hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
150th Peacekeeping Battalion
The 150th Peacekeeping Battalion (Mongolian: Зэвсэгт хүчний 150 дүгээр анги) is a one of three peacekeeping light infantry battalion unit of the Mongolian Ground Force, which specialized peacekeeping. It was the first unit that designated for peace-support operations. Operatively, it reports to the Peacekeeping Operations Office (PKOO) of the General Staff of the Mongolian Armed Forces, being deployed in the city of Ulaanbaatar.

Mongolian Ground Force
The Ground Force of Mongolia (Mongolian: Монгол Улсын Зэвсэгт хүчний Хуурай замын цэрэг, romanized: Mongol Ulsyn Zevsegt hüchniy Huurai zamyn tsereg, lit. 'Mongolian Land Force of the Armed Forces') is the land force of the Mongolian Armed Forces, formed from parts of the former Mongolian People's Army in 1992. It was known as the "Mongolian General Purpose Force" (Mongolian: Монгол Улсын Ерөнхий Цэргийн Хүчин) until 2016.
Calmarza
Calmarza is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2010 census the municipality has a population of 77 inhabitants.

This town is located close to the limits of Guadalajara Province in the Mesa River valley, at the feet of the Sierra de Solorio range, Sistema Ibérico. The nearest town is Jaraba.

Province of Guadalajara
The Province of Guadalajara (Spanish: Provincia de Guadalajara, /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/ GWAH-də-lə-HAR-ə, Spanish: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa] ⓘ) is a province of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha in Spain. It has a population of 280,225 in an area of 12,168.41 square kilometres (4,698.25 sq mi) across its 288 municipalities.
Alexandros Pallis
Alexandros Pallis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Πάλλης; 15 March 1851, in Piraeus – 17 March 1935, in Liverpool) was a Greek educational and language reformer who translated the New Testament into Modern Greek. The publication, in the Akropolis newspaper, caused riots in Athens in 1901 in which 8 people died. His translation was subsequently published in Liverpool. The New Testament in Modern Greek was not legalised until 1924.

An Arvanite, Pallis had lived in Manchester from 1869 to 1875, in India from 1875 to 1894, then in Liverpool until his death. He subsidized from abroad much of the literary and scholarly output in demotic Greek from 1900 until the First World War, including his own translations of Homer.

Pallis considered it was "common sense" that John the Baptist was a vegetarian.

The politician and historian Alexandros Anastasios Pallis (1883–1975), the ecologist Marietta Pallis, and the Tibetan traveller Marco Pallis were his children.

Akropolis (newspaper)
Akropolis (Greek: Ακρόπολις) was a Greek newspaper based in Athens. Between 1883 and 1921, it played a major part in the debate concerning the Greek language question, particularly in the events leading up to the Gospel Riots of 1901 in Athens.
Christ the Protector
Christ the Protector (Portuguese: Cristo Protetor) is a statue of Jesus Christ constructed in Encantado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

The statue was started in 2019, and completed on April 22, 2022, with a height of 43 m (140 ft) with its pedestal, making it the world's third tallest Jesus statue (after Christ Blessing and Christ the King, Świebodzin) and 5m taller than the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro. Construction began in 2019 and was the idea of local mayor Adroaldo Conzatti, who died of COVID-19 in March 2021.

The Friends of Christ Association (AACristo) organization funded the $350,000 to build it from donations and also oversaw the construction of the statue. The venue will be open to the public sometime in 2023, said Robison Gonzatti, AACristo's vice president.

Though the surrounding tourist complex is still under construction, visitors can visit the statue up close during Saturdays, Sundays and Brazilian holidays as indicated in their website.

Public holidays in Brazil
In Brazil, public holidays may be legislated at the federal, statewide and municipal levels. Most holidays are observed nationwide.

Apart from the yearly official holidays (listed below), the Constitution of Brazil also establishes that election days are to be considered national holidays as well. General elections are biennially held on the first Sunday of October in the first round, and on the last Sunday of October in the second round. Numerous religious and ethnic holidays are also celebrated in Brazil.
Y. S. Rao
Dr. Y. S. Rao (Yalamanchili Subrahmanyewara Rao) is a professor at the Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India. He has been working in the field of microwave remote sensing and land-based applications for more than four decades. His early research focused on the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry for landslides and land deformation monitoring, Digital Elevation Model generation, and snow and glacier monitoring. He has also been actively involved in developing several techniques for soil moisture estimation using passive and active microwave remote sensing data for more than 25 years. His current research involves SAR Polarimetry for crop characterization, classification, and biophysical parameter retrieval using linear and compact-pol SAR data. Apart from applications, he has also contributed to the field of Polarimetric SAR system calibration and software tool development.

Digital elevation model
A digital elevation model (DEM) or digital surface model (DSM) is a 3D computer graphics representation of elevation data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a planet, moon, or asteroid. A "global DEM" refers to a  discrete global grid. DEMs are used often in geographic information systems (GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally produced relief maps.
A digital terrain model (DTM) represents specifically the ground surface while DEM and DSM may represent tree top canopy or building roofs.

While a DSM may be useful for landscape modeling, city modeling and visualization applications, a DTM is often required for flood or drainage modeling, land-use studies, geological applications, and other applications, and in planetary science.
Single-particle spectrum
The single-particle spectrum is a distribution of a physical quantity such as energy or momentum.

In formal Quantum field theory, a single-particle spectrum is defined as: "the spectrum of the operators of H, P on the space B."

The study of particle spectra allows us to visualize the global picture of particle production. This is especially helpful for visualizing the structure of nanoparticles.

The existence of a "non-smooth" single-particle spectrum is a piece of evidence (proof) that the Fermi level exists.

The spectrum are particles that are in space: "the single particle spectrum overlaps ... and the excitations of the electron gas becomes a particle." This process uses Raman spectroscopy, developed by Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman.

Wave–particle duality
Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances.: 59  It expresses the inability of the classical concepts such as particle or wave to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects.: III:1-1  During the 19th and early 20th centuries, light was found to behave as a wave, then later was discovered to have a particle-like behavior, whereas electrons behaved like particles in early experiments, then later were discovered to have wave-like behavior. The concept of duality arose to name these seeming contradictions.
Capture of Mexicali
The Capture of Mexicali, or the Battle of Mexicali, was the first action of the Mexican Revolution taken by rebel Magonistas against the federal government of Porfirio Díaz. Under the direction of Ricardo Flores Magón, a group of rebels captured the border town of Mexicali, Baja California, with little resistance.

Porfiriato
The Porfiriato or Porfirismo (/ˌpɔːrfɪəriˈætoʊ/, Spanish: [poɾfiˈɾjato]), coined by Mexican historian Daniel Cosío Villegas, is a term given to the period when General Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico under an authoritarian military dictatorship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Seizing power in a coup in 1876, Díaz pursued a policy of "order and progress", inviting foreign investment in Mexico and maintaining social and political order, by force if necessary. There were significant economic, technological, social, and cultural changes during this period.

As Díaz approached his 80th birthday in 1910, having been continuously elected since 1884, he still had not put in place a plan for his succession. The fraudulent 1910 elections are usually seen as the end of the Porfiriato. Violence broke out, Díaz was forced to resign and go into exile, and Mexico experienced a decade of regional civil war, the Mexican Revolution.
International District
International District or International Village can refer to:

Buford Highway community (a.k.a. DeKalb County International Village district) in the Atlanta metro area

International Village Mall, in Vancouver's Chinatown

International District (Greater Houston)

International Village (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania), a defunct shopping center in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Seattle Chinatown-International District

International District, Albuquerque, New Mexico

International Village, a residence and dining hall at Northeastern University

International Village (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania)
International Village was a small amusement park, shopping, dining and entertainment center located on the south side of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It operated from 1970 to 1980. An apartment complex now stands where the park once was.
Hangman Comics
Hangman Comics was the name of an American anthology comic book series published by MLJ Magazines Inc., more commonly known as MLJ Comics, for seven issues between Spring 1942 and Fall 1943. It featured MLJs costumed vigilante The Hangman, and "Boy Buddies", featuring Shield's partner 'Dusty the Boy Detective' and Wizard's side-kick 'Roy the Superboy', throughout the series.

