hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge
Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge is located along the Sacramento River in the Sacramento Valley of California. Landscape is very flat, bordered by the Sierra and Coast ranges, with intensive agriculture (rice, with walnut, almond, and prune orchards along the river). This riparian community is one of the most important wildlife habitats in California and North America.

The refuge is currently in an active acquisition phase, and includes the Llano Seco Unit. Large-scale riparian habitat restoration is ongoing. Riparian habitat along the Sacramento River is critically important for various threatened species, fisheries, migratory birds, plants, and the natural system of the river itself.

Threatened species
A threatened species is any species (including animals, plants and fungi) which is vulnerable to extinction in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of critical depensation, a mathematical measure of biomass related to population growth rate. This quantitative metric is one method of evaluating the degree of endangerment without direct reference to human activity.
AT&T Internet
AT&T Internet is an AT&T brand of broadband internet service. Previously, AT&T Internet was branded as U-verse Internet and bundled with U-verse TV, which was spun off into the newly independent DirecTV in 2021. AT&T Internet plans powered by fiber-optic cable use the AT&T Fiber brand.

Arris International
Arris International Limited (styled as ARRIS) was an American telecommunications equipment company engaged in data, video and telephony systems for homes and businesses.

On April 4, 2019, Arris was acquired by network infrastructure provider CommScope. Arris now is a brand name by CommScope.
Soft commodity
Soft commodities, or softs, are commodities such as coffee, cocoa, sugar, corn, wheat, soybean, fruit and livestock. The term generally refers to commodities that are grown, rather than mined; the latter (such as oil, copper and gold) are known as hard commodities.

Soft commodities play a major part in the futures market. They are used by farmers wishing to lock-in the future prices of their crops, by commercial purchasers of the products, and by speculative investors seeking a profit. The adjective "soft" is occasionally only applied to products that are classified as largely tropical, such coffee, chocolate, sugar, cotton, and orange juice.

Soft commodities have been known to adopt a backwardation trend until the late 1990s when futures were actively traded. Speculation and investment requirements later shaped the common contango trend.

Crop
A crop is a plant or plant product harvested for human use. Crops are cultivated at scale to produce food, fiber, fuel, and other products. Crops have been central to human civilization since the first agricultural revolution, a key stage in the broader history of agriculture, when early societies domesticated plants for food and trade. Today, a small number of staple crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and sugarcane account for the majority of global production. Because of their economic importance, crops are studied within several scientific disciplines, including agronomy, agricultural science, horticulture, and forestry.
Chentshin
Chentshin  is the name of a Polish Hasidic dynasty founded by the Rebbe Chayim Shmuel Szternfeld. Chentshin is the Yiddish name of Chęciny, a town in present-day Poland.

Rebbe Szternfeld was a great-grandson of the Chozeh of Lublin. He was known for his great love for the Land of Israel and he kept a clock in his house which told local time in the Land of Israel.

The mantle of rebbe was eventually adopted by the Ozherov rebbe, so that Rabbi Moshe Yechiel Halevi Epstein (previous) and Rabbi Tanchum Becker (current) are the rebbes of Ozherov-Chenchin. 
Rabbi Pinchus Elchonon Mandelbaum (current) Rabbe of Chenchin in America Montebello N.Y. A Grandson of Rabbi Yosef Baruch Glickman-Rubin who was a Grandson of Rabbe Yehoshua Heshel of Chentshin the oldest son of Rebbe Chayim Shmuel of chentshin

Rabbi Moshe Yechiel Epstein's father was a son-in-law of Rebbe Chayim Shmuel of Chentshin.

Rebbe
A rebbe (Yiddish: רבי, romanized: rebe) or admor (Hebrew: אדמו״ר) is the spiritual leader in the Hasidic movement, and the personalities  of its dynasties. The titles of rebbe and admor, which used to be a general honorific even before the beginning of the movement, became, over time, almost exclusively identified with its Tzadikim.
Department of Communications and Digital Technologies
The Department of Communications and Digital Technologies (formerly the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services and the Department of Communications) is one of the departments of the South African government. It is responsible for overseeing the South African communications, telecommunications, broadcasting, and postal industries.

The political head of the department is the Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies, who is assisted by a deputy minister. As of August 2021 the minister is Khumbudzo Ntshavheni and her deputy is Philly Mapulane.

In 2014, then-President Jacob Zuma renamed the original Department of Communications to the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services, at the same time creating a new Department of Communications with different responsibilities, including propaganda.

In June 2019, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the two departments would be merged to create the Department of Communications and Digital Technologies.

Philly Mapulane
Mohlopi Philemon Mapulane (born 1972) is a South African politician who is the current Deputy Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies and a member of the National Assembly of South Africa for the African National Congress. He previously served as Chairperson of the Ad Hoc Joint Committee on Appointment of Board Members to the National Youth Development Agency from 2016 to 2019, as Chairperson of the  Portfolio Committee on Environmental Affairs from 2016 to 2019, as Chairperson of the Portfolio Committee on Higher Education, Science and Technology from 2019 to 2021, and as Chairperson of the Powers and Privileges of Parliament Committee from 2020 to 2021.

Prior to his election to the National Assembly, he served as deputy speaker of the North West Provincial Legislature.
Kells Academy
Kells Academy is an English-language academic high school, middle school and elementary school in Montreal, Quebec. The campuses are all located on De Maisonneuve West in Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Montréal, Québec. The school offers coed programs for kindergarten to grade 12.

Founded in 1978 by Irene Woods, the school is currently headed by Linda Leiberman.

Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (French: [kot de nɛːʒ nɔtʁə dam də ɡʁɑs], locally [koʊ̯t de naɪ̯ʒ nɔtʁ̥œ̈ dam dœ̈ ɡʁɑːs]) is a borough (arrondissement) of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The borough was created following the 2002 municipal reorganization of Montreal. It comprises two main neighbourhoods, Côte-des-Neiges and Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, both former towns that were annexed by the city of Montreal in 1910.

Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is the most populous borough of Montreal, with a population of 170,583  according to the 2021 Census. It is an ethnically diverse borough, and there is also a large student population due to the presence of two universities, Université de Montréal and the Loyola campus of Concordia University.
Reserve Infantry Division of Duyun
The formation of the 4th Reserve Division of Kunming Military Region(Chinese: 昆明军区预备役第4师) started from March 1983 in Duyun, Guizhou. The division was then composed of:

10th Regiment - Fuquan

11th Regiment - Huishui

12th Regiment - Dushan

The division was redesignated as the Reserve Infantry Division of Duyun(Chinese: 都匀陆军预备役步兵师) in July 1984. An artillery regiment was activated in the same month. All regiments under the division were redesignated as follow:

1st Regiment - Fuquan

2nd Regiment - Huishui

3rd Regiment - former 12th, at Dushan County

Artillery Regiment - Guiding County

The division was redesignated as the Reserve Infantry Division of Duyun(Chinese: 都匀陆军预备役步兵师) in late 1985.

The division was likely disbanded in 1998.

Duyun
Duyun (simplified Chinese: 都匀; traditional Chinese: 都勻; pinyin: Dūyún) is the capital city of Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Guizhou province, China.

The area surrounding the city was affected by the Miao rebellion of 1735–36. The city participated in the uprising from the early stages until it was forcefully repressed the following year.
Phillip Abbott Luce
Phillip Abbott Luce (October 17, 1935 – December 9, 1998) was an American author, lecturer and political organizer who had earlier taken leadership roles in communist organizations, mostly the pro-Red Chinese Progress Labor Movement (PLM), only to repudiate them by early 1965. He was indicted in 1963 as one of the main leaders and spokesman for an unauthorized trip to communist Cuba that arranged an audience with Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. He was later acquitted in a 1967 U.S. Supreme Court decision, which ruled that "Crimes are not to be created by inference." After his split from PLM, Luce became a leading campus activist in the conservative Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), gravitating towards libertarianism by 1970, speaking at the "Left-Right Festival of Liberation" conference in 1970, later known as part of the libertarian Future of Freedom Conference series.

Young Americans for Freedom
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) is a conservative youth educational activism  organization that was founded in 1960 as a coalition between traditional conservatives and libertarians on American college campuses. It is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and the chapter affiliate of Young America's Foundation. The purposes of YAF are to advocate public policies consistent with the Sharon Statement, which was adopted by young conservatives at a meeting at the home of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut, on September 11, 1960.

While the 1960s were its most successful years in terms of numbers and influence, YAF has experienced a resurgence in recent years, becoming active as a national organization with chapters on college and high school campuses throughout the United States. YAF's official publication is The New Guard.
Johannes Hentenius
Johannes Hentenius (John Henten, born 1499 at Nalinnes, now in Belgium; died 10 October 1566, at Leuven) was a Flemish Dominican Biblical exegete. He is well known for his edition of the Vulgate in 1547.

Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes
Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes (French pronunciation: [am syʁ œʁ nalin]; Walloon: Han-so-Eure-Nålene) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On January 1, 2018, Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes had a total population of 13,529. The land area is 45.68 km2 (18 sq mi), which gives a population density of 293 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Cour-sur-Heure (Walloon: Cour), Ham-sur-Heure (Han-so-Eure), Jamioulx (Djanmioû), Marbaix-la-Tour (Marbwê) and Nalinnes (Nålene).
Fittja gård
Fittja gård is a former manor, coaching inn and station for post riders in Fittja, Botkyrka Municipality, Stockholm County, east-central Sweden. Fittja Värdshus, attached to it, was one of the largest travellers' hostels in Sweden during the 17th and 18th centrum. From 1660 to 1916 the Tingsrätt (district court) for the Svartlösa Hundred was located on the estate, and the present Fittja gård dates to 1812. According to the Stockholm County Museum, the buildings are well-preserved and valued as a cultural heritage. Fittja gård is the headquarters of a mångkulturellt centrum (multicultural centre) founded in 1987.

Stockholm County Museum
Stockholm County Museum (Swedish: Stockholms läns museum) is the regional museum of Stockholm County, Sweden.

Stockholm County Museum is a fully digital museum. On the website and through its other digital channels, the museum convey knowledge about culture heritage, places to visit and showcase the county's public art. Together with the residents of the county and other stakeholders, Stockholm County Museum seeks out, develops, and conveys relevant knowledge about the regional cultural heritage.

The museum is actively collecting digitally born photographs from the county residents through the Samtidsbild initiative, a collaboration with the residents of the county. The samtidsbild app is free of charge.

Since 2021, the county museum is a part of Region Stockholm cultural administration.
Lake Kwangpo
Lake Kwangpo lies near the coast of South Hamgyong Province of North Korea.  A 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) site encompassing the lake, including adjacent rice paddies and the 2,000-hectare (4,900-acre) Lake Kwangpo Protected Area, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports populations of various water- and wetland birds.  Birds for which the site is of conservation significance include swan geese, greater white-fronted geese, mute swans, whooper swans, grey herons, Swinhoe's rails, white-naped cranes and red-crowned cranes.

White-naped crane
The white-naped crane (Antigone vipio) is a bird in the crane family, Gruidae. It breeds in shallow wetlands and wet meadows in northeastern Mongolia, northeastern China, and adjacent areas of southeastern Russia. It is a large bird measuring 112–125 cm (44–49 in) long, about 130 cm (4.3 ft) tall, and weighing about 5.6 kg (12 lb), with pinkish legs, a grey-and-white-striped neck, and a red face patch.
Taiwanese resistance to Japanese colonialism
The Taiwanese resistance to Japanese colonialism is a series of resistance movements that took place during the period of Japanese rule in Taiwan. Most of the violent conflicts took place between 1895 and 1915, the first 20 years of Japanese rule over Taiwan. which can be roughly divided into three stages: The first stage was the Yiwei War from May to October 1895 to defend the Republic of Formosa; the second stage was the anti-Japanese guerrilla war from immediately after the disestablishment of the Republic of Formosa to 1902, with armed revolts almost every year; the third stage was from the Beipu uprising in 1907 to the Tapani incident in 1915.  Afterwards, the Han people's anti-Japanese movement turned into a nonviolent form to safeguard their own culture and political participation, while the indigenous people still had armed conflicts with the Government-General of Taiwan, the most notable of which was the Musha Incident.

Qiu Fengjia
Qiu Fengjia (Chinese: 丘逢甲; pinyin: Qiū Féngjiǎ; Wade–Giles: Ch'iu Feng-chia; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hiû Fùng-kap; 26 December 1864 – 25 February 1912) was a Taiwanese-born Chinese politician, educator, and poet. He was of ethnic Hakka descent.
Mozambique thicket rat
The Mozambique thicket rat (Grammomys cometes) is an African species of rodent in the mouse family, Muridae.
It is found in Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

Muridae
The Muridae, or murids, are either the largest or second-largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing approximately 870 species, including many species of mice, rats, and gerbils found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.

The name Muridae comes from the Latin mus (genitive muris), meaning "mouse", since all true mice belong to the family, with the more typical mice belonging to the genus Mus.
Pharsatikar
Pharsatikar (named Suddodhan in 2018) is a Rural municipality in Rupandehi District, Lumbini Province of southern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 9,663 people living in 1992 individual households. Before some years, people here used to be mostly Tharus but due to, the huge agricultural possibility and a very good environment that it serves to the people staying here, its population has found to be increased with mostly people shifted here from Myanmar in late 80's along with Paharis migrating from the neighbouring districts.

Pahari people (Nepal)
The Pahadi people (Devanagari: पहाडी; IPA: [pahaɽi]; Pahāḍi, also called Pahadi and Parbati) are an Indo-Aryan group living in the hilly region (Pahad) of Nepal. Most Paharis, however, identify as members of constituent subgroups and castes within the larger Pahari community such as Brahmin (Bahun in Nepal), Kshatriya (Chhetri in Nepal) and Dalits.

The name Pahadi derives from pahad (पहाड), meaning "hill", and corresponds to the Hill Region foothills of the Himalayas where the Paharis live. Nepali interpretation generally includes Pahari as constituting the dominant Khas, indicating a contrast to that of these Indo-Aryan ethnicities with that of the Tibetan or Janjati origins like Magar, Tamang, Gurung, Kirat, among others. Pahari may also contrast geography alone.
St. Thomas Curling Classic
The St. Thomas Curling Classic (previously Roy Inch & Sons Service Experts Classic and the Arctic Snowplows Classic before 2014) is a bonspiel, part of the men's Ontario Curling Tour. The event is held in October and takes place at the St. Thomas Curling Club in St. Thomas, Ontario.

In the past, the event has been open to both men's and women's teams. In 2013, Sherry Middaugh's team made it all the way to the final. That year, 4 of the 16 teams entered were women's rinks.

Bonspiel
A bonspiel is a curling tournament, consisting of several games, often held on a weekend. Until the 20th century most bonspiels were held outdoors, on a frozen freshwater loch. Today almost all bonspiels are held indoors on specially prepared artificial ice.
Kompanieführer
Kompanieführer ("company leader") is a German paramilitary title that has existed since the First World War.  Originally, the title of Kompanieführer was held by the officer commanding an infantry company (most often a Hauptmann or Oberleutnant.  After the close of World War I, the title became the first of several officer ranks in the Freikorps.

The last usage of Kompanieführer, as a paramilitary title, was in 1944 and 1945 when the position was held by company commanders of Volkssturm units.  Due to the title's use of the word "Führer", the title of Kompanieführer is no longer employed in the modern day military of Germany. Today the title is sometimes used by Schützenvereine (shooting societies).

Oberleutnant
Oberleutnant (English: First Lieutenant) is a senior lieutenant officer rank in the German-speaking armed forces of Germany (Bundeswehr), the Austrian Armed Forces, and the Swiss Armed Forces. In Austria, Oberleutnant is also a designation for certain positions in the federal police and prison guards. In the former West Germany, it was also a rank in the Federal Border Protection (Bundesgrenzschutz).
Battle of Shaho
The Battle of Shaho (Japanese: 沙河会戦 (Saka no kaisen), Russian: Сражение на реке Шахе) was the second large-scale land battle of the Russo-Japanese War fought along a 37-mile (60 km) front centered at the Shaho River along the Mukden–Port Arthur spur of the China Far East Railway north of Liaoyang, Manchuria.

Lüshunkou, Dalian
Lüshunkou District (also Lyushunkou District; 旅顺口区), commonly known as Lüshun (旅顺), is a district of Dalian, Liaoning province, China. The district has an area of 512.15 km2 (197.74 sq mi) and a permanent population of 398,579 as of 2020.

Lüshunkou is located at the extreme southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula. It has a natural harbor, the possession and control of which became a casus belli of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). Japanese and then Russian administration was established in 1895 and continued until 1905 when control was ceded to Japan. During that period, it was world-famous and was more significant than the other port on the peninsula, Dalian proper.

Lüshunkou was formerly known as both Port Arthur (Russian: Порт-Артур, romanized: Port-Artur) and Ryojun (Japanese: 旅順). After World War II, it was returned to China as Lüshun City. In 1960, Lüshun was redesignated as a district of Dalian (known as Lüda until 1981).
Creigiau railway station
Creigiau railway station was a railway station in Creigiau in south Wales. It was on the Barry Railway between Efail Isaf and Wenvoe, which ran broadly north–south through Creigiau. To the east of the station, a second former line headed north-west towards Llantrisant, and south-east towards Cardiff. There was no connection between these lines; the Barry Railway line passed over the former Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway's and later Taff Vale Railway's Waterhall branch to the north of the station.  During the Second World War, the station was used to transfer American military to the nearby hospital at Rhydlafar. The Railway closed in 1962.

Both platforms remain, albeit rather overgrown. The site of the station buildings and yard is now used by a coach operator.

Efail Isaf
Efail Isaf is a village located to the south of Llantwit Fardre in south Wales. It is located in the County Borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf. The former Barry Railway ran nearby.  Efail Isaf has a village hall
Hew Dalrymple (advocate)
Captain Hew Dalrymple (sometimes spelt Hugh; 1727 – 1774) was a Scottish advocate and poet who from 1771 served as Attorney General of Grenada. He was born on 12 July 1727, the eldest surviving son of Robert Dalrymple, Writer to the Signet, and his wife Anne Kennedy. He married Grissel, daughter of Col. Robert Brown, 43rd Foot, from whom he later separated, and by whom he had two sons and two daughters:  Jacintha Catherine Hesketh Dalrymple and the younger courtesan Grace Elliott.

Dalrymple graduated LLD in 1771. He was involved in the great Douglas case.

Douglas Cause
The Douglas Cause was a cause célèbre and legal struggle in Scotland during the 1760s. The main parties were Archibald Douglas (1748–1827) and James Douglas-Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton (1755–1769). The affair gripped the nation, leading to death threats and rioting.
Kevin Szott
Kevin Szott (born April 14, 1963) is an American Paralympic judoka, former goalball player, shot put thrower and football offensive lineman. He is the older brother of Dave Szott who he played American football with while they were growing up, Kevin played for St Lawrence University as an offensive lineman in 1982 and was a strength coach for the Penn State Nittany Lions football team. He received a master's degree from Penn State in exercise physiology in 1989.

Penn State Nittany Lions football
The Penn State Nittany Lions team represents the Pennsylvania State University in college football. The Nittany Lions compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Big Ten Conference, which they joined in 1993 after playing as an Independent from 1892 to 1992.

Established in 1887, the Nittany Lions have achieved numerous on-field successes, including two consensus national championships in 1982 and 1986; four Big Ten Conference championships in 1994, 2005, 2008 and 2016; 13 undefeated seasons in 1887, 1894, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1920, 1921, 1947, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994; and 53 appearances in college bowl games, with an all-time post-season bowl record of 32–20–2. The team ranks seventh among NCAA Division I college football programs in all-time total wins.

The Nittany Lions play their home games at Beaver Stadium, located on campus in University Park, Pennsylvania.