hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Al-Ghassaniyah, Idlib
Al-Ghassaniyah (Arabic: الغسانية)  is a Christian village located in Jisr al-Shughur Nahiyah in Jisr al-Shughur District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Ghassaniyah had a population of 389 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians, belonging to the  Greek Orthodox and Catholic denominations. As of 6 February 2025, the original inhabitants of the village all remain displaced due to the Syrian Civil War, though the settlement is currently home to 95 IDPs from Latakia.

Idlib Governorate
Idlib Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة ادلب, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Idlib) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama Governorate to the south, and Latakia Governorate to the west. Reports of its area vary, depending on the source, from 5,933 square kilometres (2,291 sq mi)2 to 6,097 square kilometres (2,354 sq mi)2. The provincial capital is Idlib.
History of Mexican Americans in Metro Detroit
In 2004 58.5% of the people of Hispanic origin in the Wayne County-Macomb County-Oakland County tri-county area were Mexicans.

The Hispanic population is 8% of Detroit proper, mainly Mexican and then Puerto Rican.

Oakland County, Michigan
Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a principal county of the Detroit metropolitan area, containing the bulk of Detroit's northern suburbs. Its county seat is Pontiac, and its largest city is Troy. As of the 2020 census, its population 1,274,395, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan (behind neighboring Wayne County), and the most populous county in the United States without a city of 100,000 residents.

Founded in 1819 and organized the following year, Oakland County is composed of 62 cities, villages, and townships. In 2010, Oakland County was among the ten wealthiest counties in the United States to have over one million residents. It is also home to Oakland University, a large public institution that straddles the border between the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.
Toyota RZ engine
The Toyota RZ engine family is a straight-four piston engine series built in Japan. The RZ series uses a cast-iron engine block and aluminum SOHC or DOHC cylinder heads. It has electronic fuel injection (EFI), 2 or 4 valves per cylinder and features forged steel connecting rods.

Multi-valve
A multi-valve or multivalve four-stroke internal combustion engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves – more than the minimum required of one of each, for the purposes of air and fuel intake, and venting exhaust gases. Multi-valve engines were conceived to improve one or both of these, often called "better breathing", and with the added benefit of more valves that are smaller, thus having less mass in motion (per individual valve and spring), may also be able to operate at higher revolutions per minute (rpm) than a two-valve engine, delivering even more intake an/or exhaust per unit of time, thus potentially more power.
Terry-Thomas sign
In radiology, the Terry-Thomas sign is a scapholunate ligament dissociation on an anteroposterior view of the wrist. Most commonly a result of a fall on the outstretched hand (FOOSH), the scapholunate ligament ruptures resulting in separation of the lunate and scaphoid bones. This burst causes the scaphoid bone to dorsally rotate. A gap of more than 3mm is pathognomonic for scapholunate dissociation.

The resulting separation between the scaphoid and lunate bones leaves a space on the x-ray that is similar to the gap comedian Terry-Thomas had between his front teeth. For newer radiology students who do not know who Terry-Thomas was, this finding might also be known as the David Letterman sign.

Pathognomonic
Pathognomonic (synonym pathognomic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means "characteristic for a particular disease". A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. The absence of a pathognomonic sign does not rule out the disease.  Labelling a sign or symptom "pathognomonic" represents a marked intensification of a "diagnostic" sign or symptom.

The word is an adjective of Greek origin derived from πάθος pathos 'disease' and γνώμων gnomon 'indicator' (from γιγνώσκω gignosko 'I know, I recognize').
Mike Fitzpatrick
Michael Gerard Fitzpatrick (June 28, 1963 – January 6, 2020) was an American attorney and politician who served as a Republican  member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district from 2005 to 2007 and 2011 to 2017. He was first elected to Congress in 2004 and represented the district from 2005 to 2007, but he was defeated by Democrat Patrick Murphy in 2006.

He declined to run for his old seat in 2008 but ran again in 2010, and won a rematch with Murphy. He was re-elected in 2012 and 2014. A supporter of term limits, he did not seek re-election in 2016 and was replaced by his brother Brian. He was considered a moderate Republican, and consistently ranked among the most bipartisan members of Congress.

Term limits in the United States
In the context of the politics of the United States, term limits restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may serve. At the federal level, the president of the United States can serve a maximum of two four-year terms, with this being limited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution that came into force on February 27, 1951. Some state government offices are also term-limited, including executive, legislative, and judicial offices. Analogous measures exist at the city and county level across the U.S., though many details involving local governments in that country vary depending on the specific location.

Term limits are also referred to as rotation in office. That specific terminology is often associated with the Founding Father and later president Thomas Jefferson given his use of it in his political arguments.
Ngan Phan-Koshnitsky
Ngan Phan-Koshnitsky (born Phan Huỳnh Băng Ngân; 24 February 1974), is a Vietnamese-Australian chess player. She holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM), and won the 1998 Australian Women's Chess Championship. Since 2007 she has been known as Ngan Nadalin.

