publishers, is a Finnish publishing company established in 1943 by an initiative of Väinö Tanner, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland. In 1996, the company was bought by the Bonnier Group, and, as of the early 2000s, it was the third largest book publisher in Finland. In 2018, the company was merged into the Finnish book publishing company Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö (WSOY). Tammi was formerly known as Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi.

Its series Keltainen kirjasto (Yellow library), published since 1954, specialises in "quality literature", including books by many recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Alternanthera helleri
Alternanthera helleri is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador.  It is believed to be green in color anywhere from 90 to 100% of the year depending on elevation. The leaves are considered to be highly toxic to humans and should not be consumed under any circumstances.

Alternanthera helleri is a fall-blooming species, it can be planted at any time of year, but the best time is early/middle fall, as this provides it with an optimum blooming window when it will be in season. It is very rare to find growing in the wild, and recent national park's and forest's efforts to remove hazardous plants such as this one have drastically reduced the numbers in the wild. It is still grown, however, in laboratory settings, where scientists try to analyze just exactly what makes it so toxic to humans. It is theorized that the plant produces a powerful hemotoxin, perhaps similar to oleander in nature.

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae (/ˌæmərænˈθeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ AM-ər-an-THAY-see-ee, -⁠eye) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales.
Ipomoea mauritiana
Ipomoea mauritiana is a type of morning glory plant. Like the sweet potato, it belongs to the genus Ipomoea. It grows as a vine.

Its origins are uncertain, but it has been recorded in West Africa, including in Gambia  and the riparian forests of Benin, as well as Australia's Northern Territory. It is naturalised in many parts of the world, including Taiwan.

Specimens have been collected or observations taken in Australia, Belize, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, China, Colombia, DRC, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Honduras, Indonesia, Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Micronesia, Federated States of Myanmar, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo and Venezuela.

Riparian forest
A riparian forest or riparian woodland is a forested or wooded area of land adjacent to a body of water such as a river, stream, pond, lake, marshland, estuary, canal, sink, or reservoir. Due to the broad nature of the definition, riparian woodlands have a huge diversity of characteristics including but not limited to soil composition, microclimates, and vegetative structures. However, among the varied range and landscapes, one factor stays constant: a high rate of primary productivity. This makes riparian forests hugely important centers of nutrient recycling.
Jorge Enrique Robledo
Jorge Enrique Robledo Castillo (born 11 February 1950) is a Colombian politician, architect, professor, and author. He served as a member of the Senate of Colombia from 2002 until 2022, when he decided to leave his position in congress to pursue the office of president of Colombia, ultimately losing to Gustavo Petro. On 21 June 2023, Robledo announced that he was running for mayor of Bogotá in the October 2023 elections.

Senate of Colombia
The Senate of the Republic of Colombia  (Spanish: Senado de la República de Colombia) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber of Representatives. The Senate has 108 members elected for concurrent (non-rotating) four-year terms.
Lonavala railway station
Lonavala railway station is a railway station in Lonavala, a hill station in the state of Maharashtra in India. Lonavala station is the origin of Lonavala–Pune Suburban Trains. Seventeen suburban trains operate on the Pune–Lonavala route. Lonavala is also a halt for Mumbai–Pune Express and Mail trains. The Karjat–Pune passenger train also has a halt at Lonavala. Trains traveling on the Kalyan–Pune route also halt at Lonavala. This station leads access to Lonavala town and nearby areas like Karla Caves, Bhaja Caves, Lohagad, Visapur Fort, Bhushi Dam and Bhor Ghat (Khandala Ghat). Khandala hill station is just 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Lonavla.

Karjat
Karjat (Pronunciation: [kəɾd͡zət̪]) is a city administered under a Municipal Council in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. It forms a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and is located approximately 100 km (62 mi) from both Mumbai and Pune. The city is served by Karjat railway station and the Ulhas River flows through it. The city falls under the189 Karjat Assembly constituency.
Given to Fly
"Given to Fly" is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam. Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by guitarist Mike McCready, "Given to Fly" was released to radio on December 22, 1997, as the first single from the band's fifth studio album, Yield (1998).

"Given to Fly" proved to be the album's most popular single. The song topped the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and eventually peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Worldwide, the single reached number five in Finland, number six in Norway and Spain, and the top 20 in Australia, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The song was included on Pearl Jam's 2004 greatest hits album, rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991–2003).