Comics anthology
A comics anthology collects works in the medium of comics, typically from multiple series, and compiles them into an anthology or magazine. The comics in these anthologies range from comic strips that are too short for standalone publication to comic book chapters that might later be compiled into collected comic book volumes (such as manga tankobon and comic albums).
Blue Startups
Blue Startups is a venture accelerator based in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States. Founded in 2012 by entrepreneur Henk Rogers, his daughter Maya Rogers, and venture capitalist Chenoa Farnsworth, the accelerator supports early-stage technology companies with mentorship, investment, and access to global networks. It is frequently cited as one of the "Top 20 Accelerators in the U.S.".

Maya Rogers
Maya Rogers (born May 1978) is a businesswoman and entrepreneur known for her work in the video game industry. She is the president and CEO of The Tetris Company, the company that manages the licensing and development of the Tetris brand.
2012 NCAA Division I softball tournament
The 2012 NCAA Division I softball tournament was held from May 18 through June 6, 2012 as the final part of the 2012 NCAA Division I softball season. The 64 NCAA Division I college softball teams were selected out of an eligible 284 teams on May 13, 2012. 30 teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conference, and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Softball Selection Committee. The tournament culminated with eight teams playing in the 2012 Women's College World Series at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City.

Alabama won the national title, defeating Oklahoma 2–1 in the best-of-three final to win the program's first national championship, and also the first softball title for any Southeastern Conference school.

Devon Park (stadium)
Devon Park, originally known as the  Don E. Porter ASA Hall of Fame Stadium from 1987 to 2017 and USA Softball Hall of Fame Stadium, until 2024, is softball-specific ballpark located inside the USA Softball Hall of Fame Complex in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. It seats 13,000 and is the site of the annual Women's College World Series. From 2023 to 2024, Hall of Fame Stadium was home to the Oklahoma City Spark, the city's professional softball team.
Tuval Foguel
Tuval Shmuel Foguel is Professor of Mathematics at Adelphi University in Garden City, New York. Tuval Foguel was born in 1959 in Berkeley, California to Hava and Shaul Foguel and he is a descendant of Saul Wahl. Through his mother Hava (née Sokolow), Professor Foguel is related to Nahum Sokolow. Professor Foguel received his B.S. in mathematics from York College, City University of New York in 1988 and his PhD in Mathematics under Michio Suzuki from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1992 with a focus on finite groups. He has introduced the term conjugate-permutable subgroup. In the past, Professor Foguel has also taught at the University of the West Indies, North Dakota State University, Auburn University Montgomery, and Western Carolina University.

Saul Wahl
Saul Wahl Katzenellenbogen (1541–1617) was a wealthy and politically influential Polish Jew who is in Jewish folk legends said to have briefly occupied the throne of Poland on 18 August 1587. He has historically borne the nickname, "Le roi d'un jour" (king for a day).

Saul's father was Samuel Judah Katzenellenbogen. Wahl married Deborah Rivkah Drucker, granddaughter of Israel ben Josef and niece of Moses Isserles, with whom he had thirteen children, including the renowned Polish rabbi Meir and Henele Wahl Katzenallenbogen, wife of Ephraim Zalman Shor.
CEISMIC
The UC CEISMIC Canterbury Earthquakes Digital Archive programme was established in 2011 with the aim of preserving the knowledge, memories and earthquake experiences of people of the Canterbury region. The website provides federated access to a broad range of earthquake-related research material, gathered by leading New Zealand cultural and educational organisations.

Metadata
Metadata (or metainformation) is data that defines and describes the characteristics of other data.  It often helps to describe, explain, locate, or otherwise make data easier to retrieve, use, or manage. For example, the title, author, and publication date of a book are metadata about the book. But, while a data asset is finite, its metadata is infinite.

As such, efforts to define, classify types, or structure metadata are expressed as examples in the context of its use. The term "metadata" has a history dating to the 1960s where it occurred in computer science and in popular culture. Different types of metadata serve different functions. For example, descriptive metadata for a document might include the author, creation date, file size and keywords.
Henry Bowyer
Henry Bowyer (9 March 1786 – 18 October 1853) was a British politician.

Bowyer was the third son of Sir George Bowyer, 5th Baronet. He attended Eton College between 1799 and 1802 and graduated from Christ Church, Oxford, in 1805. He never married.

Having originally intended to be a priest, Bowyer was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Abingdon at a by-election in December 1809, following the death of its incumbent member George Knapp. Bowyer stood in the election as a substitute candidate for his eldest brother, George Bowyer. His brother had infringed the Treating Act and had become vulnerable to a petition against him. He held the seat for less than two years until his resignation in June 1811 by appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds.
Bowyer never spoke in parliament during his time in office. His brother George was subsequently elected in June 1811. Bowyer became the rector of Sunningwell in Berkshire from 1812 until his death in 1853.

Treating
In law and politics, treating is the act of serving food, drink, and other refreshments to influence people for political gain, often shortly before an election. In various countries, treating is considered a form of corruption, and is illegal as such.  However, as long as the supplying of refreshments is not part of a quid pro quo for votes, etc., it is often not illegal.
Riol Chemie GmbH
Riol Chemie GmbH is a German distributor of chemicals, reagents, deactivation agents and others, situated in Lilienthal, Germany. They are suspected of selling precursor chemicals to Russia. They delivered chemicals and laboratory equipment to Chimmed Group  without export permits. It is possible that they have delivered precursor for Novichok. Customs officials conducted a search  at their headquarters on September 30, 2022. A similar search has been made in Southern Germany, e.g. in Konstanz.

Southern Germany
Southern Germany (German: Süddeutschland, [ˈzyːtˌdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ) is a region of Germany that includes the areas in which Upper German dialects are spoken, which includes the stem duchies of Bavaria and Swabia in present-day Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, and the southern portion of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate that were part of the Duchy of Franconia. These regions are a genetic mix of Gallo-Roman and later Germanic peoples such as the Suebi,  Franks, and Alemanni.

German-speaking Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Alsace, and South Tyrol are also historically, culturally, and linguistically associated with the region.
Flag of Liberia
The flag of Liberia, occasionally referred to as the Lone Star, bears a close resemblance to the flag of the United States, representing Liberia's founding by free people of color and former slaves from the United States and the Caribbean. They are both part of the stars and stripes flag family.

The Liberian flag has similar red and white stripes, as well as a blue square with a white star in the canton. It was adopted on 24 August 1847.

Flag families
Flag families are sets of national and other flags with similarities in their design, often based on a shared history, culture, or influence. Families do not include flags with coincidental similarities. Flags may be in multiple flag families. Only twelve current national flags existed before the 19th century, when large-scale flag use began. Seven of these flags (Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States) are the inspiration for more than 130 current national flags and ensigns.
Egg substitutes
Egg substitutes are food products which can be used to replace eggs in cooking and baking. Common reasons a cook may choose to use an egg substitute instead of egg(s) include having an egg allergy, adhering to a vegan diet or a vegetarian diet of a type that omits eggs, having concerns about the level of animal welfare or environmental burden associated with egg farming, or worries about potential Salmonella contamination when using raw eggs. There is a growing movement to address some of these concerns via third-party certifications, but because many labels in the industry remain confusing or intentionally misleading, some consumers distrust them and may use egg substitutes instead.

Tofu
Tofu (Japanese: 豆腐, Hepburn: Tōfu; Korean: 두부; RR: dubu, Chinese: 豆腐; pinyin: dòufu) or bean curd is a food prepared by pressing the curds of coagulated soy milk into solid white blocks of varying softness: silken, soft, firm, and extra (or super) firm.

It originated in China and has been consumed for over 2,000 years. Tofu is a traditional component of many East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines; in modern Western cooking, it is often used as a meat substitute.

Nutritionally, tofu is low in calories, while providing a rich source of protein. Cultivation of tofu has one of the lowest needs for land use (1.3 m2/ 1000 kcal) and emits some of the lowest amounts of greenhouse gas emissions per gram of edible protein of any food (1.6 kg CO2/ 100 g protein).
Patrick Barnewall (died 1622)
Sir Patrick Barnewall or Barnwall (died 1622), was the eldest son of Sir Christopher Barnewall of Turvey House, Grace Dieu Abbey, and Fieldston. Christopher in turn was the son of the elder Sir Patrick Barnewall, who in 1534 was made Serjeant-at-law (Ireland) and Solicitor-General for Ireland, and in 1550 became Master of the Rolls in Ireland. Patrick's mother was Marion Sherle, daughter of Richard Sherle of Shallon, County Meath: after his father's death, she remarried the prominent judge Sir Lucas Dillon. She died in 1607.

Grace Dieu Abbey
The Grace Dieu Abbey was an Augustinian abbey in County Dublin, Ireland. It was founded about 1190 by John Comyn, Archbishop of Dublin, to house an order of nuns, the Sisters of St. Augustine. It derived most of its income from lands at Lusk and Swords, County Dublin. Over the centuries, it became mainly a refuge for the unmarried daughters of the Anglo-Irish landowners of the Pale, and no doubt for this reason, at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, there were pleas for its continuance. Nonetheless, it was suppressed in 1541 and acquired by Patrick Barnewall, the Solicitor General for Ireland. Barnewall's son, Sir Christopher Barnewall, built Turvey House nearby, reputedly from the stones of Grace Dieu, of which only ruins now survive. Christopher did find a refuge for the dispossessed nuns at Portrane. Turvey House itself was demolished in controversial circumstances in 1987 on the orders of Dublin County Council, a step later described by conservationists as a "tragedy".
Hildebrand Ranch
Hildebrand Ranch is located near Littleton, Colorado. In 1866 Frank and Elizabeth Hildebrand settled in Deer Creek and homesteaded on 160 acres. In the 1950s there was a plan that was authorized to control flooding in Denver but the funds never came. In 1971 the Army condemned 333.73 acres of the ranch and created Chatfield Reservoir. In March 1973 Denver leased 750 acres from Chatfield and 67 for the Denver Botanic Gardens which included the ranch's original buildings. In February 2001 Jefferson County Open Space purchased 1,450 acres of Hildebrand Ranch

Littleton, Colorado
Littleton is a home rule municipality city located in Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. Littleton is the county seat of Arapahoe County and is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city population was 45,652 at the 2020 United States census, ranking as the 20th most populous municipality in Colorado.
HMY Bezan
HMY Bezan (or Bezaan) was a Royal Yacht of the Royal Navy of England. The Bezan was a Dutch pleasure yacht built in 1630 and presented to Charles II by the Dutch East India Company. The Bezan was about 15 feet long with a single mast and carried a crew of two, and was the precursor of modern leisure yachts.

A "bezaan" is Dutch for a gaff rigged type of sail.

HMY Mary, which was also presented by the Dutch East India Company to Charles the same year, had “square rigging”.

Charles and his brother James raced their craft against each other. There was a race between the Dutch-built Bezan and the King’s yacht Jamie (named after James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth), which the former easily won.

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
General James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch, KG, PC (9 April 1649 – 15 July 1685) was an English Army officer and courtier. Originally called James Crofts or James Fitzroy, he was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England with his mistress Lucy Walter.

The Duke of Monmouth served in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and commanded English troops taking part in the Third Anglo-Dutch War before commanding the Anglo-Dutch brigade fighting in the Franco-Dutch War. He led the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, an attempt to depose his uncle King James II and VII. After one of his officers declared Monmouth the legitimate king in the town of Taunton in Somerset, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his Protestantism and his position as the son of Charles II, in opposition to James, who had become a Roman Catholic. The rebellion failed, and Monmouth was beheaded for treason on 15 July 1685.