hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rail transport in Costa Rica
Rail transport in Costa Rica is primarily under the stewardship of Incofer (Instituto Costarricense de Ferrocarriles), an autonomous institution of the state. Incofer owns the national railway infrastructure and operates virtually all freight and passenger services, which consist primarily of commuter trains through the highly populated Central Valley. The whole Incofer network is 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge, although there are small tourist railways of other gauges.

Much of the railway system requires major repairs. An August 2016 OECD report provided this summary about the infrastructure, including the railways:

The road network is extensive but of poor quality, railways are in disrepair and only slowly being reactivated after having been shut down in the 1990s ... Internal transportation overly relies on private road vehicles as the public transport system, especially railways, is inadequate.

Greater Metropolitan Area (Costa Rica)
The  Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica (Spanish: Gran Área Metropolitana, GAM) is the largest urban agglomeration in the country, comprising areas of high population density surrounding the capital, San José, which geographically corresponds to the Central Valley and extended to include the Guarco Valley, where some of the cantons of the Cartago province are located.

The proper definition and delimitation corresponds to the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica (INEC) and could vary over time. According to the 2011 census, the GAM had a population of 3.1 million inhabitants (about 60% of Costa Rica's population) in an area of 2,044 km² (3.84% of the country's area).
Malvern City FC
Malvern City FC is a professional football (soccer) club in Kooyong, Victoria. The club was established in 1976. The club currently competes in the Victoria Premier League 2. They play their home games at Sir Zelman Cowen Park opposite Kooyong Tennis Club.

Victorian Premier League
The Victorian Premier League (VPL) is an Australian soccer league based in Victoria. It is administered by Football Victoria, covering the second-to-third-highest tiers in the Victorian soccer league system (and the third-to-fourth-highest nationally).

As of 2025, the VPL consists of two divisions (VPL 1 and VPL 2), with promotion from VPL 1 to the National Premier Leagues (NPL) and relegation from VPL 2 to the Victorian State League (VSL).
Extensor pollicis et indicis communis muscle
In human anatomy, the extensor pollicis et indicis communis is an accessory muscle in the posterior compartment of forearm. It was first described in 1863.  The muscle has a prevalence from 0.5% to 4%.

Prevalence
In epidemiology, prevalence is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seatbelt use) at a specific time. It is derived by comparing the number of people found to have the condition with the total number of people studied and is usually expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or the number of cases per 10,000 or 100,000 people. Prevalence is most often used in questionnaire studies.
Xestia ornata
Xestia ornata is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from the northern Tien-Shan Mountains through the Pamirs and Hissar-Darwaz system to eastern Afghanistan (Nuristan).

The wingspan is 32–37 mm.

Pamir Mountains
The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between Central Asia and South Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, the Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas. They are among the world's highest mountains.

Much of the range lies in the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan. Spanning the border parts of four countries, to the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of Pakistan. To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the east, they extend to the range that includes China's Kongur Tagh, in the "Eastern Pamirs", separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains.

Since the Victorian era, they have been known as the "Roof of the World", presumably a translation from Persian.
Hu language
Hu (Hu pronunciation: [xúˀ], Chinese: 户语; pinyin: Hùyǔ), also Angku or Kon Keu, is a Palaungic language of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Its speakers are an unclassified ethnic minority; the Chinese government counts the Angku as members of the Bulang nationality, but the Angkuic languages is not intelligible with Bulang.

Bulang people
The Blang people (known in China as Bulang; Chinese: 布朗族; pinyin: Bùlǎngzú) or Plang (Thai: ปลัง) are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They live in the areas of southern China, and parts of Myanmar and Thailand. There are estimated 1,200 of them in Thailand, living mostly in Chiang Rai province with some emigrated to work as laborers and settle in Nakhon Pathom province and in Greater Bangkok.
Liberty Center (mall)
Liberty Center is a mixed-use retail shopping mall, residential, and office complex in Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. Opened in 2015, it features over 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) of retail, entertainment, and offices. The center was built by Steiner Realty. Major tenants include Dillard's, Dick's Sporting Goods, Cobb Theatres, and AC Hotels.

Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio
Liberty Township is a suburb of Cincinnati located in Butler County, Ohio. It is one of thirteen townships in Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 43,999 at the 2020 census. It is located on the east-central part of the county, just south of the city of Monroe.
Sykehouse railway station
Sykehouse railway station was a station on the Hull and Barnsley and Great Central Joint Railway between Thorpe-in-Balne and Snaith and Pollington. It was built with the line which opened on 1 May 1916, but the station never opened to passengers. Like most stations on this line, it was situated on the edge of Sykehouse some distance from the village centre, in the hamlet of Topham, just south of where the railway crossed the River Went. Despite never opening to passengers, the station had the necessary facilities, and the two flanking platforms remained in situ until 1960.

The station was controlled by a signal box situated by the level crossing at the end of the platform, which lasted until the final closure of the line.

Sykehouse
Sykehouse is a village and civil parish in the City of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England, on the border with the East Riding of Yorkshire.  It was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. It had a population of 438 in 2001, increasing to 515 at the 2011 Census.

The parish includes the hamlets of Eskholme, Pincheon Green, Topham and Wormley Hill.

The name Sykehouse derives from the Old English sīchūs meaning 'a house by a small stream'.
Negroponte family
The Negroponte or Negropontis family (Greek: Νεγροπόντε or Νεγρεπόντης, pl. Νεγροπόντηδες or Νεγρεπόντηδες) is a noble family of Genoese origin. They are descended from the noble House of Cattaneo-Zaccaria, who, for a period, governed the island of Negroponte along with other territories such as Lesbos, Phocaea. The family's establishment in Chios dates back to the first Genoese occupation.

Euboea
Euboea (/juːˈbiːə/ yoo-BEE-ə; Ancient Greek: Εὔβοια, romanized: Eúboia, IPA: [ěu̯boi̯a]), also known as Evia (/ˈɛviə/ EV-ee-ə; Modern Greek: Εύβοια, IPA: [ˈevi.a]), is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete, and the sixth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only 40 m (130 ft) at its narrowest point), the North Euboean Gulf, and the South Euboean Gulf. In general outline it is a long and narrow island; it is about 180 km (110 mi) long, and varies in breadth from 50 km (31 mi) to 6 km (3.7 mi). Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboia in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.

It forms most of the regional unit of Euboea, which also includes Skyros and a small area of the Greek mainland.
Montserrado-8
Montserrado-8 is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The district covers the Monrovia communities of Bassa Community, Bernard Quarters, Bishop Brooks, Buzzi Quarters, Capitol Hill, Crown Hill, Jallah Town, Maternity Community, Rock Spring Valley, Plumkor, Saye Town Slipway, Soniwein and Warwein, as well as the western parts of Cooper Clinic and Ocean View communities. The 12th Street constitutes the boundary between Montserrado-8 and Montserrado-9.

House of Representatives of Liberia
The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the bicameral legislative branch of Liberia, and together with the Senate comprises the Legislature of Liberia. The number of seats is fixed by law at 73, with each county being apportioned a number of seats based on its percentage of the national population. House members represent single-member districts within the counties drawn up by the National Elections Commission and serve six-year terms. The House meets at the Capitol Building in Monrovia.

The primary purpose of the House is to pass bills in conjunction with the Senate so that they may be sent to the president for signature or veto. The House also holds the exclusive right to introduce revenue bills into the Legislature, as well as to impeach the president, the vice president and judges upon the concurrence of two-thirds of its members. The House is led by the Speaker of the House, elected at the beginning of each new legislature from among its members only.
Žeravino
Žeravino (Serbian Cyrillic: Жеравино) or Zheravino is a divided village in easternmost Serbia and westernmost Bulgaria. The Bulgarian half of the village is part of Kyustendil municipality, Kyustendil Province, whereas the Serbian part belongs to Bosilegrad municipality, Pčinja District.

According to the 2011 census, the Bulgarian part of village has a population of 3 people. According to the 2002 census, the Serbian village has a population of 21 people.

Pčinja District
The Pčinja District (Serbian: Пчињски округ, romanized: Pčinjski okrug, pronounced [ptʃǐɲskiː ôkruːɡ]) is one of administrative districts of Serbia. It occupies the southernmost part of the country. According to the 2022 census, it has a population of 193,802 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Pčinja District is the city of Vranje.
Hiaure
Hiaure (West Frisian: De Lytse Jouwer) is a small village in Noardeast-Fryslân in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 65 in January 2017. Before 2019, the village was part of the Dongeradeel municipality.

The village was first mentioned in 1230 as de Jeure. The etymologie is unknown. The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1869 as a replacement of the medieval church. It is located on its own terp (artificial living hill). In 1840, Hiaure was home to 114 people.

West Frisian language
West Frisian (Westerlauwersk Frysk; Dutch: Westerlauwers Fries), or simply Frisian (Frysk [frisk]; Dutch: Fries [fris]), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages.

In the study of the evolution of English, West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy, these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family.
Television in Afghanistan
Television broadcasts in Afghanistan started in 1978 (Hijri Shamsi 1357). As of 2017, there were around 76 local channels operating in the country; the state television channel is Afghanistan National Television. As with other mass media in Afghanistan, television is regulated by the Ministry of Information and Culture.

Ministry of Information and Culture (Afghanistan)
The Ministry of Information and Culture (Dari: وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ, Pashto: د اطلاعاتو او فرهنګ وزارت) in Afghanistan is the official government ministry in charge of affairs relating to culture, publications, tourism, and youths. It is headquartered in Kabul and currently headed by Sheikh Sher Ahmad Haqqani. His predecessor was Khairullah Khairkhwa.
Ahaneith
Ahaneith was an ancient Egyptian woman, who lived during the First Dynasty of Egypt. She was named after the goddess Neith.

The First Dynasty pharaoh Djet was buried in tomb Z in Umm el-Qa'ab and there is a stele bearing Ahaneith's name in that tomb.  The stele is named UC 14268. Whether Ahaneith was the wife of the king, a royal official or a relative of the king, is not known.

First Dynasty of Egypt
The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, by Menes, or Narmer, and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, when power was centered at Thinis.

The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology. It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and the 30th centuries BC. In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates, the accession of Hor-Aha, the second king of the First Dynasty, was placed between 3111 and 3045 BC with 68% confidence, and between 3218 and 3035 with 95% confidence. The same study placed the accession of Den, the sixth king of the dynasty, between 2928 and 2911 BC with 68% confidence, although a 2023 radiocarbon analysis placed Den's accession potentially earlier, between 3011 and 2921, within a broader window of 3104 to 2913.
Satake isomorphism
In mathematics, the Satake isomorphism, introduced by Ichirō Satake (1963), identifies the Hecke algebra of a reductive group over a local field with a ring of invariants of the Weyl group.  The geometric Satake equivalence is a geometric version of the Satake isomorphism, proved by Ivan Mirković and Kari Vilonen (2007).

Grothendieck group
In mathematics, the Grothendieck group, or group of differences, of a commutative monoid M is a certain abelian group. This abelian group is constructed from M in the most universal way, in the sense that any abelian group containing a homomorphic image of M will also contain a homomorphic image of the Grothendieck group of M. The Grothendieck group construction takes its name from a specific case in category theory, introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in his proof of the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem, which resulted in the development of K-theory. This specific case is the monoid of isomorphism classes of objects of an abelian category, with the direct sum as its operation.
GPYW Indoor Stadium
GPYW Indoor Stadium is an indoor sporting arena located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  The capacity of the arena is 5,000 spectators.  It hosts indoor sporting events such as basketball and hosts the home matches of Al-Hilal.  It also hosted the Asian Basketball Confederation Championship 1997 championship.

It hosted the official 1997 Asian Basketball Championship where Saudi Arabia's national basketball team finished in the Final Four.

Saudi Arabia men's national basketball team
The Saudi Arabia national basketball team is the national basketball team representing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is administered by the Saudi Arabian Basketball Federation. (Arabic: اتحاد المملكة العربية السعودية لكرة السلة)

Its biggest success has been the Bronze medal at the 1999 Asian Championship. The team last qualified for the 2025 FIBA Asia Cup as host.
De La Salle University College of Liberal Arts
The College of Liberal Arts (CLA) of De La Salle University, formerly known as the College of Arts and Sciences was founded in 1918. In 1982, the College of Arts and Sciences was split into two colleges, the College of Liberal Arts, and the College of Science. The CLA provides Lasallians with a liberal education enough to develop the student in humanities and the social sciences. The college is now the most populous in the university, following the split of the College of Business and Economics into the College of Business and the School of Economics in 2010. The CLA Administration is located on the Ground Floor of the Faculty Center. The Departments of Literature and English are both recognized by the Commission on Higher Education as Centers of Excellence.

Commission on Higher Education
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED; Filipino: Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon or Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon) is a government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines. It is responsible for regulating and governing all higher education institutions and post-secondary educational programs in the country.
Glen Island (Thames)
Glen Island is a large area of land between the head of the Jubilee River and the River Thames at Boulter's Lock near Maidenhead.

The Grade II listed Glen Island House, a riverside Gentleman's residence (now offices for a paper mill), was built in 1869 for Lt. Gen. Sir Roger Palmer, 5th Baronet. (d.1910), an Irish landowner who took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade.

Maidenhead
Maidenhead is a market town in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in the county of Berkshire, England. It lies on the southwestern bank of the River Thames, which at this point forms the border with Buckinghamshire. In the 2021 Census, the Maidenhead built-up area had a population of 67,375. The town is 27 miles (43 km) west of Charing Cross, London and 13 miles (21 km) east-northeast of Reading.
Patrice Beddor
Patrice (Pam) Speeter Beddor is John C. Catford Collegiate Professor (Emerita) of Linguistics at the University of Michigan. Her research focused on phonology and phonetics. Her research has dealt with phonetics, including work in coarticulation, speech perception, and the relationship between perception and production.

Phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either:

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages.
WUPW
WUPW (channel 36) is a television station in Toledo, Ohio, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by American Spirit Media, which maintains a joint sales agreement (JSA) with Tegna Inc., owner of CBS affiliate WTOL (channel 11), for the provision of certain services. The two stations share studios on North Summit Street in downtown Toledo; WUPW's transmitter is located on Corduroy Road in Oregon, Ohio.

Oregon, Ohio
Oregon is a city in Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Located on Lake Erie, it is a suburb of Toledo lying east of the city and is home to Maumee Bay State Park. The population was 19,950 at the 2020 census.
Veterinary Laboratories Agency
The Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) was an executive agency of the UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). It carried out animal disease surveillance, diagnostic services and veterinary scientific research for government and commercial organisations. It was based in New Haw, though had offices and laboratories around the country, such as in Sutton Bonington.

It was both an International Reference Laboratory and the EU Community Reference Laboratory for avian influenza.

Executive agency
An executive agency is a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily separate, to carry out some part of the executive functions of the United Kingdom government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government or Northern Ireland Executive. Executive agencies are "machinery of government" devices distinct both from non-ministerial government departments and non-departmental public bodies (or "quangos"), each of which enjoy legal and constitutional separation from ministerial control.  The model has been applied in several other countries.
Jake Flowers
D'Arcy Raymond "Jake" Flowers  (March 16, 1902 – December 27, 1962) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager. A reserve infielder, primarily a second baseman and shortstop, he appeared in 583 Major League games over ten seasons between 1923 and 1934 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Robins and Dodgers, and Cincinnati Reds. The native of Cambridge, Maryland, attended Washington College, where he played football and basketball in addition to baseball. He batted and threw right-handed and was listed at 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and 170 pounds (77 kg).

Cambridge, Maryland
Cambridge is a city in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States. The population was 13,096 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Dorchester County and the county's largest municipality. Cambridge is the fourth most populous city in Maryland's Eastern Shore region, after Salisbury, Elkton and Easton.
Kealakekua Bay
Kealakekua Bay is located on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi about 12 miles (19 km) south of Kailua-Kona. Settled over a thousand years ago, the surrounding area contains many archeological and historical sites such as religious temples (heiaus) and also includes the spot where the first documented European to reach the Hawaiian islands, Captain James Cook, was killed. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaiʻi in 1973 as the Kealakekua Bay Historical District. The bay is a marine life conservation district, a popular destination for kayaking, scuba diving, and snorkeling.

Habitat conservation
Habitat conservation is a management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore habitats and prevent species extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range. It is a priority of many groups that cannot be easily characterized in terms of any one ideology.