Going to California
"Going to California" is a ballad recorded by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on their untitled fourth album in 1971.

In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked "Going to California" number 11 on their list of the 40 greatest Led Zeppelin songs of all time.
Gail Lewis (academic)
Gail Lewis (born 1951) is a British writer, psychotherapist, researcher, and activist. She is visiting senior fellow in the Department of Gender Studies at the London School of Economics, and Reader Emerita of Psychosocial Studies at Birkbeck College, London. She trained as a psychodynamic psychotherapist at the Tavistock Clinic.

Lewis's work is rooted in black feminist and anti-racist struggle, and a socialist, anti-imperialist politics. She was a co-founder of the Organisation for Women of African and Asian Descent (OWAAD), and she was a member of the Brixton Black Women's Group. She was a founding collective editorial member of the Feminist Review. Lewis was interviewed for the oral history project "Sisterhood and After: The Women's Liberation", archived at the British Library, a project that interviewed "feminists who were at the forefront of the Women's Liberation Movement in the 1970s and 80s".

Brixton Black Women's Group
The Brixton Black Women's Group (BWG) was an organisation for Black women in Brixton, London, England. One of the first Black women's groups in the UK, the BWG existed from 1973 to 1989. BWG members were also involved in Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent (OWAAD) and members were integral in organising the OWAAD conferences from 1979 and 1982.
Hoggart
Hoggart is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dennis Hoggart (born 1939), Scottish footballer
Kyllé Hoggart (credited as Kylle Hogart), Dennis' daughter, Australian actress
Kellie Crawford (née Hoggart) (born 1974), Dennis' daughter, Australian singer and actress, Teen Queens and Hi-5

Paul Hoggart, British journalist and writer

Herbert Richard Hoggart (1918–2014), British academic and writer
Simon Hoggart (1946–2014), Herbert's son, English journalist and broadcaster
Amy Hoggart, (born 1986), Simon's daughter, British-American stand-up comedian and actress
Paul Hoggart, Herbert's son, British journalist and novelist

Richard Hoggart
Herbert Richard Hoggart FRSL (24 September 1918 – 10 April 2014) was an English academic whose career covered the fields of sociology, English literature and cultural studies, with emphasis on British popular culture.
North Tibetan Plateau–Kunlun Mountains alpine desert
The North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1011) covers a long stretch of mostly treeless alpine terrain across the northern edge of the Tibet Plateau. A variety of cold, dry habitats are found, including alpine meadows, steppe, desert, and cushion plant floral areas.

Cushion plant
A cushion plant is a compact, low-growing, mat-forming plant that is found in alpine, subalpine, arctic, or subarctic environments around the world. The term "cushion" is usually applied to woody plants that grow as spreading mats, are limited in height above the ground (a few inches at most), have relatively large and deep tap roots, and have life histories adapted to slow growth in a nutrient-poor environment with delayed reproductivity and reproductive cycle adaptations. The plant form is an example of parallel or convergent evolution with species from many different plant families on different continents converging on the same evolutionary adaptations to endure the harsh environmental conditions.
Minuscule 754
Minuscule 754 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A142 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. The manuscript has no complex contents. Scrivener labelled it as 763e.

Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (29 September 1813 – 30 October 1891) was an English writer and scholar. Additionally, he was a New Testament textual critic and a member of the English New Testament Revision Committee which produced the Revised Version of the Bible. He was prebendary of Exeter, and vicar of Hendon.
UoG
UoG is an abbreviation that can mean:

University of Gdańsk

University of Georgia

University of Ghana

University of Ghent

University of Glamorgan

University of Glasgow

University of Gloucestershire

University of Goroka

University of Greenwich

University of Guadalajara

University of Guam

University of Guelph

University of Gujrat

University of Guyana

University of Gdańsk
The University of Gdańsk (Polish: Uniwersytet Gdański, UG) is a public research university located in Gdańsk, Poland. It is one of the top 10 universities in Poland and an important centre for the studies of the Kashubian language.
Sept Îles Lake (Saint-Raymond)
The Lac Sept Îles (sometimes spelled Lac aux Sept-Isles) (English: Seven Islands Lake) is a body of water located in the township of Gosford, in the municipality of Saint-Raymond, in the Portneuf Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, in Canada.

