hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Israel Aaron
Israel Aaron (born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania November 20, 1859 – 1912) was an American rabbi and scholar. His father was a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, where he served many years in the army, holding several minor military offices. After leaving the High School Israel, Aaron entered the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. From 1883 to 1887, he was rabbi in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and since 1887 was a Rabbi in Buffalo, New York. He wrote on "The Relation of the Jews and Arabs to the Renaissance," and "The Megillah of Saragossa," in the "Menorah"; also translations of Franz Delitzsch's "Colors in the Talmud" and J. Stern's "Woman's Place in the Talmud."

Scholar
A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate. Independent scholars and public intellectuals work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion.
Cesarewitch Handicap
The Cesarewitch Handicap is a flat handicap horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Newmarket over a distance of 2 miles and 2 furlongs (3,621 metres), and finishes on the Rowley Mile. It is scheduled to take place each year in October.

Handicap (horse racing)
A handicap race in horse racing is a race in which each horse is assigned a specific weight to carry, determined by its past performance and perceived ability. Stronger horses carry more weight, while less accomplished ones carry less. This system aims to equalize the chances of all horses in the race.

The skill in betting on a handicap race lies in predicting which horse can overcome its handicap. Although most handicap races are run for older, less valuable horses with less prize money, this is not true in all cases; some prestigious races are handicaps, such as the Grand National steeplechase, Betfair Stayers' Handicap Hurdle in the UK and the Melbourne Cup in Australia. In the United States, over 30 handicap races are classified as Grade I, the top level of the North American grading system.
2024 in Kunlun Fight
The year 2024 was the 11th year in the history of the Kunlun Fight, a kickboxing promotion based in China.

The events are broadcast on Jiangsu TV and streamed across ByteDance platforms Douyin, Xigua Video and Toutiao. The IBA Kunlun Fight World Cup events are broadcast in multiple countries including Russia on Match TV.

Toutiao
Toutiao (头条, "headlines") or Jinri Toutiao (今日头条, "Today's Headlines") is a Chinese news and information content platform, a core product of the China-based company ByteDance. By analyzing the features of content, users and users' interaction with content, the company's algorithm models generate a tailored feed list of content for each user.

Toutiao is one of China's largest mobile platforms of content creation, aggregation and distribution underpinned by machine learning techniques, with 120 million daily active users as of September 2017. It is also one of China's largest demand-side platforms.
James F. Allen (computer scientist)
James Frederick Allen (born 1950) is an American computational linguist recognized for his contributions to temporal logic, in particular Allen's interval algebra. He is interested in knowledge representation, commonsense reasoning, and natural language understanding, believing that "deep language understanding can only currently be achieved by significant hand-engineering of semantically-rich formalisms coupled with statistical preferences". He is the John H. Dessaurer Professor of Computer Science at the University of Rochester.

Temporal logic
In logic, temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time (for example, "I am always hungry", "I will eventually be hungry", or "I will be hungry until I eat something"). It is sometimes also used to refer to tense logic, a modal logic-based system of temporal logic introduced by Arthur Prior in the late 1950s, with important contributions by Hans Kamp. It has been further developed by computer scientists, notably Amir Pnueli, and logicians.

Temporal logic has found an important application in formal verification, where it is used to state requirements of hardware or software systems. For instance, one may wish to say that whenever a request is made, access to a resource is eventually granted, but it is never granted to two requestors simultaneously. Such a statement can conveniently be expressed in a temporal logic.
Samantha Harvey (singer)
Samantha Harvey (born 30 May 1993) is an English singer, songwriter, and YouTuber currently signed to Virgin EMI Records in the UK and Capitol Records in the US. She initially gained a following by posting covers of popular songs on her YouTube channel. Her independently released 2017 single, "Forgive Forget", peaked at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart. She released her first major label single, "Please", in February 2018. She followed that with her major label debut EP, also titled Please, in March 2018.

Virgin EMI Records
Virgin EMI Records was a British record label owned by the Universal Music Group that was formed in 2013. In June 2020, the label was rebranded as EMI Records, and operates Virgin Records as an imprint of the new EMI Records.
Half Note Club
40°43′32.5″N 74°0′28″W﻿ / ﻿40.725694°N 74.00778°W﻿ / 40.725694; -74.00778

The Half Note was a jazz club in New York City, New York that flourished in two Manhattan locations – from 1957 to 1972 in SoHo (then known as the Village) at 289 Hudson Street at Spring Street and from 1972 to 1974 in Midtown at 149 West 54th Street, one block west of the Museum of Modern Art.

Al Cohn
Alvin Gilbert Cohn (November 24, 1925 – February 15, 1988) was an American jazz saxophonist, arranger and composer. He came to prominence in the band of clarinetist Woody Herman and was known for his longtime musical partnership with fellow saxophonist Zoot Sims.
Stolzmann's crab-eating rat
Stolzmann's crab-eating rat  (Ichthyomys stolzmanni) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. The species is believed to be nocturnal and semiaquatic, and has been found at an elevation range of 900 to 1700 m. A survey in 2010 indicates that it is becoming a nuisance at local trout farms in the Peruvian puna.

Semiaquatic
In biology, being semiaquatic refers to various macro-organisms that live regularly in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. When referring to animals, the term describes those that actively spend part of their daily time in water (in which case they can also be called amphibious), or land animals that have spent at least one life stage (e.g. as eggs or larvae) in aquatic environments. When referring to plants, the term describes land plants whose roots have adapted well to tolerate regular, prolonged submersion in water, as well as emergent and (occasionally) floating-leaved aquatic plants that are only partially immersed in water.

Examples of semiaquatic animals and plants are given below.
Jõgisalu
Jõgisalu is an Estonian surname meaning "river grove"; a compound of jõgi (river) and salu (grove, coppice). The surname Jõgisalu is most commonly found in Lääne County, where 9.17 per 10,000 inhabitants of the county bear the surname.

Notable people bearing the surname Jõgisalu include:

Harri Jõgisalu (1922–2014), Estonian children's writer

Revo Jõgisalu (1976–2011), Estonian rapper

Harri Jõgisalu
Harri Jõgisalu (until 1936 Harri Konstabel; 24 August 1922 in Korju, Paadrema Parish, Lääne County – 18 September 2014) was an Estonian children's writer. He wrote mainly about nature and traditional rural life.

During World War II, he fought in the German army. From 1944 to 1946, he was a prisoner of war in Parakhino, Russia. In 1950, he graduated from Tallinn Teachers' Institute and in 1955 from the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute as a teacher of chemistry and biology. From 1947 to 1978, he taught at Märjamaa Secondary School.
2012 Sanriku earthquake
The  2012 Sanriku earthquake (三陸沖地震, Sanriku oki jishin) occurred near the city of Kamaishi, Japan, on December 7 at 17:18 JST. The magnitude 7.3 shock generated a small tsunami, with waves up to 1 m high, that hit Ishinomaki in Miyagi Prefecture. It occurred at a depth of 36 km within the Pacific plate and was the result of reverse faulting, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the Japan Trench.

Kamaishi, Iwate
Kamaishi (釜石市, Kamaishi-shi) is a city located on the Sanriku rias coast in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2020, the city had an estimated population of 32,609, and a population density of 74 persons per km2, in 16,230 households. The total area of the city is 441.43 square kilometres (170.44 sq mi)
Mizarai
Mizarai is a village in Druskininkai municipality, in Alytus County, in southern Lithuania. According to the 2021 census, the village has a population of 34 people.

Mizarai village is located c. 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Druskininkai.

Alytus County
Alytus County (Lithuanian: Alytaus apskritis) is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is the southernmost county, and its capital is the city of Alytus. Its territory lies within the ethnographic region of Dzūkija. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Alytus County remains as a territorial and statistical unit.

It borders the Vilnius County in the east, Marijampolė County and Kaunas County in the north, Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland in the west, and Grodno Region of Belarus in the south..
Caves (album)
Caves (stylized as CAVES) is the ninth studio album from American rock band Needtobreathe. It was released on September 15, 2023, by Drive All Night Records. The album features collaborations with Carly Pearce, Judah & the Lion, Old Dominion, and Foy Vance. It was produced by Cason Cooley and Needtobreathe.

Foy Vance
Foy Best Vance (born 18 November 1974) is an Irish musician and singer-songwriter, signed to Ed Sheeran's Gingerbread Man record label. Vance has toured as a support act to British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran and his music has been featured on numerous TV shows.

In August 2013 he released his second full-length album, Joy of Nothing, which was produced by Irish producer and arranger Michael Keeney and was met with critical praise, being called "a gorgeous collection of open, uplifting songs, which showcase [Vance's] magnificent songwriting skills." In May 2016, his third studio album The Wild Swan, produced and mixed by Jacquire King, was released and it was announced that Vance would support Elton John on selected tour dates in June and Josh Groban in July and August.
2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump
The men's high jump at the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships took place at Arena Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 1 March 2018.

The reigning outdoor world champion, Mutaz Essa Barshim of Qatar, led the field of eleven entries that year with his jump of 2.38 m (7 ft 9+1⁄2 in), set while winning the Asian indoor title. The previous world indoor champion, Italy's Gianmarco Tamberi, was not present to defend his title, though both minor medallists were present in Great Britain's Robert Grabarz and American Erik Kynard.

With the pits back to back in the center of the arena and no events on the track, the men shared center stage with the women's high jump.

Gianmarco Tamberi
Gianmarco Tamberi (Italian pronunciation: [dʒamˈmarko tamˈbɛːri]; born 1 June 1992) is an Italian high jumper, Olympic champion (2020), European outdoor champion (2024) and World outdoor champion (2023).

He won the 2021 Diamond League crown, becoming the first ever Italian to do so, and repeated this in 2022 and 2024.
WIOQ
WIOQ (102.1 FM) is a commercial radio station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station broadcasts a contemporary hit radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia.  The studios and offices are on Presidential Boulevard in Bala Cynwyd.  The station carries a mixture of local programming and nationally syndicated shows, including Elvis Duran and the Morning Show.

WIOQ has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 27,000 watts.  The transmitter site is located off Wigard Avenue in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia. WIOQ broadcasts using the HD Radio hybrid format, with the HD2 digital subchannel airing Russian language "Radio USA" and the HD3 subchannel carrying iHeart's LGBTQ national format "Pride Radio" with some local programming as well.

Digital subchannel
In broadcasting, digital subchannels are a method of transmitting more than one independent program stream simultaneously from the same digital radio or television station on the same radio frequency channel. This is done by using data compression techniques to reduce the size of each individual program stream, and multiplexing to combine them into a single signal. The practice is sometimes called "multicasting".
Michigan Wetland Management District
The Michigan Wetland Management District consists of a 14-county area and includes three waterfowl production areas (WPAs): the 160-acre (0.65 km2) Schlee WPA and the 138-acre (0.56 km2) Mahan WPA in Jackson County and the 77-acre (310,000 m2) Kinney WPA in Van Buren County. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, oversees day-to-day management of these three areas through a partnership with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Michigan has a fourth WPA, the 95-acre (380,000 m2) Schoonover WPA, in Lenawee County. Staff of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, located east of Toledo, Ohio, manages this WPA. All four sites are managed as a mixture of wetlands and grasslands to provide high-quality nesting and brood-rearing habitat for waterfowl and a variety of migratory songbirds.

Lenawee County, Michigan
Lenawee County (/ˈlɛnəweɪ/ LEN-ə-way) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 99,423. The county seat is Adrian. The county was created in 1822, from territory partitioned from Monroe County. Its governing structure was organized in 1826.

Lenawee County comprises the Adrian, Michigan, micropolitan statistical area. It is served by the Toledo Media market. Lenawee County is home to the Potawatomi, Ottawa, Chippewa, Iroquois, Miami, Sauk, Fox, Mascoutens, and Huron tribes.
David Dallas
David Dallas (born 28 August, 1982) is a New Zealand rapper and songwriter of Samoan and European descent. He began his career under the stage name Con Psy, as part of the rap group Frontline, before changing his stage name to his birth name and pursuing a solo career.

P-Money
Peter Wadams (born 25 February 1978), better known by his stage name P-Money, is a New Zealand DJ and producer.

In 2008 P-Money released the single "Everything", which featured the New Zealand R&B singer Vince Harder. The song reached number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart for three weeks that year.

He is also known for his early collaborative work with New Zealand rapper Scribe. This including Scribe's 2003 single that P-Money produced, "Not Many".
P-Money is also credited as co-writer and producer on the 2017 single "Call on Me" by Australian singer Starley.
Clondahorky
Clondahorky (Irish: Cluain Dá Chorcach) is a parish in County Donegal, Ireland. It is in the Diocese of Raphoe. It is also a civil parish in the barony of Kilmacrenan. Dunfanaghy is the principal town.

Kilmacrenan (barony)
Kilmacrenan (Irish: Cill Mhic Réanáin), sometimes spelled Kilmacrennan, is a barony in County Donegal, Ireland. Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units, which acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in the 19th century before being superseded by higher units under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. Kilmacrenan is the largest barony in Ireland by land area.
SA postcode area
The SA postcode area, also known as the Swansea postcode area, is a group of 51 postcode districts for post towns Aberaeron, Ammanford, Boncath, Burry Port, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Clynderwen, Crymych, Ferryside, Fishguard, Glogue, Goodwick, Haverfordwest, Kidwelly, Kilgetty, Lampeter, Llanarth, Llandeilo, Llandovery, Llandysul, Llanelli, Llanfyrnach, Llangadog, Llangrannog, Llansaint, Llanwrda, Llanybydder, Milford Haven, Narberth, Neath, New Quay, Newcastle Emlyn, Newport, Pembroke, Pembroke Dock, Pencader, Pontardawe, Port Talbot, Saundersfoot, Swansea, Tenby and Whitland forming south-west Wales.

Kilgetty
Kilgetty (Welsh: Cilgeti; Welsh pronunciationⓘ) is a village immediately north of Saundersfoot in Pembrokeshire, Wales, at the junction of the A477 between St. Clears and Pembroke Dock and the A478 between Tenby and Cardigan.
Germany men's national volleyball team
The Germany men's national volleyball team represents Germany in international volleyball competitions. It is governed by the German Volleyball Association. Germany won the gold medal at the 1970 World Championship as East Germany and the bronze medal at the 2014 World Championship.

After German reunification, West Germany (1949–1990) was renamed Germany and they absorbed East Germany (1949–1990) with the records. Since 1992 they have appeared at the Olympic Games on two occasions, finishing with a ninth place at Beijing 2008 and a fifth place at London 2012. However, Germany have enjoyed some recent success on the continental stage, winning gold at the 2015 European Games and silver at the 2017 European Championship.
Before reunification, East Germany finished fourth at Mexico City 1968, before winning the silver medal at Munich 1972. East Germany were also crowned FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship and clinched the FIVB World Cup in 1969.

Volleyball at the Summer Olympics
Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics program for both men and women consistently since 1964.

Brazil, France, the United States and the former Soviet Union are the only teams to win multiple gold medals at the men's tournament since its introduction. The remaining six editions of the Men's Olympic Volleyball Tournament were won each by a different country including Japan, Poland, Netherlands, Russia and the defunct Yugoslavia.

Gold medals are less evenly distributed in women's volleyball than in men's; the sixteen editions of the Women's Olympic Volleyball Tournament were won by seven countries: Brazil, Cuba, China, Japan, Italy, the United States and the former Soviet Union.
Seaview Golf Club
The Seaview Golf Club is the owner of Liberia's only 18-hole golf course, located opposite the Unity Conference Center and situated on one hundred acres of landscape where the St. Paul River empties into the Atlantic Ocean in  Virginia, Montserrado County, Liberia. It is located about 6 miles (10 km) northwest of downtown Monrovia, the capital of the West African Republic of Liberia, near the abandoned Hotel Africa.

The Seaview Golf Course was formally established in June 2004 by the Liberia Golf Association under the Chairmanship of Dr. C Nelson Oniyama.

Another golf course in Liberia is on the premises of the Firestone plantation in Harbel in Margibi County.

Saint Paul River
The Saint Paul River is a river of western Africa.  Its headwaters are in southeastern Guinea.  Its upper portion in Guinea is known as the Diani River or Niandi River, and forms part of the boundary between Guinea and Liberia. It is known locally as the Du by the Gola people in Liberia.

The river then enters Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga and crosses Liberia in a southwesterly direction.  It empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Mesurado in Monrovia near Bushrod Island, separating Monrovia from its suburb Brewerville.
Mitch Murray
Mitch Murray CBE (born Lionel Michael Stitcher; 30 January 1940) is an English songwriter, record producer and author. He has won two Ivor Novello Awards, including the Jimmy Kennedy Award.  Murray has written, or co-written, songs that have produced five UK and three US chart-topping records. He has also been awarded the Gold Badge of Merit by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.

The Ivors Academy
The Ivors Academy (formerly known as British Academy of Songwriters Composers and Authors – BASCA) is one of the largest professional associations for music writers in Europe. The academy works to protect and support and also campaigns the interests of songwriters, lyricists, and composers. It represents the music writers of all genres and has approximately 2,000 members.
Mark Lauby
Mark Gerald Lauby is an electrical engineer working for the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in Atlanta, Georgia where he is senior vice president and chief engineer. Lauby was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2012 for his work in the development and application of techniques for bulk power system reliability. He also received the IEEE PES Roy Billinton Award in 2014 for his contribution to reliability of electric power systems and currently is a committee member for the award. In 2020, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) elected Mr. Lauby as a member, citing his development and application of techniques for electrical grid reliability analysis.

Power system reliability
The power system reliability (sometimes grid reliability) is the probability of a normal operation of the electrical grid at a given time. Reliability indices characterize the ability of the electrical system to supply customers with electricity as needed by measuring the frequency, duration, and scale of supply interruptions.  Traditionally two interdependent components of the power system reliability are considered:

power system adequacy, a presence in the system of sufficient amounts of generation and transmission capacity;

power system security (also called operational reliability), an ability of the system to withstand real-time contingencies (adverse events, e.g., an unexpected loss of generation capacity).

Ability of the system to limit the scale and duration of a power interruption is called resiliency. The same term is also used to describe the reaction of the system to the truly catastrophic events.
Challuma
Challuma (possibly from Aymara ch'alla sand, uma water, "sand water") is a 5,187-metre-high (17,018 ft) mountain in the Andes of southern Peru near a lake of the same name. It is situated in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Carumas District, and in the Tacna Region, Candarave Province, Candarave District. It lies northeast of the mountain Churilaca.

Challuma is also the name of the valley on the south side of the mountain. Its intermittent stream flows to a small lake named Challuma which lies in the Candarave District at 16°49′27″S 70°19′44″W﻿ / ﻿16.82417°S 70.32889°W﻿ / -16.82417; -70.32889.

Department of Moquegua
Moquegua (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈkeɣwa] ⓘ; Mukiwa (Aymara); Muqiwa (Quechua)) is a department of Peru. It is located in the country's south, extending from the coast to its highlands. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Moquegua, which is among the main Peruvian cities for its high rates of GDP and national education.