hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Karma Rangdol
Karma Rangdol is a Bhutanese politician who has been a Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (DPT) member of the National Assembly of Bhutan from 2013 to 2018. Karma Rangdol has been replaced by Dorji Tshering in 2018.

Druk Phuensum Tshogpa
Druk Phuensum Tshogpa  (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཕུན་སུམ་ཚོགས་པ།; Wylie: 'brug phun-sum tshog-pa; translation: Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party; abbr. DPT) is one of the major political parties in Bhutan. It was formed on 25 July 2007 as a merger of the All People's Party and the Bhutan People's United Party, which were both short-lived. The working committee of the merged entity, headed by the former home minister, Jigmi Yoezer Thinley, decided on the name for the new party. On 15 August 2007, Jigmi Yoezer Thinley was elected president of the party, and the party applied for registration, thus becoming the second political party in Bhutan to do so. On 2 October 2007, the Election Commission of Bhutan registered the party. On 24 March 2008, the party won the first general election held in Bhutan. The party secured 45 of the 47 seats to the National Assembly. The party tends to be more popular in the east of the country.
Padda, Kapurthala
Padde bet  is a village in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Kapurthala, which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Padda. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

Kapurthala
Kapurthala (Punjabi pronunciation: [kə.puːɾ.t̪ʰə.läː]) is a city in the Punjab state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kapurthala District. It was the capital of the Kapurthala State, a princely state in British India. It is an immediate neighbour of Jalandhar city proper, and a part of the Jalandhar Metropolitan Region. The aesthetic mix of the city, with its prominent buildings based on French and Indo-Saracenic architecture self-narrate its princely past. And for this reason, it has often been referred to as the “Paris of Punjab”. It is also known as the 'City of Palaces & Gardens'. According to the 2011 census, Kapurthala is the least populated city in India.
Xenisthmus chapmani
Xenisthmus chapmani is a species of goby from the sleeper goby family Eleotridae which is known from a single specimen collected in Espiritu Santo Harbour, Vanuatu. Its specific name honours Dr. Wilbert M. Chapman the collector of the holotype.

Espiritu Santo
Espiritu Santo (UK: /ɛˌspɪrɪtuː ˈsæntoʊ/, US: /- ˈsɑːntuː, - ˈsɑːntoʊ/; French: [ɛspiʁity sɑ̃to]) is the largest island in the nation and archipelago of Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides), with an area of 3,955.5 km2 (1,527.2 sq mi), although Efate, on which the capital city of Port Vila is located, has a larger population. As of 2020, the population of Santo was 37,328. Luganville is the only true town on the island.
Fracture resistance
Fracture Resistance is an existing term used very widely and for many years in the dental reconstruction industry.

 as applied to e.g. dental inlays as used in dental restoration. The same term has also been used since 1986 in oil drilling operations.

where the 'resistance' is an effect of drilling mud leakage. The same term is increasingly being used in some metallurgically-adjacent technical conferences

Engineers and materials scientists use the more precise terms fracture toughness, critical stress intensity factor and  crack growth resistance to describe how structures and materials fail by fast fracture and by fatigue. These are defined by the theory of fracture mechanics .

Crack growth resistance curve
In fracture mechanics, a crack growth resistance curve shows the energy required for crack extension as a function of crack length in a given material. For materials that can be modeled with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), crack extension occurs when the applied energy release rate  exceeds the material's resistance to crack extension . A plot of crack growth resistance  versus crack extension  is called a crack growth resistance curve, or R-curve.

R-curves can alternatively be discussed in terms of stress intensity factors  rather than energy release rates , where the R-curves can be expressed as the fracture toughness (, sometimes referred to as ) as a function of crack length .
Rajvardhan Hangargekar
Rajvardhan Hangargekar (born 10 November 2002) is an Indian cricketer. He plays for Maharashtra in domestic cricket and Lucknow Super Giants in the Indian Premier League.

He made his Twenty20 debut on 16 January 2021, for Maharashtra in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 21 February 2021, for Maharashtra in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy. In December 2021, he was named in India's team for the 2022 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup in the West Indies.

In February 2022, he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament.

On 31 March 2023, he made his IPL debut for Chennai Super Kings in the 2023 Indian Premier League.

On 19 July 2023, in the 2023 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup match against Pakistan A cricket team Hangargekar picked up 5 wickets conceding only 42 runs guiding India A cricket team to a resounding victory.

