hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Urban runoff
Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater, landscape irrigation, and car washing created by urbanization. Impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots and sidewalks) are constructed during land development. During rain, storms, and other precipitation events, these surfaces (built from materials such as asphalt and concrete), along with rooftops, carry polluted stormwater to storm drains, instead of allowing the water to percolate through soil.

This causes lowering of the water table (because groundwater recharge is lessened) and flooding since the amount of water that remains on the surface is greater. Most municipal storm sewer systems discharge untreated stormwater to streams, rivers, and bays. This excess water can also make its way into people's properties through basement backups and seepage through building wall and floors.
Urban runoff can be a major source of urban flooding and water pollution in urban communities worldwide.

Infiltration (hydrology)
Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences. The infiltration capacity is defined as the maximum rate of infiltration. It is most often measured in meters per day but can also be measured in other units of distance over time if necessary.  The infiltration capacity decreases as the soil moisture content of soils surface layers increases. If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier.

Infiltrometers, parameters and rainfall simulators are all devices that can be used to measure infiltration rates.

Infiltration is caused by multiple factors including; gravity, capillary forces, absorption, and osmosis. Many soil characteristics can also play a role in determining the rate at which infiltration occurs. When it rains, excess water can drain through the soil at macropores.
Fountain Inn (novel)
Fountain Inn is a 1939 mystery detective novel by the British writer Victor Canning. Canning had made his name with his comedy novels featuring Mr. Finchley. This was his first attempt at a thriller, but after the war he increasingly switched to writing thrillers. It received positive reviews with The Guardian noting "Fountain Inn, which is extremely well written, is the attractive kind of detective story in which the main interest is not “Who?” but “How?”". The first edition was by Hodder and Stoughton, but there was a reissue in 1974 by Heinemann, and it was republished in 2019 by Farrago Books.

Mr. Finchley
Mr. Finchley is a fictional character in three comic novels by Victor Canning, a novelist who later gained great success with thrillers. He first appears in Canning's very first book, Mr. Finchley Discovers His England, published in 1934 and as Mr. Finchley's Holiday in the USA in 1935.
James Amyatt
James Amyatt (1734–1813), of Freemantle, Hampshire was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1774 and 1806.

Amyatt was the second son. of Benjamin Amyatt of Totnes and was baptized on 18 July 1734. He is said to have become a captain in the service of the East India Company. He became a free merchant in India. He married  Maria Amyatt widow of Peter Amyatt of the council of Calcutta, and daughter  of Rev. W. Wollaston of Norfolk.

At the 1774 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for Totnes in a contest. In 1784 he was elected MP for Southampton and held the seat until 1806.

Southampton (UK Parliament constituency)
Southampton was a parliamentary constituency which was represented in the English and, after 1707, British House of Commons. Centred on the town of Southampton, it returned two members of parliament (MPs) from 1295 until it was abolished for the 1950 general election.
Fliegerstaffel 2
Fliegerstaffel 2 (No. 2 Squadron) was using Hawker Hunter aircraft for the Swiss Air Force at the time of disbandment. Its pilots origined from French-speaking Switzerland and its home was the military airfield of Turtmann then. As a coat of arms, Fliegerstaffel 2 used a white bird taken from the one of Gruyère District on a red background surrounded by a motto saying "En Avant, Advienne Que Pourra". 2ème Escadrille.

Swiss Air Force
The Swiss Air Force (German: Schweizer Luftwaffe; French: Forces aériennes suisses; Italian: Forze aeree svizzere; Romansh: Aviatica militara svizra) is the air component of the Swiss Armed Forces, established on 31 July 1914, three days after the outbreak of World War I, as a part of the army and in October 1936 as an independent service.

In peacetime, Dübendorf is the operational air force headquarters. The Swiss Air Force operates from several fixed bases (see current status) but its personnel are also trained to carry out air operations from temporary highway airstrips. In case of crisis or war, several stretches of road are specially prepared for this option.
American Heiress
American Heiress is a telenovela which debuted on March 13, 2007 at 8 p.m. ET/7 p.m. CT on the American television network MyNetworkTV. This romantic melodrama tells the story of a roughneck pilot and a pampered heiress who survive a plane crash.  The show was produced by Twentieth Television, based on the 2004 TV Azteca series La Heredera ("The Heiress").

Heiress was the last series produced for MyNetworkTV's original all-telenovela format.  When the network dropped the serial after the July 18, 2007 broadcast, most episodes were left unaired. All 65 episodes aired overseas, and as of 2021 are available to stream on Tubi.

TV Azteca
Televisión Azteca, commonly known as TV Azteca, is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. It primarily competes with Televisa as well as some local operators. It owns two national television networks, Azteca Uno and Azteca 7, and operates two other nationally distributed services, adn40 and A Más+. All three of these networks have transmitters in most major and minor cities.

TV Azteca also operates Azteca Trece Internacional, reaching 13 countries in Central and South America, and formerly part of the Azteca América network in the United States. Its flagship program is the newscast Hechos.
Phyllis and Aristotle
The tale of Phyllis and Aristotle is a medieval cautionary tale about the triumph of a seductive woman, Phyllis, over the greatest male intellect, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. It is one of several Power of Women stories from that time. Among early versions is the French Lai d'Aristote from 1220.

The story of the dominatrix and the famous intellectual was taken up by artists from the 12th century onwards, in media from stone sculpture in churches to panels of wood or ivory, textiles such as carpets and tapestries, engravings, oil paintings, brass jugs (aquamanile), and stained glass. Artists attracted to the theme include Hans Baldung, Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, and Alessandro Turchi.

Sadeler family
The Sadeler family were the largest, and probably the most successful of the dynasties of Flemish engravers that were dominant in Northern European printmaking in the later 16th and 17th centuries, as both artists and publishers.  As with other dynasties such as the Wierixes and Van de Passe family, the style of family members is very similar. Their work often hard to tell apart in the absence of a signature or date, or evidence of location. Altogether at least ten Sadelers worked as engravers, in the Spanish Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Bohemia and Austria.

Much of their best work was high quality reproductive prints of contemporary artists such as Bartholomeus Spranger (Aegidius II) or the Venetian Bassano family (Jan I and Rafael I), that were important in spreading the reputation and style of these artists.
Marie-Antoinette Maupertuis
Marie-Antoinette Maupertuis (French pronunciation: [maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt mopɛʁtɥi]; born 10 April 1967), also called Nanette Maupertuis, is a French politician and academic practicing in Corsica.

Elected councilor to the Corsican assembly on Gilles Simeoni's list in the 2015 elections, she was re-elected in 2017 and 2021. She was elected president of the deliberative body of the Corsican community following the 2021 election.

2021 French regional elections
Regional elections were held in France on 20 June and 27 June 2021. At stake were the regional councils in metropolitan and overseas France including the Corsican Assembly, Assembly of French Guiana and Assembly of Martinique, all for a six-year term. The Departmental Council of Mayotte, which also exercises the powers of a region, also participated in this election, because the departmental elections were held at the same time. Eighteen regional presidencies were at stake, with thirteen in mainland France and Corsica, as well as five overseas. Though they do not have legislative autonomy, these territorial collectivities manage sizable budgets. Moreover, regional elections are often perceived as a mid-term opinion poll. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the regional and departmental elections were postponed, first to 13 and 20 June 2021 and then to 20 and 27 June 2021.
Puls (food)
Puls is a pottage made from farro grains boiled in water, flavoured with salt. It was a staple dish in the cuisine of Ancient Rome.

The dish was considered the aboriginal food of the Ancient Romans, and played a role in archaic religious rituals.

The basic grain pottage could be elaborated with vegetables, meat, cheese, or herbs to produce dishes similar to polenta or risotto.

Farro
Farro (/ˈfæroʊ/ ⓘ) is a grain of any of three species of hulled wheat, namely einkorn, emmer, or spelt, sold dried and cooked in water until soft. It is used as a side dish and added to salads, soups and stews.
31st People's Choice Awards
The 31st People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 2004, were held on January 9, 2005, at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California. They were hosted by Jason Alexander and Malcolm-Jamal Warner, and broadcast on CBS.

For the first time in the awards history, the winners were decided on by online voting rather than Gallup polls.

Malcolm-Jamal Warner
Malcolm-Jamal Warner  (August 18, 1970 – July 20, 2025) was an American actor, musician and poet. He rose to prominence for his role as Theodore Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1984–1992), which earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards. He was also known for his roles as Malcolm McGee on the sitcom Malcolm & Eddie (1996–2000), Dr. Alex Reed in the sitcom Reed Between the Lines (2011, 2015), Julius Rowe in Suits (2016–2017) and Dr. AJ Austin in the medical drama The Resident (2018–2023).

In 2015, Warner received a Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance for the song "Jesus Children" alongside Robert Glasper Experiment and Lalah Hathaway.

In July 2025, Warner died, aged 54, from drowning in the ocean off Limón Province, Costa Rica after being caught in a strong current.
Begoña
Begoña is a historical municipality of Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) and is a neighbourhood and urban district of Bilbao.
Begoña, or more puristically but also more rarely spelled Begoina, means 'the lower foot',  referring to the slopes of Mount Artxanda which lie to the north of the city.

Originally Begoña included all the uplands south and east of the medieval walled town, which now form the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and parts of the 5th urban districts of Bilbao, but was incorporated into the city in 1925.

Biscay
Biscay (/ˈbɪskeɪ, ˈbɪski/ BISK-ay, BISK-ee; Basque: Bizkaia [bis̻kai.a]; Spanish: Vizcaya [biθˈkaʝa]) is a province of the Basque Autonomous Community, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao.

Biscay is one of the most renowned and prosperous provinces of Spain, historically a major trading hub in the Atlantic Ocean since medieval times and, later on, one of the largest industrial and financial centers of the Iberian Peninsula. Since the extensive deindustrialization that took place throughout the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.
Inland Line
The Inland Line (Swedish: Inlandsbanan) is a 1,288-kilometre (800 mi) railway line between Kristinehamn and Gällivare in Sweden. It runs through the central parts of northern Sweden, and was built between 1908 and 1937.

Vilhelmina
Vilhelmina (Southern Sami: Vualtjere) is a locality and the central town of Vilhelmina Municipality in Västerbotten County, in the province of Lapland, Sweden with 3,657 inhabitants in 2010. Vilhelmina is situated by Lake Volgsjön in the Ångerman River, with the smaller Lake Baksjön located to the east of the community. Vilhelmina Church and Volgsjö School are located in Vilhelmina.
Social changes in 18th to 19th-century Prussia
Prussia underwent major social change between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries as the nobility declined as the traditional aristocracy struggled to compete with the rising merchant class, which developed into a new Bourgeoisie middle class, while the emancipation of the serfs granted the rural peasantry land purchasing rights and freedom of movement, and a series of agrarian reforms in northwestern Germany abolished feudal obligations and divided up feudal land, giving rise to wealthier peasants and paved the way for a more efficient rural economy.

Land reform
Land reform (also known as agrarian reform) involves the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership, land use, and land transfers. The reforms may be initiated by governments, by interested groups, or by revolution.

Land reform is often considered a contentious process, as land is a key driver of a wide range of social, political and economic outcomes. The structure and distribution of land rights has been linked to state formation, economic growth, inequality, political violence, and identity politics, making land reform highly consequential for the long-term structures of society.
USS Charles P. Crawford
USS Charles P. Crawford (SP-366) was a United States Navy minesweeper and tug in commission from 1917 to 1919.

Charles P. Crawford was built as a commercial tug of the same name in 1915 by the Staten Island Shipbuilding Company in New York City, for the Erie Railroad Company, New York City. On 8 May 1917, the U.S. Navy chartered her for use as a minesweeper and tug during World War I. She was commissioned on 22 September 1917 as USS Charles P. Crawford (SP-366).

Assigned to the 3rd Naval District, Charles P. Crawford performed minesweeping, towing, and general transportation duties in the New York City area for the remainder of World War I and into 1919.

The Navy returned Charles P. Crawford to the Erie Railroad Company on 12 August 1919.

Charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and it is that sense which is retained in modern usage of the term. In early medieval Britain, charters transferred land from donors to recipients.

The word entered the English language from the Old French charte, via Latin charta, and ultimately from Greek χάρτης (khartes, meaning "layer of papyrus"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges.
Ministry of Justice (Pasundan)
The Ministry of Justice was a government ministry of the State of Pasundan. The ministry was responsible for the justice system, penitentiary system, publishing of government gazette, dactyloscopy, and beachcombing in the State of Pasundan.

Government gazette
A government gazette (also known as an official gazette, official journal, official newspaper, official monitor or official bulletin) is a periodical publication that has been authorised to publish public or legal notices. It is usually established by statute or official action, and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.
Gazettes are published either in print, electronically or both.
Bacari Alexander
Bacari Torrell Alexander (born September 15, 1976) is an American college basketball coach, formerly the men's basketball head coach at Detroit Mercy. He is a former assistant coach at Michigan, Western Michigan, Ohio, and Detroit Mercy. At Michigan, Alexander was responsible for coaching the team's post players, developing defensive strategies, scouting opponents and on-court coaching. In six seasons as an assistant coach under Michigan head coach John Beilein, Michigan advanced to the NCAA tournament each year, won Big Ten Conference regular season championships in 2012 and 2014 and appeared in the Elite 8 in 2014 and  the National Championship in 2013.

Detroit Mercy Titans men's basketball
The Detroit Mercy Titans men's basketball team is the college basketball team which represents University of Detroit Mercy in Detroit and competes in NCAA Division I men's basketball as a member of the Horizon League. Traditionally, the Titans have been a fair  "mid-major" program, advancing to the Sweet Sixteen in 1977 and to the Round of 32 in 1998 and 1999. The Titans have appeared in the NCAA Tournament six times, most recently in 2012. The Titans are coached by Mark Montgomery, who was hired on April 3, 2024. They play their home games at Calihan Hall on the school's McNichols Campus.
Eveline Brunner
Eveline Brunner (born 27 January 1996) is a Swiss former competitive figure skater. In the 2014–15 season, she won bronze at the Merano Cup and gold at the Swiss Championships. She was subsequently named in the Swiss team to the 2015 European Championships in Stockholm. Brunner reached the free skate and finished 14th overall in Sweden. She placed 33rd at the 2015 World Championships in Shanghai, China. On April 9, 2015, she retired from competition.

Merano Cup
The Merano Cup (Italian: Coppa di Merano) was an annual international figure skating competition which is generally held in November in Merano, Italy. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, and pair skating at the senior, junior, and novice levels. The competition was last held in 2017.
Cadillac Muzik
Cadillac Muzik is an American psychedelic soul/funk & alternative hip hop band from San Antonio, Texas, which specializes in music producing, live performance, & songwriting. The band is composed of San Antonio-based artists Beseja B. "CaddyMack" Moses and Scott Anthony "DaddyDvil" Campbell. Cadillac Muzik was inspired by Moses' uncle Jimmy Sampson, who was a member of Ohio Players.

Raised on the east and west sides of San Antonio, Moses and Campbell got their start rapping with family members in the group THK (Texas Hard Knocks) in 2003 until ultimately finding their Southern Soul sound in 2010. According to San Antonio Express-News, Cadillac Muzik is one of San Antonio's most powerful black artists.

San Antonio Express-News
The San Antonio Express-News is a daily newspaper in San Antonio, Texas, founded in 1865. It is owned by the Hearst Corporation and has offices in San Antonio and Austin, Texas. The Express-News is the third largest newspaper in the state of Texas, with a daily circulation of nearly 100,000 copies in 2016. The newspaper's online presence can be found at Expressnews.com. Hearst also owns MYSanAntonio.com, which shares office space with the Express-News but maintains a separate newsroom and website. MYSanAntonio.com, or MySA, is editorially independent of ExpressNews.com.

From 1881, the San Antonio Express-News' main competitor was the San Antonio Evening Light, which became a Hearst publication in 1924 and was shut down, in 1993, when Hearst bought the Express-News.
Budinci
Budinci (pronounced [ˈbuːdintsi]; Hungarian: Bűdfalva, Prekmurje Slovene: Büdinci) is a dispersed village in the Municipality of Šalovci in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia.

The northernmost tip of Slovenia is within the village's territory to the northwest of the main settlement with a latitude of 46° 52′ 37″.

There is a simple two-storey belfry in the southeastern part of the settlement, opposite the cemetery. It dates to the first half of the 20th century.

Prekmurje
Littoral

Carniola: 2a Upper, 2b Inner, 2c Lower

Carinthia

Styria

Prekmurje

Prekmurje (Slovene pronunciation: [pɾɛkˈmúːɾjɛ] also [ˈpɾeːkmuɾjɛ] ⓘ; Prekmurje Slovene: Prèkmürsko or Prèkmüre; Hungarian: Muravidék) is a geographically, linguistically, culturally, and ethnically defined region of Slovenia, settled by Slovenes and a Hungarian minority, lying between the Mur River in Slovenia and the Rába Valley (the watershed of the Rába; Slovene: Porabje) in the westernmost part of Hungary. It covers an area of 938 square kilometers (362 sq mi) and has a population of 78,000 people. Its largest town and urban center is Murska Sobota, the other urban center being Lendava.
Karw
Karw [karf] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Malechowo, within Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) east of Malechowo, 10 km (6 mi) south-west of Sławno, and 164 km (102 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Sławno
Sławno [ˈswavnɔ] (Kashubian: Słôwno, German: Schlawe) is a town on the Wieprza river in Middle Pomerania region, north-western Poland, with 12,511 inhabitants (2019). It is the administrative seat of Gmina Sławno, though not part of it. The town is also the capital of Sławno County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Souring
Souring is a food preparation technique that causes a physical and chemical change in food by exposing it to an acid. This acid can be added explicitly (e.g., vinegar, lemon juice, lime juice, etc.), or can be produced within the food itself by a microbe, such as Lactobacillus.

Souring is similar to pickling or fermentation, but souring typically occurs in minutes or hours, while pickling and fermentation can take a much longer amount of time.

Vinegar
Vinegar (from Old French  vyn egre 'sour wine') is an odorous aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings or naturally occurring organic compounds. Vinegar typically contains from 4% to 18% acetic acid by volume.

Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation—converting simple sugars to ethanol using yeast, and then converting ethanol to acetic acid using acetic acid bacteria. Many types of vinegar are made, depending on source materials.

The product is now mainly used in the culinary arts as a flavorful, acidic cooking ingredient, salad dressing, or pickling agent. Various types are used as condiments or garnishes, including balsamic vinegar and malt vinegar.

As an easily manufactured mild acid, it has a wide variety of industrial and domestic uses, including functioning as a household cleaner.