hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geology of the Grand Teton area
The  geology of the Grand Teton area consists of some of the oldest rocks and one of the youngest mountain ranges in North America. The Teton Range, partly located in Grand Teton National Park, started to grow some 9 million years ago. An older feature, Jackson Hole, is a basin that sits aside the range.

The 2.5 billion year old metamorphic rocks that make up the east face of the Tetons are marine in origin and include some volcanic deposits. These same rocks are today buried deep inside Jackson Hole. Paleozoic rocks were deposited in warm shallow seas while Mesozoic deposition transitioned back and forth from marine to non-marine sediments with the Cretaceous Seaway periodically covering the area late in that era.

Jackson Hole
Jackson Hole (originally called Jackson's Hole by mountain men) is a valley between the Gros Ventre and Teton mountain ranges in the U.S. state of Wyoming, near the border with Idaho, in Teton County. The term "hole" was used by early trappers, or mountain men, as a term for a large mountain valley. These low-lying valleys, surrounded by mountains and containing rivers and streams, are good habitat for beavers and other fur-bearing animals. Jackson Hole is 55 miles (89 km) long by 6-to-13 miles (10-to-21 km) wide and is a graben valley with an average elevation of 6,800 ft (2,100 m), its lowest point being near the southern park boundary at 6,350 ft (1,940 m).
Demyanenko
Demyanenko (Ukrainian: Дем'яненко) is a surname of Ukrainian origin. It originates from the name Demyan (Ukrainian: Дем'ян) through an addition of the Ukrainian paternal suffix -enko. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksandr Demyanenko (1937–1999), Russian film and theater actor

Anatoliy Demyanenko (born 1957), Ukrainian football player and coach

Andrey Demyanenko (born 1984), Belarusian rower

Danny Demyanenko (born 1994), Canadian volleyball player

Denys Demyanenko (born 2000), Ukrainian football player

Ivan Demyanenko (born 1989), Uzbek swimmer

Olena Demyanenko (born 1966), Ukrainian film director, film producer, screenwriter

Valentin Demyanenko (born 1983), Ukrainian–Azerbaijani flatwater canoeist

Viktor Demyanenko (born 1958), Kazakhstani boxer

Denys Demyanenko
Denys Anatoliyovych Demyanenko (Ukrainian: Денис Анатолійович Дем'яненко; born 5 July 2000) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for IV liga Lublin club Lewart Lubartów.
Perthida glyphopa
Perthida glyphopa, the Western Australian jarrah leafminer, is a moth of the family Incurvariidae. It was described by Ian Francis Bell Common in 1969 and is known from southwestern Australia.

The larvae feed on Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus rudis. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Eucalyptus marginata
Eucalyptus marginata, commonly known as jarrah, djarraly in Noongar language and historically as Swan River mahogany, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tree with rough, fibrous bark, leaves with a distinct midvein, white flowers and relatively large, more or less spherical fruit. Its hard, dense timber is insect resistant although the tree is susceptible to dieback. The timber has been utilised for cabinet-making, flooring and railway sleepers.
Banwen RFC
Banwen Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team from the village of Banwen, South Wales. Originally known as Banwen and District they formed in 1947. The club presently play in the Welsh Rugby Union Division Five South Central League and is a feeder club for the Ospreys.

During the 2007/08 season Banwen RFC failed to raise a team on more than one occasion and were relegated to division five. All matches played against opposition in Division Three South West were declared null and void.

Welsh Rugby Union
The Welsh Rugby Union (WRU; Welsh: Undeb Rygbi Cymru) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales, recognised by the sport's international governing body, World Rugby.

The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales, overseeing 320 member clubs, the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups. The WRU is headed by the President (Terry Cobner), chairman (Richard Collier-Keywood) and CEO (Abi Tierney).
Anthene lycaenoides
Anthene lycaenoides, the pale ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from Malaya to New Guinea.

The wingspan is about 25 millimetres (1 in).

The larvae feed on Bridelia tomentosa, Rhyssopterys timorensis, Flagellaria indica, Clerodendrum floribundum, Oxera splendida, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Pongamia pinnata, Caesalpina crista, Senna alata, Cassia fistula, Senna gaudichaudii and Senna surattensis.

Clerodendrum floribundum
Clerodendrum floribundum, known as the lolly bush or smooth clerodendrum, is a shrub or tree found in Australia and New Guinea. Its habitat is in or at the margins of coastal rainforests, up to 300 metres above sea level. In Western Australia it grows in drier areas, such as rocky sites, gorges, cliffs, floodplains and creek beds.
Dwight Clark
Dwight Edward Clark (January 8, 1957 – June 4, 2018) was an American professional football wide receiver who played for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1979 to 1987.  He was a member of San Francisco's first two Super Bowl championship teams.

He caught the winning touchdown pass thrown by quarterback Joe Montana in the NFC Championship Game on January 10, 1982, against the Dallas Cowboys. The play, immortalized as "the Catch", propelled the 49ers to their first Super Bowl championship. Clark played college football for the Clemson Tigers and was selected by the 49ers in the tenth round of the 1979 NFL draft. He served as the general manager of the 49ers from 1995 to 1998 and in the same capacity with the Cleveland Browns from 1999 to 2001.

General manager (American football)
A general manager (GM) in American football is a sports management executive that typically oversees rosters and contracts for a team. GMs answer directly to the team's owner in such an organizational model and are viewed as the team's most senior position in football operations. Notable National Football League (NFL) general managers include Tex Schramm, Bill Polian, Ron Wolf, Bobby Beathard, Gil Brandt, and George Young.
Pill-Soon Song
Pill-Soon Song is a professor in Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. Song specializes in molecular photobiology. He worked on the structure-function relation of phytochromes and other photoreceptors including stentorin and blepharismin. Presently, his research revolves around the molecular mechanisms involved in overexpression of phytochrome and its related genes in turfgrass and other plant species.  Acknowledging his contributions to photobiology, he was elected as editor-in-chief for the American Society for Photobiology journal, Photochemistry and Photobiology (1975–1994) and received the Finsen Medal in 2009 awarded by the International Union of Photobiology.

Jeju National University
Jeju National University is one of ten Flagship Korean National Universities. Founded in 1952 in Jeju City, the provincial capital of Jeju, South Korea. In 2008 Cheju National University and the Jeju National University of Education merged into Jeju National University. The Naewat-dang shamanic paintings are preserved there.
Supriya Pathak
Supriya Pathak Kapur (born 7 January 1961) is an Indian actress who works in Gujarati and Hindi films and television. She garnered widespread recognition and acclaim with her portrayal of Hansa Parekh in the Khichdi franchise. She has received several awards, including a Filmfare OTT Award and three Filmfare Awards.
She also featured in the hit TV serial Idhar Udhar in the 1980s.

Younger daughter of actress Dina Pathak, she married her second husband, actor Pankaj Kapur in 1988, with whom she has a daughter and a son. Her sister is actress Ratna Pathak Shah, who is married to actor  Naseeruddin Shah. Actor Shahid Kapoor is her stepson.

Filmfare OTT Awards
The Filmfare OTT Awards are annual awards that honour artistic and technical excellence in the Hindi-language original programming over-the-top space. The first edition of the awards were held on 19 December 2020.
Mortara, Lombardy
Mortara (Lombard: Murtära) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Pavia, in the Italian region of Lombardy. It lies between the Agogna and Terdoppio rivers, in the historical district known as Lomellina, a rice-growing agricultural center. It received the honorary title of city with a royal decree in 1706.

Lombard language
The Lombard language (Lombard: lombard, lumbard, lumbart or lombart, depending on the orthography; pronunciation: [lumˈbaːrt, lomˈbart]) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages. It is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland.  These include most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden. The language is also spoken in Santa Catarina in Brazil by Lombard immigrants from the Province of Bergamo, in Italy.
Acosmism
Acosmism, held in contrast or equivalent to pantheism, denies the reality of the universe, seeing it as ultimately illusory (the prefix "ἀ-" in Greek meaning negation; like "un-" in English), and only the infinite unmanifest Absolute as real. Conceptual versions of Acosmism are found in eastern and western philosophies.

Absolute (philosophy)
In philosophy (often specifically metaphysics), the absolute, in most common usage, is an absolute perfect, self-sufficient reality that depends upon nothing external to itself. In theology, the term is also used to designate the supreme being or God. While the notion of the absolute varies across traditions and thinkers, it generally signifies something that transcends all forms of limitation, relativity, and contingency.
Pawtucket Congregational Church (Lowell, Massachusetts)
The Pawtucket Congregational Church is a historic church at 15 Mammoth Road in Lowell, Massachusetts.  It sits across Massachusetts Route 113 from the Merrimack River at Pawtucket Falls on the site at which the Pennacook sachem Passaconaway once lived.

The church was gathered in 1797 by those who did not wish to travel to the center of Dracut for worship.  Pawtucketville was part of Dracut when the church was founded.  The current church building was erected in 1898, and exhibits Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival styling; its tower houses a bell cast by the Revere foundry in 1822. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 2007.

Pawtucket Congregational Church is an open and affirming congregation of the United Church of Christ.

Massachusetts Route 113
Route 113 is a 50.53-mile-long (81.32 km) east–west Massachusetts state route that connects towns in the Merrimack River valley in northeastern Massachusetts.  Its western terminus is at Route 119 in Pepperell, and its eastern end is at U.S. Route 1 (US 1) and Route 1A in Newburyport.
Tigerstedt
Tigerstedt is a Swedish surname. Notable persons with that name include:

Eric Tigerstedt (1887–1925), Finnish inventor

Robert Tigerstedt (1853–1923), Finnish medical scientist

E. N. Tigerstedt (1907–1979) Finnish-Swedish literary historian and Plato scholar

Robert Tigerstedt
Robert Adolph Armand Tigerstedt (28 February 1853 – 12 February 1923) was a Finnish medical scientist and physiologist. With his student Per Bergman, he discovered renin at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, in 1898. Renin is a component of the renin–angiotensin system which regulates blood pressure, salt and water homeostasis and is an important therapeutic target. Tigerstedt is also recognised as an educator, author and social campaigner.
Iron oxychloride
Iron oxychloride is the inorganic compound with the formula FeOCl.  This purple solid adopts a layered structure, akin to that of cadmium chloride.  The material slowly hydrolyses in moist air.  The solid intercalates electron donors such as tetrathiafulvalene and even pyridine to give mixed valence charge-transfer salts. Intercalation is accompanied by a marked increase in electrical conductivity and a color change to black.

Pyridine
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N. It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group (=CH−) replaced by a nitrogen atom (=N−).  It is a highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-miscible liquid with a distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell. Pyridine is colorless, but older or impure samples can appear yellow. The pyridine ring occurs in many commercial compounds, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins. Historically, pyridine was produced from coal tar. As of 2016, it is synthesized on the scale of about 20,000 tons per year worldwide.
Intelligent manufacturing systems
Modern industrial robotics refers to the use of industrial robotic systems that integrate artificial intelligence, advanced sensing, connectivity and data-driven control within manufacturing and industrial environments particularly in the context of Industry 4.0 and smart factories. Unlike earlier generations of Industrial robot that were typically programmed for fixed, repetitive tasks, modern industrial robotics emphasizes adaptability, autonomy and system-level integration across production workflows.

According to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR), more than 4 million industrial robots were operating in factories worldwide as of 2024. It reflects sustained global adoption of advanced automation technologies. Academic and industry literature increasingly treats modern industrial robotics as a distinct phase in the evolution of industrial automation which shaped by cyber–physical systems, real-time data exchange and networked production environments.

Cobot
A cobot, or collaborative robot, also known as a companion robot, is a robot intended for direct human-robot interaction within a shared space, or where humans and robots are in close proximity. Cobot applications contrast with traditional industrial robot applications in which robots are isolated from human contact or the humans are protected by robotic tech vests. Cobot safety may rely on lightweight construction materials, rounded edges, and inherent limitation of speed and force, or on sensors and software that ensure safe behavior.
Siege of Kraków (1587)
The 1587 siege of Kraków took place between 14 October and 29 November 1587, after the contested 1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, which resulted in a double selection of opposing candidates - Zygmunt Waza was elected by the nobility on the 19th of August, while another faction of the gentry chose Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, on the 22nd of August. Maximillian attempted to enforce his election by force, leading to the War of the Polish Succession (1587-1588), and in the course of the campaign besieged the city of Kraków.

Kraków was defended by the hetman Jan Zamoyski, and a general attack by the pro-Austrian forces was repelled on 22 November. Many affluent burghers of German background participated directly in the defense against "the German enemies", while others donated funds for the city's defense. Several of them were ennobled as a result and admitted into the ranks of the szlachta.

Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria
Maximilian III of Austria (12 October 1558 – 2 November 1618), was a member of the House of Habsburg and the Archduke of Further Austria from 1612 until his death. He was also briefly known as Maximilian of Poland during his claim for the Polish throne. After trying and failing to be elected as King of Poland, he launched the War of the Polish Succession and was defeated by the winner, Sigismund III Vasa. He was also Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
Mahshid
Mahshid (Persian: مهشید, mahshīd or mahsheed, from mah [moon] + shīd [sun]; "moon & sun") is a Persian given name for females. Mahshid also translates moon and sun ("mah" + "(khor)shid"). People named Mahshid include:

Mahshid Amirshahi (born 1937), Iranian writer

Mahshid Mirmoezzi (born 1962), Iranian translator from German into Persian

Mahshid Moshiri (born 1951), Iranian novelist

Mahshid Mirmoezzi
Mahshid Mirmoezi (Persian: مهشید میرمعزی) is an Iranian translator from the German language. She has translated over 55 works into the Persian language. She has received several prizes, including the Friedrich-Gundolf-Preis 2023 and Parvin E'tesami Award for her translation of Pascal Mercier's Night Train to Lisbon.
Kızılcıklı Mahmut
Kızılcıklı Mahmut Pehlivan (b. 1878 or 1880 in Kızılcık village near Silistra, Principality of Bulgaria (a vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire) – d. February 3, 1931 in Eskişehir, Turkey) was a Turkish wrestler foremost known for his victory over Tom Jenkins in 1908 and loss to Frank Gotch in 1909 during a North American tour.

Given Yusuf İsmail's fame, American professional wrestling promoters chose to launch Mahmut with the ring name Youssouf Mahmout as the son of Yusuf İsmail and further, "the Terrible Turk", a moniker originally carried by Yusuf İsmail.

A main street in Eskişehir, the Anatolian city he later settled is named after him.

Tom Jenkins (wrestler)
Tom Jenkins (August 3, 1872 – June 19, 1957) was an American professional wrestler who held the American Heavyweight Championship three times around the turn of the 20th century. On May 4, 1905 at Madison Square Garden, he wrestled for the newly created World Catch-as-Catch-Can Championship, but lost to George Hackenschmidt. He later taught at the United States Military Academy at West Point (1905–1942) and from 1912 to 1943, he also taught wrestling and boxing at the New York Military Academy at Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, one of his pupils being John Thomas Corley.
Hijiri Museum
Hijiri Aviation Museum (聖博物館, Hijiri hakubutsukan) is a local history museum located in Omi, Nagano. The museum was opened by the village of Omi on July 20, 1965, to contain displays of local natural history (birds, fish, insects, mineral samples and plants) and human history (Buddhist statues, historical documents and records pertaining to Omi Village). It was expanded on November 19, 1971, with the addition of an aviation pavilion and a number of outdoor static exhibits of former Japan Self-Defense Forces aircraft. The museum facilities were renovated in April 2012. The display also includes a JNR Class D51 steam locomotive manufactured in 1943 and a 41 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun salvaged from the wreckage of the Japanese battleship Mutsu.

JNR Class D51
The Class D51 (D51形) is a type of 2-8-2 steam locomotive operated by the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) and later by the Japanese National Railways (JNR). Designed by JGR's chief mechanical engineer Hideo Shima, they were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company, Kisha Seizo, Hitachi, Nippon Sharyo, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and JGR's factories from 1936 to 1945.

Although surpassed in speed, power, and size by other locomotives, it is recognised as the most mass-manufactured locomotive in Japanese rail history. A total of 174 units are preserved in Japan, including five operational examples. An additional 6 are preserved in Russia and Taiwan, bringing the total number of preserved units to 180.
Francesco Smalto
Francesco Smalto (5 November 1927 – 5 April 2015) was an Italian fashion designer.

Born in  Reggio Calabria, Smalto started working in his hometown as a tailor, and he created his first dress when he was 14 years old. In 1962 he started his fashion house in Paris. He dressed many celebrities and also several heads of state, notably François Mitterrand and King Hassan II of Morocco. In 2001, Smalto retired and sold his brand to  Alliance Designers.

At the beginning of March 2019, L'Obs revealed that Jack Lang would have received for nearly 195,600 euros of costumes and trousers from the Italian fashion designer Smalto between 2013 and 2018. His lawyer confirms by stating that "his gifts have never had any counterpart". A preliminary inquiry was opened on March 12 for "abuse of social property".

Jack Lang (French politician)
Jack Mathieu Émile Lang (French: [dʒak matjø emil lɑ̃ɡ]; born 2 September 1939) is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he served as Minister of Culture from 1981 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1993, as well as Minister of National Education from 1992 to 1993 and 2000 to 2002.

He was also Mayor of Blois from 1989 until his resignation in 2000. Lang is best known for originating the Fête de la Musique in 1982 as Culture Minister, an all-day public music festival which occurs yearly on 21 June in France and throughout the world. He was president of the Arab World Institute in Paris from 2013 until his resignation in 2026 following the revelations of the Epstein files concerning his close relationship with financier and child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.
Josia frigida
Josia frigida is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1885. It is found from Panama and Guatemala to southern Mexico. Its larvae have been reared on Passiflora costaricensis and Passiflora quinquangularis.

Herbert Druce
Herbert Druce, FLS (14 July 1846 in London – 11 April 1913 in London) was an English entomologist. His collections were acquired by Frederick DuCane Godman (1834–1919), Osbert Salvin (1835–1898), and James John Joicey (1870–1932) before being bequeathed to the Natural History Museum in London.

He is not to be confused with his son, the English entomologist Hamilton Herbert Druce (1869 – 21 June 1922), who also worked on Lepidoptera.
Cut (graph theory)
In graph theory, a cut is a partition of the vertices of a graph into two disjoint subsets. Any cut determines a cut-set, the set of edges that have one endpoint in each subset of the partition. These edges are said to cross the cut. In a connected graph, each cut-set determines a unique cut, and in some cases cuts are identified with their cut-sets rather than with their vertex partitions.

In a flow network, an s–t cut is a cut that requires the source and the sink to be in different subsets, and its cut-set only consists of edges going from the source's side to the sink's side. The capacity of an s–t cut is defined as the sum of the capacity of each edge in the cut-set.

Partition of a set
In mathematics, a partition of a set is a grouping of its elements into non-empty subsets, in such a way that every element is included in exactly one subset.

Every equivalence relation on a set defines a partition of this set, and every partition defines an equivalence relation. A set equipped with an equivalence relation or a partition is sometimes called a setoid, typically in type theory and proof theory.
Raymond–Céstan syndrome
Raymond–Céstan syndrome is caused by blockage of the long circumferential branches of the basilar artery. It was described by Fulgence Raymond and Étienne Jacques Marie Raymond Céstan. Along with other related syndromes such as Millard–Gubler syndrome, Foville's syndrome, and Weber's syndrome, the description was instrumental in establishing important principles in brain-stem localization.

Weber's syndrome
Weber's syndrome, also known as midbrain stroke syndrome or superior alternating hemiplegia, is a form of stroke that affects the medial portion of the midbrain. It involves oculomotor fascicles in the interpeduncular cisterns and cerebral peduncle so it characterizes the presence of an ipsilateral lower motor neuron type oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia.