hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Contingent valuation
Contingent valuation is a survey-based economic technique for the valuation of non-market resources, such as environmental preservation or the impact of externalities like pollution. While these resources do give people utility, certain aspects of them do not have a market price as they are not directly sold – for example, people receive benefit from a beautiful view of a mountain, but it would be tough to value using price-based models. Contingent valuation surveys are one technique which is used to measure these aspects.  Contingent valuation is often referred to as a stated preference model, in contrast to a price-based revealed preference model.  Both models are utility-based. Typically the survey asks how much money people would be willing to pay (or willing to accept) to maintain the existence of (or be compensated for the loss of) an environmental feature, such as biodiversity.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
Harvey Power Plant
The Harvey Power Plant, a former power plant in Harvey, North Dakota, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.

It was built in 1930 and served Harvey and much of Wells County with electric power until 1954. It was the city's first and only power plant.

Its nomination for National Register listing was considered by the North Dakota State Historic Preservation Review Board, located in Bismarck, at its April 24, 2020 meeting via web conference. It was officially listed on June 5, 2020.

A webpage of Rosin Preservation states, as of February 2021, that:

This former Harvey power plant is being converted into a mental health “oasis” to serve this rural region of North Dakota. Once renovated, the building will serve as a physical symbol and metaphor for the mental and emotional healing offered within its walls.

Wells County, North Dakota
Wells County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,982, and was estimated to be 3,803 in 2024. The county seat is Fessenden and the largest city is Harvey.
George Bookasta
George Bookasta (July 14, 1917 – March 26, 2014) was an American child actor and director who was discovered by Charlie Chaplin. He signed a contract with the film studio United Artists and debuted in the silent film Rosita in 1923. Some of his other films included The Night Bird, Hell Harbor and It Had to Happen. Bookasta was a stand-in in Sergeant York in 1941.

During World War II Bookasta was a radio operator in the Army. As an adult, he created the magazine TV Times, directed episodes for television shows such as The Colgate Comedy Hour and Bachelor Father, and led a big band orchestra in New York.

Bookasta directed summer stock theater with the Lighthouse Players in Ocean City, Maryland. He wrote, produced, and directed the one-woman show Dear Femininity, in which Annie Wiley enacted her "real-life journey as an emerging performer".

Bookasta died at his home in Saratoga Springs, New York on March 26, 2014, at the age of 96.

Bachelor Father (American TV series)
Bachelor Father is an American sitcom starring John Forsythe, Noreen Corcoran and Sammee Tong. The series first premiered on CBS in September 1957 before moving to NBC for the third season in 1959. The series' fifth and final season aired on ABC. A total of 157 episodes were aired. The series was based on "A New Girl in His Life", which aired on General Electric Theater on May 26, 1957.

Bachelor Father is the only primetime series ever to run in consecutive years on the three major television networks (ABC, CBS and NBC).
The Fourth Commandment (1927 film)
The Fourth Commandment is a 1927 American silent drama film directed by Emory Johnson and based on the short story "The Fourth Commandment" by Emilie Johnson. The film stars Belle Bennett, Henry Victor, June Marlowe, and Mary Carr. The film was released on March 20, 1927, by  Universal Pictures. The Fourth Commandment is - "Honor your father and your mother. . ."

Honour thy father and thy mother
"Honour thy father and thy mother" (Hebrew: כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ לְמַעַן יַאֲרִכוּן יָמֶיךָ, romanized: Kabbēḏ ’eṯ-’āḇîḵā wə’eṯ-’immeḵā ləma‘an ya’ăriḵûn yāmeyḵā) is one of the Ten Commandments in the Hebrew Bible. The commandment is generally regarded in Protestant and Jewish sources as the fifth in both the list in Exodus 20:1–21 and in Deuteronomy (Dvarim) 5:1–23. Catholics and Lutherans count this as the fourth.

These commandments were enforced as law in many jurisdictions, and are still considered enforceable law by some. Exodus 20:1 describes the Ten Commandments as being spoken by Yahweh, inscribed on two stone tablets by the finger of God, broken by Moses, and rewritten on replacement stones by the Lord.
Obaidulla Ganj railway station
Obaidulla Ganj railway station is a railway station of Bhopal–Nagpur section under Bhopal railway division of West Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. The station is situated at Obaidulla Ganj in Raisen district of Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

Bhopal–Nagpur section
The Bhopal–Nagpur section is a railway line connecting Bhopal and Nagpur. This 390 km (242 mi) track is part of the Delhi–Chennai line. The section is under the jurisdiction of West Central Railway and Central Railway.
La Combattante IIa-class fast attack craft
The La Combattante II type missile boats are two classes of fast attack craft of the Hellenic Navy. 
The first group of four were ordered by Greece in September 1972 from France. The vessels had no class name but are referred to by type.
A second group of six were purchased in the 1990s from Germany, comprising six Type 148 Tiger-class fast attack craft that were being decommissioned.
The class was renamed La Combattante IIa, as with the French-made ships.
All the ships were under mid-life updates in 1980s. Two vessels in the class, P-74 and P-75, were fitted with RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles and a new ESM was fitted after transfer.

Harpoon (missile)
The Harpoon is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile 
manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Defense, Space & Security). The AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) and later AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER (Standoff Land Attack Missile – Expanded Response) are cruise missile variants.

The regular Harpoon uses active radar homing and flies just above the water to evade defenses. The missile can be launched from:

Fixed-wing aircraft (AGM-84), without the solid-fuel rocket booster

Surface ships (RGM-84), fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster that detaches when expended, to allow the missile's main turbojet to maintain flight

Submarines (UGM-84), fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster and encapsulated in a container to enable submerged launch through a torpedo tube

Coastal defense batteries (RGM-84), from which it would be fired with a solid-fuel rocket booster
Eduardo Botelho
José Eduardo Botelho (born 8 March 1959) is a Brazilian electrical engineer, mathematician, and politician, affiliated with Brazil Union (UNIÃO). He has been a state deputy in the state of Mato Grosso since 2015. He has also been the president of the Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso since 1 February 2017.

Brazil Union
The Brazil Union (Portuguese: União Brasil, UNIÃO) is a liberal-conservative political party in Brazil. The party was founded on 6 October 2021 through the merger of the Democrats (DEM), thus tracing its lineage to ARENA, the governing party of Brazil’s military dictatorship, and the Social Liberal Party (PSL). The merger resulted in the biggest party in Brazil, and was approved by Brazil's Superior Electoral Court on 8 February 2022.

The party is generally split on opposition to Jair Bolsonaro and is most often in opposition to the policies of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, nominating Soraya Thronicke for president in 2022 Brazilian general election. In 2022, it was reported the party was in talks with the Progressistas to form the largest bloc in Congress. The formation of the alliance, the Progressive Union, was approved in April 2025, making the broader federation, the largest bloc in Congress.
Kirengeshoma palmata
Kirengeshoma palmata, the yellow wax-bells, is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to Japan and eastern China (Huangshan and Tianmushan). It is a clump-forming herbaceous perennial growing to 60–120 cm (24–47 in) tall by 75 cm (30 in) broad, with sycamore-like palmate leaves, and fleshy, pale yellow flowers borne on slender maroon stems in late summer. It is a calcifuge, suitable for cultivation in a shady, moist location in acid soil.

The Koreana Group of Kirengeshoma palmata has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Calcifuge
A calcifuge is a plant that does not tolerate alkaline (basic) soil.  The word is derived from the Latin 'to flee from chalk'. These plants are also described as ericaceous, as the prototypical calcifuge is the genus Erica (heaths). It is not the presence of carbonate or hydroxide ions per se that these plants cannot tolerate, but the fact that under alkaline conditions, iron becomes less soluble. Consequently, calcifuges grown on alkaline soils often develop the symptoms of iron deficiency, i.e. interveinal chlorosis of new growth. There are many horticultural plants which are calcifuges, most of which require an 'ericaceous' compost with a low pH, composed principally of Sphagnum moss peat. Alternatively sulphur chips may be used to lower soil pH.

A plant that thrives in lime-rich soils is known as a calcicole.
Agdistis heydeni
Agdistis heydeni is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from western Asia, southern Europe, Hungary, Poland, North Africa and the Canary Islands.

The larvae feed on Atriplex halimus and Stachys glutinosa. Other recorded foodplants include Lamium, Origanum, Calamintha and Phlomis species.

Atriplex halimus
Atriplex halimus (known also by its common names: Mediterranean saltbush, sea orache, shrubby orache, silvery orache; /ˈɒrətʃ/; also spelled orach) is a species of fodder shrub in the family Amaranthaceae.
2016 Men's Ford National Hockey League
The 2016 Men's Ford National Hockey League was the 18th edition of the men's field hockey tournament. The competition was held in various cities across New Zealand, from 27 August to 17 September.

Midlands won the title for the second time, defeating Canterbury 3–1 in the final. Central finished in third place defeating North Harbour 3–2 in penalties following a 3–3 draw.

Central (field hockey team)
The Central women's field hockey team are an amateur sports team based in New Zealand. The team competes annually in the Ford National Hockey League (NHL).

Central have won the NHL a total of 2 times, most recently in 2009.
2014 Myanmar census
The Myanmar census 2014 (Burmese: ၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ် လူဦးရေနှင့် အိမ်အကြောင်းအရာ သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း) was a nationwide census between 30 March and 10 April 2014 in Myanmar (Burma). 100,000 school teachers counted the population at midnight 29 March. The theme of the census campaign was A nationwide census – Let us all Participate.

Rakhine State
Rakhine State (/rəˈkaɪn/ ⓘ rə-KYN; Burmese: ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်, MLCTS: ra.hkuing pranynai, pronounced [jəkʰàiɰ̃ pjìnɛ̀]; Rakhine pronunciation: [ɹəkʰàiɰ̃ pɹènè]), formerly known as Arakan State, is a state in Myanmar (Burma). Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State to the north, Magway Region, Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Chattogram Division of Bangladesh to the northwest. The north–south Arakan Mountains or Rakhine Yoma separate Rakhine State from central Myanmar. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Ramree, Cheduba and Myingun. Rakhine State has an area of 36,762 square kilometres (14,194 sq mi) and its capital is Sittwe (formerly known as Akyab).

As of November 2025, the Arakan Army which is the armed wing of the ethnic Rakhine, maintains de facto control over approximately 90 percent of the state, including 14 of its 17 townships.
Momoko Tanikawa
Momoko Tanikawa (谷川 萌々子, Momoko Tanikawa; born 7 May 2005) is a Japanese professional footballer playing as a midfielder for Frauen-Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and the Japan national team.

Tanikawa begun her career with the Japanese national team youth setup, JFA Academy Fukushima, before transferring to Europe. She has won the Damallsvenskan league title with FC Rosengård in 2024 while on loan at the club.

A full international since 2023, Tanikawa won the 2022 Asian Games women's football tournament and the 2023 Toulon Tournament with Japan, having reached the quarter-finals of the 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup with the national team, scoring in every game.

DFB-Supercup Frauen
The Frauen DFB-Supercup is a one-off football match in Germany that features the winners of the Frauen-Bundesliga championship and the DFB-Pokal Frauen. It was contested between 1992 and 1997. The competition was revived in summer 2024.
WFAE
WFAE (90.7 MHz) is a non-commercial public radio station in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is the main NPR news and information member in the Charlotte region. The station's main studios and offices are at Suite 91 on the ground floor of One University Place on J.M. Keynes Drive in the University City neighborhood of northeast Charlotte.  The WFAE Center for Community Engagement is located within within First Ward Park on 301 East 7th Street in Uptown Charlotte, where live shows and other community gatherings are held.

WFAE has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations.  The transmitter tower is off Caldwell Road in northeastern Mecklenburg County.  It is also heard on relay stations in Hickory, Southern Pines and Laurinburg.  WFAE broadcasts using HD Radio technology.  Its HD-2 digital subchannel has a jazz format and its HD-3 subchannel carries the Public Radio Exchange (PRX) Remix.

