hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Salomon Kalischer
Salomon Kalischer, or Solomon Kalischer (8 October 1845 – 22 September 1924), was a German Jewish composer, pianist, and physicist.

Kalischer was born in Thorn (Toruń) in the Province of Prussia, within the Kingdom of Prussia. He studied at the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau and the universities of Breslau and Berlin (Ph.D. 1868, his dissertation being "De Aristotelis Rhetoricis et Ethicis Nicomachæis et in Quo et Cur Inter Se quum Congruant tum Differant", awarded a prize by the philosophical faculty of the University of Berlin).

After acting as tutor for a year at Amsterdam he returned to Berlin to study physics and chemistry. In 1876 he established himself as privat-docent at the Bauakademie of Berlin, subsequently connecting himself in the same capacity with the Technische Hochschule at Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin), at which institution he was appointed lecturer (1894) and professor (1896) of physics. He died in Mariánské Lázně (Marienbad).

Mariánské Lázně
Mariánské Lázně (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmarɪjaːnskɛː ˈlaːzɲɛ]; German: Marienbad) is a spa town in Cheb District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 14,000 inhabitants. Most of the town's buildings come from its Golden Era in the second half of the 19th century, when many celebrities and top European rulers came to enjoy the curative carbon dioxide springs.

The town centre with the spa cultural landscape is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation. In 2021, the town became part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Great Spa Towns of Europe" because of its springs and architectural testimony to the popularity of spa towns in Europe during the 18th through 20th centuries.
2022 Korean FA Cup
The 2022 Korean FA Cup, known as the 2022 Hana 1Q FA Cup due to sponsorship agreement with Hana Bank, was the 27th edition of the Korean FA Cup.

Defending champions Jeonnam Dragons were defeated by Busan Transportation Corporation in the round of 16.

Busan Transportation Corporation FC
Busan Transportation Corporation Football Club (Korean: 부산 교통공사 축구단) is a semi-professional South Korean football club based in the city of Busan. The club plays in the K3 League, the third tier of football in South Korea. They are owned and operated by Busan Transportation Corporation and play their home games at the Busan Gudeok Stadium, one of the venues for the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Gym shorts
Gym shorts are an article of clothing typically worn by people when exercising. They are typically made out of fabrics that allow for maximum comfort and ease, such as nylon. Brands such as Nike, Under Armour, Gymshark, Adidas, and Reebok all make gym shorts. Cotton gym shorts were made popular by a cheerleading brand called Soffe.

While gym shorts were traditionally worn by men, from the late 1970s and onward, women began wearing them for better comfort at the gym as well as a modern fashion trend.

Reebok
Reebok International Limited (/ˈriːbɒk/ REE-bok) is an American footwear and clothing brand that is a part of Authentic Brands Group. It was established in England in 1958 as a companion company to J.W. Foster and Sons, a sporting goods company which had been founded in 1895 in Bolton, Lancashire. From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the flag of the United Kingdom in its logo to signify the origins of the company. It was bought by German sporting goods company Adidas in 2005, then sold to the United States–based Authentic Brands Group in 2021. The company's global headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts, in the Seaport District.
Distigmine
Distigmine (as distigmine bromide) is a parasympathomimetic. Distigmine is similar to pyridostigmine and neostigmine but has a longer duration of action. It is available as tablets on prescription only. It is commonly used to treat various conditions, including myasthenia gravis and underactive bladder. Distigmine has a greater risk of causing cholinergic crisis because of accumulation of the drug being more likely than with neostigmine or pyridostigmine and so distigmine is rarely used as a treatment for myasthenia gravis, unlike pyridostigmine and neostigmine.

Parasympathomimetic drug
A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS. Chemicals in this family can act either directly by stimulating the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors (thus mimicking acetylcholine), or indirectly by inhibiting cholinesterase, promoting acetylcholine release, or other mechanisms. Common uses of parasympathomimetics include glaucoma, Sjögren syndrome and underactive bladder.