Thanks to its forest and mountain environment, its islands and bays, its proximity to Quebec city, and the Duchesnay tourist resort, the area around the lake is highly developed. A road completely surrounds the lake to serve residents and vacationers, an activity that dates to 1857–1858, compared to 1896 at Sergent Lake.

Capitale-Nationale
Capitale-Nationale (French pronunciation: [kapital nɑsjɔnal]; English: National Capital region) is one of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec. It is anchored by the provincial capital, Quebec City, and is largely coextensive with that city's metropolitan area. It has a land area of 18,684.78 km2. It reported a total resident population of 757,950 as of the 2021 Canadian census, with Quebec City having 77.7 percent of the total.

It was established in 1966 as one of the original administrative regions of Quebec. Prior to January 2000, it was known as the Québec administrative region.
Tumak language
Tumak, also known as Toumak, Tumag, Tummok, Sara Toumak, Tumac, and Dije, is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the southwestern Chadian prefectures of Moyen-Chari and Koumra. Motun (Mod) and Tumak dialects have a lexical similarity of only 70%; Blench (2006) lists Tumak, Motun, and Mawer as separate languages. Most Motun speakers use some Sara.

The "Gulei" listed in Greenberg might be a dialect of Tumak.

Moyen-Chari (prefecture)
Moyen-Chari was one of the 14 prefectures of Chad. Located in the south of the country, Moyen-Chari covered an area of 45,180 square kilometers and had a population of 738,595 in 1993. Its capital was Sarh.
Kurkent
Kurkent (Russian: Куркент; Lezgian: Курхуьр) is a rural locality (a selo) in Suleyman-Stalsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population: 3,960 (2021 Census); 3,011 (2002 Census); 1,905 (1989 Soviet census). There are 30 streets.

Lezgian language
Lezgian (/ˈlɛzɡiən/ LEZ-gee-ən), also called Lezgi (/ˈlɛzɡiː/ LEZ-gee) or Lezgin (/ˈlɛzɡɪn/ LEZ-gin), is a Northeast Caucasian language. It is spoken by the Lezgins, who live primarily in southern Dagestan—where it is an official language—and northern Azerbaijan. It is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
Nanubhai Vakil
Nanubhai Vakil (23 May 1902 – 29 December 1980) was a Hindi and Gujarati film director. He directed the first Gujarati feature film, in 1932, with a biopic on the saint Narsinh Mehta, Narsinh Mehta, whose cast included the actress Mehtab.

Narsinh Mehta
Narsinh Mehta (1414–1488), also known as Narsinh Bhagat, was a 15th-century poet-saint of Gujarat, India, honored as the first poet, or Adi Kavi, of the Gujarati language. Narsinh became a devotee of Krishna, and dedicated his life to composing poetic works described as bhakti, or devotion towards Krishna. His bhajans have remained popular in Gujarat and Rajasthan for over five centuries. Most notably, his composition "Vaishnava Jana To" was Mahatma Gandhi's favorite and became popular with freedom fighters across India.
Ceroxys latiusculus
Ceroxys latiusculus, or the narrow-banded picture-winged fly, is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Ceroxys of the family Ulidiidae. Adults are 9-12 mm in length. The abdomen is black with gray bands and the wings have distinctive markings. Larvae feed on Senecio.

Senecio
Senecio is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes groundsels and some ragworts. Variously circumscribed taxonomically, the genus Senecio is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Plants of the World Online currently accepts 1482 species.
Sam Davis (rugby league)
Sam Davis (born 11 November 1998) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a hooker for the London Broncos in the Betfred Championship.

He has previously played for London in the Championship and the Super League, and spent time on loan from the Broncos at the Coventry Bears in League 1. Davis has also previously played for the Salford Red Devils in the Super League and the York City Knights in the RFL Championship. He has spent time on loan at the London Broncos in the second tier.

Midlands Hurricanes
The Midlands Hurricanes are a semi-professional rugby league club based in Birmingham, West Midlands, England. They were founded in 2021 and took over the professional franchise owned by Coventry Bears previously entering the third tier of the British rugby league system, currently known as League One in 2015.
Andre Wakefield
Andre Wakefield (born January 1, 1955) is an American former professional basketball player. He was a 6 ft 2+1⁄2 in (189 cm) 175 pounds (79 kg) point guard. Born in Chicago, Illinois, he played high school basketball at Crane High School and collegiately at the College of Southern Idaho and Loyola University Chicago. He played briefly in the NBA from 1978 to 1980.

