hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frank–Caro process
The Frank–Caro process, also called cyanamide process, is the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide with nitrogen gas in a reactor vessel at about 1,000 °C. The reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining once the reaction temperature is reached. Originally the reaction took place in large steel cylinders with an electrical resistance element providing initial heat to start the reaction. Modern production uses rotating ovens. The synthesis produces a solid mixture of calcium cyanamide (CaCN2), also known as nitrolime, and carbon.

CaC2 + N2 → CaCN2 + C

Exothermic process
In thermodynamics, an exothermic process (from Ancient Greek  έξω (éxō) 'outward' and  θερμικός (thermikós) 'thermal') is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The term exothermic was first coined by 19th-century French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.

The opposite of an exothermic process is an endothermic process, one that absorbs energy, usually in the form of heat.  The concept is frequently applied in the physical sciences to chemical reactions where chemical bond energy is converted to thermal energy (heat).
Thomas Dalzell, 7th Earl of Carnwath
Thomas Henry Dalzell, 7th Earl of Carnwath (2 September 1797 – 14 December 1867) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of Robert Alexander Dalzell, 6th Earl of Carnwath and Andulusia Browne.

He married firstly, on 9 September 1834, Mary Anne Grattan, daughter of the Right Honourable Henry Grattan. He married secondly, on 2 May 1855, Isabella Eliza Wilmot, daughter of Colonel Eardley Wilmot and widow of John Hartpole Lecky. They had one son together.

Lord Carnwath died on 14 December 1867, aged 70 at Bagnères de Bigorre, France, and his titles were inherited by his son, Henry Dalzell, then 10 years of age, who died only six years later in 1873. Lady Carnwath outlived her husband and son, and died in her 83rd year at Cromwell-place in London on 16 October 1902.

The Right Honourable
The Right Honourable (abbreviation: The Rt Hon. or variations) is an honorific style traditionally applied to certain persons and collective bodies in the United Kingdom, the former British Empire, and the Commonwealth of Nations. The term is predominantly used today as a style associated with the holding of certain senior public offices in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and, to a lesser extent, Australia and Nepal.

Right in this context is an adverb meaning 'very' or 'fully'. Grammatically, The Right Honourable is an adjectival phrase which gives information about a person. As such, it is not considered correct to apply it in direct address, nor to use it on its own as a title in place of a name; but rather it is used in the third person along with a name or noun to be modified.

Right may be abbreviated to Rt, and Honourable to Hon., or both. The is sometimes dropped in written abbreviated form, but is always pronounced.
Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson
Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson (born 6 August 1990) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a centre-back for Úrvalsdeild karla club Valur and the Iceland national team. He is the son of Eyjólfur Sverrisson, former Iceland international and manager.

Belgium national under-21 football team
The Belgium national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Belgium and is controlled by the Belgian Football Association. The team competes in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship, held every two years. Their biggest successes were winning the 2007–09 International Challenge Trophy and reaching the European Championship semi-finals in 2007 in the Netherlands. Thanks to the latter achievement, Belgium qualified for the football tournament at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Their current home stadium is Den Dreef in Leuven.
Hypochaeris glabra
Hypochaeris glabra is a species of flowering plant in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae known by the common name smooth cat's ear. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East but it can be found on other continents where it is an introduced species and a widespread weed. It has become widespread in Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, Australia, and parts of the Americas (especially California).

Hypochaeris glabra is an annual herb growing a small taproot, a basal rosette of leaves, and one or more thin stems 10–40 cm (4–16 in) tall. The leaves are 2–10 cm (3⁄4–4 in) long, smooth along the edges or with small lobes, and green in color, sometimes with a purplish tint near the veins. Atop the thin, naked stems are flower heads with small overlapping purple-tipped phyllaries and bright yellow ray florets. The fruit is a cylindrical achene with a white pappus almost 1 cm (3⁄8 in) long.

Cichorieae
The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae) are a tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. Cichorieae all have milky latex and flowerheads that only contain one type of floret. The genera Gundelia and Warionia only have disk florets, while all other genera only have ligulate florets. The genera that contain most species are Taraxacum (Crepidinae subtribe) with about 1,600 apomictic species, Hieracium with about 770 sexually reproducing and 5,200 apomictic species, and Pilosella with 110 sexually reproducing and 700 apomictic species (both Hieraciinae). Well-known members include lettuce, chicory, dandelion, and salsify.
Cyclone Julia
Cyclone Julia brought heavy flooding and hurricane conditions to parts of Europe, the Mediterranean region, and North Africa in February 2012. Julia originated from an extratropical system that split off from its parent storm, in the western Mediterranean Sea on February 2. Despite the unfavorable conditions in the Mediterranean Sea, Julia strengthened, with winds peaking at 61 mph (98 km/h), and a minimum pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg) on February 6. On February 7, the storm made landfall on the Peloponnesian Peninsula, and eventually dissipated over Turkey. Cyclone Julia caused at least $6.4 million (2012 USD) in damages, and resulted in at least 12 deaths. The storm also worsened the effects of the Early 2012 European cold wave across Europe and North Africa.

Landfall
Landfall is the event of a storm moving over land after being over water. More broadly, and in relation to human travel, it refers to 'the first land that is reached or seen at the end of a journey across the sea or through the air, or the fact of arriving there.'
Birna Vas
Birna Vas (pronounced [ˈbiːɾna ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Birna vas) is a settlement in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. It lies on the road from Krmelj to Šentjanž in the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

Municipality of Sevnica
The Municipality of Sevnica (Slovene: Občina Sevnica) is a municipality along the Sava and the Mirna Rivers in southeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Sevnica. Today it is part of the Lower Sava Statistical Region. It is the 12th-largest municipality by area in Slovenia.
Valparaiso University deaccessioning controversy
In early 2023, Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana, U.S., under the leadership of President José Padilla, announced that it had decided to sell three paintings in its collection to fund dormitory renovations. The proposed sale of three paintings—Mountain Landscape (c. 1849) by Frederic Edwin Church, The Silver Veil and the Golden Gate (1914) by Childe Hassam, and Rust Red Hills (1930) by Georgia O'Keeffe—sparked fierce opposition, including protests from faculty and students, and from Richard H. W. Brauer, retired founding director of the university's Brauer Museum of Art where the paintings were exhibited.

José Padilla (academic administrator)
José D. Padilla is the 19th President of Valparaiso University. Padilla was most recently vice president, university counsel, and secretary of the University of Colorado system, and previously held similar roles for 15 years at DePaul University.
Statue of Queen Victoria, Reading
51°27′24″N 0°58′13″W﻿ / ﻿51.45656°N 0.97031°W﻿ / 51.45656; -0.97031

The statue of Queen Victoria stands at the eastern end of Friar Street outside the Town Hall of Reading, Berkshire, in southern England.

Friar Street, Reading
Friar Street is a thoroughfare in the English town of Reading. It runs parallel to Broad Street, connected by Union Street, Queen Victoria Street and Cross Street. At the western end is the Greyfriars Church and at the eastern end are the Town Hall and St Laurence's Church.
Day Off (TV program)
Day Off is a Philippine television reality show broadcast by QTV, Q and GMA News TV. The show awards people with a day off from their job. Originally hosted by Pekto and Carmina Villarroel, it premiered from November 12, 2005. The show concluded on May 25, 2019 with a total of 746 episodes. Janine Gutierrez and Ken Chan served as the final hosts.

Janine Gutierrez
Janine Marie Elizabeth de Leon Gutierrez (born October 2, 1989) is a Filipino actress and video blogger. In 2020, she won the Best Actress Award at the 68th FAMAS Awards and 43rd Gawad Urian Awards for her role in the film Babae at Baril (2019). In 2021, Gutierrez was recognized with the Rising Star Award at the 20th New York Asian Film Festival.
The Daily Life of the Immortal King
The Daily Life of the Immortal King (Chinese: 仙王的日常生活, pinyin: Xiān Wáng de Rìcháng Shēnghuó) is a donghua based on the manhua, which itself is based on the Chinese novel by Kuxuan with the same name. This novel is published by Qidian in Chinese and Webnovel in English. It began publishing in 2017. As of 8 May 2025, the novel has 2254 chapters, 2202 chapters of which have been translated into English.

A donghua web series adaptation premiered on its video sharing service Bilibili on 18 January 2020, with its most recent season premiering on 14 December 2025.

