hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Capital accumulation
Capital accumulation is the dynamic that motivates the pursuit of profit, involving the investment of money or any financial asset with the goal of increasing the initial monetary value of said asset as a financial return whether in the form of profit, rent, interest, royalties or capital gains. The goal of accumulation of capital is to create new fixed capital and working capital, broaden and modernize the existing ones, grow the material basis of social-cultural activities, as well as constituting the necessary resource for reserve and insurance. The process of capital accumulation forms the basis of capitalism, and is one of the defining characteristics of a capitalist economic system.

Personal finance
Personal finance is the financial management that an individual or a family unit performs to budget, save, and spend monetary resources in a controlled manner, taking into account various financial risks and future life events.

When planning personal finances, the individual would take into account the suitability of various banking products (checking accounts, savings accounts, credit cards, and loans), insurance products (health insurance, disability insurance, life insurance, etc.), and investment products (bonds, stocks, real estate, etc.), as well as participation in monitoring and management of credit scores, income taxes, retirement funds and pensions.
Jimmy Cochran
James Michael Cochran (born May 29, 1981) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from the United States. He specialized in the technical events and his best World Cup finish was seventh in a Giant slalom in December 2005.

Born in Burlington, Vermont, Cochran is the son of Bob Cochran, one of the "Skiing Cochrans" family of Richmond, Vermont. He represented the U.S. in the Winter Olympics in 2006 and 2010 and the World Championships in 2005, 2007, and 2009.

Cochran's best Olympic finish was 12th in the slalom in 2006, and his best result at the world championships was tenth in the slalom at Val d'Isère in 2009. He won U.S. national titles in the giant slalom and slalom on successive days in 2004 at Alyeska in Alaska.

FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2009
The FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2009 were the 40th FIS Alpine World Ski Championships, held 2–15 February in France at Val-d'Isère, Savoie.

The International Ski Federation (FIS) awarded the championships to Val-d'Isère on 2 June 2004, in Miami, Florida.  The other two finalists were Vail/Beaver Creek, USA, and Schladming, Austria, which was later selected to host the 2013 championships. Vail/Beaver Creek gained the 2015 championships.

These were the first world championships at Val-d'Isère, although the area hosted four of the five men's events at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville (the slalom was held at Les Menuires).  Val-d'Isère is a regular stop on the World Cup circuit, usually by the men in early to mid-December.

These were the fourth world championships held in France.  Chamonix hosted in 1937 and 1962, and Chamrousse hosted the alpine events for 1968 Winter Olympics (from 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the world championships).
General Krulak Stadium
General Charles C. Krulak Stadium is located in Birmingham, Alabama, and served as the home stadium for the Birmingham–Southern Panthers football, lacrosse, cross country, and track and field teams. The stadium has a maximum seating capacity of 1,600, and opened for the homecoming football game against Sewanee on November 8, 2008 as Panther Stadium. The 49–0 Panthers victory saw an overflow crowd of 3,575 in attendance. In 2015, the stadium was renamed to its current name after General Charles C. Krulak.

Panther Stadium serves as a replacement for the Munger Bowl, which was located on-campus and subsequently demolished in the 1960s to make way for campus expansion.

Sewanee: The University of the South
The University of the South, familiarly known as Sewanee (/səˈwɑːni/), is a private Episcopal liberal arts college in Sewanee, Tennessee, United States. It is owned by 28 southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church, and its School of Theology is an official seminary of the church. The campus (officially called "The Domain" or, affectionately, "The Mountain") consists of 13,000 acres (53 km2) of scenic mountain property atop the Cumberland Plateau, with the developed portion occupying about 1,000 acres (4.0 km2).
Astyanax bacalarensis
Astyanax bacalarensis, sometimes referred to as the Bacalar tetra, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acestrorhamphidae, the American characins. This fish is found in Mexico and Central America. Its scientific and common names both refer to its type locality, Lake Bacalar in Mexico, and it further inhabits freshwater environments like cenotes, streams, and wetlands. Its widespread nature, paired with an omnivorous diet, make it a hardy species.

Before its nomination, A. bacalarensis was considered synonymous with Astyanax aeneus. The silver scales and humeral spot that A. bacalarensis sports are not uncommon features in its genus, but it can be differentiated from congeners by several means. Its fins have some unique markings, like a patch of bright red on the anal fin, and its humeral spot is rectangular or ovoid, instead of triangular or p-shaped in some other Astyanax.

Acestrorhamphidae
Acestrorhamphidae, the American tetras, are a diverse family of freshwater fish in the order Characiformes. They are native to North and South America, from the southwestern United States south to temperate Argentina, with a few species introduced to other parts of the world. It includes many genera previously placed in the family Characidae, which was split into multiple families in 2024. It contains many of the most famous ornamental aquarium fish that are popularly known as tetras.
Imma xantharcha
Imma xantharcha is a moth in the family Immidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1906. It is found on Borneo.

The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are dark purple-fuscous, irregularly strewn with yellow-ochreous scales between the veins and with a short orange line beneath the costa from the base. The hindwings are fuscous, thinly scaled towards the base, the terminal third suffused with 
dark fuscous.

Immidae
Immoidea is a superfamily of pantropical moths containing only the family Immidae comprising ten genera with around 250 species, over half of them in the genus Imma. Many are brightly coloured and diurnal. The position of this group is currently uncertain within the group Obtectomera . The larvae feed on the leaves of dicotyledons and conifers including Podocarpus (Dugdale et al. 1999).
Bloodaxe
Bloodaxe can refer to:

Eric Bloodaxe (c. 885 – 954), a Viking king

Erik Bloodaxe (hacker), an alias of American computer hacker Chris Goggans

Bloodaxe Books, a British publishing house specializing in poetry

Bloodaxe (character), a Marvel Comics anti-hero

Brian Bloodaxe, a British platform game

B'hrian Bloodaxe, a Discworld character

Bloodaxe, a nickname of Danish cricketer Ole Mortensen (born 1958)

Ole Mortensen
Ole Henrik Mortensen (born 29 January 1958) is a Danish first-class cricketer, probably the best his country has produced. A fast-medium right-arm bowler, he took 434 wickets at an average of 23.88, in a first-class career with Derbyshire that ran from 1983 to 1994.
ExoMol
ExoMol is a database of molecular line lists that can be used for spectral characterisation and simulation of astrophysical environments such as exoplanets, brown dwarfs, cool stars and sunspots. The project is run by the theoretical molecular physics group of University College London and is led by Jonathan Tennyson. New line lists for about 30 small molecules of astrophysical interest that currently lack a complete spectroscopic coverage are being generated. The list includes diatomics (e.g., C2, O2, AlO, MgH, CaH, FeH), triatomics (e.g., H2O, H2S, C3, SO2), tetratomics (e.g., PH3, HOOH, H2CO) and a few larger molecules (most notably CH4 and HNO3). Full details on the ExoMol web site (www.exomol.com).

Allotropes of oxygen
There are several known allotropes of oxygen. The most familiar is molecular oxygen (O2), present at significant levels in Earth's atmosphere and also known as dioxygen or triplet oxygen. Another is the highly reactive ozone (O3). Others are:

Atomic oxygen (O1), a free radical.

Singlet oxygen (O*2), one of two metastable states of molecular oxygen.

Tetraoxygen (O4), another metastable form.

Solid oxygen, existing in six variously colored phases, of which one is octaoxygen (O8, red oxygen) and another one metallic (ζ-oxygen).
Karin Kschwendt
Karin Kschwendt (born 14 September 1968) is a former professional tennis player who represented Luxembourg, Germany and Austria at various points in her career. She reached her career-high ranking of world No. 37 on 12 August 1996. In doubles, she went as high as No. 45 in February 1996.

Kschwendt was born in Switzerland to Austrian parents Heinz and Edith, but grew up in Luxembourg, where she lived for 23 years.

Luxembourg Billie Jean King Cup team
The Luxembourg Billie Jean King Cup team represents Luxembourg in the Billie Jean King Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Tennis.  They currently compete in the Europe/Africa Zone of Group II.
One More River to Cross (book)
One More River to Cross: Black and Gay in America is a 1996 book written by Keith Boykin, who ran a now-defunct national black gay and lesbian organization. He begins the book by describing his life, including coming out at Harvard Law School, working for President Bill Clinton, and his first sexual experience. He interviews many famous African-American gay men and lesbians such as Cleo Manago, Perry Watkins, and Cheryl Clarke.

He describes the homophobia of celebrated blacks such as Muhammad Ali and Colin Powell. He also details insensitive actions from white gays such as Robert Mapplethorpe and Frank Kameny. Boykin attempts to spell out how racism and homophobia intersect but also diverge in the lives of African-American gay men and lesbians.

Cleo Manago
Cleo Manago (born September 21, 1960) is an African-American activist and social architect who coined the term same-gender loving (or SGL) as an alternative for African-descended or black people who do not wish to identify as gay or lesbian due to the perceived Eurocentric nature of the latter terminology and community practices. Along with his activism, he is also a blogger and columnist. Manago rejects the terms gay, bisexual and lesbian because he believes they are white, eurocentric-constructed identities which do not culturally affirm the culture and history of African-descended people. Manago is also the founder and CEO of AmASSI Health and Cultural Centers and Black Men's Xchange (BMX).
History of the University of California, Santa Barbara
The University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) traces its roots back to the 19th century when it (as well as Santa Barbara City College) emerged from the Santa Barbara School District, which was formed in 1866 and celebrated its 145th anniversary in 2011. UCSB's earliest predecessor was the Anna S. C. Blake Manual Training School, named after Anna S. C. Blake, a sloyd-school which was established in 1891. From there, the school underwent several transformations, most notably its takeover by the University of California system in 1944.

Anna S. C. Blake
Anna S.C. Blake (Boston, 1844 – Santa Barbara (?) 1899) was the wealthy founder of the Santa Barbara Sloyd School in 1892 in Santa Barbara, California. The school was renamed after her death into Anna Blake Manual Training School.
Antigonis and Demetrias
Antigonis and Demetrias (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιγονίς, Δημητριάς) were two tribes (phylai) added by the ancient Athenians, in this order, to the previous list of 10 Athenian tribes in the year 307–306 B.C., sometime after the fifth prytany. The names of the tribes were chosen to honor Macedonian king Demetrios Poliorketes and his father, Antigonos I Monophthalmos, by adding them to the list of Eponymous Heroes of Athens, effectively making them into gods. This change followed Demetrios expelling Kassandros from Athens and the end of the semi-oligarchic rule of Demetrios of Phaleron in 307 B.C. In 200 B.C., when Athens was involved in the Second Macedonian War against Macedon, the Antigonis and Demetrias phylai were disbanded, and public inscriptions about them erased.

While Athenians added the new phylai to the top of their list, modern researchers use Roman numerals XI and XII to designate Antigonis and Demetrias respectively.

Oligarchy
Oligarchy (from Ancient Greek  ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía) 'rule by few'; from  ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few' and  ἄρχω (árkhō) 'to rule, command') is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people. Leaders of such regimes are often referred to as oligarchs, and generally are characterized by having titles of nobility or high amounts of wealth.
Partners in Crime (1942 film)
Partners in Crime is a 1942 British short propaganda film directed and written by Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder. It was produced for the Ministry of Information by Gainsborough Pictures. It delivers a reprimand to housewives meddling in the black market.

Gainsborough Pictures
Gainsborough Pictures was a British film studio based on the south bank of the Regent's Canal, in Poole Street, Hoxton, London. Gainsborough Studios was active between 1924 and 1951. The company was initially based at Islington Studios, which were built as a power station for the Great Northern & City Railway and later converted to studios.

Other films were made at Lime Grove and Pinewood Studios. The former Islington studio was converted to flats in 2004 and a London Borough of Hackney historical plaque is attached to the building. The studio is best remembered for the Gainsborough melodramas it produced in the 1940s.

Gainsborough Pictures is now owned by Gregory Motton.
Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's foil
The men's foil competition in fencing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on 31 July at the ExCeL London Exhibition Centre. There were 38 competitors from 20 nations. Lei Sheng of China won the gold medal, beating Alaaeldin Abouelkassem from Egypt in the final. It was the first medal in the individual men's foil for each of those nations. Choi Byung-chul of South Korea took bronze. The 2012 podium was the first time since 1904 that no European fencer won a medal in the event.

Choi Byung-chul
Choi Byung-Chul (Korean: 최병철; Hanja: 崔秉哲; Korean pronunciation: [tɕʰwe̞.bjʌŋ.tɕʰʌl]; born October 24, 1981) is a South Korean foil fencer.

Choi made his first major international appearance by winning gold in the individual foil and bronze in the team foil at the 2001 Junior World Fencing Championships. In 2007, he won the bronze medal in the foil team event at the World Fencing Championships in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Choi qualified for the 2008 Beijing Olympics for the men's individual foil competition. On August 13, 2008, he had a 15–14 loss to the eventual silver medalist Yuki Ota of Japan in the round of 16. Choi then participated in the 2012 London Olympics and on July 31, 2012, he lost to Alaaeldin Abouelkassem in the semi-final, but beat Andrea Baldini in the bronze medal match to finally capture the bronze medal.
2025 Australia Day Honours
The 2025 Australia Day Honours are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 2025 by the Governor General of Australia, Sam Mostyn.

The Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the King's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June.

Birthday Honours
The Birthday Honours, in some Commonwealth realms, mark the reigning monarch's official birthday in each realm by granting various individuals appointment into national or dynastic orders or the award of decorations and medals. The honours are presented by the monarch or a viceregal representative. The Birthday Honours are one of two annual honours lists, along with the New Year Honours. All royal honours are published in the relevant gazette.
Robert Clifford (MP)
Robert Clifford (died 1423) was an English politician.

Clifford was the brother of Richard Clifford, Bishop of Worcester and London. Their ancestry is uncertain.

His first wife was a widow, named Jacqueline (or Jacoba) Emelden, the coheiress of the MP Richard Emelden. She died in 1391. Little is recorded about his second wife, Joan.

Clifford served as a Member of Parliament for Northumberland May 1382 and October 1382 and for Kent 1401, 1406 and November 1414. He was appointed High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1383 and High Sheriff of Kent for 1400 and 1415 (representing Kent as MP at the same time).

Clifford died in 1423, and was buried in the nave of Canterbury Cathedral.

Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency)
Northumberland, was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290 to 1707, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Members of Parliament.

The constituency was split into two two-member divisions, for Parliamentary purposes, by the Reform Act 1832. The county was then represented by the North Numberland and South Northumberland constituencies.
Circuit bending
Circuit bending is the modification of circuits in electronic devices such as children's toys and digital synthesizers to change or control their sound output, usually by dismantling the machine and adding components such as switches and potentiometers.

Circuit bending has commonly been associated with noise music, though many other contemporary musicians have experimented with it.

Digital synthesizer
A digital synthesizer is a synthesizer that uses digital signal processing (DSP) techniques to make musical sounds, in contrast to older analog synthesizers, which produce music using analog electronics, and samplers, which play back digital recordings of acoustic, electric, or electronic instruments. Some digital synthesizers emulate analog synthesizers, while others include sampling capability in addition to digital synthesis.
Alexander Park (politician)
Alexander Park (1808 – 21 July 1873) was a Scottish-born land owner and politician in colonial New South Wales, Australia.

He was born in Selkirk to attorney Alexander Park and Alice Veitch. He migrated to New South Wales in 1826 and was given a land grant in the Paterson district. He owned large vineyards and probably also pastoral land. He was elected unopposed as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council for the seat of County of Durham at a by-election in February 1853 and served until the parliament was re-constituted in 1856. He stood for the three member district of Durham at the 1856 election for the Legislative Assembly however he received only 209 votes (9.7%). In 1858 he was appointed to the Legislative Council for the balance of the initial five-year term, ending in 1861. He was appointed again in 1868, serving until his death.

Park was the largest land owner in the Paterson district, including vineyards at Lewinsbrook, where he died on 21 July 1873 (aged 65).

Selkirk, Scottish Borders
Selkirk (Scottish Gaelic: Salcraig) is a town and historic royal burgh in the Scottish Borders council district of southeastern Scotland. It lies on the Ettrick Water, a tributary of the River Tweed. The people of the town are known as Souters, which means cobblers (shoe makers and menders). At the time of the 2011 census, Selkirk's population was 5,784.
Morena, Madhya Pradesh
Morena is a town and a district in the Indian state of northern Madhya Pradesh. The place gets its name from mor (meaning peacock) and raina, which means a place where peacocks are found in abundance; Morena is home to the largest number of peacocks in India.

Morena is situated on the border of three states: Madhya Pradesh, Rajsthan, and Uttar Pradesh. It is governed by a municipal corporation. It is also the administrative headquarters of the Chambal division. It is located 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Dholpur, 39 kilometres (24 mi) from Gwalior, 82 kilometres (51 mi) from Agra and 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Bhind.

Morena is famous for National Chambal Sanctuary which is home to Gharials, which extends upto Etawah. Famous sweet "Gajak" trails its origin to Morena which is made from jaggary.

Gavialidae
Gavialidae is a family of large semiaquatic crocodilians with elongated, narrow snouts. Gavialidae consists of two living species, the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), both occurring in Asia. Many extinct members are known from a broader range, including the recently extinct Hanyusuchus. Gavialids are generally regarded as lacking the jaw strength to capture the large mammalian prey favoured by crocodiles and alligators of similar size so their thin snout is best used to catch fish, however the false gharial has been found to have a generalist diet with mature adults preying upon larger vertebrates, such as ungulates.
Yurats language
Yurats (Yurak) was a Samoyedic language spoken in the Siberian tundra west of the Yenisei River. It became extinct in the early 19th century, due to the expansion of the Nenets people. Yurats was probably either a transitional variety connecting the Nenets and Enets languages of the Samoyedic family, or an archaic dialect of Enets. While it is marginally closer to Enets rather than Nenets, it does not show a majority of either Enets or Nenets features. Some eastern dialects of Tundra Nenets may have a Yurats substrate, as the Yurats were likely absorbed by the Tundra Nenets. The uncertainty regarding the language's status is due to the scarcity of information about the language. Nevertheless, Glottolog considers it to be a dialect of Tundra Nenets, as is the traditional assumption.

Samoyedic languages
The Samoyedic (/ˌsæməˈjɛdɪk, -mɔɪ-/) or Samoyed languages (/ˈsæməˌjɛd, -mɔɪ-/) are spoken around the Ural Mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by approximately 25,000 people altogether, accordingly called the Samoyedic peoples. They derive from a common ancestral language called Proto-Samoyedic, and form a branch of the Uralic languages. Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC, they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an outgroup, branching off first from the other Uralic languages.
Harry Decker
Earle Harry Decker (September 3, 1864 - ?) was an American Major League Baseball catcher. Walker was born in Lockport, Illinois. He played four seasons in Major League Baseball, with the Indianapolis Hoosiers, Kansas City Cowboys, Detroit Wolverines, Washington Nationals, Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates. Decker's primary position was catcher, but he also played outfield, first base, second base, third base and shortstop. SABR (Society for American Baseball Research) says Decker is credited by many as the inventor of the catcher's mitt. He also served time in San Quentin Penitentiary, California, and a picture of him on the jail baseball team survives. It is unknown where he went from there, receding into the mists of history. As is the case with approximately 200 other 19th-century ballplayers, the date of his death is unknown.

Detroit Wolverines
The  Detroit Wolverines were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit, Michigan. In total, they won 426 games and lost 437, taking their lone pennant (and winning the pre-modern World Series) in 1887. The team was disbanded following the 1888 season.