hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Concert Saloon Bill of 1862
In 1862 in New York City, "concert saloons" were the fare for evening entertainment for the male population of the thriving metropolis. To cut down on the growing decadence and crime that came with it, the Concert Saloon Bill was passed to rein in loose morality in the city.

Concert saloon
The concert saloon was an American adaptation of the English music hall, and a precursor of variety and vaudeville theater. As in the music hall, alcohol was served. The entertainment at the saloon was to hold the imbiber's attention so they would imbibe more.

The fact that the concert saloons featured a kind of particularly tawdry, low-end theatre as well as liquor and the new fad of "waiter girls"—and, in the minds of many, prostitution—was too much for many so-called respectable people to bear. As late as 1881, Nym Crinkle would point out, "they serve as the gathering places for idle and vicious people to drink beer, listen to execrable music, make assignations, and parade in the dirtiest market those common charms which they have to sell." [The concert saloon's] reputations continued to be bad as long as they existed.— Brooks McNamara
Zygaena rhadamanthus
Zygaena rhadamanthus is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.

The larvae feed on Onobrychis, Dorycnium pentaphyllum and Lotus species. The species overwinters in the larval stage.

Onobrychis
Onobrychis, the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). About 206 species are presently accepted. The Flora Europaea lists 23 species of Onobrychis; the main centre of diversity extends from Central Asia to Iran, with 56 species – 27 of which are endemic – in the latter country alone. O. viciifolia is naturalized throughout many countries in Europe and North America grasslands on calcareous soils.
Annette Schavan
Annette Schavan (pronounced [aˈnɛtə ʃaˈvaːn] ⓘ; born 10 June 1955) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). She was the Federal Minister of Education and Research in the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel from 2005 to 2013, when she resigned following the revocation of her doctorate due to plagiarism. From 2014 until 2018 she served as the German Ambassador to the Holy See. From April 2018, she also briefly served as first German Ambassador to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

Throughout her political career, Schavan was widely known to be a friend and a confidante of Merkel's.

Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space
The Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (German: Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt; abbreviated BMFTR) is a cabinet-level ministry of Germany. It is headquartered in Bonn, with an office in Berlin. The Ministry provides funding for research projects and institutions.

The ministry has been headed by Dorothee Bär since 6 May 2025.
Economic history of Wales
The development of the Welsh economy since the 18th century has largely been concentrated on the mining industry during the Industrial revolution in Wales, with the economy largely dependent on agriculture in centuries prior. The Welsh slate industry once was the world's largest, and Wales' significant coalfields led to the industry transforming many parts of Wales. Wales experienced de-industrialisation in the late 20th century, becoming more of a service economy to the present day.

Economy of Wales
The economy of Wales is part of the wider economy of the United Kingdom, and encompasses the production and consumption of goods, services and the supply of money in Wales.

On the whole, gross domestic product (GDP) in Wales has increased since 1999, although it remains lower than the UK average. UK government and Welsh government expenditure in Wales has also increased over the same period. Wales has received funding from the European Structural and Investment Funds and the UK government has announced that this funding is being replaced by the UK Shared Prosperity Fund, although the Welsh Government has suggested that Wales is receiving less money. Wales has a negative fiscal balance, although all countries and regions of the UK also had a fiscal deficit in 2020/21. The Gross Value Added in Wales has increased since 1998, but per head remains lower than the UK average.
Electoral district of Roleystone
Roleystone was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1989 to 2005.

The district was based in the outer south-eastern suburbs and hinterland of Perth, including the south-eastern corner of the Metropolitan Region Scheme. At its abolition, the district included all or parts of the following local government councils: City of Armadale, City of Gosnells, City of Kalamunda, City of Rockingham, City of Kwinana, Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale.

Roleystone was a marginal seat. It was held by the Liberal Party for most of its history, but was captured by Labor at the 2001 state election with the fall of the Court government.

Metropolitan Region Scheme
The Metropolitan Region Scheme (MRS) provides the legal basis for land use planning within the Perth metropolitan region. It classifies land into broad zones and reservations and is administered by the Western Australian Planning Commission (WAPC). It is one of three regional schemes in Western Australia. The MRS is updated via an ongoing process of amendments. Amendments to the MRS are typically informed by a series of strategic plans prepared by the Department of Planning, Lands & Heritage. Detailed land use planning within the area of the MRS is undertaken by local governments and other statutory authorities which prepare one or more local planning schemes within their administrative boundaries. Local plannings schemes must be consistent with the MRS and require the approval of the WAPC. The acquisition of land reserved under the MRS is funded by a hypothecated land tax called the Metropolitan Region Improvement Tax.
Basil Grieve
Basil Arthur Firebrace Grieve (28 May 1864 – 19 November 1917) was an English amateur cricketer who played in two retrospectively-recognised  Test matches for England in 1899. Those were his only first-class appearances and he was never a member of any county team. He was born in Kilburn, Middlesex, and died in Eastbourne, Sussex.

Grieve was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast medium bowler with an underarm action. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He became a wine merchant by trade. He played cricket at school and took part in the Eton v Harrow match at Lord's in 1883. He became a member of Marylebone Cricket Club in 1885.

County cricket
Inter-county cricket matches have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales.

Two county championship competitions have existed since the late 19th century at different levels: the County Championship, a first-class competition which involves 18 clubs, of which 17 are English and one is from Wales; and the National Counties Championship, with 19 English clubs and one club representing several Welsh counties.

County clubs have also played limited-overs competitions since the 1960s. The first edition of the Gillette Cup in 1963 was the world's first List A cricket tournament. The Sunday League existed from 1969 to 2009, mostly as a 40-overs-per-side league. The 2003 Twenty20 Cup was the world's first Twenty20 tournament. Currently, the main limited-overs county competitions are the One-Day Cup, Women's One-Day Cup, T20 Blast and Women's T20 Blast.
Kusnyshcha
Kusnyshcha (Ukrainian: Куснища; Polish: Kuśniszcze) is a village in western Ukraine, in the Kovel Raion in Volyn Oblast, but was formerly administered within Liuboml Raion.
The population of the village is just about 1800 people and covers an area of 4,19 km2. Local government is administered by Kusnyshcha Village Council.
Kusnyshcha located in the Liuboml Raion along the Highway T0308 Ukraine – Liuboml – Shatsk – Brest. It is situated in the 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the regional center Lutsk, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the district center Liuboml and 125 kilometres (78 mi) from Brest.
The first mention of Kusnyshcha in written sources belong to 1564. But according to others sources, the settlement was founded back in 1510.

Volyn Oblast
Volyn Oblast (Ukrainian: Волинська область, romanized: Volynska oblast) or simply Volyn (Ukrainian: Волинь), is an oblast (province) in northwestern Ukraine. It borders Rivne Oblast to the east, Lviv Oblast to the south, Poland to the west and Belarus to the north. Its administrative centre is Lutsk. Kovel is the westernmost town and the last station in Ukraine on the rail line running from Kyiv to Warsaw. The population is 1,021,356 (2022 estimate).
Jani Savolainen
Jani Savolainen (born October 5, 1988) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey right winger.

Savolainen played five games for KalPa during the 2007–08 SM-liiga season, scoring one assist. He would then play in Mestis for Jokipojat, Hokki and Mikkelin Jukurit. He also played in the Ligue Magnus for LHC Les Lions and the Hockeyettan for Piteå HC.

Kiekko-Pojat
Joensuun Kiekko-Pojat is a Finnish semi-professional ice hockey team that plays in the Mestis, the second-highest men's ice hockey league in Finland. The club has spent three seasons in the top flight of Finnish hockey, season 1971–72 in SM-sarja and seasons 1989-90 and 1991–92 in SM-liiga.
Glassy Ocean
Glassy Ocean (Japanese: たむらしげる) is a 1998 Japanese animated film directed by Shigeru Tamura. This is Tamura's second animated work following his 1993 short film Ursa Minor Blue (Japanese: 銀河の魚). The film was produced by the studios Project Team Sarah (for the animation), Ai ga areba Daijobu, and Bandai Visual

Alternative titles: 'Kujira no Chōyaku', 'Kujira no Chouyaku', 'クジラの跳躍', 'The Jump of the Whale'.

Shigeru Tamura (illustrator)
Shigeru Tamura (田村 茂, Tamura Shigeru) is a Japanese illustrator, animator, filmmaker, and manga artist. His animated works have included The Glassy Ocean, Ursa Minor Blue and Phantasmagoria. He has also contributed to the now-defunct manga magazine Garo.
John Lawrence Stansell
John Lawrence Stansell (17 June 1875 – 21 October 1956) was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Haughton, Ontario and became a purebred livestock breeder and farmer.

He attended schools at Tuscarora and Aylmer. He became president of the Houghton, Bayham and Tillsonburg Telephone Company and in 1923 was president of the Canadian Ayrshire Breeders Association.

Stansell campaigned under the National Liberal and Conservative Party in a 22 November 1920 by-election at Elgin East but was unsuccessful. He won the riding in the 1921 federal election, then after riding boundary changes, Stansell won re-election at Norfolk—Elgin in 1925. He was defeated in the 1926 federal election by William Horace Taylor. He made another unsuccessful campaign at Norfolk—Elgin in 1930. After more riding changes in the 1930s, Stansell ran in the Elgin riding in the 1935 election as a Reconstruction Party candidate but was again unsuccessful in winning a Parliamentary seat.

Elgin East (federal electoral district)
Elgin East was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act 1867 which divided the county of Elgin into two ridings: Elgin East and Elgin West based on a traditional division.

In 1882, the East Riding of the county of Elgin was defined as consisting of the townships of Yarmouth, Malahide and Bayham, the villages of Port Stanley, Aylmer and Vienna, and the city of St. Thomas.

In 1903, the riding was redefined to exclude the township of Malahide and the city of St. Thomas, and to include the townships of Dorchester South and Malahide, and the village of Springfield.

The electoral district was abolished in 1924 when it was redistributed between Elgin West and Norfolk—Elgin ridings.
Guduf-Gava language
Guduf-Gava (also known as Gudupe, Afkabiye) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Borno State, Nigeria. In a 2006 paper, Roger Blench classified Cineni as a dialect.

Blench (2019) lists Cikide as a dialect of Guduf.

Roger Blench
Roger Marsh Blench (born August 1, 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist. He has an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge and is based in Cambridge, England. He researches, publishes, and works as a consultant.
Outline of the Korean language
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Korean language:

Korean – East Asian language spoken by about 80 million people. It is a member of the Koreanic language family and is the official and national language of North Korea and South Korea, which form Korea. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of Jilin, China. Korean was historically categorized as a language isolate, but this classification is no longer widely accepted because the Jejuan language, which has no mutual intelligibility with any mainland Korean variety, is increasingly recognized as a separate language in its own right rather than just a divergent Korean dialect. Korean, Jejuan, and a few extinct relatives form the Koreanic language family. Korean is agglutinative in its morphology and follows an subject-object-verb word order in its syntax.

Subject–object–verb word order
In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order. If English were SOV, "Sam apples ate" would be an ordinary sentence, as opposed to the actual Standard English "Sam ate apples" which is subject–verb–object (SVO).

The term is often loosely used for ergative languages like Adyghe and Basque that in fact have agents instead of subjects.
Guiendé
Guiendé is a village in eastern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Tanda, Tanda Department, Gontougo Region, Zanzan District.

Guiendé was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Tanda, Ivory Coast
Tanda is a town in eastern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture and the seat of Tanda Department in Gontougo Region, Zanzan District. Tanda is also a commune.
In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Tanda was 69,597.
Deterministic parsing
In natural language processing, deterministic parsing refers to parsing algorithms that do not backtrack. LR-parsers are an example. (This meaning of the words "deterministic" and "non-deterministic" differs from that used to describe nondeterministic algorithms.)

The deterministic behavior is desired and expected in compiling programming languages. In natural language processing, it was thought for a long time that deterministic parsing is impossible due to ambiguity inherent in natural languages (many sentences have more than one plausible parse). Thus, non-deterministic approaches such as the chart parser had to be applied. However, Mitch Marcus proposed in 1978 the Parsifal parser that was able to deal with ambiguities while still keeping the deterministic behavior.

Chart parser
In computer science, a chart parser is a type of parser suitable for ambiguous grammars (including grammars of natural languages). It uses the dynamic programming approach—partial hypothesized results are stored in a structure called a chart and can be re-used. This eliminates backtracking and prevents a combinatorial explosion.

Chart parsing is generally credited to Martin Kay.
Oryx
Oryx (/ˈɒrɪks/ ORR-iks) is a genus consisting of four large antelope species called oryxes.  Their pelage is pale with contrasting dark markings in the face and on the legs, and their long horns are almost straight and annulated. The exception is the scimitar oryx, which lacks dark markings on the legs, only has faint dark markings on the head, has an ochre neck, and has horns that are clearly decurved. All oryx species prefer near-desert conditions and can survive without water for long periods.

The Arabian oryx was only saved from extinction through a captive-breeding program and reintroduction to the wild. The scimitar oryx, which was listed as extinct in the wild, also relied on a captive-breeding program for its survival.

Ochre
Ochre (/ˈoʊkər/ OH-kər; from Ancient Greek  ὤχρα (ṓkhra) from  ὠχρός (ōkhrós) 'pale') is a family of natural clay earth pigments, made up of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand, ranging in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. The term is also used for the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as red ochre (or, in some dialects in England, ruddle). The term "ochre" is colloquially used to cover a range of different substances used for their colours in Aboriginal Australian art and ceremonial decoration, for instance the clay known as "white ochre" or "pipe clay" is derived from kaolin or gypsum.
Kerpen Castle (Eifel)
Kerpen Castle (German: Burg Kerpen) is a spur castle standing on a dolomite hill spur at a height of 500 m above sea level (NHN) above the Eifel village of Kerpen in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Spur (topography)
A spur is a lateral ridge or tongue of land descending from a hill, mountain or main crest of a ridge. It can also be defined as another hill or mountain range which projects in a lateral direction from a main hill or mountain range.

Examples of spurs include:

Abbott Spur, which separates the lower ends of Rutgers Glacier and Allison Glacier on the west side of the Royal Society Range in Victoria Land, Antarctica

Boott Spur, a subpeak of Mount Washington

Kaweah Peaks Ridge, a spur of the Great Western Divide, a sub-range of California's Sierra Nevada

Kelley Spur, four kilometres (two nautical miles) east of Spear Spur on the south side of Dufek Massif in the Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica

Geneva Spur on Mount Everest

Sperrin Mountains in Northern Ireland
Bosch reaction
The Bosch reaction is a catalytic chemical reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) that produces elemental carbon (C,graphite), water, and  a 10% return of invested heat. CO2 is usually reduced by H2 to carbon in presence of a catalyst (e.g. iron (Fe)) and requires a temperature level of 530–730 °C (986–1,346 °F).

The overall reaction is as follows:

CO2(g) + 2 H2(g) → C(s) + 2 H2O(l)

The above reaction is actually the result of two reactions. The first reaction, the reverse water gas shift reaction, is a fast one:

CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O

The second reaction is the rate determining step:

CO + H2 → C + H2O

The overall reaction produces 2.3×103 joules for every gram of carbon dioxide reacted at 650 °C. Reaction temperatures are in the range of 450 to 600 °C.

