hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Euler's identity
In mathematics, Euler's identity (also known as Euler's equation) is the equality

where

is Euler's number, the base of natural logarithms,

is the imaginary unit, which by definition satisfies , and

is pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. It is a special case of Euler's formula  when evaluated for . Euler's identity is considered an exemplar of mathematical beauty, as it shows a profound connection between the most fundamental numbers in mathematics.

Diameter
In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the centre of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle. Both definitions are also valid for the diameter of a sphere.

In more modern usage, the length  of a diameter is also called the diameter. In this sense one speaks of the diameter rather than a diameter (which refers to the line segment itself), because all diameters of a circle or sphere have the same length, this being twice the radius

The word "diameter" is derived from Ancient Greek: διάμετρος (diametros), "diameter of a circle", from διά (dia), "across, through" and μέτρον (metron), "measure". It is often abbreviated  or
Mount Morris (New York)
Mount Morris is a 3,117-foot-tall (950 m) mountain located in Adirondack Mountains of New York. It is located in the south-southwest of the village of Tupper Lake in Franklin County, and is "the highest peak immediately east of Tupper Lake." It is named after the town in which it was then located.

In 1919, a 22-foot-tall (6.7 m) steel fire lookout tower was built on the summit. The tower ceased fire lookout operations in 1971. Ownership of the tower was later transferred to the town and is closed to the public.

Tupper Lake (village), New York
Tupper Lake is a village in Franklin County, New York, United States. The population was 3,282 at the 2020 census. The village is located within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park, west of Lake Placid. Along with nearby Saranac Lake, these three villages make up what is known as the Tri-Lakes region.

The village of Tupper Lake is in the town of Tupper Lake, called Altamont before 2004. The town and the village are in the southwestern part of the county. It is named for 11,000-acre Tupper Lake, two miles south of the village.

The Wild Center, a 54,000 square feet (5,000 m2) natural history center, is on a 31 acres (130,000 m2) campus. The Adirondack Sky Center & Observatory is on the north side of town.
Karstädt station
Karstädt station is the station of Karstädt in the German state of Brandenburg. It lies on the Berlin–Hamburg Railway and was opened for freight in 1853 and for passengers in 1859. The Karstädt station of the former Westprignitz District Ring Railway (German: Westprignitzer Kreisringbahn) was nearby and was served by passenger services from 1911 to 1975 and by freight traffic until the beginning of the 1990s. The state station's Neoclassical entrance building along with a second building, its goods shed and the paving of the forecourt have heritage protection.

Schwerin Hauptbahnhof
Schwerin Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station of the capital of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and is located in the northwest of the central city. It includes four tracks on two platforms and a siding west of the fourth track. Currently the station is used by about 12,000 passengers a day.
Kigigak Island
Kigigak Island is an island located near the northwest corner of Nelson Island at the mouth of Ninglick River, 110 miles west of Bethel in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. It is 5 miles across. The island has a land area of 31.839 km2 (12.293 sq mi) and was unpopulated at the 2000 census. It is part of the Bethel Census Area. The nearest populated communities are Newtok and Tununak.

Newtok, Alaska
Newtok (Central Yupik: Niugtaq) is a small village on the Ningliq River in the Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population is zero as of late 2024, down from 321 in 2000, and the village has been abandoned. Climate change and river erosion forced the primarily Central Yup'ik Alaska Native village to consider relocation. Residents moved to the new village of Mertarvik.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Scala
The Diocese of Scala is a titular see of the Catholic Church, currently held by Archbishop Edward Joseph Adams, Apostolic Nuncio to Great Britain.

It was established in 987 as a regular diocese with its cathedra (seat) in Scala on the Amalfi Coast of Italy. On 31 July 1603 it merged aeque principaliter (Latin for "equally important") with the diocese of Ravello. On 27 June 1818 the Diocese of Ravello and Scala was suppressed by Pope Pius VII and all its territory was incorporated into the Archdiocese of Amalfi, now the Archdiocese of Amalfi-Cava de' Tirreni.

In 1968 it was established as a titular see and has been held by auxiliary bishops and papal nuncios since then.

Aeque principaliter
Aeque principaliter ("equally important") is a Latin term used by the Roman Catholic Church to indicate a merger of two or more dioceses in which – to avoid questions of predominance – the dioceses are all given equal importance. Such a merger often followed a merger in persona episcopi.

This type of union essentially consists into the fusion of two or more circumscriptions into only one. As a consequence, this new diocese will have two or more episcopal sees and cathedrals, which correspond to those of the previous dioceses.

To give an example, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela is a single diocese established by the union aeque principaliter of the Archdiocese of Pamplona and the Diocese of Tudela. Through this fusion, the new circumscription has two episcopal sees: Pamplona and Tudela. As a consequence it has also two (co-)cathedrals, one for each episcopal see.

Parishes may also be merged aeque principaliter.
2010 All-Ireland Colleges Camogie Championship
The 2010 All-Ireland Colleges Camogie Championship was won by Loreto, Kilkenny, who defeated Blackwater CS, Lismore by 2–5 to 1–7 in the final on March 6, 2010, at Ardfinnan. Lismore's one-point defeat in the final narrowly prevented a unique treble for the sport of Senior C, Senior B and Senior A titles in successive years.

Ardfinnan
Ardfinnan (Irish: Ard Fhíonáin, meaning 'High place of Finnian') is a village in County Tipperary in Ireland. It is situated on the River Suir and R665 regional road. The Catholic parish of Ardfinnan is made up of three areas: Ardfinnan, Ballybacon, and Grange. Ardfinnan is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Iffa and Offa West. The village is located 14 km (9 mi) from the town of Clonmel and 10 km (6 mi) from Cahir via the R670 road. As of 2022, the village had a population of 978 people.
Giurdignano railway station
Giurdignano railway station is a railway station in Giurdignano, Italy. The station is located on the Lecce-Otranto railway. The train services and the railway infrastructure are operated by Ferrovie del Sud Est.

Ferrovie del Sud Est
Ferrovie del Sud Est (FSE) is a railway company in Apulia region, Italy. The company operates in the comuni south of Lecce and in the provinces of Bari, Brindisi and Taranto. The company also operates bus lines. In August 2016 its network was taken over by Ferrovie dello stato due to financial problems at the company. The company is now wholly owned by the Italian Transport Ministry.
Silvino Santos
Silvino Simões Santos Silva (1886 – 14 May 1970) was a Portuguese-born cinematographer and photographer who emigrated and worked in Brazil. He is known for his role as director of the 1922 film No País das Amazonas, which was one of the earliest documentary films that depicted the Amazon rainforest. In addition to directing various other films about Brazil, Santos documented an expedition with the explorers Theodor Koch-Grunberg and Alexander H. Rice Jr. which was released as the 1924 film No Rastro do Eldorado.

Alexander H. Rice Jr.
Alexander Hamilton Rice Jr. (August 29, 1875 – July 23, 1956) was an American physician, geographer, and explorer of the Amazon Basin. He was a professor of geography at Harvard University from 1929 to 1952. He was also founder and director of the Harvard Institute of Geographical Exploration and curator of the South American section of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
Amrinone
Amrinone, also known as inamrinone, and sold as Inocor, is a pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor.  It is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. Amrinone has been shown to increase the contractions initiated in the heart by high-gain calcium induced calcium release (CICR). The positive inotropic effect of amrinone is mediated by the selective enhancement of high-gain CICR, which contributes to the contraction of myocytes by phosphorylation through cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca2+ calmodulin kinase pathways.

Pyridine
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N. It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group (=CH−) replaced by a nitrogen atom (=N−).  It is a highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-miscible liquid with a distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell. Pyridine is colorless, but older or impure samples can appear yellow. The pyridine ring occurs in many commercial compounds, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins. Historically, pyridine was produced from coal tar. As of 2016, it is synthesized on the scale of about 20,000 tons per year worldwide.
Croker Oars
Croker Oars  is an Australian manufacturer of rowing oars that was started by Howard Croker OAM in Sydney, Australia. They are now manufactured on Oxley Island, Taree, on the banks of the lower Manning River, in New South Wales. During the 1950s, Croker and his two brothers were students at Newington College and their father was a rowing coach at the school. Howard Croker went on to be a successful rower in the 1960s, winning both State and National rowing titles. Croker rowed for the then Haberfield Rowing Club at Dobroyd Point and was a coach in the years 1975 and 1976 at The Scots College. Croker Oars currently produce sculling and sweep oars for the Australian and international market. Croker also manufactures surf boat oars. Many elite rowers use Croker oars and together with Concept2 oars they make up the majority of oars used in international competition.

Manning River
Manning River (Biripi: Boolumbahtee), an open and trained mature wave dominated barrier estuary, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia. It is the only double delta river in the southern hemisphere in which there are two permanent entrances to the river, one at Old Bar and another at Harrington, and is famously one of only two rivers in the world to have permanent multiple entrances with the other being the Nile river in Egypt.
Rita Akarekor
Rita Akarekor (born 13 February 2001) is a Nigerian footballer who plays for Delta Queens in the Nigeria Women Premier League, and Nigeria women's national football team as a goalkeeper. She was adjudged the best goalkeeper in the 2016 Nigeria Women Premier League, and was the only player in her position nominated as the most valuable player in the league.

NWFL Premiership
The NWFL Premiership (formerly Nigeria Women Premier League) is the top-level league for women's association football in Nigeria. It is the women's equivalent of the Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL) for male players. The Nigeria Women Football League (NWFL) organizes the Nigeria Women Premier League and the Nigeria Women Pro-league. In November 2017, Aisha Falode was elected chairperson of the league board, and was officially designated in January 2017.
Heart of the Warrior
Heart of the Warrior (Spanish: El corazón del guerrero) is a 2000 Spanish action-adventure film directed and written by Daniel Monzón, which stars Fernando Ramallo, Joel Joan and Neus Asensi, also featuring Santiago Segura, Adrià Collado, and Javier Aller, among others.

Javier Aller
Javier Aller Martín (20 April 1972 – 1 May 2018) was a Spanish film and television actor. Born in Madrid, his career began on 1998, and he participated in various humoristic film and TV series, known by his short stature.

He participated in films such as The Biggest Robbery Never Told, Miguel y William, Mortadelo & Filemon: The Big Adventure, The Miracle of P. Tinto, His Majesty Minor.

He died on 1 May 2018 from diabetes after suffering from two strokes.
Gene Murphy (American football, born c. 1900)
Eugene L. Murphy (c. 1900 – 1976) was an American football player and coach. He attended Columbia Prep in Portland, Oregon. He played college football for Knute Rockne's Notre Dame Fighting Irish football teams in 1921 and 1922. He coached high school football at the then Sacred Heart College (High School Division; now "Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory")in San Francisco for the 1925 season. In June 1927, he was hired as the athletic director and head football and baseball coach at Columbia University (renamed the University of Portland in 1935. He held that position for 10 years from 1927 to 1936. He retired in December 1936 to enter private business. He was posthumously inducted into the University of Portland Hall of Fame in 1991.

University of Portland
The University of Portland (UP) is a private Catholic university in Portland, Oregon, United States. It was founded in 1901 and is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross, which also founded UP's sister school, the University of Notre Dame. UP enrolls approximately 3,700 students.

The campus is in the University Park neighborhood near St. Johns, on a bluff overlooking the Willamette River. With a college of arts and sciences, a graduate school, and schools of business, education, engineering, and nursing and health innovations, it is Oregon's only comprehensive Catholic university. UP is North Portland's largest corporation and has an annual economic impact on Portland of $170 million. More than 17,000 alumni live in the Portland metropolitan area.
Scheidegger
Scheidegger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Casey Scheidegger (born 1988), Canadian curler

Fritz Scheidegger (1930–1967), Swiss sidecar racer

Mats Scheidegger (born 1963), Swiss musician and classical guitarist

Mats Scheidegger
Mats Scheidegger (born 1963) is a Swiss classical guitarist. Born in Baden, Switzerland, he specializes in contemporary music, e.g. he is the dedicatee of Sam Hayden's Sam Hayden AXE(S). He has given numerous premieres of contemporary works.

He has been artistic director of the "Tage für Neue Musik Zürich" festival since 1998. He did many recordings for Labels such as Grammont, NMC-Records, Harmonia Mundi.
Punctelia tomentosula
Punctelia tomentosula is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Peru, it was described as a new species in 1999 by Japanese lichenologist Syo Kurokawa.

The lichen has dense, dimorphous rhizines, a medulla that produces a rose colour with a C+ lichen spot test (caused by the presence of lecanoric acid), and short-filiform (threadlike) conidia that measure 7–9 μm long. It has abundant pseudocyphellae and soralia on the thallus surface, and a brown lower surface. Punctelia osorioi, found in South Brazil, is somewhat similar in appearance – particularly the dense rhizines. However, it does not have soralia, it has short, hook-like (unciform) conidia that are shorter than those in P. tomentosula (5−6 μm), and it does not have lecanoric acid in the medulla.

Lecanoric acid
Lecanoric acid is a chemical produced by several species of lichen. Lecanoric acid is classified as a polyphenol and a didepside, and it functions as an antioxidant. It is an ester of orsellinic acid with itself.

The acid is named after the lichen Lecanora, in which it was discovered. The acid has also been isolated from Usnea subvacata, Parmotrema stuppuem, Parmotrema tinctorum, Parmotrema grayana, Xanthoparmelia arida and Xanthoparmelia lecanorica. A related compound, 5-chlorolecanoric acid, is found in some species of Punctelia.
NGC 1559
NGC 1559 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Reticulum.  It was discovered on 6 November 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop.

NGC 1559 is a Seyfert galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nuclei with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable. Although it was originally thought to be a member of the Dorado Group, subsequent observations have shown that it is in fact not a member of any galaxy group or cluster and does not have any nearby companions.  NGC 1559 has massive spiral arms and strong star formation.  It contains a small bar which is oriented nearly east-west and spans 40″.  Its bar and disc are the source of very strong radio emissions.

James Dunlop
James Dunlop FRSE (31 October 1793 – 22 September 1848) was a Scottish astronomer, noted for his work in Australia. He was employed by Sir Thomas Brisbane to work as astronomer's assistant at his private observatory, once located at Paramatta (now named Parramatta), New South Wales, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of Sydney during the 1820s and 1830s. Dunlop was mostly a visual observer, doing stellar astrometry work for Brisbane, and after its completion, then independently discovered and catalogued many new telescopic southern double stars and deep-sky objects.  He later became the Superintendent of Paramatta Observatory when it was finally sold to the New South Wales Government.
National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation
National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation (NHFDC) was set up in January 1997 as a not for profit company under Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. The corporation provides financial assistance for wide range of income generating activities to disabled persons.

The company is managed by Board of Directors nominated by Government of India.

Not-for-profit organization
A not-for-profit organisation (NFPO) is a legal entity that does not distribute surplus funds to its members and is formed to fulfill specific objectives.

While not-for-profit organizations and nonprofit organizations (NPO) are distinct legal entities, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. An NFPO must be differentiated from a NPO as they are not formed explicitly for the public good as an NPO must be, and NFPOs are considered "recreational organizations", meaning that they do not operate with the goal of generating revenue as opposed to NPOs.
Peter Gladigau
Peter Wayne Gladigau (born 23 May 1965) is a former cricketer who played first-class and List A cricket for South Australia from 1985-86 to 1992-93.

Peter Gladigau was an opening bowler. In his best season, 1987-88, he was one of the leading bowlers in the Sheffield Shield, taking 38 wickets at an average of 29.05, including his best career figures of 7 for 85 against Victoria.

He works as a police officer in Adelaide. He represented Glenelg in the Adelaide cricket competition. He was awarded life membership of the club and is now its Cricket Operations Manager.

South Australia cricket team
The South Australia men's cricket team is an Australian men's professional first-class cricket team based in the state of South Australia. South Australia play their home matches at Adelaide Oval and Karen Rolton Oval, they are the state cricket team for South Australia representing the state in the Sheffield Shield competition and the limited overs One-Day Cup. The team is selected and supported by the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA).

The team's One-Day Cup uniform features a red body with gold and blue elements, the state's colours. They were known as the Southern Redbacks from 1995 to 2024, and officially competed under the West End Redbacks moniker from 1996 to 2024 due to a sponsorship agreement with West End. The Redbacks formerly competed in the now-defunct KFC Twenty20 Big Bash, but were succeeded by the Adelaide Strikers in 2011 because this league was replaced with the Big Bash League.
2015–16 Davidson Wildcats men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Davidson Wildcats men's basketball team representsed Davidson College during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Wildcats, led by 27th year head coach Bob McKillop, played their home games at the John M. Belk Arena and were second year members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Davidson finished the season with a record of 20–13, 10–8 record in A-10 play, finishing in sixth place. They lost to eventual tournament champion, Saint Joseph's, in the semifinals of the A-10 tournament. They received an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament where they lost in the first round to Florida State.

2015–16 Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Saint Joseph's Hawks basketball team represented Saint Joseph's University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Hawks, led by 21st year head coach Phil Martelli, played their home games at Hagan Arena and are members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. The Hawks finished the season 28–8, 13–5 in A-10 play to finish in fourth place. They defeated George Washington, Dayton, and VCU to be champions of the A-10 tournament and earn the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. As a #8 seed, they defeated Cincinnati in the first round, their first NCAA Tournament victory since 2004, to advance to the second round where they lost to Oregon. DeAndre' Bembry was named A-10 player of the year.
Quaternary International
Quaternary International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on quaternary science published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union for Quaternary Research. The journal was established in 1989 and covers full spectrum of the physical and natural sciences that are commonly employed in solving problems related to the quaternary period. The editor-in-chief is Min-Te Chen (National Taiwan Ocean University).

According to the 2017 Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.199.

Quaternary science
Quaternary science is the subfield of geology which studies the Quaternary Period, commonly known as the ice age.  This period spans around 2.58 million years ago to the present. It comprises two epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene. It was first studied during the nineteenth century by French scientist Georges Cuvier.

It aims to understand the Earth's environment during these recent epochs, including ecosystem, climate changes, geography, biology, chemistry, and physics.  It helps provide a framework to interpret archaeological records.
Jan Lumsden
Janette Kennedy Lumsden (born 2 October 1945) is an Australian former cricketer who played primarily as a right-handed batter. She appeared in six Test matches and five One Day Internationals for Australia between 1976 and 1978. She played domestic cricket for South Australia and New South Wales.

Lumsden scored one Test century, against England on 24 July 1976.

Women's Test cricket
Women's Test cricket is the longest format of women's cricket and is the female equivalent to men's Test cricket. Matches comprise four-innings and are held over a maximum of four days between two of the leading cricketing nations. The rules governing the format differ little from those for the men's game, with differences generally being technicalities surrounding umpiring and field size.

The first women's Test match was played by England women and Australia women in December 1934, a three-day contest held in Brisbane which England won by nine wickets. A total of 149 Women's Test matches have been played. Far fewer matches are played each year in favour of Women's One Day Internationals and Women's Twenty20 Internationals, with the international calendar revolving around the shorter formats of the game.