College of Southern Idaho
College of Southern Idaho (CSI) is a public community college in Twin Falls, Idaho. It also has off-campus programs in Jerome, Hailey, Burley and Gooding. Together with the College of Eastern Idaho, College of Western Idaho and North Idaho College, CSI is one of only four comprehensive community colleges in Idaho.

College of Southern Idaho offers associate of arts, associate of science, associate of applied science degrees, and technical certificates in over 115 disciplines. Additional upper-division courses through the University of Idaho, Idaho State University, and Boise State University are also offered. CSI's enrollment is approximately 7,000 students with an additional 3,000 in non-credit courses. Approximately 85% of the student body is from Idaho's Magic Valley region. The college is governed by a five-member board of trustees elected at large by voters in Twin Falls and Jerome Counties.
CXL 1020
CXL 1020 is an experimental drug that is being investigated as a treatment for acute decompensated heart failure. CXL 1020 functions as a nitroxyl donor; nitroxyl is the reduced, protonated version of nitric oxide. Nitroxyl is capable of enhancing left ventricular contractility without increasing heart rate by modifying normal Ca2+ cycling through the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as increasing the sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments to Ca2+.

Contractility
Contractility refers to the ability for self-contraction, especially of the muscles or similar active biological tissue

Contractile ring in cytokinesis

Contractile vacuole

Muscle contraction
Myocardial contractility

See contractile cell for an overview of cell types in humans.
Al Qastal, Jordan
31°44′49″N 35°56′8″E﻿ / ﻿31.74694°N 35.93556°E﻿ / 31.74694; 35.93556
Al Qastal (Arabic: القسطل) is a town in the Amman Governorate of northern Jordan.  Originally established as an Umayyad settlement, it remains the oldest and most complete such settlement in the Near East.  The remains of the minaret at Qastal is especially important as it is the only one extant from the Umayyad period, making it one of the oldest minarets in the world. Qasr al-Qastal, also located within the town, is considered one of the desert castles and is just 5 km from Qasr Mshatta.

Mshatta
Mshatta, also known as Qasr al-Mushatta (Arabic: قصر المشتى, romanized: Qasr al-Mshatta, lit. 'Winter Palace'), is the ruin of an Umayyad winter palace, probably commissioned by Caliph Al-Walid II during his brief reign (743-744). The ruins are located approximately 30 km south of Amman, Jordan, north of Queen Alia International Airport, and are part of a string of castles, palaces and caravanserais known collectively in Jordan and the wider Southern Levant region as the Desert Castles (qasr, pl. qusur). Though much of the ruins can still be found in situ, the most striking feature of the palace, its facade, has been removed and is on display at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. The complex was never completed.
Charlemagne (song)
"Charlemagne" is a song performed by the English indie rock band Blossoms. The song was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 5 October 2015 through Virgin EMI Records as the fourth single from their debut self-titled studio album. It was written by the band, and produced by James Skelly and Rich Turvey. The song has peaked at number 98 on the UK Singles Chart and number 38 on the Scottish Singles Chart.

Virgin EMI Records
Virgin EMI Records was a British record label owned by the Universal Music Group that was formed in 2013. In June 2020, the label was rebranded as EMI Records, and operates Virgin Records as an imprint of the new EMI Records.
Hans Andrias Djurhuus
Hans Andrias Djurhuus (20 October 1883 – 6 May 1951) was a Faroese poet and teacher. Hans Andrias Djurhuus was one of the most productive Faroese poets. He is well known for his national poems and for his children's songs, but he also wrote psalms, short stories, plays, fairytales and one novel.

Faroe Islanders
Faroese people or Faroe Islanders (Faroese: føroyingar; Danish: færinger) are an ethnic group native to the Faroe Islands. The Faroese are of mixed Norse and Gaelic origins.
About 21,000 Faroese live in neighbouring countries, particularly in Denmark, Iceland and  Norway. Most Faroese are citizens of the Kingdom of Denmark, in which the Faroe Islands are a constituent nation. The Faroese language is one of the North Germanic languages and is closely related to Icelandic and to western Norwegian varieties.