hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bud Barbee
John Quincy Adams Barbee (March 16, 1914 – January 14, 2000), nicknamed "Bud", was an American Negro league outfielder in the 1930s and 1940s.

A native of Durham, North Carolina, Barbee graduated from Whitted High School. A "prodigious power-hitter", he made his Negro leagues debut in 1937 for the New York Black Yankees. Barbee served in the United States Army during World War II, and returned from service to resume his baseball career. He was the brother of fellow Negro leaguer Lamb Barbee, and the brothers played together for the Cincinnati Clowns in 1945. Barbee died in Durham in 2000 at age 85.

New York Black Yankees
The New York Black Yankees were a professional Negro league baseball team based in New York City; Paterson, New Jersey; and Rochester, New York. Beginning as the independent Harlem Stars, the team was renamed the New York Black Yankees in 1932 and joined the Negro National League in 1936, and remained in the league through 1948.

The Black Yankees played at Paterson, New Jersey's Hinchliffe Stadium from 1933 to 1935 and from 1937 to 1938. They had no primary home ballpark in 1939. From 1940 to 1947, they primarily played home games at Yankee Stadium. In 1948, they played the majority of their home games at Red Wing Stadium in Rochester.
2021 National Bank Open – Men's singles
Daniil Medvedev defeated Reilly Opelka in the final, 6–4, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2021 Canadian Open. It was his fourth ATP Masters 1000 title and 12th career title. Opelka was contesting his maiden Masters 1000 final.

Rafael Nadal was the two-time reigning champion from when the event was last held in 2019 and was vying to tie Ivan Lendl's record of six Canadian Open titles, but did not participate due to a foot injury.

2019 Rogers Cup – Men's singles
Defending champion Rafael Nadal defeated Daniil Medvedev in the final, 6–3, 6–0 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2019 Canadian Open. It was the first time Nadal successfully defended a hard court title. This was Nadal’s 5th Canadian Open title, after winning in 2005, 2008, 2013, and 2018. This would be the 10th, and last, hard court Masters 1000 title for Nadal (also 3 Indian Wells, 1 Cincinnati, and 1 Madrid Indoors).
Jaan Jung
Jaan Jung (18 November 1835 Tammeküla, Pilistvere Parish – 26 June 1900 Tamme, Imavere Parish) was an Estonian educator, cultural figure, and archeology and history enthusiast.

From 1854 to 1856 he studied at Pilistvere parish school. From 1867 to 1899 he was the organist at Halliste Congregation. From 1857 to 1896 he taught at Kaidi School, located in Abja Parish.

He was a member of many Estonian national societies, such as the Society of Estonian Literati.

In 1874 he started to register archeological objects located in Estonia.

Halliste
Halliste (German: Hallist) is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Mulgi Parish, Viljandi County, in southern Estonia, located about 6 km northeast of the town of Abja-Paluoja. Until 2017, Halliste was the administrative centre of Halliste Parish. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 329.

The Halliste Holy Anna Church and Halliste Primary School are located on the territory of the neighbouring Pornuse village, and Halliste cemetery in Kulla village. The Halliste River flows about 3 km south of Halliste.
Eugenics in California
Eugenics in California is a notable part of eugenics in the United States. As an early leading force in the field of eugenics, California became the third state in the United States to enact a sterilization law. By 1921, California had accounted for 80% of sterilizations nationwide. This continued until the Civil Rights Movement, when widespread critiques against society's "total institutions" dismantled popular acceptance for the state's forced sterilizations. There were an estimated 20,000 forced sterilizations in California between 1909 and 1979; however, that number may be an underestimation. In 2021, California enacted a reparations program to compensate the hundreds of still living victims from its eugenics program.

Total institution
A total institution or residential institution is a facility of work and residence in which a number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered, and regimented round of life. Total institutions are hybrids of social organization and residential community.: 44 : 855  Privacy and civil liberties are limited or non-existent in total institutions, as all aspects of life including sleep, play, and work, are conducted in the same place, under the same absolute authority. The concept is mostly associated with the work of sociologist Erving Goffman.
Operation Barbarossa order of battle
This is the order of battle for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. It was fought between the German-led Axis Forces and the Soviet Forces. The operation started on June 22, 1941, and ended on December 5, 1941, after Operation Typhoon.

Army Group South
Army Group South (German: Heeresgruppe Süd) was the name of one of three German Army Groups during World War II.

It was first used in the 1939 September Campaign, along with Army Group North to invade Poland. In the invasion of Poland, Army Group South was led by Gerd von Rundstedt and his chief of staff Erich von Manstein.

Two years later, Army Group South became one of three army groups into which Germany organised their forces for Operation Barbarossa. Army Group South's principal objective was to capture Soviet Ukraine and its capital Kiev.

In September 1944, Army Group South Ukraine was renamed Army Group South in Eastern Hungary. It fought in Western Hungary until March 1945 and retired to Austria at the end of the Second World War, where it was renamed Army Group Ostmark on 2 April 1945.
Richard Kyanka
Richard Charles Kyanka ((1976-05-11)May 11, 1976 – November 9, 2021), known by his username Lowtax (a reference to Byron (Low Tax) Looper), was an American internet personality who created the website Something Awful. He dropped out of college his junior year and was hired by GameSpy to run PlanetQuake, a news site for the Quake video game series.

Quake (series)
Quake is a series of first-person shooter video games, developed by id Software and, as of 2010, published by Bethesda Softworks. The series is composed of Quake and its nonlinear, standalone sequels, which vary in setting and plot.

Quake was created as a successor franchise to id's highly successful Doom series, which had begun in 1993. As a new series, it built upon the fast-paced gameplay, game engine, and 3D graphics capabilities of Doom. It also expanded upon the multiplayer capabilities of Doom by introducing online multiplayer over the internet. This contributed to the popularity of the Quake series and characterized it as a figurehead in online gaming. By 2009, the series sold more than 5 million copies.
TSS Wandra
Wandra was a wooden twin screw steamer built in 1907, for Allen Taylor & Company, by Denis Sullivan at Coopernook, New South Wales. Her hull was towed to Sydney for her engines to be fitted by Begg and Greig.

Allen Taylor & Company
Allen Taylor & Company is a timber company in Australia. Founded by Allen Taylor in 1893 in Rozelle, Sydney, it is a subsidiary of the Pentarch Group.

By the time Taylor was knighted in 1911, he was on the board of numerous companies. He was an Alderman and Mayor of the Annandale Borough, an Alderman and Lord Mayor of Sydney Municipal Council and a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council.

In the 1970s, Allen Taylor & Company supplied timbers used in the Sydney Opera House. In April 1970 Allen Taylor & Company was taken over by Blue Metal Industries which in turn was purchased by Boral in 1982. It was most recently purchased by Allied Natural Timber Enterprises Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of the Pentarch Group in 2021.

The company owned a number of ships as part of its timber business.
Robert Condall
Robert Condall D.D, was a priest in England.

Condall was a Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. He was incorporated at Cambridge in 1574. He held livings at Wytham, Little Staughton and Edgworth. Condall was Archdeacon of Huntingdon from 1576 until his death in 1612.

Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech
The Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech is a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Diocese of Ely. The archdeacon is responsible for some clergy discipline and pastoral care in the Archdeaconry of Huntingdon and Wisbech.
Ein Herz, ein Sinn!
Ein Herz, ein Sinn!  (One Heart, one Mind!), opus 323 is a polka-mazurka composed by Johann Strauss II in 1868 belonging to a period of creativity of the composer. Strauss dedicated this piece to 'the Committee of the Citizen's Ball' which was held at the Imperial Redoutensaal on 11 February 1868 where on occasion he had earlier also dedicated his waltz Bürgersinn (op. 295).

Its themes have been selected as material for the operetta Wiener Blut (1899) of which Strauss himself did not compose any new music, instead relying on Adolf Müller Jr. to arrange from Strauss' previous compositions.

Strauss' tranquil polka-mazurka begins in C major with a Trio section in F major. Throughout the piece, the mood is generally happy although these are never outright cheerful nor triumphant and the finale is a gentle affirmation of these. The polka-mazurka has often been transcribed for piano solos.

F major
F major is a major scale based on F, with the pitches F, G, A, B♭, C, D, and E. Its key signature has one flat. Its relative minor is D minor and its parallel minor is F minor.

The F major scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F harmonic major and melodic major scales are:

F major is the home key of the English horn, the basset horn, the horn in F, the trumpet in F and the bass Wagner tuba. Thus, music in F major for these transposing instruments is written in C major. These instruments sound a perfect fifth lower than written, with the exception of the trumpet in F which sounds a fourth higher.
Protein pKa calculations
In computational biology, protein pKa calculations are used to estimate the pKa values of amino acids as they exist within proteins. These calculations complement the pKa values reported for amino acids in their free state, and are used frequently within the fields of molecular modeling, structural bioinformatics, and computational biology.

Poisson–Boltzmann equation
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation describes the distribution of the electric potential in solution in the presence of one or more charged surfaces. This distribution is important to determine how the electrostatic interactions will affect the molecules in solution.

It is expressed as a differential equation of the electric potential , which depends on the solvent permitivity , the solution temperature , and the mean concentration of each ion species :

The Poisson–Boltzmann equation is derived via mean-field assumptions.
From the Poisson–Boltzmann equation many other equations have been derived with a number of different assumptions.
Detlef Gerstenberg
Detlef Gerstenberg (5 March 1957 – 24 January 1993) was a hammer thrower from East Germany, who competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics for his native country. Born in Eisenhüttenstadt, Brandenburg he died of cirrhosis aged 35 in Berlin.

Hammer throw
The hammer throw (Abbreviated as HT) is one of the four throwing events in regular outdoor track-and-field competitions, along with the discus throw, shot put and javelin.

The hammer used in this sport is not like any of the tools also called by that name. It consists of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a grip. These three components are each separate and can move independently. Both the size and weight of the ball vary between men's and women's events. The men's hammer weighs 7.26 kilograms (16 lb) for college and professional meets; the women's hammer weighs 4 kilograms (8.8 lb).
1805 Land Lottery
The 1805 Land Lottery was the first lottery of the Georgia Land Lotteries, a lottery system used by the U.S. state of Georgia between the years 1805 and 1833 to steal and redistribute Cherokee and Muscogee land.  The lottery was authorized by the Georgia General Assembly by an act of May 11, 1803, with drawings occurring in 1805. The lottery redistributed land in Baldwin, Wayne, and Wilkinson counties. 490-acre plots were redistributed in Wayne County and 202.5-acre plots were redistributed in Baldwin and Wilkinson counties. The 1805 lottery were used to steal Muscogee land and redistribute it to white settlers.

The John Rountree Log House in Twin City, Georgia, was built by John Rountree on land he won in the lottery.

Georgia General Assembly
The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Each of the General Assembly's 236 members serve two-year terms and are directly elected by constituents of their district. The Constitution of Georgia vests all legislative power with the General Assembly. Both houses have similar powers, though each has unique duties as well. For example, the origination of appropriations bills only occurs in the House, while the Senate is tasked with confirmation of the governor's appointments.

The General Assembly meets in the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta.
Gerasimus III of Constantinople
Gerasimus III of Constantinople (Greek: Γεράσιμος, Gerasimos; died after 1797) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1794 to 1797.

He descended from Cyprus. In 1762, he was elected metropolitan bishop of Vize, in 1783 of İzmit, and in 1791 of Derkoi. On 3 March 1794, he was elected Ecumenical Patriarch, succeeding Neophytus VII of Constantinople.

During his patriarchy, Gerasimus III regulated many ecclesiastic issues. One of which was setting an age requirement in the ordainment of clerics in 1795, prohibiting the ordainment of deacon under 25 years old and presbyter under 30 years old.

On 19 April 1797, he resigned and retired to Tarabiye, where he died a while later.

Presbyter
Presbyter (/ˈprɛzbɪtər/) is an honorific title for Christian clergy. The word derives from the Greek presbyteros, which means elder or senior, although many in Christian antiquity understood presbyteros to refer to the bishop functioning as overseer. The word presbyter is used many times in the New Testament, referring both to the Jewish leadership and the "tradition of the elders", and to the leaders of the early Christian community.

In modern Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican usage, presbyter is distinct from bishop: in Roman Catholicism it means Catholic priest. In other Protestant usage, for example, Methodism, presbyter does not refer to a member of a distinctive priesthood called priests but rather to a minister, pastor, or elder.
Ex on the Beach Italia season 2
The second season of Ex on the Beach Italia, an Italian television programme, began airing on 22 January 2020 on MTV Italy. The official list of cast members was confirmed with an image spread on networks, it includes three single boys and four single girls.

Ex on the Beach Italia
Ex on the Beach Italia is an Italian reality television series that airs on MTV, Sky Italia, and Now TV. The series premiered on 25 September 2018. It features single men and women on a summer vacation, with their exes joining the cast.

In September 2022, Paramount Global announced that it had acquired the production rights to the show.
Roberto González Díaz-Durán
Roberto González Díaz-Durán (born 15 November 1970) is a Guatemalan economist and politician who served as Minister of Energy and Mines from 2004 to 2005. González has been an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of Guatemala City in 2007, 2011, 2019 and 2023, he came in second place in all elections.

González was also presidential candidate in 2015 for the CREO–Unionist coalition, after forming a temporary coalition with his political rival, mayor Álvaro Arzú.

2011 Guatemalan general election
General elections were held in Guatemala on 11 September 2011 in order to elect the president, vice president, members of Congress, members of the Central American Parliament and mayors and councillors for all municipalities. The Patriotic Party emerged as the largest party in Congress, winning 56 of the 158 seats.

As no candidate received more than 50% of the vote, a second round of the presidential election was held on 6 November with Otto Pérez Molina of the PP facing Manuel Baldizón of Renewed Democratic Liberty. Pérez was elected with 53.7% of the vote.
Alf Reidar Jacobsen
Alf Reidar Jacobsen (born 21 February 1950) is a Norwegian journalist, non-fiction author, novelist, crime fiction author and biographer.

Jacobsen was born in Hammerfest. He has worked as a journalist for the newspapers Finnmark Dagblad, Klassekampen, Verdens Gang, for the magazine Økonomisk Rapport, and for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.

He was awarded the Riverton Prize in 1988 for the novel Kharg. His book Iskyss from 1991, on Soviet espionage in Norway, earned him the SKUP Award, and was the basis for a film in 2008. He published a biography of the whaler Svend Foyn in 2008.

His book Kongens nei was the basis for the 2016 film The King's Choice. The film won eight Amanda Awards.

He has been editor-at-large of the online newspaper Document.no since 2021.

The King's Choice
The King's Choice (Norwegian: Kongens nei, meaning "The King's No") is a 2016 biographical war film directed by Erik Poppe. It is a co-production of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Ireland, and was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards. The film made the shortlist of nine films to be considered for a nomination at the 89th Academy Awards.
Jack Campbell (American football)
Jack Campbell (born August 22, 2000) is an American professional football linebacker for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He was a unanimous All-American playing college football for the Iowa Hawkeyes, winning the Butkus Award in 2022. Campbell was selected by the Lions in the first round of the 2023 NFL draft, and named to the All-Rookie Team. He earned his first Pro Bowl selection in 2025.

Iowa Hawkeyes football
The Iowa Hawkeyes football program represents the University of Iowa in college football. The Hawkeyes compete in the Big Ten Conference. Iowa joined the Conference (then known as the Western Conference or Big Nine) in 1899 and played their first Conference football season in 1900. They are a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Hawkeyes play their home games in Iowa City, Iowa, at Kinnick Stadium, with a capacity of 69,250. The Hawkeyes are coached by Kirk Ferentz, who is in his 27th season as the head coach and is the longest current tenured head coach in NCAA Division I FBS. The Hawkeyes have won 13 conference championships (including 11 in the Big Ten). Iowa has been ranked #1 in the AP and Coaches Poll 15 times.
Farmers' Alliance (Ireland)
The Farmers' Alliance is an agrarian Irish political party established in 2023. Among its policies, it proposes a crackdown on immigration and opposition to green measures.

In April 2023, Caroline van der Plas, leader of the Dutch Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB), addressed a meeting of the party.

In January 2024, the Electoral Commission gave notice of its intention to approve the party's registration. In February 2024, co-founder Helen O'Sullivan resigned from the party.

The party endorsed a No vote in the 2024 Irish constitutional referendums.

At the 2024 local elections, two candidates stood on behalf of the Farmers' Alliance. Neither were elected, with the party polling only 234 first-preference votes in total.

Agrarianism
Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy that advocates for rural development, a rural agricultural lifestyle, family farming, widespread property ownership, and political decentralization. Those who adhere to agrarianism tend to value traditional forms of local community over urban modernity. Agrarian political parties sometimes aim to support the rights and sustainability of small farmers and poor peasants against the wealthy, powerful and famous in society.
L-number
The L-number system is a semi-scientific classification system of catfish based on photographs of shipments of tropical catfish of the family Loricariidae published by the German aquarium magazine DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (The Aquarium and Terrarium Magazine)). The first L-number was published in 1988.

An L-number is not a formal scientific designation, but it allows people to identify various loricariid catfish by a "common name" before the fish is officially described. When a loricariid receives an official scientific name, the L-number (or numbers) is retired; best practice is then to use the scientific name.

A specific L-number classification does not guarantee a discrete species, multiple L numbers have been given to different populations of the same species. To add to the confusion, sometimes a single L-number may be used for multiple species.

Additionally the aquarium magazine 'Das Aquarium' introduced a similar system using the prefix 'LDA'.

Photograph
A photograph (also known as a photo, or more generically referred to as an image or picture) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor. The process and practice of creating such images is called photography.

Photographs are now created using a smartphone or camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would perceive.
Bristol Lake
Bristol Lake is a dry lake in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, 42 km (26 mi) northeast of Twentynine Palms.

Bristol Lake is located southeast of Amboy and U.S. Route 66, and is also south of Cadiz. Amboy Crater and the Bullion Mountains are to the west, and Old Woman Mountains to the east.

The lake is approximately 23 km (14 mi) long and 20 km (12 mi) at its widest point.

U.S. Route 66 in California
U.S. Route 66 (US 66, Route 66) is a part of a former United States Numbered Highway in the  state of California that ran from the west in Santa Monica on the Pacific Ocean through Los Angeles and San Bernardino to Needles at the Arizona state line. It was truncated during the 1964 renumbering and its signage removed in 1974. The highway is now mostly replaced with several streets in Los Angeles, State Route 2 (SR 2), SR 110, SR 66, County Route 66 (CR 66) in San Bernardino County, Interstate 15 (I-15), and I-40.