Demographics of Vietnam
Demographic features of the population of Vietnam include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Ethnic Vietnamese, or the Viet people (known officially as Kinh), mostly live in the lowlands and speak Vietnamese, while other ethnic groups also speak a variety of languages; together, these communities contribute to the country's diverse demographic composition. Originating in northern Vietnam, the Viet gradually pushed southward and make up much of Vietnam's political landscape. A Vietnamese diaspora can also be found worldwide.

Vietnam's population reached just over 100 million in 2023, making it the 15th largest country by population in the world. It is predicted that by 2035, Vietnam will become an aged society.
Macomb County Board of Commissioners
The Macomb County Board of Commissioners is the legislative branch of the government of Macomb County, Michigan. It is composed of 13 commissioners elected to single-member districts in presidential election years; prior to the 2024 election, commissioners served two-year terms.

Single-member district
A single-member district or constituency is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district, which is represented by multiple officeholders.

In some countries, such as Australia and India, members of the  lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts, while members of the upper house are elected from multi-member districts. In some countries, such as Singapore, members of parliament are elected from both single-member and multi-member districts.
Lavender Hill (Accra)
Lavender Hill (Accra) is a venue located at Jamestown in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana where the Accra Metropolitan Assembly disposes liquid waste directly into the sea (Atlantic Ocean). The AMA tried shutting down the site in 2012 but failed.

Jamestown/Usshertown, Accra
Located directly east of the Korle Lagoon, Jamestown and Usshertown are the oldest districts of Accra, Ghana and emerged as communities around the 17th century British James Fort and Dutch Ussher Fort on the Gulf of Guinea coast. These districts were developed at the end of the 19th century, and following the rapid growth of the city during the 20th century, they became areas of a dense mixture of commercial and residential use.
Jeffrey R. MacDonald
Jeffrey Robert MacDonald (born October 12, 1943) is an American former medical doctor and United States Army captain who was convicted in August 1979 of murdering his pregnant wife and two daughters in February 1970 while serving as an Army Special Forces physician.

MacDonald has always proclaimed his innocence of the murders, which he claims were committed by four intruders—three male and one female—who had entered the unlocked rear door of his apartment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and attacked him, his wife, and his children with instruments such as knives, clubs and ice picks. Prosecutors and appellate courts have pointed to strong physical evidence attesting to his guilt. He is currently incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution in Cumberland, Maryland.

The MacDonald murder case remains one of the most litigated murder cases in American criminal history.

Disbarment
Disbarment, also known as striking off, is the removal of a lawyer from a bar association or the practice of law, thus revoking their law license or admission to practice law. Disbarment is usually a punishment for unethical or criminal conduct but may also be imposed for incompetence or incapacity. Procedures vary depending on the law society; temporary disbarment may be called suspension.
Colin Guest
Colin Ernest John Guest (7 October 1937 – 7 December 2018) was an Australian cricketer who played in the Third Test at Sydney in the 1962–63 Ashes series. A fast-medium bowler, Guest played first-class cricket for Victoria from 1958–59 to 1963–64 and for Western Australia in 1966–67.

Western Australia cricket team
The Western Australian men's cricket team, formerly nicknamed the Western Warriors, represent the Australian state of Western Australia in Australian domestic cricket. The team is selected and supported by the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA), and plays its home games at the WACA Ground and Perth Stadium in Perth.

The team mainly plays matches against other Australian states in the first-class Sheffield Shield competition and the 50 over One-Day Cup, but occasionally plays matches against touring international sides. Western Australia previously also fielded sides at Twenty20 level, but was replaced by the Perth Scorchers for the inaugural 2011–12 season of the Big Bash League. Western Australia's current captains are Sam Whiteman in the Sheffield Shield and Ashton Turner in the One-Day Cup, and the current coach is Adam Voges.
Dungeon!
Dungeon! is an adventure board game designed by David R. Megarry and first released by TSR, Inc. in 1975. Additional contributions through multiple editions were made by Gary Gygax, Steve Winter, Jeff Grubb, Chris Dupuis and Michael Gray. Dungeon! simulates some aspects of the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) role-playing game, which was released in 1974, although Megarry had a prototype of Dungeon! ready as early as 1972.

Dungeon! features a map of a simple six-level dungeon with hallways, rooms, and chambers. Players move around the board seeking to defeat monsters and claim treasure. Greater treasures are located in deeper levels of the dungeon, along with tougher monsters. Players choose different character classes with different abilities. The object of the game is to be the first to return to the beginning chamber with a set value of treasure.

The game has been described as the first adventure board game.

Jeff Grubb
Jeff Grubb (born August 27, 1957) is an author of novels, short stories, and comics, as well as a computer and role-playing game designer in the fantasy genre. Grubb worked on the Dragonlance campaign setting under Tracy Hickman, and the Forgotten Realms setting with Ed Greenwood. His written works include The Finder's Stone Trilogy, the Spelljammer and Jakandor campaign settings, and contributions to Dragonlance and the computer game Guild Wars Nightfall (2006).
Macéo Capietto
Macéo Capietto (born 12 January 2006) is a French racing driver competing in the European Le Mans Series with Iron Lynx-Proton in the LMP2 class. He is also an automotive engineering student at ESTACA.

2025 European Le Mans Series
The 2025 European Le Mans Series was the twenty-second season of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest's (ACO) European Le Mans Series. The six-event season began at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya on 6 April and finished at Algarve International Circuit on 18 October.

The series was open to Le Mans Prototypes, divided into the LMP2 and LMP3 classes, and grand tourer-style racing cars in the LMGT3 class. This season marked the debut of the new, third-generation LMP3 cars.
Violin Concerto (Glass)
The Concerto for Violin and Orchestra is a work by Philip Glass, written for and performed by Dorothy Pixley-Rothschild in the summer of 1960 at the Aspen Music Festival and School under the guidance of Darius Milhaud.

The visiting composer Aaron Copland criticized Glass's orchestration of the concerto, as Glass remembered in 1989: "We got into a big argument. He didn't like me very much. I kind of told him that I thought he was wrong. By the way, the concerto was played at the end of the summer, and it turned out I was right."

Dissatisfied with his works composed before 1966, Glass withdrew this piece.

Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud (French: [daʁjys mijo], Provençal: [miˈjawt]; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and Brazilian music and make extensive use of polytonality. Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers. He taught many future jazz and classical composers, including Burt Bacharach, Dave Brubeck, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, György Kurtág, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis among others.
Sleepwalkers (1978 film)
Sleepwalkers (Spanish: Sonámbulos) is a 1978 Spanish film written and directed by Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón starring Ana Belén alongside Norman Briski, María Rosa Salgado, Lola Gaos and José Luis Gómez. It was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

Ana Belén
María del Pilar Cuesta Acosta (born 27 May 1951), known professionally as Ana Belén, is a Spanish actress and singer. She and her husband are considered symbols of the Spanish Transition, and her songs and albums often feature boldly-titled works with social and political content.
Herbert Wadsack
Herbert Wadsack (February 19, 1912, Knittelfeld – July 15, 2004, Vienna) was an Austrian librarian and writer.

He was at the Wehrmacht and was a prisoner of war.

He was a member of the Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband and of the PEN International.

Knittelfeld
Knittelfeld (German: [ˈknitl̩ˌfɛlt]) is a city in Styria, Austria, located on the banks of the Mur river.

The name of the town has become notorious for the Knittelfeld Putsch of September 7, 2002, a party meeting of the Freedom Party of Austria, which resulted in the 2002 Austrian elections.
Svetlana Cvetko
Svetlana Cvetko is an American cinematographer and film director. She is most notable for being the cinematographer of several critically acclaimed documentaries including: Oscar winning Inside Job (2010), Oscar nominated Facing Fear (2010), and Sundance US Documentary Special Jury Prize-winning Inequality For All (2013). In addition, she was the first cinematographer on films such as Oscar winning OJ: Made In America and Sundance documentary Miss Representation.

Cvetko was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2019 because of her contribution to feature motion pictures and distinguishing herself as an artist in the film industry. She is a member of the Cinematographers Branch and on its executive committee.

Taormina Film Fest
Taormina Film Fest (TFF) is an annual film festival that takes place at Taormina, Sicily, Italy, in July. It was established in 1955 in Messina, and in 1957 became Rassegna Cinematografica Internazionale di Messina e Taormina, until it moved permanently to Taormina in 1971. It had a succession of names before adopting its current name.

The festival stages the annual Nastro d'Argento (Silver Ribbon) film awards.
Water supply and sanitation in Honduras
Drinking water supply and sanitation coverage in Honduras has increased significantly in the last decades. However, the sector is still characterized by poor service quality and poor efficiency in many places. Coverage gaps still remain, particularly in rural areas.

In 2003, a new framework law for water supply and sanitation was passed. It includes service decentralization from the national utility, SANAA, to the municipalities. It also creates a policy council and a regulatory agency. Nevertheless, the new institutions remain weak and the process of decentralization has been slow. Furthermore, there is no policy of sector financing.

World Vision International
World Vision International is an interdenominational Christian humanitarian aid, development, and advocacy organization. It was founded in 1950 by Robert Pierce and Kyung-Chik Han as a service organization to provide care for children in Korea. In 1975, emergency and advocacy work was added to World Vision's objectives. It is active in over 100 countries with a total revenue including grants, product and foreign donations of US$3.14 billion.
Putimov
Putimov is a municipality and village in Pelhřimov District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Putimov lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Pelhřimov, 24 km (15 mi) west of Jihlava, and 97 km (60 mi) south-east of Prague.

Vysočina Region
The Vysočina Region (IPA: [ˈvɪsotʃɪna]; Czech: Kraj Vysočina) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic. Its capital is Jihlava.

The region is located in the central part of the country. It is one of just three in the country (the others being Prague and the Central Bohemian Region) which does not have a border with a foreign country.

The Vysočina Region is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the most in any region in the Czech Republic.
Apaporis River
The Apaporis River is a river of the Vaupés Department, Colombia. It is a tributary of the Japurá River (Caquetá River). In the last stretch, before the river joins the Caquetá River, it forms part of the boundary between Colombia and Brazil.

Vaupés Department
Vaupés (Spanish pronunciation: [bawˈpes]) is a department of southeastern Colombia in the jungle covered Amazonía Region.  It is located in the southeast part of the country, bordering Brazil to the east, the department of Amazonas to the south, Caquetá to the west, and Guaviare, and Guainía to the north; covering a total area of 54,135 km2. Its capital is the town of Mitú. As of 2018, the population was 40,797, making it the least populous department in Colombia.
Repulsive guidance molecule A
Repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) co-receptor of the repulsive guidance molecule family. Together with BMPR1A and BMPR1B, as well as ACVR2A and BMPR2, it binds BMPs thereby activating the intracellular SMAD1/5/8 signalling pathway. In humans this protein is encoded by the RGMA gene.

BMPR1A
The bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA also known as BMPR1A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMPR1A gene. BMPR1A has also been designated as CD292 (cluster of differentiation 292).
Gwangtonggwan
Gwangtonggwan (Korean: 광통관; Hanja: 廣通館) is a building at 19 Namdaemunno 1-ga, Jung District, Seoul, South Korea. Built in 1909, it is one of Korea's oldest bank buildings. Currently the Woori Bank's Jongno Branch, it is also the oldest continuously operating bank building in Korea.

Constructed in 1909, Gwangtonggwan is one of the few surviving examples of Korea's early 20th century western architecture. In recognition of the building's architectural and historic importance, Gwangtonggwan was registered as the one of city's protected monuments on March 5, 2001.

Jongno
Jongno or Jong-ro (Korean: 종로; lit. Bell Street) is a trunk road and one of the oldest major east–west thoroughfares in Seoul, South Korea. Jongno connects Gwanghwamun Plaza to Dongdaemun.

The area surrounding Jongno is a part of Downtown Seoul and one of the most prominent cultural, historical, and financial areas. Many important landmarks are located along its length, including the Bigak pavilion at Sejongno, the Bosingak belfry (hence the street's name), Tapgol Park (Pagoda Park), the Jongmyo royal ancestral shrine, and the Dongdaemun (Great East Gate).  Seoul Subway Line 1 passes under Jongno.  The western end of Jongno is serviced by Gwanghwamun Station (Seoul Subway Line 5), and Jongno 3-ga Station is serviced by Subway Lines 1, 3, and 5. Because of the multitude of shops, stores, and groceries along the area, the word "Jongno" is often used in the Korean language to express "Town Square."
Narvik Airport, Framnes
Narvik Airport, Framnes (Norwegian: Narvik lufthavn, Framnes; IATA: NVK, ICAO: ENNK) is a former public regional airport closed down in 2017 in Narvik Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  It was located at Framnes in the town of Narvik, along the Ofotfjorden. It was operated by the state-owned Avinor and consisted of a 965-meter (3,166 ft) runway aligned 01–19 (roughly north–south).

The airport closed on 1 April 2017, due to the construction of the new Hålogaland bridge (opened December 2018) which shortened the journey to the larger Harstad-Narvik Airport, Evenes, making that the primary airport for Narvik.

Svolvær
Svolvær (Norwegian, pronounced [ˈsvôːlvæːr] ⓘ), Suolvearra (Northern Sami), or Spålavuolle (Lule Sami) is a town and the administrative centre of Vågan Municipality in Nordland County, Norway. It is located on the island of Austvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago, along the Vestfjorden. The 2.36-square-kilometre (580-acre) town has a population (2023) of 4,736 and a population density of 2,007 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,200/sq mi).
David Shaltiel
David Shaltiel (Hebrew: דוד שאלתיאל;  16 January 1903 – February 1969) was an Israeli military and intelligence officer, later also diplomat, and was most well known for being the district commander of the Haganah in Jerusalem during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Intelligence
Intelligence (/ˌɪntɛlɪˈdʒəns/) has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.

The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s. Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.

Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals. Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial.