hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Butanediol fermentation
2,3-Butanediol fermentation is anaerobic fermentation of glucose with 2,3-butanediol as one of the end products. The overall stoichiometry of the reaction is

2 pyruvate + NADH --> 2CO2 + 2,3-butanediol.

Butanediol fermentation is typical for the facultative anaerobes Klebsiella and Enterobacter and is tested for using the Voges–Proskauer (VP) test. There are other alternative strains that can be used, talked about in details in the Alternative Bacteria Strains section below.

The metabolic function of 2,3-butanediol is not known, although some have speculated that it was an evolutionary advantage for these microorganisms to produce a neutral product that's less inhibitory than other partial oxidation products and doesn't reduce the pH as much as mixed acids.

There are many important industrial applications that butanediol can be used for, including antifreeze, food additives, antiseptic, and pharmaceuticals. It also is produced naturally in various places of the environment.

Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOO−, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell.

Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation.

Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking.
Watch 1505
The Watch 1505 /ˌwɒtʃ fɪfˈtiːn ˈəʊ ˈfɑːɪv/ (also named PHN1505 or Pomander Watch of 1505) is the world's first watch. It was crafted by the German inventor, locksmith, and watchmaker Peter Henlein from Nuremberg, during the year 1505, in the early German Renaissance period, as part of the Northern Renaissance. However, other German clockmakers were creating miniature timepieces during this period, and there is no definite evidence Henlein was the first. It is the oldest watch in the world that still works. The watch is a small fire-gilded copper sphere, an oriental pomander, and combines German engineering with Oriental influences.
In 1987, the watch reappeared at an antiques and flea market in London. The initial price estimation for this watch is between 50 and 80 million dollars (May 2014).

Ismail al-Jazari
Badīʿ az-Zaman Abu l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206, Arabic: بَدِيعُ الزَّمانِ أَبُو العِزِّ بْنُ إسْماعِيلَ بْنِ الرَّزَّازِ الجَزَرِيّ, [ældʒæzæriː]) was a polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan and artist from the Artuqid Dynasty of Jazira in Mesopotamia. He is best known for writing The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Arabic: كتاب في معرفة الحيل الهندسية, romanized: Kitab fi ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiya, lit. 'Book in knowledge of engineering tricks', also known as Automata) in 1206, where he described 50 mechanical devices, along with instructions on how to construct them. One of his more famous inventions is the elephant clock. He has been described as the "father of robotics" and modern day engineering.
Russian ship Admiral Lazarev
Four ships of the Imperial Russian Navy, Soviet Navy and Russian Navy have been named after Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.

Russian monitor Admiral Lazarev – the lead ship of her class of monitor

Russian cruiser Admiral Lazarev – an Admiral Nakhimov-class light cruiser subsequently named Krasnyi Kavkaz

Soviet cruiser Admiral Lazarev – a Sverdlov-class cruiser

Russian battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev – a Kirov-class missile cruiser originally named Frunze

Admiral Lazarev-class monitor
The Admiral Lazarev class was a pair of monitors built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the late 1860s, which designated them as armored turret frigates. Four ships were ordered, but the last two were significantly modified during construction and became the separate Admiral Spiridov class. The sister ships were assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and remained there for their entire careers. Aside from one accidental collision, their careers were uneventful. They were reclassified as coast-defense ironclads in 1892 before they became training ships later that decade. The Admiral Lazarevs were stricken from the Navy List in 1907 and 1909; both were sold for scrap in 1912.
Donald D. Lundrigan
Donald D. Lundrigan (October 28, 1910 – December 25, 1990) was an American lawyer and politician.

Lundrigan was born in Cass Lake, Minnesota and received his law degree in 1935 from the University of Minnesota Law School. He was admitted to the Minnesota bar. He lived with his wife and family in Walker, Minnesota. Lundrigan served in the United States Navy during World War and was commissioned a lieutenant. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1937 to 1940. Lundrigan died in Crow Wing County, Minnesota.

World war
A world war is an international conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers. Conventionally, the term is reserved for the two major international conflicts that occurred during the first half of the 20th century: World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945). Some historians have also characterized other global conflicts as world wars, such as the Cold War and the War on terror.
Behta Hajipur
Behta Hajipur is a census town in the Loni block of Ghaziabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR). At one end (southwest), the town's boundary terminates at National Highway 709B, which connects Delhi to Saharanpur, and at the other end (northeast), the boundary ends at Loni-Ghaziabad Road. It also share its territories with the neighboring census town, Mandoli.

Mandoli, Delhi
Mandoli is a town in Shahdara district in the Indian territory of Delhi. It is an early historic site in east Delhi. It is towards east of Yamuna River near Nand Nagari about 14 km from Delhi Railway Station on Delhi-Ghaziabad highway. Its PIN code is 110093.

