hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Passengers of the Titanic
A total of 2,208 people sailed on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic, the second of the White Star Line's Olympic-class ocean liners, from Southampton, England, to New York City. Partway through the voyage, the ship struck an iceberg and sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912, resulting in the deaths of 1,501 passengers and crew.

The ship's passengers were separated into three separate classes determined by the price of their ticket: those travelling in first class—most of them the wealthiest passengers on board—including prominent members of the upper class, businessmen, politicians, high-ranking military personnel, industrialists, bankers, entertainers, socialites, and professional athletes. Second-class passengers were predominantly middle-class travelers and included professors, authors, clergymen, and tourists. Third-class or steerage passengers were primarily immigrants moving to the United States and Canada.

Steerage
Steerage is a term for the lowest category of passenger accommodation in a ship. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, considerable numbers of persons travelled from their homeland to seek a new life elsewhere, in many cases the Americas and Australia. Many of those people were destitute in their homeland and had only the minimum of resources to procure transportation. The term later widened to imply the lowest category of accommodation on a passenger vessel.
Kilifi District
Kilifi District was an administrative district in the Coast Province of Kenya. Its capital was coastal town Kilifi. The district had a population of 281,552.

Kilifi District was created by the colonial government in the 1920s. Its subdivision, Malindi, was carved out to form Malindi District. The district was located north and northeast of Mombasa.

Kilifi District was again merged with Malindi District to form Kilifi County in line with 2010 constitution of Kenya.

The district had three constituencies:

Bahari Constituency

Ganze Constituency

Kaloleni Constituency

Kilifi
Kilifi is a town on the coast of Kenya, 56 kilometres (35 mi) northeast of Mombasa by road. The town lies on the Kilifi Creek and sits on the estuary of the Goshi River. Kilifi is the capital of Kilifi County and had a population of 122,899 during the 2009 census.

Kilifi is known for its sandy beaches and for the ruins of Mnarani, including mosques and tombs, dating from the 14th to the 17th century.
Asprey (surname)
Asprey is a surname of British origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Alistair Asprey (born 1944), British politician and former Hong Kong government official

Bill Asprey (1936–2025), English football player and manager

Charles Asprey (1813–1892), English cricketer

Dave Asprey (born 1973), American entrepreneur and author

George Asprey (born 1966), British stage actor

Kenneth Asprey (1905–1993), Australian judge

Larned B. Asprey (1919–2005), American chemist

Robert B. Asprey (1923–2009), American military historian and author

Winifred Asprey (1917–2007), American mathematician and computer scientist

Charles Asprey
Charles Asprey (1 November 1813 – 11 February 1892) was an English first-class cricketer. Asprey's batting style is unknown. He was christened at Mitcham, Surrey on 15 April 1816.

Asprey made a single first-class appearance for the Surrey Club against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's in 1852. In a match which ended as a draw, Asprey batted once, scoring 2 runs before he was dismissed by James Grundy. This was his only appearance in first-class cricket.

He died at Godstone, Surrey on 11 February 1892.
817 Squadron RAN
817 Squadron was a naval air squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). It was originally formed as part of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, as 817 Naval Air Squadron, for service during World War II and took part in combat operations in Norway, North Africa, Sicily and off the coast of France. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the squadron was disbanded in 1945. In 1950, it was re-raised as part of the Royal Australian Navy and subsequently took part in the Korean War. Recent deployments have included Operation Falconer, Operation Slipper and Operation Sumatra Assist. In December 2011, the squadron was disbanded.

HMAS Kanimbla (L 51)
HMAS Kanimbla (L 51) was a Kanimbla-class landing platform amphibious ship operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Originally built for the United States Navy (USN) as the Newport-class tank landing ship USS Saginaw (LST-1188), the ship was decommissioned in 1994 and sold to the RAN.

After entering service with the RAN in 1999, Kanimbla participated in numerous worldwide deployments, including the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and in response to the 2006 Fijian coup d'état. During the ship's career, two helicopters were lost in crashes. After a fire broke out aboard Kanimbla in late 2010, she and sister ship Manoora were removed from active service because of extensive problems found aboard both ships. The intention was to repair Kanimbla and return her to service by 2012, but this was deemed uneconomical. The ship was decommissioned in 2011, and sold for breaking in 2013.
Lexicographically minimal string rotation
In computer science, the lexicographically minimal string rotation (LMSR)  or lexicographically least circular substring is the problem of finding the rotation of a string possessing the lowest lexicographical order of all such rotations. For example, the lexicographically minimal rotation of "bbaaccaadd" would be "aaccaaddbb". LMSR is widely used in equality checking of graphs, polygons, automata and chemical structures.

It is possible for a string to have multiple LMSRs, but for most applications this does not matter as the rotations must be equivalent. Finding the lexicographically minimal rotation is useful as a way of normalizing strings. If the strings represent potentially isomorphic structures such as graphs, normalizing in this way allows for simple equality checking.
A common implementation trick when dealing with circular strings is to concatenate the string to itself instead of having to perform modular arithmetic on the string indices.

Text normalization
Text normalization is the process of transforming text into a single canonical form that it might not have had before. Normalizing text before storing or processing it allows for separation of concerns, since input is guaranteed to be consistent before operations are performed on it. Text normalization requires being aware of what type of text is to be normalized and how it is to be processed afterwards; there is no all-purpose normalization procedure.
Thon Maker
Thon Marial Maker (born 25 February 1997) is a South Sudanese-Australian professional basketball player for Al-Ula of the Saudi Basketball League. He attended high school at Orangeville District Secondary School (Ontario, Canada) and played basketball for Canada's Athlete Institute. He was picked 10th overall in the 2016 NBA draft, and played for three different NBA teams between 2016 and 2021.

2023–24 FIBA West Asia Super League
The 2023–24 FIBA West Asia Super League, also known as the FIBA WASL Season 2, was the second season of the West Asia Super League (WASL), the premier basketball competition for Western Asia organised by the FIBA Asia. The season was initially scheduled to begin on 16 October, but was moved to 13 November following the Gaza war.

Manama were the defending champions, having won the inaugural season, however, they were eliminated in the group phase of the final eight.

Al Riyadi won their first title after defeating Sagesse in the final, and qualified as champions for the 2024 Basketball Champions League Asia, along with third placed Shahrdari Gorgan who were the third placed team.
Rafto Foundation for Human Rights
The Rafto Foundation for Human Rights was established in 1986 in memory of Thorolf Rafto, a professor of economic history at the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) and a human rights activist. The main objective of the Rafto Foundation is the promotion of freedom of political expression and enterprise. The work of the foundation consists of different educational and informative projects, including the annual award of the Rafto Prize (Raftoprisen) each November. The foundation is based in Bergen, Norway and run by a small team of professionals and volunteers.

Parvez Imroz
Parvez Imroz is a Kashmiri human rights lawyer and a civil rights activist in Srinagar, the summer capital of the Jammu and Kashmir, India.

He is the founder and President of the Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society (JKCCS) that works to build local alliances between Kashmiri civil society groups, runs advocacy campaigns, documents rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims. He is also convener of International People's Tribunal on Human Rights and Justice in Indian-administered Kashmir alongside Angana Chatterji, Gautam Navlakha and Zaheer-Ud-Din.

He has filed thousands of habeas corpus actions on behalf of families who claimed their relatives had vanished while in the custody of the Indian security forces. In 2008, along with his team, he first discovered the huge number of mass graves in J&K. Reportedly his group exposed more than 7,000 mass graves in the region over the years, on which no action has yet been taken by the government.
Fountain City Classic
The Fountain City Classic is an annual American football game featuring Fort Valley State University and Albany State University, two of Georgia's historically black universities. The game is played at A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium in Columbus, Georgia.

Albany State University
Albany State University is a public historically black university in Albany, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1903, it is part of the University System of Georgia and is the largest historically black institution in Georgia. Albany State University offers undergraduate and graduate programs across a range of disciplines, including education, business, and the sciences. The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
Hatcher-Groover-Schwartz House
The Hatcher-Groover-Schwartz House is a historic residence in Macon, Georgia, that was built in 1880.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.  It is located at 1144-1146 on Georgia Avenue, in the historic center of Macon.

It was deemed a "superb example" of Second Empire architecture, and the only example in Macon.

The house was built by Marshall James Hatcher in 1880. In 1935, it was sold by the descendants of Hatcher to Denmark Groover and his wife, who sold it in their turn in 1967 to Bert Schwartz and his wife.

