hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
APOPT
APOPT (for Advanced Process OPTimizer) is a software package for solving large-scale optimization problems of any of these forms:

Linear programming (LP)

Quadratic programming (QP)

Quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP)

Nonlinear programming (NLP)

Mixed integer programming (MIP)

Mixed integer linear programming (MILP)

Mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP)

Applications of the APOPT include chemical reactors,
friction stir welding, prevention of hydrate formation in deep-sea pipelines, computational biology, solid oxide fuel cells, and flight controls for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).

Nonlinear programming
In mathematics, nonlinear programming (NLP) is the process of solving an optimization problem where some of the constraints are not linear equalities or the objective function is not a linear function. An optimization problem is one of calculation of the extrema (maxima, minima or stationary points) of an objective function over a set of unknown real variables and conditional to the satisfaction of a system of equalities and inequalities, collectively termed constraints. It is the sub-field of mathematical optimization that deals with problems that are not linear.
Chequers
Chequers or Chequers Court (/ˈtʃɛkərz/ CHEK-ərz) is the country house of the prime minister of the United Kingdom. A 16th-century manor house, it lies near the village of Ellesborough, halfway between the towns of Princes Risborough and Wendover in Buckinghamshire, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills, 40 miles (64 km) north-west of Central London. Coombe Hill, which is two-thirds of a mile (1.1 km) northeast, was once mostly part of the estate.

Chequers has been the country home of the serving prime minister since 1921, when it was given to the nation by Viscount Lee of Fareham via a Deed of Settlement, given full effect in the Chequers Estate Act 1917. The house is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England.

Wendover
Wendover is a town and civil parish at the foot of the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated at the point where the main road across the Chilterns between London and Aylesbury intersects with the once important road along the foot of the Chilterns. The town is 35 miles (56 km) north west of London and 5 miles (8 km) south east of Aylesbury.

The parish has an area of 5,832 acres (2,360 ha) and had, at the time of the 2011 census, a population of 7,399. Outside Wendover, the parish is mainly arable and also contains several hamlets in the surrounding hills. Wendover has a weekly market, and has had a market charter since 1464.
Stanislav I Thurzo
Stanislav I Thurzo (c. 1470 in Kraków – 16 or 17 April 1540 in Olomouc) was a bishop of the Diocese of Olomouc. Although a Catholic, he was the son of János Thurzó, a protestant Hungarian nobleman of the Thurzó family who was mayor of Kraków, and his first wife, Ursula Boehm. He was educated at Padua in theology and law and was made canon in Olomouc.

He was a humanist and patron of the arts and science, but also undertook radical moral reforms in his diocese, and persecution of protestant groups.  He and his brother jointly crowned both Louis II of Hungary, and King of Bohemia Ferdinand I.

Stanislav died in the night 17 April 1540 and was buried in Saint Wenceslas Cathedral, Olomouc.

Louis II of Hungary
Louis II (Hungarian: II. Lajos; Czech: Ludvík Jagellonský; Croatian: Ludovik II.; Slovak: Ľudovít II.; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He died during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of large parts of Hungary.
Viktoriya Troytskaya
Viktoriya Troytskaya (née Taranina, Russian: Виктория Троицкая, née Таранина; born April 18, 1969) is a Russian short track speed skater who competed for the Unified Team in the 1992 Winter Olympics and for Russia in the 1994 Winter Olympics.

In 1992 she was a member of the relay team for the Unified Team which won the bronze medal in the 3000 metre relay competition. In the 500 m event she finished 17th.

Two years later she finished fifth with the Russian relay team in the 3000 metre relay contest. In the 500 m competition she finished 20th and in the 1000 m event she finished 29th.

Unified Team at the Olympics
The Unified Team (Russian: Объединённая команда) was the name used for the sports team of the former Soviet Union 
(except the Baltic states) at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The IOC country code was EUN, after the French name, Équipe unifiée (French: [ekip ynifje]). The Unified Team was sometimes informally called the CIS Team (Commonwealth of Independent States, as a counterpart of CIS national football team taking part in Euro 1992 of the same year), although Georgia did not join the CIS until 1993.

The team finished second in the medal table at the 1992 Winter Games, and first at the 1992 Summer Games, edging its old rival the US in the latter.
Lomovoy
Lomovoy (Russian: Ломовой; masculine), Lomovaya (Ломовая; feminine), or Lomovoye (Ломовое; neuter) is the name of several rural localities (settlements, selos, and villages) in Russia:

Lomovoye, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Kholmogorsky Selsoviet of Plesetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast

Lomovoye, Lipetsk Oblast, a selo in Lomovskoy Selsoviet of Chaplyginsky District of Lipetsk Oblast

Lomovoye, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Lomovsky Selsoviet of Zalegoshchensky District of Oryol Oblast

Lomovoye, Tver Oblast, a village in Likhoslavlsky District of Tver Oblast

Lomovoye, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Lomovoye (Russian: Ломовое) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Samodedskoye Rural Settlement of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 425 as of 2010. There are 12 streets.
Decorative laminate
Decorative laminates are laminated products primarily used as furniture surface materials or wall paneling. It can be manufactured as either high- or low-pressure laminate, with the two processes not much different from each other except for the pressure applied in the pressing process. Also, laminate can be produced either in batches or in a continuous process; the latter is called continuous pressure laminate (CPL).

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445  Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Louis Audette
Louis de la Chesnaye Audette, OC (April 7, 1907 – April 2, 1995) was a Canadian lawyer, naval officer and civil servant.

Born in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Louis-Arthur Audette and Mary-Grace Stuart, the tenth child of Andrew Stuart, he was educated as a lawyer and practiced in Montreal during the 1930s. During World War II, he served with the Royal Canadian Navy and commanded several ships (HMCS Pictou, Amherst, Coaticook, and St. Catharines) in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. He was mentioned in dispatches and left the Navy with the rank of Lieutenant commander. As a reserve officer, he was later promoted to commander.

After the war, from 1947 to 1959, he a member of the Canadian Maritime Commission and its chairman from 1954 to 1959. From 1959 to 1972, he was Chairman of the Tariff Board of Canada.

In 1974, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. His oral history of his wartime adventures was published in Salty Dips Vol. 2 (1985.)

HMCS Pictou
HMCS Pictou was a Royal Canadian Navy Flower-class corvette which took part in convoy escort duties during the Second World War. She fought mainly in the Battle of the Atlantic. She was named for Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Jerald C. Anderson
Jerald Clayton Anderson (April 4, 1934 – January 7, 2014) was an American dentist and politician.

Born in Sunrise, Minnesota, Anderson received his bachelors and dentistry degrees from the University of Minnesota. He then served in the United States Army in the dentist corps 1959–1961. Anderson served in the Minnesota State Senate in 1971–1980 as a Democrat. He died in Oak Park Heights, Minnesota.

Minnesota Senate
The Minnesota Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. At 67 members, half as many as the Minnesota House of Representatives, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the State Capitol in Saint Paul. Committee hearings, as well as offices for senators and staff, are located north of the State Capitol in the Minnesota Senate Building. Each member of the Minnesota Senate represents approximately 85,000 constituents.
Henry Gellibrand
Henry Gellibrand (1597–1637) was an English mathematician. He is known for his work on the Earth's magnetic field. He discovered that magnetic declination – the angle of dip of a compass needle – is not constant but changes over time. He announced this in 1635, relying on previous observations by others, which had not yet been correctly interpreted.

He was the son of the physician Henry Gellibrand (1568–1615) and Mary Faversham. His four younger brothers were John, Edward, Thomas and Samuel. Samuel Gellibrand became a prominent seventeenth-century London bookseller.

He also devised a method for measuring longitude, based on eclipses. The mathematical tables of Henry Briggs, consisting of logarithms of trigonometric functions, were published by Gellibrand in 1633 as Trigonometria Britannica.

He was Professor at Gresham College, succeeding Edmund Gunter in 1626. He was buried in St Peter le Poer, a London church that was demolished in 1907.

St Peter le Poer
St Peter le Poer was a parish church on the west side of Broad Street in the City of London. Established before the end of the 12th Century,  it was rebuilt in 1540, and  again in 1792 to a design by Jesse Gibson with a circular nave. It was demolished in 1907.
Symphony No. 12 (Shostakovich)
Symphony No. 12 in D minor, Op. 112, titled The Year 1917, was composed by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1961. He dedicated it to the memory of Vladimir Lenin. Although the performance on October 1, 1961, by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Yevgeny Mravinsky was billed as the official premiere, the actual first performance took place two hours earlier that same day in Kuybyshev by the Kuybyshev State Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Abram Stasevich.

Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra
The Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra (Russian: Симфонический оркестр Санкт-Петербургской филармонии, Symphonic Orchestra of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonia) is a symphony orchestra based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Their home venue is the Saint Petersburg Philharmonia.
Louis Gossett Jr. on screen and stage
Louis Cameron Gossett Jr. (May 27, 1936 – March 29, 2024) was an American actor. He was a folk singer in the 1960s. He is best known for his role as Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley, in the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman, winning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also won an Emmy Award for his role as Fiddler, in the 1977 ABC television miniseries Roots.

Gossett has also starred in numerous other film productions: A Raisin in the Sun, The Landlord, Skin Game, Travels with My Aunt, The Laughing Policeman, The White Dawn, The Deep, Jaws 3-D, Wolfgang Petersen's Enemy Mine, The Principal, the Iron Eagle series, Toy Soldiers and The Punisher, in an acting career that spans over five decades.

The Laughing Policeman (film)
The Laughing Policeman (released in the UK as An Investigation of Murder) is a 1973 American neo-noir thriller film loosely based on the 1968 novel of the same name by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö. The setting of the story is transplanted from Stockholm to San Francisco. It is directed by Stuart Rosenberg and features Walter Matthau as Detective Jake Martin.
Dennis Appiah
Dennis Appiah (/ˈæpiɑː/ AP-ee-ah; born 9 June 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays for  Ligue 2 club Saint-Étienne. He was a France youth international, having earned caps at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. Appiah played as a defensive midfielder. For both Nantes and Saint-Étienne, he's been playing in defence as a full-back and a centre-back in a back three.

French Football Federation
The French Football Federation (abbr. FFF and 3F; or Triple F; French: Fédération Française de Football, pronounced [fedeʁɑsjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz də futbol]) is the governing body of football in France. It was formed in 1919 and is based in the capital, Paris. The FFF is a founding member of FIFA and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the game of football in France, both professional and amateur. The French Football Federation is a founding member of UEFA and joined FIFA in 1907 after replacing the USFSA, who were founding members.
Clarke City, Quebec
Clarke City, called Paushtiku in the Innu language, is a community in the City of Sept-Îles, in the Quebec region of Côte-Nord. It is located roughly 20 kilometers west of the Sept-Îles city centre, on the Sainte-Marguerite River near Route 138. The name of the town originated from the Clarke brothers who established a paper mill there in 1903 to feed their publication house in Toronto. They also built a hydroelectric factory in 1908 and that year, the village was officially founded as the region's first closed city. The registers of the Saint-Cœur-de-Marie Parish also began that year, counting 400 persons in Clarke City.

The city was amalgamated into the city of Sept-Îles in 1970. It is now a sector in the western part of Sept-Îles.

Closed city
A closed city or town is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied.

Historically, the construction of closed cities became increasingly common after the beginning of the Cold War, particularly in the Soviet Union. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, they remain widespread in Russia and some of the other post-Soviet countries. The Russian government officially designates these closed cities as "closed administrative–territorial formations" (ZATO; Russian: закрытые административно–территориальные образования [ЗАТО]), for the management and execution of high-value research and development concerning nuclear energy, weapons of mass destruction, or the space industry.
Étang de Soulcem
Étang de Soulcem is a large artificial lake in the Pyrenees mountains in Ariège, France. It is at an elevation of 1570 m and is used for hydroelectricity, generating 62 GWh/year. The lake, which has a surface area of 0.91 km2, was formed following the construction by Électricité de France of a dam across the northern end of the Vicdessos valley in 1980–1983.