First Ward Park
First Ward Park is a 4.6 acre urban park in the First Ward neighborhood of Uptown Charlotte. After a national competition to attract architects, the firm Shadley Associates  was selected to build the park. The park incorporates the existing Dixie's Tavern and UNCC buildings, and new construction will include an office tower, hotel, and parking deck on adjacent land.

The park is located at the corner of 7th and Brevard St, adjacent to ImaginOn and the Lynx light rail tracks. Completion of the park occurred on December 8, 2015 with a dedication ceremony followed by tours of the park. This marked the completion of a major park in each of Uptown Charlotte's four wards.
Pulmonary examination
The pulmonary examination or respiratory examination is the portion of the physical examination where the physician examines the respiratory system for signs of disease. It is performed as a part of a complete physical examination, or the physician may choose to perform a focused respiratory exam. Classically, it is performed after the HEENT examination, and consists of four stages: inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. If there are signs of respiratory disease, the physician may order additional tests including medical imaging, such as a chest X-ray or CT scan, or laboratory tests, such as a complete blood count.

The information gathered from the physical examination, along with the medical history, is synthesized in order to produce a differential diagnosis and treatment plan.

Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions about the patient's medical history followed by an examination based on the reported symptoms. Together, the medical history and the physical examination help to determine a diagnosis and devise the treatment plan. These data then become part of the medical record.
Phu Wiang Dinosaur Museum
Phu Wiang Dinosaur Museum (Thai: พิพิธภัณฑ์ไดโนเสาร์ภูเวียง) is a geological museum mainly exhibiting fossils. It is under the administration of the Department of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, of the Royal Thai Government, and situated in the Khok Sanambin public area in Tambon Nai Muang, Wiang Kao district, Khon Kaen province in the northeastern region of Thailand. The museum was constructed with a budget from the Tourism Authority of Thailand under the supervision of the Department of Mineral Resources and comprises an area of 40 acres (160,000 m2). It has been open to the public since 2009.

Khon Kaen province
Khon Kaen (Thai: ขอนแก่น, pronounced [kʰɔ̌ːn kɛ̀n]; Northeastern Thai: ขอนแก่น, pronounced [kʰɔ̌ːn kɛ́n]) is one of Thailand's 76 provinces (changwat). It is a triply-landlocked province in central northeastern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north, clockwise) Nong Bua Lamphu, Udon Thani, Kalasin, Maha Sarakham, Buriram, Nakhon Ratchasima, Chaiyaphum, Phetchabun, and Loei.
C. J. Ball
Charles James Ball (born Charles Jabez Ball; 3 March 1851 - 7 February 1924) was an English academic and clergyman. He was a classical and Hebrew master at Merchant Taylors' School, chaplain of Lincoln's Inn, some time reader of Assyriology in the University of Oxford, and rector of St. Giles Church in Bletchington, a village 8 miles (13 km) north of Oxford.

Bletchingdon
Bletchingdon (also known as Bletchington) is a village and civil parish 2 miles (3 km) north of Kidlington and 6 miles (10 km) southwest of Bicester in Oxfordshire, England. Bletchingdon parish includes the hamlet of Enslow just over 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the village. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 910.
Madeji
Madeji is a town in Garhi Yasin Taluka of Shikarpur District, in Sindh. The town is situated in east, at a distance of 68 kilometers from World Heritage Site Moen-jo-Daro. The town market is considered as the central market for all nearby villages.

A grid station of 132KV was inaugurated in city on Tuesday, February 2, 2016.

Shikarpur District
Shikarpur district (Sindhi: شڪارپور ضلعو, Urdu: ضلع شكارپور), is a district in Larkana Division of Sindh province in Pakistan.

The city of Shikarpur is the district headquarters. There are 4 talukas: Lakhi, Garhi Yasin, Khanpur Tehsil and Shikarpur Tehsil itself. It is spread over an area of 2,512 km2.
Denise P. Barlow
Denise P. Barlow (31 January 1950 – 21 October 2017) was a British geneticist who worked in the field of epigenomics. Barlow was an elected member of European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), an honorary professor of genetics at the University of Vienna and recipient of the Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In 1991, she discovered the first mammalian imprinted gene, IGF2R, which codes for the insulin-like growth factor.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor
Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), also called the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF2R gene. IGF2R is a multifunctional protein receptor that binds insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) at the cell surface and mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-tagged proteins in the trans-Golgi network.
Mashpee River Reservation
Mashpee River Reservation is a park in Mashpee, Massachusetts on the Mashpee River.  The Trustees of Reservations owns and maintains the park.

Pristine shoreline, natural spawning areas, and excellent water quality make the Mashpee River one of Massachusetts' finest sources of sea-run brook trout. Since at least 1915, spirited conservation efforts have led to the protection of this five-mile tidal river which begins at Mashpee and Wakeby Ponds and empties into Pirate's Cove on Popponesset Bay.

This area has two miles of trails through the Mashpee River Reservation plus additional connecting trails on property of other conservation organizations and town and state government properties. The Reservation's woodland and shoreline trails form a link in the Cape Cod Pathways.

Tidal river
A tidal river is a river whose flow and level are caused by tides. A section of a larger river affected by the tides is a tidal reach, but it may sometimes be considered a tidal river if it had been given a separate and another title name.

Generally, tidal rivers are short rivers with relatively low discharge rates but high overall discharge, which generally implies a shallow river with a large coastal mouth. In some cases, high tides impound downstream flowing freshwater, reversing the flow and increasing the water level of the lower section of river, forming large estuaries. High tides can be noticed as far as 100 kilometres (62 mi) upstream. Oregon's Coquille River is one such stream for which that effect can be noticed.
Tom Willis (politician)
Thomas Edward Willis is an American politician. He is a member of the West Virginia Senate for the 15th district.

Willis earned his BA from the University of Virginia, JD from the University of Oregon School of Law, and LLM in tax law from Georgetown University Law Center. He joined the West Virginia National Guard in 2000. In 2017, Willis and Harrison Gilliam bought the Glen Ferris Inn.

Willis ran as a Republican for the United States Senate seat held by Joe Manchin, a member of the Democratic Party, in the 2018 election. He lost the nomination to Patrick Morrisey.

Willis ran for the state senate in 2024, and defeated incumbent Craig Blair, the president of the West Virginia Senate, in the Republican Party primary election. Willis won the general election in November 2024.

In May 2025, Willis announced that he would challenge incumbent Shelley Moore Capito in the Republican Party primary in the 2026 United States Senate election in West Virginia.

Shelley Moore Capito
Shelley Wellons Moore Capito (/ˈkæpɪtoʊ/ KAP-ih-toh; born November 26, 1953) is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from West Virginia. A member of the Republican Party, Capito served from 2001 to 2015 as the U.S. representative from West Virginia's 2nd congressional district. She is the daughter of three-term West Virginia governor and six-term U.S. representative Arch Alfred Moore Jr.

Capito was first elected to the Senate in 2014, becoming the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate from West Virginia and the first West Virginia Republican to win a full term in the Senate since 1942. She was reelected in 2020.

Capito has chaired the Environment and Public Works Committee since 2025, and is the dean of West Virginia's congressional delegation.
Baofeng Lake
Baofeng Lake (Chinese: 宝峰湖), also spelled Baofeng Hu, is an artificial fresh-water lake in the Wulingyuan Scenic Area located on the south side of Suoxiyu Village, Wulingyuan District, Zhangjiajie City, Hunan, China. It was created in the 1970s.

The lake is an artificial reservoir that is created by blocking gorge and building dam, its average depth is 72 metres (236 ft), length is 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles), and it is surrounded by forested stone peaks.

Baofeng Lake is one of the filming locations for the TV series Journey to the West and Wulong Mountain Suppression of Bandits.

Artificiality
Artificiality (the state of being artificial, anthropogenic, or man-made) is the condition of being the product of intentional human manufacture (namely, by artifice), rather than occurring naturally through processes not involving or requiring human activity.