hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maria von Linden
Maria von Linden (18 July 1869 – 25 August 1936) was a German bacteriologist and zoologist.

She was the first woman admitted to study at the University of Tübingen, and became one of the first women in Germany to be given the academic title of “Professor”. She patented a type of bandage and won a prize for her research on butterfly wings. She was driven from office due to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany.

Bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology— a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing. Alongside human and animal healthcare providers, they may carry out various functions as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, pathologists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals. Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use as well as public health guidelines for restaurants and businesses.
Willy Matsanga
Anicet Wilfrid Pandou, commonly known as Willy Matsanga (c. 1969 – 9 October 2014), was a Congolese politician. He was a militia leader during the tumultuous events of the 1990s and later served as a Deputy in the National Assembly of Congo-Brazzaville from 2007 to 2014.

Brazzaville
Brazzaville (French pronunciation: [bʁazavil]) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo. Administratively, it is a department and a commune. Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the Congo River, opposite Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo).

The population of the capital is estimated to exceed 2.1 million residents, comprising more than a third of the national populace. Some 40% are employed in non-agricultural professions. During World War II, Brazzaville served as the de facto capital of Free France between 1940 and 1942.

In 2013, Brazzaville was designated a City of Music by UNESCO; since then it has also been a member of the Creative Cities Network.
Tussenvoegsel
In a Dutch name, a tussenvoegsel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtʏsə(ɱ)ˌvuxsəl] ⓘ; lit. 'intersertion'  or 'that which is interserted') is a family name affix positioned between a person's given name and the main part of their family name. There are similar concepts in many languages, such as Celtic family name prefixes, French particles, and the German von.

The most common tussenvoegsels are van, e.g. Vincent van Gogh meaning "from"; and de, e.g. Greg de Vries, meaning "the". A tussenvoegsel forms an integral part of one's surname; it distinguishes it from similar Dutch surnames, e.g. Jan de Boer compared to Albert Boer; Frits de Kok compared to Wim Kok.

Greg de Vries
Gregory de Vries (born January 4, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played over 800 games with six teams in the National Hockey League (NHL). de Vries won the Stanley Cup with the Colorado Avalanche in 2000–01 season.
Battle of Quebracho Herrado
The Battle of Quebracho Herrado, fought on 28 November 1840 in the east of Córdoba Province, Argentina, was a victory for the Argentine federal army, led by former Uruguayan president, Brigadier Manuel Oribe over the Unitarian army led by Brigadier Juan Lavalle, during the Argentine Civil Wars.

Manuel Oribe
Manuel Ceferino Oribe y Viana (August 26, 1792 – November 12, 1857) was the 2nd Constitutional president of Uruguay and founder of Uruguay's National Party, the oldest Uruguayan political party and considered one of the two Uruguayan "traditional" parties, along with the Colorado Party, which was, until the 20th century, its only political adversary.
Concussion (2015 film)
Concussion is a 2015 American biographical sports drama film written and directed by Peter Landesman, based on the exposé "Game Brain" by Jeanne Marie Laskas, published in 2009 by GQ magazine. Set during the 2000s, the film stars Will Smith as Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist who fights against the National Football League trying to suppress his research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease suffered by professional football players.

The film premiered at AFI Fest on November 11, 2015, and was released by Columbia Pictures on December 25, 2015. The film grossed $48 million worldwide and received mixed reviews, although Smith earned a Golden Globe nomination.

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama
The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama is a Golden Globe Award that was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actor in a Motion Picture" but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actor – Musical or Comedy.

The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2005, it was officially called: "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama". As of 2013, the wording is "Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama".
Bob Deming
Robert C. Deming (born 1935 or 1936) is an American former college football player, coach, and athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at the University at Buffalo in 1969 and 1970, compiling a record of 8–12. Deming was the athletic director at Ithaca College from 1980 until his retirement in 1997.

Ithaca College
Ithaca College is a private college in Ithaca, New York, United States. It was founded by William Egbert in 1892 as a conservatory of music. Ithaca College provides media-related programs and entertainment programs within the Roy H. Park School of Communications and the Ithaca College School of Music, Theatre, and Dance. The college has a liberal arts focus, and offers several pre-professional programs, along with several graduate programs, mainly in business, health sciences, and teaching degrees through the School of Humanities and Sciences.
Rovno offensive
The Rovno offensive — the operation of the Austro-Hungarian Northern armies against the armies of the Russian Southwestern Front — the so-called campaign on Rovno, or Lutsk-Rovno offensive operation. The purpose of the offensive was the liberation of Eastern Galicia, but by the end of the operation, a small part of Eastern Galicia was still held by the Russian Imperial Army.

Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli (12 February 1856 – 9 December 1941) was an Austrian general during World War I who rose to the rank of field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was the head of the Second Army and fought mainly on the front of Galicia during the entire conflict. On 30 October 1940, Böhm-Ermolli was made a German Generalfeldmarschall.
Proteus (2004 film)
Proteus is an animated documentary film written and directed by David Lebrun in 2004. It depicts a 19th-century understanding of the sea by interweaving the life and work of German biologist and researcher Ernst Haeckel with excerpts from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's epic poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and the story of the oceanographic Challenger expedition of the 1870s.

One-celled microorganisms known as radiolarians feature prominently in Haeckel's fascination with the observable natural world and the underlying guiding principles assumed to be implicit in its very existence.

Radiolaria
The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa and informally called radiolarians, are unicellular eukaryotes of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm. The elaborate mineral skeleton is usually made of silica. They are found as zooplankton throughout the global ocean. As zooplankton, radiolarians are primarily heterotrophic, but many have photosynthetic endosymbionts and are, therefore, considered mixotrophs. The skeletal remains of some types of radiolarians make up a large part of the cover of the ocean floor as siliceous ooze. Due to their rapid change as species and intricate skeletons, radiolarians represent an important diagnostic fossil found from the Cambrian onwards.
Plukon Food Group
Plukon Food Group is an internationally active corporate group in the meat industry. It is one of the largest processors of poultry meat in Europe.

In 2019, Plukon was the second largest chicken processor in the EU, as well as 16th in the world, with a slaughter volume of 426 million chickens.

The activities of the group are concentrated in the company Bankiva B.V. headquartered in Wezep in the Netherlands. The group has three shareholders: the German EW Group, the Dutch feed company De Heus, and the directors around Peter Poortinga, who together own 25% of the shares.

Corporate group
A corporate group, company group or business group, also formally known as a group of companies, is a collection of parent and subsidiary corporations that function as a single economic entity through a common source of control. These types of groups are often managed by an account manager. The concept of a group is frequently used in tax law and accounting and (less frequently) company law to attribute the rights and duties of one member of the group to another or the whole. If the corporations are engaged in entirely different businesses, the group is called a conglomerate. The forming of corporate groups usually involves consolidation via mergers and acquisitions, although the group concept focuses on the instances in which the merged and acquired corporate entities remain in existence rather than the instances in which they are dissolved by the parent. The group may be owned by a holding company which may have no actual operations.
Lectionary 179
Codex Sancti Simeonis contains a fragment of a Gospel lectionary, or Evangelistarion, designated by siglum ℓ 179 in the Gregory-Aland numbering; it is written on parchment and dated to the 10th century. The codex is housed in Trier.

Scribal abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse.

In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between different such manuscripts).
North Shore Community College
North Shore Community College is a public community college in Massachusetts with campuses in Danvers and Lynn. The college offers over 80 associate degree and certificate programs to approximately 10,000 students a year from the 26 cities and towns along the coastal region from north metropolitan Boston to Cape Ann. North Shore Community College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

Danvers, Massachusetts
Danvers is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, located on the Danvers River near the northeastern coast of Massachusetts. The suburb is a fairly short ride from Boston and is also in close proximity to the beaches of Gloucester, Ipswich and Revere. Originally known as Salem Village, the town is most widely known for its association with the 1692 Salem witch trials. It was also the site of Danvers State Hospital, one of the state's 19th-century psychiatric hospitals. Danvers is a local center of commerce, hosting many car dealerships and the Liberty Tree Mall. As of the 2020 United States Census, the town's population was 28,087.
Kihansia
Kihansia is a genus of parasitic plants in the Triuridaceae, lacking chlorophyll and obtaining nutrients from fungi in the soil. It contains only one known species, Kihansia lovettii, endemic to the Ulanga District of Tanzania.

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός (khloros, "pale green") and φύλλον (phyllon, "leaf"). Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb energy from light. Those pigments are involved in oxygenic photosynthesis, as opposed to bacteriochlorophylls, related molecules found only in bacteria and involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Hence chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light, diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls, is less absorbed. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: chlorophyll a and b.
Hell to Eternity
Hell to Eternity is a 1960 American World War II film starring Jeffrey Hunter, David Janssen, Vic Damone and Patricia Owens, directed by Phil Karlson. This film biopic is about the true experiences of Marine hero Pfc. Guy Gabaldon (played by Hunter), a Los Angeles Hispanic boy raised in the 1930s by a Japanese American foster family, and his heroic actions during the Battle of Saipan. Sessue Hayakawa played the role of Japanese commander at Saipan.

Edward S. Aarons
Edward Sidney Aarons (September 11, 1916 – June 16, 1975) was an American writer who authored more than 80 novels from 1936 until 1975.  One of these was under the pseudonym "Paul Ayres" (Dead Heat), and 30 were written using the name "Edward Ronns".  He also wrote stories for detective magazines, such as Detective Story Magazine and Scarab.

Aarons also wrote spy thrillers, including his "Assignment" series, which are set all over the world and have been translated into 17 languages. The 42 novels in this series starred CIA agent Sam Durell. The first "Assignment" novel was written in 1955, and Aarons continued writing the series until up to his death.
Bangen Rekani
Bangen Abdullah Rekani (Arabic: بنكين ريكاني; Kurdish: Bengîn Rêkanî, born 2 April 1966) is an Iraqi politician from the Kurdistan Democratic Party. He is the Minister of Construction, Housing, Municipalities, and Public works since 2018. He had previously served as Minister of Justice in the Government of Adil Abdul-Mahdi.

He was approved by the Council of Representatives on 24 October 2018. Rekani was also the representative of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the representative of Masoud Barzani, former President of the Kurdistan region. He was head of relations between the Kurdish and Iraqi political parties and the government in Baghdad.

From 2010 to 2014 he was Deputy Minister of Transportation under the second government of Nouri al-Maliki.

Adil Abdul-Mahdi
Adil Abdul-Mahdi al-Muntafiki (Arabic: عادل عبد المهدي المنتفكي, born 1 January 1942) is an Iraqi politician  who served as Prime Minister of Iraq from October 2018 until May 2020. Abdul-Mahdi is an economist and was one of the vice presidents of Iraq from 2005 to 2011. He formerly served as Minister of Finance in the Interim government and Oil Minister from 2014 to 2016.

Abdul-Mahdi is a former member of the powerful Shi'a party the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council, or SIIC. Long based in neighboring Iran, the group opposed a United States administration while holding close ties with the other, U.S.-backed, groups that opposed Saddam Hussein, including the Kurds and the Iraqi National Congress.

Abdul-Mahdi submitted his formal resignation as prime minister in November 2019, following widespread protests over political corruption and violent police responses.
Hyloxalus sauli
Hyloxalus sauli is a species of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. It is found on the eastern Andean slopes in Putumayo, Colombia, and in Sucumbíos, Napo, Orellana, and Pastaza Provinces, Ecuador. It is named after William Saul from the University of Kansas Natural History Museum.

Napo Province
Napo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnapo]) is a province of Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province is named after the Napo River. The province is not well developed and does not have much industrial presence. The thick rainforest is home to many natives that remain isolated by preference, descendants of those who fled the Spanish invasion in the Andes, and the Incas years before. In 2000, the province was the sole remaining majority-indigenous province of Ecuador, with 56.3% of the province either claiming indigenous identity or speaking an indigenous language.

This province is one of the many located in Ecuador's section of the Amazon rainforest.

In Napo province are also Antisana Ecological Reserve, Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park, and Limoncocha National Biological Reserve.
James G. Exum
James Gooden Exum Jr. also known as Jim Exum (born September 14, 1935) is an American jurist who served on the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1975 to 1994, and as chief justice from 1986 to 1994.

Under his leadership, the court "expanded civil rights, took a new approach to criminal justice, and increased available remedies in tort law." Associate Justice Mark A. Davis has compared the Exum Court to the Warren Court at the federal level.

New York University School of Law
40°43′49″N 73°59′58″W﻿ / ﻿40.73028°N 73.99944°W﻿ / 40.73028; -73.99944

The New York University School of Law (NYU Law) is the law school of New York University, a private research university in New York City.

Established in 1835, it was the first law school established in New York City and is the oldest extant law school in New York State and one of the oldest law schools in the United States. Located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan, NYU Law grants J.D., LL.M., and J.S.D. degrees.

As of 2025, NYU Law's first-time bar passage rate is 96.6 percent, with an ultimate bar passage rate of 99.2 percent.
Busulfan
Busulfan (Myleran, GlaxoSmithKline, Busulfex IV, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc.) is a chemotherapy drug in use since 1959. It is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates. Its chemical designation is 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate.

Otsuka Pharmaceutical
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (大塚製薬株式会社, Ōtsuka Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha), abbreviated OPC, is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo. The company was established on August 10, 1964.
Julio Cabrera (philosopher)
Julio Cabrera is an Argentine philosopher living in Brazil. He is a retired professor of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Brasília and former head of the department. Previously he taught in Argentina, at the National University of Córdoba, the University of Belgrano and then in Brazil at the Federal University of Santa Maria. He is best known for his works on "negative ethics" and cinema and philosophy. Other areas of philosophy that he deals with are philosophy of language, logic and Latin American philosophy.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Elm Creek, Manitoba
Elm Creek is an unincorporated community recognized as a local urban district in Manitoba, Canada. It is about 50 km west of Winnipeg and about 35 km southeast of Portage la Prairie. It is located in the Rural Municipality of Grey. It is home to the second largest fire hydrant in the world which was unveiled on Canada Day, 2001. The fire hydrant was built out of a tank supplied by a volunteer firefighter and was also built by volunteer firefighters.  It is also the home of the second largest H4 chondrite (a class of stony meteorite) ever found in Canada. The 8.2-kg mass was found by a local grader driver on a rural road in 1997.

Portage la Prairie
Portage la Prairie (/ˈpɔːrtɪdʒ lə ˈprɛəri/) is a small city in the Central Plains Region of Manitoba, Canada. In 2016, the population was 13,304 and the land area was 24.68 square kilometres (9.53 sq mi).

Portage la Prairie is approximately 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Winnipeg, alongside the Trans-Canada Highway (exactly halfway between the provincial boundaries of Saskatchewan and Ontario). It sits on the Assiniboine River, which flooded the town persistently until a diversion channel north to Lake Manitoba (the Portage Diversion) was built to divert the flood waters. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Portage la Prairie.

According to Environment Canada, Portage la Prairie has the most sunny days during the warm months in Canada. It is the administrative headquarters of the Dakota Tipi First Nations reserve.
Tricolorability
In the mathematical field of knot theory, the tricolorability of a knot is the ability of a knot to be colored with three colors subject to certain rules.  Tricolorability is an isotopy invariant, and hence can be used to distinguish between two different (non-isotopic) knots.  In particular, since the unknot is not tricolorable, any tricolorable knot is necessarily nontrivial.

Knot (mathematics)
In mathematics, a knot is an embedding of the circle (S1)  into three-dimensional Euclidean space, R3 (also known as E3).  Often two knots are considered equivalent if they are ambient isotopic, that is, if there exists a continuous deformation of R3 which takes one knot to the other.

A crucial difference between the standard mathematical and conventional notions of a knot is that mathematical knots are closed — there are no ends to tie or untie on a mathematical knot. Physical properties such as friction and thickness also do not apply, although there are mathematical definitions of a knot that take such properties into account. The term knot is also applied to embeddings of S j in Sn, especially in the case j = n − 2. The branch of mathematics that studies knots is known as knot theory and has many relations to graph theory.
Leipoldtia klaverensis
Leipoldtia klaverensis is a succulent plant that is part of the Aizoaceae family. The plant is endemic to the Western Cape and occurs at Klawer. The plant has a range of less than 280 km² and is threatened by the planting of vineyards.

Klawer
Klawer is a town in the Matzikama Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is situated on the right bank of the Olifants River, 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-east of Vredendal and 240 kilometres (150 mi) north of Cape Town. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 6,234 people in 1,680 households. The name Klawer comes from the Afrikaans word for a type of wild clover which grows here after the rains.