Some chemical weapons such as sarin or VX, non-lethal riot control agents such as tear gas, and insecticides such as diazinon fall into this category.
Fredro Starr discography
The discography of American hardcore rapper, record producer, actor and author Fredro Starr, best known as a member of multi-platinum hardcore rap group Onyx, consists of 7 solo studio albums, 3 EPs, 6 compilation albums, 4 soundtrack albums, 23 singles.

In 1984, Fredro Starr started as a breakdancer, he goes by the name Magic. In late 1985 Fredro Starr decided to become a street poet under the name Kool Fredro. In 1988, after graduating from school at the age of 17, Fredro Starr created the rap group Onyx along with his schoolmates Big DS and Suavé (also known as Sonny Seeza). In 1991, Fredro Starr was discovered by Jam Master Jay of Run-D.M.C. who signed Onyx on his legendary label JMJ Records. In the same year Sticky Fingaz joined the group. Onyx went on to release three top selling albums before Fredro began his solo career. As a part of Onyx, Fredro Starr was nominated as "Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist" on American Music Awards and won "Best Rap Album" on Soul Train Music Awards.

Light It Up (soundtrack)
Music From and Inspired by Light It Up the Movie is the original soundtrack album to Craig Bolotin's 1999 drama film Light It Up. It was released on November 9, 1999 through Yab Yum/Elektra Records and consisted mainly of hip hop and R&B music. Executively produced by Michael McQuarn and Tracey Edmonds, the album features contributions from 112, Amil, AZ, Beanie Sigel, Beverly Crowder, Blaze Da Tyrant, DMX, Fredro Starr, Ja Rule, Jon B., Master P, *NSYNC, Outkast, Shya, Slimm Calhoun and Solé. The soundtrack was a huge success, peaking at #19 on the Billboard 200 and #4 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and featured one charting single, "How Many Wanna". On December 6, 1999, the soundtrack was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Invictaway
Invictaway was an express commuter coach service from Kent to London in the 1980s and 1990s, and was also a holding company for the emerging Arriva group. As a legal entity of the Maidstone & District bus company, after the cessation of the Invictaway coach services, the Invictaway company legal lettering persisted as a holding company for the Arriva subsidiaries in Kent, and some London operations. This company was based in the Armstrong Road M&D depot in Maidstone. This ceased in 1997 when the operations were reconstituted as Arriva London and Arriva Southern Counties.

Arriva London
Arriva London is a bus operator operating primarily in Greater London and partially in Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent and Surrey. It is a subsidiary of Arriva UK Bus and operates services for London Buses under contract to Transport for London. Operations are split between two registered companies, Arriva London North Limited and Arriva London South Limited.
Argentina national kabaddi team
The Argentina national kabaddi team represents Argentina in international kabaddi competitions. It is organized under the Argentina Kabaddi Federation. The team made its international debut in the 2016 Kabaddi World Cup hosted in India, where it competed in the group stage.

The squad was primarily composed of multisport athletes, many of whom had backgrounds in wrestling, judo, and rugby. Though inexperienced in kabaddi, their performance was noted for enthusiasm and sportsmanship.

2016 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)
The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was the third edition of the men's Kabaddi World Cup organised by the International Kabaddi Federation and contested from 7 to 22 October 2016 in Ahmedabad, India. Twelve countries competed in the tournament. India won their 3rd World Cup by defeating Iran 38–29 in the final.
Sageretia laxiflora
Sageretia laxiflora is a 10m tall shrub.  The branchlets have yellow or white tomentose, while the older branches have stout spines.  It is found in thickets on slopes and grasslands up to 700 m in elevation.  It is located in W. Guangxi and S. Guizhou China.

Trichome
Trichomes (/ˈtraɪkoʊmz, ˈtrɪkoʊmz/; from Ancient Greek  τρίχωμα (tríkhōma) 'hair') are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an indumentum, and the surface bearing them is said to be pubescent.
Irinel Ionescu
Irinel Ioan Ionescu (born 25 December 1978) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a centre back mainly for Politehnica Iași, but also for teams such as Metalul Plopeni, CSM Focșani or Cetatea Suceava, among others.

After retirement, Ionescu started a career as a football manager and worked for Știința Miroslava and Flacăra Erbiceni.

FC Politehnica Iași (1945)
Fotbal Club Politehnica Iași (Romanian pronunciation: [po.liˈteh.nika ˈjaʃʲ]), commonly known as Politehnica Iași or simply Poli Iași, was a Romanian football club from the city of Iași, Iași County.

Named after the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, the team was founded in 1945. Its home stadium was the Stadionul Emil Alexandrescu, where it played in blue and white until being dissolved in 2010. In the same year, a successor club was formed under the name of ACSMU Politehnica Iași and currently competes in the first division.
Roy S. Kelley
Roy Skiles Kelley (October 23, 1915, in Plano, Kentucky – April 1993). Following his graduation from United States Military Academy, he was assigned to the Army Corps of Engineers, and joined the 358th Engineer Service Regiment. He landed at Omaha Beach on June 9, 1944, and spent the remainder of World War II in the European theater. He was awarded several military awards, including the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Bronze Star Medal, and the Distinguished Service Medal. From 1969 To 1971, Kelley was the Division Engineer for the Corps' North Pacific Division in Portland, Oregon. He moved to New Orleans following his retirement from the US Army in 1971, with the rank of Brigadier General. Kelley worked as an engineer in New Orleans for many years, before starting his own construction and arbitration business. He was elected to several boards in Jefferson Parish.

Oak leaf cluster
An oak leaf cluster is a  ribbon device to denote preceding decorations and awards consisting of a miniature bronze or silver twig of four oak leaves with three acorns on the stem. It is authorized by the United States Armed Forces for a specific set of decorations and awards of the Department of Defense, Department of the Army, and Department of the Air Force.

The bronze oak leaf cluster represents one additional award, while the silver oak leaf cluster is worn in lieu of five bronze oak leaf clusters.
Glen Ewen
Glen Ewen (2016 population: 154) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Enniskillen No. 3 and Census Division No. 1. The village is located on the Canadian Pacific Railway just south of Highway 18. The towns of Carnduff and Oxbow are nearby.

The community was founded March 24, 1905 by a rail worker and Glen Ewen's first postmaster (Thomas Ewen). The town policy of tearing down any dwellings which have been vacated, combined with the current boom in the oilfield in this area, has resulted in a housing shortage for incoming workers. The school closed in November, 1989, and is now the Glen Ewen Communiplex.

In 2011, the new Glen Ewen Hotel opened, replacing the old hotel that had burned down in 2007.

Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.
Samaila Dahuwa Kaila
Samaila Dahuwa Kaila is a Nigerian politician. He currently serves as a Senator representing the Bauchi North Senatorial District in the 10th National Assembly. He previously held the position of Commissioner for Health in Bauchi State.

National Assembly (Nigeria)
The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a bicameral legislature established under section 4 of the Constitution of Nigeria The body consists of 109 members of the Senate and 360 members from the House of Representatives; There are three senators from each of the States of Nigeria and one senator representing the Federal Capital Territory and single-member district, plurality voting in the House of Representatives.
Premio Valle-Inclán
The Premio Valle-Inclán is a literary translation prize. It is awarded by the Society of Authors for the best English translation of a work of Spanish literature. It is named after Ramón del Valle-Inclán. The prize money is GBP £3,000 and a runner-up is awarded £1,000.

The award is granted annually recognizing translations of full-length Spanish language works of literary merit and general interest published in the UK. The selection process often highlights the translator's skill in capturing the essence and complexity of the original Spanish text, whether the work is contemporary fiction, non-fiction, or poetry.