Manhua
Manhua (traditional Chinese: 漫畫; simplified Chinese: 漫画; pinyin: mànhuà) are Chinese-language comics produced in Greater China. Chinese comics and narrated illustrations have existed in China throughout its history.

They are usually graphic and can be written for a myriad of genres, including romance, fantasy, historical, thrillers, paranormal, and horror. The narratives are varied but often include tropes and plots common to Asian culture and settings.

The first major manhua magazine, Shanghai Sketch, first published in 1928. During the early 20th century, political manhua  were printed as propaganda during times of political upheaval. At the start of the 21st century, Chinese cartoonists began to publish manhua through social media and microblogging websites.
Harriet McPherson
Harriet McPherson was an American politician, dairy farmer, and educator.

McPherson lived in Stillwater, Minnesota, with her husband and family, and was a dairy farmer. She graduated from Winona State University with a bachelor's degree in elementary education. She served on the Stillwater School Board and was a Republican. McPherson served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1985 to 1992.

Winona State University
Winona State University is a public university in Winona, Minnesota, United States. It was founded as First State Normal School of Minnesota in 1858 and is the oldest member of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System. It was the first normal school west of the Mississippi River.

The university offers more than 80 programs on its main campus as well as collegiate programs on satellite campuses at Winona State University-Rochester. Its average annual enrollment is approximately 6,000 undergraduate and graduate students. Its sports teams compete as the Winona State Warriors in the NCAA Division II athletics in 14 sports, primarily in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference.
Sepia subtenuipes
Sepia subtenuipes is a species of cuttlefish native to the western Pacific Ocean, specifically the East China Sea and the Kii Channel in southwestern Japan. It lives at depths of 90 to 300 m.

Sepia subtenuipes grows to a mantle length of 94 mm.

The type specimen was collected off the coast of Japan and is deposited at the National Science Museum in Tokyo.

Kii Channel
The Kii Channel (紀伊水道, Kii-suidō), also called the Kii Strait, is a strait separating the Japanese island of Shikoku from the Kii Peninsula on the main island of Honshū. This strait connects the Inland Sea with the Pacific Ocean.

The name of the strait derives from Kii Province, a former province on the Kii Peninsula.

The strait is surrounded by Tokushima Prefecture on Shikoku, Wakayama Prefecture on Honshū, and the southern coast of Awaji Island in Hyōgo Prefecture. It is connected to Osaka Bay via the Kitan Strait and to Harima Nada (the eastern part of the Inland Sea) by the Naruto Strait. Part of the channel is designated as Setonaikai National Park.

Western maps from the 19th century also refer to this waterway as the Linschoten Strait.
Spring pancake
The spring pancake (simplified Chinese: 春饼; traditional Chinese: 春餅; pinyin: chūnbǐng) is a traditional Chinese flatbread unique to the northern regions. The pancake is prepared by rubbing oil between two thin layers of leavened dough; after steaming, the pancake can be peeled apart to add fillings. People eat spring pancakes during Lichun to celebrate the beginning spring.

Northern and southern China
Northern China (Chinese: 中国北方 or 中国北部; lit. 'China's North') and southern China (Chinese: 中国南方 or 中国南部; lit. 'China's South') are two approximate regions that display certain differences in terms of their geography, demographics, economy, and culture.
Erik Zeidlitz
Erik Zeidlitz (alternate listings: Eric Zeidlitz, Erik Sigurd Zeidlitz, Eric Sigrud Zeidlitz, born December 11, 1945) is a Swedish sprint canoeist who competed from the 1966 to 1980. He won two medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver (C-2 1000 m: 1966) and a bronze (C-2 10000 m: 1970).

Zeidlitz also competed in four Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fifth in the C-2 1000 m event at Mexico City in 1968.

Canoeing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's C-2 1000 metres
The men's C-2 1000 metres event was an open-style, pairs canoeing event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1968 Summer Olympics program. In the official report, heat times were shown in tenths of a second (0.1) while semifinal and final events were shown in hundredths of a second (0.01).
Screw your neighbour
Screw your neighbour is the alternative name of several entirely different card games:

Ranter go round

Cuckoo (card game)

Crazy eights

Oh hell

Contract rummy

Sergeant major (card game)

It should not be confused with another card game called beggar-my-neighbour.

Contract rummy
Contract rummy is a Rummy card game, based on gin rummy played by 3 to 8 players. It appeared in the United States during the Second World War. The game is also known as Combination rummy, Deuces Wild Rummy and Joker rummy, and a proprietary version of the game called Phase 10 was published in 1982.
Serpentine Lakes
The Serpentine Lakes is a chain of salt lakes in the Great Victoria Desert of Australia. It runs for almost 100 km (62 mi) along the border between South Australia and Western Australia. When full, the lakes cover an area of 9,700 hectares (97 km2). Most of it is located in the Mamungari Conservation Park. The Anne Beadell Highway crosses the northernmost arm of the lake.

The Serpentine Lakes are considered an important wetlands area. They form part of a major palaeo-drainage system, a now-inactive drainage system from the Palaeozoic era. The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt and sand, and is covered with a salty crust. The sediment is mostly quartz arenite. The lakes form the main channel of the palaeo-drainage system. Other channels are covered by sand dunes and are not well defined. The surface elevation is 264 m (866 ft) above mean sea-level.

Tektites high in magnesium have been found in these lakes.

Quartz arenite
A quartz arenite or quartzarenite is a sandstone composed  of greater than 90% detrital quartz.  Quartz arenites are the most mature sedimentary rocks possible, and are often referred to as ultra- or super-mature, and are usually cemented by silica.  They often exhibit both textural and compositional maturity.  The two primary sedimentary depositional environments that produce quartz arenites are beaches/upper shoreface and aeolian processes.
Gesundbrunnen
Gesundbrunnen is the name of the following places and facilities in Germany:

Gesundbrunnen (Berlin), a subdistrict of Bezirk Mitte in Berlin and also there:
Berlin-Gesundbrunnen station
Stadion am Gesundbrunnen (demolished in 1974), former home ground of Hertha BSC football club

Gesundbrunnen (Bautzen), a subdistrict of the Saxon town of Bautzen

Gesundbrunnen (Halle), a subdistrict of Halle (Saale) in Saxony-Anhalt and the spring of the same name

Gesundbrunnen (Hofgeismar), a subdistrict of Hofgeismar

Diesdorfer Gesundbrunnen, a spring in the village of Diesdorf on the city territory of Magdeburg

The SLK Clinic "am Gesundbrunnen" in Heilbronn

Gesundbrunnen (Sagard), spa and bathing institution on the island of Rügen

Berlin Gesundbrunnen station
Berlin Gesundbrunnen station (German: Bahnhof Berlin Gesundbrunnen) is a railway station in Berlin, Germany. It is situated in the Gesundbrunnen district, part of the central Mitte borough, as an interconnection point between the northern Ringbahn and Nord-Süd Tunnel lines of the Berlin S-Bahn, as well as a regional and long distance station of the Deutsche Bahn network. The station is operated by the DB Station&Service subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG and is classified as a Category 1 station, one of 21 in Germany and four in Berlin, the others being Berlin Hauptbahnhof, Berlin Südkreuz and Berlin Ostbahnhof.
John Oswald
John Oswald is the name of:

John Oswald (revolutionary) (c. 1760–1793), Scottish philosopher, poet, journalist, and revolutionary

John Oswald (bishop) (died 1780), Anglican bishop in Ireland

John Oswald (British Army officer) (1771–1840), British general

John Oswald (composer) (born 1953), Canadian composer associated with the Plunderphonics project

John Oswald (footballer) (1869–1953), Scottish association footballer

John Oswald (politician) (born 1939), Australian politician

John Clyde Oswald (1872–1938), American author and magazine editor

John H. Oswald (1830–1899), Scottish landscape and genre artist

John W. Oswald (1917–1995), American university president

Jani Lane (John Kennedy Oswald, 1964–2011), American musician with glam metal band Warrant

John Holt Oswald, Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1801.

John Oswald (revolutionary)
John Oswald (c. 1760 – 14 September 1793) was a Scottish philosopher and revolutionary. Initially a British Army officer, he became disillusioned with colonialism while serving in India and adopted vegetarianism after living among Hindu communities. On returning to Britain, he became involved in radical literary and political circles in London, contributing to journals and publishing works advocating republicanism, direct democracy, atheism, animal rights, and vegetarianism.

Oswald moved to Paris in 1790, where he joined the Jacobin Club, edited revolutionary newspapers, and became a commander in the French Revolutionary Army. He was killed in action during the War in the Vendée in 1793. His best-known work, The Cry of Nature; or, an Appeal to Mercy and Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals (1791), presents a political and ethical critique of meat consumption and is regarded as an early text in the Western tradition of animal rights and vegetarian philosophy.
Drenča
Drenča (Serbian Cyrillic: Дренча) is a village in the municipality of Aleksandrovac, Serbia. The monastery of Drenča dates back to the Middle Ages. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of  255 people.

Municipalities and cities of Serbia
The municipalities and cities (Serbian: општине и градови / opštine i gradovi) are the first-level administrative division and the basic level of local government of Serbia. The country is divided into 145 municipalities and 29 cities.

Municipalities and cities form 29 administrative districts, except the City of Belgrade which is not part of any district.
Arthur Kipps
Arthur Kipps is the name of the protagonist in two distinct works of fiction.

HG Wells character

The main character in HG Wells novel Kipps

The same character in derivative works:
Kipps (1921 film), starring George K. Arthur in the role
Kipps (1941 film), starring Michael Redgrave in the role
Half a Sixpence, a musical comedy starring Tommy Steele
Half a Sixpence (film), a film version of the musical, also starring Tommy Steele

Susan Hill character

The main character in the Susan Hill novel The Woman in Black

The same character in derivative works:
The Woman in Black (play), a 1987 stage play
The Woman in Black (1989 film), a television film
The Woman in Black (2012 film), a cinematic release film, starring Daniel Radcliffe

Half a Sixpence (film)
Half a Sixpence is a 1967 British musical film directed by George Sidney starring Tommy Steele, Julia Foster and Cyril Ritchard. It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne. The screenplay by Beverley Cross is adapted from his book for the 1963 stage musical of the same name, which was based on Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul, the 1905 novel by H. G. Wells. The music and lyrics are by David Heneker.

This was the final film made by Sidney, and also the last film appearance of actor Hilton Edwards.
1866 New Zealand general election
The 1866 New Zealand general election was held between 12 February and 6 April to elect 70 MPs to the fourth term of the New Zealand Parliament.

In 1867 four Māori electorates were created, initially as a temporary measure for five years. The first Māori elections for these seats were held in 1868, with universal suffrage for Māori males over 21.

The first four Māori members of parliament were Tareha Te Moananui (Eastern Maori), Frederick Nene Russell (Northern Maori) and John Patterson (Southern Maori), who all retired in 1870; and Mete Kīngi Paetahi (Western Maori) who was defeated in 1871.

Frederick Nene Russell
Frederick Nene Russell (fl. 1868–1886) was a Māori member of Parliament in New Zealand. He was one of four Māori elected in 1868 for the new Māori electorates in the New Zealand parliament.

He represented the electorate of Northern Maori from 1868 to 1870, when he retired.

Son of George Frederick Russell, a timber merchant of Kohukohu and his second wife Herina Tuku, a Ngāpuhi woman. Through her, he was related to Tāmati Wāka Nene.

He served as chief clerk in the Native Office at Wellington for several years, resigning in May 1884.

He died in Suva, Fiji in January 1886.
Lindsay baronets of West Ville (1821)
The Trotter, later Lindsay baronetcy, of West Ville in the County of Lincoln, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 4 September 1821 for Coutts Trotter, principal partner in Coutt's Bank, with remainder to the male issue of his daughter Anne. She was the wife of Lieutenant-General Sir James Lindsay, son of the Hon. Robert Lindsay, second son of James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres.

Their eldest son, Coutts, the artist, succeeded to the title; he had no son and the title became extinct on his death in 1913. Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage, was his younger brother.

James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres
James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres (14 November 1691 – 20 February 1768) was a Scottish peer, the son of Colin Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Balcarres and Lady Margaret Campbell, daughter of the Earl of Loudoun. He became the 5th Earl of Balcarres on 25 July 1736 on the death of his brother Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Balcarres.