hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
New Hythe railway station
New Hythe railway station is on the Medway Valley Line in Kent, England, serving the village of New Hythe. It is 38 miles 3 chains (61.2 km) down the line from London Charing Cross via Strood and is situated between Snodland and Aylesford. The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern.

The APTIS-equipped ticket office, in a 1930s building on the northbound platform, closed in September 1989 and subsequently became derelict. In 2007, a PERTIS (Permit to Travel) ticket machine was installed at the entrance to the northbound platform.

Permit to travel
In the ticketing system of the British rail network, a Permit to Travel provisionally allows passengers to travel on a train when they have not purchased a ticket in advance and the ticket office of the station they are travelling from is closed, without incurring a penalty fare.

Because some rail passengers may travel without having their tickets checked at any point of their journey, particularly at off-peak times when stations are less likely to be staffed, the obligation to possess a Permit to Travel allows the collection of at least some revenue from passengers who would otherwise travel for free. Most train operating companies (TOCs) have altered their penalty fare policies and have removed many Permit to Travel machines. At larger stations, these stations have also in recent years given way to more sophisticated self-service ticket machines.
Islamic marital practices
Islamic marital or nikah practices are traditions and practices that relate to wedding ceremonies and marriage rituals between a man and a woman in the Muslim world.  Muslims are guided by Islamic laws and practices specified in the Quran, but Islamic marriage customs and relations vary by country of origin and government regulations, and non-Muslim practices (cakes, rings, music) sometimes appear despite the efforts of revivalists and reformers.

Islam encourages early marriage, not preceded by dating between the prospective bride and groom, as Islamic law places "strict conditions on interactions" between the opposite sexes. Consequently, mainstream Islamic marriages  tend to be "family affairs" where parents and other older relatives are involved in match making. Islamic marital jurisprudence allows Muslim men to be married to multiple women (a maximum of four at one time).

Polygyny
In Eritrea, India, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Sri Lanka polygyny is legal only for Muslims.

In Nigeria and South Africa, polygynous marriages based on customary law are legally recognized for Muslims.

In Mauritius, polygynous unions have no legal recognition. However, Muslim men may marry up to four women, but they do not have the legal status of wives.

Polygyny (/pəˈlɪdʒɪni/) is a form of polygamy entailing the marriage of a man to several women. The term polygyny is from Neoclassical Greek πολυγυνία (polugunía); from Ancient Greek  πολύ (polú) 'many' and  γυνή (gunḗ) 'woman, wife'.
Glasgow–Edinburgh via Falkirk line
The Glasgow–Edinburgh via Falkirk line is a main line railway linking Glasgow and Edinburgh, via Falkirk; it is the principal route of the four rail links between Scotland's two biggest cities. It hosts the flagship ScotRail Express service between Glasgow Queen Street and Edinburgh Waverley.

Glossary of rail transport terms
Rail transport terms are a form of technical terminology applied to railways. Although many terms are uniform across different nations and companies, they are by no means universal, with differences often originating from parallel development of rail transport systems in different parts of the world, and in the national origins of the engineers and managers who built the inaugural rail infrastructure. An example is the term railroad, used (but not exclusively) in North America, and railway, generally used in English-speaking countries outside North America and by the International Union of Railways. In English-speaking countries outside the United Kingdom, a mixture of US and UK terms may exist.

Various terms, both global and specific to individual countries, are listed here. The abbreviation "UIC" refers to terminology adopted by the International Union of Railways in its official publications and thesaurus.
Mactung mine
The Mactung Project is a planned underground tungsten mine located in the Selwyn Mountains of eastern Yukon, Canada, on its border with the Northwest Territories. Mactung represents one of the largest tungsten resources in Canada having estimated reserves of 33 million tonnes of ore grading 0.88% WO3. The Mactung Project completed the Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment process in July 2014, and the Yukon government approved construction of the mine (pending mining and water licence applications, and subject to a number of conditions) in September 2014. North American Tungsten Corporation estimated the capital cost of the mine's construction to be approximately CA$400 million. In November 2015, the Government of the Northwest Territories purchased the mineral deposit. Fireweed Metals signed a letter of intent to buy the project in 2022 and acquired the project in 2023.

Selwyn Mountains
The Selwyn Mountains are a mountain range in northern Canada, forming part of the border between the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, and which are part of the Eastern System of the Canadian Cordillera (aka the Western Cordillera).  They are neighboured on the east by the Mackenzie Mountains and on their northwest end by the Brooks Range.  To their southwest is the Yukon Plateau, while a lower southward extension of their mountain spine protrudes into British Columbia as the Liard Plateau.  In some reckonings the Selwyns and Mackenzies are considered to be part of the Rocky Mountains, but that range officially lies only to the south of the Liard River and the aforesaid plateau.
Named for Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn, director of the Geological Survey of Victoria from 1852 to 1869, director of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) from 1869 to 1894 and President of the Royal Society of Canada from 1895 to 1896.
Peter Salway
Peter Salway, FSA (born 1932) is a British historian, who specialises in Roman Britain. He lectured at the universities of Durham, Cambridge, Bristol and Oxford, before becoming Professor of the History and Archaeology of Roman Britain at the Open University.

Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Sidney Sussex College (historically known as "Sussex College" and today referred to informally as "Sidney") is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. The College was founded in 1596 under the terms of the will of Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex (1531–1589), wife of Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, and named after its foundress. In her will, Lady Sidney left the sum of £5,000 together with some plate to found a new College at Cambridge University "to be called the Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College". Her executors Sir John Harington and Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent, supervised by Archbishop John Whitgift, founded the Protestant College seven years after her death.

Sidney Sussex is one of the smaller colleges at Cambridge, with its sister college being St John's College, Oxford. The student body comprises approximately 355 undergraduates, 275 postgraduates, and around 80 fellows.
Vortex Engineering
Vortex Engineering is a pioneer in low-power ATMs and is an India-based technology company incubated by IIT-Madras. Vortex manufactures self-service transaction systems (such as ATMs) for banks, independent ATM operators, and other financial institutions. Vortex also owns a Multi-vendor ATM Monitoring and Management Software, developed in-house. It can monitor and manage any brand of ATM.

IIT Madras
The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras or IITM) is a public institute of technology located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Along with being recognized as an Institute of Eminence, IIT Madras is widely regarded as one of India’s most prestigious higher education institutions, consistently ranking first nationally in engineering and overall categories by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for many years.

As an Indian Institute of Technology, IIT Madras is also recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. Founded in 1959 with technical, academic and financial assistance from the government of West Germany, IITM was the third Indian Institute of Technology to be established.
Jack Stamp
Jack Stamp (born March 5, 1954, in College Park, Maryland) is a North American wind ensemble conductor and composer. He has approximately sixty compositions available from Neil A. Kjos Music Company, including his most well-known piece, Gavorkna Fanfare, which was dedicated to Eugene Corporon. In 1993, he formed the Keystone Wind Ensemble, comprising students, alumni and professors at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, which has been recorded on 16 albums.

Neil A. Kjos Music Company
The Neil A. Kjos Music Company is an American music publisher based in San Diego, California. It has published a large number of books used to teach music, most notably the Standard of Excellence series of books and software.
Jean-Claude Kavumbagu
Jean-Claude Kavumbagu is a Burundian Internet journalist who has been arrested on multiple occasions for issues related to his reporting. In 2011, he was charged with treason in a high-profile trial and named a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International.

Prisoner of conscience
A prisoner of conscience (POC) is anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. The term also refers to those who have been imprisoned or persecuted for the nonviolent expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.

Most often associated with the human rights organisation Amnesty International, the term was coined by that organisation's founder Peter Benenson in a 28 May 1961 article ("The Forgotten Prisoners") for London newspaper The Observer.
Iota1 Muscae
ι1 Muscae, Latinised as Iota1 Muscae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Musca, near the southern constellation border with Chamaeleon. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude is 5.05. The star is located around 222 light-years distant from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 27.5 km/s.

This object is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0III; a star that has used up its core hydrogen and is cooling and expanding. At present it has nearly 12 times the girth of the Sun. The star is radiating 56.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of about 4,610 K.

Giant star
A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III. The terms giant and dwarf were coined for stars of quite different luminosity despite similar temperature or spectral type (namely K and M) by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1905 or 1906.

Giant stars have radii up to a few hundred times the Sun and luminosities over 10  times that of the Sun. Stars still more luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants and hypergiants.

A hot, luminous main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant, but any main-sequence star is properly called a dwarf, regardless of how large and luminous it is.
Joan Murray
Joan Murray  (born August 6, 1945) is an American poet, writer, playwright and editor. She is best known for her narrative poems, particularly her book-length novel-in-verse, Queen of the Mist; her collection Looking for the Parade which won the National Poetry Series Open Competition, and her New and Selected Poems volume, Swimming for the Ark, which was chosen as the inaugural volume in White Pine Press's Distinguished Poets Series.

Yaddo
Yaddo is an artists' community located on a 400-acre (160-hectare) estate in Saratoga Springs, New York.  Its mission is "to nurture the creative process by providing an opportunity for artists to work without interruption in a supportive environment." On March 11, 2013, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.

It offers residencies to artists working in choreography, film, literature, musical composition, painting, performance art, photography, printmaking, sculpture, and video. Collectively, artists who have worked at Yaddo have won 82 Pulitzer Prizes, 34 MacArthur Fellowships, 70 National Book Awards, 24 National Book Critics Circle Awards, 108 Rome Prizes, 49 Whiting Writers' Awards, a Nobel Prize (Saul Bellow, who won the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction and Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976), at least one Man Booker Prize (Alan Hollinghurst, 2004) and countless other honors. Yaddo is included in the Union Avenue Historic District.
Bosnian Austrians
Bosnian Austrians are citizens of Austria whose ancestry can be traced to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The vast majority of Bosnians emigrated to Austria during and after the Bosnian War of the 1990s, though a large number emigrated as early as the 19th century.

Wels
Wels (German pronunciation: [vɛls] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Wös) is a city in Upper Austria, on the Traun River near Linz. It is the county seat of Wels-Land, and with a population of 65,482 (January 2025), the eighth largest city in Austria.
France–Haiti relations
France–Haiti relations (French: Relations Entre la République Française et la République d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Relasyon Repiblik Fransèz-Repiblik d Ayiti) are foreign relations between France and Haiti. Both nations are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, United Nations, and the World Trade Organization.

Jean-Pierre Boyer
Jean-Pierre Boyer (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ pjɛʁ bwaje]; 15 February 1776 – 9 July 1850) was a Haitian military officer and statesman. He was one of the leaders of the Haitian Revolution, and served as the president of Haiti from 1818 to 1843. He reunited the north and south of the country into the Republic of Haiti in 1820 and also annexed the newly independent Spanish Haiti (Santo Domingo), which brought all of Hispaniola under one Haitian government by 1822. Serving as president for just under 25 years, Boyer managed to rule for the longest period of time of any Haitian leader.
Sarah Abo
Sarah Abo (born 8 November 1986) is an Australian television presenter, journalist and reporter.

Abo is currently a co-host of the Nine Network's breakfast program Today with Karl Stefanovic. She is also a reporter on 60 Minutes.

Karl Stefanovic
Karl Stefanovic (Serbian Cyrillic: Карл Стефановић; born 12 August 1974), also spelt Karl Stefanović, is an Australian television presenter and journalist for the Nine Network.

Stefanovic is currently a co-host of the Nine Network's breakfast program Today and is a reporter for 60 Minutes.
1908 Wolverhampton East by-election
The 1908 Wolverhampton East by-election was held on 5 May 1908.  The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, Henry Fowler, who became Viscount Wolverhampton.  It was won by the Liberal candidate George Rennie Thorne.

UK parliamentary by-elections
In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary by-election occurs following a vacancy arising in the House of Commons. They are often seen as a test of the rival political parties' fortunes between general elections.
Hugo Strange
Hugo Strange is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. The character is one of Batman's first recurring villains, and was also one of the first to discover his secret identity. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #36 (February 1940).

A notorious enemy of Batman, the character has appeared in various forms of non-comics media, including animation, video games, and the live-action television series Gotham, where he is portrayed by BD Wong.

John Jackson Miller
John Jackson Miller (born January 12, 1968) is an American science-fiction author, comic book writer, and commentator, known for his work on the Star Wars franchise and his research into comic book circulation history, as presented in the Standard Catalog of Comic Books series and the Comichron website.
Flowing Wells Unified School District
The Flowing Wells Unified School District is a unified school district headquartered at 1556 West Prince Road, Tucson, Arizona. It serves much of Flowing Wells, as well as bits of Tucson, Marana, Cortaro, Casas Adobes, & unnamed, unincorporated parts of Pima County. The district does practice open enrollment for students outside of district boundaries, provided said students maintain certain academic performance.

The school district serves some 5,500 students in eleven schools. It was founded in 1889 as the Rillito School District and changed in 1928 due to an error in documentation in the Arizona School Directory. As of 2021, the superintendent is Dr. Kevin Stoltzfus.

In fiscal year 2023, the district had a budget of approximately $63.7 million.

The district is overseen by a 5-member board that holds public meetings twice a month.

School choice
School choice is a term for education options that allow students and families to select alternatives to traditional public schools.

School choice options include scholarship tax credit programs, open enrollment laws (which allow students to attend public schools other than their neighborhood school), charter schools, magnet schools, virtual schools, homeschooling, education savings accounts (ESAs), and individual education tax credits or deductions.
Fibrous ankylosis
Fibrous ankylosis (also known as false ankylosis) is a condition that affects fibrous connective tissue causing a limited range of movement.

Most causes occurs due to physical trauma.  Other cases can be attributed to the contraction of diseases such as tubercular arthritis, (arthritis developed after contracting tuberculosis), or septic arthritis.  Surgery, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, immobilization are also cases of this condition.  Fibrous ankylosis was thought to be a precursor progress into bony ankylosis,  in which osseous bone tissue fuses the affected joint, causing a greater reduction of mobility.

Connective tissue
Connective tissue is biological tissue that is found in between other tissues in the body. Most types of connective tissue consists of three main components: elastic and collagen fibers, ground substance, and cells.

It is one of the four primary types of animal tissue along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops mostly from the mesenchyme, derived from the mesoderm, the middle embryonic germ layer.

The three meninges, membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord, are composed of connective tissue. Blood and lymph are classed as specialized fluid connective tissues that do not contain fiber. All are immersed in the body water. The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leukocytes.

The term "connective tissue" (in German, Bindegewebe) was introduced in 1830 by Johannes Peter Müller. The tissue was already recognized as a distinct class in the 18th century.
TBF
TBF can refer to:

Grumman TBF Avenger, a World War II torpedo bomber

tert-Butyl formate, an organic chemical compound with molecular formula C5H10O2

The Beat Fleet, Croatian rap group

The Black Fish, an international marine conservation organisation

Tingle's Balloon Fight, a game for the Nintendo DS

To be fair, internet slang

Token bucket filter, a network flow control algorithm

Total Batters Faced, a baseball statistic

Turkish Basketball Federation

Türkiye Bisiklet Federasyonu, the Turkish Cycling Federation

Balloon Fight
Balloon Fight is a 1984 action video game developed by Nintendo and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was originally released for arcades as VS. Balloon Fight, with the console version releasing in Japan in 1985 and internationally in 1986.

The gameplay is similar to the 1982 game Joust from Williams Electronics. The home Nintendo Entertainment System version was ported to the NEC PC-8801 in October 1985, the Sharp X1 in November 1985, the Game Boy Advance as Balloon Fight-e for the e-Reader in the United States on September 16, 2002, and as part of the Famicom Mini Series in Japan on May 21, 2004.

A sequel, Balloon Kid, was released in 1990.
Kwame Gyekye
Kwame Gyekye (10 November 1939 – 13 April 2019) was a Ghanaian philosopher, and an important figure in the development of modern African philosophy. Gyekye was an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Ghana, and a visiting professor of philosophy and African-American studies at Temple University. He is known for theorizing the concept of person-hood on the basis of Akan cultural paradigm in debate with Kwasi Wiredu, which is seen as one of the defining moments of modern African philosophy. Notable is his presentation and defense of moderate communitarianism (or MC), which can be understood as a political theory rooted in principles of common good and dignity.

Akan people
The Akan (/ˈækæn/) people are a Kwa group living primarily in Ghana and parts of Ivory Coast and Togo in West Africa. The Akan speak languages within the Central Tano branch of the Potou–Tano subfamily of the Niger–Congo family. Subgroups of the Akan people include: the Adanse, Agona, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akyem, Anyi, Asante, Baoulé, Bono, Chakosi, Fante, Kwahu, Sefwi, Wassa, Ahanta, Denkyira and Nzema, among others. The Akan subgroups all have cultural attributes in common; most notably the tracing of royal matrilineal descent in the inheritance of property, and for succession to high political office. All Akans are considered royals in status, but not all are in royal succession or hold titles.
Maysoun Ibrahim
Maysoun Ibrahim (Arabic: ميسون إبراهيم) is a Palestinian academic and technology policy specialist working in the areas of digital transformation, innovation policy, and smart and sustainable cities, with a focus on the Arab region. She is the founding president of the Palestinian Syndicate for Information Sciences and Technology (PALIST), a professional organization supporting the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Palestine (state).

Her work examines the role of emerging technologies in sustainable development, urban resilience, knowledge-based economies, gender equality, and social inclusion. She has held roles across government institutions, academia, and international organizations, contributing to national and regional strategies related to technology policy and public-sector innovation.

Knowledge economy
The knowledge economy, or knowledge-based economy, is an economic system in which the production of goods and services is primarily driven by knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to the advancement of technical and scientific innovation. The key element of value in this paradigm lies in the increased reliance on human capital and intellectual property as primary sources of innovative ideas, information, and practices. Organizations are called upon to leverage this "knowledge" in their production processes to stimulate and consolidate their business development. This approach is characterized by reduced dependence on physical inputs and natural resources. A knowledge-based economy is founded on the crucial role of intangible assets within organisations as an enabler of modern economic growth.