hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marchenko–Pastur distribution
In the mathematical theory of random matrices, the Marchenko–Pastur distribution, or Marchenko–Pastur law, describes the asymptotic behavior of singular values of large rectangular random matrices.  The theorem is named after Soviet Ukrainian mathematicians Volodymyr Marchenko and Leonid Pastur who proved this result in 1967.

If  denotes a  random matrix whose entries are independent identically distributed random variables with mean 0 and variance  , let

and let  be the eigenvalues of  (viewed as random variables).  Finally, consider the random measure

counting the number of eigenvalues in the subset  included in .

Theorem.  Assume that  so that the ratio .  Then  (in weak* topology in distribution), where

and

with

The Marchenko–Pastur law also arises as the free Poisson law in free probability theory, having rate  and jump size .

Weak topology
In mathematics, weak topology is an alternative term for certain initial topologies, often on topological vector spaces or spaces of linear operators, for instance on a Hilbert space. The term is most commonly used for the initial topology of a topological vector space (such as a normed vector space) with respect to its continuous dual. The remainder of this article will deal with this case, which is one of the concepts of functional analysis.

One may call subsets of a topological vector space weakly closed (respectively, weakly compact, etc.) if they are closed (respectively, compact, etc.) with respect to the weak topology. Likewise, functions are sometimes called weakly continuous (respectively, weakly differentiable, weakly analytic, etc.) if they are continuous (respectively, differentiable, analytic, etc.) with respect to the weak topology.
Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
The Shoroon Bumbagar tomb is an ancient tomb in Zaamar, Töv Province, 160 km (99 mi) west of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia about 2.5 km (1.6 mi) north-east from the banks of the Tuul River and close to the 10th-century Khitan town of Khermen Denzh on the banks of the Tuul River. It was built for a Turkic nobleman, believed to be a high ranking yabghu (governor) or a tegin (prince) between 650 and 700.

Tegin
Tegin (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤, romanized: tegin, also tigin, MC *dək-gɨn > Pinyin: Tèqín; Chinese: 特勤, erroneously Tèlè 特勒) is a Turkic title, commonly attachable to the names of the junior members of the Khagan's family. However, Ligeti cast doubts on the Turkic provenance by pointing to the non-Turkic plural form tegit. According to Mahmud al-Kashgari, tegin means 'servant, slave' (kul, köle).
Stožice (Ljubljana)
Stožice (pronounced [ˈstɔːʒitsɛ] or [ˈstoːʒitsɛ]; German: Stoschze) is a formerly independent settlement in the northern part of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Upper Carniola
Littoral

Carniola: 2a Upper, 2b Inner, 2c Lower

Carinthia

Styria

Prekmurje

Upper Carniola (Slovene: Gorenjska pronounced [ɡɔˈɾèːnska]; Italian: Alta Carniola; German: Oberkrain) is a traditional region of Slovenia, the northern mountainous part of the larger Carniola region. The largest town in the region is Kranj, and other urban centers include Kamnik, Jesenice, Domžale and Škofja Loka. It has around 300,000 inhabitants or 14% of the population of Slovenia.
Juranpur Satipith
Juranpur Satipith is one of the 51 Hindu holy places (Shakta pithas) in India in the village of Juranpur, under Kaligunge CD Block in Nadia district of West Bengal. According to Hindu mythology the forehead of Goddess Sati was fallen in this place after Daksha Jagga. Juranpur is a place for Hindu pilgrimage. Here a stone is worshipped as Goddess Joy Durga which is placed under a big Banyan tree. By the side of the tree there is a small temple where God is worshipped in the name of Bhairav. Up to the early 19th century, this Pith was situated on the bank of the Bhagirathi River, opposite of Katwa but today the river flows about one kilometer west of the Pith.
A fair is organized there every year in Magha Purnima.

Katwa
Katwa is a sub-divisional town and railway junction in Purba Bardhaman district of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarters of the Katwa subdivision. The town was built at the confluence of the Ganga and Ajay rivers. Katwa is a border city of three districts; Purba Bardhaman District, Nadia District and Murshidabad District.
Rhianna Southby
Rhianna Mae Southby (born 16 October 2000) is an English cricketer who currently plays for Hampshire and Southern Brave. She plays as a wicket-keeper and right-handed batter. She previously played for Surrey Stars, South East Stars, Southern Vipers and Oval Invincibles.

Southern Brave
Southern Brave is a franchise 100-ball cricket side based in the city of Southampton. The team represents the historic counties of Hampshire and Sussex in the newly founded The Hundred competition, which took place for the first time during the 2021 English and Welsh cricket season. Both the men's side and the women's side play at the Rose Bowl, Hampshire.
Shahin Assayesh
Shahin Assayesh (born 1939, in Mashhad) is an Iranian publisher.

Assayesh was educated at the University of London, the University of Tehran, and the University of Mashhad. She was a secondary school teacher in Tehran before moving to the United Kingdom in 1976 and then Canada in 1983. She founded the Iranian Women's Quarterly Journal in 1986, and since 1991 has been President of Iranian Women's Publications.

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM, Persian: دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد, Danushgah-e Ferdusi-ye Mashhad) is a public university in Mashhad, the capital city of the Iranian province of Razavi Khorasan. FUM is named after Abul-Qâsem Ferdowsi Tusi, who is considered to be the national epic poet of Greater Iran. Having been established in 1949, FUM is the third-oldest modern university in Iran.

FUM is among the most prestigious universities in Iran, and had been ranked as the 3rd best university of the nation in the 2018 ISC rankings published by the Iranian government. FUM offers 180 bachelors, master's, and Ph.D. programs to 30,000 students. It has 810 faculty members and 2500 staff members. FUM has the highest number of enrollments of foreign students in Iran. Foreign students, from countries such as Afghanistan, Syria, and Iraq make up a significant portion of the students.
Gertrude Aretz
Gertrude Aretz (née Kuntze-Dolton; 1889–1938) was a German historian and publisher. She was married first to the historian Friedrich Max Kircheisen and later to the publisher Paul Aretz. In 1927 she edited the memoirs of Auguste Charlotte von Kielmannsegge (1777–1863).

Auguste Charlotte von Kielmannsegge
Auguste Charlotte Countess von Kielmannsegge, née von Schönberg, né von Lynar, (born May 18, 1777 in Hermsdorf near Dresden; †  April 26, 1863 in Plauen near Dresden) was a Saxon noblewoman and Napoleon's secret agent.
Julius Hagen
Julius Hagen (1884–1940) was a German-born British film producer who produced more than a hundred films in Britain.

Hagen originally worked as a salesman for Ruffels Pictures. He then worked his way up to become a production manager in the British silent film industry before becoming an independent producer in 1927. From 1928, he took control of Twickenham Studios and became one of the most prolific and successful producers of Quota quickies. He later switched to making more prestigious films, but in 1937 he was forced into bankruptcy and lost control of Twickenham.

Hagen also directed a film, the 1928 adaptation of an Agatha Christie novel The Passing of Mr. Quinn.

Unit production manager
In the cinema of the United States, a unit production manager (UPM) is the Directors Guild of America–approved title for the top below-the-line staff position, responsible for the administration of a feature film or television production. Non-DGA productions might call it the production manager or production supervisor. They work closely with the line producer. Sometimes the line producer is the UPM. A senior producer may assign a UPM more than one production at a time.
Mouse Work
Mouse Work is an upcoming party video game developed and published by Nitrome for the Nintendo Switch 2. It features a variety of minigames utilizing the mouse functionality of the Joy-Con 2, in which each player controls a pointer-shaped mouse interacting with the environment in different manners.

Minigame
A minigame (also spelled mini game and mini-game, sometimes called a subgame or microgame) is a short game often contained within another video game. A minigame contains different gameplay elements  and is often smaller or more simplistic than the game in which it is contained.

Some video games consist entirely of minigames which tie into an overall theme, such as Olympic Decathlon (1980). Minigames can also be used to represent a specific experience, such as hacking and lock picking, both of which are found in Bethesda games, or scanning an area, that ties into a larger game.
European Foundation for South Asian Studies
The European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS) is an independent think tank and policy research institute on South Asia. The institute is located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

According to its website, the fundamental research of the institute concentrates on conflict resolution, India–Pakistan relations, Kashmir conflict, religious terrorism, radicalisation and extremism emanating from the region of South Asia. EFSAS also has a membership at the Civil Society Empowerment Programme. Accordingly, it is part of a consortium of various civil society organisations committed to campaigning against radicalisation and violent extremism established by the Civil Society Empowerment Programme, which is coordinated by the Radicalisation Awareness Network and funded by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs.

Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution. Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding certain beliefs) and by engaging in collective negotiation. Dimensions of resolution typically parallel the dimensions of conflict in the way the conflict is processed. Cognitive resolution is the way disputants understand and view the conflict, with beliefs, perspectives, understandings and attitudes. Emotional resolution is in the way disputants feel about a conflict, the emotional energy. Behavioral resolution is reflective of how the disputants act, their behavior. Ultimately a wide range of methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist, including negotiation, mediation, mediation-arbitration, diplomacy, and creative peacebuilding.
Dzieżgów
Dzieżgów [ˈd͡ʑɛʐɡuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myślibórz, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Myślibórz and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Myślibórz
Myślibórz ([mɨˈɕlʲibuʂ]; German: Soldin) is a town in northwestern Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is the capital of the Myślibórz County, with a population of 11,867.

It is home to the first monastery of the Congregation of Sisters of Merciful Jesus and a sanctuary of the Divine Mercy.
1955 Rose Bowl
The 1955 Rose Bowl was the 41st edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Saturday, January 1. The top-ranked Ohio State Buckeyes of the Big Ten Conference defeated the USC Trojans of the Pacific Coast Conference, 20–7.

Ohio State head coach Woody Hayes came into his first Rose Bowl tied for the national championship with PCC champion UCLA.  However, #2 UCLA was locked out of the game because of the PCC's "no-repeat" rule,
enacted after California's third consecutive appearance in January 1951.

Pacific Coast Conference
The Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) was a collegiate athletic conference in the United States which existed from 1915 to 1959.  Though the Pac-12 Conference claims the PCC's history as part of its own, with eight of the ten PCC members (including all four original PCC charter members) in the Pac-12 for many years, the older league had a completely different charter and was disbanded in 1959 due to a major crisis and scandal.

Established on December 2, 1915, its four charter members were the University of California (now University of California, Berkeley), the University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University).
Saint Homobonus
Saint Homobonus (Italian: Sant'Omobono, German: Sankt Gutmann, Lombard: San Mobon) is the patron saint of business people, tailors, shoemakers, and clothworkers, as well as of Cremona, Italy.

He was canonized in 1199 at the urgent request of the citizens of Cremona.  He died on November 13, 1197, and his feast day is celebrated on November 13.

Lombard language
The Lombard language (Lombard: lombard, lumbard, lumbart or lombart, depending on the orthography; pronunciation: [lumˈbaːrt, lomˈbart]) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages. It is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland.  These include most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden. The language is also spoken in Santa Catarina in Brazil by Lombard immigrants from the Province of Bergamo, in Italy.
Jerónimo Espejo
Jerónimo Espejo (September 30, 1801 - February 18, 1889) was an Argentine general, enlisted in the Army of the Andes. He fought in the battles of Chacabuco, Cancha Rayada and Maipú. He also fought in the Battle of Ituzaingó, of the War with Brazil. He wrote historic essays about the campaign of the Army of the Andes, José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. Those essays were consulted by Bartolomé Mitre to write the book Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana.

Battle of Chacabuco
The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, took place on February 12, 1817. The Army of the Andes, from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and led by Captain–General José de San Martín, defeated a Spanish force commanded by Rafael Maroto. This victory was a significant defeat for the Captaincy General of Chile, the royalist government established after the division of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Tryptophan dehydrogenase
In enzymology, tryptophan dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The three substrates of this enzyme are L-tryptophan, oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and water. Its products are indole-3-pyruvic acid, ammonia, reduced NADH, and a proton. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate can be used as an alternative cofactor.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-tryptophan:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating). Other names in common use include NAD(P)+-L-tryptophan dehydrogenase, L-tryptophan dehydrogenase, L-Trp-dehydrogenase, and TDH.  This enzyme has at least one effector, calcium.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Pete Sivess
Peter Sivess (September 23, 1913 – June 1, 2003) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched all or part of three seasons in the majors, from 1936 until 1938, for the Philadelphia Phillies.

After professional baseball, Sivess worked for a few years at Grumman Aircraft prior to joining the US Navy during World War II. Following the war, he worked for the CIA.

Sivess was raised in South River, New Jersey. He died on June 1, 2003, in Candler, North Carolina, aged 89.

South River, New Jersey
South River is a borough in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 16,118, an increase of 110 (+0.7%) from the 2010 census count of 16,008, which in turn reflected an increase of 686 (+4.5%) from the 15,322 counted in the 2000 census.

What is now South River was originally formed as the town of Washington within East Brunswick Township on February 23, 1870. South River was incorporated as an independent borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 28, 1898, replacing Washington town. It was named after the Raritan River's South River tributary, which marks the borough's eastern and northeastern boundary.
Gymnogramma candidella
Gymnogramma candidella is a moth of the family Lacturidae. It was described in 1963 by French entomologist Pierre Viette and is only known from Madagascar.

This species has a wingspan of 32–37 mm. Antennae are grey yellowish. Head, palpi, abdomen and thorax are white. The forewings and hindwings are entirely white.

The types were provided from Antsalova in western Madagascar (II-1957).

Antsalova
Antsalova is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in western Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Antsalova, which is a part of Melaky Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 58,280 in 2018.

Antsalova is served by a local Antsalova Airport. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The town provides access to hospital services to its citizens.

