hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bruce Muirhead
Bruce Muirhead is a Canadian historian and academic whose work focuses on Canada's foreign trade policy.

From 1985 to 2006, Muirhead taught at Lakehead University. Currently at the University of Waterloo, he teaches Canadian history, the American impact on Canada, and Canada's foreign economic policy in the 20th century. He is professor of history, Egg Farmers of Canada chair in public policy and associate dean of graduate studies and research.

In recent years Muirhead's focus has shifted to Canadian development policies. With his fellow historian Ron Harpelle, Muirhead has published two books on the history of the International Development Research Center. Muirhead is also a senior fellow at Waterloo's Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Lakehead University
Lakehead University is a public research university with campuses in Thunder Bay and Orillia, Ontario, Canada. Lakehead University, shortened to 'Lakehead U', is non-denominational and provincially supported. It has undergraduate programs, graduate programs, the Bora Laskin Faculty of Law, the only internationally accredited (AACSB) business school in northern Ontario, and is home to the western campus of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine.

Lakehead has more than 45,000 alumni. The main campus in Thunder Bay has about 7,900 students. As of September 2006, a new permanent extension campus in Orillia, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Toronto, has about 1,400 students.
Blue Mongol
Blue Mongol is an album by trombonist Roswell Rudd and the Mongolian Buryat Band, a five-member ensemble led by Mongolian vocalist Badma Khanda, featuring horse-head fiddle and bass, instruments resembling zither, dulcimer, and flute, and a throat singer. It was recorded in 2005 at Nevessa Production in Saugerties, New York, and was released by Sunnyside Records later that year. The album is a continuation of the cross-cultural experiments that Rudd began pursuing with 2002's Malicool.

Rudd and the Mongolian Buryat Band toured the United States in late 2006. He reflected: "Listeners will be reminded of American folk music and aspects of the blues... I call their music 'art folk' because it combines the sophistication of conservatory training with the indigenous performance style of their long history."

Overtone singing
Overtone singing, also known as overtone chanting, harmonic singing, polyphonic overtone singing, or diphonic singing, is a singing technique in which the vocalist produces two distinct pitches at the same time.

From a fundamental pitch made by a human voice, harmonic overtones can be selectively amplified through manipulating the dimensions and the shape of the resonant cavities of the mouth and the pharynx.

Overtone singing should not be confused with throat singing, although many throat singing techniques include overtone singing. While overtone singing involves careful manipulation of the vocal tract, throat singing mostly involves the voice source.
Martyrs' Cemetery, Kobanî
The Martyrs' Cemetery (Kurdish: Merzelî Şehîdan Kobanê) is in Kobanî, in the Rojava region of Syria. It was established in 2012 and is used for the members of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) (in particular those of the People's Protection Units (YPG) and the Women's Protection Units (YPJ) killed during the Rojava conflict, part of the Syrian civil war. Many of the defenders killed during the siege of Kobanî against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) are buried here. By 2019, approximately 1300 had been buried at the cemetery.

The dead are remembered every month with a martyrs' ceremony. The graves are made of marble and ordered in symmetrical rows and the cemetery is maintained by employees of the Martyrs' Institute. The cemetery includes five spikes arranged in a hemicycle and a dome erected as a memorial. In the dome, artifacts and images of the fallen are displayed. Abu Layla, a well-known SDF commander, is buried there.

Abu Layla
Faisal Abdi Bilal Saadoun (1984 – 5 June 2016), widely known as Abu Leyla or Abu Layla (Arabic: أبو ليلى), was a Kurdish commander in both the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). He is regarded by many as a hero of the Rojava–Islamist conflict.

Abu Layla was born near Kobanî and is of Kurdish heritage; he died in a hospital in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. His death was caused by a sniper bullet to the head he received in the Abu Qelqel village during an offensive against the Islamic State in Manbij on 5 June 2016. At the time of his death, he was a prominent commander in the SDF.
Pshdar District
Pshdar District (Arabic: قضاء بشدر; Sorani Kurdish: قەزای پشدەر) is a district of the Sulaymaniyah Governorate in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located east of the city of Sulaymaniyah, near the Iranian border. The most populous urban centre in the district is Qeladizê, with 220,836 inhabitants.

Central Kurdish
Central Kurdish, also known as Sorani Kurdish, is a Kurdish language variety spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the Iranian provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan. Central Kurdish is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with Arabic, and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".

The term Sorani, named after the Soran Emirate, refers to a variety of Central Kurdish based on the dialect spoken in Slemani. Central Kurdish is written in the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet, an adaptation of the Arabic script developed in the 1920s by Sa'ed Sidqi Kaban and Taufiq Wahby.
Golden Hour: Part.3
Golden Hour: Part.3 is the twelfth extended play (EP) by South Korean boy band Ateez. It was released on June 13, 2025, through KQ Entertainment, RCA Records and Legacy Recordings. The EP continues the Golden Hour series and follows up the themes established in its predecessors. The EP's In Your Fantasy Edition was released on July 11, 2025.

KQ Entertainment
KQ Entertainment (Korean: KQ엔터테인먼트), formerly known as Seven Seasons, is a South Korean entertainment company founded in 2016 by Kim Kyu-wook.

KQ Entertainment, is home to the K-pop groups Ateez and Xikers, and manages two labels: Seven Seasons, Block B's label, and KQ Produce, a label for singer-songwriters and producers.
Rudi Dollmayer
Rudolf ("Rudi") Christopher Karl Dollmayer (born 17 January 1966) is a former butterfly and backstroke swimmer from Sweden. He competed for his native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the men's 100 m butterfly and the men's 100 m backstroke. He was affiliated with SK Ran in Malmö.

Butterfly stroke
Butterfly (shortened to fly) is a swimming stroke swum on the front, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "dolphin kick") along with the movement of the hips and chest.

It is the newest swimming style swum in competition, first swum in the early 1950s and originating from breaststroke.

For most competitive swimmers, butterfly is the second fastest stroke, only slower than front crawl.
Lynda Myles (British producer)
Lynda Myles (born 2 May 1947) is a British writer and producer. She is most well known for her work as the director of the Edinburgh International Film Festival and for producing film adaptions of Irish writer Roddy Doyle's The Barrytown Trilogy: 1991's The Commitments, 1993's The Snapper, and 1996's The Van.

Roddy Doyle
Roderick Doyle (born 8 May 1958) is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter. He is the author of eleven novels for adults, eight books for children, seven plays and screenplays, and dozens of short stories. Several of his books have been made into films, beginning with The Commitments in 1991. Doyle's work is set primarily in Ireland, especially working-class Dublin, and is notable for its heavy use of dialogue written in slang and Irish English dialect. Doyle was awarded the Booker Prize in 1993 for his novel Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha.
Alzheimer type II astrocyte
The Alzheimer type II astrocyte is thought to be a pathological type of cell in the brain; however, its exact pathology remains unknown. Like other astrocytes, it is a non-neuronal glial cell. It's mainly seen in diseases that cause increased levels of ammonia (hyperammonemia), such as chronic liver disease and Wilson's disease.

They are not associated with Alzheimer's disease, but were first described by the same neuroscientist who first described the eponymous disease, Alois Alzheimer.

Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist specializing in neuroscience that deals with the anatomy and function of neurons, neural circuits, and glia, and their behavioral, biological, and psychological roles in health and disease.

Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists design and conduct scientific experiments on the nervous system and its functions. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to expand current understanding of the nervous system, whereas applied research seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a neurological disorder.

Neuroscientists have numerous career opportunities outside of academic research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. A neuroscientist commonly holds a doctorate in a medical science.
Courtier
A courtier (/ˈkɔːrtiər/) is a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty. The earliest historical examples of courtiers were part of the retinues of rulers. Historically, the court was the centre of government as well as the official residence of the monarch, and the social and political life were often completely mixed together.

Royal family
A royal family is the immediate family of monarchs and sometimes their extended family.

The term imperial family appropriately describes the family of an emperor or empress, and the term papal family describes the family of a pope, while the terms baronial family, comital family, ducal family, archducal family, grand ducal family, or princely family are more appropriate to describe, respectively, the relatives of a reigning baron, count/earl, duke, archduke, grand duke, or prince.

However, in common parlance members of any family which reigns by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or "royals". It is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed monarch and their descendants as a royal family. A dynasty is sometimes referred to as the "House of ...". In July 2013 there were 26 active sovereign dynasties in the world that ruled or reigned over 43 monarchies.
The Belle Album
The Belle Album is the 12th studio album by soul musician Al Green. It is his first album recorded without longtime producer Willie Mitchell, owner of Green's former label, Hi Records. With Mitchell and his label Green also abandoned the famed Hi Rhythm Section, which had previously played a large part in defining Green's distinctive musical style. This also marks the first instance in which Green plays lead guitar on his records.

The Belle Album is one of the last in a string of secular recordings made by Green; he had recently converted to Christianity and had been ordained as a pastor, and thereafter he began creating gospel records exclusively.

Willie Mitchell (musician)
William Lawrence Mitchell (March 1, 1928 – January 5, 2010) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, soul, R&B, rock and roll, pop and funk record producer and arranger who ran Royal Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. He was best known for his Hi Records label of the 1970s, which released albums by a large stable of popular Memphis soul artists, including Mitchell himself, Al Green, O. V. Wright, Syl Johnson, Ann Peebles, Lee Rogers and Quiet Elegance.
Baltal Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary
Baltal Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area located in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Situated in the Zanskar range near Sonamarg, the sanctuary spans approximately 210 km² and ranges in altitude from 3,015 to 5,466 meters.