Lucknow Super Giants
The Lucknow Super Giants, also known as LSG, are a professional Twenty20 cricket team based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, that competes in the Indian Premier League (IPL). The franchise is owned by RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group. Ekana Cricket Stadium is its home ground. As of 2025, the team is coached by Justin Langer and captained by Rishabh Pant.

Since the first appearance in 2022, the team has reached the playoffs in two seasons (2022, 2023) and finished at 7th in points table in 2024 and 2025. Currently, LSG are the only active team to have never reached an IPL final.
Bayes' theorem
Bayes' theorem (alternatively Bayes' law or Bayes' rule), named after Thomas Bayes (/beɪz/), gives a mathematical rule for inverting conditional probabilities, allowing the probability of a cause to be found given its effect. For example, with Bayes' theorem, the probability that a patient has a disease given that they tested positive for that disease can be found using the probability that the test yields a positive result when the disease is present. The theorem was developed in the 18th century by Bayes and independently by Pierre-Simon Laplace.

One of Bayes' theorem's many applications is Bayesian inference, an approach to statistical inference, where it is used to invert the probability of observations given a model configuration (i.e., the likelihood function) to obtain the probability of the model configuration given the observations (i.e., the posterior probability).

Realization (probability)
In probability and statistics, a realization, observation, or observed value, of a random variable is the value that is actually observed (what actually happened). The random variable itself is the process dictating how the observation comes about. Statistical quantities computed from realizations without deploying a statistical model are often called "empirical", as in empirical distribution function or empirical probability.

Conventionally, to avoid confusion, upper case letters denote random variables; the corresponding lower case letters denote their realizations.
Vehicle insurance
Vehicle insurance (also known as car insurance, motor insurance, or auto insurance) is insurance for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other road vehicles. Its primary use is to provide financial protection against physical damage or bodily injury resulting from traffic collisions and against liability that could also arise from incidents in a vehicle. Vehicle insurance may additionally offer financial protection against theft of the vehicle, and against damage to the vehicle sustained from events other than traffic collisions, such as vandalism, weather or natural disasters, and damage sustained by colliding with stationary objects. The specific terms of vehicle insurance vary with legal regulations in each region.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
Rollo Carpenter
Rollo Carpenter (born 1965) is the British-born creator of Jabberwacky and Cleverbot, learning artificial intelligence (AI) software. Carpenter worked as CTO of a business software startup in Silicon Valley.

Business software
Business software (or a business application) is any software or set of computer programs used by business users to perform various business functions. These business applications are used to increase productivity, measure productivity, and perform other business functions accurately.
Alberto Alberti
Alberto Alberti (1525 or 1526, Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany, Italy – 1598, Rome) was an Italian wood carver, architect, painter and diarist. His name also appears as Alberto di Giovanni Alberti and Berto di San Sepolcro. His three sons Alessandro, Giovanni and Cherubino (1533–1615) were all painters.

Sansepolcro
Sansepolcro, formerly Borgo Santo Sepolcro, is a town and comune founded in the 11th century, located in the Italian Province of Arezzo in the eastern part of the region of Tuscany.

Situated on the upper reaches of the Tiber river, the town is the birthplace of the painters Piero della Francesca, Raffaellino del Colle (a pupil of Raphael), Matteo di Giovanni, Santi di Tito, and Angiolo Tricca.  It was also the birthplace of the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli, and of Matteo Cioni, who translated Piero della Francesca's treatise about perspective in painting (De prospectiva pingendi) into Latin.

Today, the economy of the town is based on agriculture, industrial manufacturing, food processing and pharmaceuticals. It is the home of Buitoni pasta, founded by Giulia Buitoni in 1827.
Long, Long Ago
"Long, Long Ago" is a song dealing with nostalgia, written in 1833 by English composer Thomas Haynes Bayly. Originally called "The Long Ago", its name was apparently changed by the editor Rufus Wilmot Griswold when it was first published, posthumously, in a Philadelphia magazine, along with a collection of other songs and poems by Bayly. The song was well received, and became one of the most popular songs in the United States in 1844.

The first popular recording of the song was that by Geraldine Farrar for the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1913.

In 1939, the tune was given new words (revised slightly in 1941) and a bouncier tempo.  It became the 1942 Glenn Miller hit "Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree (with Anyone Else but Me)".

Geraldine Farrar
Alice Geraldine Farrar (February 28, 1882 – March 11, 1967) was an American lyric soprano who also frequently sang dramatic roles. She was noted for her beauty, acting ability, and "the intimate timbre of her voice." In the 1910s, she also found success as an actress in silent films. Farrar had a large following among young women, who were nicknamed "Gerry-flappers".
Trachyboa
Common name: eyelash boas

Trachyboa is a genus of nonvenomous dwarf boas endemic to Central and South America. They are largely terrestrial, fish-eating snakes that inhabit tropical lowlands. Two species are recognized.

Venomous snake
Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey. The venom is typically delivered by injection using hollow or grooved fangs, although some venomous snakes lack well-developed fangs. Common venomous snakes include the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Atractaspididae, and some of the Colubridae. The toxicity of venom is mainly indicated by murine LD50, while multiple factors are considered to judge the potential danger to humans. Other important factors for risk assessment include the likelihood that a snake will bite, the quantity of venom delivered with the bite, the efficiency of the delivery mechanism, and the location of a bite on the body of the victim. Snake venom may have both neurotoxic and hemotoxic properties. There are about 600 venomous snake species in the world.
Godfrey Stone
The Ven. Godfrey Owen Stone, FRGS (born 15 December 1949) is a British clergyman who was Archdeacon of Stoke from 2002 until 2013.

He was ordained deacon in 1981, and priest in 1982. After a curacy at Rushden-with-Newton Bromswold he was Director of Pastoral Studies at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford from  1987 to 1992. He was Team Rector at Bucknall from 1992 to 2002; and Rural Dean of Stoke-upon-Trent from 1998 to 2002.

He has been chair of the ecumenical Christian charity 'The Friends of the Church in China' since 2017 (www.thefcc.org).

Newton Bromswold
Newton Bromswold is a village and civil parish about 1.9 miles (3.1 km) east of Rushden in North Northamptonshire, England, adjacent to the border with Bedfordshire. At the 2001 census the parish's population was 62 people in 27 households. The population remained less than 100 at the 2011 Census and is included in the town of Rushden. It is near the villages of Wymington, Chelveston, Knotting, Knotting Green, Yelden and Melchbourne. There is a pub and a small church. The village takes its name from the forest which once stood where the village is today, called Bruneswald Forest.

The villages name means 'New farm/settlement'. Bromswold, 'Brun's forest', was an area of woodland on the Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire border.
Eric Chien-Wei Liao
Eric Liao is an American pediatric surgeon-scientist. He specializes in plastic and reconstructive craniofacial surgery, especially in the surgical treatment of cleft lip and palate, rhinoplasty, otoplasty, and nasal reconstruction. Liao's research interests are focused on the genetics and developmental biology that govern facial formation and craniofacial anomalies. He is the founding director of the Center for Craniofacial Innovation at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the Vice Chair of Academic Affairs in the Department of Surgery, and a Professor of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.

Perelman School of Medicine
The Perelman School of Medicine, previously the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (Penn Med), is the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, a private Ivy league research university in Philadelphia. Founded in 1765, it is the oldest medical school in the United States.

As of 2024, the school has about 2,900 faculty members and nearly $1 billion in annual sponsored program awards.
Motor nerve
A motor nerve, or efferent nerve, is a nerve that contains exclusively efferent nerve fibers and transmits motor signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effector organs (muscles and glands), as opposed to sensory nerves, which transfer signals from sensory receptors in the periphery to the CNS. This is different from the motor neuron, which includes a cell body and branching of dendrites, while the nerve is made up of a bundle of axons. In the strict sense, a "motor nerve" can refer exclusively to the connection to muscles, excluding other organs. The vast majority of nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers and are therefore called mixed nerves.

Gland
A gland is a cell or an organ in an animal's body that produces and secretes different substances that the organism needs, either into the bloodstream or into a body cavity or outer surface. A gland may also function to remove unwanted substances such as urine from the body.

There are two types of gland, each with a different method of secretion. Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their products, hormones,  directly into interstitial spaces to be taken up into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands secrete their products through a duct into a body cavity or outer surface.

Glands are mostly composed of epithelial tissue, and typically have a supporting framework of connective tissue, and a capsule.
Arvense
Arvense (the neuter form of arvensis), a Latin adjective meaning in the fields, is the specific epithet of the following:

Anemopaegma arvense, a medicinal plant native to Cerrado vegetation in Brazil

Arvense (section), a section within the mushroom genus Agaricus

Cerastium arvense, the field chickweed, a flowering plant species

Cirsium arvense, a plant species native throughout Europe and northern Asia and widely introduced elsewhere

Equisetum arvense, a herbaceous perennial plant, native throughout the arctic and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere

Lithospermum arvense, a flowering plant of the family Boraginaceae

Melampyrum arvense, an herbaceous flowering plant of the genus Melampyrum in the family Orobanchaceae

Thlaspi arvense, the field penny-cress, a foetid Eurasian plant species naturalized throughout North America

Trifolium arvense, the haresfoot clover, a clover species

Melampyrum arvense
Melampyrum arvense, commonly known as field cow-wheat, is an herbaceous flowering plant of the genus Melampyrum in the family Orobanchaceae. It is striking because of the conspicuous spike of pink or purple terminal bracts which includes the flowers.

The Latin specific epithet arvense means "growing in cultivated fields".
Bougoufa
Bougoufa (also written Bou Goufa) is a village in the commune of Mih Ouensa, in Mih Ouensa District, El Oued Province, Algeria. The village is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southeast of Mih Ouensa and 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of the provincial capital El Oued.

Mih Ouensa
Mih Ouensa (sometimes written Mih Ouansa or Mouïaf Ouennsa) is a town and commune, and capital of Mih Ouensa District, in El Oued Province, Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 15,593, up from 11,779 in 1998, and a population growth rate of 3.3%.
Peter Lauritzen
Peter Lauritzen (born 8 December 1959 in Århus) is a Danish civil servant.

He was the fourth High Commissioner of Greenland, and held the post from 1 April 2002 to 30 March 2005.

From 1 January 2007, he became director of Roskilde Universitetscenter, taking over from Lars Kirdan. He has an MA in political science and MA in comparative studies, and was formerly ministerial secretary for Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, and research assistant and lecturer at Københavns Universitet.

High Commissioner of Greenland
The High Commissioner of Greenland (Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaanni Naalagaaffiup Sinniisoqarfia, Danish: Rigsombuddet i Grønland) is the chief representative of the King of Denmark and Government of the Kingdom of Denmark in Greenland, an autonomous territory in the Kingdom of Denmark.

The High Commissioner leads and is supported in their functions by their office, the High Commission. They are based in Nuuk, the capital of Greenland.
Mitoyo, Kagawa
Mitoyo (三豊市, Mitoyo-shi) is a city located in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 September 2022, the city had an estimated population of 59,876 in 23024 households and a population density of 270 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 222.73 square kilometres (86.00 sq mi).

Cities of Japan
A city (市, shi) is a local administrative unit in Japan. Cities are ranked on the same level as towns (町, machi) and villages (村, mura), with the difference that they are not a component of districts (郡, gun). Like other contemporary administrative units, they are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.
First inauguration of Álvaro Uribe
Álvaro Uribe's first inauguration as the 31st President of Colombia took place on Saturday, August 7, 2002, marking the beginning of the first four-year term of Álvaro Uribe as president and Francisco Santos as vice president. The 27th presidential inauguration did not take place in the central front of the National Capitol in Bogotá, D.C. As had been customary until 2002. Uribe was sworn in as presidential oath, after which Santos was sworn in as vice president.

After the victory and his arduous presidential campaign, Uribe became the first president of Colombia in 50 years of history not to belong to any of the traditional political streams that had been running the nation, they are the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.

Colombian Liberal Party
The Colombian Liberal Party (Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano; PLC) is a  centre-left political party in Colombia. It was founded as a classical liberal party but later developed a more social-democratic tradition, joining the Socialist International in 1999.

The Liberal Party along with the Colombian Conservative Party dominated the Colombian political scene from the end of the 19th century until 2002, in bipartisan political hegemony. The two parties were in direct military conflict between 1948 and 1958, during the civil war period known as La Violencia, after which they established the "National Front", agreeing to rotate power, intercalating for a period of four presidential terms. The election victory of independent candidate Álvaro Uribe in 2002 put an end to dominance of two party politics in Colombia.

Currently, the Liberal Party is the largest party in Congress and supported the left-wing presidency of Gustavo Petro until leaving Petro's coalition on 28 November 2023.
Nate Triplett
Nathan Triplett (born March 15, 1987) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers, he was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL draft. He was also a member of the San Diego Chargers,  Indianapolis Colts, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Minnesota Golden Gophers football
The Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represents the University of Minnesota in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Founded in 1882, Minnesota has been a member of the Big Ten Conference since its inception in 1896 as the Western Conference. The Golden Gophers claim seven national championships, including four (1936, 1940, 1941, and 1960) from the major wire-services: AP Poll and/or Coaches' Poll.

Since 2009, the Golden Gophers have played all their home games at Huntington Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The team is currently coached by P. J. Fleck.