Farming and raising livestock provides employment for 20% and 76% of the working population.  The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava.  Services provide employment for 1% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 3% of the population.
2013 Canadian Track and Field Championships
The 2013 Canadian Track and Field Championships was the year's national championship in outdoor track and field for Canada. It was held from 20 to 23 June at Moncton Stadium in Moncton, New Brunswick. It served as the selection meeting for the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.

Croix-Bleue Medavie Stadium
Croix-Bleue Medavie Stadium (French: Stade Croix-Bleue Medavie), formerly Moncton Stadium (French: Stade Moncton), is a track and field stadium on the campus of the Université de Moncton in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, built to host the IAAF 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics. The $17 million venue opened in 2010.  Although seating capacity had fluctuated early in construction (original plans called for as many as 28,000 seats), the stadium has 8,300 permanent seats, and is expandable to 25,000 via temporary seating.  It is the home field for the Moncton Aigles Bleus soccer teams.
N. Selvaraj
N. Selvaraj (May 5, 1944 – March 26, 2019) was an ex Minister and former member of Tamil Nadu legislative assembly representing Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

He was elected as the Member of Loksabha in Trichy Parliamentary constituency from (1980–1982) in DMK party.

He was elected from Musiri assembly constituency as the member of legislative assembly in 2006 from DMK party. He also served as the Minister for Forests of Tamil Nadu from (2006-2011) in DMK Government.

He was the District secretary of Trichy district in DMK from 1987–1993.

Musiri Assembly constituency
Musiri is a legislative assembly constituency in Tiruchirappalli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 145. It comes under Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.
Omega (song)
"Omega" is a song recorded by Spanish singer Rosalía featuring Spanish singer Ralphie Choo. It was released on 24 September 2024 through Columbia Records as a "gift for her fans", coinciding with Rosalía's 32nd birthday.

The song's production was handled by both performers, alongside Dylan Patrice and Noah Goldstein. A Spanish-language love song with a slow 1990s guitar riff, "Omega" expresses finding what you searched for so long and the security with which the person loves.

Noah Goldstein
Noah Goldstein is an American record producer, songwriter, audio engineer, publisher and film composer. He is known for his work with artists  Frank Ocean, Jay-Z, Rosalía, Kanye West, and FKA Twigs.  He has produced, written, and engineered on albums including Lux, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, Motomami, Yeezus, The Life of Pablo, Blonde, Magdalene, Watch the Throne and many others.  He has won multiple Grammy awards for his work.
Monk Little Dog
Monk Little Dog (French: Monk: La cata sur pattes; Korean: 멍크) is a series of animated shorts. The series was conceptualized by Kim Sung-jae of Kim's Licensing, and produced by Timoon Animation, SAMG Animation and Millimages. Monk Little Dog premiered on June 16, 2009 on Canal+ in France and ran until June 11, 2010.

In the UK the series was broadcast by the CITV Channel, ABC3 in Australia. In Indonesia, the series was originally aired by Global TV (now GTV) from 2011 until early 2012, but later moved to RTV between 2014 until 2016, while in Latin America, it was broadcast on Cartoon Network and Boomerang.

Boomerang (Latin American TV channel)
Boomerang was a 24-hour cable television channel owned by WarnerMedia under its International division. It was a localization of the original United States channel initially launched in 2001 and primarily carried classic Warner Bros. and Hanna-Barbera cartoons. In 2006 it was relaunched as a youth-oriented service. The network would relaunch once more in 2008, now focusing exclusively on teenagers, before becoming the first Boomerang feed in the world to undergo the 2014 worldwide rebrand on 28 September 2014.

The channel was replaced by Cartoonito on 1 December 2021 on 6 am across Latin America.
Landore TMD
Landore TMD is a railway traction maintenance depot situated in Landore, a district of Swansea, Wales. There was a shed for steam locomotives here, and in 1963 British Rail opened a purpose-build diesel depot. Under privatisation the depot was operated by Great Western Railway to service its fleet of InterCity 125s until it closed in December 2018. The site reopened in September 2019 as a rolling stock refurbishment centre.

Motive power depot
A motive power depot (MPD) or locomotive depot, or traction maintenance depot (TMD), is where  locomotives are usually housed, repaired and maintained. They were originally known as "running sheds", "engine sheds" or just "sheds". Facilities are provided for refuelling and the replenishing of water, lubricating oil and grease and, for steam engines, the disposal of ash. There are often workshops for day-to-day repairs and maintenance, but locomotive building and major overhauls are usually carried out at locomotive works. (Note: In American English, the term depot is used to refer to passenger stations or goods (freight) facilities, not to vehicle maintenance facilities.)