hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Science and technology in Europe
Europe's achievements in science and technology have been significant and research and development efforts form an integral part of the European economy. Europe has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. Scientific research in Europe is supported by industry, by the European universities and by several scientific institutions. All the raw output of scientific research from Europe consistently ranks among the world's best.

Science and technology studies
Science and technology studies (STS) or science, technology, and society is an interdisciplinary field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their historical, cultural, and social contexts.
Cloonigny Castle
Cloonigny Castle is a ruined tower house and moated site in the townland of Cloonigny in County Galway, Ireland. The castle site, which is a protected national monument, is 4 km (2½ mile) northeast of Kilconnell.

National monument (Ireland)
A national monument (Irish: séadchomhartha náisiúnta) in Ireland is a structure or site, the preservation of which has been deemed to be of national importance and therefore worthy of state protection. If the land adjoining the monument is essential to protect it, this land may also be protected.

Equivalent monuments in Northern Ireland are listed within the Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Record and are either in state care or included within the list of scheduled monuments. They are under the protection of the Department for Communities.
Testosterone phenylpropionate
Testosterone phenylpropionate (BANTooltip British Approved Name; TPP) (brand name Testolent), or testosterone phenpropionate, also known as testosterone hydrocinnamate, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β phenylpropionate ester of testosterone – which was formerly marketed in Romania. It was first synthesized in 1951 and was first described in the literature by 1953. The medication was an ingredient of several isolated AAS commercial products, but was never widely used. Testosterone phenylpropionate was also notably a component of Sustanon and Omnadren, as well as of Estandron Prolongatum, Lynandron Prolongatum, and Mixogen. TPP was previously available in Great Britain.

British Approved Name
A British Approved Name (BAN) is the official, non-proprietary, or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). The BAN is also the official name used in some countries around the world, because starting in 1953, proposed new names were evaluated by a panel of experts from WHO in conjunction with the BP commission  to ensure naming consistency worldwide (an effort leading to the International Nonproprietary Name system). There is also a British Approved Name (Modified) (BANM).
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid is a Yemeni citizen who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, in Cuba, for over fourteen and a half years, from January 11, 2002, to August 15, 2016.
His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 31.
Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts report that he was born in August 1980, in Taiz, Yemen.

He arrived in the first cohort of twenty individuals who opened the prison.  
The Guantanamo Joint Review Task Force classed him as a "forever prisoner", in 2009.
He was transferred to United Arab Emirates, with fourteen other men, on August 15, 2016. He was repatriated to Yemen on 27 October 2021.

Indefinite detention
Indefinite detention is the incarceration of an arrested person by a national government or law enforcement agency for an indefinite amount of time without a trial. The Human Rights Watch considers this practice as violating national and international laws, particularly human rights laws, although it was adopted into law in various liberal democracies.

In recent years, governments have indefinitely incarcerated individuals suspected of terrorism, often in black sites, sometimes declaring them enemy combatants – a notable example being the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Formalized forms of indefinite detention also exist in some countries around the world in the form of government-mandated administrative detention.
Howard W. Johnston
Howard W. Johnston (July 31, 1913 – April 27, 2005) served in Germany at the end of World War II in Europe with the Allied Control Council in the American Sector of Berlin. During this time, he was the principal founder of the Free University of Berlin.

Johnston received his Doctorate in Political Science from Columbia University in 1948 and served in various educational institutions including Anatolia College in Thessalonica, Greece, Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado. His last position before retirement in 1977 was as the Executive Director of the Associated Colleges of Central Kansas based in McPherson, Kansas. Johnston lived his last years in Wichita, Kansas, where he served in many volunteer capacities in local charities.

Iowa Wesleyan University
Iowa Wesleyan University was a private university in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, United States. It was Iowa's first coeducational institution of higher learning and the oldest of its type west of the Mississippi River. The institution was affiliated with the United Methodist Church. It closed at the end of the 2022–23 academic year due to financial challenges.

Two campus buildings, Old Main and the Harlan-Lincoln House, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The latter, the former summer home of Robert Todd Lincoln, is now a museum featuring artifacts from the Harlan and Lincoln families.
Sankaradas Swamigal
Sankaradas Swamigal (7 September 1867 – 13 November 1922) was a Tamil writer, actor, playwright, songwriter and drama producer whose boys company is known for launching the careers of Tamil artists such as S. G. Kittappa, K. B. Sundarambal, M. R. Radha, S. V. Venkataraman and K. Sarangapani. Sankaradas Swamigal is considered one of the pioneers of Tamil theatre along with Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar.

M. R. Radha
Madras Rajagopalan Radhakrishnan (14 April 1907 – 17 September 1979), better known as M. R. Radha, was an Indian actor and politician active in Tamil plays and films. He was given the title "Nadigavel" (King of Acting) by Pattukkottai Alagiri. He mostly played villain roles, but had also acted in several films as comedian.
Kim Taylor (musician)
Kim Taylor is an American independent singer-songwriter who plays primarily folk and folk-rock music.

To date, Taylor has released five full-length studio albums, toured with notable international artists, and embarked on an acting career which has garnered positive attention from critics and bloggers. Her first full-length film, I Used To Be Darker, premiered at the Sundance Festival in January 2013.

World Cafe (radio program)
World Cafe is a two-hour-long, nationally syndicated music radio program that originates from WXPN, a non-commercial station licensed to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The program began on October 14, 1991 and was originally distributed by Public Radio International.  Since 2005, the show has been distributed by NPR.
2003 Caribbean Series
The forty-fifth edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was held from February 2 through February 8 of 2003 at Roberto Clemente Stadium in Carolina, Puerto Rico. It featured the champion baseball teams of the Dominican Republic, Águilas Cibaeñas; Mexico, Cañeros de Los Mochis, and Puerto Rico, Indios de Mayagüez. This time Venezuela did not participate in the tournament due to a national general strike, being replaced by the second place team from Puerto Rico, the Criollos de Caguas. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice.

Águilas Cibaeñas
The Águilas Cibaeñas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈaɣilas θˌiβaˈeɲas]; Cibaoan Eagles) is a professional baseball team in the Dominican Republic's Professional Baseball League (LIDOM), based in Santiago in the northern region of Cibao. Founded in 1933, the team has won six Caribbean Series and 22 national titles. The Estadio Cibao is the home stadium of the Águilas.

The team is popular among Dominican baseball fans by the phrase : “La Leña Está Aquí” (The Wood is here), and Águilas Cibaeñas has earned the nickname “Las Cuyayas” (The Kestrels) and “Los Mameyes” (The Mameyes). These nicknames are in reference to the team’s mascot and the classic yellow color the team uses in its official uniform. The Águilas Cibaeñas won the final game of the series at their home stadium Estadio Cibao (Stadium Cibao) by the score 2–1.  Mendy Lopez and Rafael Furcal both hit home runs in the game.  Furcal—popularly known as “Furcalazo”—sealed the game with his homerun in the 8th inning.
Cementos Progreso Stadium
The Cementos Progreso Stadium (Spanish: Estadio Cementos Progreso) is a multi-use stadium in Guatemala City. It is also known popularly as  Estadio La Pedrera in reference to its location in the neighborhood of the same name in the Zone 6 of the Guatemalan capital. It was built in 1991 and is named after Cementos Progreso, a local cement manufacturer.

Inaugurated on 10 November 1991, the stadium is used mostly for football (soccer) matches, it has hosted international home matches of the Guatemala national football team, and it is the home venue for Liga Nacional club Comunicaciones. It has a capacity of 17,000 seats, being the third-largest stadium in Guatemala after the Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores and Estadio Israel Barrios.

Originally of natural grass, its field was changed to artificial turf in 2010. It is surrounded by a tartan athletic track, the first ever installed in the country, which complies with IAAF regulations.

Tartan track
Tartan track is a trademarked all-weather synthetic track surfacing made of polyurethane used for track and field competitions, manufactured by 3M. The original production was in 1967, and the product was later reformulated to eliminate the use of mercury.

Because the "Tartan" product was widely successful in its time, the name Tartan has been used as a genericized trademark for description of an all-weather running track.

Athletic Polymer Systems, a subsidiary of MCP Industries, Inc., manages the installation of Tartan-branded running track.
Gianni Demadonna
Gianni Demadonna (born 14 June 1954) is a former Italian male long-distance runner who competed at five editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships (from 1977 to 1987). He also won a  national championship at the senior level. He currently works as an athletics agent.

Sports agent
A sports agent is a legal representative for professional athletes and coaches who negotiates employment and endorsement contracts on their behalf. Sports agents may also assist with financial planning, legal coordination, and marketing matters, often working alongside lawyers, accountants, and brand managers.
Zhangwu County
Zhangwu County (Chinese: 彰武; pinyin: Zhāngwǔ) is a county in the north of Liaoning province, China. It is under the administration of Fuxin City, the centre of which lies 82 kilometres (51 mi) to the southwest, with a population of 333,643 in 2020 residing in an area of 3,635 km2 (1,403 sq mi). It is served by G25 Changchun–Shenzhen Expressway, G2511 Xinmin–Lubei Expressway, and China National Highways 101 and 304.

China National Highway 304
44°31′55.1″N 121°0′30.7″E﻿ / ﻿44.531972°N 121.008528°E﻿ / 44.531972; 121.008528

China National Highway 304 (G304) runs northwest from Dandong, Liaoning towards Holingol, Inner Mongolia. It is 889 kilometres in length.
Sokolohirne
Sokolohirne (Ukrainian: Сокологірне; Russian: Сокологорное) is a village in Henichesk Raion (district) in Kherson Oblast of southern Ukraine, at about 178.9 kilometres (111.2 mi) east by south (EbS) of the centre of Kherson city. It belongs Henichesk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Raions of Ukraine
A raion (Ukrainian: район, romanized: raion; pl. райони, raiony), often translated as district, is the second-level administrative division in Ukraine. Raions were created in a 1922 administrative reform of the Soviet Union, to which Ukraine, as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, belonged.

On 17 July 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) approved an administrative reform to merge most of the 490 raions, along with the "cities of regional significance", which were previously outside the raions, into just 136 reformed raions. Most tasks of the raions (education, healthcare, sport facilities, culture, and social welfare) were taken over by new hromadas, the subdivisions of raions. The 136 new districts include ten in Crimea, which have been de facto outside Ukrainian control since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.
Stephanie McCann
Stephanie Lynn McCann (born April 22, 1977 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian pole vaulter.

She finished fifth at the 2001 Summer Universiade and tenth at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She won bronze medals at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, the 2003 Pan American Games and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. She also competed at the World Championships in 2001 and 2003 without reaching the final.

Her personal best jump is 4.41 metres, achieved in July 2003 in Atascadero.

McCann is now a qualified physiotherapist, acupuncturist and Stott Pilates instructor in Vancouver.

Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the athletics events were held in Melbourne, Australia from 19 March to 25 March 2006. A total of 47 events were contested, of which 24 by male and 23 by female athletes. Furthermore, three men's and three women's disability events were held within the programme. All athletics events took place within the Melbourne Cricket Ground, while the marathon and racewalking events took place on the streets of Melbourne and finished at the main stadium.

The hosts Australia easily won the medals table with 16 golds and 41 medals in total. Jamaica came second with 10 golds and 22 medals, while Kenya and England were the next best performers. A total of eleven Games records were broken over the course of the seven-day competition. Six of the records were broken by Australian athletes.
Vasily Konovalenko
Vasily Vasilivich Konovalenko (Russian: Василий Васильевич Коноваленко, koʊ-noʊ-VA-ɪŋ-koʊ; 5 July 1929 – 27 January 1989) was a Soviet artist, known for creating unique three dimensional gemstone sculptures.

Gold plating
Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold onto the surface of another metal, most often copper or silver (to make silver-gilt), by a chemical or electrochemical (electroplating) process. Plating refers to modern coating methods, such as the ones used in the electronics industry, whereas gilding is the decorative covering of an object with gold, which typically involve more traditional methods and much larger objects.
Llévame Donde Nací
Llévame Donde Nací (English: Take Me Back To Where I Was Born) is the title of a traditional Spanish language patriotic song about Gibraltar attributed to Gibraltarian, guitarist and composer Pepe Roman.

Gibraltarians
Gibraltarians (Spanish: gibraltareños, colloquially: llanitos) are a sub-national group who live in Gibraltar, a British overseas territory situated near the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, close to Spain, at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. Gibraltarians hold British citizenship.
Witch camp
Witch camps are settlements where women in Ghana who have been accused of being witches can flee for safety. Women in such camps have been accused of witchcraft for various reasons, including mental illness. Some camps are thought to have been created in the early 20th century. The Ghanaian government has enacted measures to eliminate such camps.

Gambaga
Gambaga is the capital of the East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly in the North East Region of Ghana. Once a residence of Mamprusi-kings it is still the capital of East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly, a municipality in the North East Region of Ghana. It is home to several ancient Mossi chiefs' gravesites.

From 1901 until 1957 Gambaga served as the capital of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, which was a British protectorate and a separate jurisdiction from the Gold Coast.

Gambaga, along with other places in Ghana, is the site of a camp for alleged witches. A 2011 documentary film directed by Yaba Badoe is entitled The Witches of Gambaga.
Marina Chuvirina
Marina Viktorovna Chuvirina (Russian: Марина Викторовна Чувырина (1947-07-10)10 July 1947) is a former Soviet tennis player.

She played in singles at the Wimbledon in 1969. She did not play in the first round. She lost to the American player Kristy Pigeon in the second round. Her partner in mixed doubles Vladimir Korotkov lost in the Third Round to the Australian player Ray Ruffels and Karen Krantzcke.

She played in singles at the French Open in 1972. She lost to the Dutch player Gertruida Walhof in the first round. Her partner in women's doubles, West German Kora Schediwy lost in the first round to the American player Rosie Casals and the British player Virginia Wade. Her partner in mixed doubles, Teimuraz Kakulia lost in the first Round to the Australian player Bob Howe and the French player Rosy Darmon.

Karen Krantzcke
Karen Krantzcke (1 February 1946 – 11 April 1977) was an Australian tennis player. She achieved a world top ten singles ranking in 1970. In her short career, she made the quarterfinals or better at each of the four Grand Slam championships in both singles and doubles. She also won the Australian Open in doubles, and assisted Australia to victory in the Federation Cup.

At the age of 31, Krantzcke died from a heart attack while jogging in Florida, United States, where she was playing on the Challenger circuit.
Enterovirus cis-acting replication element
Enterovirus cis-acting replication element is a small RNA hairpin in the coding region of protein 2C as the site in PV1(M) RNA that is used as the primary template for the in vitro uridylylation. The first step in the replication of the plus-stranded poliovirus RNA is the synthesis of a complementary minus strand. This process is initiated by the covalent attachment of uridine monophosphate (UMP) to the terminal protein VPg, yielding VPgpU and VPgpUpU.

Stem-loop
Stem-loops are nucleic acid secondary structural elements which form via intramolecular base pairing in single-stranded DNA or RNA. They are also referred to as hairpins or hairpin loops. A stem-loop occurs when two regions of the same nucleic acid strand, usually complementary in nucleotide sequence, base-pair to form a double helix that ends in a loop of unpaired nucleotides.

Stem-loops are most commonly found in RNA, and are a key building block of many RNA secondary structures. Stem-loops can direct RNA folding, protect structural stability for messenger RNA (mRNA), provide recognition sites for RNA binding proteins, and serve as a substrate for enzymatic reactions.
Nadezhda Kurchenko
Nadezhda Vladimirovna Kurchenko (29 December 1950 – 15 October 1970) was a Soviet flight attendant who tried to prevent the hijacking of Aeroflot Flight 244. Having warned the crew, Kurchenko sought to block the entrance to the cockpit, which at the time was not normally locked. She was killed in a struggle with one of the hijackers.

Kurchenko posthumously received the Order of the Red Banner. A mountain in the Gissar Range, asteroid 2349 Kurchenko, a tanker, a park and a street in Sukhumi were named after her.

Hisar Range
The Hisar Range, formerly the Gissar Range, is a mountain range in Central Asia, in the western part of the Pamir-Alay system, stretching over 200 km in the general east–west direction across the territory of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Indian locomotive class YP
The Indian locomotive class YP are a class of 4-6-2 passenger locomotives built for Indian Railways' metre gauge network as one of several post-partition standard designs evolved from the pre-war Indian Railway Standard designs.

Railway Gazette International
Railway Gazette International is a British monthly business magazine and news website covering the railway, metro, light rail and tram industries worldwide. Available by annual subscription, the magazine is read in over 140 countries by transport professionals and decision makers, railway managers, engineers, consultants and suppliers to the rail industry. A mix of technical, commercial and geographical feature articles, plus the regular monthly news pages, cover developments in all aspects of the rail industry, including infrastructure, operations, rolling stock and signalling.
Dombivli Fast
Dombivli Fast (Marathi: डोंबिवली फास्ट) is a 2005 Indian Marathi-language psychological action drama film directed by Nishikanth Kamat. It is the story of a middle class bank employee, Madhav Apte, an ordinary, law-abiding and honest citizen who faces constant frustration with the injustice and corruption that pervades in all walks of his life. The film portrays Apte's mental breakdown as he reaches his breaking point, and his rampage as a vigilante across Mumbai to set things right. The film stars Sandeep Kulkarni in the lead with Shilpa Tulaskar and Sandesh Jadhav.

The film bears resemblance to the 1993 Hollywood film Falling Down, starring Michael Douglas.

Kamat remade the film in Tamil as Evano Oruvan with R. Madhavan playing the lead in the year 2007.

Breaking point (psychology)
In human psychology, the breaking point is a moment of stress in which a person breaks down or a situation becomes critical. The intensity of environmental stress necessary to bring this about varies from individual to individual.
The Uncanny X-Men (video game)
The Uncanny X-Men, sometimes referred to as Marvel's X-Men, is a 1989 action-platform video game released by LJN for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It is a licensed game based on the series of X-Men comics of the same name by Marvel Comics. The lineup of characters in the game is very close to those appearing in the 1989 animated pilot X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men. It is the second-to-last game to be released under the Enteractive Video Games label and the last to be released before LJN was sold to Acclaim Entertainment.

LJN
LJN Toys Ltd. was an American toy company and video game publisher founded by Jack Friedman in 1967. MCA Inc. acquired the company in 1985, and sold to Acclaim Entertainment in 1990. The toy division of the company was closed by Acclaim and a majority of its employees were fired as the company was shifted towards video game publishing. It was closed in 1994, but its label was used once more in 2000.
Mount Cabeza
Mount Cabeza (64°8′S 62°11′W﻿ / ﻿64.133°S 62.183°W﻿ / -64.133; -62.183) is a mountain in Stavertsi Ridge on the southeast side of Pare Glacier, 1 nautical mile (2 km) southwest of Hales Peak, in the northeast portion of Brabant Island, Palmer Archipelago in Antarctica. The name "Monte Cabeza" was used on a 1957 Argentine hydrographic chart.

Palmer Archipelago
Palmer Archipelago, also known as Antarctic Archipelago, Archipiélago Palmer, Antarktiske Arkipel or Palmer Inseln, is a group of islands off the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It extends from Tower Island in the north to Anvers Island in the south. It is separated by the Gerlache and Bismarck straits from the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilhelm Archipelago, respectively. The archipelago is in the British, Chilean, and Argentine Claims.

Palmer Archipelago is located at 64°15′S 62°50′W﻿ / ﻿64.250°S 62.833°W﻿ / -64.250; -62.833.