hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ricco's law
Riccò's law, discovered by astronomer Annibale Riccò, is one of several laws that describe a human's ability to visually detect targets on a uniform background. It says that for visual targets below a certain size, threshold visibility depends on the area of the target, and hence on the total light received. The "certain size" (called the "critical visual angle"), is small in daylight conditions, larger in low light levels. The law is of special significance in visual astronomy, since it concerns the ability to distinguish between faint point sources (e.g. stars) and small, faint extended objects ("DSOs").

Deep-sky object
A deep-sky object (DSO) is any astronomical object that is not an individual star or Solar System object (such as Sun, Moon, planet, comet, etc.). The classification is used for the most part by amateur astronomers to denote visually observed faint naked eye and telescopic objects such as star clusters, nebulae and galaxies.  This distinction is practical and technical, implying a variety of instruments and techniques appropriate to observation, and does not distinguish the nature of the object itself.
Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons
The G. Wayne Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons (Clough Commons), commonly referred to by its acronym CULC, is an academic building on the main campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology. The five-story, 220,000 sq ft (20,000 m2) building houses classrooms, science laboratories, academic services, and common areas and is managed by and connected to the Georgia Tech Library. Named in honor of President Emeritus G. Wayne Clough, the Clough Commons cost $85 million and opened in the fall of 2011.

The building serves as an interdisciplinary facility to encourage collaboration and technologically enhanced teaching and learning. The Clough Commons, which was built with LEED certification in mind, contains various sustainability features and a roof garden, demonstrating Georgia Tech's commitment to sustainable design. In August 2012, the building, staged as a building within Googleplex, was a major piece of the set of the 2013 film The Internship.

The Internship
The Internship is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Shawn Levy, written by Vince Vaughn and Jared Stern, and produced by Vaughn and Levy. The film stars Vaughn and Owen Wilson as recently laid-off salesmen who attempt to compete with much younger and more technically skilled applicants for a job at Google. Rose Byrne, Max Minghella, Aasif Mandvi, Josh Brener, Dylan O'Brien, Tobit Raphael, Tiya Sircar, Josh Gad, and Jessica Szohr also star.

The Internship was the second film with Vaughn and Wilson in the lead roles, after the 2005 film Wedding Crashers; the two had appeared in the 2004 film Starsky & Hutch. This was the second collaboration of Levy, Vaughn, and Stern after the 2012 film The Watch, and the third of Levy and Wilson after the first two Night at the Museum films.

Released by 20th Century Fox on June 7, 2013, the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $93.5 million worldwide against a $58 million budget.
Christ and the Canaanite Woman (Preti)
Christ and the Canaanite Woman is a c. 1650 oil on canvas painting by Mattia Preti. It and another work by Preti showing Christ with a single woman (Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery) were both recorded as being in the Certosa di San Martino in Naples in 1806, but were split up the following year when Adultery was acquired by the Real Museo Borbonico and Canaanite passed to the church of Sant'Efremo Nuovo. In 1828 the two works and 38 others were given to the Museo della Regia Università degli Studi in Palermo, Sicily by Francis I of the Two Sicilies and they both now hang in the Palazzo Abatellis in the same city.

Palazzo Abatellis
Palazzo Abatellis (also known as Palazzo Patella) is a palazzo in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy, located in the Kalsa quarter. It is home to the Galleria Regionale della Sicilia, the Gallery of Art for the Sicilian region.
Djebel
For mountains or other uses, see: Jabal.

Djebel (1937–1958) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse, who won 15 of 22 races during 1939–1942 including the Prix d'Essai, 2000 Guineas and Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. He was later a leading sire in France and is responsible for the survival of the Byerley Turk sire line into the 21st century.

Leading sire in France
The list below shows the leading Thoroughbred sire of racehorses in France for each year since 1887. This is determined by the amount of prize money won by the sire's progeny during the season. Due to the huge prize money of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, the sire of the winner of that race typically wins the title of the Leading Sire in France. The 2016 novel Mount! by Jilly Cooper describes the process to gain the fictional title for global leading sire.
War of the Babenberg Succession
The War of the Babenberg Succession, sometimes called the Austrian Interregnum, was a succession of conflicts in medieval Austria that lasted from 1246 until 1282. The conflict began over the succession of Duke Frederick II of the House of Babenberg after his death in the battle of the Leitha River against King Béla IV of Hungary on 15 June 1246.

Initially, the Bohemian Přemyslids defeated the Hungarian House of Árpád, but in further fighting were defeated in turn by the House of Habsburg. The interregnum ended when King Rudolf I of Germany granted the escheated duchies of Austria and Styria to his sons Albert and Rudolf, respectively, on 27 December 1282.

