hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Astroturfing
Astroturfing is the deceptive practice of hiding the sponsors of an orchestrated message or organization to make it appear as though it originates from, and is supported by, unsolicited grassroots participants.  It is a practice intended to give the statements or organizations credibility by withholding information about the source's financial backers.

The implication behind the use of the term is that instead of a "true" or "natural" grassroots effort behind the activity in question, there is a "fake" or "artificial" appearance of support. It is increasingly recognized as a problem in social media, e-commerce, and politics. Astroturfing can influence public opinion by flooding platforms like political blogs, news sites, and review websites with manipulated content. Some groups accused of astroturfing argue that they are legitimately helping citizen activists to make their voices heard.

Sponsor (commercial)
Sponsoring something (or someone) is the act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services. The individual or group that provides the support, similar to a benefactor, is known as the sponsor.
Andrew Bibby (rugby union)
Andrew John Bibby (born April 24, 1957) is a Canadian former international rugby union player.

Born in Barnet, London, Bibby attended St. George's School in Vancouver and studied at the University of British Columbia, before returning to England for postgraduate studies at the University of Oxford.

Bibby, a three-quarter, was a two-time Oxford blue, featuring in the 1980 and 1981 Varsity matches. The latter, played in three inches of snow, which historic as the 100th Varsity match.

Capped nine times, Bibby played as a centre on the Canada national team between 1979 and 1985. He played his rugby in Canada with UBC Thunderbirds and UBC Old Boys.

Bibby was appointed CEO of Grosvenor Group Americas in 2009.

St. George's School (Vancouver)
St. George's School is an independent boarding and day university-preparatory school for boys in the Dunbar area of Vancouver, British Columbia. It delivers the British Columbia Ministry of Education curriculum from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12 as a ministry‑accredited program.
Ndebele house painting
Ndebele house painting is a style of African art practiced by the Southern Ndebele people of South Africa and the Northern Ndebele people in Zimbabwe in Matobo. It is predominantly practiced by the Ndebele women.

Southern Ndebele people
Southern Ndebele people, also known in English by their endonym AmaNdebele, are a Bantu ethnic group native to Southern Africa who speak Southern Ndebele language (isiNdebele).

The group is separate from the Northern Ndebele who broke away from the Zulu  during Shaka's time. The Southern Ndebele people mainly inhabit the South African provinces of Mpumalanga, Gauteng and Limpopo in the middle-northeast of the South Africa.
In academia this ethnic group is referred to as the Southern Ndebele to differentiate it from their relatives, the Northern Ndebele people, of the historical Matabeleland of Zimbabwe and the adjoining northernmost South African provinces of Limpopo and North West.
Brentegana
The Brentegana is an Italian breed of sheep from the provinces of Trento and Verona in northern Italy. The name derives from that of the comune of Brentonico, the area where the breed is thought to have originated. Two distinct types are known: the Brentegana Scelta or Brentegana Trentina, a large heavy meat/wool type; and the Brentegana Comune, a medium-sized type more suitable for milk production.: 192  It is one of the forty-two autochthonous local sheep breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep-breeders.

Monte Baldo
Monte Baldo (German: Waldberg) is a mountain range in the Italian Alps, located in the provinces of Trento and Verona.  Its ridge is orientated in a northeast-southwest direction and it is bounded to the south by the highland ending at Caprino Veronese, to the west by Lake Garda, to the north by the valley joining Rovereto to Nago-Torbole and, to the east, the Val d'Adige.

The name derives from the German Wald ("forest"); it appears for the first time in a German map in 1163. The Peace Trail (it: Sentiero della Pace), one of the most important long distance trails in Northern Italy, leads over the range. The ridge is reachable through a cable car from the nearby town of Malcesine, on the shore of Lake Garda.
Oliver J. Lee
Oliver J. Lee (January 7, 1876 – August 11, 1947) was an American educator, farmer, and politician.

Lee was born in Leon Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota and went to the Goodhue County public schools. He graduated from the Red Wing Seminary in Red Wing, Minnesota in 1897. Lee also went to the Northern Illinois University and to the Dixon Business College in Dixon, Illinois. Lee was an instructor in bookkeeping and shorthand at the business college in Iowa City, Iowa. He was a farmer and public school teacher. He lived in Zumbrota, Minnesota with his wife and family. Lee served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1919 to 1922.

Goodhue County, Minnesota
Goodhue County (/ˈɡʊdhjuː/ GUUD-hew) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 47,582. Its county seat is Red Wing. Nearly all of Prairie Island Indian Community is within the county.

Goodhue County comprises the Red Wing, MN Micropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI Combined Statistical Area.
United Air Lines Flight 629
United Air Lines Flight 629, registration N37559 and dubbed Mainliner Denver, was a Douglas DC-6B aircraft that was blown up on November 1, 1955, by a dynamite bomb placed in the checked luggage. The explosion occurred over Weld County, Colorado, 8 miles east of Longmont, Colorado, United States, at 7:03 p.m. local time, while the airplane was en route from Denver to Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington. All 39 passengers and 5 crew members on board were killed in the explosion and crash.

Investigators determined that John Gilbert Graham was responsible for bombing the airplane in a bid to kill his mother as revenge for his childhood and to obtain a large life insurance payout. Within fifteen months of the explosion, Graham—who already had an extensive criminal record—was tried, convicted, and executed for the crime.

Checked baggage
Checked baggage is luggage delivered to an airline or train for transportation in the hold of an aircraft, storage on a coach bus or baggage car of a passenger train. Checked baggage is inaccessible to the passenger during the flight or ride, as opposed to carry-on baggage.

This baggage is limited by airlines with regard to size, weight, and number, usually dependent upon the fare paid, or class of ticket. Baggage exceeding the limits is regarded as excess baggage.
Anna Minerva Henderson
Anna Minerva Henderson (August 8, 1887 – 1987) was a teacher, civil servant, and poet from Saint John, New Brunswick. According to the New Brunswick Black History Society, during Canada's centennial in 1967 she published a "chaplet" containing 22 poems which is believed to be the first book to be published by a Black woman who was born in Canada. In 2004, Henderson and New Brunswick publisher Abraham Beverley Walker were the subject of the 2004 W. Stewart MacNutt Memorial Lecture at the University of New Brunswick by George Elliot Clarke who at the time was serving as the Poet Laureate of Toronto. In 2006, Clarke published "Anna Minerva Henderson: An Afro-New Brunswick Response to Canadian (Modernist) Poetry" in the journal Canadian Literature, based upon this lecture.

Poet Laureate of Toronto
The poet laureate of Toronto is the city's literary ambassador and advocate for poetry, language and the arts. The poet laureate's mandate includes the creation of a legacy project that is unique to the individual. They also attend events across the city to promote and attract people to the literary arts.
Liz Boldon
Liz Boldon is a Minnesota politician serving as a member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, she represents District 25, which includes much of Rochester and Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Minnesota Senate
The Minnesota Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. At 67 members, half as many as the Minnesota House of Representatives, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the State Capitol in Saint Paul. Committee hearings, as well as offices for senators and staff, are located north of the State Capitol in the Minnesota Senate Building. Each member of the Minnesota Senate represents approximately 85,000 constituents.
Mijn Keuken
Mijn Keuken is a restaurant in Wouw, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the period 2010–present.

GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points.

Head chef of Mijn Keuken is Pieter Bosters, who opened the restaurant in 2005.

The building that houses the restaurant was once the town hall of the former municipality Wouw. Since 2008, it is a designated wedding location of the municipality Roosendaal.

Types of restaurant
Restaurants fall into several industry classifications, based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing, as well as the means by which the food is served to the customer. This article mainly describes the situation in the US, while categorisation differs widely around the world.
Leo J. Sheridan
Leo John Sheridan (April 24, 1897 – November 10, 1975) was a Chicago real estate executive, and United States Ambassador to Ireland (1968–1969).

Sheridan was born in Chicago, graduating from Lane Technical High School and then attending Kent College of Law and the University of Chicago. He served in the Army Signal Corps during World War I. In 1929, he founded his own real estate company – L.J. Sheridan & Co. – serving as president until becoming chairman in 1952. Active in the Catholic Church, he was named a Knight of St. Gregory in 1957.

In 1968, Sheridan was appointed ambassador to Ireland by President Johnson. After confirmation by the Senate, he presented his credentials to Irish leaders on November 1, 1968. He had the official title of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and served in the role until June 1, 1969. Sheridan died in 1975 in Lake Forest, Illinois.

Lane Tech College Prep High School
Lane Tech College Prep High School (often shortened to Lane Tech, full name Albert Grannis Lane Technical College Preparatory High School), is a public four-year selective enrollment magnet high school located in the Roscoe Village neighborhood on the north side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is a part of the Chicago Public Schools district. Lane is one of the oldest schools in the city and has an enrollment of over four thousand students, making it the largest high school in the state. Lane is a selective-enrollment-based school in which students must take a test and pass a certain benchmark in order to be offered admission. Lane is one of eleven selective enrollment schools in Chicago. It is a diverse school with many of its students coming from different ethnicities and economic backgrounds. In 2019, Lane Tech was rated the 3rd best public high school in Illinois and 69th in the nation.
Patrick O'Hare
Patrick O'Hare (1849–1917) was an Irish politician. At the 1906 general election, he was elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as Member of Parliament (MP) for North Monaghan. He resigned his seat in 1907 by becoming Steward of the Manor of Northstead.

North Monaghan
North Monaghan was a parliamentary constituency in Ireland, returning one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, from 1885 to 1922.

Prior to the 1885 United Kingdom general election the area was part of the Monaghan constituency. From 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, it was not represented in the UK Parliament.
Séverin Dumais
Séverin Dumais (February 10, 1840 – April 28, 1907) was a notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented Chicoutimi-Saguenay in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1888 to 1890 as a Parti National member.

He was born in Saint-Georges-de-Cacouna, Lower Canada, the son of Paschal Dumais and Éléonore Couillard, and was educated at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière. Dumais articled with his father and then F.S. McKey, qualified to practise as a notary in 1864 and set up practice in Hébertville. He married Honorine Gagné in 1887. Dumais was mayor of Hébertville from 1881 to 1890. In 1899, he was named a crown lands agent. He also served as a lieutenant in the militia.

Dumais ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Quebec assembly in 1886, losing to Élie Saint-Hilaire. He was elected to the assembly in an 1888 by-election held after Saint-Hilaire's death and was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1890.

Dumais died in Hébertville at the age of 67.

Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière
Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t an də la pɔkatjɛʁ]) is a former parish municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec, located in the Kamouraska Regional County Municipality.

In 2025, it merged with La Pocatière and Saint-Onésime-d'Ixworth.
Arumer Zwarte Hoop
The Arumer Zwarte Hoop, meaning "Black Army of Arum" (West Frisian: Swarte Heap) was an army of peasant rebels and mercenaries in Friesland fighting against the Habsburg authorities from 1515 to 1523. For four years they were successful under the former farmer Pier Gerlofs Donia. Led by his Lieutenant Wijerd Jelckama from 1519 they slowly lost ground and were captured and executed in 1523.

West Frisian language
West Frisian (Westerlauwersk Frysk; Dutch: Westerlauwers Fries), or simply Frisian (Frysk [frisk]; Dutch: Fries [fris]), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages.

In the study of the evolution of English, West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy, these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family.
Effie Simmons
Euphemia Comstock Simmons (née Euphemia Dicken Comstock 1874–1961), known as Effie Simmons, was an American suffragist, politician, and the first woman from Multnomah County to serve in the Oregon House of Representatives. She was the fourth woman to serve in the Oregon House.

Oregon House of Representatives
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, the upper house being the Oregon State Senate. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, each with a population of approximately 65,000. The House meets in the west wing of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992), that had restricted State Representatives to three terms (six years) on procedural grounds.

In the current legislative session, Democrats have 37 seats, a slim 2 seat supermajority, while the Republicans have a minority of 23 seats.
Plectroglyphidodon apicalis
Plectroglyphidodon apicalis, commonly known as the Australian gregory or yellowtip gregory, is a damselfish of the family Pomacentridae. It is native to the Western Pacific where it occurs on the east coast of Australia, the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland and New South Wales. It has also been reported from Taiwan and Ouvéa Island in the Loyalty Islands.

The body of P. apicalis is dark brown, with red or yellow margins on the caudal and dorsal fins. The brown color arises from melanosomes containing some pheomelanin unlike most fish species the melanin of which is eumelanin.

Loyalty Islands Province
Loyalty Islands Province (French: Province des îles Loyauté, pronounced [pʁɔvɛ̃s dez‿il lwajote]) is one of the three top-level administrative subdivisions of New Caledonia. It encompasses the Loyalty Islands (French: Îles Loyauté) archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, located northeast of the New Caledonian mainland of Grande Terre.

The provincial government seat is at Lifou. The Loyalty Islands are a collectivité territoriale of France. The province's 2019 population was approximately 18,353 inhabitants living on almost 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). The native inhabitants are Melanesians who speak various Kanak languages and Polynesians who speak the Fagauvea language.
Boyd Petersen
Boyd Jay Petersen (born February 23, 1962) is program coordinator for Mormon studies at Utah Valley University (UVU) and teaches English and literature at UVU and Brigham Young University (BYU).  He has also been a biographer of Hugh Nibley, a candidate for the Utah House of Representatives, and president of the Association for Mormon Letters.  He was named editor of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought for the term 2016-2020.

FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)
FAIR (Faithful Answers, Informed Response), formerly known as FairMormon and the Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (FAIR), is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that specializes in Mormon apologetics and responds to criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). FAIR comprises volunteers who seek to answer questions submitted to its web site. It was founded in November 1997 by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who wanted to defend their faith on AOL message boards. The members of FAIR are international volunteers. FAIR holds an annual conference where topics of current apologetic issues are presented. The organization also publishes a monthly electronic newsletter.

FAIR is not officially affiliated with the LDS Church, though its members are "all committed to defending the Church".
People's Commissariat
A People's Commissariat (Russian: народный комиссариат, romanized: narodnyy komissariat; narkomat) was a structure in the Soviet state from 1917–1946 which functioned as the central executive body in charge of managing a particular field of state activity or a separate sector of the national economy; analogue of the ministry. As a rule, a People's Commissariat was headed by a People's Commissar (Russian: народный комиссар; narkom), which was part of the government – the Council of People's Commissars of the appropriate level.

Commissariats were created as central organs of state administration when the Soviet Union was established in the territory of the former Russian Empire.

The number of People's Commissariats changed in accordance with the requirements of the current moment; overall it increased due to the separation of existing ones and the formation of new ones.

Ministry of Foreign Trade (Soviet Union)
The Ministry of Foreign Trade (Russian: Министерство внешней торговли СССР; Minvneshtorg) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union.

The foreign trade of the USSR was a government monopoly and was conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Trade. This ministry maintained control over the planning and operation of foreign trade through main administrations for imports and exports and for certain large geographical areas, as well as through foreign-trade corporations holding monopolies for specific commodities or services.

Postwar industrialization and an expansion of foreign trade resulted in the proliferation of all-union foreign trade organizations (FTOs), the new name for foreign trade corporations and also known as foreign trade association.
Zero-knowledge service
In cloud computing, the term zero-knowledge (or occasionally no-knowledge or zero-access) is a commonly used term for online services that store, transfer or manipulate data with a high level of confidentiality, where the data is only accessible to the data's owner (the client), and not to the service provider. However, unlike "end-to-end encryption", the term "zero-knowledge" does not imply any specific threat model or security notion, and its use is commonly frowned-upon by the security community.

The term "zero-knowledge" was popularized by backup service SpiderOak, which later switched to using the term "no knowledge", acknowledging that the previous terminology was not technically accurate.

Cloud storage
Cloud storage is a model of computer data storage in which data, said to be on "the cloud", is stored remotely in logical pools and is accessible to users over a network, typically the Internet. The physical storage spans multiple servers (sometimes in multiple locations), and the physical environment is typically owned and managed by a cloud computing provider. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible, and the physical environment secured, protected, and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store user, organization, or application data.

Cloud storage services may be accessed through a colocated cloud computing service, a web service application programming interface (API) or by applications that use the API, such as cloud desktop storage, a cloud storage gateway or Web-based content management systems.
Over Seventy
Over Seventy is an autobiographical work by P. G. Wodehouse, including a collection of articles originally from Punch magazine. It was first published in the United States on 3 May 1956 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York under the title America, I Like You, and in the United Kingdom, in a considerably expanded form, on 11 October 1957, by Herbert Jenkins, London, with the Over Seventy title and the subtitle An Autobiography with Digressions.

Much of the writing describes Wodehouse's feelings concerning the United States, his adopted homeland, with the journalism and stories inserted in context.

Punch (magazine)
Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. Artists at Punch included John Tenniel who worked for the magazine from 1850 and was its chief cartoonist from 1864 to 1901. The editors took the anarchic puppet Mr Punch, of Punch and Judy, as their mascot—the character appears in many magazine covers—with the character also an inspiration for the magazine's name.

With its satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene, Punch became a household name in Victorian Britain. Sales of 40,000 copies a week by 1850 rose above 100,000 by 1910. After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.
La Terrasse-sur-Dorlay
La Terrasse-sur-Dorlay (French pronunciation: [la tɛʁas syʁ dɔʁlɛ]) is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

La Terrasse-sur-Dorlay takes its name from the Dorlay river, a tributary of the Gier, which flows through the commune.

Gier (river)
45°35′13″N 4°46′27″E﻿ / ﻿45.586846°N 4.774071°E﻿ / 45.586846; 4.774071

The Gier (French pronunciation: [ʒje]) is a French river that flows in a northeast direction through the Loire and Rhône departments. It is a tributary of the Rhône, which it enters from the right bank. The Gier valley was formerly heavily industrialized with coal and iron mines and factories.
Divine Gate
Divine Gate (ディバインゲート, Dibain Gēto) is a 2013 Japanese mobile game developed by Acquire for iOS and Android devices. An anime television series adaptation by Pierrot aired from January 8, 2016 to March 25, 2016.

Acquire (company)
Acquire Corp. (Japanese: 株式会社アクワイア, Hepburn: Kabushikigaisha Akuwaia) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher, mainly known for the Mario & Luigi series game, Mario & Luigi: Brothership, and their Tenchu and Way of the Samurai series.