hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Three Spheres II
Three Spheres II is a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher first printed in April 1946. It depicts three spheres resting on a flat surface.

The sphere on the left is a transparent ball lens with a photorealistic depiction of the refracted light cast through it towards the viewer and onto the flat surface.

The sphere in the center is reflective. Its reflection is a self-replicating image of Escher in his studio drawing the three spheres. In the reflection one can clearly see the image of the three spheres on the paper Escher is drawing on: in the center sphere of that image, one can vaguely make out the reflection of Escher's studio, which is depicted in the main image. This process is implied to be infinite, recursive.

The sphere on the right is opaque and diffuse, i.e. neither specularly reflective nor transparent.

The painting is in the Escher Museum in The Hague.

Refraction
In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another. The redirection can be caused by the wave's change in speed or by a change in the medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. How much a wave is refracted is determined by the change in wave speed and the initial direction of wave propagation relative to the direction of change in speed.

Optical prisms and lenses use refraction to redirect light, as does the human eye. The refractive index of materials varies with the wavelength of light, and thus the angle of the refraction also varies correspondingly. This is called dispersion and allows prisms  and raindrops in rainbows to divide white light into its constituent spectral colors.
Private Hell 36
Private Hell 36 is a 1954 American crime film noir directed by Don Siegel, and starring Ida Lupino, Steve Cochran, Howard Duff, Dean Jagger and Dorothy Malone.

The picture was one of the last feature-length efforts by Filmakers, an independent company created by producer Collier Young and Ida Lupino.

Collier Young
Collier Hudson Young (August 19, 1908 – December 25, 1980) was an American film producer and writer, who worked on many films in the 1950s, before becoming a television producer for such shows as NBC's Ironside and CBS's The Wild, Wild West, as well as the supernatural anthology series One Step Beyond (1959–61).
Capulin Peak
Capulin Peak is a summit in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. It reaches an elevation of 9,199 feet / 2,804 meters. Its former name in the Tewa language of the nearby Puebloan peoples was Abepin. Its Spanish name was Cerro Capulin, Capulin meaning Choke Cherry.  The Armijo Route of the Old Spanish Trail ran westward at the foot of the peak at its south. This route is now closely followed or paralleled by New Mexico, New Mexico State Road 96.

Tewa
The Tewa are a linguistic group of Pueblo Native Americans who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture.  Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe.  They comprise the following communities:

Nambé Pueblo

Pojoaque Pueblo

San Ildefonso Pueblo

Ohkay Owingeh

Santa Clara Pueblo

Tesuque Pueblo

The Hopi Tewa, descendants of those who fled the Second Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692, live on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona, mostly in Tewa Village and Polacca on the First Mesa. Other Hopi clans are known to be descendants of Tewa people.

Tewa is one of five Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people of New Mexico. Though these five languages are closely related, speakers of one cannot fully understand speakers of another (similar to German and Dutch speakers). The six Tewa-speaking pueblos are Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, Ohkay Owingeh, Santa Clara, and Tesuque.
Bicske
Bicske (Hungarian: [ˈbit͡ʃkɛ]; Latin: Lusomana or Lumanum) is a town in Fejér County, Hungary. It is around 35 km (22 mi) west of Budapest. Its administration has undergone many changes; it has been a settlement, a village, a market town, and a village constituting an administrative division.

Fejér County
Fejér (Hungarian: Fejér vármegye, pronounced [ˈfɛjeːr]) is an administrative county in central Hungary. It lies on the west bank of the river Danube and nearly touches the eastern shore of Lake Balaton. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Veszprém, Komárom-Esztergom County, Pest, Bács-Kiskun County, Tolna and Somogy. The capital of Fejér county is Székesfehérvár.
HMS Gannet (1971 shore establishment)
HMS Gannet  is a forward operating base (FOB) of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm located at Glasgow Prestwick Airport, South Ayrshire in Scotland.

The facility was previously also known as Royal Naval Air Station (RNAS) Prestwick before it was downsized in 2001. It hosted the only Fleet Air Arm Search and Rescue (SAR) Flight in Scotland, HMS Gannet SAR Flight. The SAR Flight was decommissioned in March 2016, leaving the base to operate as a forward operating base and support to UK military.

Forward operating base
A forward operating base (FOB) is any secured forward operational level military position, commonly a military base, that is used to support strategic goals and tactical objectives. A FOB may contain an airbase, hospital, machine shop, and other logistical facilities. The base may be used for an extended period of time. FOBs are traditionally supported by main operating bases that are required to provide backup support to them. An FOB also improves reaction time to local areas as opposed to having all troops on the main operating base.
Undyulyung
The Undyulyung (Russian: Ундюлюнг; Yakut: Үндүлүҥ, Ündülüŋ) is a river in Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia. It is the 19th longest tributary of the Lena, with a length of 414 kilometres (257 mi) and a drainage basin area of 12,800 square kilometres (4,900 sq mi). There are no settlements close to the river.

A great number of fish species are found in the waters of the Undyulyung, including lenok, taimen, whitefish, perch, grayling, pike, ide, as well as the endangered Lena sturgeon. The river is a suitable destination for rafting.

Ide (fish)
The ide (Leuciscus idus), or orfe, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae. The ide is found in larger rivers, ponds, and lakes across Northern Europe and Asia. It has been introduced outside its native range into Europe, North America, and New Zealand. It is a popular ornamental fish, usually kept in outdoor ponds in temperate regions from which it often escapes.
Mock, Judson, Voehringer Company Hosiery Mill
Mock, Judson, Voehringer Company Hosiery Mill, also known as MoJud Hosiery Company and Rolane Factory Outlet Store, is a former hosiery production plant located at 2610 Oakland Avenue in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The company was founded in 1926, and operated until 1972. The plant was then shut down, except for a small portion used as an outlet store, until its final complete shutdown in 1999. The plant was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Guilford County, North Carolina
Guilford County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 541,299, making it the third-most populous county in North Carolina. The county seat and largest community is Greensboro. Since 1938, an additional county court has been located in High Point. The county was formed in 1771. Guilford County is included in the Greensboro-High Point, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area.
2020 Challenge by La Vuelta
The 2020 Ceratizit Challenge by La Vuelta was a women's road cycling stage race held in and near the Spanish capital of Madrid from 6 to 8 November 2020. It was the sixth edition of the Challenge by La Vuelta.

A third day of racing was added, and the race dropped Madrid from the title to become the Challenge by La Vuelta as stages were held outside the borders of the Autonomous Community of Madrid. The rescheduled 2020 edition consisted of 2 short stages and an individual time trial. As with previous editions, the final day of the race coincided with the final day of the Vuelta a España.

Boadilla del Monte
Boadilla del Monte (Spanish: [boaˈðiʎa ðel ˈmonte] ⓘ) is a Spanish town and municipality located in the west of the Community of Madrid, inside its metropolitan area. It has the second highest level of income per capita in all of the country of Spain. In 2017, it had a population of 51,463.
Givaudan
Givaudan S.A. (pronounced [ʒivodɑ̃]) is a Swiss multinational manufacturer of flavours, fragrances and active cosmetic ingredients. As of 2008, it was the world's largest company in the flavour and fragrance industry.

Fragrance compound
A fragrance compound (or fragrance) is a chemical compound with a pleasant odor. Fragrances affect only the sense of smell, whereas flavors can affect both the sense of taste and smell. Fragrances are often mixtures of individual fragrance compounds. Although many fragrances are derived from natural sources, many are synthetic. Fragrances are widely used in cosmetics and are the basis for a large industry.
Treaty of Newcastle (1334)
The Treaty of Newcastle was a treaty signed between King Edward III of England and his puppet King Edward Balliol of Scotland on 12 June 1334.

By the terms of the treaty, Balliol pledged the overlordship of England, the surrender of Berwick, and to cede the whole of south-eastern Scotland (Berwickshire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Peebleshire, Dumfrieshire, East Lothian, Mid Lothian and West Lothian) to England.

The treaty became null and void when the legal Crown of Scotland was restored.

Roxburghshire
Roxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a historic county and registration county in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It borders Dumfriesshire to the west, Selkirkshire and Midlothian to the northwest, and Berwickshire to the north. To the southwest it borders Cumberland and to the southeast Northumberland, both in England.

It was named after the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh, a town which declined markedly in the 15th century and is no longer in existence. Latterly, the county town of Roxburghshire was Jedburgh.

The county has much the same area as Teviotdale, the basin drained by the River Teviot and tributaries, together with the adjacent stretch of the Tweed into which it flows. The term is often treated as synonymous with Roxburghshire, but may omit Liddesdale as Liddel Water drains to the west coast.
The Seven Descents of Myrtle
The Seven Descents of Myrtle is a play in seven scenes by Tennessee Williams. It started as a short story, The Kingdom of Earth, which Williams began in 1942 while in Macon, Georgia, but did not publish until 1954, in the limited edition of his story collection Hard Candy. Williams subsequently adapted the story into a one-act play, "Kingdom of Earth," published in the February 1, 1967, edition of Esquire magazine. He then expanded that play into a full-length seven-scene version, premiered the following year in New York with the title The Seven Descents of Myrtle and published on October 31, 1968, by New Directions as Kingdom of Earth (The Seven Descents of Myrtle). Its title character is reminiscent of another Williams' heroine, Blanche Dubois in A Streetcar Named Desire.

New Directions Publishing
New Directions Publishing Corp. is an independent book publishing company that was founded in 1936 by James Laughlin (1914–1997) and incorporated in 1964. Its offices are located at 80 Eighth Avenue in New York City.
Jodhpur Municipal Corporation
Jodhpur Municipal Corporation (MCJ) is the municipal corporation of Jodhpur city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is responsible for civic infrastructure and administration of the city. MCJ is divided into 160 wards and each represented by an elected member. It consist of three Vidhan Sabha constituencies Jodhpur, Soorsagar and Sardarpura.

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (ISO: Rājāsthān Vidhān Sabhā), is the unicameral legislature of the state of Rajasthan. It is a vital part of the state government, responsible for making and implementing laws.

The assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan situated in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.
Frobenius covariant
In matrix theory, the Frobenius covariants of a square matrix A are special polynomials of it, namely  projection  matrices Fi(A) associated with the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of  A.: pp.403, 437–8  They are named after the mathematician Ferdinand Frobenius.

Each covariant is a projection  on the eigenspace associated with the eigenvalue λi.
Frobenius covariants are the coefficients of Sylvester's formula, which expresses a function of a matrix f(A) as a matrix polynomial, namely a linear combination 
of that function's  values on the eigenvalues of A.

Square matrix
In mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order . Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied.

Square matrices are often used to represent simple linear transformations, such as shearing or rotation. For example, if  is a square matrix representing a rotation (rotation matrix) and  is a column vector describing the position of a point in space, the product  yields another column vector describing the position of that point after that rotation. If  is a row vector, the same transformation can be obtained using , where  is the transpose of .
Hopkinton
Hopkinton is the name of several places in the United States:

Hopkinton, Iowa

Hopkinton, Massachusetts, a New England town
Hopkinton (CDP), Massachusetts, the main village in the town

Hopkinton, New Hampshire

Hopkinton, New York

Hopkinton, Rhode Island, a New England town
Hopkinton (CDP), Rhode Island, a village in the town

Hopkinton (CDP), Massachusetts
Hopkinton is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the central village in the town of Hopkinton, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of the CDP was 2,651 at the 2020 census, out of 18,758 in the entire town.
Spartak, Donetsk Oblast
Spartak (Ukrainian: Спартак; Russian: Спартак) is a village in Yasynuvata urban hromada, Donetsk Raion (district in Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine, at about 20 km NNW from the centre of Donetsk city. Spartak borders from south-west with the Donetsk airfield.

Donetsk International Airport
Donetsk Sergei Prokofiev International Airport (IATA: DOK, ICAO: UKCC) is a former airport located 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Donetsk, Ukraine, that was destroyed in 2014 during the war in Donbas. It was built in the 1940s, rebuilt in 1973, and then again from 2011 to 2012 for Euro 2012. In 2013, during its last full year of operation, it handled more than a million passengers. As of December 2025, the airport has been restored for military use.

The airport is named after twentieth-century composer Sergei Prokofiev, who was a native of the region. The former airport, after being destroyed during the 1st and 2nd Battles of Donetsk Airport, has been controlled by the Russian military since 2022.
Sahifat Dar al-Ulum (magazine)
Sahifat Dar al-Ulum (Arabic: صحيفة دار العلوم; DMG: Saḥīfat Dār-al-ʿUlūm; English: "The Journal of the House of Sciences") was an Arabic journal published in Cairo from 1934 to 1947. It was founded by Sayyid Qutb (1905-1966), a well-known Egyptian writer, poet, and critic, who is considered to be one of the Muslim Brotherhoodʼs most important thought leaders, as well as Saʿd al-Labban and Muhammad Ibrahim Jabr. After training as a teacher, Qutb graduated from the Dār al-ʿUlūm University in Cairo during the founding year of the journal.  In terms of content, the editors focused on the “latest pedagogical, social and linguistic theories”  and pursued the goal to compete with the reputation of al-Azhar and the Egyptian University through their intellectual Islamic orientation and their high demands on the students.  In addition to Saḥīfat Dār-al-ʿUlūm, Qutb also published his articles in other journals of various ideological orientations, including ar-Risala and aš-Šuʼūn al-iğtimāʿīya.

Faculty of Dar Al-Uloom, Cairo University
Dar al-Uloom (Arabic: دار العلوم, romanized: Dār al-ʿUlūm, lit. 'House of Sciences') is an educational institution designed to produce students with both an Islamic and modern secondary education. It was founded in 1871 and since 1946 it has been incorporated as a faculty of Cairo University, being now commonly called Faculty of Dar al-Uloom (كلية دار العلوم, Kulliyyat Dār al-ʿUlūm).

The Faculty has 6 majors (B.A., M.A. and Ph.D.) in Islamic studies, Arabic language, and philosophy. Most of graduates work as teachers after getting required diploma from Faculty of Education.
2017 Copa Colsanitas
The 2017 Copa Colsanitas (also known as the 2017 Claro Open Colsanitas) was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 20th edition of the Copa Colsanitas, and part of the International category of the 2017 WTA Tour. It took place at the Centro de Alto Rendimiento in Bogotá, Colombia, from April 10 through April 15, 2017.

WTA International tournaments
The WTA International tournaments was a category for tennis tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association from the 2009 WTA Tour until 2020, which replaced the previous Tier III and Tier IV categories. As of 2021, these events have been reclassified as WTA 250 tournaments. The winner of a WTA 250 tournament adds 250 points to her WTA ranking.

For the 2025 season, there were 21 WTA 250, all knock-out tournaments with a prize money for every event at $275,094.
Sendio
Sendio is a Newport Beach, California-based e-mail security company. The privately held company was founded in 2003 by Tal Golan, who currently serves as the company's president and CTO. By using Sender Address Verification technology, Sendio provides an e-mail security solution which stops spam, viruses, malware, phishing attacks and unsolicited e-mail from reaching the e-mail inbox. In February 2007, Sendio received $4 million in venture capital funding from Vicente Capital, Shepherd Ventures and Athenian Venture Partners. Former Microsoft CIO Rick Devenuti was appointed to the Board of Directors at Sendio in 2007.

Sendio customers include Central DuPage Hospital, Arnerich Massena, Inc., The Leading Hotels of the World, Penn State and Sentinel Real Estate Corporation.

The Leading Hotels of the World
The Leading Hotels of the World, Ltd. is an international marketing organization that was established in 1928. It represents more than 400 independent luxury hotels in over 80 countries, and its headquarters are in New York City.
Ivo Jan
Ivo Jan (born April 10, 1942 in Jesenice, Yugoslavia) is a retired Slovenian professional ice hockey player. He played for HK Acroni Jesenice in the Yugoslav Ice Hockey League. Jan played for the Yugoslavia national ice hockey team at the IIHF World Championships, and the Winter Olympics in 1964, 1968, and 1972.

His son Ivo Jan was also an ice hockey player and since 2018 is a head coach of Slovenia national team.

Yugoslavia men's national ice hockey team
The Yugoslav national ice hockey team was the national men's ice hockey in the former republic of Yugoslavia.  They competed in five Olympic Games competitions. This article discusses the team that represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and its predecessors, but not the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. For the FRY, please see the Serbia and Montenegro men's national ice hockey team. The team was largely composed of players from Slovenia: throughout its existence 91% of all players on the national team were Slovene, and the entire roster for the team at the 1984 Winter Olympics, held in Sarajevo were from Slovenia.
Grassy Ridge
Grassy Ridge is a ridge in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Georgia that runs south to north along the Eastern Continental Divide in Rabun County, Georgia.  At the southern end of the ridge, there is an unnamed peak with an elevation of just over 3,800 feet (1,200 m).  From there, the ridge runs north, crossing the boundary between Georgia and North Carolina at just over 4,360 feet (1,330 m) and then ultimately joining Ridgepole Mountain in North Carolina.  In between its southernmost point and North Carolina, there is another unnamed peak with an elevation of just over 4,420 feet (8th highest point in Georgia; 3rd highest point in Rabun County) and a gap called Nichols Gap with an elevation of 4,169 feet (1,271 m).  Grassy Ridge is in the Southern Nantahala Wilderness of the Chattahoochee National Forest

Grassy Ridge was burned during the 2016 Rock Mountain Fire.

Ridge
A ridge is a long, narrow, elevated geomorphologic landform, structural feature, or a combination of both separated from the surrounding terrain by steep sides. The sides of a ridge slope away from a narrow top, the crest or ridgecrest, with the terrain dropping down on either side. The crest, if narrow, is also called a ridgeline. Limitations on the dimensions of a ridge are lacking. Its height above the surrounding terrain can vary from less than a meter to hundreds of meters. A ridge can be either depositional, erosional, tectonic, or a combination of these in origin and can consist of either bedrock, loose sediment, lava, or ice depending on its origin. A ridge can occur as either an isolated, independent feature or part of a larger geomorphological and/or structural feature. Frequently, a ridge can be further subdivided into smaller geomorphic or structural elements.
Nik and the Nice Guys
Nik and the Nice Guys is a rock and roll party band formed in 1971 at St. Lawrence University.  One of the founding members, Mike Keenan, went on to be a professional hockey coach.  The group disbanded upon graduation but reformed in the 1980s in Rochester, NY while Keenan was coaching the Rochester Americans (AHL team.) (Keenan later went on to coach the Chicago Blackhawks and St. Louis Blues.)  Other members of the band have included NHL coach Jacques Martin and former New York Giants and Jets punter Dave Jennings.

St. Lawrence University
St. Lawrence University (SLU) is a private liberal arts college in Canton, New York, United States. It has roughly 2,100 undergraduate and 100 graduate students.

Though St. Lawrence today is nonsectarian, it was founded in 1856 by leaders of the Universalist Church, who were seeking to establish a seminary west of New England and were enthusiastically courted by the citizens of Canton. The church almost did not place the school in Canton, however, as they felt students might be exposed to too much "excitement" within the village limits in 1856. The denomination, which has since merged with the Unitarian faith, was part of the liberal wing of Protestantism, championing such ideas as critical thinking and sex equality — attributes that surfaced in the new Theological School of St. Lawrence University, which was progressive in its teaching philosophy and coeducational from the beginning.
Edgar Dam
The Edgar Dam is an earthfill embankment saddle dam without a spillway, located offstream in the South West region of Tasmania, Australia.

The impounded reservoir, also formed with the Scotts Peak Dam and the Serpentine Dam, is called Lake Pedder which flooded Lake Edgar, a naturally forming fault scarp pond. The dam was constructed in 1973 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) as part of the Gordon River Power Development Scheme for the purpose of generating hydro-electric power via the Gordon Power Station. Water from Lake Pedder is diverted to Lake Gordon (formed by the Gordon Dam) via the McPartlan Pass Canal.

Fault scarp
A fault scarp is a small step-like offset of the ground surface in which one side of a fault has shifted vertically in relation to the other. The topographic expression of fault scarps results from the differential erosion of rocks of contrasting resistance and the displacement of land surface by movement along the fault. Differential movement and erosion may occur either along older inactive geologic faults, or recent active faults.