Duchy of Austria
The Duchy of Austria was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right. After the ruling dukes of the House of Babenberg became extinct in male line, there was as much as three decades of rivalry on inheritance and rulership, until the German king Rudolf I took over the dominion as the first monarch of the Habsburg dynasty in 1276. Thereafter, Austria became the patrimony and ancestral homeland of the dynasty and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1453, the archducal title of the Austrian rulers, invented by Duke Rudolf IV in the forged Privilegium Maius of 1359, was officially acknowledged by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III.
Mount Flora
Mount Flora is a mountain, 520 m (1,700 ft) high, containing a well-defined cirque which faces north-east, standing 0.5 nmi (1 km) south-east of the head of Hope Bay, at the north-east end of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was discovered by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld, 1901–04, and named by Johan Gunnar Andersson, second-in-command of the expedition who discovered plant fossils of the Jurassic period there.

Swedish Antarctic Expedition
The Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1903 was a scientific expedition led by Otto Nordenskjöld and Carl Anton Larsen. It was the first Swedish endeavour to Antarctica in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
1984 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship
The 1984 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship was the 14th edition of the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship. The final round was held in Ilulissat. It was won by Nagdlunguaq-48 for the sixth time in its history.

Ilulissat
Ilulissat, also known as Jakobshavn or Jacobshavn, is the municipal seat and largest town of the Avannaata municipality  in western Greenland, located approximately 350 km (220 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. With a population of 5,149 as of 2025, it is the third-largest city in Greenland, after Nuuk and Sisimiut. 
The city is home to almost as many sled-dogs as people.

In direct translation, Ilulissat is Greenlandic for "[the] icebergs". The nearby Ilulissat Icefjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and has made Ilulissat the most popular tourist destination in Greenland. Tourism is now the town's principal industry.
The city neighbours the Ilulissat Icefjord, where there are enormous icebergs from the most productive glacier in the northern hemisphere.
Bugyly Nature Reserve
Bugyly Nature Reserve (Kazakh: Бұғылы қорықшасы, romanized: Būğyly qoryqşasy) is a protected area in the Kazakh Uplands, Kazakhstan. Administratively it is located in the Shet District of the Karaganda Region.

Karaganda Region
Karaganda Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. The region borders Akmola and Pavlodar Region to the north; Abai Region to the east; Jetisu, Almaty, and Zhambyl Regions to the south; and Kostanay and Ulytau regions to the west.

In 2022, the western parts of this region was split off and became the Ulytau Region.
1957 Albanian Cup
1957 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) was the ninth season of Albania's annual cup competition. It began in Spring 1957 with the First Round and ended in May 1957 with the Final match. Dinamo Tirana were the defending champions, having won their fifth Albanian Cup last season. The cup was won by Partizani.

The rounds were played in a one-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the number of goals was equal, the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout, if necessary.

FC Dinamo City
Football Club Dinamo City, commonly referred to as Dinamo City and colloquially known as Dinamo, is an Albanian professional football club based in Tirana. They compete in the Kategoria Superiore, the top tier of Albanian football. Founded in 1950, the club was historically affiliated to the Interior Ministry and having won 18 National Championships, it is considered to be the second most decorated club after local rivals KF Tirana.
Leanne Pompeani
Leanne Pompeani (born 25 June 1996) is an Australian long-distance runner. She competed in the senior women's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. She finished in 45th place.

In 2022 and 2024, she won the City2Surf and Burnie Ten road races, setting a Burnie Ten course record in 2024. She also won the Burnie Ten in 2025.

2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships were hosted in the city of Aarhus in Denmark. It was the 43rd edition of the championships and was held on 30 March 2019.

A part of the course was run on the grounds and grass roof of the Moesgaard Museum. The race was held in challenging conditions, due to the very muddy course and steep hills. The senior men's race was won by Ugandan Joshua Cheptegei, while the senior women's race was won by Kenyan Hellen Obiri.
Indian Head Peak
Indian Head Peak is a prominent 7,448-foot (2,270-metre) mountain summit located in the Glacier Peak Wilderness, in the North Cascades of Washington state. The mountain is situated in Chelan County, on land managed by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. Its nearest higher neighbor is Kololo Peaks, 3.29 mi (5.29 km) to the north. Indian Head Peak is the second-highest point on Wenatchee Ridge, a subrange which also includes Mount Saul, Whittier Peak, and Mount David. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains into Indian Creek and White River which are tributaries of the Wenatchee River.

The mountain's name was given by Albert Hale Sylvester (1871–1944), for its resemblance to an "Indian's headdress" when viewed from the south, near Kodak Peak. Sylvester was a pioneer surveyor, explorer, topographer, and forest supervisor in the Cascades. Indian Head Peak was first climbed on July 2, 1870 by railroad surveyors D. C. Linsley and John A. Tennant.

White River (Lake Wenatchee)
The White River is a river in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the northern and larger of the two rivers that flow into the west end of Lake Wenatchee. The smaller southern one is the Little Wenatchee River. The White River is part of the Columbia River basin, being a tributary of the Wenatchee River, which empties into the Columbia River. A large number of place names in the White River basin, including the river's name itself, were given by Albert H. Sylvester.
Cheryl Van Kuren
Cheryl Lynne Van Kuren (born August 1, 1964, in Allentown, Pennsylvania) is a former field hockey player from the United States who finished in eighth place with Team USA at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

She played collegiate field hockey at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia from 1982 to 1985. She later earned an MBA from the University of Baltimore.

Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University (ODU) is a public research university in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. Established in 1930 as the two-year Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary, the school became an independent college in 1962 and attained university status in 1969. In 2023, it had an enrollment of 23,494 students, and its main campus covers 250 acres.

The university's name is derived from one of Virginia's state nicknames, "The Old Dominion", given by King Charles II of England in recognition of its loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War. ODU offers 175 undergraduate and graduate degree programs from seven colleges and three schools. It has a Carnegie Classification of "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" with "Higher Access, Medium Earnings". Old Dominion has approximately 165,000 alumni in all 50 US states and 67 countries.
Serge de Beketch
Serge André Yourevitch Verebrussoff de Beketch (born 12 December 1946, Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France, died 6 October 2007 Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine) was a French journalist, story writer for cartoons and writer linked to the extreme-right. He was also the co-founder of Radio Courtoisie, where he directed a Wednesday evening broadcast up until his death, and was a founder and host of the Libre Journal de la France courtoise.

Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃.dʁ‿e.lwaʁ] ⓘ) is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River. In 2019, it had a population of 610,079. Sometimes referred to as Touraine, the name of the historic region, it is nowadays part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its prefecture is Tours and subprefectures are Chinon and Loches. Indre-et-Loire is a touristic destination for its numerous monuments that are part of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley.
Richard P. Giles
Richard Porter Giles (June 20, 1840 – November 17, 1896) was an American attorney and Democratic politician from Missouri.

Giles was born in Stephensburg, Kentucky, on June 20, 1840, to Granville T. and Rosanna Giles. Giles was educated at St. Paul's College and went into the field of law through reading the law at a Palmyra, Missouri law firm. Giles was admitted to the bar in 1868, practicing in St. Joseph, Palmyra, and Shelbina, Missouri. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Shelby County, Missouri, in 1880 and elected four times.

Giles was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Missouri's First Congressional District on November 3, 1896. However, Giles died 14 days later on November 17, 1896, before his term of office began. James Tilghman Lloyd was elected in a special election to succeed Giles on June 1, 1897.

Missouri's 1st congressional district
Missouri's 1st congressional district is in the eastern portion of the state. It includes all of St. Louis City and much of northern St. Louis County, including the cities of Maryland Heights, University City, Ferguson and Florissant. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+29, it is the most Democratic U.S. Congressional district in Missouri and is tied with Colorado's 1st congressional district as the 16th most Democratic nationwide. Roughly half of the district's population is African American.

Its current representative is Democrat Wesley Bell, the former St. Louis County district attorney. Bell was first elected in 2024 after defeating two-term congresswoman Cori Bush. Bush herself had toppled ten-term incumbent William Lacy Clay, Jr., who had previously represented the district between 2001 and 2021, succeeding his father, William Lacy Clay, Sr.
Langley School, Loddon
Langley School is an HMC private co educational day, weekly, flexi and full boarding school situated near the market town of Loddon in South Norfolk, England. The current headmaster is Simon Cooke, who has been in post since 2024, and the school is a member of the Society of Heads. Termly fees are currently £6,750 for day pupils, £11,395 for weekly boarders and £13,365 for full boarders.

The school was founded in Norwich in 1910 as the Norwich High School for Boys and was given its present name when it moved to Langley after the Second World War.

South Norfolk
South Norfolk is a local government district in Norfolk, England. The largest town is Wymondham, and the district also includes the towns of Costessey, Diss, Harleston, Hingham, Loddon and Long Stratton. The council was based in Long Stratton until 2023 when it moved to the Broadland Business Park near Norwich, in the neighbouring Broadland district, as part of a shared facility with Broadland District Council. Some of the district's urban areas (including Costessey) form part of the Norwich built-up area. The district also includes numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. Some eastern parts of the district lie within The Broads.

The neighbouring districts are Breckland, Broadland, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, East Suffolk and Mid Suffolk.
Parry Sound (federal electoral district)
Parry Sound was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1949. It was located in the province of Ontario. This riding was first created in 1903 from parts of Muskoka and Parry Sound riding.

It consisted of the territorial district of Parry Sound.

In 1933, it was expanded to include, in the territorial district of Nipissing, the townships of Ballantyne, Wilkes, Pentland, Boyd, Paxton, Biggar, Osler, Lister, Butt, Devine, Bishop, Freswick, McCraney, Hunter, McLaughlin, Bower, Finlayson, Peck, Canisbay and Sproule.

The electoral district was abolished in 1947 when it was merged into Parry Sound-Muskoka riding.

Nipissing District
Nipissing District is a district in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1858. The district seat is North Bay.

In 2021, the population was 84,716. The land area is 16,986.20 square kilometres (6,558.41 sq mi); the population density was 5.0 per square kilometre (13/sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated districts in northern Ontario.
Crazy Making Tour
The Crazy Making Tour was a 2009 summer tour which featured the alternative rock bands Switchfoot and Blue October co-headlining. The tour was first announced on Blue October's Myspace profile and Switchfoot's Twitter feed.  Supporting acts for the tour were Longwave and Ours. Each band's set varied by location. Some shows had one playing significantly longer, but others had the time split equally.

Longwave (band)
Longwave is an American indie rock band. The band was formed in 1999 by guitarist, songwriter and vocalist Steve Schiltz; guitarist Shannon Ferguson; bassist David Marchese; and drummer Jeremy Greene.  The band was active from 1999 to 2008. As of 2018 the band had reformed and was recording new music. Longwave's fifth album ‘’If We Ever Live Forever’’ was released October 25, 2019.
49th Delaware General Assembly
The 49th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday of October and terms began on the first Tuesday in January. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening January 4, 1825, two weeks before the beginning of the second year of the administration of Governor Samuel Paynter.

The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three senators and seven representatives for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates. Both chambers had a Federalist majority.

Dover, Delaware
Dover (/ˈdoʊvər/ DOH-vər) is the capital and the second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Delaware, after Wilmington. It is also the county seat of Kent County and the principal city of the Dover metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Kent County and is part of the Philadelphia–Wilmington–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD, combined statistical area. It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain. It was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England (for which Kent County is named). As of 2020, its population was 39,403.
Albertinian Line
The Albertinian line was a line of the Habsburg dynasty, begun by Duke Albert III of Austria, who, after death of his elder brother Rudolf IV, divided the Habsburg hereditary lands with his brother Leopold III by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg. The branch finally became extinct in the male line with the early death of Ladislaus the Posthumous in 1457.

Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria
Rudolf IV (1 November 1339 – 27 July 1365), also called Rudolf the Founder (German: der Stifter), was a scion of the House of Habsburg who ruled as duke of Austria (self-proclaimed archduke), Styria and Carinthia from 1358, as well as count of Tyrol from 1363 and as the first duke of Carniola from 1364 until his death. After the Habsburgs received nothing from the decree of the Golden Bull in 1356, he gave order to draw up the "Privilegium Maius", a fake document to empower the Austrian rulers.
203 mm/50 Model 1924
The 203 mm /50 Model 1924 was an Italian 203 mm (8 inch) naval gun. Manufactured by the Ansaldo engineering company in the years before World War II for the Italian Navy, the use of these guns was limited to the Trento-class heavy cruisers and coastal defense batteries during the Second World War.

Naval artillery
Naval artillery is artillery mounted on a warship, originally used only for naval warfare and then subsequently used for more specialized roles in surface warfare such as naval gunfire support (NGFS) and anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) engagements. The term generally refers to powder-launched projectile-firing weapons and excludes self-propelled projectiles such  as torpedoes, rockets, and missiles and those simply dropped overboard such  as depth charges and naval mines.
Minority Report (Poor Law)
The Minority Report  was one of two reports published by the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–1909, the other being Majority Report. Headed by the Fabian socialist Beatrice Webb, it called for a system that was radically different from the existing Poor Law. She, amongst the others heading the report, who included George Lansbury, felt that it was shortsighted of society to expect paupers to be entirely accountable for themselves.

Fabian Society
The Fabian Society (/ˈfeɪbiən/) is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow. It is related to radicalism, a left-wing liberal tradition.

As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has strongly influenced British politics. Members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from other countries, such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Lee Kuan Yew, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies. The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics in 1895.

Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of twenty socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Italy.