Spanish literature
Spanish literature is literature (Spanish poetry, prose, and drama) written in the Spanish language within the territory that presently constitutes the Kingdom of Spain. Its development coincides and frequently intersects with that of other literary traditions from regions within the same territory, particularly Catalan literature, Galician intersects as well with Latin, Jewish, and Arabic literary traditions of the Iberian Peninsula. The literature of Spanish America is an important branch of Spanish literature, with its own particular characteristics dating back to the earliest years of Spain’s conquest of the Americas (see Latin American literature).
McKnight, Pennsylvania
McKnight is an unincorporated community in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The area known as McKnight is located in the municipality of Ross Township, in suburban Pittsburgh, and in the North Hills School District.

McKnight's zip code is 15237.

North Hills School District
The North Hills School District is a public school district in the northern suburbs of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  It serves an area of 14.6 square miles, including Ross Township, and West View. As of the 2018–2019 school year, North Hills School District enrolled 4,508 students.
2020 Sochi Formula 2 round
The 2020 Sochi Formula 2 round was a pair of motor races involving Formula 2 cars that took place on 26 and 27 September 2020 at the Sochi Autodrom in Sochi, Russia. The event is the ten round of the 2020 FIA Formula 2 Championship and ran in support of the 2020 Russian Grand Prix.

Sirius Autodrom
The Sirius Autodrom (Russian: Сириус Автодром, romanized: Sirius Avtodrom), known before 2024 as Sochi Autodrom (Russian: Сочи Автодром, romanized: Sochi Avtodrom) and originally as the Sochi International Street Circuit and the Sochi Olympic Park Circuit, is a 5.848 km (3.634 mi) permanent race track in the settlement of Sirius next to the Black Sea resort city of Sochi in Krasnodar Krai, Russia.

The circuit ran around a former Olympic complex, the Sochi Olympic Park site, scene of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. The TCR International Series raced at Sochi in 2015 and 2016.

The inaugural World Championship Russian Grand Prix took place in 2014, with the circuit hosting the Grand Prix up to 2021. The contract was terminated before the 2022 edition due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Jonathan Gill (American football)
Jonathan Gill is an American football coach and former player who was most recently the head coach of the LIU Sharks. He previously served as quarterbacks coach for seventeen seasons before being promoted to interim head coach upon the resignation of Bryan Collins.

A native of New York, Gill played college football as a quarterback for the University of Akron, but saw limited playing time. He returned to his home state in 2004, accepting a position as quarterbacks coach for the LIU Post Pioneers. In his second season, Gill helped Rob Blount earn the conference player of the year award. In 2009, Erik Anderwkavich received All-Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference honors under Gill. He was also given the position of passing game coordinator in 2012. He remained in that position until 2021, when he was promoted to head coach after Bryan Collins resigned. LIU started the season with a record of 0–5 before earning their first win against Central Connecticut on October 23.

Central Connecticut Blue Devils football
The Central Connecticut Blue Devils football program is the intercollegiate football team for Central Connecticut State University located in the U.S. state of Connecticut. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Northeast Conference. Central Connecticut State's first football team was fielded in 1935. The team plays its home games at the 5,500 seat Arute Field in New Britain, Connecticut. The Blue Devils are coached by Adam Lechtenberg.
Diogo Rocha (tennis)
Diogo Rocha (born 14 June 1984) is a Portuguese former professional tennis player who competed in the ITF Men's Circuit. He achieved his highest singles ATP ranking of world No. 634 in February 2005. Though he never entered a singles event in the ATP Challenger Tour, Rocha did play in the 2003, 2004 and 2005 Estoril Open, and was selected for one Davis Cup tie in 2005.

2003 Estoril Open
The 2003 Estoril Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Estoril Court Central in Oeiras in Portugal that was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour and of Tier IV of the 2003 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 7 April until 13 April 2003. Nikolay Davydenko and Magüi Serna won the singles title.
1835 Massachusetts legislature
The 56th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1835 during the governorship of John Davis. Benjamin T. Pickman and George Bliss served as presidents of the Senate. Julius Rockwell served as speaker of the House.

President of the Massachusetts Senate
The president of the Massachusetts Senate is the presiding officer.  Unlike the United States Congress, in which the vice president of the United States is the ex officio president of the United States Senate, in Massachusetts, the president of the Senate is elected from and by the senators. The president, therefore, typically comes from the majority party, and the president is then the de facto leader of that party.

The current president of the Massachusetts Senate, since July 26, 2018, is Karen Spilka, a Democrat from Ashland. Democrats have had a majority in the Senate since 1959. Notable former presidents of the Massachusetts Senate include U.S. president Calvin Coolidge.
Spirit house (Ojibwe)
A spirit house (Ojibwe: jiibegamig), also called a gravehouse, is a structure traditionally erected over graves as part of Ojibwe funeral rites. The structure consists of a small gable-roofed box, which functions to protect the grave as well as facilitate the soul's journey to Heaven (Ojibwe: Gigig). They have an opening and an interior ledge on one side where food (particularly maple syrup, maple sugar, wild rice, and fruit) and tobacco is placed. The food could be consumed by family and friends of the deceased, community members in need, and children. Birch bark was used to construct the spirit houses before lumber. The grave is traditionally oriented along the east-west axis.

Spirit houses are possibly derived from French Christian influence.

Cemeteries with significant numbers of spirit houses include the La Pointe Indian Cemetery and Buffalo Bill Cemetery at Powers Bluff in Wisconsin, and Garden Island Indian Cemetery in Michigan.

Wild rice
Wild rice, also called manoomin, mnomen, psíŋ, Canada rice, Indian rice, or water oats, is any of four species of grasses that form the genus Zizania, and the grain that can be harvested from them. The grain was historically and is still gathered and eaten in North America and, to a lesser extent, China, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable.

Wild rice and domesticated rice (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima), are in the same botanical tribe Oryzeae. Wild-rice grains have a chewy outer sheath with a tender inner grain that has a slightly vegetal taste.

The plants grow in shallow water in small lakes and slow-flowing streams; often, only the flowering head of wild rice rises above the water. The grain is eaten by dabbling ducks and other aquatic wildlife.
American football positions
In American football, the specific role that a player takes on the field is referred to as their position. Under the modern rules of American football, both teams are allowed 11 players on the field at one time and have "unlimited free substitutions", meaning that they may change any number of players during any dead ball situation. This has resulted in the development of three task-specific "platoons" of players within any single team: the offense (the team with possession of the ball, which is trying to score), the defense (the team trying to prevent the other team from scoring, and to take the ball from them), and special teams, who play in all kicking situations. Within these three separate platoons, various positions exist depending on the jobs that the players are doing.

3–4 defense
In American football, the 3–4 defense is a common defensive alignment consisting of three down linemen and four linebackers.  It is called a "base defense" because it will readily switch to other defensive alignments (such as a nickel defense or a dime defense) as circumstances change.  Alternatively, some defenses use a 4–3 defense: four down linemen and three linebackers.
De Reiger
de Reiger and variant forms Reiger, Reigers, and De Reijger is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kerreen Reiger (born 1946), Australian academic, sociologist and author

Margie Reiger, silent movie actress

Reiger or  de Rieger is also a placename:

De Reiger, a windmill and smock mill in Nijetrijne, Friesland, Netherlands

Reiger Park, a township in Gauteng, South Africa

Kerreen Reiger
Kerreen M. Reiger (born 1946) is an Australian academic, sociologist and author. She lives in Melbourne and teaches sociology at La Trobe University.  She has a special interest in family, motherhood and childbirth and was one of the founders of the activist group Maternity Coalition.