hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Southern Victory
The Southern Victory series or Timeline-191 is a series of eleven alternate history novels by author Harry Turtledove, beginning with How Few Remain (1997) and published over a decade. In the series, the Confederate States defeats the United States of America in the American Civil War, making good its attempt at secession and becoming an independent nation. Subsequent books build on this alternate timeline through the mid-1940s.

The secondary name is derived from General Robert E. Lee's Special Order 191, which detailed the C.S. Army of Northern Virginia's invasion of the Union through the border state of Maryland in September 1862. Union soldiers found a copy of the order on September 13, which helped General George B. McClellan of the Army of the Potomac prevail over Lee at the Battle of Antietam. Turtledove creates a divergence by positing that the Union does not find the order.

Secession
Secession (from Latin: sēcessiō, lit. 'a withdrawing') is a term and a concept which is used in reference to the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.

In international law, secession is understood as a process in which an integral part of a state's territory unilaterally withdraws without the consent of the original state.

The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to separatism.
Kawahara equation
The Kawahara equation is a partial differential equation that arises in various fields of mathematical physics, particularly in the study of wave phenomena. Named after the Japanese mathematician T. Kawahara, who first introduced it in the context of fluid dynamics and nonlinear wave propagation, this equation extends the well-known Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation by incorporating higher-order derivatives. This inclusion allows for the modeling of more complex wave behaviors, capturing phenomena such as wave shape distortion and the emergence of solitary waves in dispersive systems.

The Kawahara equation is a fifth-order KdV equation and typically expressed as:

where  waves described by function  and , and  are constant.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Hydrogen-donor solvent
A hydrogen-donor solvent is a hydrocarbon that transfers hydrogen to hydrogen-poor substrates, such as coal.  The hydrogen-poor substrates could be solutes or suspensions.  The classic hydrogen-donor solvent (or just donor solvent) is tetrahydronaphthalene, which converts to naphthalene by transfer of four hydrogens to the substrate.  The enthalpy of hydrogenation of naphthalene is relatively low, which allows the tetrahydronaphthalene to be regenerated in the presence of high-pressure H2.  Catalysts are often used, such as molybdenum disulfide.  Related hydrogen-donor solvents or solvent components are dihydrophenanthrene and tetrahydroquinoline.

Molybdenum disulfide
Molybdenum disulfide (or moly) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur. Its chemical formula is MoS2.

The compound is classified as a transition metal dichalcogenide. It is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for molybdenum. MoS2 is relatively unreactive. It is unaffected by dilute acids and oxygen. In appearance and feel, molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite. It is widely used as a dry lubricant because of its low friction and robustness. Bulk MoS2 is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.
Eskilsson
Eskilsson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bengta Eskilsson (1836–1923), pioneering Swedish textile artist

Christofer Eskilsson (born 1989), Swedish diver

Erik Eskilsson, Sami man accused in the Arjeplog blasphemy trial of 1687

Gustav Eskilsson (born 1992), Swedish curler

Hans Eskilsson (born 1966), Swedish former professional footballer

Peter Eskilsson (1820–1872), Swedish genre painter

Sture Eskilsson (1930–2016), Swedish economist

Bengta Eskilsson
Bengta Eskilsson née Nilsdotter (1836–1923) was a pioneering Swedish textile artist who helped to safeguard Scanian weaving traditions. In 1887, she established a successful weaving school and textile business in Lund which she ran for many years together with her daughters and nieces. The pieces and patterns produced by the school were appreciated at home and abroad. She won silver medals at several Swedish exhibitions and a gold medal at the 1900 Paris World Fair. Several of her works were bought by royalty.
The Spaghetti Family
The Spaghetti Family (Italian: La famiglia Spaghetti) is an Italian animated television series created by Bruno Bozzetto and produced by The Animation Band, Mondo TV and Rai Fiction, and animated by SEK Studio. It debuted on Rai 3 in December 2003.