The terrain features rugged cliffs, alpine meadows, and the prominent Thajwas Glacier. The sanctuary forms a wildlife corridor connecting with Dachigam National Park and Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary. It supports endangered fauna, the Himalayan Musk Deer, Snow Leopard, and Himalayan Brown Bear.

Ganderbal district
Ganderbal district, is an Indian-administered district in Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It was formed in 2007 and has 6 subdistricts (tehsils): Kangan, Ganderbal, Tullamulla, Wakura, Lar, and Gund.
Game design
Game design is the process of creating and shaping the mechanics, systems, rules, and gameplay of a game. Game design processes apply to board games, card games, dice games, casino games, role-playing games, sports, war games, or simulation games.

In Elements of Game Design, game designer Robert Zubek defines game design by breaking it down into three elements:

Game mechanics and systems, which are the rules and objects in the game.

Gameplay, which is the interaction between the player and the mechanics and systems. In Chris Crawford on Game Design, the author summarizes gameplay as "what the player does".

Player experience, which is how users feel when they are playing the game.

In academic research, game design falls within the field of game studies (not to be confused with game theory, which studies strategic decision making, primarily in non-game situations).

Character creation
Character creation (also character generation / character design) is the process of defining a player character in a role-playing game. The result of character creation is a direct characterization that is recorded on a character sheet. This may include a representation of the character's physical, mental, psychological, and social attributes and skills in terms of the specific game's mechanics. It may also include informal descriptions of the character's physical appearance, personality, personal back-story ("background"), and possessions. Games with a fantasy setting may include traits such as race, class, or species. Character creation is the first step taken by the players (as opposed to the gamemaster) in preparation for a game.
Miss World 2021
Miss World 2021 was the 70th edition of the Miss World pageant, held at the Coca-Cola Music Hall in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 16 March 2022. The coronation was originally scheduled to be held on 16 December 2021 at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum. However, the pageant was rescheduled to 16 March 2022 due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Puerto Rico.

At the end of the event, Karolina Bielawska of Poland was crowned as Miss World 2021 by Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica. It is the second victory of Poland in the history of the pageant.

Contestants from ninety-seven countries and territories competed in the pageant, featuring the smallest number of candidates at the pageant since 2003. The pageant was hosted by Peter Andre and Fernando Allende. Don Omar, Gente de Zona, Víctor Manuelle, Pedro Capó, and the Puerto Rico Philharmonic Orchestra (Filarmónica de Puerto Rico) conducted by Angel Velez with guest conductor Mike Dixon performed.

Toni-Ann Singh
Toni-Ann Singh (born February 1, 1996) is a Jamaican beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss World 2019 and is the fourth woman from Jamaica to win Miss World. She is also the longest-reigning Miss World in the history of the pageant. She was previously crowned Miss Jamaica World 2019.
Nitrogen pentafluoride
Nitrogen pentafluoride is a theoretical compound of nitrogen and fluorine with the chemical formula NF5. It is hypothesized to exist based on the existence of the pentafluorides of the atoms below nitrogen in the periodic table, such as phosphorus pentafluoride. Theoretical models of the nitrogen pentafluoride molecule are either a trigonal bipyramidal covalently bound molecule with symmetry group D3h, or [NF4]+F− (tetrafluoroammonium fluoride), which would be an ionic solid.

Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry
In chemistry, a trigonal bipyramid formation is a molecular geometry with one atom at the center and 5 more atoms at the corners of a triangular bipyramid. This is one geometry for which the bond angles surrounding the central atom are not identical (see also pentagonal bipyramid), because there is no geometrical arrangement with five terminal atoms in equivalent positions. Examples of this molecular geometry are phosphorus pentafluoride (PF5), and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) in the gas phase.
Wiman's sextic
In mathematics, Wiman's sextic is a degree 6 plane curve with four nodes studied by Anders Wiman (1896).
It is given by the equation (in homogeneous coordinates)

Its normalization is a genus 6 curve with automorphism group isomorphic to the symmetric group S5.

Plane curve
In mathematics, a plane curve is a curve in a plane that may be a Euclidean plane, an affine plane or a projective plane. The most frequently studied cases are smooth plane curves (including piecewise smooth plane curves), and algebraic plane curves.
Plane curves also include the Jordan curves (curves that enclose a region of the plane but need not be smooth) and the graphs of continuous functions.
June (TV channel)
June, stylized as june and formerly called Filles TV until October 2009, is a TV channel which launched on 1 September 2004. This channel is mainly distributed in France and it is available on Canalsat, cable and ADSL.

Canal+ (streaming service)
Canal+ is a French subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service and subscription TV provider. The TV provider was established as CanalSatellite in 1992 and later rebranding to CanalSat and the streaming service was launched as myCanal in 2013. It is a subsidiary of Canal+ S.A.
Blondie Purcell
William Aloysius "Blondie" Purcell (born March 16, 1854) was an American Major League Baseball player born in Paterson, New Jersey. He played for nine different major league teams from 1879 to 1890. Purcell played mainly as an outfielder, and he was also a pitcher in 79 games.

Paterson, New Jersey
Paterson (English pronunciation: /ˈpætɚsən/ ⓘ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, Paterson was the state's third-most-populous municipality, with a population of 159,732, an increase of 13,533 (+9.3%) from the 2010 census count of 146,199, which in turn reflected a decline of 3,023 (-2.0%) from the 149,222 counted in the 2000 census. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 156,452 for 2023, making it the 168th-most populous municipality in the nation.

A prominent mill town within the New York–New Jersey metropolitan area, Paterson has been known as Silk City for its once-dominant role in silk production during the latter half of 19th century. It has since evolved into a major destination for Hispanic immigrants as well as for immigrants from Turkey, the Arab world, and South Asia. Paterson has the nation's second-largest per capita Muslim population.
Melissa Pagnotta
Melissa Pagnotta (born September 22, 1988) is a Canadian taekwondo athlete. She competed for Canada in the women's 67 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where she was the country's only taekwondo athlete and finished in seventh place. Pagnotta qualified to the 2016 Summer Olympics by winning a silver medal at the 2016 Pan American Taekwondo Olympic Qualification Tournament in Aguascalientes, Mexico. She achieved success at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, where she won a gold medal in the women's 67 kg event. Pagnotta won a silver medal at the 2015 World Taekwondo Grand Prix in Moscow, Russia, after losing a close, sudden-death match to South Korea's Oh Hye-ri. Her accolades also include three gold medals from the Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships (2008, 2014, 2017) and four from the Pan American Taekwondo Championships (2005, 2008, 2010, 2014).

Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships
The Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships are held every two years, in every year the Commonwealth and Olympic Games are held. They are sanctioned by the Commonwealth Taekwondo Union, the Commonwealth Games Federation and the World Taekwondo Federation and involve world class competitors, making them a major event in Taekwondo.
Cophixalus petrophilus
Cophixalus petrophilus, the blotched boulder-frog, is a species of frogs from the Cape York Peninsula (Queensland, Australia) that was described in 2013. It is one of three newly described vertebrate species from Cape Melville, Australia, the other two being skink Saproscincus saltus and gecko Saltuarius eximius. The specific name petrophilus means "rock-loving" and refers to restriction of this species to boulder field habitats.

Cape York Peninsula
The Cape York Peninsula is located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest wilderness in northern Australia. The land is mostly flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle. The relatively undisturbed eucalyptus-wooded savannahs, tropical rainforests and other types of habitat are now recognised and preserved for their global environmental significance. Although much of the peninsula remains pristine, with a diverse repertoire of endemic flora and fauna, some of its wildlife may be threatened by industry and overgrazing as well as introduced species and weeds.

The northernmost point of the peninsula is Cape York.
The land has been occupied by a number of Aboriginal Australian peoples for tens of thousands of years. In 1606, Dutch sailor Willem Janszoon on board the Duyfken was the first European to land in Australia, reaching the Cape York Peninsula.
Stare Kanice
Stare Kanice [ˈstarɛ kaˈnit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oksa, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) east of Oksa, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Jędrzejów, and 33 km (21 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Jędrzejów County
Jędrzejów County (Polish: powiat jędrzejowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Jędrzejów, which lies 36 kilometres (22 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce. The county also contains the towns of Sędziszów, lying 18 km (11 mi) west of Jędrzejów, and Małogoszcz, 21 km (13 mi) north of Jędrzejów.

The county covers an area of 1,257.17 square kilometres (485.4 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 84,049, out of which the population of Jędrzejów is 15,076, that of Sędziszów is 6,451, that of Małogoszcz is 3,748, and the rural population is 58,774.
John Smith (1930s Gillingham footballer)
John Smith was a professional footballer. He began his career with Exeter City in 1935 but failed to break into the club's first team and moved to non-league club Maidstone United. In May 1937 he joined another Kent-based club, Gillingham, and played 14 times in the Football League during the 1937–38 season. Gillingham left the Football League at the end of his first season with the club, but Smith remained with the club for a further season, playing in the Southern League until the outbreak of the Second World War.

Maidstone United F.C. (1897)
The original Maidstone United was an English football club from Maidstone, Kent, which existed from 1897 to 1992. The club played in the Football League Fourth Division from 1989 until their demise in 1992. During their time in the Football League Maidstone played their games at Dartford's Watling Street ground. The club also played in various amateur leagues and the Southern League, which was the major semi-professional league in southern England until the formation of the Alliance Premier League (now the National League) in 1979.