hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rifkat Bogdanov
Rifkat Ibragimovich Bogdanov (Russian: Рифка́т Ибраги́мович Богда́нов; June 13, 1950 – November 3, 2013) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician known for contributions to nonlinear dynamical systems, bifurcation theory, and differential geometry. He was an ethnic Tatar. In his work on bifurcations of limit cycles and versal deformations of singular points of vector fields (1975–76), he described a bifurcation of co-dimension 2, which has become known in the literature as the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation.

Born in the village of Mamykovo in Tatarstan, Bogdanov had a doctorate under the supervision of Vladimir Arnold in physico-mathematical sciences and was a professor in two Russian research organizations: the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics at Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Department of Higher Mathematics at MATI — the Tsiolkovskii State Technological University.

Singularity (mathematics)
In mathematics, a singularity is a point at which a given mathematical object is not defined, or a point where the mathematical object ceases to be well-behaved in some particular way, such as by lacking differentiability or analyticity.

For example, the reciprocal function  has a singularity at , where the value of the function is not defined, as involving a division by zero. The absolute value function  also has a singularity at , since it is not differentiable there.

The algebraic curve defined by  in the  coordinate system has a singularity (called a cusp) at . For singularities in algebraic geometry, see singular point of an algebraic variety. For singularities in differential geometry, see singularity theory.
Cottonwood Branch
Cottonwood Branch or Cottonwood Creek is a stream in Henry County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Honey Creek.

The stream headwaters arise at 38°30′24″N 93°46′06″W﻿ / ﻿38.50667°N 93.76833°W﻿ / 38.50667; -93.76833 just west of Missouri Route 13 north of Quarles and it flows west-southwest crossing under Missouri Route N north of Huntingdale to its confluence with Honey Creek in an old mined area at 38°28′06″N 93°51′43″W﻿ / ﻿38.46833°N 93.86194°W﻿ / 38.46833; -93.86194 at an elevation of 732 ft (223 m).

Cottonwood Branch was so named due to the presence of cottonwood timber along its banks.

Populus deltoides
Populus deltoides, the eastern cottonwood or necklace poplar, is a species of cottonwood poplar native to North America, growing throughout the eastern, central, and southwestern United States as well as the southern Canadian prairies, the southernmost part of eastern Canada, and northeastern Mexico.
Tricharia duotela
Tricharia duotela is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Gomphillaceae. It is characterized by its pale greenish-grey to white color, small ascospores, and preference for open habitats. Found in South Florida, it can be found on the leaves of saw palmetto in pine barrens. This lichen is similar to other species in the genus Tricharia, but it is differentiated by its smaller ascospores and unique diahyphae.

South Florida
South Florida, sometimes colloquially shortened to SoFlo, is the southernmost region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is one of Florida's three most commonly referred to directional regions; the two others are Central Florida and North Florida. South Florida is the southernmost part of the continental United States and the only region of the continental U.S. that includes some areas with a tropical climate.

South Florida is dominated by the Miami metropolitan area and the Everglades. It also contains the Florida Keys; three U.S. national parks: Biscayne, Dry Tortugas, and Everglades; and multiple cities.
Lancaster Independent School District
Lancaster Independent School District is a public school district based in Lancaster, Texas (US). The district serves most of the city of Lancaster, a small portion of Dallas, a small portion of the city of Hutchins, and the census-designated place of Bear Creek Ranch.

In 2010, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Polo shirt
A polo shirt, tennis shirt, golf shirt, or chukker shirt is a form of shirt with a collar. Polo shirts are usually short sleeved but can be long; they were used by polo players originally in British India in 1859 and in Great Britain during the 1920s.

Polo shirts are usually made of knitted cotton (rather than woven cloth), usually a piqué knit, or less commonly an interlock knit (the latter used frequently, though not exclusively, with pima cotton polos), or using other fibers such as silk, wool, synthetic fibers, or blends of natural and synthetic fibers. A dress-length version of the shirt is called a polo dress.
2001 Kent County Council election
Kent County Council held its elections on 7 June 2001, on the same day as the 2001 United Kingdom general election. They were followed by the 2005 Kent County Council election.

Elections were held in all divisions across Kent, excepting Medway Towns which is a unitary authority.

Kent County Council
Kent County Council (KCC) is a county council that governs the non-metropolitan county of Kent in England. The non-metropolitan county is smaller than the ceremonial county, which additionally includes the unitary authority of Medway. Kent County Council is the upper tier of elected local government, below which are 12 district councils, and around 300 town and parish councils. The county council has 81 elected councillors. It is one of the largest local authorities in England in terms of population served and the largest local authority of its type. The council is based at County Hall in Maidstone. It had been under Conservative majority control from 1997 to 2025 when Reform UK took control.
Veikko J. Rytkönen
Veikko Johannes (Veikko J.) Rytkönen (19 June 1924 – 8 September 2004) was a Finnish politician, born in Iisalmen maalaiskunta. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1958 to 1975 and from 1978 to 1983, representing the Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL). Rytkönen was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Finland (SKP). He was a presidential elector in the 1962 and 1968 presidential elections.

1962 Finnish presidential election
Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1962. On 15 and 16 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Urho Kekkonen, who won on the first ballot. The turnout for the popular vote was 81.5%.
Wallingford Main Street Historic District
The Wallingford Main Street Historic District encompasses the historic portions of the village of Wallingford, Vermont.  An essentially linear district extending along Main Street (United States Route 7) on either side of School Street, it has a well-preserved array of 19th and early-20th century residential, commercial, and civic buildings.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

U.S. Route 7
U.S. Route 7 (US 7) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway in western New England that runs for 308 miles (496 km) through Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. The highway's southern terminus is at Interstate 95 (I-95) exit 15 in Norwalk, Connecticut. Its northern terminus is at I-89 exit 22 near the village of Highgate Springs, Vermont, immediately south of the Canada–United States border.
Sarabash
Sarabash (Ukrainian: Сарабаш; Russian: Сарабаш), until 2016 Komunarivka (Комунарівка), is a village in Kalmiuske Raion (district) in Donetsk Oblast of eastern Ukraine, located 28.68 kilometres (17.82 mi) south by west (SbW) of the centre of Donetsk city. It belongs to Starobesheve settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Raions of Ukraine
A raion (Ukrainian: район, romanized: raion; pl. райони, raiony), often translated as district, is the second-level administrative division in Ukraine. Raions were created in a 1922 administrative reform of the Soviet Union, to which Ukraine, as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, belonged.

On 17 July 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) approved an administrative reform to merge most of the 490 raions, along with the "cities of regional significance", which were previously outside the raions, into just 136 reformed raions. Most tasks of the raions (education, healthcare, sport facilities, culture, and social welfare) were taken over by new hromadas, the subdivisions of raions. The 136 new districts include ten in Crimea, which have been de facto outside Ukrainian control since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.
Backbone: A Journal of Women's Literature
Backbone: A Journal of Women's Literature was an American feminist periodical published in Seattle, Washington from 1984 to 1988.

Originating from the Seal Press's "Backbone Series," which published works by Northwest Women, Backbone became an independent semi-annual magazine with its first issue in 1984. It primarily sought to promote works by women writers from different cultural, social, and economic backgrounds. They published poetry, stories and essays to augment the feminist movement of the 1980s.

In its first issue, the Backbone Collective stated their primary goal with the magazine:

We wish to provide a literary forum for women who otherwise find it difficult to publish their work, not because their work isn't of quality, but because of circumstances such as geographical isolation, color of skin, and class and educational background. (Issue #1, pg.9)

Backbone ceased publication with issue #5 in 1988.

Basic Books
Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group. It publishes books in the fields of psychology, philosophy, economics, science, politics, sociology, current affairs, and history.
Pearl & Dean
Pearl & Dean is a British cinema advertising company, founded in 1953.

Pearl & Dean is now owned by Willowbrook Investments Ltd, and controls advertising at many UK cinema sites including multiplex operators Everyman, Curzon, Showcase and Omniplex; the company also represents approximately half of the UK's independent cinemas.

Omniplex Cinemas
Omniplex Holdings Unlimited Company (trading as Omniplex Cinemas) is an Irish cinema chain which started in the Republic of Ireland in 1991. Following this they expanded to Derry, Northern Ireland in 1993. In late 2023, it entered the markets in England and Scotland by acquiring the former Empire Cinemas after their bankruptcy.

It is operated by Paul Anderson. It operates cinemas throughout Ireland and the United Kingdom. In 2013, Omniplex began a €14.5m investment and renovation in a number of its cinemas including the rolling out across Ireland of its large screen format OmniplexMAXX.

Omniplex owns 44 cinemas, with 22 cinemas in the Republic of Ireland and 22 cinemas in the United Kingdom.
John of Damascus (poem)
John of Damascus (Иоанн Дамаскин) is a poem by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, first published in the January, No.1, 1859 issue of Russkaya Beseda magazine. Fragments of the poem have been put to music by several composers, among them Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Sergei Taneyev and Vasily Kalinnikov.

Vasily Kalinnikov
Vasily Sergeyevich Kalinnikov (Russian: Васи́лий Серге́евич Кали́нников; 13 January 1866 [O.S. 1 January 1866] – 11 January 1901 [O.S. 29 December 1900]) was a Russian composer. His body of work consists of two symphonies, several additional orchestral works, and numerous songs, all of them imbued with characteristics of folksong. His symphonies, particularly the First, were frequently performed in the early 20th century. Kalinnikov's musical style was inspired by composers like Tchaikovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov, and is notable for its expressive melodies and lush orchestration.

His younger brother Viktor Kalinnikov (1870–1927) was also a composer, mainly of choral music.
Barbara Bedford (actress)
Barbara Bedford (born Violet May Rose; July 19, 1903 – October 25, 1981) was an American actress who appeared in dozens of silent movies. Her career declined after the introduction of sound, but she continued to appear in small roles until 1945.

Old Loves and New
Old Loves and New is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Maurice Tourneur in one of his final American films.

The setting and story are completely typical of the desert-romance genre novelist Edith Maude Hull invented and specialized in. This film is now lost.
Merlin Rocket
The Merlin Rocket is a 14 foot (4.3 m) dinghy sailed in the United Kingdom. It is an active class, now with over 3800 boats built.

The boat designed around a box rule, meaning that all class boats need to be within a certain length and width, but can be any shape. This allows for quick modernization of the class. The great advantage to this is quick adoption to new technology and the ability to change a boat to a person's weight and ability. Although the rules allow for many sail plans, many modern Rockets have similar sails. Most have a high batten allowing for a large roach in the sail. Although the rules are open, they are not unlimited. Use of a Trapeze is forbidden in this class.

When competing in a mixed fleet, the Merlin Rocket uses a Portsmouth Yardstick handicap of 980 in the RYA scheme and 77.9 in the US Sailing scheme.

Sail components
Sail components include the features that define a sail's shape and function, plus its constituent parts from which it is manufactured. A sail may be classified in a variety of ways, including by its orientation to the vessel (e.g. fore-and-aft) and its shape, (e.g. (a)symmetrical, triangular, quadrilateral, etc.). Sails are typically constructed out of flexible material that is shaped by various means, while in use, to offer an appropriate airfoil, according to the strength and apparent direction of the wind. A variety of features and fittings allow the sail to be attached to lines and spars.

Whereas conventional sails form an airfoil with one layer of fabric, wingsails comprise a structure that has material on both sides to form an airfoil—much like a wing placed vertically on the vessel—and are beyond the scope of this article.
Westport Community Church
The Westport Community Church, also known historically as Temperance Hall and the Music Hall, is a historic church on Main Road (Maine State Route 144) in Westport, Maine.  Probably built in the 1830s, and moved to its present location in 1864, it is a fine local example of Greek Revival architecture.  It is now owned by a local non-profit organization, used for events and functions in the summertime.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Maine State Route 144
State Route 144 (SR 144) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways, located in Lincoln County along the state's southern coast. The southern terminus is at West Shore Road in Westport Island and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Wiscasset.

Although the route is signed north-south to reflect its general orientation, the route has an irregular alignment in Wiscasset due to the location of the Westport Bridge crossing over the Back River. Heading "north," the route runs northeast, west, southwest, then turns northwest to its northern terminus.
B92 protocol
B92 is a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol developed by Charles Bennett in 1992. It is a simplified alternative to the BB84 protocol, using only two non-orthogonal quantum states rather than four. The protocol relies on the no-cloning theorem and the fundamental principle that non-orthogonal states cannot be perfectly distinguished.

Charles H. Bennett (physicist)
Charles Henry Bennett (born 1943) is an American physicist, information theorist and IBM Fellow at IBM Research. Bennett's recent work at IBM has concentrated on a re-examination of the physical basis of information, applying quantum physics to the problems surrounding information exchange. He has played a major role in elucidating the interconnections between physics and information, particularly in the realm of quantum computation, but also in cellular automata and reversible computing. He discovered, with Gilles Brassard, the concept of quantum cryptography and is one of the founding fathers of modern quantum information theory (see Bennett's four laws of quantum information).
Extended Play Two
Extended Play Two is an EP by British indie electronic band Broadcast. It was released on 19 September 2000 by Warp in the UK and Tommy Boy Records in the US. The EP was recorded by the group after the release of their debut album, The Noise Made by People. The EP featured non-album songs as well as a re-recorded version of "Unchanging Window" with the instrumental coda "Chord Simple" interwoven with the end of the song. It also included the track "Drums on Fire", previously issued only as a promo 12".

The sleeve was designed by Julian House.

The Noise Made by People
The Noise Made by People is the debut studio album by English indie electronic band Broadcast. It was released on 20 March 2000 by Warp. The band recorded and produced the album themselves after being dissatisfied with the results of earlier recording sessions helmed by external engineers.

Two singles were released from The Noise Made by People; "Echo's Answer" on 1 November 1999 and "Come On Let's Go" on 22 May 2000.
Nicolaas Godfried van Kampen
Nicolaas Godfried van Kampen (15 May 1776, Haarlem – 15 March 1839, Amsterdam) was a Dutch Mennonite author and deacon.

While never university educated, he studied literature and history and published a large number of writings, including a history of the French domination of Europe (1810-1823, eight volumes). In 1829 he was called to teach Dutch literature and history at the Athenaeum (university) of Amsterdam.

During his time in Leiden he was a deacon of the Mennonite congregation (1812-1815, 1818-1819, 1821-1829).

Mennonites in the Netherlands
The Mennonite Church in the Netherlands, or Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit, is a body of Mennonite Christians in the Netherlands.
The Mennonites (or Mennisten or Doopsgezinden) are named for Menno Simons (1496–1561), a Dutch Roman Catholic priest from the province of Friesland who converted to Anabaptism around 1536. He was re-baptized as an adult in 1537 and became part (and soon leader) of the Dutch Anabaptist movement.

In 1811, different regional churches merged to form the Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit (doopsgezind, "baptist-minded"). The Mennonite Church in the Netherlands is a member of the Mennonite World Conference and in 2015 reported 7,230 members in 111 congregations.
Karyochori
Karyochori (Greek: Καρυοχώρι meaning walnut village, before 1927: Κοζλούκιοϊ - Kozloukioi) is a village in the municipal unit of Agia Paraskevi in the Kozani regional unit, northern Greece. Karyochori is built in a valley at the elevation of 710 m above sea level. It is located 2 km southeast of Agios Christoforos, 8 km east of Ptolemaida and 22 km north of Kozani. There are large open-pit lignite mines to the south and west of Karyochori, and farmlands to the north.

Kozani (regional unit)
Kozani (Greek: Περιφερειακή Ενότητα Κοζάνης, romanized: Perifereiakí Enótita Kozánis) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Kozani.
Warsaw, Kentucky
Warsaw is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Gallatin County, Kentucky, United States, located along the Ohio River. The name was suggested by a riverboat captain, who was reading Thaddeus of Warsaw, by Jane Porter, when the city was being founded.

As of the 2020 census, Warsaw had a population of 1,761.

Jane Porter
Jane Porter (3 December 1775 – 24 May 1850) was an English historical novelist, dramatist and literary figure. Her bestselling novels, Thaddeus of Warsaw (1803) and The Scottish Chiefs (1810) are seen as among the earliest historical novels in a modern style and among the first to become bestsellers. They were abridged and remained popular among children well into the twentieth century.
Menomonie
Menomonie can refer to:

United States

Menomonie, Wisconsin

Menomonie (town), Wisconsin

Menomonie High School

Menomonie Municipal Airport

Menomonie Blue Devils, a nickname for the sports teams of University of Wisconsin–Stout

Menomonie (town), Wisconsin
Menomonie is a town in Dunn County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,174 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of  Irvington lies within the town, as does most of the City of Menomonie.
Cape Boothby
Cape Boothby is a rounded cape in East Antarctica along the east side of the coastal projection of Edward VIII Plateau.  It is four miles (6.4 km) north of Kloa Point, just north of Edward VIII Bay.  It was discovered on 28 February 1936 by Discovery Investigations personnel on the RRS William Scoresby, and named for the captain of the vessel, Lieutenant Commander C.R.U. Boothby, Royal Naval Reserve.

Cape (geography)
In geography, a cape is a headland, peninsula or promontory extending into a body of water, usually a sea. A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the coastline, often making them important landmarks in sea navigation. This also makes them prone to natural forms of erosion, mainly tidal actions, resulting in a relatively short geological lifespan.
2021 Gran Premio d'Italia
The 2021 Gran Premio d'Italia was a figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Italian Ice Sports Federation (Italian: Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio), and the third event of the 2021–22 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating series. It was held at the Torino Palavela in Turin, Italy, from 5 to 7 November 2021. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters earned points based on their results, and the top skaters or teams in each discipline at the end of the season were then invited to then compete at the 2021–22 Grand Prix Final in Osaka, Japan. Yuma Kagiyama of Japan won the men's event, Anna Shcherbakova of Russia won the women's event, Sui Wenjing and Han Cong of China won the pairs event, and Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron of France won the ice dance event.

Torino Palavela
Palavela, formerly known as Palazzo delle Mostre and Palazzo a Vela is an indoor arena that is located in Turin, Italy, on the bank of the River Po. It was designed by engineer Franco Levi and architects Annibale and Giorgio Rigotti. The arena is 130 metres in diameter. It has a seating capacity for a maximum 12,200 people, and 9,200 when configured for basketball games.

The Palavela was featured in the 1969 film The Italian Job. In a famous scene in the film, three Minis are seen driving onto and over the arena's distinctive roof.
Yoshiya Hosoda
Yoshiya Hosoda (細田佳也, Hosoda Yoshiya; born 5 August 1987, in Nagano Prefecture) is a Japanese rugby union player who plays as a back row forward.

In his home country he plays for the NEC Green Rockets whom he joined in 2011.   He was also named in the first ever Sunwolves squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.

Sunwolves
The Sunwolves (Japanese: サンウルブズ) – previously known as the HITO-Communications Sunwolves for sponsorship reasons – were a professional rugby union team and Japan's representative team in SANZAAR's international Super Rugby competition. The team was based in Tokyo, Japan, but also played some home matches in Singapore. They made their debut in Super Rugby in 2016. In March 2019, it was announced that 2020 would be the final season for the Sunwolves, after failing to negotiate a contract due to financial considerations.

With the suspension of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Sunwolves being declined entry into the replacement Super Rugby AU competition in Australia due to various factors, the team officially dissolved on 1 June 2020.