hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Biafo Glacier
The Biafo Glacier  (Urdu: بیافو گلیشیر) is a glacier located within the Karakoram mountain range in the Hispar Valley, Nagar District of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It extends over a considerable distance, measuring 67 kilometres (42 mi) in length, and ranks as one of the largest glaciers in the entire Karakoram range. Flowing in a south-eastern direction from the central Karakoram crest, the glacier covers a basin area spanning 853 square kilometres (329 sq mi), of which 628 square kilometres (242 sq mi) are characterized by permanent snow and ice. The accumulation zone alone contributes to 68% of the glacier's total area.

Accumulation zone
On a glacier, the accumulation zone  is the area above the firn line, where snowfall accumulates and exceeds the losses from ablation, (melting, evaporation, and sublimation). The annual equilibrium line separates the accumulation and ablation zone annually. The accumulation zone is also defined as that part of a glacier's surface, usually at higher elevations, on which there is net accumulation of snow, which subsequently turns into firn and then glacier ice. Part of the glacier where snow builds up and turns to ice moves outward from there.
Streaming current
A streaming current and streaming potential are two interrelated electrokinetic phenomena studied in the areas of surface chemistry and electrochemistry. They are an electric current or potential which originates when an electrolyte is driven by a pressure gradient through a channel or porous plug with charged walls.

The first observation of the streaming potential is generally attributed to the German physicist Georg Hermann Quincke in 1859.There is a book Zeta Potential published by Elsevier in 2025 providing some insights into the History and Theory of this electrokinetic effect.

Surface science
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.
Vladimir II Monomakh
Vladimir II Monomakh (Old East Slavic: Володимѣръ Мономахъ, romanized: Volodiměrŭ Monomakhŭ; Christian name: Basil (Васи́лий); 26 May 1053 – 19 May 1125) was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1113 to 1125. Prince Monomakh distinguished himself in 83 large-scale campaigns into Polovtsian lands (Cumania), which made Polovtsians (Cumans) and their Khans fear him. He is considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and is commemorated on May 6, along with 122 other saints of Ukraine and Russia as well as Saint Andrew.  He is not to be confused with Saint Vladimir the Great.

Pereiaslav
Pereiaslav is a historical city in Boryspil Raion, Kyiv Oblast, central Ukraine. It is located near the confluence of the Alta and Trubizh rivers some 95 km (59.03 mi) southeast of the capital Kyiv. It was one of the key regional centers of power during the Middle Ages and served as the capital of a principality. Pereiaslav hosts the administration of Pereiaslav urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its population is approximately 26,273 (2022 estimate).

Possessing more than 20 museums, Pereiaslav is often described as a "living museum", and was granted the status of Historical and Ethnographic Reserve.
USS Helena
Five ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Helena, after the city of Helena, Montana, though only four were completed.

USS Helena (PG-9) was a gunboat in service from 1897 to 1932.

USS Helena (CL-50) was a Brooklyn-class light cruiser, commissioned in 1939, that saw heavy action in the Solomon Islands during World War II, ultimately being sunk in the Battle of Kula Gulf in July 1943.

USS Helena (CL-113) was a planned Fargo-class light cruiser canceled in 1944 while under construction.

USS Helena (CA-75) was a Baltimore-class heavy cruiser commissioned in 1945, active in the Korean War, and decommissioned in 1963.

USS Helena (SSN-725) is a Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarine commissioned in 1987 and decommissioned in 2025.

USS Helena (CA-75)
46°35′06″N 112°02′27″W﻿ / ﻿46.5849238°N 112.0407559°W﻿ / 46.5849238; -112.0407559

USS Helena (CA-75), a Baltimore-class heavy cruiser, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the city of Helena, Montana.  Originally laid down as the USS Des Moines, she was renamed Helena while under construction after the 5 October 1944 cancellation of the Fargo-class light cruiser USS Helena (CL-113).
Star Awards for Best Drama Serial
The Star Awards for Best Drama Serial is an award presented annually at the Star Awards, established in 1994.

The category was introduced in 1996 at the 3rd Star Awards ceremony, where Tofu Street received the award. It honors a Mediacorp drama serial for outstanding overall performance. Nominees are determined by a panel of judges employed by Mediacorp, and winners are selected through a majority vote by the entire judging panel.

Since its inception, the award has been presented to 26 drama serials, with 14 receiving multiple nominations. Unforgivable was the most recent winner in this category. Among all awarded dramas, The Dream Makers is the only drama serial to have won this category twice. Additionally, C.L.I.F. holds the record for the most nominations (five) without a win.

Unforgivable (Singaporean TV series)
Unforgivable (Chinese: 不可饶恕的罪恶) is a 2024 Singaporean crime drama series starring Jesseca Liu, Hong Ling, Shane Pow, Brandon Wong, Zhu Houren, Xiang Yun, Pierre Png, Chen Shucheng, Pan Lingling and Jernelle Oh.

As the series contains some relatively explicit scenes and dialogue, it was released in two versions: an M18 version and a PG version.

Both versions of the series debuted on 23 September 2024 on Mewatch. From 24 September 2024, the PG version was aired on weekdays at 9 pm on Mediacorp Channel 8.

It had received the most number of nominations and awards in Star Awards 2025.
David MacNish
David MacNish (c. 1812 – 10 April 1863) was a New Zealand interpreter, labourer, bricklayer, farmer and Pākehā Māori. He was born in Trelawny Parish, Jamaica in 1812 or 1813, the son of a Scottish-born estate overseer, David MacNish Sr. and Rebecca Mulloy, a slave woman of mixed Irish and African ancestry - so he was also a slave, until manumitted by his father in 1820.

He was educated in Scotland and England, and travelled to India and Australia before settling in New Zealand at Raglan Harbour and marrying Te Ani, the daughter of the local paramount chief, Te Moanaroa. They had seven children, all of whom went by the slightly altered surname, McNeish.

Trelawny Parish
Trelawny (Jamaican Patois: Trilaani or Chrilaani) is a parish in the county of Cornwall in northwest Jamaica. Its capital is Falmouth. It is bordered by the parishes of Saint Ann in the east, Saint James in the west, and Saint Elizabeth and Manchester in the south. Trelawny is known for producing several Olympic sprinters.
Carlton Draught: Big Ad
Carlton Draught: Big Ad is an Australian television advertisement for Carlton Draught pale lager. It was created by George Patterson and Partners (Young & Rubicam) of Melbourne, Australia. The agency used viral marketing techniques to promote the advertisement before it was broadcast on television. The ad premiered on Australian television on August 7, 2005.

Pale lager
Pale lager is a pale-to-golden lager beer with a well-attenuated body and a varying degree of noble hop bitterness.

In the mid-19th century, Gabriel Sedlmayr took British pale ale brewing and malt making techniques back to the Spaten Brewery in Germany and applied them to existing lagering methods. The resulting beers gradually spread around the globe to become the most common form of beer consumed in the world today.
Kalambai
Kalambai is a village in Ambegaon taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

Ambegaon taluka
Ambegaon taluka is a taluka in Shirur subdivision of Pune district of state of Maharashtra in India. One of the twelve most revered Shiva temples or Jyotirlinga, the Bhimashankar Temple is in Khed taluka. But due to Bhimashankar Sanctuary, the road is through Ambegaon taluka.
Nikola Fraňková
Nikola Fraňková (born 7 February 1988) is a Czech former tennis player.

In her career, Fraňková won one singles title and 18 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 9 March 2009, she reached her highest WTA singles ranking of 249. Her best doubles ranking was 157 on 14 September 2009.

Fraňková won four $25,000 doubles events in 2006, and in 2009 participated in three WTA Tour qualifying draws, at Warsaw, Portorož and Tashkent, losing in the first round in each.

2009 Warsaw Open
The 2009 Warsaw Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 13th edition of the Warsaw Open, part of the Premier-level tournaments of the 2009 WTA Tour. It took place at the Legia Tennis Centre in Warsaw, Poland, from 18 May until 23 May 2009. Unseeded Alexandra Dulgheru, who entered the main draw as a qualifier, won the singles title.
Ron Howard (basketball)
Ron Howard (born November 14, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player. He held the NBA D-League all-time scoring record from March 2014 to December 2014. He is currently fifth all time in most points scored in D-League history, with 4,325 career points across seven seasons with the Fort Wayne Mad Ants.

He led the Mad Ants to the 2014 D-League Championship, was named 2014 D-League MVP, was 2× NBA D-League Sportsmanship Award winner, was selected 2014 All-NBA D-League First Team, and 3× NBA D-League All-Star. Howard is also first player in D-League history to be bestowed the honor of having his number 19 retired by the Mad Ants.

Valparaiso Beacons men's basketball
The Valparaiso Beacons men's basketball team represents Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana. The basketball team competes in the Missouri Valley Conference, having joined that league in 2017 after 10 seasons in the Horizon League. The Beacons play in the Athletics-Recreation Center, which has a nominal capacity of 5,432. The record capacity 5,444 was reached on March 23, 2016, in the NIT Quarterfinal. The team last played in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2015.

Its sports teams formerly were named the Crusaders, but the university dropped that name and associated mascot and logos in 2021, because of the "negative connotation and violence associated with the Crusader imagery", and because of its use by certain hate groups. On August 10, 2021, the school announced that its sports teams would be known as Beacons.
Pizzo La Scheggia
Pizzo La Scheggia is a mountain of Piedmont, Italy, with an elevation of 2,466 metres (8,091 ft). It is located in the Lepontine Alps, in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, and is part of the Onsermone massif.

