hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Economic satiation
The economic principle of satiation is the effect whereby the more of a good one possesses, the less one is willing to give up to get more of it. This effect is caused by diminishing marginal utility, the effect whereby the consumer gains less utility per unit of a product the more units consumed.

For example, if someone buys a piece of technology or signs up to a social media site, they may enjoy using it; if they then buy more items of technology or sign up to more social media sites, they may enjoy using those items less (and so forth). It can continue to the point where the consumption of an item or group of items becomes a negative experience.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
Lobt Gott, ihr Christen alle gleich
"Lobt Gott, ihr Christen alle gleich" (Praise God, all Christians equally) is a German Christmas carol with lyrics and melody by Nikolaus Herman. It is part of Protestant and Catholic hymnals, has inspired musical settings, and has been translated. The title is also known as "Lobt Gott, ihr Christen allzugleich".

Christmas carol
A Christmas carol is a carol (a song or hymn) on the theme of Christmas, traditionally sung at Christmas itself or during the surrounding Christmas and holiday season. The term noel has sometimes been used, especially for carols of French origin. Christmas carols may be regarded as a subset of the broader category of Christmas music.
Chotu gang
Chotu gang was a Pakistani gang that engaged in kidnapping, murder, smuggling, gun-running and highway robberies led by Ghulam Rasool who goes by the alias, "Chotu." The gang was based in the Kacha area of Rajanpur.  This gang was involved in many crimes in areas surrounding areas of the Rajanpur. The gang was also known for abducting people from Balochistan, Karachi and Rahim Yar Khan. Punjab Police conducted multiple operations against them, all of them ending in smoke. Punjab Police held the first operation in 2010, that continued for three months without getting the required results. Punjab police also held an operation in 2013. The gang used light and heavy weapons procured from Afghanistan, including light machine guns, heavy machine guns and an anti-aircraft gun.

Highwayman
A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Such criminals operated until the mid- or late 19th century. Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often dressing as men, especially in fiction.

The first attestation of the word highwayman is from 1617. Euphemisms such as "knights of the road" and "gentlemen of the road" were sometimes used by people interested in romanticizing them with a Robin Hood–esque slant. In the 19th-century American West, highwaymen were sometimes known as road agents. In Australia, they were known as bushrangers.
Hou Bin
Hou Bin (Chinese: 侯斌; pinyin: Hóu Bīn; born 1975 in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province) is a Chinese Paralympic track and field high jumper. In 2008, he was named as a Paralympian Ambassador.

He lost his left leg in an accident at the age of nine. He subsequently became a Paralympian, and represented China at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta. He won gold in the high jump with a jump of 1.92 metres. He successfully defended his title by winning gold again at the 2000 and 2004 Paralympics.

Hou was selected to light the Paralympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing. He lifted himself and his wheelchair up on a rope by strength of arms to the top of Beijing National Stadium, where he lit the cauldron to mark the beginning of the Games.

Since retirement, Hou has become a motivational speaker, and in 2013, he launched "Stand Up Again," a fundraising project for injured children who needed prosthetics after the Ya'an and Wenchuan earthquakes.

2000 Summer Paralympics
The 2000 Summer Paralympic Games or the XI Summer Paralympics were held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, between 18 and 29 October. The Sydney Paralympics was the last time that the Summer Paralympics were organised by two different Organizing Committees. In this edition, a record 3,801 athletes from 123 National Paralympic Committees participated in 551 events in 18 sports. The 2000 Summer Paralympics were the second largest sporting event ever until that date held in Australia and in the Southern Hemisphere. Sydney was the eighth city to jointly host the Olympic and Paralympic Games. However, it was only the fourth to jointly organise both events in complete conjunction with the Olympics. This edition was also the first time that the Paralympics were held in Australia and Oceania.
Beyyurdu, Şemdinli
Beyyurdu (Kurdish: Bêdevê; Syriac: Beṯ Daiwe) is a village in the Şemdinli District in Hakkâri Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Herkî tribe and had a population of 365 in 2023.

The hamlet of Kayacık is attached to the village.

Herki (tribe)
Herki, also spelled Harki (Kurdish: Herkî, هەرکی), is a Kurmanji-speaking Kurdish tribe native to the intersection zone between the borders of Iraq, Iran, and Turkey. Herki populations exist in Iraq (Kurdistan Region), Iran (West Azerbaijan Province), and in Turkey (Hakkâri Province). The majority of Herkis lived traditionally as nomads who dealt with animal husbandry, the weaving of intricate textiles, and the transportation of goods between countries. Herkis are predominantly Sunni Muslims of Shafi'i jurisprudence.
Kostychany
Kostychany (Ukrainian: Костичани, Romanian: Costiceni) is a commune in Chernivtsi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. The commune is composed of three villages: Dumeny (Думени; Dumeni), Kostychany and Novoivankivtsi (Новоіванківці; Vancicăuții Mici). It belongs to Vanchykivtsi rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Kostychany belonged to Novoselytsia Raion, and it was historically a part of Bessarabia. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. The area of Novoselytsia Raion was split between Chernivtsi and Dnistrovskyi Raions, with Kostychany being transferred to Chernivtsi Raion. In 2001, 95.36% of the inhabitants spoke Romanian as their native language, with Ukrainian (2.87%) and Russian (1.69%) speakers in the minority.

Kostychany village was first officially attested in a document dated 1581.

Novoselytsia Raion
Novoselytsia Raion (Ukrainian: Новоселицький район, Romanian: Raionul Noua Suliță pronounced [raˈjonul ˈnowa ˈsulit͡sə]) was a raion (administrative district) in Chernivtsi Oblast, (province) in the west of Ukraine. The western part of its territory lied in the historical region of Bukovina, the eastern part in Bessarabia, while one village (Boianivka) was part of the Hertsa region. The center of the raion was the city of Novoselytsia. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. The area of Novoselytsia Raion was split between Chernivtsi and Dnistrovskyi Raions. The last estimate of the raion population was 76,744 (2020 est.)
Euthymius I of Constantinople
Euthymius I Syncellus (Greek: Εὐθύμιος ὁ Σύγκελλος, c. 834 – 5 August 917) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from February 907 to 15 May 912. A monk since his youth, he became spiritual father of the future emperor Leo VI the Wise, and was raised by him to the high ecclesiastical office of syncellus. Despite his turbulent relationship with Leo VI, in 907 he was appointed to the patriarchate and held the post until his deposition shortly before or after Leo VI's death in 912.

Arethas of Caesarea
Arethas of Caesarea (Greek: Ἀρέθας; c. 860 - c. 939) was Archbishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia (modern Kayseri, Turkey) early in the 10th century, and is considered one of the most scholarly theologians of the Greek Orthodox Church.  The codices produced by him, containing his commentaries are credited with preserving many ancient texts, including those of Plato and Marcus Aurelius' "Meditations".
USS General W. C. Langfitt
USS General W. C. Langfitt (AP-151) was a General G. O. Squier-class transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of U.S. Army general William Campbell Langfitt. She was transferred to the U.S. Army as USAT General W. C. Langfitt in 1946. On 1 March 1950 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) as USNS General W. C. Langfitt (T-AP-151). She was later sold for commercial operation under the name SS Transindiana, before ultimately being scrapped in 1983.

Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven (German pronunciation: [ˌbʁeːmɐˈhaːfn̩] ⓘ; Low German: Bremerhoben) is a city on the east bank of the Weser estuary in northern Germany. It forms an exclave of the city-state of Bremen. The River Geeste flows through the city before emptying into the Weser.

Bremerhaven was founded in 1827 as a seaport for Bremen, and it remains one of the busiest ports in the country. It was historically rivalled by Geestemünde [de] on the opposite side of the Geeste, which belonged to Hanover (and later Prussia). Geestemünde united with neighbouring Lehe [de] to form the city of Wesermünde [de] in 1924, and Bremerhaven was itself annexed to Wesermünde in 1939, but the entire conurbation was restored to Bremen in 1947.
Polyus (company)
PJSC Polyus (Russian: ПАО "Полюс") is a Russian gold mining company. It is the largest gold producer in Russia and one of the top 10 gold mining companies globally by output (2.84 million ounces of gold production in 2019). It is headquartered in Moscow and is listed on both the Moscow and London Stock Exchanges.
Polyus' main assets are located in Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East - in the regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Magadan Oblast, and the Republic of Sakha.

The company is controlled by Said Kerimov, son of Russian billionaire and politician, Suleyman Kerimov.

Eastern Siberia
Eastern Siberia is a part of Siberia that incorporates the territory located between the Yenisei River in the west and the Pacific Ocean divides in the east. Its area is equal to 7.2 million sq. km.

Most of Eastern Siberia is occupied by the Central Siberian Plateau, as well as by tundra in the north and mountain ranges in the south. The Eastern Siberian region consists of Yakutia, Buryatia, Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast and Chita Oblast. The largest cities are Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk.

It considerably overlaps, but does not coincide with, the Russian Far East, which stretches from Lake Baikal to the Pacific Ocean.
Howard C. Badger
Howard C. Badger (1914–1989) was a Republican member of the Utah House of Representatives from 1942 to 1944. He also served as president of the South African Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Badger was a real estate developer. He was involved with developments in Bountiful, Utah.

As a young man in the mid-1930s Badger served a mission for the Church in South Africa.

In 1939 he married Eleanor Jeremy Ashton, daughter of prominent leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Marvin O. Ashton and sister of future apostle Marvin J. Ashton. Together they became the parents of five children.

He was president of the South African mission from 1967 to 1970. He also was a regional representative of the 12.

Bountiful, Utah
Bountiful is a city in Davis County, Utah. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 45,762, an eight percent increase over the 2010 figure of 42,552. The city grew rapidly during the suburb growth of the late 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s and was Davis County's largest city until 1985, when it was surpassed by Layton. Bountiful is Utah's 18th-largest city.

Although a part of the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area, it serves as a bedroom community to Salt Lake City and the surrounding area. However, due to the very narrow entrance into Salt Lake County, roads between the counties often reach near-gridlock traffic during rush hour. The FrontRunner commuter rail has been running since April 2008, and the Legacy Parkway was opened on September 13, 2008. These were built to help alleviate the traffic load on Interstate 15 through the Bountiful area.
Kickapoo Nation School
Kickapoo Nation School is a K-12 tribal school in Powhattan, Kansas, United States. It is affiliated with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIE).  It is the sole tribal school in the state.  The school is 6 miles (9.7 km) north of the Kickapoo Indian Reservation.  The school serves, in addition to Kickapoo people, the Potawotami tribe and the Sac and Fox tribe.

Sac and Fox Nation
The Sac and Fox Nation (Sauk language: Thâkîwaki) is the largest of three federally recognized tribes of Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox) Indian peoples. They are based in central Oklahoma.

Originally from the Lake Huron and Lake Michigan area, they were forcibly relocated to Oklahoma in the 1870s and are predominantly Sauk. The Sac and Fox Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area (OTSA) is the land base in Oklahoma governed by the tribe.

The two other Sac and Fox tribes are the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa and the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska. The Sac and Fox tribes have historically been closely allied, and continue to be in the present day. They speak very similar Algonquian languages, which are sometimes considered to be two dialects of the same language, rather than separate languages.
Brachodes nanetta
Brachodes nanetta is a moth of the family Brachodidae. It is found in Portugal, Spain, and Morocco.

The larvae feed on Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis castellana, Celtica gigantea and Festuca ampla. Larval development takes two years.

Festuca ampla
Festuca ampla is a species of grass described and named by the botanist Eduard Hackel in 1880. F. ampla often thrives in habitats that include humid environments, arid soil, and sandy areas. This species grows in temperate biomes and is a perennial. This species is native to Portugal, Spain, and Morocco.
Peter S. Grosscup
Peter Stenger Grosscup (February 15, 1852 – October 1, 1921) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Seventh Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Grosscup is best remembered for having made use of the judicial injunction against strikers in labor disputes, including most notably the leadership of the American Railway Union in the 1894 Pullman Strike.

American Railway Union
The American Railway Union (ARU) was briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States. Launched at a meeting held in Chicago in February 1893, the ARU won an early victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1894. This successful strike was followed by the bitter 1894 Pullman Strike in which government troops and the power of the judiciary were enlisted against the ARU, ending with the jailing of the union's leadership for six months in 1895 and effectively crushing the organization. The group's blacklisted and dispirited remnants finally disbanded the organization via amalgamation into the Social Democracy of America (SDA) at its founding convention in June 1897.
José Saramago Prize
The José Saramago Literary Prize has been awarded since 1999 by the Círculo de Leitores Foundation to a literary work written in Portuguese by a young author in which the first edition was published in a Lusophone country. It celebrates the attribution of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998 to the Portuguese writer José Saramago. The prize has a biannual periodicity, and a monetary value of €25,000. The jury is composed of between five and ten members holding distinguished cultural roles.

Portuguese-speaking world
The Portuguese-speaking world, also known as the Lusophone world (Portuguese: mundo lusófono) or the Lusophony (Lusofonia), comprises the countries and territories in which the Portuguese language is an official, administrative, cultural, or secondary language. This article provides details regarding the geographical distribution of all Portuguese-speakers or Lusophones, regardless of legislative status. Portuguese is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and is an official language of countries on four continents.
2000 Missouri Secretary of State election
The 2000 Missouri Secretary of State election was held on November 7, 2000, in order to elect the secretary of state of Missouri. Republican nominee and incumbent member of the Missouri House of Representatives Matt Blunt defeated Democratic nominee and incumbent speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives Steve Gaw, Libertarian nominee Jane Spence Southard, Green nominee Paula Elias, Constitution nominee Donna L. Ivanovich, Reform nominee Marvalene Pankey and Natural Law nominee Lois Benge.

Natural Law Party (United States)
The Natural Law Party (NLP) is a political party in Michigan. It was a national political party in the United States, founded in 1992, affiliated with the international Natural Law Party. Beginning in 2004, many of its state chapters dissolved. The party's Michigan chapter is still active as of 2024.

The party proposed that political problems could be solved through alignment with the unified field of all the laws of nature through the use of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. Leading members of the party were associated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, leader of the Transcendental Meditation movement.

The national version of the Natural Law Party ran John Hagelin as its presidential candidate in 1992, 1996 and 2000. The party also ran congressional and local candidates. It attempted to merge with the Reform Party in 2000. Several state affiliates have kept their ballot positions and have allied with other small parties.
WDL
WDL may stand for:

WDL Aviation, a German airline (subsidiary of WDL Group)

Watch Dogs: Legion, a 2020 video game developed by Ubisoft Toronto

Western Desert language, an Australian dialect cluster also known as Wati

White Defence League, a former British far-right political group

Woodlands MRT station, Singapore; station abbreviation WDL

World Digital Library, an international digital library operated by UNESCO and the United States Library of Congress

World Divine Light, a Japanese religious organization belonging to the Mahikari movement

Workers' Defense League, a former American socialist organization devoted to promoting labor rights

World Divine Light
World Divine Light (世界真光文明教団, Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyōdan), or the World Divine Light Organization (WDL), is a Japanese new religion (shinshūkyō). It is one of the Mahikari movement religions. Its headquarters, the Su-Za World Sōhonzan, is the largest of its kind in the Izu Peninsula.

World Divine Light is one of the several organizations that branched off from the original Mahikari religion founded by Kōtama Okada (born Yoshikazu Okada) in 1959. Outside Japan, it calls itself the World Divine Light (WDL) Organization to distinguish itself from Sukyo Mahikari, whereas in Japan it is known as Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyōdan or simply Mahikari.  The organization was registered in 1963, and in 1974 Sakae Sekiguchi became the Oshienushi or spiritual leader upon Okada's death. On the other hand, Sukyo Mahikari was established in 1978 by Keishu Okada.
R Scuti
R Scuti (R Sct) is a star in the constellation of Scutum. It is a yellow supergiant and is a pulsating variable known as an RV Tauri variable.  It was discovered in 1795 by Edward Pigott at a time when only a few variable stars were known to exist.

Supergiant
Supergiants are among the most massive and most luminous stars. Supergiant stars occupy the top region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, with absolute visual magnitudes between about −3 and −8. The temperatures of supergiant stars range from about 3,400 K to over 20,000 K.
Jinnah Bridge
Jinnah Bridge (Urdu: جناح پل) is a circular flyover located between Kharadar and Kiamari on Chinna Creek in Karachi, Pakistan. Until 1982, the bridge was known as Napier Mole Bridge. It was upgraded and developed into a circular one-way flyover between 1993 and 1997. The bridge connects Karachi port to the city, and is the southwest terminus of Mohammad Ali Jinnah Road. Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex food street is located in the centre of the flyover.

Port of Karachi
The Port of Karachi (Urdu: کراچی بندرگاہ, Bandar gāh Karāchī) is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, located in Karachi, Pakistan. Handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum), the port is located on the Karachi Harbour, between Kiamari Azra Langri, Manora, and Kakapir, and close to Karachi's main business district and several industrial areas. The geographic position of the port places it in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. It is also ideally located to offer gateway services to the maritime trade for the Central Asian Republics (CARs). The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust, which was established in 1857.
Busboys and Poets
Busboys and Poets is a full-service restaurant, bar, bookstore, coffee shop, and events venue in the Washington, D.C. area, founded in 2005 by Andy Shallal. The original Busboys and Poets is located at 14th & V streets in the U Street Corridor of Washington, D.C. There are now eight locations in the DMV: a second location opened in Shirlington, Virginia, in 2007; a third location opened in DC's Mount Vernon Triangle neighborhood in 2008; a fourth in Hyattsville, Maryland, opened in July 2011; a fifth opened in the Takoma neighborhood on Valentine's Day in 2015; a sixth at D.C.'s Brookland neighborhood opened on New Year's Eve in 2016; a seventh location opened in D.C.'s Anacostia neighborhood in early 2019; and an eighth location opened in Columbia, Maryland, in late 2021. A further location is planned for Reagan National Airport.

It has been described as a haven for writers, thinkers and performers from America's progressive social and political movements.

Shirlington, Virginia
Shirlington is an unincorporated urban area, officially called an "urban village", in the southern part of Arlington County, Virginia, United States, adjacent to the Fairlington area.  The word "Shirlington" is a combination of "Shirley" (from the Shirley Highway or Interstate 395) and "Arlington".

Shirlington is billed as "Arlington’s Arts and Entertainment District" and is a largely mixed-use development based on New Urbanist principles.  It is mostly middle-class residential, but like most of Arlington County has been experiencing an economic renaissance and is now home to many upscale dwellings and retail and service establishments that also serve the nearby Fairlington, Parkfairfax, Green Valley, and Long Branch Creek areas.