hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bill VanPatten
Bill VanPatten is a former Professor of Spanish and Second Language Acquisition at Michigan State University.  He specializes in second language acquisition, which he investigates on both theoretical and practical levels, using techniques from psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, and cognitive psychology.

Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of human mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning. Cognitive psychology originated in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism, which held from the 1920s to 1950s that unobservable mental processes were outside the realm of empirical science. This break came as researchers in linguistics, cybernetics, and applied psychology used models of mental processing to explain human behavior. Work derived from cognitive psychology was integrated into other branches of psychology and various other modern disciplines like cognitive science, linguistics, and economics.
Kariya (film)
Kariya is a 2003 Indian Kannada-language gangster film directed by Prem, in his directoral debut, and produced by Anekal Balaraju under Santhosh Enterprises. The film stars Darshan in titular role, alongside Abinayasri, Nanda Kishore and Umesh Punga. The music was composed by Gurukiran, while cinematography and editing were handled by M. R. Seenu and Srinivas P. Babu respectively.

Gangster film
A gangster film or gangster movie is a film belonging to a genre that focuses on gangs and organized crime. It is a subgenre of crime film, that may involve large criminal organizations, or small gangs formed to perform certain illegal acts. The genre is differentiated from Westerns and the gangs of that genre.
Wound bed preparation
Wound bed preparation (WBP) is a systematic approach to wound management by identifying and removing barriers to healing. The concept was originally developed in plastic surgery.  It includes wound assessment, debridement, moisture balance, bacterial balance, and wound cleaning.

Ringer's solution
Ringer's solution is a solution of several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of creating an isotonic solution relative to the body fluids of an animal. Ringer's solution typically contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, with the last used to buffer the pH. Other additions can include chemical fuel sources for cells, including ATP and dextrose, as well as antibiotics and antifungals.
Kanahooka High School
Kanahooka High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in Kanahooka, 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of the city of Wollongong, in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1974, the school enrolled for approximately 600 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom 16 percent identified as Indigenous Australians and eight percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Christine Toohey. Students are drawn from a catchment area that covers the southwestern part of the City of Wollongong.

City of Wollongong
The City of Wollongong is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea, the Princes Motorway and the Illawarra railway line.

Located 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Sydney, the City of Wollongong covers 684 square kilometres (264 sq mi) and occupies a narrow coastal strip bordered by the Royal National Park to the north, Lake Illawarra to the south, the Tasman Sea to the east and the Illawarra escarpment to the west.

Councillor Tania Brown was elected as Lord Mayor of the City of Wollongong in the New South Wales local government elections, held in September 2024.
Mount Newman
Mount Newman (69°11′S 71°26′W﻿ / ﻿69.183°S 71.433°W﻿ / -69.183; -71.433) is a mountain rising to about 1,150 m in northeast Havre Mountains, north Alexander Island, Antarctica. Situated 13.23 km south of Satovcha Peak, 13.15 km north-northwest of Breze Peak, 8.26 km northeast of Mount Pontida and 7.34 km east-northeast of Igralishte Peak. The mountain was first surveyed by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), 1975–76. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1980 after John Newman, BAS Diesel mechanic, Adelaide, 1968–69; Stonington Island, 1969–70 and 1972–74; who was instrumental in modifying BAS motor sledges, first used successfully as replacements for dog teams on this survey.

British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on behalf of the UK. It is part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). With over 400 staff, BAS takes an active role in Antarctic affairs, operating five research stations, one ship and five aircraft in both polar regions, as well as addressing key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and more than 120 national and international collaborations.

Having taken shape from activities during World War II, it was known as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey until 1962.
Somner
Somner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Somner (died 2024), British-born American assistant director and film producer

Doug Somner (born 1951), Scottish footballer

Matt Somner (born 1982), English footballer

William Somner (1593–1669), English scholar

Doug Somner
Douglas McKenzie Somner (born 4 July 1951 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish former footballer, who played for clubs including Partick Thistle and St Mirren. He was the first player ever to score for St Mirren in European competition. He finished as the top scorer in the Scottish Football League Premier Division in the 1979–80 season.
Economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania
The economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania was centrally planned, similar to the Economy of the Soviet Union. Most of the means of production (including all large and medium enterprises) were owned by the state, which established production plans as part of the Five-Year Plans.

The economy grew between the 1950s and 1970s at one of the fastest rates in the world, changing Romania from a predominantly agricultural country into an industrialized country. Almost 30% of the population moved during this period from rural to urban areas to work in the newly built factories.

During the 1980s, dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu pursued an austerity policy in order to pay foreign debts, leading to a decade-long stagnation and negatively affecting the living standards of the Romanians.

Agrarian society
An agrarian society, or agricultural society, is any community whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland. Another way to define an agrarian society is by seeing how much of a nation's total production is in agriculture. In  agrarian society, cultivating the land is the primary source of wealth. Such a society may acknowledge other means of livelihood and work habits but stresses the importance of agriculture and farming. Agrarian societies have existed in various parts of the world as far back as 10,000 years ago and continue to exist today. They have been the most common form of socio-economic organization for most of recorded human history.
Nakera Simms
Nakera Simms is a Bahamian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Bahamas 2001 then represented the Bahamas at Miss Universe 2001 and was named Miss Congeniality. She attended Bethune–Cookman University.

Miss Universe 2001
Miss Universe 2001 was the 50th anniversary of the Miss Universe pageant, held at the Coliseo Rubén Rodríguez in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, on May 11, 2001.

At the conclusion of the event, Lara Dutta of India crowned Denise Quiñones of Puerto Rico as Miss Universe 2001. This was Puerto Rico's fourth win in the history of the pageant.

Contestants from seventy-seven countries competed in this pageant. The competition was hosted by Elle Macpherson and Naomi Campbell. Todd Newton acted as backstage correspondent, while Miss Universe 1997 Brook Lee provided commentary for the whole event. Ricky Martin and La Ley performed in this edition.
Heaven Down Here
"Heaven Down Here"' is a song by American country music artist Mickey Guyton. The song was composed by Guyton, along with Josh Kear, Hillary Lindsey and Gordie Sampson. The track was produced by Karen Kosowski. "Heaven Down Here" was released as the third single off her 2020 extended play, Bridges. It received acclaim from critics and also featured a corresponding music video.

Gordie Sampson
Gordon Francis Sampson (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and producer from Big Pond, Nova Scotia.

Beginning his career as a performer on his hometown island of Cape Breton, both in bands and on his own, Sampson has gone on to achieve international success as a songwriter in Nashville. He has written songs for Carrie Underwood, Keith Urban, Faith Hill, LeAnn Rimes, Blake Shelton, Miranda Lambert, and Rascal Flatts. He has also released albums as a solo performer.

Sampson has received a Grammy Award, a Juno Award, two ASCAP Awards, East Coast Music Awards, and honorary degrees from Cape Breton University and St. Francis Xavier University.
Coramba Nature Reserve
Coramba Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve located near Coffs Harbour in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is one of the few remnants of low altitude sub tropical rainforest in the Clarence River valley. Founded in 1982 with the primary goal of protecting the remaining lowland rainforests.

Common tree species include white booyong, Oliver's sassafras, jackwood, white walnut, red cedar, black apple, white cedar, yellow carabeen, water gum, and maiden's blush.

Sloanea woollsii
Sloanea woollsii, commonly known as yellow carabeen, carribin, grey carrobean, or eslanea amarela in Portuguese, is a large tree species with plank buttresses that is native to northeastern NSW and eastern Queensland, Australia. Its southern distributional limit is near the town of Bulahdelah (32° S) at Tallowwood Forest Park and O'Sullivans Gap Reserve.
Bill Overstreet
William D. Overstreet was an American teacher, administrator, and politician. He served as the mayor of Juneau, Alaska, from 1976 to 1983. He was born and raised in Waynoka, Oklahoma. He died in Sun City West, Arizona, on April 8, 2013, at the age of 86.

Waynoka, Oklahoma
Waynoka is a city in Woods County, Oklahoma, United States.  It is located on U.S. Highway 281 and State Highway 14, seventy miles west of Enid.  The population, which peaked at 2,018 in 1950, was 708 at the time of the 2020 Census.
Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square
The statue of George IV in Trafalgar Square, London, is a bronze equestrian statue by Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey. It depicts the King dressed in ancient Roman attire and riding bareback. The sculpture was originally designed to sit on top of the Marble Arch at the entrance to Buckingham Palace, but was placed in its current location following the King's death.

Equestrian statue
An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, from the Latin eques, meaning 'knight', deriving from equus, meaning 'horse'. A statue of a riderless horse is strictly an equine statue. A full-sized equestrian statue is a difficult and expensive object for any culture to produce, and figures have typically been portraits of rulers or, in the Renaissance and more recently, military commanders.

Although there are outliers, the form is essentially a tradition in Western art, used for imperial propaganda by the Roman emperors, with a significant revival in Italian Renaissance sculpture, which continued across Europe in the Baroque, as mastering the large-scale casting of bronze became more widespread, and later periods.

Statues at well under life-size have been popular in various materials, including porcelain, since the Renaissance. The riders in these may not be portraits, but figures from classical mythology or generic figures such as Native Americans.
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Vignasante
The Lakshminarasimha temple at Vignasante is a 13th-century Vishnu temple in the village of Vignasante, Tumkur district, Karnataka, India. The three-shrine temple is dedicated to Venugopala, Narasimha and Lakshmi Narayana. One of the late temples built before Hoysala empire came under sustained attacks from the Delhi Sultanate, it illustrates the mature Hoysalanadu architectural tradition. The fully carved, three storey Vesara vimana of this temple is notable.

The monument is protected by the Karnataka state division of the Archaeological Survey of India.

Archaeological Survey of India
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an Indian government agency that is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural historical monuments in the country. It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham during the British Raj who also became its first Director-General.
John Whittier Treat
John Whittier Treat (born August 10, 1953 in New Haven) is Professor Emeritus of East Asian Languages and Literature at Yale University, Connecticut, United States, where he teaches Japanese literature and culture. He was co-editor of the Journal of Japanese Studies. He has published numerous essays and several books on Japan-related topics. In 2008 he discussed his work with Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota.

He received his BA in Asian Studies 1975 from Amherst College, Massachusetts, and his MA and PhD in East Asian Languages and Literatures from Yale University in 1979 and 1982, respectively. In 2011 he translated Yi Gwangsu's short story, "Maybe Love" (사랑인가, 1909), which was then published in the journal Azalea by the University of Hawaiʻi Press.

Modern Language Association
The Modern Language Association of America, often referred to as the Modern Language Association (MLA), is widely considered the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature". The organization includes over 20,000 members in 100 countries, primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature. Although founded in the United States, with offices in New York City, the MLA's membership, concerns, reputation, and influence are international in scope.
Le Quesnoy
Le Quesnoy (French pronunciation: [lə kenwa]; Picard: L' Kénoé) is a commune and small town in the east of the Nord department of northern France. It was part of the historical province of French Hainaut.  It is known for its fortifications, dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It had a significant shoemaking industry before the late 1940s, followed by a chemical factory and dairy, giving way to its weekly market, tourism, local commuting to elsewhere such as Valenciennes and local shops.

Le Quesnoy's inhabitants are known as Quercitains.

Treaty of the Pyrenees
The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635.

Negotiations were conducted and the treaty was signed on Pheasant Island, situated in the middle of the Bidasoa River on the border between the two countries, which has remained a French-Spanish condominium ever since. It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro.
William Pooley
Sir William Pooley (died 5 August 1629) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1621 and 1629.

Pooley was of Boxted, Suffolk and was knighted by James I. In 1621, he was elected Member of Parliament for Preston. He was elected MP for both Preston and Sudbury in 1624 and chose to sit for Sudbury. In 1626 he was elected MP for Wigan. He was elected MP for Sudbury again in 1628 and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament, and then did so for eleven years.

His daughter Judith married Sir Humphrey May.

Boxted, Suffolk
Boxted is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district of Suffolk, England. Located around 8 miles (13 km) north of Sudbury, in 2005 it had a population of 120. From the 2011 Census the population was included in the civil parish of Somerton.

According to Eilert Ekwall, the meaning of the village name is place where box grow. The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book, at which time it had a population of 25.
Hasan Ibrahim Belal
Hasan Ibrahim Belal, also known as Hasan Belal, (Arabic: حسن إبراهيم بلال; born 1993) is a Syrian documentary photographer and photojournalist whose work represents everyday life in Syria during and after the Syrian civil war. He is noted for using photography as a form of visual storytelling, focusing on the social dimensions of conflict and reconstruction in his country.

Visual narrative
A visual narrative (also visual storytelling) is a story told primarily through the use of visual media. This can be images in the mind, digital, and traditional media. The story may be told using still photography, illustration, or film, and can be enhanced with graphics, music, voice and other audio.
Back River (Kennebec River tributary)
The Back River is a 16-mile-long (26 km) waterway in coastal Maine, USA, in the combined estuary of the Sheepscot and the Kennebec rivers. The Back River runs from Wiscasset on the Sheepscot to Georgetown on the Kennebec, intersecting another channel, the Sasanoa River, at Hockomock Bay.

Maine State Route 144 bridges the northern section of the Back River from Wiscasset to Westport Island. Maine Route 127 bridges the narrow southern part at Arrowsic, from Arrowsic Island to Georgetown Island.

The site of the decommissioned Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant is on the northern section.

Approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) south of where the river begins at the Sheepscot River, another waterway called Back River connects with the Sheepscot River.

Arrowsic, Maine
Arrowsic is a town in Sagadahoc County, Maine, United States. The population is 477 as of the 2020 United States census. It is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area. During the French and Indian Wars, Arrowsic was site of a succession of important and embattled colonial settlements. It is a favorite with artists and birdwatchers.
Tina Campt
Tina Campt is Roger S. Berlind ’52 Professor of Humanities at Princeton University. Campt previously held faculty positions as Owen F. Walker Professor of Humanities at Brown University, Director of the Barnard Center for Research on Women and Ann Whitney Olin Professor of Africana and Women's Studies at Barnard College, Professor of Women's Studies at Duke University, and Professor of Women's Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Campt is the author of four books: Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender and Memory in the Third Reich, Image Matters: Archive Photography and the African Diaspora in Europe, Listening to Images, and A Black Gaze: Artists Changing How We See.

Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is the academic study of the cultural, political and economic consequences of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing an analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of imperial power. It is part of the critical theory framework in broader sense, and more narrowly, critical race theory.
Mushegh Mamikonian
Mushegh Mamikonian or Mušeł Mamikonian (Armenian: Մուշեղ Մամիկոնյան) can refer to one of the following members of the noble Armenian Mamikonian family:

Mushegh I Mamikonian, sparapet and regent of Arsacid Armenia in the 370s

Mushegh II Mamikonian, marzban of Persian Armenia in 591

Mushegh III Mamikonian, killed fighting alongside the Persians at the Battle of Qadisiyya in 636

Mushegh IV Mamikonian, sparapet of Armenia in the 650s

Mushegh V Mamikonian, sparapet of Armenia in 706–709

Mushegh VI Mamikonian, ishkhan of Armenia in 748–753, killed at the Battle of Bagrevand in 775

Mushegh III Mamikonian
Mushegh III Mamikonian (Old Armenian: Մուշեղ Մամիկոնեան) was an Armenian prince and general in the Sasanian army that fought against the Arabs during the Muslim conquest of Persia. He was killed during the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah in 636.
Don Neilson
Don Neilson is a Canadian country music artist best known for three studio albums released through Epic Records in the 1990s. He charted twelve singles on the Canadian country music charts, of which the highest was "You're My Hometown", peaking at #9 in 1993. Neilson was nominated for two Juno Awards in 1993 for Most Promising Male Vocalist and Best Country Male Vocalist, and again for the latter in 1996.

Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year
The Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year is an annual award given by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to the best new musician in Canada. The award has been given since 1974, when it was originally divided into separate awards for men and women under the names Most Promising Female Vocalist of the Year and Most Promising Male Vocalist of the Year. These two awards were merged in 1994 into Best New Solo Artist, which was then changed to New Artist of the Year in 2003, and finally changed to its current title beginning in 2013. The award was customarily presented by the Minister of Canadian Heritage.

The award was discontinued following the Juno Awards of 2024. At the following Juno Awards of 2025, it was merged with the sibling category for Breakthrough Group of the Year into a single category for Breakthrough Artist or Group of the Year.
Dalmary
Dalmary is a small hamlet in Stirling, Scotland, situated in the civil parish of Drymen.

Unlike other settlements in the Drymen civil parish, Dalmary has an FK postcode whereas Drymen has a G postcode. It is also in the catchment area for Gartmore Primary School, which is in the catchment area for McLaren High School, however Dalmary is in the catchment area for Balfron High School.

McLaren High School
McLaren High School is a state comprehensive, non-denominational secondary school in Callander, central Scotland. It was founded in 1892 by Donald McLaren, and is part of Stirling Council. The current school building has been in place since 1965 and work on an upgrade started in 2006 with new wings added. The 2021 roll was 645 students. The school has building has three floors.
Dennis Hare
Dennis Hare (born August 29, 1946 - died March 10, 2024) was a Californian artist, known mainly for his figurative work, and a former beach volleyball player and athlete. Hare's career spans 35 years. Today he is known as both a figurative and abstract assemblage artist with over 55 solo shows. He was also a member of the Beach Volleyball Hall of Fame. Hare wrote the first book on the subject of beach volleyball, The Art of Beach Volleyball.

Assemblage (art)
Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium. It is part of the visual arts and it typically uses found objects, but is not limited to these materials. The term also may be applied to free-standing works that have been assembled.