hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Meep (software)
Meep (MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation) is a free and open-source software package for electromagnetic simulations, developed by ab initio research group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2006. Operating under Unix-like systems, it uses finite-difference time-domain method with perfectly matched layer or periodic boundary conditions for field computation.

Meep supports dispersive, nonlinear and anisotropic media, and features subpixel smoothing and parallelization, as well as an embedded frequency-domain solver for steady-state fields and eigenmode expansion. The package was subsequently expanded to include an adjoint solver for topology optimization and inverse design, and a Python interface.

The software is widely adopted by optics and photonics communities, with applications including the analysis and design of metalenses and photonic crystals.

Anisotropy
Anisotropy (/ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi, ˌænɪ-/) is the structural property of non-uniformity in different directions, as opposed to isotropy. An anisotropic object or pattern has properties that differ according to direction of measurement. For example, many materials exhibit very different physical or mechanical properties when measured along different axes, e.g. absorbance, refractive index, conductivity, and tensile strength.

An example of anisotropy is light coming through a polarizer. Another is wood, which is easier to split along its grain than across it because of the directional non-uniformity of the grain (the grain is the same in one direction, not all directions).
Murcar Links Golf Club
Murcar Links Golf Club is a golf club in northern Aberdeen, Scotland, to the north of the Royal Aberdeen Golf Club. The 18-hole, par 71, 6,516 yard course was established in 1909. The course was designed by Archie Simpson and later changed by and James Braid.

According to Golf Monthly, the club is on the Top 100 Golf Courses UK and Ireland. The Scottish Golf Union cites it as "one of the most celebrated courses in Scotland".

Golf Monthly
Golf Monthly is a monthly golfing magazine published by Future plc and based in Paddington in London. It publishes 13 issues a year and has a popular website golfmonthly.com. The magazine's editor is Michael Harris. It is known for being the world's oldest golf magazine and its first editor was two-time Open Championship winner Harold Hilton who won the Open Championship in 1892 and 1897 and three Amateur Championships (1900/1901/1911) and one US Amateur Championship (1911).

The Golf Monthly YouTube channel is a popular channel on the website with over 6 million views a year. The brand creates much content across its print magazine, web articles and video reviews and instruction.
Tewoflos
Tewoflos (Ge'ez: ቴዎፍሎስ), throne name Walda Anbasa (Ge'ez: ወልደ አንበሳ, died 14 October 1711), was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1 July 1708 to 14 October 1711, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the brother of Iyasu I, and one of five sons of Yohannes I.

Emperor of Ethiopia
The emperor of Ethiopia (Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ነገሥት, romanized: nəgusä nägäst, "King of Kings"), also known as the Atse (Amharic: ዐፄ, "emperor"), was the hereditary ruler of the Ethiopian Empire, from at least the 13th century until the abolition of the monarchy in 1975. The emperor was the head of state and head of government, with ultimate executive, judicial and legislative power in that country. A National Geographic article from 1965 called Imperial Ethiopia "nominally a constitutional monarchy; in fact it was a benevolent autocracy".
Colin Blakely
Colin George Edward Blakely (23 September 1930 – 7 May 1987) was a Northern Irish stage and screen actor. He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance in Sidney Lumet's Equus (1977), and was nominated twice for a Best Actor in Television (1970, 1987). He was also an Olivier Award nominee.

According to the British Film Institute, Blakely's "chunky form and rumpled, good-natured features tended to direct him towards hero's-friend roles, but there was also an impressive toughness and intensity about his work."

British Academy Television Award for Best Actor
This is a list of the British Academy Television Awards for Best Actor. The Best Actor award was initially given as an "individual honour", without credit to a particular performance, until 1962, when Rupert Davies won for his performance in Maigret.

Since 1970, nominees have been announced in addition to the winner. The Actor category was split into Leading Actor and Supporting Actor starting in 2010.

Michael Gambon holds the record of most wins in this category with four, including three consecutive wins, followed by Robbie Coltrane with three, all of them also being consecutive. Additionally, Alan Badel, Peter Barkworth, Sean Bean, Alec Guinness, Mark Rylance, John Thaw, and Ben Whishaw, all have received the award twice. Benedict Cumberbatch has received the most nominations for this award with six, followed by Coltrane with five.
McPherson Inc
McPherson is a custom manufacturer of precision optical instruments and systems for measuring and characterizing spectra. McPherson instruments measure intensity vs. frequency in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. McPherson’s spectral test instruments are based on the dispersing properties of a diffraction grating and/or refractive prism.

McPherson specializes in vacuum fabrication, ultraviolet optical systems, spectroscopic techniques, and high-resolution spectral tests and measurement instrumentation. End-user and OEM applications include research, metrology, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology, aerospace, and defense.

Prism (optics)
An optical prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that are designed to refract light. At least one surface must be angled—elements with only two parallel surfaces are windows, not prisms. The most familiar type of optical prism is the triangular prism, which has a triangular base and rectangular sides. Not all optical prisms are geometric prisms, and not all geometric prisms would count as an optical prism. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, acrylic and fluorite.

A dispersive prism can be used to break white light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow) to form a spectrum as described in the following section.  Other types of prisms noted below can be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations.
Atanas Nikolovski
Atanas Nikolovski (born 22 June 1980 in Skopje) is a Macedonian slalom canoer who has competed since the mid-1990s.

In 2009, Atanas achieved 14th place in the world ranking race in Sydney, Australia. He came 1st in the semi-finals, and 7th in the finals of the 2010 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, he was the flag-bearer for his nation during the opening ceremonies of those games. In the K-1 event, Nikolovski was eliminated in the qualifying round, finishing in 19th place.

Atanas is sponsored by Herbalife.

Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's slalom K-1
The men's K-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place between August 11 and 12 2008 at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park in Beijing. The K-1 (single kayak) event was raced by one-man kayaks through a whitewater course.

There were three rounds of competitions: the heats, the semifinal, and the final. In the heats, each canoeist completed two runs of the course. The time, in seconds, of each run was added to the number of penalty points assessed. Touching any of the 21 slalom gates resulted in a 2-second penalty for each gate touched, while skipping any of the gates resulted in a 50-second penalty. The total times for the two preliminary runs were summed to give a score for the heats. The top 15 boats advanced to the semifinals.

The semifinals consisted of a single run. The field was narrowed to the top 10 scores from that run; those 10 boats advanced to the final. The times from the final were added to the semifinal score to give an overall total.
2010 Asian Games medal table
The 2010 Asian Games, also known as the XVI Asiad, was a multi-sport event held in Guangzhou, China from 12 to 27 November 2010. The event saw 9,704 athletes from 45 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competing in 476 events in 42 sports. This medal table ranks the participating NOCs by the number of gold medals won by their athletes.

Athletes from 35 NOCs (Kuwait participated under the Olympic flag due to the suspension of its NOC) won medals, leaving 9 NOCs without a medal, and 29 of them won at least one gold medal. China led the medal table for the eighth consecutive time in the Asian Games. They led all the medal categories, winning the most gold medals (199), the most silver medals (119), the most bronze medals (98) and the most medals overall (416, 26% of all medals awarded). China became the first nation in the history of Asian Games to cross the 400 medal-mark in one edition. Macau and Bangladesh won their first Asian Games gold medals, from wushu and cricket, respectively.

Multi-sport event
A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation-states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance was the Olympic Games, first held in modern times in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, one of a number of such events held in antiquity. Most modern multi-sport events have the same basic structure. Games are held over the 
course of several days in and around a "host city", which changes for each competition. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports.  Athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. Each game is generally held every four years, though some are annual competitions.
Tenore di grazia
Tenore di grazia, also called leggero tenor (graceful, light, and lightweight tenor, respectively), is a lightweight, flexible tenor voice type. The tenor roles written in the early 19th-century Italian operas are invariably leggero tenor roles, especially those by Rossini such as Lindoro in L'italiana in Algeri, Don Ramiro in La Cenerentola, and Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia; and those by Bellini such as Gualtiero in Il pirata, Elvino in La sonnambula and Arturo in I puritani. Many Donizetti roles, such as Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore and Ernesto in Don Pasquale, Tonio in La fille du régiment, are also tenore di grazia roles. One of the most famous leggero tenors of that period was Giovanni Battista Rubini, for whom Bellini wrote nearly all his operas.

L'elisir d'amore
L'elisir d'amore (pronounced [leliˈzir daˈmoːre]; The Elixir of Love) is a melodramma giocoso (comic melodrama, opera buffa) in two acts by the Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti. Felice Romani wrote the Italian libretto, after Eugène Scribe's libretto for Daniel Auber's Le philtre (1831). The opera premiered on 12 May 1832 at the Teatro della Canobbiana in Milan and has remained continually in the international opera repertory.
Neil Hood
Neil Hood (born 30 June 1950), is a Scottish former footballer who played as a striker.

Hood started his career with Ayr United, before moving to Queen of the South in Dumfries.

In the three years between 1972 and 1975, Hood scored 52 goals for Hamilton Academical before he moved to Clyde.

Hood scored 80 goals in 171 games in his first spell at the Bully Wee, which included a Second Division Championship win in the club's centenary year. Hood then joined Stranraer as manager for season 1980–81 season. This proved to be unsuccessful, and he rejoined Clyde as a player in 1981, helping them to win another Second Division title, but he never received a medal back then. He was eventually presented with one 26 years later by the club in May 2008 Hood played 187 games with the club in two spells, scoring 83 goals. Hood was voted as Clyde's all-time cult hero in a Football Focus poll in 2004.

Ayr United F.C.
Ayr United Football Club are a football club in Ayr, Scotland, who play in the Scottish Championship, the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League. Formed in 1910 by the merger of Ayr Parkhouse and Ayr F.C., their nickname is The Honest Men, from a line in the Robert Burns poem "Tam o' Shanter". They play at Somerset Park.

The club is currently managed by Scott Brown. The club have spent 34 seasons in Scotland's top division, the last being 1977–78, and have been the champions of the second tier of Scottish football on six occasions, and of the third tier on three occasions. The club's most successful manager, Ally MacLeod, went on to manage the Scotland national team. In 2018, Ayr United secured promotion to the Scottish Championship as champions of League One.
2014 Kroger 250
The 2014 Kroger 250 was the 2nd stock car race of the 2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, and the 16th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, March 30, 2014, in Ridgeway, Virginia at Martinsville Speedway, a 0.526 mile (0.847 km) permanent paper-clip shaped short track. The race was originally scheduled to be contested over 250 laps, but was increased to 256 laps, due to a NASCAR overtime finish. Matt Crafton, driving for ThorSport Racing, would hold on to his first win of the season. To fill out the podium, Bubba Wallace, driving for Kyle Busch Motorsports, and Ben Kennedy, driving for Turner Scott Motorsports, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
The 2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the 20th season of the Camping World Truck Series, the pickup truck racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in North America. The season was contested over twenty-two races, beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead–Miami Speedway. Toyota entered as the reigning Manufacturers' Champion, while Matt Crafton entered as the defending Drivers' Champion, and ended the season with his second consecutive title.
Dhakawang
Dhakawang is a small town in Arghakhanchi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, the town had a population of 6229 living in 1165 houses. At the time of the 2001 Nepal census, the population was 7042, of which 53% was literate.

Arghakhanchi District
Arghakhanchi (Nepali: अर्घाखाँची जिल्ला [ʌɾɡakʰãt͡si] ⓘ) is one of the districts of Lumbini Province in Nepal. The district headquarter is Sandhikharka. The district covers an area of 1,193 km2 (461 sq mi) and has a population (2011) of 197,632. Its neighboring districts are Palpa in the east, Gulmi in the north, Kapilvastu District in the south and Pyuthan in the west. The district also covers 4.18 km of road connecting Kapilvastu and Bhalubang, Lalmatiya, Dang with Rapti River as Mahendra Highway or Easy-West Highway.
I've Got a Rock in My Sock
I've Got a Rock in My Sock is a blues album by American blues guitarist and singer Rory Block, released in 1986 by Rounder Records. Taj Mahal and Stevie Wonder contributed to the album. "Moon's Goin' Down" is a cover of the Charlie Patton song.

Rounder Records
Rounder Records is an independent record label founded in 1970 in Somerville, Massachusetts, by Marian Leighton Levy, Ken Irwin, and Bill Nowlin. Focused on American roots music, Rounder's catalogue of more than 3000 titles includes records by Alison Krauss and Union Station, George Thorogood, Tony Rice, and Béla Fleck, in addition to re-releases of seminal albums by artists including Carter Family, Jelly Roll Morton, Lead Belly, and Woody Guthrie. "Championing and preserving the music of artists whose music falls outside of the mainstream," Rounder releases have won 54 Grammy Awards representing diverse genres, from bluegrass, folk, reggae, and gospel to pop, rock, Americana, polka, and world music. Acquired by Concord in 2010, Rounder is based in Nashville. In 2016, the founders of Rounder (Levy, Irwin and Nowlin) were inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame.
Radhostice
Radhostice is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. The village of Libotyně within the municipality is well preserved and is protected as a village monument zone.

Radhostice lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Prachatice, 46 km (29 mi) west of České Budějovice, and 119 km (74 mi) south of Prague.

Prachatice
Prachatice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpraxacɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Prachatitz) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 11,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Brita Bergman
Brita Elisabeth Bergman (b. Jonsson, 30 March 1946) is a Swedish emeritus professor specializing in the linguistics of signed languages. She initiated a line of research in signed language linguistics at the Department of Linguistics at Stockholm University that is still being carried out to this day.

Swedish Sign Language
Swedish Sign Language (SSL; Swedish: Svenskt teckenspråk or STS) is the sign language used in Sweden. It is recognized by the Swedish government as the country's official sign language, and hearing parents of deaf individuals are entitled to access state-sponsored classes that facilitate their learning of STS. There are around 13,000 native speakers and a total of 30,000 speakers.
Hernán Bermúdez Requena
Hernán Bermúdez Requena (born 30 September 1953) is a Mexican former government official and politician who served as Secretary of Security and Citizen Protection of Tabasco from 2019 to 2024. He is currently detained and facing criminal charges related to alleged leadership of the criminal organization "La Barredora" (The Sweeper), which authorities link to the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG).

Bermúdez was arrested in Paraguay on 12 September 2025 and subsequently expelled from that country to Mexico on 17 September 2025. He is currently imprisoned at the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (Altiplano) maximum security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico, facing charges that could result in a sentence of up to 158 years in prison.

Almoloya de Juárez
Almoloya de Juárez is a town in the State of Mexico and the seat of the municipality of Almoloya de Juárez. The name Almoloya comes from the Nahuatl, that is properly Almoloyan, composed of: atl, "water"; molo "impersonal voice of moloni, to flow the source" and yan, "place"; that it means "place where flows the water source".
Meri Ladli
Meri Ladli (Urdu: میری لاڈلی, lit. 'My Dear') is a 2012 Pakistani romantic drama serial directed by Nadeem Siddique, written by Maha Malik and produced by A & B Entertainment. The drama aired on ARY Digital and  gained the highest TRP at that time.

Asif Raza Mir
Asif Raza Mir (Urdu: آصف رضا میر) is a Pakistani film and TV actor and producer.