Located west of the Pioda di Crana, Pizzo La Scheggia is the highest mountain of Val Vigezzo. It owes its name (Scheggia for scheggiatura, "chip") due to the crack that separates it from the nearby Cima Campelli.

The peak can be reached by a hiking path from Arvogno, a hamlet of Toceno.

Lepontine Alps
The Lepontine Alps (German: Lepontinische Alpen, French: Alpes lépontines, Italian: Alpi Lepontine) are a mountain range in the north-western part of the Alps. They are located in Switzerland (Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden) and Italy (Piedmont and Lombardy).

The Simplon rail tunnel (from Brig to Domodossola), the Gotthard rail (from Erstfeld to Bodio) and Gotthard road tunnels (from Andermatt to Airolo) and the San Bernardino road tunnel are important transport arteries.

The eastern portion of the Lepontine Alps, from the St Gotthard Pass to the Splügen Pass, is named the Adula Alps, while the western part is historically referred to as the Ticino Alps.
Schizopelte
Schizopelte is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Opegraphaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1875. It was resurrected for use in 2011 by Damien Ertz and Anders Tehler, who published a phylogenetic study of the order Arthoniales. In addition to the type species, S. californica, they included a former Hubbsia species, a former Llimonaea species, and a species new to science in the resurrected Schizopelte.

Arthoniales
The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.
Cutting balloon
A cutting balloon is an angioplasty device invented by Barath et al. used in percutaneous coronary interventions. It has a special balloon tip with small blades, that are activated when the balloon is inflated. This procedure is different from Rotoblation (Percutaneous Transluminal Rotational Atherectomy or PCRA) whereby a diamond tipped device spins at high revolutions to cut away calcific (chalky) atheroma usually prior to coronary stenting. Boston Scientific's Flextome is the most widely used cutting balloon.

Cutting balloons have also been used in the treatment of refractory or recurrent laryngotracheal stenosis, particularly in cases where a dense ring of circumferential fibrosis has formed in the trachea or either bronchus'.

Ablation
Ablation (Latin: ablatio – removal) is the removal or destruction of something from an object by vaporization, chipping,  erosive processes, or by other means. Examples of ablation as it is relevant to various industries are described below, including spacecraft material for ascent and atmospheric reentry, ice and snow in glaciology, biological tissues in medicine and passive fire protection materials.
Tomlin order
A Tomlin order is a court order in the English civil justice system under which a court action is stayed on terms that have been agreed in advance between the parties and are included in a schedule to the order. As such, it is a form of consent order. The Tomlin order permits either party to apply to court to enforce the terms of the order, which avoids the need to start fresh proceedings. The terms of the schedule do not form part of the court order and so may remain confidential, and they may include matters outside the jurisdiction of the court or the scope of the case in hand.

Court order
A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case. A court order must be signed by a judge; some jurisdictions may also require it to be notarized. A court order governs each case throughout its entirety. If an individual violates the court order, the judge may hold that person in contempt.
Ponzano Monferrato
Ponzano Monferrato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Alessandria.

Ponzano Monferrato borders the following municipalities: Castelletto Merli, Cereseto, Mombello Monferrato, Moncalvo, and Serralunga di Crea.

Province of Alessandria
The province of Alessandria (Italian: provincia di Alessandria; Piedmontese: provincia ëd Lissandria; in Piedmontese of Alessandria: provinsa ëd Lissändria) is an province of the region of Piedmont in Italy. The capital is the city of Alessandria. It has a population of 407,029 across its 187 municipalities as of 2025.

With an area of 3,558.83 square kilometres (1,374.07 mi2) it is the third largest province of Piedmont after the province of Cuneo and the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the north it borders on the province of Vercelli and to the west on the Metropolitan City of Turin and the province of Asti. It shares its southern border with Liguria (province of Savona and the Metropolitan City of Genoa). Its south-east corner touches the Province of Piacenza in Emilia-Romagna, while to the east it borders on the Lombard province of Pavia.
Rapture (Trio X album)
Rapture is a live album by multi-instrumentalist Joe McPhee's Trio X featuring bassist Dominic Duval, percussionist Jay Rosen along with guest violinist Rosi Hertlein recorded at the Knitting Factory in late 1998 and released on the Cadence Jazz label.

Cadence Jazz Records
Cadence Jazz is an American record company and label specializing in noncommercial modern jazz. It is associated with Cadence magazine.

Cadence Jazz was founded by Bob Rusch in Redwood, New York in 1980.
By 2000 the label had issued more than 100 albums. Its catalogue includes Marilyn Crispell, Beaver Harris, and Frank Lowe. This label is different from the Cadence that produced pop music in the 1950s and 1960s.
Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte
Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte is a comune in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,086 and an area of 23.1 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi).  In 2022 there is less than 600.

Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte borders the following municipalities: Careri, Cosoleto, Oppido Mamertina, Platì, San Luca, Scido.

Platì
Platì (Greek: Πλατύ, romanized: Platý, lit. 'wide; the plain'; Calabrian: Pratì) is a town and comune (municipality) in the province of Reggio Calabria, in Calabria, southern Italy. It rises 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level on the slope of the Aspromonte mountains and is located next to the Aspromonte National Park.
Oia, Spain
Oia is a municipality in the province of Pontevedra in the autonomous community of Galicia, in Spain. It is situated in the comarca of O Baixo Miño. The Royal Monastery of Santa María de Oia is located in Oia.

O Baixo Miño
O Baixo Miño (English: Lower Miño, Spanish: Bajo Miño, Portuguese: Baixo Minho) is a comarca in the Galician province of Pontevedra. The area covers 315.1 km2, and the overall population of this comarca was 50,978 at the 2011 Census; the latest official estimate (as at the start of 2018) was 49,646. To the west of O Baixo Miño lies the Atlantic Ocean and to its southeast is the Minho River, which forms a natural boundary with Portugal.
R Street Institute
The R Street Institute is an American center-right think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The institute's stated mission is to "engage in policy research and outreach to promote free markets and limited, effective government." R Street was established in 2012 when its founders split from the Heartland Institute out of disagreement with Heartland's public denial of the scientific consensus on climate change. It has branch offices across the U.S.

Limited government
In political philosophy, limited government is the concept of a government limited in power. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism. Aditionally Limited Government is a core tenet of democracy.
Amhoist Tower
The Amhoist Tower is an office tower on the west side of downtown St. Paul, Minnesota, overlooking Rice Park.  The tower was built in 1983-1984 and is adjacent to the St. Paul Hotel.  The building was originally built for residential condominiums on the nineteenth through twenty-third floors, with office space on the levels below that.  The office tower, now known as Landmark Towers, has the address of 345 Saint Peter Street.  The condominiums are now known as Park Towers and have the address of 59 Fourth Street West.  The tower was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022 for its association with the American Hoist and Derrick Company.

American Crane Corporation
American Crane Corporation is an American manufacturer of construction cranes based in Wilmington, North Carolina. It manufacturers lattice boom crawler cranes with capacities ranging from 50 to 275 tons. The American Crane Corporation was founded in 1882 as the Franklin Manufacturing Company, and in 1892 the name changed to American Hoist & Derrick. The company manufacturers terrain cranes, crawler cranes and tower cranes. In 1998 American Crane Corporation was acquired by Terex for $27 million. The purchase of American Crane Corporation brought Terex a manufacturer of lattice boom cranes.
Naboløs 1
Naboløs 1 is a Neoclassical property situated at the corner of the streets Neboløs and Læderstrlde, close to Gammel Strand, in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. Together with the adjacent buildings at Naboløs 3 and Gammel Strand 52, it was constructed by Hans Christian Ondrup as part of the rebuilding of the city following the Copenhagen Fire of 1795. It was listed in the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1945.

Gammel Strand
Gammel Strand (modern Danish for "old beach"; originally meant "the old shoreline", i.e. prior to land reclamations) is a street and public square in central Copenhagen, Denmark. On the south side it borders on the narrow Slotsholmens Canal while the north side is lined by a row of brightly coloured houses from the 18th and 19th century. Across the canal, Thorvaldsens Museum and Christiansborg Palace are seen on the island Slotsholmen.

The art gallery Kunstforeningen and the Ministry of Culture are the most notable institutions facing the street.
Comic Book Superheroes Unmasked
Comic Book Superheroes Unmasked is a television documentary that aired on The History Channel in 2003. The film is about the history of the American comic book industry from its origins in the 1930s to the present day, and how comic books have mirrored and affected the society around them. It featured traditional historians, people from inside the industry such as Stan Lee, and people who grew up reading comic books.

People featured in the documentary included Frank Miller, Denny O'Neil, Jim Steranko, Michael Chabon, Will Eisner, Kevin Smith, Neil Gaiman, Avi Arad, Joe Quesada, Paul Levitz,  Mike Richardson, Stan and Joan Lee, and Bradford Wright. Keith David also appears as the narrator.

Will Eisner
William Erwin Eisner (/ˈaɪznər/ EYEZ-nər; March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur. He was one of the earliest cartoonists to work in the American comic book industry, and his series The Spirit (1940–1952) was noted for its experiments in content and form. In 1978, he popularized the term "graphic novel" with the publication of his book A Contract with God. He was an early contributor to formal comics studies with his book Comics and Sequential Art (1985). The Eisner Award was named in his honor and is given to recognize achievements each year in the comics medium; he was one of the three inaugural inductees to the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame.