hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Liu Mancang
Liu Mancang (Chinese: 刘满仓; born October 1955) is a former Chinese politician who served as vice governor of Henan from 2008 to 2013 and vice chairperson of Henan Provincial People's Congress from 2016 to 2018.  As of October 2024 he was under investigation by China's top anti-graft watchdog.

Liu was a representative of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 10th National People's Congress.

10th National People's Congress
The 10th National People's Congress (NPC) was in session from 2003 to 2008. It held five plenary sessions in this period. There were 2,984 deputies to this Congress. It succeeded the 9th National People's Congress.
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill code
The Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill (GKP) code is a quantum error correcting code that encodes logical qubits into the continuous degrees of freedom of a quantum system. It is named after Daniel Gottesman, Alexei Kitaev and John Preskill who published it together in 2001.

The code is used in continuous variable (CV) photonic quantum computing, in which logical qubits are encoded into the field quadratures of an optical mode. These modes can be thought of as the quantum harmonic oscillator with conjugate position and momentum operators. By encoding logical qubits into a single optical mode, the GKP code demonstrates greater hardware efficiency than traditional qubit codes. Instead of needing many qubits to act as redundancy for a single qubit, the GKP code instead requires a precisely constructed optical state. GKP codes are able to protect against both small shifts in the quadratures, but also loss channels such as photon loss in a photonic system.

Optical phase space
In quantum optics, an optical phase space is a phase space in which all quantum states of an optical system are described. Each point in the optical phase space corresponds to a unique state of an optical system. For any such system, a plot of the quadratures against each other, possibly as functions of time, is called a phase diagram. If the quadratures are functions of time then the optical phase diagram can show the evolution of a quantum optical system with time.

An optical phase diagram can give insight into the properties and behaviors of the system that might otherwise not be obvious. This can allude to qualities of the system that can be of interest to an individual studying an optical system that would be very hard to deduce otherwise. Another use for an optical phase diagram is that it shows the evolution of the state of an optical system. This can be used to determine the state of the optical system at any point in time.
Berlin Nord-Süd Tunnel
The North–South S-Bahn Tunnel (German: Nord-Süd-Tunnel) is the central section of the North–South transversal Berlin S-Bahn connection crossing the city centre. It is not to be confused with the Tunnel Nord-Süd-Fernbahn, the central tunnel part of the North–South main line used by intercity and regional trains. The S-Bahn North–South line encompasses the route from Bornholmer Straße and Gesundbrunnen via Friedrichstraße and Anhalter Bahnhof to Papestraße (today Südkreuz) and Schöneberg.

The North–South S-Bahn Tunnel has a limited profile (loading gauge - G2) with a height of 3.83 metres (12 ft 7 in) above the trackhead and a width of 3.43 metres (11 ft 3 in).

Mitte (locality)
Mitte (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪtə] ⓘ; German for "middle" or "center") is a central section (Ortsteil) of Berlin, Germany, in the eponymous borough (Bezirk) of Mitte. Until 2001, it was itself an autonomous district.

Mitte proper comprises the historic center of Old Berlin, with the  medieval churches of  St. Nicholas and St. Mary, the Museum Island, city buildings (Rotes Rathaus and Altes Stadthaus), the Fernsehturm, and the Brandenburg Gate, along the central boulevard of Unter den Linden. For these reasons, Mitte is considered the "heart" of Berlin.
Brad Trost
Bradley Ryan Trost  (born May 15, 1974) is a former Canadian politician who served as a Conservative Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the ridings of Saskatoon—Humboldt from 2004 to 2015 and Saskatoon—University from 2015 to 2019. He was a candidate in the 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, finishing fourth. Trost was known for his support of socially conservative positions.

Saskatoon—University
Saskatoon—University is a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan. It encompasses a portion of Saskatchewan previously included in the electoral districts of Saskatoon—Humboldt and Saskatoon—Wanuskewin.

Saskatoon—University was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for 19 October 2015.

In the 2021 Canadian federal election, Corey Tochor of the Conservative Party was re-elected to a second term in office.
Margaret Harriman
Margaret Harriman is a Paralympic athlete from South Africa. She was born in Great Britain.

She was the only lady to compete in the netball tournament of the second Stoke Mandeville Games in 1949 under her maiden name of Margaret Webb. From 1960 to 1976 she competed in the Summer Paralympics in many sports, including archery, athletics, dartchery, lawn bowls and swimming. She represented Rhodesia in her first two Paralympics and then South Africa since 1968, winning eleven gold medals.

Between 1960 and 1968 she won an impressive eight gold medals in archery.

In 1976 she became ineligible to compete after South Africa was banned from the games because of its policy on apartheid.

She made a long-awaited return to the competition at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Lawn Bowls after the fall of apartheid which led to the lifting of the ban on South African competitors. In this edition she won her 17th and last medal, a bronze.

1960 Summer Paralympics
The 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, retroactively designated as the 1960 Summer Paralympics, were the first international Paralympic Games, following on from the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948 and 1952. They were organised under the aegis of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The term "Paralympic Games" was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) first in 1984, while the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was formed in 1989.

The Games were held in Rome, Italy from September 18 to 25, 1960, with the 1960 Summer Olympics. The only disability included in these Paralympics was spinal cord injury. There were 400 athletes from 23 countries.
Cloud Peak Wilderness
The Cloud Peak Wilderness is located in north central Wyoming in the United States. Entirely within Bighorn National Forest, the wilderness was established in 1984 in an effort to preserve the wildest section of the Bighorn Mountains. The wilderness has the highest peaks in the Bighorn Mountains, including Cloud Peak and Black Tooth Mountain, as well as Cloud Peak Glacier, the only remaining active glacier in the Bighorn Mountains.  The Cloud Peak Wilderness is 189,039 acres (765.01 km2).

U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with a proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed, and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season.

National forest (United States)
In the United States, national forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands that are largely forest and woodland areas. They are owned collectively by the American people through the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Forest Service is also a forestry research organization that provides financial assistance to the state and local forestry industry. There are 154 national forests in the United States.
Baima, Baxoi County
Baima (Tibetan: པད་མ།, Wylie: pad ma, ZYPY: Baima; Chinese: 白玛; pinyin: Báimǎ) is a town in Baxoi County, Chamdo Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It lies at an altitude of 3,772 metres (12,378 ft). As of 2020, it administers Baima Residential Community and the following eight villages:

Yoiba Village (ཡོལ་པ, 约巴村)

Zhubba Village (སྒྲུབ་པ, 珠巴村)

Nairab Village (གནས་རབ, 乃然村)

Rixi Village (རི་གཞི, 日吉村)

Wanbêb Village (ཝ་འབེབས, 旺比村)

Samar Village (ས་དམར, 沙木村)

Dêngka Village (སྟེང་ཁ, 丁卡村)

Xaiba Village (གཤས་པ, 西巴村)

Tibetan pinyin
The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Standard Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin or ZWPY (Chinese: 藏文拼音; pinyin: Zàngwén Pīnyīn), is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in China. It is based on the pronunciation used by China National Radio's Tibetan Radio, which is based on the Lhasa dialect. It has been used within China and international cartographic products as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script since 1982.

Tibetan pinyin is a phonetic transcription, and as such its spelling is tied to actual pronunciation (although tone is not marked). Wylie on the other hand is a transliteration system, where mechanical conversion to and from Tibetan and Latin script is possible. Within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with a v replacing the apostrophe) is more commonly used.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second derivative
Explicit formulas for eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second derivative with different boundary conditions are provided both for the continuous and discrete cases. In the discrete case, the standard central difference approximation of the second derivative is used on a uniform grid.

These formulas are used to derive the expressions for eigenfunctions of Laplacian in case of separation of variables, as well as to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of multidimensional discrete Laplacian on a regular grid, which is presented as a Kronecker sum of discrete Laplacians in one-dimension.

Regular grid
A regular grid is a tessellation of n-dimensional Euclidean space by congruent parallelotopes (e.g. bricks). Its opposite is irregular grid.

Grids of this type appear on graph paper and may be used in finite element analysis, finite volume methods, finite difference methods, and in general for discretization of parameter spaces. Since the derivatives of field variables can be conveniently expressed as finite differences, structured grids mainly appear in finite difference methods. Unstructured grids offer more flexibility than structured grids and hence are very useful in finite element and finite volume methods.

Each cell in the grid can be addressed by index (i, j) in two dimensions or (i, j, k) in three dimensions, and each vertex has coordinates  in 2D or  in 3D for some real numbers dx, dy, and dz representing the grid spacing.
Youla
Youla is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Benjamin Youla (born 1975), Republic of the Congo sprinter

Dante C. Youla (1925–2021), American engineer

Mamady Youla (born 1961), Guinean businessman

Mohamed Youla (born 1996), Guinean footballer

Souleymane Youla (born 1981), Guinean footballer

Fictional characters with this name include:

Eula (Chinese: 优菈, Pinyin: Yōulā), a Genshin Impact character

Benjamin Youla
Benjamin Youla (born 12 November 1975) is a retired sprinter from Republic of the Congo who specialised in the 400 metres. He represented his country at the 2000 Summer Olympics as well as two World Championships.

His personal bests in the event are 45.74 seconds outdoors (Fairfax 2001) and 49.15 seconds indoors (Houston 2004). Both are standing national record.
Herzog (video game)
Herzog (pronounced [ˈhɛʁtsoːk] ⓘ; German for 'Duke') is a strategy video game released by Technosoft in Japan for the MSX and NEC PC-88 computers in 1988. It was a real-time tactics and tactical shooter game with real-time strategy elements. The game served as the prototype for its sequel Herzog Zwei, which was released in 1989 for the Sega Mega Drive and is often considered the first true real-time strategy game.

Herzog
Herzog (pronounced [ˈhɛʁtsoːk] ⓘ; feminine Herzogin [ˈhɛʁtsoːɡɪn] ⓘ; masculine plural Herzöge; feminine plural Herzoginnen) is a German hereditary title held by one who rules a territorial duchy, exercises feudal authority over an estate called a duchy, or possesses a right by law or tradition to be referred to by the ducal title. The word is usually translated by the English duke and the Latin dux. Generally, a Herzog ranks below a king and above a Graf ('count'). Whether the title is deemed higher or lower than titles translated into English as prince (Fürst) is dependent upon the language, country, and era in which the titles coexisted.
Renigunta mandal
Renigunta mandal is one of the 34 mandals in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Its headquarters are located at Renigunta, suburb of Tirupati.. The mandal is bounded by Tirupati (urban), Tirupati (rural), Vadamalapeta, Yerpedu.This mandal is located at Srikalahasti revenue division.

Vadamalapeta
Vadamalapeta is a mandal headquarters in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located on the outskirts of the famous Tirupati city. It falls in the jurisdictional limit of Tirupati Urban Development Authority. It is part of Vadamalapeta mandal, which is under the jurisdiction of Tirupati revenue division. Vadamalapeta mandal, along with its villages including Vadamalapeta was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district on 4 April 2022.
Binibining Pilipinas 1999
Binibining Pilipinas 1999 was the 36th edition of the Binibining Pilipinas pageant, held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, on February 20, 1999.

At the end of the event, Jewel May Lobaton crowned Janelle Bautista as Binibining Pilipinas Universe 1999, Rachel Soriano crowned Miriam Quiambao as Binibining Pilipinas World 1999, while Colette Centeno crowned Lalaine Edson as Binibining Pilipinas International 1999. Michelle Arcangel was named First Runner-Up, while Joelle Marie Pelaez was named Second Runner-Up.

More than a month after the pageant, Janelle Bautista voluntarily relinquished her title due to a defective passport and citizenship issues and was replaced by Miriam Quiambao as Binibining Pilipinas Universe 1999. Lalaine Edson assumed the title of Binibining Pilipinas World 1999, while Georgina Sandico, one of the 10 semi-finalists, was appointed as Binibining Pilipinas International 1999.

Araneta Coliseum
The Araneta Coliseum, also currently known by naming rights sponsorship as Smart Araneta Coliseum, is an indoor multi-purpose sports arena that is part of the Araneta City in the Cubao area of Quezon City, Philippines. Nicknamed "the Big Dome", it is one of the largest indoor arenas in Asia, and one of the largest clear span domes in the world. The dome measures approximately 108.0 meters (354.3 ft) making it the largest dome in Asia from its opening in 1960 until 2001 when it was surpassed by the Ōita Stadium in Japan with a dome measuring 274.0 meters (899.0 ft).

The Smart Araneta Coliseum is mostly used for indoor sports such as basketball. It is a main venue of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). The Big Dome is also used for other sports and events such as boxing, cockfighting, local and international concerts, circuses, religious gatherings, and beauty pageants.
Bracteophyton
Bracteophyton is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (around 420 to 390 million years ago) comprising a single species, Bracteophyton variatum. Fossils were first found in the Xujiachong Formation of eastern Yunnan, China.

The smooth stems (axes) mainly branched dichotomously. They bore terminal 'spikes' (strobili) consisting of spirally arranged fertile 'units'. Each unit was made up of one or two bracts and a spore-forming organ (sporangium) between a bract and the stem. It appears that the sporangium released its spores by splitting along top. The arrangement of the sporangia resembles that of some zosterophylls, but the plant's discoverers considered its relationships uncertain. In 2013, Hao (one of the discoverers) and Xue listed the genus as a barinophyte.

Zosterophyll
The zosterophylls are a group of extinct land plants that first appeared in the Silurian period. The taxon was first established by Banks in 1968 as the subdivision Zosterophyllophytina; they have since also been treated as the division Zosterophyllophyta or Zosterophyta and the class or plesion Zosterophyllopsida or Zosteropsida.  They were among the first vascular plants in the fossil record, and had a world-wide distribution. They were probably stem-group lycophytes, forming a sister group to the ancestors of the living lycophytes. By the late Silurian (late Ludlovian, about 420 million years ago) a diverse assemblage of species existed, examples of which have been found fossilised in what is now Bathurst Island in Arctic Canada.
The Last Proletarians of Football
The Last Proletarians of Football (Swedish: Fotbollens sista proletärer) is a 2011 Swedish documentary film about the football club IFK Göteborg and its success during the 1980s, but also about the development of Swedish society.

The documentary is written and directed by Martin Jönsson and Carl Pontus Hjorthén, with music by Ian Person, guitarist of former Swedish rock band The Soundtrack of Our Lives. Producer Kalle Gustafsson Jerneholm has also been a member of the band.

The title of the film alludes to how the players of IFK Göteborg during the period were part of the class of wage-earners, playing the game as amateurs in a world of professional footballers, just like the proletariat are the class of wage-earners in a capitalist society.

Wage labour
Wage labour (also wage labor in American English), usually referred to as paid work, paid employment, or paid labour, refers to the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour power under a formal or informal employment contract. These transactions usually occur in a labour market where wages or salaries are market-determined. Wage labor is a service in standard economic theory.

In exchange for the money paid as wages (usual for short-term work-contracts) or salaries (in permanent employment contracts), the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer. A wage labourer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of their labour in this way.
Ichimon (sumo)
In professional sumo wrestling, an ichimon (一門; lit. 'clan' or 'family') is a grouping of stables. Because of their specific nature, clans are also sometimes referred to as the sports equivalent of a traditional family or a commonwealth. Every stable must be affiliated to one of the five existing clans.

In the past, the clans were close-knit, but this bond has weakened with time and the reforms of professional sumo. Nowadays clans serve primarily as political factions. Elders' ambition has also caused some clans to splinter, turning a cohesive landscape into a fragmented one. Of the clans founded during the Edo period, none remain today. Of the five current clans, not all enjoy the same aura or influence within the association. For example, the Dewanoumi and Nishonoseki clans each have more influence than the three smallest clans (Tokitsukaze, Isegahama and Takasago) combined. The powers of the various clans have also evolved with the association itself.

Taishō era
The Taishō era (大正時代, Taishō jidai; [taiɕoː dʑidai] ⓘ) was a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of Emperor Taishō. The new emperor brought on the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen (or genrō) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties. Thus, the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as Taishō Democracy; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji era and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa era.
Presidential Suite: Eight Variations on Freedom
Presidential Suite: Eight Variations on Freedom is an album by the Ted Nash Big Band that won the Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album in 2017. "Spoken at Midnight" won Best Instrumental Composition.

Most of the musicians are members of the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra led by Wynton Marsalis. Nash has been a member since the 1990s and wrote the music on a commission for the orchestra.

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition
The Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition (including its previous names) has been awarded since 1960. The award is presented to the composer of an original piece of music (not an adaptation), first released during the eligibility year. In theory, any style of music is eligible for this category, but winning compositions are usually in the jazz or film score genres.
Harrington & Richardson
Harrington & Richardson Arms Company (H&R) is an American brand of firearms and a subsidiary of JJE Capital Holdings. H&R ceased independent production February 27, 2015. JJE - H&R, LLC continues to offer a variety of H&R and H&R 1871 products which are manufactured at their headquarters and production facility in West Columbia, SC.

.32 S&W Long
The .32 S&W Long / 7.65x23mmR, often called the .32 Long, is a straight-walled, centerfire, rimmed handgun cartridge, based on the earlier .32 S&W cartridge. It was introduced in 1896 for Smith & Wesson's first-model Hand Ejector revolver. Colt called it the .32 Colt New Police in revolvers it made chambered for the cartridge.
Francis Otter
Francis Otter (1831 – 29 May 1895) was an English Liberal politician.

Otter was the son of  Francis Otter of Ranby Hall, Wragby, and his wife Elizabeth Younger. He was educated at Gainsborough, Rugby School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was called to the bar at  Lincoln's Inn in 1867. He became a J.P. for Lincolnshire.

In the 1885 general election, Otter was elected Member of Parliament for Louth but did not stand again at the 1886 general election. He had intended to stand, but was taken ill suddenly on the day when nominations closed, and since his local Liberal association were unable to find another candidate for nominations closed, the Conservative candidate Arthur Raymond Heath was elected unopposed.

Otter lived at Ranby Hall. He died at the age of 64.

Otter married Emily Helen Cross in 1875.

Louth, Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Louth was a county constituency in Lincolnshire which returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until it was abolished for the 1983 general election.

It should not be confused with the former Irish constituency of County Louth (UK Parliament constituency). Between 1885 and 1918, its formal name was The East Lindsey (or Louth) Division of Lincolnshire, and it was sometimes referred to simply as East Lindsey.
Gus Bell
David Russell "Gus" Bell Jr. (November 15, 1928 – May 7, 1995) was an American professional baseball player and scout. He played in Major League Baseball as a center fielder from 1950 to 1964, most prominently as a member of the Cincinnati Reds, where he was a four-time All-Star and a member of Cincinnati's 1961 National League pennant-winning team. Bell had 100 or more runs batted in four times during his Reds career and batted .292 or better six times.

Bell also played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Mets and Milwaukee Braves. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1964.

Center fielder
A center fielder, abbreviated CF, is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in center field – the baseball and softball fielding position between left field and right field. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the center fielder is assigned the number 8.