The reaction can be accelerated in the presence of an iron, cobalt or nickel catalyst.  Ruthenium also serves to speed up the reaction.

Graphite
Graphite (/ˈɡræfaɪt/) is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions.  Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3 million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries including refractories (50%), lithium-ion batteries (18%), foundries (10%), and lubricants (5%), among others (17%). Graphite converts to diamond under extremely high pressure and temperature. Graphite's low cost, thermal and chemical inertness and characteristic conductivity of heat and electricity finds numerous applications in high energy and high temperature processes.
2020 Nippon Professional Baseball draft
The 2020 Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) Draft was held on October 26, 2020, for the 56th time at the Grand Prince Hotel Takanawa to assign amateur baseball players to the NPB. It was arranged with the special cooperation of Taisho Pharmaceutical with official naming rights. The draft was officially called "The Professional Baseball Draft Meeting supported by Lipovitan D ". It has been sponsored by Taisho Pharmaceutical for the 8th consecutive year since 2013.

Lipovitan
Lipovitan (リポビタン, Ripobitan), marketed in some English-speaking countries under the name Libogen and Livita, is an energy drink manufactured by the Japanese company Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. and its licensee Osotspa. Widely available in Asia, it retails in brown-colored translucent 100 ml bottles and has a distinctive bright yellow color. Lipovitan is marketed to alleviate physical and mental fatigue.
Seventh Church of Christ, Scientist (Seattle)
The former Seventh Church of Christ, Scientist building, located in the Queen Anne Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington at the corner of 8th Avenue W and W Halladay Street, is an historic Christian Science church edifice. Built in 1926, it was designed by noted Seattle architect Harlan Thomas in the Neo-Byzantine, Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial styles. It consists of two parts joined together to form an ell: the 2-story main section containing the church auditorium (the term Christian Scientists use instead of sanctuary) and a one-story wing containing the Sunday School. The main section is square but each corner has been "flattened to form an irregular octagon.

Queen Anne, Seattle
Queen Anne is a neighborhood in northwestern Seattle, Washington. Queen Anne covers an area of 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2), and has a population of about 34,000.  It is bordered by Belltown to the south, Lake Union to the east, the Lake Washington Ship Canal to the north and Interbay to the west.

The neighborhood is built on a hill, now named Queen Anne Hill, which became a popular spot for the city's early economic and cultural elite to build their mansions. Its name is derived from the Queen Anne architectural style in which many of the early homes were built.
Kair, Delhi
Kair is a village located in the Najafgarh area of South West Delhi. With a population of 4,074 as of Census 2011, the village is not as populated as others in the region, an area near the Delhi—Haryana border. The local language in the village is Hindi. Main Gotra of the village is "Sehrawat" or "Sahrawat", a Jat gotra. The Sehrawat who took their name from Sehra, a Son or Grandson of Raja Anagpal Tomar, appears to have come from the neighborhood of Delhi. (Source: The Tribes & Castes of the North-Western Province & Oudh by W.Crooke, B.A, Volume.III, Book Publication Year:1896, page 33)

South West Delhi district
South West Delhi district (ISO: Dakṣinṇa Paścima Dillī) is one of the eleven administrative districts of the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India. Kapashera serves as the administrative headquarters of South West Delhi.

South West Delhi is bounded by the districts of West Delhi to the north, Central Delhi to the northeast, New Delhi and South Delhi to the east, Gurgaon District of Haryana state to the south, and Jhajjar District of Haryana to the west.

South West Delhi has a population of 2,292,958 (2011 census), and an area of 420 km², with a population density of 5,445 inhabitants per square kilometre. It is the fourth most populous district in Delhi.

The district court that functions under the Delhi High Court for South West Delhi is also located in Dwarka Sector 10.

Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, Dwarka, Najafgarh and Kapashera.