hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cyril Clarke
Sir Cyril Astley Clarke (22 August 1907 – 21 November 2000) was a British physician, geneticist and lepidopterist. He was honoured for his pioneering work on prevention of Rh disease of the newborn, and also for his work on the genetics of the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Geneticist
A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. A geneticist can be employed as a scientist or a lecturer. Geneticists may perform general research on genetic processes or develop genetic technologies to aid in the pharmaceutical or and agriculture industries. Some geneticists perform experiments in model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, rodents or humans and analyze data to interpret the inheritance of biological traits. A basic science geneticist is a scientist who usually has earned a PhD in genetics and undertakes research and/or lectures in the field. A medical geneticist is a physician who has been trained in medical genetics as a specialization and evaluates, diagnoses, and manages patients with hereditary conditions or congenital malformations; and provides genetic risk calculations and mutation analysis.
Kabayama
Kabayama (written: 樺山) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kabayama Aisuke (樺山 愛輔, 1865–1953), Japanese samurai, businessman and privy counselor

Kabayama Hisataka (樺山 権左衛門 久高, 1560–1634), Japanese samurai

Matthew Kabayama (born 1965), Canadian-born Japanese ice hockey player

Sukehide Kabayama (樺山 資英, 1868–1941), Japanese government official and businessman

Kabayama Sukenori (樺山 資紀, 1837–1922), Japanese governor of Taiwan

Kabayama Hisataka
Kabayama Gonzaemon Hisataka (樺山 権左衛門 久高; 1560–1634) was a Japanese samurai of the early Edo period.  He was a retainer, senior advisor (karō), and senior deputy commander in the service of the Shimazu clan.
Nudelman N-37
The Nudelman N-37 was a 37 mm (1.46 in) aircraft autocannon used by the Soviet Union. It was designed during World War II by V. Ya. Nemenov of A.E. Nudelman's OKB-16 to replace the earlier Nudelman-Suranov NS-37 and entered service in 1946. It was 30% lighter than its predecessor at the cost of a 23% lower muzzle velocity.

The N-37 was a sizable weapon firing a massive (735 g/26 oz HEI-T, 760 g/27 oz AP-T) shell. Its muzzle velocity was still considerable, but its rate of fire was only 400 rounds per minute. The weapon's considerable recoil and waste gases were problematic for turbojet fighter aircraft, as was finding space for the gun and a useful amount of ammunition, but a single shell was often sufficient to destroy a bomber.

The N-37 was used in the MiG-9, MiG-15, MiG-17, and early MiG-19 fighters, the Yakovlev Yak-25, and others. Production lasted through the late 1950s, although it remained in service for many years afterwards.

Rate of fire
Rate of fire is the frequency at which a specific weapon can fire or launch its projectiles. This can be influenced by several factors, including operator training level, mechanical limitations, ammunition availability, and weapon condition. In modern weaponry, it is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min) or rounds per second (RPS or round/s).

There are three different measurements for the rate of fire: cyclic, sustained, and rapid. Cyclic is the maximum rate of fire given only mechanical function, not taking into account degradation of function due to heat, wear, or ammunition constraints. Sustained is the maximum efficient rate of fire given the time taken to load the weapon and keep it cool enough to operate. Finally, rapid is the maximum reasonable rate of fire in an emergency when the rate of fire need not be upheld for long periods.
Asset flip
An asset flip is a type of shovelware in which a video game developer purchases pre-made assets and is perceived to use them to create numerous permutations of generic games to sell at low prices. Such games tend to be viewed by gamers as uncreative, and as diverting attention from less popular high-quality titles. Asset flips have been noted to be a problem on many online distribution platforms, especially Steam. The Nintendo Switch eShop has also been accused of allowing the sale of asset flips.

As mobile gaming became popular during the 2010s, app stores such as the Google Play Store have predominantly featured games which utilize "knockoffs" of popular IPs in a similar format. As the required investments are lower for users and publishers alike, mobile asset flips derive profits from free-to-play downloads with frequent in-game advertising and/or a freemium model.

Nintendo eShop
The Nintendo eShop is a digital distribution service for the Nintendo Switch and the Nintendo Switch 2, and formerly available via the Nintendo Network for the 
Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. Launched in June 2011 on the Nintendo 3DS, the Nintendo eShop served as the successor to both the Wii Shop Channel and DSi Shop. It is also a multitasking application, which means it is easily accessible even when a game is already running in the background through the system software. The Nintendo eShop features downloadable games, demos, applications, streaming videos, consumer rating feedback, and other information on upcoming game releases. The service was discontinued globally for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U in March 2023, continuing only on the Switch and Switch 2.
Nasvang language
Nasvang is an Oceanic language spoken in southeast Malekula, Vanuatu, by about 275 speakers.

The languages surrounding Nasvang include, or used to include, Port Sandwich, Nisvai, Sörsörian, Axamb and Navwien.

Oceanic languages
The Oceanic languages are a branch of the Austronesian languages comprising some 450 languages spoken in Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia. Though covering a vast area, Oceanic languages are estimated to have only two million native speakers. The largest individual Oceanic languages are Eastern Fijian with over 600,000 speakers, and Samoan with an estimated 400,000 speakers. The Gilbertese (Kiribati), Tongan, Tahitian, Māori and Tolai (Gazelle Peninsula) languages each have over 100,000 speakers. The common ancestor which is reconstructed for this group of languages is called Proto-Oceanic (abbr. "POc").
East Marshall Community School District
East Marshall Community School District is a rural public school district headquartered in Gilman, Iowa. It operates an elementary school in Laurel, a middle school in Gilman, and a high school in Le Grand.

The district is mostly in Marshall County with portions in Tama, Jasper, and Poweshiek counties. The district includes 
Gilman, Laurel, Le Grand, Ferguson and a small portion of Marshalltown.

The district was established on July 1, 1992, by the merger of the LDF and SEMCO school districts.

The school's mascot is the Mustang. Their colors are purple and gold.

Poweshiek County, Iowa
Poweshiek County is a county in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 18,662. The county seat is Montezuma. The county is named for the chief of the Meskwaki who signed the treaty ending the Black Hawk War. It lies along Interstate 80 between Des Moines and Iowa City. Poweshiek County's largest city is Grinnell.
Ella Richards
Ella Rose Richards is an English model. She is the daughter of Lucie de la Falaise and Marlon Richards, the son of Keith Richards.

Richards was born in New York City. For the first six years of her life, she lived with her parents in Soho. After 9/11, they left America. She was educated at Lavant House School near Chichester.

In 2015, Richards became the face of Burberry. In May 2022, she launched the Ella Jean, a sustainable denim collection with DL1961. In 2024, she became the face of the watch and jewelry brand Piaget.

DL1961
DL1961 is a global premium denim brand that is carried in hundreds of stores. The company uses renewable energy from solar panels for their factory operations. According to the DL1961 CEO, Zahra Ahmed, the brand is "centered around innovation and technology".
Lipovec (Blansko District)
Lipovec is a municipality and village in Blansko District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.

Lipovec lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Blansko, 26 km (16 mi) north-east of Brno, and 189 km (117 mi) south-east of Prague.

South Moravian Region
The South Moravian Region (Czech: Jihomoravský kraj; German: Südmährische Region, pronounced [zyːtˈmɛːʁɪʃə ʁeˈɡi̯oːn]; Slovak: Juhomoravský kraj), or just South Moravia, is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the south-western part of its historical region of Moravia. The region's capital is Brno, the nation's 2nd largest city. South Moravia is bordered by the South Bohemian Region to the west, Vysočina Region to the north-west, Pardubice Region to the north, Olomouc Region to the north-east, Zlín Region to the east, Trenčín and Trnava Regions, Slovakia to the south-east and Lower Austria, Austria to the south.
Phonograph Record (magazine)
Phonograph Record was an American monthly rock music magazine that operated between 1970 and 1978. It was founded in September 1970 in Los Angeles, California, by Marty Cerf, as a rival to Creem and Rolling Stone, and funded by United Artists. In addition to being a newsstand title, the magazine was available through radio stations throughout the United States and distributed free to music retailers. It was often referred to as PRM, due to the inclusion of the word "magazine" in the masthead.