He is known for his roles in TV plays Samundar (1983), Tanhaiyaan (1985) and Ishq Gumshuda (2010) and the films Daaman (1980), Badaltay Mausam (1980), and Maan Jao Na (2018).

In 2020, he made his international debut with the British crime-drama series Gangs of London.
Zoysia japonica
Zoysia japonica (commonly known as Korean lawngrass, zoysia grass or Japanese lawngrass) is a species of creeping, mat-forming, short perennial grass that grows by both rhizomes and stolons. It is native to the coastal grasslands of southeast Asia and Indonesia. The United States was first introduced to Z. japonica in 1895. It received its first import from the Chinese region of Manchuria. Today, Z. japonica has become one of the most widely used species of turfgrass in the United States and other countries worldwide such as in Brazil, serving as a close and cheaper alternative to bermudagrass.

Stolon
In biology, a stolon (/ˈstoʊlɒn/ ⓘ from Latin stolō, genitive stolōnis – "branch"), also known as a runner, is a horizontal connection between parts of an organism. It may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton. Typically, animal stolons are exoskeletons (external skeletons).
Roxana, Illinois
Roxana is a village in Madison County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,454 at the 2020 census.

A majority of the land in Roxana is taken up by the Wood River Refinery, an oil refinery operated by Phillips 66. The refinery was originally built and owned by Shell Oil. As of 2016, the refinery is capable of refining 314,000 barrels (49,900 m3) of oil per day to produce gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, asphalt, propane, and other products, and supplies part of the St. Louis, Chicago, Indiana, and Ohio regions.

Roxana is considered to be part of the River Bend portion of the St. Louis Metro East area.

Alton, Illinois
Alton (/ˈɔːltən/ AWL-tən) is a city on the Mississippi River in Madison County, Illinois, United States, about 18 miles (29 km) north of St. Louis, Missouri. The population was 25,676 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the River Bend area in the Metro-East region of the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area.

It is well known for its limestone bluffs along the river north of the city. It's the former location of an historical state penitentiary, and played a significant role preceding and during the American Civil War. It was the site of the last Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debate in October 1858. The former state penitentiary in Alton was used during the Civil War to hold up to 12,000 Confederate prisoners of war.
Astola Island
Astola Island (Urdu: جزِیرہ اَستُولا), also known as Haft Talar and Satadip (lit. 'Island of the Seven Hills'') is an uninhabited Pakistani island in the Arabian Sea approximately 25 km (16 mi) south of the nearest part of the coast and 35 km (22 mi) southeast of the fishing port of Pasni. It is designated under the Ramsar convention as a wetland of international importance in Pakistan.

Astola is the country's largest offshore island, with an area of 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi). The highest point is 246 ft (75 m) above sea level. The island is situated near Pasni, Gwadar District of Balochistan province. The island can be reached by boats from Pasni in about three hours. On 4 August 2020, Pakistan released a new political map that for the first time showed the Islands of Churna and Astola.

Arrian
Arrian of Nicomedia (/ˈæriən/; Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Latin: Lucius Flavius Arrianus; c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period.

The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Scholars have generally preferred Arrian to other extant primary sources, though this attitude has changed somewhat in light of modern studies into Arrian's method.
Gordon Wilson (Nova Scotia politician)
Gordon Lloyd Wilson (born 1955) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 2013 provincial election. A member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party, he represented the electoral district of Clare-Digby until his retirement from politics in 2021.

On April 24, 2019, Wilson was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Minister of Environment.

Executive Council of Nova Scotia
The Executive Council of Nova Scotia (informally and more commonly, the Cabinet of Nova Scotia) is the cabinet of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

Almost always made up of members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, the cabinet is similar in structure and role to the federal Canadian cabinet, though smaller in size with different portfolios.

The Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, as representative of the King in Right of Nova Scotia, heads the executive council, and is referred to as the Governor-in-Council. Other members are selected by the Premier of Nova Scotia and appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor. Most cabinet ministers are the head of a department, but this is not always the case.