Second Empire style
Second Empire style, also known as the Napoleon III style or Haussmann style, is a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts originating in the Second French Empire. It was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and North America. Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier (1862–1871) in Paris by Charles Garnier, the Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871), and the Philadelphia City Hall (1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
Kamchatka meteor
The Kamchatka meteor was a meteor that exploded in an air burst off the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Russia on 18 December 2018. At around midday, local time, an asteroid roughly 10 meters in diameter entered the atmosphere at a speed of 32.0 km/s (72,000 mph), with a TNT equivalent energy of 173 kilotons, more than 10 times the energy of the Little Boy bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. The object entered at a steep angle of 7 degrees, close to the zenith, terminating in an air burst at an altitude of around 25 km (16 mi; 82,000 ft).

TNT equivalent
TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. A ton of TNT equivalent is a unit of energy defined by convention to be 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie). It is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (megagram) of trinitrotoluene (TNT). In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4.184 kilojoules (or 4184 joules) of energy are released.
This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy.
A related concept is the physical quantity TNT-equivalent mass (or mass of TNT equivalent), expressed in the ordinary units of mass and its multiples: kilogram (kg), megagram (Mg) or tonne (t), etc.
Sandhitha Velai
Sandhitha Velai (transl. The Time We Met) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Ravichandran, his second film after Kannedhirey Thondrinal (1998). The film stars Karthik in two roles. Roja and Kausalya play the female leads, while Vijayakumar, Sujatha, Moulee, Chinni Jayanth, Vivek, Manivannan, and Nassar play supporting roles alongside an ensemble cast. The film was released on 14 April 2000 during the Tamil New Year.

Sujatha (actress)
Sujatha (10 December 1952 – 6 April 2011) was an Indian actress who worked in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films in addition to few in Kannada and Hindi languages as well. The actress was best known for restraint and subtlety in portrayal of varied emotions. After starring in numerous Malayalam films in her mother-tongue, Sujatha later got introduced to the Tamil film industry by veteran director K. Balachander and as a protagonist in her first Tamil film, Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974).
Noyal-Châtillon-sur-Seiche
Noyal-Châtillon-sur-Seiche (French pronunciation: [nwajal ʃatijɔ̃ syʁ sɛʃ]; Gallo: Nóyau-Chastilhon, Breton: Noal-Kastellan) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France. As the name suggests it is on the Seiche river.

Seiche (river)
The Seiche is a 97.3 km (60.5 mi) long river in western France located in the departments of Mayenne (Pays de la Loire) and Ille-et-Vilaine (Brittany). It is a left tributary of the river Vilaine. It flows into the Vilaine near Bruz, south of Rennes.
Douglas Massey
Douglas Steven Massey (born October 5, 1952) is an American sociologist. Massey is currently a professor of sociology at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and is an adjunct professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

Massey specializes in the sociology of immigration, and has written on the effect of residential segregation on the black underclass in the United States.
He has been president of the Population Association of America, the American Sociological Association and the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He is a co-editor of the Annual Review of Sociology.

Residential segregation
Residential segregation is a concept in urban sociology which refers to the voluntary or forced  spatial separation of different socio-cultural, ethnic, or racial groups within residential areas. It is often associated with immigration, wealth inequality, or prejudice. The term is most often used in relation to residential segregation in the United States.
Bearing surface
A bearing surface in mechanical engineering is the area of contact between two objects. It usually is used in reference to bolted joints and bearings, but can be applied to a wide variety of engineering applications. The choice of bearing surface depends on the application, load, speed, and operating conditions, and the design must be able to withstand high loads, resist wear and corrosion, and operate at high speeds.

On a screw, the bearing area loosely refers to the underside of the head. Strictly speaking, the bearing area refers to the area of the screw head that directly bears on the part being fastened.

For a cylindrical bearing, it is the projected area perpendicular to the applied force.

On a spring, the bearing area refers to the amount of area on the top or bottom surface of the spring in contact with the constraining part.

The ways of machine tools, such as dovetail slides, box ways, prismatic ways, and other types of machine slides are also bearing surfaces.

Projected area
Projected area is the area measurement of a three-dimensional object by projecting its silhouette on to an arbitrary plane. This is often used in mechanical engineering and architectural engineering related fields, especially for hardness testing, axial stress, wind pressures, and terminal velocity.

The geometrical definition of a projected area is the rectilinear parallel projection of a surface of any shape onto a plane:

where A is the original area, and  is the angle between the normal to the local plane and the line of sight to the surface A. For basic shapes the results are listed in the table below.
Battle of Onjong
40°6′33″N 125°53′47″E﻿ / ﻿40.10917°N 125.89639°E﻿ / 40.10917; 125.89639﻿ (Onjong-ri)

The Battle of Onjong (Korean: 온정리 전투), also known as the Battle of Wenjing (Chinese: 温井战斗; pinyin: Wēnjǐng zhàndòu), was one of the first engagements between Chinese and South Korean forces during the Korean War. It took place around Onjong in present-day North Korea from 25 to 29 October 1950. As the main focus of the Chinese First Phase Offensive, the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) 40th Corps conducted a series of ambushes against the Republic of Korea Army (ROK) II Corps, effectively destroying the right flank of the United States Eighth Army while stopping the UN advance north toward the Yalu River.

Korean Military Advisory Group
The Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG) (officially United States Military Advisory Group to the Republic of Korea) was a United States military unit of the Korean War.  It helped to train and provide logistic support for the Republic of Korea Army.
Tom Aage Aarnes
Tom Aage Aarnes (born 25 January 1977) is a Norwegian former ski jumper.

In the World Cup he finished once among the top 30, with a 23rd place from Lillehammer in November 1998. He also competed in Zakopane in January 1998, Engelberg in January 1999 and Iron Mountain in February 2000. He represented the club Eidsvold IF and Kollenhopp.

On 23 September 2001 he tested positive for amphetamine and amphetamine metabolites. He was suspended from his sport from December 2001 to December 2003. He currently resides in Bø i Telemark, Norway.

Lysgårdsbakken
Lysgårdsbakken, officially known as Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena (Norwegian: Lysgårdsbakkene hoppanlegg), is a ski jumping hill in Lillehammer Municipality in Norway. It consists of a large hill, with a K-point of 123 and a hill size of 138, and a small hill with a K-point of 90 and a hill size of 98. It opened in 1993 for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it hosted the ski jumping and Nordic combined events, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. After the Olympics, ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark and it has since been used for several FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments, including hosting the Nordic Tournament. It has a capacity for 35,000 spectators and is one of three national ski jumping hills in Norway. In 2007, the large hill was rebuilt to a larger profile, and received a new plastic lining. The venue sees 80,000 annual jumps in the winter and 20,000 in the summer season.
Transcendental equation
In applied mathematics, a transcendental equation is an equation over the real (or complex) numbers that is not algebraic, that is, if at least one of its sides describes a transcendental function.
Examples include:

A transcendental equation need not be an equation between elementary functions, although most published examples are.

In some cases, a transcendental equation can be solved by transforming it into an equivalent algebraic equation.
Some such transformations are sketched below; computer algebra systems may provide more elaborated transformations.

In general, however, only approximate solutions can be found.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
Evergreen (Hopewell, Virginia)
Evergreen, one of the James River Plantations, is a historic plantation house located just east of Hopewell in Prince George County, Virginia. It was built about 1807 by planter, George Ruffin, and is a two-story, five-bay, Late Georgian / Federal style stuccoed brick dwelling.  It sits on a high basement and has a hipped roof.  The front facade features a one-story pedimented Doric order portico set on a brick podium.  George Ruffin's son, ardent secessionist Edmund Ruffin, who is credited with firing one of the first shots at Fort Sumter at the start of the Civil War was born at Evergreen in 1794.  The house was extensively renovated in the late-1930s, after prior use as a barn and stable.

Evergreen was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Hopewell, Virginia
Hopewell is an independent city surrounded by Prince George County and the Appomattox River in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 23,033. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Hopewell with Prince George County for statistical purposes.

Hopewell is in the Tri-Cities area of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).
Rocky Rees
William M. "Rocky" Rees (June 9, 1949 – December 20, 2018) was an American football player and coach.  Rees served as the head football coach at Susquehanna University from 1985 to 1989 and at Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania from 1990 to 2010, compiling a career college football record of 159–125–2.

Rees grew up in Morristown, New Jersey and was captain of the football team at Bayley-Ellard High School.

Shippensburg University
Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, commonly known as Shippensburg University (Ship or SU), is a public university in the Shippensburg, Pennsylvania area. It is part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education.

Founded in 1871, it later became the first teachers' college in Pennsylvania. Shippensburg University is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.