hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
155 mm Creusot Long Tom
The 155 mm Creusot Long Tom was a French siege gun (artillery piece) manufactured by Schneider et Cie in Le Creusot, France and used by the Boers in the Second Boer War as field guns.: p. 164

Four guns, along with 4,000 common shells, 4,000 shrapnel shells and 800 case shot were purchased by the South African Republic (informally known as the Transvaal) in 1897. The guns were emplaced in four forts around the country's capital, Pretoria.

Le Creusot
Le Creusot (pronounced [lə kʁøzo]) is a commune and industrial town in the Saône-et-Loire department, region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, eastern France.

The inhabitants are known as Creusotins. Formerly a mining town, its economy is now dominated by metallurgical companies such as ArcelorMittal, Schneider Electric, and Alstom.

Since the 1990s, the town has been developing its tourism credentials. Its main attraction is the Parc des Combes. The Creusot steam hammer is exposed as a tourist attraction in a square at the entrance to the town from the south.

Le Creusot is also the second educational centre of the Bourgogne (after Dijon), with its IUT and the Condorcet university centre.
Microblepsis flavilinea
Microblepsis flavilinea is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by John Henry Leech in 1890. It is found in China.

The wingspan is about 32 mm. Adults are smoky grey, tinged with violet. The basal line of the forewings is yellowish and the central line is yellow, starting from the yellowish apex. The submarginal line is also yellowish, narrow and united with the central line towards the apex. All lines are continued on the hindwings.

Drepanidae
The Drepanidae are a family of moths with about 660 species described worldwide. They are generally divided in three subfamilies, which share the same type of hearing organ. Thyatirinae, previously often placed in their own family, bear a superficial resemblance to Noctuidae. Many species in the drepanid family have a distinctively hook-shaped apex to the fore wing, leading to their common name of hook-tips.

The larvae of many species are very distinctive, tapering to a point at the tail and usually resting with both head and tail raised. They usually feed on the leaves of trees and shrubs, pupating between leaves spun together with silk.
Born to Defence
Born to Defence (Chinese: 中華英雄) is a 1988 Hong Kong action film, which marked the directorial debut of Jet Li, who also stars in the film. The film features fight choreography by Tsui Siu-Ming. The film is set in China following the end of World War II and the liberation of China. Li stars as an avid athlete who encounters conflicts with American navy sailors, primarily in the boxing ring. The film was a success in China, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of the year.

Stage combat
Stage combat, fight craft  or fight choreography is a specialised technique in theatre designed to create the illusion of physical combat without causing harm to the performers. It is employed in live stage plays as well as operatic and ballet productions. With the advent of cinema and television the term has widened to also include the choreography of filmed fighting sequences, as opposed to the earlier live performances on stage. It is closely related to the practice of stunts and is a common field of study for actors. Actors famous for their stage fighting skills frequently have backgrounds in dance, gymnastics or martial arts training.
Santiago del Granado, 1st Count of Cotoca
Santiago María del Granado y Navarro Calderón, 1st Count of Cotoca (1757–1823), was a Spanish nobleman and physician, who at the beginning of the 19th century traveled through some of the most remote regions of South America where epidemics were raging, to inoculate Native Americans with the recently discovered vaccine and prevent the spread of smallpox.

His humanitarian efforts paralleled Dr. Francisco Javier de Balmis and Dr. Josep Salvany i Lleopart's 19th-century Spanish expedition to deliver smallpox vaccine to the Spanish colonies in the Americas. He saved thousands upon thousands of lives, as reported by the Spanish viceroy at Rio de la Plata Santiago de Liniers and public health official Miguel O'Gorman to the Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies during the political upheaval of the Napoleonic invasions.

Granado was the great-great-grandfather of the Bolivian poet laureate Javier del Granado.

Balmis Expedition
The Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition (Spanish: Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna), commonly referred to as the Balmis Expedition, was a Spanish healthcare mission that lasted from 1803 to 1806, led by Dr Francisco Javier de Balmis, which vaccinated hundreds of thousands against smallpox in Spanish America, the Philippines, and China. The vaccine was transported through children: orphaned boys who sailed with the expedition and, for part of the journey, three enslaved girls from Cuba.
Cis-dihydroethylcatechol dehydrogenase
In enzymology, cis-dihydroethylcatechol dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.66) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are cis-1,2-dihydro-3-ethylcatechol and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Its products are 3-ethylcatechol, reduced NADH, and a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is cis-1,2-dihydro-3-ethylcatechol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in ethylbenzene degradation.

Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3. It is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of gasoline. This monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is important in the petrochemical industry as a reaction intermediate in the production of styrene, the precursor to polystyrene, a common plastic material.  In 2012, more than 99% of ethylbenzene produced was consumed in the production of styrene.
Air Tractor AT-400
The Air Tractor AT-400 is a family of agricultural aircraft that first flew in the United States in September 1979. Type certification was awarded to Air Tractor in April 1980. Of low-wing monoplane taildragger configuration, they carry a chemical hopper between the engine firewall and the cockpit.

Conventional landing gear
Conventional landing gear, also known as tailwheel-type landing gear or taildragger, is a type of aircraft undercarriage (landing gear) consisting of two wheeled main gears forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid at the rear end under the tail boom.

Taildraggers are the default undercarriage arrangements of almost all early aircraft up to the first half of the 20th century and the term "conventional" persists for this historical reason, but all modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller fixed-wing aircraft use tricycle landing gears instead, which have a single front gear (nose gear) and two aft main gears.
Docs Okie Quixote
Docs Okie Quixote (1980—1985), AQHA #1613457, was a sorrel Quarter Horse stallion.  In 1984, he became the second horse ever to win the NCHA Triple Crown (1983-1984), and 1st to be owned, trained, and ridden by the same person, Joe Heim, a cutting horse trainer from Thackerville, OK, and NCHA Riders Hall of Fame inductee.  The other two Triple Crown winners are Smart Little Lena, ridden by Bill Freeman (1982-1983); and Chiquita Pistol, ridden by Tag Rice (2002-2003). Docs Okie Quixote is an NCHA Horse Hall of Fame inductee.

American Quarter Horse Association
The American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), based in Amarillo, Texas, United States, is an international organization dedicated to the preservation, improvement and record-keeping of the American Quarter Horse.  The association sanctions many competitive events and maintains the official registry.  The organization also houses the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame and Museum and sponsors educational programs. The organization was founded in 1940 in Fort Worth, Texas, and now has nearly 234,627 members, over 32,000 of whom are international.
The Unknown Warrior
The Unknown Warrior is an unidentified member of the British Imperial armed forces who died on the Western Front during the First World War. He is interred in a grave at Westminster Abbey, also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior.

He was given a state funeral and buried on 11 November 1920, simultaneously with a similar interment of a French unknown soldier at the Arc de Triomphe in France, making both graves the first examples of a tomb of the unknown soldier, and the first to honour the unknown dead of the First World War.

Officially, the buried man may be from the army, navy or airforce (hence the name warrior instead of soldier) and from any part of the British Empire at the time. However, the National Army Museum notes that the UK Government had also previously confirmed that the interred was a soldier and that he was most likely from the British Isles, not the Empire.

State funeral
A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony, observing the strict rules of protocol, held to honour people of national significance. State funerals usually include much pomp and ceremony as well as religious overtones and distinctive elements of military tradition. Generally, state funerals are held in order to involve the general public in a national day of mourning after the family of the deceased gives consent. A state funeral will often generate mass publicity from both national and global media outlets.
Dewey L. Hill
Dewey Lewis Hill (August 31, 1925 – June 27, 2023) was an American politician who was a Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's 20th House district, including constituents in Brunswick and Columbus counties.  Hill was a business executive from Whiteville.

In December 2011, Hill announced that he would not seek re-election in 2012.

Hill died on June 27, 2023, at the age of 97.

North Carolina House of Representatives
The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House, who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the North Carolina Senate. Representatives serve two-year terms.

The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that qualified voters that are 21 are eligible for candidacy except if otherwise disqualified by the constitution, and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although the latter provision is no longer enforced.

Prior to the Constitution of 1868, the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the North Carolina House of Commons.
Phil Kearns
Philip Nicholas Kearns AM (born 27 June 1967) is an Australian former  rugby union player. He represented the Wallabies 67 times and was captain on ten occasions. He is a rugby commentator with Fox Sports Australia.

Fox Sports (Australia)
Fox Sports Australia Pty Limited (formerly Premier Media Group Pty Limited) is the division of Foxtel that owns and operates the Fox Sports television networks and digital properties in Australia. The group operates nine Fox Sports Channels as well as Fox Sports News, Fox Cricket, Fox League, Fox Footy, Watch AFL and Watch NRL. Fox Sports channels such as Fox Netball are available via Foxtel or Kayo. The group's main competitors are beIN Sports, ESPN and Stan Sport. Unlike the American Fox Sports, the group is not owned directly by the Fox Corporation. However News Corp, which formerly held a 65% stake in Foxtel, was Fox Corporation's sister company until April 2025. Fox Sports Australia is now owned by DAZN.
Ndidiamaka Amutah-Onukagha
Ndidiamaka Nneoma Amutah-Onukagha (born 1981) is an American researcher who is the Julia A. Okoro Professor of Black Maternal Health at the Tufts University School of Medicine. Her research considers women's health disparities in Black women. Amutah-Onukagha is the inaugural Tufts University Assistant Dean of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for Public Health. She was named the American Public Health Association Maternal and Child Health Section's Young Professional of the Year in 2019.

Tufts University School of Medicine
The Tufts University School of Medicine is the medical school of Tufts University, a private research university in Massachusetts. It was established in 1893 and is located on the university's health sciences campus in downtown Boston. It has clinical affiliations with numerous doctors and researchers in the United States and around the world, as well as with its affiliated hospitals in both Massachusetts (including Tufts Medical Center, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center and Baystate Medical Center), and Maine (Maine Medical Center).
Nacer Abdellah
Nacer Abdellah (born 3 March 1966 in Sidi Slimane) is a retired Moroccan football player. Abdellah started his career in Belgium with KV Mechelen, and played most of his career for Belgian teams. He also made 24 appearances for the Morocco, and played at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the matches against Belgium and Saudi Arabia.

Just before the 1994 World Cup in the U.S., a statement of Nacer Abdellah lead to controversy. Abdellah said that his former teammate at Cercle Brugge, the Belgian Josip Weber wouldn't score during the tournament.

Cercle Brugge K.S.V.
Cercle Brugge Koninklijke Sportvereniging (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈsɛr(ə)klə ˈbrʏɣə ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈspɔrtfəˌreːnəɣɪŋ]) is a Belgian professional football club based in Bruges. They compete in the Belgian Pro League, the top flight of Belgian football. Their matricule number is 12. The club plays home games at the 29,042-seat Jan Breydel Stadium, which they share with fierce rivals Club Brugge. Cercle Brugge won their first national title in 1911, and won two more titles (in 1927 and 1930) before the Second World War. The side also won the Belgian Cup in 1927 and in 1985, and have represented Belgium in European tournaments on several occasions.
Achagua people
The Achagua (also Achawa and Axagua) are an Indigenous people of Colombia and Venezuela. At the time of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, their territory covered the present-day Venezuelan states of Bolívar, Guárico and Barinas. In the late twentieth century there were several hundred Achaguas remaining.

Bolívar (state)
Bolívar (Spanish: Estado Bolívar, IPA: [esˈtaðo βoˈliβaɾ]) is the largest of the 23 states of Venezuela in area. The state capital city is Ciudad Bolívar and the largest city is Ciudad Guayana. Bolívar State covers a total surface area of 242,801 km2 (93,746 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,410,964. The state contains Angel Falls.
Pseuduvaria clemensiae
Pseuduvaria clemensiae is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae.  It is native to New Guinea. Yvonne Chuan Fang Su and Richard M.K. Saunders, the botanists who first formally described the species, named it after Mary Strong Clemens who collected  the specimen they examined.

Annonaceae
The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona, Anonidium, Asimina, Rollinia, and Uvaria. Its type genus is Annona. The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the remaining are Indomalayan.
Cyclone Zorbas
Cyclone Zorbas, or Medicane Zorbas, was the first officially documented Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone, or medicane, since Cyclone Numa in 2017. Zorbas originated as an extratropical cyclone in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.  Warm sea surface temperatures allowed the system to quickly deepen and transition into a tropical cyclone. Zorbas intensified as it headed northward towards Greece, finally reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 987 mbar (29.15 inHg) on September 29.

Heavy rain and flash flooding from Zorbas killed 5 people in Tunisia. One person was killed and two were declared missing in Greece. The storm was estimated to have caused millions of dollars (2018 USD) in damages.

Extratropical cyclone
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones are low-pressure areas which, along with anticyclones, drive the weather over much of the mid-latitudes of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing a range of weather conditions from wind, cloudiness and mild showers to severe hail, thunderstorms, blizzards, and tornadoes. This type of cyclone is thus defined as a large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather system occurring in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines called weather fronts, which are present about the center of the cyclone.
Vadim Menkov
Vadim Menkov (born 12 February 1987) is an Uzbek male sprint canoeist who has competed since the late 2000s. He has won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two golds (C-1 1000 m: 2009, 2010), a silver (C-1 500 m: 2013) and two bronze (C-1 500 m: 2010, C-1 1000 m: 2011). Most recently, Menkov won the gold medal in the sprint( C1-1000m) event in canoeing at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China.

Menkov also competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, finishing fourth in the C-1 1000 m event while being eliminated in the semi-finals of the C-1 500m.  At the 2012 Summer Olympics he competed in the C-1 200 m, finishing 10th, and the C-1 1000 m, finishing 4th again.

2013 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 2013 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships was held 29 August–1 September 2013 in Duisburg, Germany. The championships were awarded originally to Szeged, Hungary, but Szeged was moved to 2011 in the wake of Vichy, France's withdrawal in 2010 and awarded to Rio de Janeiro, who withdrew in September 2012. Consequently, the World Championships were awarded to Duisburg.

The 2012 ICF Paracanoe World Championships were held the previous year as a standalone event but the 2012 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were not since the competition is not held in Olympic years.
German Army order of battle, Western Front (1918)
This is the German Army order of battle on the Western Front at the close of the war.

The overall commander of the Imperial German Army was Kaiser Wilhelm II, but real power resided with The Chief of the General Staff, Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg, and his First Quartermaster, General der Infanterie Erich Ludendorff.

Generalfeldmarschall
Generalfeldmarschall (German: [ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal] ⓘ; from Old High German marahscalc, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; often abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall); in the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was the equivalent to Großadmiral (English: Grand Admiral) in the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine, a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.
Waterman Hémisphère
The Waterman Hémisphère is a pen introduced in 1994 by the French pen company, Waterman.

The Hémisphère is a light pen that has a cigar shaped barrel with a beveled top and usual Waterman clip. It comes in many colours (metallic, blue, green, red, cognac), a lacquer finish, or a brushed chrome or gold finish. The clip comes in chrome or 24-karat gold finish.

In Japan, this model is known as the Waterman Metropolitan.

The pen is famous for being used by American horror writer, Stephen King, who has publicly stated that he handwrites his first drafts, using the Waterman Hemisphere.

Chrome plating
Chrome plating (less commonly chromium plating) is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal object. A chrome plated part is called chrome, or is said to have been chromed. The chromium layer can be decorative, provide corrosion resistance, facilitate cleaning, and increase surface hardness. Sometimes a less expensive substitute for chrome, such as nickel, may be used for aesthetic purposes.

Chromium compounds used in electroplating are toxic. In most countries, their disposal is tightly regulated. Some fume suppressants used to control the emission of airborne chromium from plating baths are also toxic, making disposal even more difficult.
Ad Hoc Committee of Women Artists
Ad Hoc Committee of Women Artists or Ad Hoc Women Artists' Committee was founded in 1970 and included members from Women Artists in Revolution (WAR), the Art Workers' Coalition (AWC) and Women Students and Artists for Black Art Liberation (WSABAL). Founding members included Lucy Lippard, Poppy Johnson, Brenda Miller, Faith Ringgold and later, Nancy Spero.

Lucy R. Lippard
Lucy Rowland Lippard (born April 14, 1937) is an American writer, art critic, activist, and curator. Lippard was among the first writers to argue for the "dematerialization" at work in conceptual art and was an early champion of feminist art. She is the author of thirty books and has curated some fifty exhibitions in the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Lippard lives and works in Galisteo, New Mexico.
Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince
The Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince (Monégasque: Cumpagnia d'i Carrabiniei d'u Prìncipu; "Prince's Company of Carabiniers") is the Infantry branch of the Force Publique, and one of the limited number of militaries that recruits foreigners. Although Monaco's defence is the responsibility of France, Monaco maintains a small force for the protection of the Sovereign and the Prince's Palace. Formed by Prince Honoré IV in 1817, the unit was re-organized in 1909.

The company numbers 124 officers and men. Whilst the NCOs and soldiers are local, the officers have served in the French Army or the Republican Guard. Along with the Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers, the Carabiniers form Monaco's total public forces.

Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco
Honoré IV (Honoré Charles Anne Grimaldi; 17 May 1758 – 16 February 1819) was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois from 1814 to 16 February 1819. Because of his illness, the state of affairs was managed by a regency of his brother Joseph Grimaldi and his son Prince Honoré V.
Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales
The Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales is the first of two settings of the Ordinary of the Mass by Josquin des Prez using the famous L'homme armé tune as his cantus firmus source material (for the other, presumed later, setting see Missa L'homme armé sexti toni).  The setting is for four voices. It was the most famous mass Josquin composed, surviving in numerous manuscripts and print editions.  The earliest printed collection of music devoted to a single composer, the Misse Josquin published by Ottaviano Petrucci in 1502, begins with this famous work.

Ottaviano Petrucci
Ottaviano Petrucci (18 June 1466 – 7 May 1539) was an Italian printer. His Harmonice Musices Odhecaton, a collection of chansons printed in 1501, is commonly misidentified as the first book of sheet music printed from movable type. Actually that distinction belongs to the Roman printer Ulrich Han's Missale Romanum of 1476. Nevertheless, Petrucci's later work was extraordinary for the complexity of his white mensural notation and the smallness of his font, and he did in fact print the first book of polyphony using movable type. He also published numerous works by the most highly regarded composers of the Renaissance, including Josquin des Prez and Antoine Brumel.