Aside from Cerf, Greg Shaw and Ken Barnes variously served as editor of Phonograph Record before its final issue in May 1978. It also featured reviews and other contributions from noted music journalists such as Lester Bangs, Jon Tiven, John Mendelsohn, Mitchell Cohen, Metal Mike Saunders, Bud Scoppa, Richard Cromelin, Mark Leviton, Colman Andrews, and Jonh Ingham.

Lester Bangs
Leslie Conway "Lester" Bangs (December 14, 1948 – April 30, 1982) was an American music journalist and critic. He wrote for Creem and Rolling Stone magazines and was also a performing musician. The music critic Jim DeRogatis called him "America's greatest rock critic".
Rosa Camuna
Rosa Camuna (Lombard: Roeusa Camuna) is an Italian mild semi-hard paste cheese made with partially skimmed cow's milk.  Its shape and name come from the Camunian rose of Val Camonica where the cheese is produced.  It has an ivory white color inside with uniformly spaced tiny eyes, and a soft bloomy rind.  It has a mild taste and melts very well.

Val Camonica
Val Camonica or Valcamonica (Eastern Lombard: Al Camònega), also Valle Camonica and anglicized as Camonica Valley, is one of the largest valleys of the central Alps, in eastern Lombardy, Italy. It extends about 90 kilometres (56 mi) from the Tonale Pass to Corna Trentapassi, in the commune of Pisogne near Lake Iseo. It has an area of about 1,335 km2 (515 mi2) and 118,323 inhabitants. The River Oglio runs through it, rising at Ponte di Legno and flowing into Lake Iseo between Pisogne and Costa Volpino.

Almost all of the valley is included in the administrative territory of the province of Brescia, except for Lovere, Rogno, Costa Volpino and the Val di Scalve, which belong to the province of Bergamo. Since 1979, the rock drawings along the valley have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site, while the entire valley became a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve in 2018.
Doboy railway station
Doboy railway station was a former railway station on QR Citytrain suburban network in Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It was located between Murarrie and Hemmant stations on the Cleveland railway line.

Murarrie railway station
Murarrie railway station is located on the Cleveland line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Murarrie. It opened in 1888 as Mooraree and the name of both the station and the locality were changed to Murarrie in 1907. On 15 July 1996, the Fisherman Islands line to the Port of Brisbane opened to the north of the station. To the east of the station a disused spur to Gibson Island branches off.
Gouge Away
Gouge Away is an American hardcore punk band based in Florida that formed in 2012. The band is influenced by post-hardcore and noise rock bands such as Pixies, The Jesus Lizard, Fugazi, Unwound, the Plot to Blow Up the Eiffel Tower and Nirvana. Gouge Away released its debut album , Dies in 2016 to underground acclaim, and released its second album Burnt Sugar through Deathwish Inc. in 2018.

Fugazi
Fugazi (/fuˈɡɑːzi/; foo-GAH-zee) is an American post-hardcore band formed in Washington, D.C., in 1986. The band consists of guitarists and vocalists Ian MacKaye and Guy Picciotto, bassist Joe Lally, and drummer Brendan Canty. They were noted for their style-transcending music, DIY ethical stance, manner of business practice, and contempt for the music industry.

