hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Productivity (linguistics)
In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation. It compares grammatical processes that are in frequent use to less frequently used ones that tend towards lexicalization. Generally the test of productivity concerns identifying which grammatical forms would be used in the coining of new words: these will tend to only be converted to other forms using productive processes.

Lexicalization
In linguistics, lexicalization is the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language's lexicon.

Whether word formation and lexicalization refer to the same process is controversial within the field of linguistics. Most linguists agree that there is a distinction, but there are many ideas of what the distinction is. Lexicalization may be simple, for example borrowing a word from another language, or more involved, as in calque or loan translation, wherein a foreign phrase is translated literally, as in marché aux puces, or in English, flea market.

Other mechanisms include compounding, abbreviation, and blending. Particularly interesting from the perspective of historical linguistics is the process by which ad hoc phrases become set in the language, and eventually become new words (see lexicon). Lexicalization contrasts with grammaticalization, and the relationship between the two processes is subject to some debate.
James Hogue (politician)
James Alexander Hogue (2 September 1846 – 2 August 1920) was an Australian journalist and politician.

He was born at Clarence Town to miller Fitzarthur Hogue and Elizabeth McKay. He attended Newcastle Church of England Grammar School and was briefly a pupil teacher before becoming a compositor, then taking a job as a parliamentary reporter in 1875. On 17 April 1878 he married Jessie Robards at Clarence Town; they would have ten children.

In 1894 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Free Trade member for Glebe. In 1898 he was appointed Minister of Public Instruction and Minister for Labour and Industry, serving until 1899. He was Colonial Secretary from 1904 to 1907 and Minister of Public Instruction from 1907 to 1910, when he lost his seat.

Hogue died at Mosman in 1920 and was buried at Waverley Cemetery.

Hogue Place, in the Canberra suburb of Gilmore, is named in his and his son Oliver Hogue's honour.

Gilmore, Australian Capital Territory
Gilmore is a suburb in the Canberra, Australia, district of Tuggeranong. The postcode is 2905.  The suburb is named after the poet and journalist, Dame Mary Gilmore. It was gazetted on 5 August 1975. Streets are named after journalists, particularly female journalists.

It is next to the suburbs of Macarthur and Chisholm and is bounded by the Monaro Highway, Isabella Drive, and Hambidge Crescent.
Hestøy Bridge
The Hestøy Bridge (Norwegian: Hestøybrua) is a cantilever bridge in the northeastern part of Namsos Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The bridge is 256 metres (840 ft) long and has a main span of 100 metres (330 ft).  The bridge, together with Smines Bridge form a link across the Fjærangen fjord to the village of Lund.

Cantilever bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end (called cantilevers). For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be simple beams; however, large cantilever bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from structural steel, or box girders built from prestressed concrete.

The steel truss cantilever bridge was a major engineering breakthrough when first put into practice, as it can span distances of over 1,500 feet (450 m), and can be more easily constructed at difficult crossings by virtue of using little or no falsework.
Duraiappa stadium mass grave
The Duraiappa stadium mass grave (also spelled Duraiyappah or Thuraiappa) was discovered and excavated at the Duraiappah Sports Stadium  (named after Alfred Duraiappah) in the formerly embattled northern city of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, during a period of relative calm between civil conflicts. The mass grave was unearthed in stages between April 4 and 10 of 1999.

Alfred Duraiappah
Alfred Thangarajah Duraiappah (15 June 1926 – 27 July 1975) was a Sri Lankan lawyer who served as Mayor of Jaffna from 1970 until his assassination. He was also a  Member of Parliament for Jaffna from 1960 to 1965. Duraiappah was killed by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
Więcki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Więcki [ˈvjɛnt͡ski] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budry, within Węgorzewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) west of Budry, 8 km (5 mi) northeast of Węgorzewo, and 103 km (64 mi) northeast of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The village was founded in 1562. It was known in Polish as Więcki and Więckowice.

Węgorzewo
Węgorzewo (Polish pronunciation: [vɛŋɡɔˈʐɛvɔ] ⓘ; until 1946 Polish: Węgobork; German: Angerburg) is a tourist town on the Angrapa River in northeastern Poland, within the ethnographic region of Masuria. It is the seat of Węgorzewo County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and is located not far from the border with Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. Lake Mamry is close to the town.
Semyon Lobanov-Rostovsky
Semyon Mikhailovich Lobanov-Rostovsky (Russian: Семён Михайлович Лобанов-Ростовский) was a Russian statesman and military leader during the reigns of Ivan the Terrible and Feodor I of Russia.

He served regiment voivode in Novgorod, Pskov, Porkhov, Ladoga, Bryansk, Dedilov, Novgorod oblast.

Bryansk
Bryansk (Russian: Брянск, IPA: [brʲansk] Audio file "Ru-Bryansk.wav" not found) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the Desna River, 379 kilometers (235 mi) southwest of Moscow. It has a population of 379,152 at the 2021 census.

Bryansk is one of the oldest cities in the oblast, with 985 regarded as the year of foundation. It was part of the Kievan Rus', Mongol Empire and Lithuania during the medieval period, then was contested by Moscow and Poland–Lithuania in the early modern period, before ultimately passing to Russia, within which it was a major regional trading center.
Atikur Rahman
Atikur Rahman (born 1994) is a member of the Popular Front of India and a human rights defender who has been involved in activism in India. He was arrested on 5 October 2020, along with journalist Siddique Kappan, student Masood Ahmad, and taxi driver Mohammad Alam while they were on their way to meet the family of a Dalit woman who was raped and murdered in Hathras, Uttar Pradesh.

Sidheeq Kappan
Sidheeq Kappan is an Indian journalist from Kerala who had been imprisoned in October 2020 after being charged under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act. He was arrested while on his way to Hathras to report on the story of the 19-year-old Dalit woman who died after being allegedly gang-raped by four men.

Before his imprisonment, Kappan was a regular contributor to the news portal Azhimukham.
Luo Zongshi
Luo Zongshi (born 14 October 1998) is a Chinese taekwondo athlete. She won the gold medal in the women's featherweight event at the 2022 World Taekwondo Championships held in Guadalajara, Mexico. She also won the gold medal at the 2018 Asian Games in the women's featherweight event.

2022 World Taekwondo Championships – Women's featherweight
The women's featherweight is a competition featured at the 2022 World Taekwondo Championships, and was held at the Centro Acuático CODE Metropolitano in Guadalajara, Mexico on 14 November 2022. Featherweights were limited to a maximum of 57 kilograms in body mass.
Yuliia Fediv
Yuliia Oleksandrivna Fediv (Ukrainian: Юлія Олександрівна Федів; born 20 December 1986) is a Ukrainian civil servant, cultural manager and diplomat who is currently serving as the Ukrainian ambassador to the Philippines since March 2025. She was the first executive director of the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation (UCF) from 2018 to 2021 and has held leadership roles in organisations such as Hromadske and the Ukrainian Institute. Fediv also served as the national coordinator for culture at the UNESCO Office in Ukraine in 2023 and headed Ukraine's National Bureau for the EU's Creative Europe programme from 2017 to 2021.

Creative Europe
Creative Europe is a European Union programme for the cultural and creative sectors. In its first phase, going from 2014 to 2020, it had a budget of € 1.47 billion, which were expanded to € 2.44 billion in its second phase (2021–2027).
Mafalda Luís de Castro
Mafalda Martins da Silva Luís de Castro (Mafalda Luís de Castro or just Mafalda de Castro for short) (born 12 August 1989) is a Portuguese actress who acts out on Portuguese television programs that air on TVI and a few on SIC. She is also a voice actress, who voiced, and dubbed characters in European Portuguese, mostly young and/or royal female characters.

She is the official European Portuguese dub-over artist for British actress, Emma Watson, since she voiced her role as Hermione Granger throughout the Harry Potter films and the video game adaptations.

Sociedade Independente de Comunicação
SIC (acronym of full name Sociedade Independente de Comunicação) ("Independent Communication Society") is a Portuguese television network and media company, which runs several television channels. Their flagship channel is the eponymous SIC, the third terrestrial television station in Portugal, launched on 6 October 1992. SIC is owned by Grupo Impresa, a Portuguese media conglomerate. It is one of the two private free-to-air channels in Portugal, among the seven terrestrial free-to-air channels broadcasting from the country. It was the most-watched channel in Portugal from 1995 to 2005, and again from 2019 to today.
James Kerzman
James Alan Kerzman (March 2, 1947 – June 20, 2015) was an American farmer, rancher, and politician. He served in the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1991 to 2009.

Born in Minot, North Dakota, Kerzman lived on a farm near Emmet, North Dakota and then moved with his family to another farm in Mott, North Dakota where he lived with his family. He graduated from Assumption Abbey High School in Richardton, North Dakota. Kerzman then went to Dickinson State University and North Dakota State College of Science studying mechanics. Kerzman was involved with the rural electric cooperative. From 1991 until 2009, Kerzman served in the North Dakota House of Representatives and was a Democrat. Kerzman died in a tractor accident on his farm near Mott, North Dakota.

Minot, North Dakota
Minot (/ˈmaɪnɒt/ ⓘ MY-not) is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States. With a population of 48,377 at the 2020 census, Minot is the state's fourth-most populous city. The Minot metropolitan area in north-central North Dakota covers McHenry, Renville, and Ward counties and had a combined population of 77,546 at the 2020 census.

Minot was founded in 1886 during the construction of James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway. Minot is also known as "Magic City", commemorating its remarkable growth in size over a short time. It is a trading center for a large part of northern North Dakota, southwestern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan. It is most widely known for the Minot Air Force Base, approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of the city.
Antigone (Brecht play)
Antigone, also known as The Antigone of Sophocles, is an adaptation by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht of Hölderlin's translation of Sophocles' tragedy. It was first performed at the Chur Stadttheater in Switzerland in 1948, with Brecht's second wife Helene Weigel, in the lead role. This was Brecht's first directorial collaboration with Caspar Neher.

Caspar Neher
Caspar Neher (born Rudolf Ludwig Caspar Neher; 11 April 1897 – 30 June 1962) was an Austrian-German scenographer and librettist, known principally for his career-long working relationship with Bertolt Brecht.

Neher was born in Augsburg. He and Brecht were school friends who were separated for a time by the First World War, during which Neher was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class (on 2 February 1918). In 1919, he studied under Angelo Jank at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. He was first engaged professionally by the Munich Kammerspiele in 1922, although his designs for its production of Brecht's Drums in the Night were rejected. On 18 August 1923, Neher married Erika Tornquist in Graz. Their son, Georg, was born on 14 October 1924. In autumn of 1926, Neher became the staff designer at the Berlin Staatstheater. A year later, he became head of design at the Grillo-Theater in Essen, Germany, where he designed 8 operas and 11 plays. He died in Vienna.
Darius Boyd
Darius Boyd (born 17 July 1987) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a fullback for the Brisbane Broncos in the National Rugby League (NRL) and has played for Australia at international level and State of Origin for Queensland. Boyd captained the Brisbane Broncos from 2017 to 2019.

Boyd previously played for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in 2009–2011 and the Newcastle Knights in 2012–2014 all under coach Wayne Bennett before switching back to Broncos in 2015. Boyd has won the 2006 NRL Grand Final with the Broncos and the 2010 NRL Grand Final with the Dragons. He is a Queensland State of Origin and Prime Minister's XIII representative. Boyd also played as a winger and centre, with the majority of his representative games played on the left wing. Boyd also played as a five-eighth in 2019 for the Broncos.

Wests Tigers
The Wests Tigers are an Australian rugby league football team, based in the Inner West of Sydney and South Western Sydney. The Tigers have competed in the National Rugby League (NRL) since being formed at the end of the 1999 NRL season as a joint-venture club between the Balmain Tigers and the Western Suburbs Magpies.

The Wests Tigers started playing in the 2000 NRL season and they won their maiden premiership in 2005. The club also won the final edition of the World Sevens in 2004. The club has only qualified for three finals series since their inception (2005, 2010 and 2011).

The Wests Tigers play home games at two grounds: Leichhardt Oval (the home ground of Balmain) and Campbelltown Stadium (the home ground of Western Suburbs). They are currently coached by Benji Marshall.

The interim CEO is currently Shaun Mielekamp.
Peculiar galaxy
A peculiar galaxy is a galaxy of unusual size, shape, or composition. Between five and ten percent of known galaxies are categorized as peculiar. Astronomers have identified two types of peculiar galaxies: interacting galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN).

When two galaxies come close to each other, their mutual gravitational forces can cause them to acquire highly irregular shapes. The terms 'peculiar galaxy' and 'interacting galaxy' have now become synonymous because the majority of peculiar galaxies attribute their forms to such gravitational forces.

Interacting galaxy
Interacting galaxies, also known as colliding galaxies, are two or more galaxies whose gravitational fields result in a disturbance of one another. There are several types of galactic interactions, including major interactions, minor interactions, and galaxy harassment. Major interactions occur between galaxies with similar amounts of mass, whereas minor interactions involve galaxies with masses that vary significantly. An example of a minor interaction is a satellite galaxy disturbing the primary galaxy's spiral arms. An example of a major interaction is a galactic collision, such as the one that  astronomers estimate will happen in the future between the Milky Way and Andromeda. Collisions may lead to galaxy mergers and may also lead to other phenomena such as star formation and black hole activity.
Komanice
Komanice is a village situated in Mionica municipality in Serbia.

The settlement was recorded as a hamlet and as "Komaniçe" in the Ottoman Tahrir Defter number 94 from 1520. Moreover, in the Tahrir Defter number 151 from 1528 the village had Voynuk households under the Voynugan-ı Istabl-ı Amire military branch, which were Ottoman Christian Soldiers and were tax-exempt.

Voynuks
Voynuks (sometimes called voynugans or voynegans) were members of the privileged Ottoman military social class established in the 1370s or the 1380s. Voynuks were tax-exempt non-Muslim, usually Slavic, and also non-Slavic Vlach Ottoman subjects from the Balkans, particularly from the regions of southern Serbia, Macedonia, Thessaly, Bulgaria and Albania and much less in Bosnia and around the Danube–Sava region. Voynuks belonged to the Sanjak of Voynuk which was not a territorial unit like other sanjaks but a separate organisational unit of the Ottoman Empire.
Arvada Press
The Arvada Press newspaper is delivered weekly, primarily by youth carriers, to 37,200 single-family households in Arvada, Colorado, U.S. On May 5, 2005, the paper replaced the former Arvada Sentinel Newspaper.

The newspaper was owned by Mile High Newspapers, which is based in Golden, Colorado. In May 2021, The Colorado Sun and nonprofit organization the National Trust for Local News became joint owners of The Arvada Press along with over a dozen more local newspapers.

National Trust for Local News
The National Trust for Local News is a nonprofit organization and public charity founded in 2021 to acquire and continue the operations of local newspapers. As of 2025, it has established subsidiary trusts in the U.S. states of Colorado, Maine, and Georgia, through which it owns about 60 newspapers. The organization is a 501(c)(3) organization and is based in Englewood, Colorado.
Innsbrucker EV
Innsbrucker EV or EV Innsbruck was an ice hockey team based in Innsbruck, Austria. They competed in the Austrian Hockey League until 1993 and won the Austrian Championship seven times. Their home arena was Olympiahalle Innsbruck.

The organization was disbanded entirely after the 1993–94 season. HC Innsbruck was founded in 1994 and, through not a continuation of the original franchise, is regarded as EV Innsbruck's successor.

Olympiahalle (Innsbruck)
Olympiahalle is an multi-purpose indoor sports venue located in Innsbruck, Austria. The arena is located in the south of the city, close to the Tivoli Stadion Tirol; both of which are part of the multi-functional sports complex OlympiaWorld Innsbruck.

The arena, designed by architect Hans Buchrainer, was opened in November 1963 and underwent a further renovation between 2001 and 2004. It can accommodate 8,000 spectators in the grandstands and, depending on the event, up to 4,000 spectators on the playing field. There is also a multi-purpose hall, nine catering kiosks, a sports bar with space for around 200 people, two car parks with a total of 1,000 spaces and an outdoor artificial ice rink.
Jorge Rabassa
Jorge Oscar Rabassa (born 1948) is an Argentine geomorphologist and Quaternary geologist. He is a professor at National University of Tierra del Fuego and director of the CONICET. He is member of the National Academy of Sciences of Argentina since 2012. From 1998 to 2002 he served as rector of the National University of Comahue.

National Academy of Sciences of Argentina
The National Academy of Sciences of Argentina is an organisation tasked with promoting and supporting Argentine scientific and technological policy.

According to its Statute, the Academy is led by a Directive Board of sixteen Academy members, who are elected by the vote of all its members residing in the country.
Clevedon (New Zealand electorate)
Clevedon was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate from 1987 to 1993 and then from 2002 to 2008. For the first six-year period the electorate was represented by Warren Kyd. For the second six-year period, the electorate was represented by Judith Collins.

New Zealand electorates
An electorate or electoral district (Māori: rohe pōti) is a geographic constituency used for electing a member (MP) to the New Zealand Parliament. The size of electorates is determined such that all electorates have approximately the same electoral population.

Before 1996, all MPs were directly chosen for office by the voters of an electorate. Thereafter, New Zealand's electoral system provides that some (in practice, the majority) of the usually 120 seats in Parliament are filled by electorate representatives with the remainder being filled from party lists in order to achieve proportional representation among parties. The number of electorates changes periodically, in line with national population growth. Starting from the 2020 general election, there are 72 electorates including the Māori electorates.
Noyna Hill
Noyna Hill (sometimes called Noyna or Noyna Rock/s) is a hill in the Pennine range in Pendle, Lancashire, England.

It is a mile east of Foulridge and it is possible to see other local towns such as Colne, Nelson, Trawden, Barnoldswick and Earby. On a clear day most of Lancashire and the Yorkshire Dales are visible from here. There are traces of Iron Age walling at the foot of the hill.

Although the prominence is not that great because of the close proximity of other hills, it is well known in the area for its distinctive, wide, but not particularly high, rocky outcrop. The summit of the hill is approximately 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level.

The hill is on farmland, but public footpaths allow access.

Barnoldswick
Barnoldswick (pronounced /bɑːrˈnɒldzwɪk/) is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Pendle, Lancashire, England. It lies within the boundaries of the historic West Riding of Yorkshire. It is situated 30 miles (48 km) from Leeds and 40 miles (64 km) from Lancaster; nearby towns include Skipton to the east, Clitheroe to the west, Burnley to the south and Keighley to the east-south-east. The civil parish has a population of 10,752.
Punarjani Guha
Punarjani Guha is a 150-metre natural tunnel in a rocky cliff situated in Thiruvilwamala in Thrissur District of Kerala state in southern India. It is located around 2 km southeast of Vilwadrinatha Temple.

Darshan (Indian religions)
In Indian religions, a darshan (Sanskrit: दर्शन, IAST: darśana; lit. 'showing, appearance, view, sight') or darshanam is the auspicious sight of a deity or a holy person.

The term also refers to any one of the six traditional schools of Hindu philosophy and their literature on spirituality and soteriology.
Victor Sokovnin
Victor Alexandrovch Sokovnin (Russian: Виктор Александрович Соковнин; 1886–1937) was a Soviet Russian opera singer and vocal teacher. He was born in Zavodouspenskoe, a village in Tyumen county in the Tobolsk Province (now Tugulymsky district, Sverdlovsk Oblast). In 1906 he graduated from business school, and was a clerk for the Society for Mutual Aid in Yekaterinburg. From 1911 to 1918 he studied at the solo singing class of Professor I. Ya. Gordy at the Moscow State Conservatory.

Moscow Conservatory
The Moscow Conservatory, also officially Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory (Russian: Московская государственная консерватория им. П. И. Чайковского, romanized: Moskovskaya gosudarstvennaya konservatoriya im. P. I. Chaykovskogo) is a higher musical educational institution located in Moscow, Russia. It grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in musical performance and musical research. The conservatory offers various degrees including Bachelor of Music Performance, Master of Music and PhD in research.
Vallario
Vallario is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andy Vallario, American jingle writer, musician, and producer

Joseph F. Vallario Jr. (born 1937), American politician

Louis Vallario (born 1942), American mobster

Nicole Vallario (born 2001), Swiss ice hockey player

Joseph F. Vallario Jr.
Joseph F. Vallario Jr. (born March 4, 1937) is an American politician who represented district 23B in the Maryland House of Delegates and was the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. Vallario was first elected in 1974 and was the longest serving chairman in the Maryland General Assembly.