Mandoli has one of 3 prison complexes within Delhi, other being Tihar Prisons and Rohini.
Hermann Prey
Hermann Prey ([praɪ] Berlin, 11 July 1929 – Krailling, 22 July 1998) was a German lyric baritone, who was equally at home in the Lied, operatic and concert repertoires. His American debut was in November 1952, with the Philadelphia Orchestra and Eugene Ormandy, and his American recital debut took place in 1956, at New York's Carnegie Hall. As a Lieder singer, he was a gifted interpreter of Schubert, including his song-cycles Die schöne Müllerin and Die Winterreise and the collection of songs Schwanengesang, as well as of Robert Schumann, Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler. He also appeared frequently as a soloist in Bach's Passions and Brahms' A German Requiem.

A German Requiem (Brahms)
A German Requiem, to Words of the Holy Scriptures, Op. 45 (German: Ein deutsches Requiem, nach Worten der heiligen Schrift) by Johannes Brahms, is a large-scale work for chorus, orchestra, and soprano and baritone soloists, composed between 1865 and 1868. It comprises seven movements, which together last 65 to 80 minutes, making this work both Brahms's longest composition and largest-ensemble work. A German Requiem is sacred but non-liturgical, and unlike a long tradition of the Latin Requiem, A German Requiem, as its title states, is set in the German language.
Skyscraper Caper
Skyscraper Caper is a 1968 Warner Bros.-Seven Arts Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Alex Lovy. The short was released on March 9, 1968, and stars Daffy Duck and Speedy Gonzales. It was the penultimate cartoon in the Daffy/Speedy series, and the only one where the two are never adversaries at any point in the cartoon.

Alex Lovy
Alexander Lovy (September 2, 1913 – February 14, 1992) was an American animator. He spent the majority of his career as an animator and director at Walter Lantz Productions. He was later a producer at Hanna-Barbera, and also supervised the cartoon unit at Warner Bros. during its final days.
2016 Afghan Premier League
The 2016 Afghan Premier League tournament was the fifth edition of Afghan Premier League annual association football club competitions established in 2012. The tournament started on 25 August 2016 with the same 8 team and two groups configuration as the 2016 tournament.

De Spin Ghar Bazan F.C. unsuccessfully defended in Group B their 2015 title taking a fourth place. Shaheen Asmayee successfully pursued its third League title on 30 September 2016 against De Maiwand Atalan, 2–1. Shaheen Asmayee qualified for the 2017 AFC Cup, the first time an Afghan team was to compete in the AFC Cup.

De Spin Ghar Bazan FC
De Spin Ghar Bazan Football Club (Pashto: د سپین غر بازان) or the Spin Ghar Hawks, is a professional football team in Afghanistan. It last played in the Afghan Premier League, the Afghan league for association football clubs.
Uluscherga
Uluscherga (Russian: Улусчерга; Altay: Улус-Чаргы, Ulus-Çargı) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Uluscherginskoye Rural Settlement, Shebalinsky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 301 as of 2016. There are 6 streets.

Shebalinsky District
Shebalinsky District (Russian: Шебали́нский райо́н; Altay: Шабалин аймак, romanized: Şabalin aymak; Kazakh: Шибалы ауданы, Şibaly audany) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Altai Republic, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic. The area of the district is 3,794 square kilometers (1,465 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Shebalino. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 13,596, with the population of Shebalino accounting for 36.2% of that number.
1989–90 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup
The 1989/90 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the eleventh World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 8 December 1989 and ended on 16 March 1990. This season included four disciplines: aerials, moguls, ballet and combined.

Mogul skiing
Mogul skiing, commonly shortened to moguls, is a freestyle skiing competition consisting of one timed run of free skiing on a steep, bumpy course, stressing technical turns, aerial maneuvers and speed. Internationally, the sport is contested at the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships, and at the Winter Olympic Games.

Moguls are a series of bumps on a piste formed when skiers push snow into mounds as they do sharp turns. This tends to happen naturally as skiers use the slope but they can also be constructed artificially. Once formed, a naturally occurring mogul tends to grow as skiers follow similar paths around it, further deepening the surrounding grooves known as troughs. Since skiing tends to be a series of linked turns, moguls form together to create a bump field.

The term mogul is from the Bavarian/Austrian German word Mugel, meaning 'mound, hillock'.
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2002
The 8th Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 2002, were given on January 6, 2003. The organization, founded in 1990, includes 59 film critics for print, radio, television, and internet publications based in north Texas.

2002 in film
2002 in film is an overview of events, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies, festivals, a list of country- and genre- specific lists of films released, notable deaths and film debuts. Paramount Pictures and Universal Pictures celebrated their 90th anniversaries in 2002.
Axis leaders of World War II
The Axis powers of World War II was established with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940 and pursued a strongly militarist and nationalist ideology; with a policy of anti-communism. During the early phase of the war, puppet governments were established in their occupied nations. When the war ended, many of them faced trials for war crimes. The chief leaders were Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, Benito Mussolini of the Kingdom of Italy, and Hirohito of the Empire of Japan. Unlike what happened with the Allies, there was never a joint meeting of the main Axis heads of government, although Mussolini and Hitler met on a regular basis.

Puppet state
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders. Puppet states have nominal sovereignty, except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support. By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralysing the local government they tolerate.

Puppet states differ from allies, who choose their actions of their own initiative or in accordance with treaties they have voluntarily entered. Puppet states are forced into legally endorsing actions already taken by a foreign power.
CD Valdepeñas
Carretero Maquinaria Club Deportivo Valdepeñas is a Spanish football team based in Valdepeñas, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. Founded in 1947 and refounded in 2005, they play in Primera Autonómica Preferente – Group 1, holding home matches at Polideportivo La Molineta.

Valdepeñas
Valdepeñas is a municipality in the province of Ciudad Real, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It is also the seat of the judicial district that covers the localities of Moral de Calatrava, Santa Cruz de Mudela, Viso del Marqués, Torrenueva, Castellar de Santiago and Almuradiel.

Developed in the 13th century under the auspices of the Order of Calatrava, its emergence is connected to the depopulation of the nearby settlements of Santa María, Aberturas, and Corral Rubio. It possesses a traditional wine industry. It lies on the road (A-4) and rail (Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway) route traditionally connecting the Meseta Central with Andalusia through the Despeñaperros Pass.
Kosamkheda
Kosamkheda (कोसमखेड़ा) is a village in Kareli Tehsil, located in the Narsinghpur District of Madhya Pradesh State, India. It is part of Jabalpur Division.

Kosamkheda is situated near Satpura mountain, which is 10 km away. Kosamkheda's sun rise time varies 13 minutes from IST.

Kosamkheda is a farming based village. Almost all of the people who live there do farming for a living. Most of the business in the village is the product of raw food, vegetables, fruits, oil-seed, and milk products (milk, khowa, butter and buttermilk).

Jabalpur division
Jabalpur Division is an administrative geographical unit of Madhya Pradesh state of India. Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of the division. As of 2023, the division consists of districts of Balaghat, Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Katni, Mandla, Narsinghpur,  Dindori, Seoni and  Pandhurna.
Tshokatshaa
Tshokatshaa is a village in Central District of Botswana. It is located 90 km west of Nata, to the north of the road connecting Nata to Maun. The village had a population of 458 in the 2001 census, and has a primary school.

Maun, Botswana
Maun is the second-largest village in Botswana. As of 2022, it had a population of 85,293. Maun is the "tourism capital" of Botswana and the administrative centre of Ngamiland district. Francistown and Maun are linked by the A3 highway. Maun is also the headquarters of numerous safari and air-charter operations who run trips into the Okavango Delta.

Although officially still a village, Maun has developed rapidly from a rural frontier town and has spread along the Thamalakane River. It now has shopping centres, hotels and lodges as well as car hire services, although it retains a rural atmosphere and local tribesmen continue to bring their cattle to Maun to sell. The community is distributed along the wide banks of the Thamalakane where red lechwe can still be seen grazing next to local donkeys, goats and cattle.
Beatrice Armari
Beatrice Armari (1877 – 1918) was an Argentine-Italian botanist and taxonomist noted for her study the flora of Eritrea. Her name appears with the North African species Arnebia lutea (A.Rich.) Armari.

Armari was married to fellow botanist Biagio Longo (1872-1950) who, like her, specialized in the large clade of spermatophytes.

The standard author abbreviation Armari is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Arnebia
Arnebia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. There are about 36 species, most are located in the Mediterranean region and eastwards to the Himalayas and northern China, with one species extending into tropical Africa.

The generic name "Arnebia" originates from the Arabic name shajaret el arneb.

The Arnebia genus was first established by Pher Forsskal in 1775, and mostly confined to Asia with a few species occurring in the drier parts of North Africa
Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War
The Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War, also known as the Ashanti Invasion of the Gold Coast, was the expansion of West African Empire of Ashanti against the alliance of Akyem and Akuapem tribes from 1814 until 1816 for access to the coast. This battle was not a direct war on Akyem states, which were never subdued by any power, but a war to get access to the coasts in which the Akyem along with Akuapem forces allied for.

In 1814 the Ashanti, under the leadership of Asantehene Osei Bonsu, defeated the outnumbered Akim-Akwapim alliance.

After attacking the Fante during this period, the Ashanti seized Accra and took over Fante country, turning it into an Ashanti province.

After the war and with access to the coast the Ashanti followed up their victory by pillaging the coastal Ga people.

Osei Bonsu
Osei Bonsu (born 1779 – 21 January 1824) also known as Osei Tutu Kwame was the Asantehene (King of the Ashanti). He reigned either from 1800 to 1824 or from 1804 to 1824. During his reign as the king, the Ashanti fought the Fante confederation and ended up dominating Gold Coast trade. In Akan, Bonsu means whale (the largest and most powerful "fish" in the sea), and is symbolic of his achievement of extending the Ashanti Empire to the coast. He died in Kumasi, and was succeeded by Osei Yaw Akoto.

Other sources refer to him as Osei Tutu Kwame. He was a leader in war against the Fante of the southern Gold Coast in 1806–07 and against Gyaman in 1818–19.
He halted British expansionism in the Gold Coast region.
Compactly supported homology
In mathematics, a homology theory in algebraic topology is compactly supported if, in every degree n, the relative homology group Hn(X, A) of every pair of spaces

(X, A)

is naturally isomorphic to the direct limit of the nth relative homology groups of pairs (Y, B), where Y varies over compact subspaces of X and B varies over compact subspaces of A.

Singular homology is compactly supported, since each singular chain is a finite sum of simplices, which are compactly supported. Strong homology is not compactly supported.

If one has defined a homology theory over compact pairs, it is possible to extend it into a compactly supported homology theory in the wider category of Hausdorff pairs (X, A) with A closed in X, by defining that the homology of a Hausdorff pair (X, A) is the direct limit over pairs (Y, B), where Y, B are compact, Y is a subset of X, and B is a subset of A.

Direct limit
In mathematics, a direct limit is a way to construct a (typically large) object from many (typically smaller) objects that are put together in a specific way. These objects may be groups, rings, vector spaces or in general objects from any category.  The way they are put together is specified by a system of homomorphisms (group homomorphism, ring homomorphism, or in general morphisms in the category) between those smaller objects. The direct limit of the objects , where  ranges over some directed set , is denoted by . This notation suppresses the system of homomorphisms; however, the limit depends on the system of homomorphisms.

Direct limits are a special case of the concept of colimit in category theory. Direct limits are dual to inverse limits, which are a special case of limits in category theory.
The Cobbler's Cottage
The Cobbler's Cottage is a ca-1870 historic cottage in the United States National Historic Landmark District – Beaufort Historic District. The Cobbler's Cottage is a contributing property of the Beaufort Historic District making the cottage a recognized member of the "National Register of Historic Places". The Cobbler's Cottage is located at Block 66, Lot C, 713 Charles Street, Beaufort, South Carolina.

Beaufort, South Carolina
Beaufort (/ˈbjuːfərt/ BEW-fərt) is a city in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States, and its county seat. Chartered in 1711, it is the second-oldest city in South Carolina, behind Charleston. The city's population was 13,607 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hilton Head Island metropolitan area.

Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, in the heart of the Sea Islands and South Carolina Lowcountry. The city is renowned for its scenic location and for maintaining a historic character by preservation of its antebellum architecture. The prominent role of Beaufort and the surrounding Sea Islands during the Reconstruction era after the U.S. Civil War is memorialized by the Reconstruction Era National Monument, established in 2017. The city is also known for its military establishments, being located in close proximity to Parris Island, a U.S. naval hospital, and the Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort.
Jan Scherrer
Jan Scherrer (born 11 July 1994) is a Swiss snowboarder. He is a three-time Olympian, representing Switzerland at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyongchang and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. He placed third to win the bronze medal at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.

Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe
The men's halfpipe competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at Rosa Khutor Extreme Park on 11 February 2014.

The gold was won by Swiss Iouri Podladtchikov, who was followed by two Japanese snowboarders, the 15-year-old Ayumu Hirano in silver and Taku Hiraoka in bronze.
Kærligheden kalder
"Kærligheden kalder" is the debut single by Danish boyband Lighthouse X. The song was released as a digital download in Denmark on 13 October 2014 through North-East Production. The song was released as the lead single from their debut self-titled EP. The song peaked to number 37 on the Danish Singles Chart.

Lighthouse X
Lighthouse X (pronounced "Lighthouse Ten")  was a Danish boyband consisting of Søren Bregendal, Johannes Nymark and Martin Skriver.

The band was formed in 2012 with the goal of helping people who face challenges in their lives. They work as ambassadors of three different non-profit organizations who also receive a percentage of the groups profit. They represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm with the song "Soldiers of Love". Lighthouse X disbanded in August 2016.