Fugazi performed numerous worldwide tours and produced six studio albums, a film, and a comprehensive live series, gaining the band critical acclaim and success around the world. Highly influential on punk and alternative music, the band has been on an indefinite hiatus since 2003.
Adhyapika
Adhyaapika (transl. Teacher) is a 1968 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed and produced by P. Subramaniam. The film stars Madhu, Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair, Vaikkam Mani and Ambika. The film had musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy. The film was remade in Tamil as Kula Vilakku (1969).

Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (16 October 1916 – 11 March 1997) was an Indian poet, playwright, script writer, lyricist, orator, film director and actor, though he is best known as an actor in Malayalam cinema. He is the recipient of Padma Shri from the Government of India, which the fourth highest civilian honour in India. In a career that spanned about 47 years, he acted in over 700 films. He is considered to be the "first superstar of Malayalam cinema". In 1993, he was honoured with the J. C. Daniel Award, Kerala government's highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema.
Enrique Ruíz-Williams
Enrique (Harry) Ruíz-Williams was a Cuban-born exile living in the United States who was second in command of the heavy weapons battalion of Brigade 2506 during the Bay of Pigs Invasion. During the invasion, Williams unsuccessfully attempted a point-blank range assassination of Fidel Castro. Williams infamously set a quota during the invasion that each man of his unit should kill at least fifteen enemy combatants. After the failed invasion, Williams became a close friend of Robert (Bobby) F. Kennedy, and worked with Kennedy and Allen Dulles to release the remaining members of the invasion that were still held in Cuban prisons.

Point-blank range
Point-blank range is any distance over which a certain firearm or gun can hit a target without the need to elevate the barrel to compensate for bullet drop, i.e. the gun can be pointed horizontally at the target. For targets beyond-blank range, the shooter will have to point the barrel of their firearm at a position above the target, and firearms that are designed for long range firefights usually have adjustable sights to help the shooter hit targets beyond point-blank range. The maximum point-blank range of a firearm will depend on a variety of factors such as muzzle velocity and the size of the target.

In popular usage, point-blank range has come to mean extremely close range with a firearm, yet not close enough to be a contact shot. Point-blank (when describing a person) means direct or blunt.
Sail area-displacement ratio
The sail area-displacement ratio (SA/D) is a calculation used to express how much sail a boat carries relative to its weight.

In the first equation, the denominator in pounds is divided by 64 to convert it to cubic feet (because 1 cubic foot of salt water weights 64 pounds). The denominator is taken to the 2/3 power to make the entire metric unit-less (without this, the denominator is in cubic feet, and the numerator is in square feet).

It is an indicator of the performance of a boat. The higher the SA/D, the more lively the boat's sailing performance:

The SA/D, however, does not provide information about a boat behavior in a storm or upwind. A polar diagram from a velocity prediction program gives a more precise view.

Velocity prediction program
A velocity prediction program (VPP) is a computer program which solves for the performance of a sailing yacht in various wind conditions by balancing hull and sail forces.  VPPs are used by yacht designers, boat builders, model testers, sailors, sailmakers, also America's Cup teams, to predict the performance of a sailboat before it has been built or prior to major modifications.
Michael Hutchinson (cyclist)
Michael Hutchinson (born 20 November 1973 in Northern Ireland) is a British and Irish racing cyclist and writer who has represented Great Britain, Ireland, and Northern Ireland at events including the Commonwealth Games.

Hutchinson's speciality is the individual time trial, but he has also won races on the track. He is a previous holder of the 10, 25, 30, 50 and 100-mile competition records.

He has made two unsuccessful attempts at the hour record, the first of which formed the basis of his 2006 book The Hour, which gained him the award for Best New Writer at the 2007 British Sports Book Awards.

Hour record
The hour record is the record for the longest distance cycled in one hour on a bicycle from a stationary start. Cyclists attempt this record alone on the track without other competitors present. It is considered one of the most prestigious records in cycling. Since it was first set, cyclists ranging from relatively unknown amateurs to well-known professionals have held the record. There is now one unified record for upright bicycles meeting the requirements of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). Hour-record attempts for UCI bikes are made in a velodrome.
Puerto Rico men's national field hockey team
The Puerto Rico men's national field hockey team represents Puerto Rico in men's international field hockey competitions and is controlled by the Puerto Rican Hockey Federation, the governing body for field hockey in Puerto Rico.

They have participated once at the Pan American Games in 1979 when they finished in last and tenth place.

Field hockey at the Pan American Games
The winner of the field hockey event of the Pan American Games qualifies for the Summer Olympics in the following year.

Women's field hockey was introduced at the 1987 edition, and has served as the Olympics qualifying event since 1999.
Bedoradrine
Bedoradrine (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code names KUR-1246, MN-221) is a sympathomimetic and bronchodilator medication that was developed for the treatment of preterm labor, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but was never marketed. It acts as an ultra-selective long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. The drug was intended for intravenous administration.

Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist
Long-acting β adrenoceptor agonists (LABAs) are beta-adrenergic agonists usually prescribed for moderate-to-severe persistent asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

LABAs are designed to reduce the need for shorter-acting β2 agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), as they have an approximately twelve-hour duration of action, compared to about five hours for salbutamol, making them candidates for sparing high doses of corticosteroids or treating nocturnal asthma and providing symptomatic relief for COPD patients.

With the exception of formoterol, LABAs are not recommended for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations because of their slower onset of action compared to salbutamol. Their long duration of action is due to the addition of a long lipophilic side-chain that binds to an exosite on adrenergic receptors. This allows the active portion of the molecule to continuously bind and unbind at β2 receptors in the smooth muscle of the lungs.
Socialist Party of Wisconsin
This page deals with the political organization founded in 1973. For the political party which preceded it, see Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin.

The Socialist Party of Wisconsin (SPWI) is a defunct political party in the U.S. state of Wisconsin affiliated with Socialist Party USA (SPUSA). Frank Zeidler, who was mayor of Milwaukee from 1948 to 1960, served as the national chairman of SPUSA from its establishment in 1973 until 1984. Zeidler was the party's presidential nominee in 1976. Diane Drufenbrock, a Milwaukee resident, was the Socialist Party USA nominee for vice-president in 1980.

Socialist Party USA
The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor); the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split); and SPUSA.

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.
A Murder in Virginia
A Murder in Virginia: Southern Justice on Trial is a book by Suzanne Lebsock detailing the cases surrounding the murder of Lucy Pollard in 1895 in Lunenburg County, Virginia.

It won the 2004 Parkman Prize.  Published in 2003, it is the story of three African-American women and a man, Solomon Marable, who in 1895 were accused of ax-murdering a white woman.

Francis Parkman Prize
The Francis Parkman Prize, named after Francis Parkman, is awarded by the Society of American Historians for the best book in American history each year. Its purpose is to promote literary distinction in historical writing. The Society of American Historians is an affiliate of the American Historical Association.
Vatra (Romanian magazine)
The Vatra literary magazine was founded in 1885 by Ion Luca Caragiale, George Coşbuc and Ioan Slavici and was published in Romanian in the city of Târgu Mureş, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (now in Romania).

A new series of the magazine was published starting May 1971 under the direction of poet and playwright Romulus Guga.

Vatra means "the hearth" in Romanian.

Târgu Mureș
Târgu Mureș (/ˌtɜːrɡuː ˈmʊərɛʃ, ˌtɪər-/, Romanian: [ˈtɨrɡu ˈmureʃ] ⓘ; Hungarian: Marosvásárhely [ˈmɒroʃvaːʃaːrhɛj] ⓘ; German: Neumarkt am Mieresch also known as simply Neumarkt) is the seat of Mureș County in the historical region of Transylvania, Romania. It is the 16th-largest city in Romania, with 116,033 inhabitants as of the 2021 census. It lies on the Mureș River, the second-longest river in Romania (after the Danube).