The lake contains various fish including brown trout (S. trutta), Arctic char (S. alpinus), brook trout (S. fontinalis), and common minnow (P. phoxinus).

Ariège (department)
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ] ⓘ; Occitan: Arièja [aɾiˈɛdʒɔ]) is a department in southwestern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It is named after the river Ariège and its capital is Foix. Ariège is known for its rural landscape, with a population of 153,287 as of 2019. Its INSEE and postal code is 09. The inhabitants of the department are known as Ariègeois or Ariègeoises.
German Open (darts)
The German Open (known for sponsorship reasons as the Bull's German Open) is a darts tournament that began in 1986. It was abandoned for three years before being recurred in 1990 where it has been held annually. All tournaments was held in Germany at various venues. The first winners of the tournament was Bernd Hebecker from Germany and Mia Mevissen from Netherlands.

Tournament was not organized in 2020–2022 due to coronavirus pandemic. It was announced that the tournament in 2023 will not be organized as part of the World Darts Federation and its results will not be included in the international and regional ranking of this organization. The event is organized by Dart Sport Club Bochum.

Martin Adams
Martin Adams (born 4 June 1956) is an English professional darts player who competes in World Darts Federation (WDF) events. Nicknamed "Wolfie", he is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He represents Cambridgeshire at county darts level and was the captain of England from 1993 to 2013, the longest any player has held that role. From his debut in 1994, Adams made a record 25 consecutive World Championship appearances, before failing to qualify for the first time in 2019. Adams was diagnosed with prostate cancer in April 2016, but by the end of the year he was given the all-clear. As well as playing, he also acted as a regular pundit and commentator for televised coverage of BDO events.
Stalin's Disciples
Stalin's Disciples (Hebrew: ילדי סטאלין, in Hebrew Stalin's Children) is a 1986 Israeli film directed by Nadav Levitan that satirizes the utopian ideology of the Israeli kibbutz.

The death of Joseph Stalin in the 1950s leads to an ideological crisis on a kibbutz that identifies with communist principles.  The blind faith of three elderly shoemakers, who previously abused a young boy daring to criticize Stalin, begins to disintegrate when they learn of the Soviet leader's crimes and the manifest antisemitism on display at the Prague Trials.

It's 1953 at Kibbutz Hashomer Hatzaier (The Young Guard, in Hebrew). Moshko (Hugo Yarden) admires Stalin's portrait at his shoemaker workshop as he cleans the dust off the mustache.

The film was shot in Kibbutz Nir Eliyahu.

Slánský trial
The Slánský trial (officially Proces s vedením protistátního spikleneckého centra v čele s Rudolfem Slánským English: "Trial of the Leadership of the Anti-State Conspiracy Centre Headed by Rudolf Slánský") was a 1952 antisemitic show trial against fourteen members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), including many high-ranking officials. Several charges, including high treason, were announced against the group on the grounds of allegedly participating in a Zionist conspiracy against the Czechoslovak Republic. General Secretary of the KSČ Rudolf Slánský was the alleged leader of conspirators.

All fourteen defendants were found guilty of crimes that they did not commit. Eleven of them were sentenced to death and executed; the remaining three received life sentences. Eleven of the defendants were "of Jewish origin".
Sagara clan
The Sagara clan (相良氏, Sagara-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan of daimyos. They were a tactical ally of the Shimazu clan.

In the Edo period, they became the daimyo of the Hitoyoshi Domain and ruled until the Meiji Restoration. After the restoration, they were appointed Viscount.

Shimazu clan
The Shimazu clan (島津氏, Shimazu-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [ɕiꜜ.ma.(d)zɯ, ɕi.ma.(d)zɯꜜ.ɕi]) were the daimyō of the Satsuma han, which spread over Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga provinces in Japan.

The Shimazu were identified as one of the tozama or outsider daimyō families in contrast with the fudai or insider clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.
Jorge Rubio (boxing trainer)
Jorge Enrique Rubio is a Cuban trainer in the sport of boxing. He is the former coach of the Olympic and national men's boxing team and defected from Cuba in 1997. He was inducted into the Florida Boxing Hall of Fame in 2018.

Rubio has previously trained 6 different world champion professional fighters in Miami, Florida, including Guillermo Rigondeaux, Teofimo Lopez, David Haye, Jermaine Taylor, Amir Khan, and Luke Campbell.

Jorge is currently training 3 fighters ranked in the top 10 in the world in including Abass Baraou, the #1 ranked Super Welterweight in the world by the WBA.

Luke Campbell
Luke Campbell (born 27 September 1987) is a British politician, former professional boxer and Olympic Gold Medallist, who has served as the inaugural mayor of Hull and East Yorkshire since 6 May 2025, representing Reform UK. He competed as a professional boxer from 2013 to 2021, where he was also known by the nickname Cool Hand.

As an amateur, Campbell won a gold medal at the 2008 European Championships, silver at the 2011 World Championships, and gold at the 2012 Olympics, all in the bantamweight division. He was also a contestant on the eighth series of Dancing on Ice in 2013, reaching the final and finishing in third place.
Quebec Route 335
Route 335 is a north-south regional route located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. from Montreal It serves the administrative regions of Montreal, Laval, Laurentides, and Lanaudière. It is the only secondary road whose route crosses the Island of Montreal. Between Autoroute 440 in Laval and Côte-Saint-Louis Road in Terrebonne, Route 335 is located in the right-of-way of the future Autoroute 19.

Lanaudière
Lanaudière (French pronunciation: [lanodjɛʁ], locally [lanod͡zjaɛ̯ʁ]) is one of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec, Canada, situated immediately to the northeast of Montreal. It has a total population (2016 Census) of 494,796 inhabitants, an increase of 4.9% over the 2011 census.
Bbs Paranoicos
Bbs Paranoicos is a Chilean hardcore punk band formed in 1991. They are one of the most popular punk bands in Chile.

Bands like Lagwagon, Rise Against, Alkaline Trio, No Use For A Name, Descendents, All and Bad Religion have been cited as influences by the band. The band is a staple in important punk rock concerts and festivals in the country and has opened for popular international acts such as  Misfits, Circle Jerks, Dead Kennedys, No Use For A Name, Millencolin, Siniestro Total, Lagwagon, MXPX, No Fun at All, Pennywise, Green Day and Negu Gorriak, among others. BBs Paranoicos has toured extensively in Chile throughout the band's existence and has also played in Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and Spain, with significant stakes such as "Cumbre del Rock 2009" and "Lollapalooza Chile 2012", Cosquiìn Rock and Mexico's Domination Fest 2019.

Negu Gorriak
Negu Gorriak (Basque for "Red Winters" or "Severe/Harsh Winters") were an underground group from the Basque Country. Their musical style combines various styles such as hardcore punk, hip-hop, ska, and reggae, always linked to the band's  political ideology and its identification with the Basque Country and its language (Euskara).
Gallardo v. Marstiller
Gallardo v. Marstiller, 596 U.S. 420 (2022), was a United States Supreme Court case that held the Medicaid Act permits a state to seek reimbursement from settlement payments allocated for future medical care. The case was brought by the parents of Gianinna Gallardo, who was in a persistent vegetative state.

Social Security Amendments of 1965
The Social Security Amendments of 1965, Pub. L. 89–97, 79 Stat. 286, enacted July 30, 1965, was legislation in the United States whose most important provisions resulted in creation of two programs: Medicare and Medicaid. The legislation initially provided federal health insurance for the elderly (over 65) and for financially challenged families.