hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Esmond Bulmer
James Esmond Bulmer (born 19 May 1935) is a retired British Conservative Party politician. He is the son of Edward Charles Bulmer (b. 1907) and his wife Margaret Leigh (Roberts) Bulmer (b. 1908). His father, a Royal Air Force flight lieutenant, was killed in 1941 whilst on active service.

Bulmer was educated at Rugby School and King's College, Cambridge. He was commissioned in the Scots Guards during his national service. He then worked for the family firm, H. P. Bulmer Holdings Ltd. He was Member of Parliament for Kidderminster from February 1974 until the 1983 general election, and for Wyre Forest from 1983 until he stood down at the 1987 general election.

Scots Guards
The Scots Guards (SG) is the regiment of Foot Guards of Scotland, and one of the five foot guard regiments of the British Army. Its origins are as the personal bodyguard of King Charles I of England and Scotland. Its lineage can be traced back to 1642 in the Kingdom of Scotland, although it was only placed on the English Establishment in 1686.
Ajit Tamhane
Ajit C. Tamhane is a professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences (IEMS) at Northwestern University and also holds a courtesy appointment in the Department of Statistics.

Tamhane has published over 100 research articles in refereed journals and has authored four books and co-edited two volumes of collected research papers. His research primarily focuses on multiple testing in clinical trials. He has also worked extensively in other areas of statistics including design of experiments, ranking and selection procedures, chemometrics, clustering methods and statistical inference.

Tamhane is a fellow of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the American Association for Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute.

American Statistical Association
The American Statistical Association (ASA) is the main professional organization for statisticians and related professionals in the United States. It was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 27, 1839, and is the second-oldest continuously operating professional society in the U.S. behind the Massachusetts Medical Society (founded in 1781). ASA services statisticians, quantitative scientists, and users of statistics across many academic areas and applications. The association publishes a variety of journals and sponsors several international conferences every year.
2024 Antofagasta Challenger – Doubles
Boris Arias and Federico Zeballos were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Enzo Couacaud and Jesper de Jong.

Mateus Alves and Matías Soto won the title after defeating Leonardo and Valerio Aboian 6–1, 6–4 in the final.

Matías Soto (tennis)
Matías Soto (born 27 April 1999) is a Chilean tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 240 achieved on 21 April 2025 and a doubles ranking of No. 102 reached on 4 August 2025. He is currently the No. 5 player from Chile.

Soto represents Chile at the Davis Cup.

He played college tennis at Baylor University.
Clergy Reserves in Canada Act 1840
The Clergy Reserves in Canada Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 78) is the short-title of An Act to provide for the Sale of the Clergy Reserves in the Province of Canada, and for the Distribution of the Proceeds thereof, passed at Westminster in the 3rd/4th year of Queen Victoria.

The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada had passed a law to sell the reserves in 1840, but it was disallowed and displaced by this Act. Although considered to be more favourable to the Anglican Church of Canada, this Act as passed provided that only one-half of future sales would be dedicated on a 2:1 basis to the Anglican Church and the Church of Scotland, with the remaining moiety being distributed to all other churches according to their respective strengths. The administration of the reserve lands was transferred to the Crown Lands Department, where it was handled in a less contentious manner.

Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada was the elected part of the legislature for the province of Upper Canada, functioning as the lower house in the Parliament of Upper Canada.  Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council, and Legislative Council.

The first elections in Upper Canada, in which only land-owning males were permitted to vote, were held in August 1792.

The first session of the Assembly's sixteen members was held in Newark, Upper Canada (today's Niagara-on-the-Lake) on 17 September 1792. The Assembly was dissolved in 1796 and reconvened for twelve more sessions between 1797 and 1840 in modest buildings in York, the new capital of Upper Canada. Members continued to be elected by land-owning males to represent counties and the larger towns.

During the War of 1812, U.S. troops won the Battle of York and burned down the government buildings.
Vitimsky HPP Cascade
The Vitimsky Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) Cascade is a proposed group of hydropower plants on the Vitim River in the Buryatia and Irkutsk regions of Russia.

The first stage consists of the proposed Mokskaya HPP, with a planned capacity of 1,200 MW, and an average annual production of c. 4.54 billion kWh.

The second stage consists of the projected Ivanovo HPP, with a planned capacity of 210 MW, and an average annual production of c. 1.03 billion kWh.

The third stage: the projected Yangudinskaya HPP, with a planned capacity of 360 MW.

The fourth stage: the projected Karalonskaya HPP, with a planned capacity of 450 MW.

The fifth stage: the projected Signayskaya HPP, with a planned capacity of 590 MW.

The sixth stage: the projected Bodaibo HPP, with a planned capacity of 600 MW.

Buryatia
Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. To its north lie Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world; Zabaykalsky Krai to the east; Tuva to the west and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. It has an area of 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 978,588 (2021 Census). It is home to the indigenous Buryats.
Raymond C. Morgan
Raymond Clyde Morgan (February 12, 1897 – February 5, 1953) was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach of three different schools: Susquehanna University from 1926 to 1927, Lock Haven University from 1929 to 1930, and Murray State University in 1931, compiling a career college football coaching record of 20–21–1.

Murray State University
Murray State University (MSU) is a public university in Murray, Kentucky, United States. In addition to the main campus in Calloway County in southwestern Kentucky, Murray State operates extended campuses offering upper-level and graduate courses in Paducah, Hopkinsville, Madisonville, and Henderson.
Hay–Wells syndrome
Hay–Wells syndrome (also known as AEC syndrome; see Etymology) is one of at least 150 known types of ectodermal dysplasia. These disorders affect tissues that arise from the ectodermal germ layer, such as skin, hair, and nails.

Germ layer
A germ layer, primary germinal layer, or germinal layer is a primary layer  of cells that forms during  animal embryonic development. Germ layers form during gastrulation, when the early embryo is formed of two or three layers of cells.

Sponges do not have a gastrulation stage and possess no true germ layers. They do though have two layers of cells separated by a gel-like mesohyl. Some aquatic invertebrates such as cnidarians, and comb jellies, develop from only two germ layers, an ectoderm and an endoderm, and are known as diploblasts. But most animals have a bilateral symmetry, and develop from three germ layers, an ectoderm, endoderm, and a middle layer of mesoderm, and are triploblastic.

Germ layers eventually give rise to all of an animal's tissues and organs through the processes of histogenesis, and organogenesis.
2012–13 Indonesia Super League U-21
The 2012–13 Indonesia Super League U-21 season was the fifth edition of Indonesia Super League U-21, a competition that are intended for footballers under the age of twenty-one years.

Persela U-21 is the defending champion in this season.

Liga 1 U-19
Liga 1 U-19 is a junior-level league of participating clubs in Liga 1. From 2008 to 2014, this youth league was an under-21 league known as the Indonesia Super League U-21. From the 2017 season onwards, the competition age limit decreased from under-21 to under-19. Building and managing a complete U-19 team is one of the requirements for clubs participating in Liga 1, as regulated by the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI). In 2019, the league was replaced by Elite Pro Academy.
Vanessa Huxford
Vanessa Huxford (born 13 October 1970) is a former English female rugby union player. She represented England at the 2002 and 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup, winning 2 silver medals. She started her career in Alton RFC before moving to Wasps Ladies.

England women's national rugby union team
The England women's national rugby union team, commonly known as the Red Roses, represents England in women's international rugby union. They compete in the annual Women's Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. England have won the championship on a total of 21 out of 30 occasions  – winning the Grand Slam 19 times and the Triple Crown 25 times – making them the most successful side in the tournament's history. They have won the Women's Rugby World Cup on three occasions (1994, 2014, and 2025), and have been runners-up on six other occasions. Their current permanent head coach, as of October 2023, is John Mitchell. They currently hold the longest ever winning streak in rugby, of 33 consecutive games as of the 2025 World Cup final.
1989 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1989 were appointments by most of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries, and honorary ones to citizens of other countries. They were announced on 31 December 1988 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1989 in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Saint Vincent and The Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Christopher and Nevis.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

17th/21st Lancers
The 17th/21st Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed in England by the amalgamation of the 17th Lancers and the 21st Lancers in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers in 1993.
Nippold
Nippold is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Friedrich Wilhelm Franz Nippold (1838–1918), German Protestant theologian

Marilyn Nippold (born 1951), American scientist

Otfried Nippold (1864–1938), German–Swiss jurist, pacifist, and internationalist

Marilyn Nippold
Marilyn Adrienne Nippold (born 1951) is language and communications scientist with expertise in adolescent language development and disorders. She is Professor in Communication Disorders and Sciences at the University of Oregon.  Nippold is author of several books on adolescent language development, including Later Language Development: The School-age and Adolescent Years and Language Sampling with Adolescents: Implications for Intervention.

Nippold received Honors from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) in 2009  and the Alumni Award from Purdue University in 2017.  She received the Outstanding Publications Award from the Council for Exceptional Children in 2009.

Nippold served as Editor of the journal Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools from 2012–2016.
Football League of Europe
The Football League of Europe (FLE) was a European American football league. It was founded in 1994, renamed 1995 in American Football League of Europe (AFLE) and dissolved after the 1995 season because of the ongoing financial problems. The trophy given annually to the FLE champions was the Jim Thorpe Trophy.

Manchester Spartans
The Manchester Spartans were an  American football club in Manchester, England. Founded in 1983 as the Northwich Spartans, they became Manchester Spartans in 1984, and were national champions in 1989 and 1990. They won the Eurobowl in 1990. The team folded in 1993.
Dmitrij Jaškin
Dmitrij Alexejevič Jaškin (Russian: Дмитрий Алексеевич Яшкин; born 23 March 1993) is a Russian-born Czech professional ice hockey player currently playing with Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played five seasons for the St Louis Blues and one season with the Washington Capitals and Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). Jaškin was selected first overall in the 2010 KHL Junior Draft by Sibir Novosibirsk, and was drafted by the Blues in the second round, 41st overall, in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.

2011 NHL entry draft
The 2011 NHL entry draft was the 49th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 24–25, 2011, at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It was the first time the draft was held in the state of Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars hosted the 1989 NHL entry draft. The top three selections were Ryan Nugent-Hopkins by the Edmonton Oilers, Gabriel Landeskog by the Colorado Avalanche, and Jonathan Huberdeau by the Florida Panthers.

The draft was also noteworthy as the venue at which the recently relocated Atlanta Thrashers franchise announced that they would be known as the Winnipeg Jets, making the announcement as they drafted Mark Scheifele with their first pick.

As of 2025 there are 42 active NHL players from this draft.
Ivens
Ivens is a Germanic surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dirk Ivens, Belgian musician

Frances Ivens (1870–1944), English obstetrician and gynecologist

Jonas Ivens (born 1984), Belgian footballer and manager

Joris Ivens (1898–1989), Dutch filmmaker

Martin Ivens (born 1958), English journalist

Roberto Ivens (1850–1898), Portuguese explorer and naval officer

T C Ivens, (1921–1988) English reservoir fly angler and author

Terri Ivens (born 1967), American actress and author

William Ivens (1878–1957), English-Canadian leading figure in the Winnipeg General Strike

T C Ivens
Thomas Coleman Ivens (22 May 1921 – 9 July 1988) was an English reservoir fly angler and author.

Tom Ivens was born on 22 May 1921 in Northampton and studied at Northampton Grammar School and Seale-Hayne Agricultural College. Between 1944 and 1947 he was in command of naval minesweepers. He was on the staff of the Fishing Gazette from 1953 to 1956. A biography of Tom Ivens entitled The Fly Fishing Legacy of T C Ivens was published in 2021.
1975 NCAA Division II soccer tournament
The 1975 NCAA Division II Soccer Championship was the fourth annual tournament held by the NCAA to determine the top men's Division II college soccer program in the United States.

Baltimore defeated Seattle Pacific in the final match, 3–1, to win their first national title. The final was played in Seattle, Washington on November 29, 1975.

Seattle Pacific Falcons
The Seattle Pacific Falcons (also SPU Falcons) are the 12 varsity athletic teams that represent Seattle Pacific University, located in Seattle, Washington, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Falcons compete as members of the Great Northwest Athletic Conference for all sports.
USS Saipan
Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Saipan, after the Battle of Saipan, one of the Northern Mariana Islands that was a scene of heavy fighting in World War II.

The first USS Saipan (CVL-48) was commissioned as a light aircraft carrier in 1946, converted to the command ship Arlington (AGMR-2) and recommissioned in 1966, serving until 1970.

The second USS Saipan (LHA-2) was an amphibious assault ship commissioned 1977 and decommissioned 20 April 2007.

USS Saipan (LHA-2)
USS Saipan (LHA-2) was a Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship, the second United States Navy ship named in honor of the World War II Battle of Saipan. Commissioned in 1977, the ship saw service until 2007 when she was decommissioned. In 2009 the ship was sold for scrapping.
Sand equivalent test
The sand equivalent test quantifies the relative abundance of sand versus clay in soil. It is measured by standardized test methods such as ASTM D2419, AASHTO T176, and EN 933–8. The test is used to qualify aggregates for applications where sand is desirable but fines and dust are not. A higher sand equivalent value indicates that there is less clay‐like material in a sample.

During the test, material from the test specimen that can pass through a No. 4 sieve is mixed with solutions of calcium chloride, formaldehyde and glycerin in a cylinder. The content is then left for sedimentation. After about 20 minutes, the level of clay suspension and the sand level is read on the cylinder scale.

Glycerol
Glycerol (/ˈɡlɪsərɒl/) is a sugar alcohol with chemical formula C3H5(OH)3. It has three carbon atoms and as many hydroxyl groups. It is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid at Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP). Because of its three hydroxyl groups, glycerol is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature.

The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides, where one or more of the hydroxyl groups are esterified with fatty acids. The most abundant of glycerides are triglycerides (found in animal fats and vegetable oils), the form in which glycerol is most commonly found in nature. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations.

Modern use of the word glycerine (alternatively spelled glycerin) refers to commercial preparations of less than 100% purity, typically 95% glycerol.
Phase distinction
Phase Distinction is a property of programming languages that observe a strict division between types and terms. A concise rule for determining whether phase distinction is preserved in a language or not has been proposed by Luca Cardelli - If A is a compile-time term and B is a subterm of A, then B must also be a compile-time term.

Most statically typed languages conform to the principle of phase distinction. However, some languages with especially flexible and expressive type systems (notably dependently typed programming languages) allow types to be manipulated in the same ways as regular terms. They may be passed to functions or returned as results.

A language with phase distinction may have separate namespaces for types and run-time variables. In an optimizing compiler, phase distinction marks the boundary between expressions which are safe to erase.

Expression (computer science)
In computer science, an expression is a syntactic entity in a programming language that may be evaluated to determine its value of a specific semantic type. It is a combination of one or more constants, variables, functions, and operators that the programming language interprets (according to its particular rules of precedence and of association) and computes to produce ("to return", in a stateful environment) another value.
In simple settings, the resulting value is usually one of various primitive types, such as string, boolean, or numerical (such as integer, floating-point, or complex).

Expressions are often contrasted with statements—syntactic entities that have no value (an instruction).
2014 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II – Pool A
Pool A of the 2014 Fed Cup Americas Group II was one of four pools in the Americas Group II of the 2014 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom two teams proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the Group I.

2014 Fed Cup
The 2014 Fed Cup (also known as the 2014 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes) was the 52nd edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women's tennis. The final took place on 8–9 November and was won by the Czech Republic. Petra Kvitová won both of her singles matches in the final against Germany, delivering two of the three points needed for victory of her team.

The draw took place on 10 July 2013 in Paris, France.
1942 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 1942 Oregon gubernatorial election  took place on November 3, 1942 to elect the governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. Republican candidate and Oregon Secretary of State Earl W. Snell defeated state senator Lew Wallace by a more than 3–1 margin, which remains the largest margin of victory for any candidate for Oregon governor.

Earl Snell
Earl Wilcox Snell (July 11, 1895 – October 28, 1947) was an American politician, businessman, and member of the Republican Party, serving in the Oregon House of Representatives, as the Oregon Secretary of State, and as the 23rd Governor of Oregon. American journalist John Gunther described Snell as "genial, mediocre, and perpetually on the fence."
Klein Tools
Klein Tools, Inc. is an American company based in Lincolnshire, IL that manufactures hand tools. The company is known for its popularity with workers in the electrical and telecommunications industries. Lineman's pliers in the past were often called "Kleins," an example of a genericized trademark.

Klein's line-up contains more than 5,000 different tools, including 165 different types of pliers, in addition to screwdrivers, nut drivers, wire pulling and stripping tools, crimping tools, scissors, snips and shears, cable and bolt cutters, multimeters, electrical outlet testers,  conduit benders, personal protective equipment, and tool bags. Klein produces a high-end line of tools under its Journeyman label.

Snips
Snips, also known as shears, are metalworking hand tools used to cut sheet metal and other tough webs. Workers use various types of snips, with the cutting edges being straight or curved to various degrees. The style of edge employed will depend if a straight sheer or some type of shape cut is necessary. There are two broad categories: tinner's snips, which are similar to common scissors, and compound-action snips, which use a compound leverage handle system to increase the mechanical advantage.
Willard A. Hanna
Willard Anderson Hanna (August 3, 1911 – October 5, 1993) was an American writer of Southeast Asian history and works of fiction as well as a teacher. Hanna wrote politics, history, and historical fiction. He wrote Bali Chronicles with Adrian Vickers. Hanna co-authored Turbulent Times Past in Ternate and Tidore on the history of the Maluku Islands and Banda Neira with Des Alwi.

Des Alwi
Des Alwi Abubakar (November 17, 1927 – November 12, 2010) was an Indonesian historian, diplomat, writer and advocate of the Banda Islands. He was the adopted son of Mohammad Hatta, the first Vice President of Indonesia, whom he called "Oom Kacamata" ("Uncle Eyeglasses").