hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Automorphism group of a free group
In mathematical group theory, the automorphism group of a free group is a discrete group of automorphisms of a free group. The quotient by the inner automorphisms is the outer automorphism group of a free group, which is similar in some ways to the mapping class group of a surface.

Mapping class group of a surface
In mathematics, and more precisely in topology, the mapping class group of a surface, sometimes called the modular group or Teichmüller modular group, is the group of homeomorphisms of the surface viewed up to continuous (in the compact-open topology) deformation. It is of fundamental importance for the study of 3-manifolds via their embedded surfaces and is also studied in algebraic geometry in relation to moduli problems for curves.

The mapping class group can be defined for arbitrary manifolds (indeed, for arbitrary topological spaces) but the 2-dimensional setting is the most studied in group theory.

The mapping class group of surfaces are related to various other groups, in particular braid groups and outer automorphism groups.
Miku Flick/02
Miku Flick/02 (ミクフリック/02) was a 2012 rhythm game created by Sega and Crypton Future Media for the iOS operating systems iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. The game was a sequel to Miku Flick, released earlier that year, and a spin off of the Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA series of Vocaloid rhythm games. Like the original, the game primarily makes use of Vocaloids, a series of singing synthesizer software, and the songs created using these vocaloids, most notably the virtual-diva Vocaloid Hatsune Miku. The game was released internationally on August 10, 2012, making it the second Project Diva game to be released in English.

Support for the game ended on July 19, 2016.

Kagamine Rin/Len
Kagamine Rin & Len (Japanese: 鏡音リン・レン), officially code-named CV02, are a pair of Vocaloid software voicebanks developed by Crypton Future Media, headquartered in Sapporo, Japan. Their official moe anthropomorphism consists of a pair of 14 year old singers, a boy and a girl, respectively named Len and Rin. They use Yamaha Corporation's Vocaloid 2 and Vocaloid 4 voice synthesizing technology. Their voices are samples of voice actress Asami Shimoda. They have performed at live concerts together, as they are each other's mirrors.

Their official code name, CV02, refers to their position as the second Vocaloids made by Crypton Future Media for their "Character Vocal Series" (abbreviated "CV Series"), succeeding Hatsune Miku (code-named CV01) and preceding Megurine Luka (code-named CV03). The number 02 can be seen on Rin's left shoulder in official artwork.
Encyclopedia Astronautica
The Encyclopedia Astronautica is a reference web site on space travel. The encyclopedia includes 79,433 articles with 13,741 illustrations, a comprehensive catalog of missiles, spacecraft, space technology, astronauts, and spaceflight from most countries that have had an active rocket research program. It provides biographies of important pioneers of spaceflight such as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Hermann Oberth Robert Goddard. It outlines various concepts of space stations including the NASA Space Shuttle and the Soviet Buran programme.

Hermann Oberth
Hermann Julius Oberth (German: [ˈhɛrman ˈjuːli̯ʊs ˈoːbɛrt]; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and rocket pioneer of Transylvanian Saxon descent.  Oberth supported Nazi Germany's war effort and received the War Merit Cross (1st Class) in 1943.
K7031/7032 Harbin–Suihua through train
The K7031/7032 Harbin–Suihua through train (Chinese: K7031/7032次哈尔滨到绥化快速列车) is a Chinese railway running between Harbin to Suihua express passenger trains by the Harbin Railway Bureau, Harbin passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Habin originating on the Suihua train. 25B Type Passenger trains running along the Binbei Railway across Heilongjiang provinces, the entire 125 km. Harbin East Railway Station to Suihua Railway Station running 1 hours and 35 minutes, use trips for K7031; Suihua Railway Station to Harbin Railway Station to run 1 hours and 57 minutes, use trips for K7032.

Harbin East railway station
Harbin East (Haerbindong) railway station is a railway station located in Daowai District of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China. The construction of the station begun in December 1932 and finished in June 1934. The station was expanded in 1987 and 2002. Its former name was Sankeshu Station (Chinese: 三棵树站; pinyin: Sānkēshù Zhàn), and was renamed as Harbin East railway station in 1990 by then Ministry of Railways (China).

The station functions as a major transportation terminal in Heilongjiang Province, and mainly operates normal speed trains to the destinations within the province. Line 1 of Harbin Metro station is located in the west square of the station.

It was renovated significantly in 2016 to coordinate the overhauling of Harbin railway station. However, the capacity of this station is well below that of Harbin railway station and Harbin West Station.
Głamsiny
Głamsiny is an abandoned village in the administrative district of Gmina Górowo Iławeckie, in Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

From 1945 to 1958 Głamsiny was administratively located in the Iławka County in the Masurian District and Olsztyn Voivodeship.

Gmina Górowo Iławeckie
Gmina Górowo Iławeckie is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its seat is the town of Górowo Iławeckie, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 416.27 square kilometres (160.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,270.
Amschel Mayer Rothschild
Amschel Mayer Freiherr von Rothschild (12 June 1773 – 6 December 1855) was a German Jewish banker of the prominent Rothschild family. He was the second child and eldest son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), the founder of the dynasty, and Gutlé Rothschild (née Schnapper; 1753–1849).

On the death of Mayer Amschel in 1812, Amschel Mayer succeeded as head of the bank M. A. Rothschild & Söhne in Frankfurt, his brothers having been dispatched to set up banking houses in Paris, London, Naples, and Vienna. As Amschel Mayer died childless, his nephews (Anselm, son of Salomon, and Mayer Carl and Wilhelm Carl, sons of Carl) assumed responsibility for the business from 1855.

In 1817, he was ennobled by Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, as Amschel Mayer von Rothschild, and he became a Freiherr (baron) in 1822. Amschel Mayer Rothschild was close to Orthodox Jewish circles, and he was referred to by Eastern European Jews as "the pious Rothschild" (Yiddish: der frummer Rothschild).

Von
The term von ([fɔn] ⓘ) is used in German surnames either as a nobiliary particle indicating a noble patrilineality, or as a simple preposition used by commoners that means 'of' or 'from'.

Nobility directories like the Almanach de Gotha often abbreviate the noble term von to v. In medieval or early modern names, the von particle was at times added to commoners' names; thus, Hans von Duisburg meant 'Hans from [the city of] Duisburg'. This meaning is preserved in Swiss toponymic surnames and in the Dutch van, which is a cognate of von but also does not necessarily indicate nobility.
Kent County Council elections
Kent County Council elections are held every four years to elect Kent County Council in England. Since the last boundary changes in 2019 the council has comprised 81 councillors representing 72 electoral divisions, with each division electing one or two councillors.

Kent County Council
Kent County Council (KCC) is a county council that governs the non-metropolitan county of Kent in England. The non-metropolitan county is smaller than the ceremonial county, which additionally includes the unitary authority of Medway. Kent County Council is the upper tier of elected local government, below which are 12 district councils, and around 300 town and parish councils. The county council has 81 elected councillors. It is one of the largest local authorities in England in terms of population served and the largest local authority of its type. The council is based at County Hall in Maidstone. It had been under Conservative majority control from 1997 to 2025 when Reform UK took control.
Harutaeographa shui
Harutaeographa shui is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in China (Sichuan), on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau. The habitat consists of mountain virgin mixed forests dominated by various broad-leaved trees, rhododendrons and bamboos.

The wingspan is 37–42 millimetres (1.5–1.7 in). The forewings are richly decorated with dark coppery-brown patterns distinctly marked with black scales. The outer margin and cilia are lighter golden yellow. The hindwings have an intensive dark suffusion, which is especially wide on the outer margin, the discal spot and the well-marked postmedial fascia.

Adults have been collected from the end of March to the beginning of April at altitudes ranging from 1,500–1,600 metres (4,900–5,200 ft).

Rhododendron
Rhododendron (/ˌroʊdəˈdɛndrən/; pl.: rhododendra), from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), meaning "rose", and δένδρον (déndron), meaning "tree", is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan region, but smaller numbers occur elsewhere in Asia, and in North America, Europe and Australia.

It is the national flower of Nepal, the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in the United States, the state flower of Nagaland and Himachal Pradesh in India, the provincial flower of Jeju Province in South Korea, the provincial flower of Jiangxi in China and the state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India. Most species have brightly coloured flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer.

Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron. They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower.
Electoral history of Charles Rangel
This is the Electoral history of Charles Rangel, a Democratic Representative from New York City, who represented the 18th, 19th, 16th, 15th, and 13th districts of New York. Rangel was first elected in November 1970, and was re-elected in every subsequent election. Rangel chose not to run in the 2016 House election, and retired when his term ended in January 2017. At the time of his retirement, he was the second most senior United States Representative, behind representative John Conyers.

New York's 19th congressional district
New York's 19th congressional district is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives located in New York’s Catskills, Hudson Valley, greater Capital District, Southern Tier, and Finger Lakes regions. It lies partially in the northernmost region of the New York metropolitan area and mostly south of Albany. This district is represented by Democrat Josh Riley.

Various New York districts have been numbered "19" over the years, including areas in New York City and various parts of upstate New York. The 19th District was a Manhattan-based district until 1980. It then was the Bronx-Westchester seat now numbered the 17th District. The present 19th District was the 21st District before the 1990s, and before that was the 25th District.

The 2020 redistricting saw the district expand to include the entirety of Broome, Tioga, Tompkins, Chenango, Delaware, Greene, Sullivan, and Columbia Counties, while partially including Ulster and Otsego Counties.
Amor Towles
Amor Towles (born 1964) is an American novelist. He is best known for his bestselling novels Rules of Civility (2011), A Gentleman in Moscow (2016), and The Lincoln Highway (2021). Towles began writing following a career in investment banking.

Kirkus Prize
The Kirkus Prize is an American literary award conferred by the book review magazine Kirkus Reviews. Established in 2014, the Kirkus Prize bestows US$150,000 annually. Three authors are awarded US$50,000 each, divided into three categories: Fiction, Nonfiction, and Young Readers' Literature. It has been described as one of the most lucrative prizes in literature.
Elizabeth Forbes (musicologist)
Elizabeth Forbes (3 August 1924 – 22 October 2014) was an English author, journalist, music critic, and musicologist who specialised in writing about opera. Actively working as a professional writer and journalist from the early 1970s through 2013, her main areas of interest were 19th and 20th-century opera (French and Scandinavian in particular) and singers, both historical and present-day. She published multiple books related to opera and contributed many reviews and articles to several notable periodicals and newspapers internationally, including the Financial Times, The Independent, The Musical Times, Opera, Opera Canada and Opera News among several others.

Music criticism
The Oxford Companion to Music defines music criticism as "the intellectual activity of formulating judgments on the value and degree of excellence of individual works of music, or whole groups or genres". In this sense, it is a branch of musical aesthetics.

With the concurrent expansion of interest in music and information media since the turn of the 20th century, the term has come to acquire the conventional meaning of journalistic reporting on musical performances.
IBM Lotus Symphony
IBM Lotus Symphony is a discontinued suite of applications for creating, editing, and sharing text, spreadsheet, presentations, and other documents and browsing the World Wide Web. It was first distributed as commercial proprietary software, then as freeware, before IBM contributed the suite to the Apache Software Foundation in 2014 for inclusion in the free and open-source Apache OpenOffice software suite.

First released in 2007, the suite has a name similar to the 1980s DOS Lotus Symphony suite, but the two software suites are otherwise unrelated. The previous Lotus application suite, Lotus SmartSuite, is also unrelated.

IBM discontinued development of Lotus Symphony in January 2012 with the final release of version 3.0.1, moving future development effort to Apache OpenOffice, and donating the source code to the Apache Software Foundation.

Freeware
Freeware is software, often proprietary, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and reverse engineering are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others. Unlike with free and open-source software, which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is typically not made available. Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and shareware business models; or by collecting and selling user's personal data.
Argentina Classic
The Argentina Classic is a men's professional golf tournament held in Argentina and has been part of the PGA Tour Latinoamérica schedule since 2012.

The tournament was first played on PGA Tour Latinoamérica in December 2012 as the "Olivos Golf Classic-Copa Personal" and was held at Olivos Golf Club. The inaugural winner of the event was Ariel Cañete.

In the 2013 season the event moved to La Reserva Cardales and following a sponsorship deal with the telecommunications company BlackBerry the tournament was renamed as the "Personal Classic presentado por BlackBerry".

From 2014 to 2017, the event was played at C.C.G. Las Praderas de Lujan in Luján, Buenos Aires. The tournament moved to Chapelco Golf Club in Neuquén in 2018.

Neuquén
Neuquén (Spanish pronunciation: [newˈken]; Mapudungun: Nehuenken) is the capital city of the Argentine province of Neuquén and of the Confluencia Department within that province, located in the extreme east of the province. It occupies a strip of land west of the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén rivers which form the Río Negro, making it part of the ecoregion of Alto Valle del Río Negro. The city had 287,787 inhabitants, and the surrounding Neuquén – Plottier – Cipolletti conurbation had a population of more than 500,000 at the 2022 Census, making it the largest urban agglomeration in Patagonia.

Founded in 1904, it is the newest provincial capital city in Argentina.
USS R. B. Forbes
USS R. B. Forbes was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Originally built in either 1845 or 1846, the vessel saw service as a tugboat and briefly a lightship at Boston, Massachusetts.  Built by Otis Tufts and named after Robert Bennet Forbes, she was the first iron mercantile vessel built in New England.

Purchased by the Union Navy in 1861 for $52,500 (equivalent to $1,800,000 in 2024), she was converted to a warship and saw action during the Battle of Port Royal on November 7.  On February 25, 1862, en route to join the Mortar Flotilla, she was wrecked on the Currituck Banks in a storm and was burned to prevent capture.

United States Government Publishing Office
The United States Government Publishing Office (USGPO or GPO), formerly the United States Government Printing Office, is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. The office produces and distributes information products and services for all three branches of the Federal Government, including U.S. passports for the Department of State as well as the official publications of the Supreme Court, the Congress, the Executive Office of the President, executive departments, and independent agencies.

An act of Congress changed the office's name to its current form in 2014.
Big Brother (Norwegian and Swedish TV series) season 3
Big Brother 2014 is the ninth Swedish series and the seventh Norwegian series, and the third joined season between the two countries of the reality series Big Brother. It began on 31 August 2014 on the Swedish channel Kanal 9 and the Norwegian channel FEM, with the season being hosted by Adam Alsing and Pia Lykke. The Big Brother house is located in Spånga, Sweden.

Sarpsborg
Sarpsborg (pronounced [ˈsɑ̀ʂbɔr] or [ˈsɑ̀rpsbɔrɡ]), historically Borg, is a city and municipality in Østfold county, Norway.  The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Sarpsborg.

Sarpsborg is part of the fifth largest urban area in Norway when paired with neighbouring Fredrikstad. As of 1 January 2018, according to Statistics Norway these two municipalities have a total population of 136,127 with  55,840 in Sarpsborg and 81,278 in Fredrikstad.

Statistics for 2021, say that the city has a population where 19% of the children belong to families that have "low-income in the long-term"; that is the highest level for a city (in Norway); the national level is 11.3%.
Rogätz
Rogätz (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːɡɛts]) is a municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is located on the left bank of the river Elbe, and is linked to Schartau by the Rogätz Ferry.

Burg bei Magdeburg
Burg (German pronunciation: [bʊʁk] ⓘ; also known as Burg bei Magdeburg to distinguish from other places with the same name) is a town of about 22,400 inhabitants on the Elbe–Havel Canal in northeastern Germany, 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Magdeburg. It is the capital of the Jerichower Land district in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.

The town is known for its mediaeval churches and towers. Due to the numerous towers and steeples Burg also carries the sobriquet City of Towers. Like other German towns and cities, Burg shows its connection to the Roland saga with a statue, which was restored in 1999.
Waters, Michigan
Waters is an unincorporated community in southern Otsego County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is located within Otsego Lake Township.

As an unincorporated community, Waters has no legally defined boundaries or population statistics of its own but does have its own post office with the 49797 ZIP Code, which is primarily used for post office box services.

Mackinaw City, Michigan
Mackinaw City (/ˈmækənɔː/ MAK-ə-naw) is a village in divided between Cheboygan and Emmet counties in the U.S. state of Michigan.  It had a population of 846 at the 2020 census.

Mackinaw City is located at the northernmost point of the Lower Peninsula at the southern end of the Mackinac Bridge, which crosses the Straits of Mackinac to the city of St. Ignace in the Upper Peninsula.  Mackinaw City and St. Ignace serve as the main access points for ferry service to and from Mackinac Island.  Mackinaw City is considered one of Michigan's most popular tourist destinations and includes many historic sites, including Fort Michilimackinac State Park, Old Mackinac Point Light, McGulpin Point Light, and the nearby Dousman's Mill.
1/3 no Junjō na Kanjō
"1/3 no Junjō na Kanjō" (Japanese: ⁠1/3⁠の純情な感情, Hepburn: Sanbun no Ichi no Junjō na Kanjō; lit. '1/3 Pure Heart Emotion') is a song by the Japanese rock band Siam Shade. It was released as their sixth single on November 27, 1997, before being featured on their fourth studio album Siam Shade IV - Zero, released on January 21, 1998.

It was used as the sixth ending theme of the Rurouni Kenshin anime series, and is the band's best known work and best-selling single. It reached number three on the Oricon Singles Chart, and has sold over 800,000 copies. Originally released as an 8 cm CD, the single was reissued in the 12 cm CD format on November 14, 2007.

Mikuni Shimokawa
Mikuni Shimokawa (下川 みくに, Shimokawa Mikuni; born 19 March 1980) is a Japanese pop singer and songwriter. She is best known for her songs used for anime theme music, particularly the opening and ending themes of the Full Metal Panic! series. In addition to her vocal talents, Shimokawa can also play the piano. She is a former member of the girl group Checkicco.
2020 Generali Open Kitzbühel – Singles
Miomir Kecmanović defeated Yannick Hanfmann in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2020 Austrian Open Kitbühel. It was his first ATP Tour title.

Dominic Thiem was the reigning champion, but did not compete as he was still competing at the 2020 US Open.

Federico Delbonis
Federico Delbonis (Spanish pronunciation: [feðeˈɾiko ðelˈβonis]; born 5 October 1990) is an Argentine former professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 33 on 9 May 2016. He also reached a career-high doubles ranking of No. 110 on 22 July 2019.

Delbonis was known for his unorthodox serve, an exaggerated trophy serve in which he would raise his racquet, toss the ball unusually high and follow through.
Biginelli reaction
The Biginelli reaction is a multiple-component chemical reaction that creates 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones 4 from ethyl acetoacetate 1, an aryl aldehyde (such as benzaldehyde 2), and urea 3. It is named for the Italian chemist Pietro Biginelli.

This reaction was developed by Pietro Biginelli in 1891. The reaction can be catalyzed by Brønsted acids and/or by Lewis acids such as copper(II) trifluoroacetate hydrate and boron trifluoride. Several solid-phase protocols utilizing different linker combinations have been published.

Dihydropyrimidinones, the products of the Biginelli reaction, are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as calcium channel blockers, antihypertensive agents, and alpha-1-a-antagonists.

More recently products of the Biginelli reaction have been investigated as potential selective Adenosine A2b receptor antagonists. Including highly selective tricyclic compounds.

Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde (/ˈældɪhaɪd/) (lat. alcohol dehydrogenatum, dehydrogenated alcohol) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl group. Aldehydes are a common motif in many chemicals important in technology and biology.