The show was conceived in 1996 by Bozzetto, who was inspired by his family, and a pilot was shown at the first Cartoons on the Bay festival that year. The show won the Pulcinella d’Oro award at the 2003 Cartoons on the Bay.

SEK Studio
Korean April 26 Animation Studio (Korean: 조선4.26만화영화촬영소), also known as SEK Studio (an abbreviation of "Scientific Educational Korea"), is a state-owned North Korean animation studio. It is based in Ot'an-dong, Central District, Pyongyang.
LRT Line 6
The Light Rail Transit Line 6 is a proposed rapid transit system in Cavite, Philippines. There have been two proposals for the line, with the first one shelved immediately in 2018. Another proposal emerged in 2017 and is currently under review by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).

Las Piñas
Las Piñas (Tagalog: [las ˈpiɲɐs], officially the City of Las Piñas (Filipino: Lungsod ng Las Piñas), is a highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 615,549 people.

Las Piñas was sixth in MoneySense Philippines "Best Places To Live" report in 2008. Attractions include Evia Lifestyle Center, SM Southmall, Robinsons Place Las Piñas and Las Piñas - Parañaque Wetland Park.
Ayyab
Ayyab was a ruler of Aštartu (Tell Ashtara), south of Damascus) during the Amarna period of the Egyptian Empire.

According to the Amarna letters, cities/city-states and their kings in the region — just like countries to the north, such as Hatti of the Hittites, fell prey to a wave of attacks by ʿApiru raiders. The Amarna correspondence corpus covers a period from 1350–1335 BC.

Another ruler of Aštartu cited in the Amarna letters is Biridašwa. The letters do not clearly indicate their title, leading some scholars to describe them as kings of Damascus (Dimašqu) while others believe they were high Egyptian officials, possibly mayors.

ʿApiru
ʿApiru (Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎔𐎗𐎎, romanized: ʿPRM, Ancient Egyptian: 𓂝𓐰𓊪𓐰𓂋𓅱𓀀𓏪, romanized: Ꜥprw), also known in the Akkadian version Ḫabiru (sometimes written Habiru, Ḫapiru or Hapiru; Akkadian:  𒄩𒁉𒊒, ḫa-bi-ru or *ʿaperu) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for a social status of people who were variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers.

Due to the linguistic similarity between the term 'Apiru and "Hebrew," early scholars equated them with the Israelites. However, most contemporary scholars now regard the connection as indirect, suggesting that while some early Israelites may have originated from this group, they likely adopted the linguistic label in the process.
Rocket propellant
Rocket propellant is used as a reaction mass ejected from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves, as with a chemical rocket, or from an external source, as with ion engines.

Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium perchlorate ("AP") is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4ClO4.  It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful oxidizer and a major component of ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Its instability has involved it in accidents such as the PEPCON disaster, and has been suspected as the cause of the Port of Shahid Rajaee explosion.
Kimbiji
Kimbiji (Swahili: Kata ya Kimbiji) is an administrative ward in the Kigamboni district of the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The Indian Ocean borders the ward on its eastern side. Pembamnazi to the south and Kisarawe II to the west form its borders. The ward is bordered by Somangila to the north. The ward is home to the Kimbiji Ruins a National Historic Site. Kimbiji is named after said Medieval Swahili settlement in the ward. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 6,411.

National Historic Sites of Tanzania
National Historic Sites of Tanzania is an official list of places in Tanzania that have been designated as National Historic Sites as per the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism of Tanzania under the Antiquities Division. The list is not complete and is currently being updated.
Rizo Rizov
Rizo Rizov (Macedonian and Bulgarian: Ризо Ризов; 1 January 1872 — 6 January 1950) was a revolutionary from Veles and a participant in the Macedonian revolutionary movement. He was a member of the Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and was one of the founders of the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section) and IMRO (United).

As with many other IMRO members of the time, historians from North Macedonia consider him an ethnic Macedonian and in Bulgaria he is considered a Bulgarian.

People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)
The People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section) (Bulgarian: Народна федеративна партия (българска секция)) or just People's Federative Party (PFP) (Macedonian: Народна федеративна партија
(НФП)) was a Bulgarian political party in the Ottoman Empire, created after the Young Turk Revolution, by members of the left-wing of the Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO). The Party decided to name itself Bulgarian Section, since it was hoped that other nationalities from European Turkey would adopt its program  and form their own ethnic sections, but this didn't happen. Per its statute members of the Bulgarian Section could be Bulgarians, who are Ottoman citizens, at least 20 years old. It functioned for one year from August 1909 until August 1910. Their main political rival was the Union of the Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs.
Bob Williams (West Virginia politician)
Robert Lynn Williams (born September 10, 1951) is an American politician and former Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate who represented District 14 from January 2009 until his defeat by Randy Smith in 2016.

West Virginia Senate
The West Virginia Senate is the upper house of the West Virginia Legislature.
There are seventeen senatorial districts. Each district has two senators who serve staggered four-year terms. Although the Democratic Party held a supermajority in the Senate as recently as 2015, Republicans now dominate in the chamber, and hold 32 seats to the Democrats' two seats.
Yorkshire Imperial Band
The Yorkshire Imperial Band, nicknamed the Yorkshire Imps, is a brass band from West Yorkshire, England. The band is listed as one of the top 10 bands of the second half of the 20th century in Dr Roy Newsome’s ‘The Modern Brass Band’.

Past players in the band include Cornet artist Philip McCann, Trombone virtuoso Ian Bousfield, and Euphonium artists Robert Childs, and Nicholas Childs.

The band have played at The Royal Albert Hall, Wembley Stadium and the World Music Festival in Kerkrade and have shared the concert stage with musicians Diana Ross, Eric Clapton, Barry Manilow and Shirley Bassey. In 2019 the band performed at BBC Countryfile Live which took place at Castle Howard, York.

Countryfile
Countryfile is a British television programme which airs weekly on BBC One and reports on rural, agricultural, and environmental issues.

The programme is currently presented by John Craven, Adam Henson, Matt Baker, Tom Heap, Ellie Harrison, Paul Martin, Helen Skelton, Charlotte Smith, Steve Brown, Sean Fletcher, Anita Rani and Sammi Kinghorn.
1991 Mid-Continent Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1991 Mid-Continent Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 3–5, 1991 at the Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena in Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin.[2] This was the seventh edition of the tournament for the AMCU-8/Mid-Con, now known as the Summit League.

Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin
Ashwaubenon (/æʃˈwɔːbɪnɒn/ ⓘ ash-WAW-bin-on) is a village in Brown County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 16,991 at the 2020 census. A suburb of Green Bay, Ashwaubenon is part of the Green Bay metropolitan area and carries a Green Bay mailing address. Part of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin is in Ashwaubenon.
Alibée Féry
Général Alibée Féry (28 May 1818 - 1896) was a Haitian playwright, poet, and storyteller. Born in Jérémie, Féry was largely self-taught. He was the first person to tell stories of Uncle Bouqui and Ti Malice, characters who appear frequently in Haitian folklore.

Ti Malice and Bouki
Ti Malice is a trickster character and nemesis of Tonton (Uncle) Bouki in Haitian folklore. While Ti Malice is smart and guileful, Uncle Bouki is hardworking but is also very greedy. It is the manipulation of this greed that allows Ti Malice to often get the best of Uncle Bouki. These characters are said to be a split of Anansi, the trickster character of the Ashanti of Ghana.

Bouki and Malice have their origins in African oral traditions. In Senegal and neighbouring countries, these two characters appear in animal form. Bouki is represented as a hyena, which is called "Bouki" in the Fulani and Wolof languages, while Malice is a hare called "Leuk" in Senegal. From there, character traits develop that identify the two companions. Bouki, the hungry and skinny hyena and Leuk, the hare with a mischievous character and legendary cunning.

Two equivalent figures, also a hyena known as Bouki and a hare (called Lapin), are known to exist in Louisiana folktales.
Lesotho Workers' Party
The Lesotho Workers' Party is a political party in Lesotho. In the 25 May 2002 parliamentary election, the party won 1.4% of popular votes and one out of 120 seats in the National Assembly. In the 17 February 2007 parliamentary election, the party won 10 seats through proportional representation. It is allied with the All Basotho Convention.

2002 Lesotho general election
General elections were held in Lesotho on 25 May 2002. The result was a victory for the Lesotho Congress for Democracy, which took over 50% of the vote and 77 of the 120 seats in the National Assembly. It was the first election held in Lesotho under the mixed member proportional representation (MMP) system, with 80 seats elected in first-past-the-post constituencies, and 40 using a proportional representation-based compensatory system. 554,386 of the 831,515 registered voters cast valid votes.
Toyota NZ engine
The Toyota NZ engine family is a straight-4 piston engine series. The NZ series uses aluminium open deck engine blocks and DOHC cylinder heads. It also uses sequential multi-point fuel injection, and has 4 valves per cylinder with VVT-i.

The engines are produced by Toyota's Kamigo Plant in Toyota, Aichi, Japan; by Siam Toyota Manufacturing in Chonburi, Thailand (1NZ-FE for Yaris and Vios); and by Indus Motor Company in Karachi, Pakistan (2NZ-FE for Corolla).

From the second half of 2003, the cylinder head of the Japanese market 1NZ-FE engine was revised and became the base of the post-2006 1NZ-FE Turbo and LPG-hybrid 1NZ-FXP engines.

Chonburi
Chonburi (Thai: ชลบุรี, RTGS: Chon Buri, IAST: jalapurī, pronounced [tɕ͡ʰōn bū.rīː] ⓘ) is the capital of Chonburi Province and, as part of the district Mueang Chonburi, the seventh-largest city in Thailand. It is about 100 km southeast of Bangkok, on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand, and has an urban population of 342,959. Its name means 'city of water'.

Chonburi, along with the urban areas of Si Racha and Pattaya, forms a conurbation known as the Pattaya-Chonburi Metropolitan Area, which has a total population of 999,092.

Chonburi town has had town (thesaban mueang) status since 1935 and makes up only a small part of the current city-scape.
Jonathan J. Smith
Jonathan J. Smith (January 13, 1844 – December 19, 1916) was an American businessman, newspaper editor, and politician. He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Born in Harvard, McHenry County, Illinois, Smith served in the 65th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. He then lived on a farm in Butler County, Iowa. In 1878, Smith moved to Barron, Wisconsin. He was one of the editors of the Barron Republican newspaper and owned a general store. He served as town treasurer, city treasurer, and mayor of Barron, Wisconsin. From 1895 to 1899, Smith served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Republican. Smith died in Barron, Wisconsin.

Harvard, Illinois
Harvard is a city located in McHenry County, Illinois. The population was 9,469 at the 2020 census. The city is 63 miles from the Chicago Loop and it is the last stop on the Union Pacific Northwest Line.
Ranče
Ranče (pronounced [ˈɾaːntʃɛ]) is a settlement in the eastern Pohorje Hills in the Municipality of Rače–Fram in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

Municipality of Rače-Fram
The Municipality of Rače–Fram (pronounced [ˈɾaːtʃɛ ˈfɾaːm]; Slovene: Občina Rače - Fram) is a municipality south of Maribor in northeastern Slovenia. Its administrative seat is the settlement of Rače. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The municipality covers an area of 52 square kilometres (20 sq mi) and extends from the plain on the right bank of the Drava River into the Pohorje Hills. The Ljubljana–Maribor motorway and railway line run through the municipality.
Stesimbrotos of Thasos
Stesimbrotos of Thasos (Ancient Greek: Στησίμβροτος; c. 470 BC – c. 420 BC) was a sophist, a rhapsode and logographer, a writer on history, and an opponent of Pericles and reputed author of a political pamphlet On Themistocles, Thucydides, and Pericles. Plutarch used writings by Stesimbrotos in his Life of Pericles, asserting that the coolness between Pericles and his son Xanthippus was due to Pericles seducing his daughter-in-law. Walter Burkert has suggested Stesimbrotos as the author of the Derveni papyrus (Burkert 1987:44, 58 n.6). According to Plato's Ion, he was also known for his literary interpretations of Homer.

Walter Burkert
Walter Burkert (German: [ˈbʊɐ̯kɐt]; 2 February 1931 – 11 March 2015) was a German scholar of Greek mythology and cult.

A professor of classics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, he taught in the UK and the US.  He has influenced generations of students of religion since the 1960s, combining in the modern way the findings of archaeology and epigraphy with the work of poets, historians, and philosophers. He was a member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He published books on the balance between lore and science among the followers of Pythagoras, and more extensively on ritual and archaic cult survival, on the ritual killing at the heart of religion, on mystery religions, and on the reception in the Hellenic world of Near Eastern and Persian culture, which sets Greek religion in its wider Aegean and Near Eastern context.
SECI model of knowledge dimensions
The SECI model of knowledge dimensions (or the Nonaka-Takeuchi model) is a model of knowledge creation that explains how tacit and explicit knowledge are converted into organizational knowledge. The aim is to change the explicit knowledge of the model back into the tacit knowledge of the employees. In this case, employees' tacit knowledge can be kept in the organization. When employees express their thoughts and ideas openly and share their best working practices, it can lead to new innovations and help to make operations more efficient.

The SECI model distinguishes four knowledge dimensions (forming the "SECI" acronym): Socialization, Externalization, Combination, and Internalization. The model was originally developed by Ikujiro Nonaka in 1990 and later further refined by Hirotaka Takeuchi.

Knowledge economy
The knowledge economy, or knowledge-based economy, is an economic system in which the production of goods and services is primarily driven by knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to the advancement of technical and scientific innovation. The key element of value in this paradigm lies in the increased reliance on human capital and intellectual property as primary sources of innovative ideas, information, and practices. Organizations are called upon to leverage this "knowledge" in their production processes to stimulate and consolidate their business development. This approach is characterized by reduced dependence on physical inputs and natural resources. A knowledge-based economy is founded on the crucial role of intangible assets within organisations as an enabler of modern economic growth.
Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki
Hind Institute of Medical Sciences is a private medical college hospital which is located near Lucknow city in Barabanki district, in Safedabad in Uttar Pradesh, India.
It was established in 2005 and the medical College began its operation in 2009. The college is recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI) and is also accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).

HIMS offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various medical specialties. The undergraduate course offered is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), which has an intake capacity of 150 students per year.

National Assessment and Accreditation Council
The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) is a public autonomous body of the government of India that assesses and accredits higher education institutions (HEIs) in India. It is funded by the University Grants Commission and headquartered in Bengaluru.
Tlacotepec Plumas
Tlacotepec Plumas is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of  km2. 
It is part of the Coixtlahuaca District in the Mixteca Region.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of .

Mixteca Region
The Mixteca Region is a region in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, part of the broader La Mixteca area which covers parts of the states of Puebla, Guerrero and Oaxaca.
The region includes the districts of Juxtlahuaca, Silacayoapam, Huajuapan, Coixtlahuaca, Teposcolula, Tlaxiaco and Nochixtlán. The largest cities are Huajuapan and Tlaxiaco.
According to the 2020 census the region had 452,429 people over the age of five, of which 227,680 spoke Mixteco.
Marc Politze
Marc Torsten Politze (born 20 October 1977 in Hannover) is a German male former water polo player. He was part of the Germany men's national water polo team in the 2004 Summer Olympics and in the 2008 Summer Olympics. He competed also at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

Water polo at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Men's tournament
The men's water polo tournament at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships, organised by the FINA, was held in Shanghai, China from 18 to 30 July 2011.

The top three teams (excluding the already qualified Serbia) qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics.