hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crag Group
The Crag Group is a geological group outcropping in East Anglia, England and adjacent areas of the North Sea. Its age ranges from approximately 4.4 to 0.478 million years BP, spanning the late Pliocene and early to middle Pleistocene epochs.

Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before Physics", which refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for when using radiocarbon dating for dates of origin that may fall after this year.

In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".
Athletics at the 2011 Pacific Games
Athletics at the 2011 Pacific Games in Nouméa, New Caledonia was held on September 3–10, 2011.

For the first time at the Pacific Games, four parasport events were also included: Men's Shot Put – seated throw, Women's Shot Put – seated throw, Men's Javelin – ambulatory, and Men's 100m – ambulatory.

2011 Pacific Games
The 14th Pacific Games (French: 14e Jeux du Pacifique), also known as NC 2011 or Nouméa 2011, took place in Nouméa, New Caledonia, from August 27 to September 10, 2011. Nouméa was the 14th host of the Pacific Games. Upon closure of the registration for entries, "some 4,300 athletes" had registered from the twenty-two competing nations, although it was expected that not all would attend.
John W. Menzies
John William Menzies (April 12, 1819 – October 3, 1897) was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer and judge from Kentucky.

Born in Bryan Station, Kentucky, Menzies attended the common schools as a child and later graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in Covington, Kentucky in 1841. He was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1848 and 1855 before being elected a Unionist to the United States House of Representatives in 1860, serving from 1861 to 1863. Afterwards, he resumed practicing law in Covington, Kentucky and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1864. Menzies served as a judge of the chancery court from 1873 to 1893 and afterwards resumed practicing law until his death in Falmouth, Kentucky on October 3, 1897. He was buried in Linden Grove Cemetery in Covington, Kentucky.

Bryan Station
Bryan Station (also Bryan's Station, and often misspelled Bryant's Station) was an early fortified settlement in Lexington, Kentucky. It was located on present-day Bryan Station Road, about three miles (5 km) northeast of New Circle Road, on the southern bank of Elkhorn Creek near Briar Hill Road. The settlement was established in the spring of 1776 by brothers Morgan, James, William (married to Mary Boone, sister of Daniel Boone), and Joseph Bryan, and brother-in-law William Grant (married to Elizabeth Jane "Betsy" Boone, also a sister of Daniel Boone), all from Yadkin River Valley, Rowan County, North Carolina. After a disastrous winter and attacks by Native Americans, all the Bryan family survivors abandoned the station and returned to the Yadkin River Valley in August 1780. Falling under the command of Elijah Craig, the remaining occupants withstood several American Indian attacks.
Academic Spring
The Academic Spring was the designation, inspired by the Arab Spring, used for a short time in 2012 to indicate movements by academics, researchers, and scholars opposing the restrictive copyright and circulation of traditional academic journals and promoting free access online instead.

Serials crisis
The term serials crisis describes the problem of rising subscription costs of serial publications, especially scholarly journals, outpacing academic institutions' library budgets and limiting their ability to meet researchers' needs. The prices of these institutional or library subscriptions have been rising much faster than inflation for several decades, while the funds available to the libraries have remained static or have declined in real terms. As a result, academic and research libraries have regularly canceled serial subscriptions to accommodate price increases of the remaining subscriptions. The increased prices have also led to the increased popularity of shadow libraries.
The Pulse of Danger
The Pulse of Danger is a 1966 novel written by Australian author Jon Cleary. It is set in Bhutan with the background of the Sino-Indian War. A small group of Western botanists have just finished an expedition and are returning to India where they encounter an Indian officer who has a captured Chinese general. They are pursued by Chinese forces.

Cleary visited the region as part of his research.

Film rights were bought by Sydney Box but no movie was made.

Sydney Box
Frank Sydney Box (29 April 1907 – 25 May 1983) was a British film producer and screenwriter, brother of British film producer Betty Box and husband of script writer and director, Muriel Box. In 1940, he founded the documentary film company Verity Films with Jay Lewis.

He produced and co-wrote the screenplay, with his then wife director Muriel Box, for The Seventh Veil (1945), which received the 1946 Oscar for best original screenplay.

Sydney and Muriel married in 1935, had a daughter Leonora the following year, and divorced in 1969.
176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade
The 176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War on the Western Front and disbanded in 1919. The brigade was raised again, now known as 176th Infantry Brigade, shortly prior to the Second World War and fought in the Normandy Campaign before being disbanded in August 1944. In both world wars the brigade was assigned to a 59th Division: the 59th (2nd North Midland) Division during the first, and the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division in the second.

John Thomas (VC)
John Thomas VC (10 May 1886 – 28 February 1954) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Ahad HaAm High School
Ahad HaAm High School, located in Petah Tikva, Israel is named after Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg, primarily known by his Hebrew name and pen name, Ahad HaAm, (Hebrew: אחד העם, lit. one of the people, Genesis 26:10).

The high school won the National Education Award for 2010 from the Israeli Ministry of Education in recognition of its excellence in education and outstanding matriculation rate – 95.32%.

The high school campus also houses the Open University's Petah Tikva College.

It is being currently led by principal Shulamit Bar.

In September 2013 an adjacent junior high was founded, also named Ahad HaAm, with students continuing from the junior high to the high school.

The school is well known for its World Scholar's Cup delegations, most recently winning the best overall team awards at the 2022 Prague Global Round (Sr. and Jr. level) and second best place at the 2022 Tournament of Champions (Jr.), as well as second best place at the 2023 London Global Round.

Hebrew name
A Hebrew name is a name of Hebrew origin. In a more narrow meaning, it is a name used by Jews only in a religious context and different from an individual's secular name for everyday use.

Names with Hebrew origins, especially those from the Hebrew Bible, are commonly used by Jews and Christians. Many are also used by Muslims, particularly those names mentioned in the Qur'an (for example, Ibrahim is a common Arabic name from the Hebrew Avraham). A typical Hebrew name can have many different forms, having been adapted to the phonologies and orthographies of many different languages.

A common practice among the Jewish diaspora is to give a Hebrew name to a child that is used in religious contexts throughout that person's lifetime.

Not all Hebrew names are strictly Hebrew in origin; some names may have been borrowed from other ancient languages,  including from Egyptian, Aramaic, Phoenician, or Canaanite.
Pierce Lewis
Pierce Lewis (11 April 1664 – May 1699) was a Welsh cleric who helped to "correct" the 1690 edition of the Welsh Bible.

Lewis was born to Pierce and Elizabeth Lewis, who lived on Anglesey in North Wales.  His father was the registrar of the Diocese of Bangor.  In 1684, Lewis matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1684.  He appears to have stayed in Oxford to supervise the production of the Bible associated with his relative William Lloyd, who was Bishop of St Asaph at the time.  This edition was not well received.  He then obtained the living of Llanfachraeth, Anglesey in 1690, becoming vicar of Bangor in 1693 and rector of Llanfairfechan in 1698.  He died in Ruthin in May 1699.

Bible translations into Welsh
Parts of the Bible have been translated into Welsh since at least the 15th century, but the most widely used translation of the Bible into Welsh for several centuries was the 1588 translation by William Morgan, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan sef Yr Hen Destament, a'r Newydd as revised in 1620. The Beibl Cymraeg Newydd ("new Welsh Bible") was published in 1988 and revised in 2004. Beibl.net is a translation in colloquial Welsh which was completed in 2013.
2009 Christy Ring Cup
The 2009 Christy Ring Cup was the fifth edition of the Christy Ring Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2005 and is the second-tier of Hurling for senior county teams (the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is the first-tier trophy). It is contested by eight GAA county teams ranked 13–20 in the 2009 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

Eight county teams participate in the competition. The teams are Carlow, Derry, Down, Kerry, Mayo, Kildare, Westmeath and Wicklow.

The winning team was promoted to the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 2010 and played for the Liam MacCarthy Cup.

On 11 July, Carlow retained the cup with a 1-15 to 0-14 victory over Down at Croke Park.

2010 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 2010 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 114th staging of Ireland's premier hurling competition since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. A total of thirteen teams competed in the championship, with Tipperary unseating the four-time defending champions Kilkenny by 4–17 to 1–18 in the final at Croke Park, Dublin.  The championship began on 22 May 2010 and concluded on 5 September 2010.
Maisie Was a Lady
Maisie Was a Lady is a 1941 American comedy drama film directed by Edwin L. Marin and starring Ann Sothern, Lew Ayres and Maureen O'Sullivan. Produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, it is the fourth in a series of ten films starring Sothern as good-hearted showgirl Maisie Ravier.

Showgirl
A showgirl is a female performer in a theatrical revue who wears an exotic and revealing costume and in some shows may appear topless. Showgirls are usually dancers, sometimes performing as chorus girls, burlesque dancers or fan dancers, and many are classically trained with skills in ballet.

The French view the term showgirl as an American idiomatic expression. Some strip clubs and some strippers use the term showgirl as part of their business name.
Margaret Rhee
Margaret Rhee is a feminist experimental poet, new media artist, and scholar. Her research focuses on technology, and intersections with feminist, queer, and ethnic studies. She has a special interest on digital participatory action research and pedagogy.

Experimental literature
Experimental literature is a genre of literature that is generally "difficult to define with any sort of precision." It experiments with the conventions of literature, including boundaries of genres and styles; for example, it can be written in the form of prose narratives or poetry, but the text may be set on the page in differing configurations than that of normal prose paragraphs or in the classical stanza form of verse. It may also incorporate art or photography. Furthermore, while experimental literature was traditionally handwritten, the digital age has seen an exponential use of writing experimental works with word processors.
Bowdun Head
Bowdun Head is a headland landform on the North Sea coast approximately one kilometre south of Stonehaven, Scotland.(Ordnance Survey, 2004)  Slightly to the north is another headland, Downie Point.  Somewhat to the south along the coast is Dunnottar Castle on the far side of the bay of Castle Haven. Other historic structures in the general vicinity include the Stonehaven Tolbooth, Fetteresso Castle, the Chapel of St. Mary and St. Nathalan and Muchalls Castle. There is considerable prehistory associated with the local area including a Pictish hill fort on the sea stack of Dunnicaer immediately to the north, and Bronze Age archaeological sites at Fetteresso (Hogan, 2008) and Spurryhillock, both somewhat inland of Bowdun Head.

Landform
A landform is a land feature on the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. They may be natural or may be anthropogenic (caused or influenced by human activity). Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. Landforms include hills, mountains, canyons, and valleys, as well as shoreline features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas, including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and the great oceanic basins.
Marc Thomas (rugby union)
Marc Thomas (born 15 July 1990) is a Welsh rugby union player who plays in the prop forward position.

Thomas previously played for Bridgend RFC and the Ospreys. On 4 May 2016, Thomas joined RFU Championship club Jersey Reds from the 2016–17 season. However, on 3 February 2017, Thomas left the club with immediate effect to join Welsh region Cardiff Blues back in the Pro12.

On 24 July 2017, Thomas returned to the English Championship with Yorkshire Carnegie prior to the 2017–18 season.

He joined rival Championship club Doncaster Knights ahead of the 2019–20 season. Thomas joined Harlequins on a short-term deal for the end of the 2020 and subsequently at the end of that deal, signed with Worcester Warriors for the start of the 2020–21 season.

Bridgend Ravens
Bridgend Ravens (Welsh: Cigfrain Pen-y-bont) (formerly Bridgend RFC) are a semi-professional rugby union club based in Bridgend, South Wales.

They currently play in Super Rygbi Cymru and are a feeder club to the Ospreys regional team.
Pseudo Stirling cycle
The pseudo Stirling cycle, also known as the adiabatic Stirling cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle with an adiabatic working volume and isothermal heater and cooler, in contrast to the ideal Stirling cycle with an isothermal working space.  The working fluid has no bearing on the maximum thermal efficiencies of the pseudo Stirling cycle.

Practical Stirling engines usually use a adiabatic Stirling cycle as the ideal Stirling cycle can not be practically implemented.
Nomenclature (practical engines and ideal cycle are both named Stirling) and lack in specificity (omitting ideal or adiabatic Stirling cycle) can cause confusion.

Isothermal process
An isothermal process is a type of thermodynamic process in which the temperature T of a system remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir, and a change in the system occurs slowly enough to allow the system to be continuously adjusted to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange (see quasi-equilibrium). In contrast, an adiabatic process is where a system exchanges no heat with its surroundings (Q = 0).

Simply, we can say that in an isothermal process

For ideal gases only, internal energy

while in adiabatic processes:
Betanzos (Vino de la Tierra)
Betanzos is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Galicia. Vino de la Tierra is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder.

The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Coirós, Bergondo, Betanzos and Paderne, in the province of A Coruña, in Galicia, Spain.

There are four principal warehouses: Adegas Lorenzo Bescansa, Bodegas Rilo, Adegas Codeseira, Casa Beade  and Viña Ártabra

It acquired its Vino de la Tierra status in 2001.

Province of A Coruña
The province of A Coruña (Galician: provincia da Coruña [pɾoˈβinθjɐ ðɐ koˈɾuɲɐ]; Spanish: provincia de La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ⓘ; historical English: Corunna) is the northwesternmost province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east. It has a population of 1,128,449 across its 93 municipalities.
Stěpan Vajda
Stěpan Vajda (17 January 1922 – 6 April 1945) was a Czechoslovak officer. He was commander of a tank battalion in the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps, which was part of the Red Army during World War II. He was posthumously awarded Hero of the Soviet Union.

1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union
The 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps (Czech: První československý armádní sbor, Slovak: Prvý československý armádny zbor), also known as Svoboda's Army (Czech: Svobodova armáda, after its commander Ludvík Svoboda), was a military formation of the Czechoslovak Army in exile fighting on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviet Red Army in World War II.

The corps was the largest of the Czechoslovak units that fought on the Soviet side on the Eastern Front.
Vífill
Vífill (Old Norse: [ˈwiːvelː]; Modern Icelandic: [ˈviːvɪtl̥]) is the name of different minor characters who appear in several Old Norse sources:

Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar (the paternal grandfather of the protagonist in the story)

Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans (saves the lives of young Hroðgar and his brother Halga)

Landnámabók

Kálfsvísa (appears to be one of king Onela's warriors, and a comrade of Weohstan)

Eiríks saga rauða

Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka

Orvar-Odd's saga (mentioned in Hjalmar's death song)

Halga
Halga, Helgi, Helghe or Helgo was a legendary Danish king living in the early 6th century. His name would in his own language (Proto-Norse) have been *Hailaga (dedicated to the gods).

Scholars generally agree that he appears in both Anglo-Saxon (Beowulf) and Scandinavian tradition (Norse sagas and Danish chronicles). In both traditions, he was a Scylding, the son of Healfdene and the brother of Hroðgar. In Beowulf, his relationship to Hroðulf is not explained, but if he was not his father, as in the Scandinavian tradition, he was at least his uncle. Both traditions also mention his family's feud with Froda and Ingeld.

Whereas, not much is said about Halga in Anglo-Saxon sources, much more is said in Scandinavian ones. It is also noticed a curb in Halga storyline's direction, all of them containing a version of the story of his incestuous relationship with his own daughter Yrsa. This liaison resulted in Halga's son Hroðulf.
Château de Ners
The Château de Ners is a ruined castle standing on a hill dominating the valley of the Pichauris. It is located north east of the town of Allauch in the commune of Allauch in the Bouches-du-Rhône département of France.

Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouches-du-Rhône (/ˌbuːʃ djuː ˈroʊn/ BOOSH dew ROHN; French: les Bouches-du-Rhône [le buʃ dy ʁon] ⓘ, locally [le ˈbuʃə dy ˈʁɔnə]; Occitan: lei Bocas de Ròse [lej ˈbukɔz de ˈʀɔze]; "the Mouths of the Rhône") is a department in southern France. It borders Vaucluse to the north, Gard to the west and Var to the east. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the south. Its prefecture and largest city is Marseille; other important cities include Aix-en-Provence, Arles, Martigues and Aubagne.

Marseille, France's second-largest city, has one of the largest container ports in the country. It prides itself on being France's oldest city, founded by Greek settlers from Phocaea around 600 BC. Bouches-du-Rhône is the most populous department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, with 2,043,110 inhabitants as of 2019. It has an area of 5,087 km2 (1,964 sq mi). Its INSEE and postal code is 13.
American Osteopathic Board of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology
The American Osteopathic Boards of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (AOBOO) is a joint organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the medical and surgical treatment of the eye (ophthalmologists) and to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine who specialize in the medical and surgical treatment of the ears, nose, and throat (otolaryngologists). The boards belong to the 18 medical specialty certifying boards approved by the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists of the American Osteopathic Association. As of December 2011, 736 osteopathic ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists held active certification with the AOBOO.

Otorhinolaryngology
Otorhinolaryngology (/oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærɪnˈɡɒlədʒi/ oh-toh-RY-noh-LARR-in-GOL-ə-jee, abbreviated ORL and also known as otolaryngology, otolaryngology – head and neck surgery (ORL–H&N or OHNS), or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians.

Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face, scalp, and neck.
Nachlass
Nachlass (German pronunciation: [ˈnaːxlas], older spelling Nachlaß) is a German word, used in academia to describe the collection of manuscripts, notes, correspondence, and so on left behind when a scholar dies. The word is a compound in German: nach means "after", and the verb lassen means "to leave". The plural can be either Nachlasse or (with Umlaut) Nachlässe. The word is not commonly used in English; and when it is, it is often italicized or printed in capitalized form to indicate its foreign provenance.

Umlaut (diacritic)
Umlaut (/ˈʊmlaʊt/; UUM-lout) is a name for the two dots diacritical mark (◌̈) as used to indicate in writing (as part of the letters ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, and ⟨ü⟩) the result of the historical sound shift due to which former back vowels are now pronounced as front vowels (for example [a], [ɔ], and [ʊ] as [ɛ], [œ], and [ʏ]). (The term Germanic umlaut is also used for the underlying historical sound shift process.)

In its contemporary printed form, the mark consists of two dots placed over the letter to represent the changed vowel sound. In some Romance and other languages, the diaeresis diacritic has the same appearance but a different function.