hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James E. Putnam
James E. Putnam (born April 18, 1940) was an American politician in the state of South Dakota. He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives and South Dakota State Senate. He was Majority Whip of the House from 1993 to 1996.

South Dakota House of Representatives
The South Dakota House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Dakota Legislature. It consists of 70 members, two from each legislative district. Two of the state's 35 legislative districts, Districts 26 and 28, are each subdivided into two single-member districts (26A/26B and 28A/28B). The South Dakota House of Representatives meets at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre.
Big River (California)
The Big River is a 41.7-mile-long (67.1 km) river in Mendocino County, California, that flows from the northern California Coast Range to the Pacific Ocean at Mendocino, Mendocino County, California. From the mouth, brackish waters extend 8 miles (13 km) upstream, forming the longest undeveloped estuary in the state.

Willits, California
Willits (formerly Little Lake and Willitsville) is a city in Mendocino County, California, United States. It is located about 20 miles (32 km) north-northwest of Ukiah, at an elevation of 1,391 feet (424 m). The population was 4,988 at the 2020 census. Willits is at the center of Mendocino County and at the beginning of the county's extensive redwood forests as approached by Highway 101 from the south.

An arch stands in the center of Willits featuring the slogans "Gateway to the Redwoods" and "Heart of Mendocino County". The arch is the repurposed second version of the Reno Arch. Reno donated the arch to Willits in 1995.
Herbert T. Perrin
Brigadier General Herbert Towle Perrin (September 8, 1893 – June 9, 1962) was a United States Army officer, with the rank of brigadier general. He served during World War II and received the second highest military award, the Distinguished Service Cross, for his leadership as the acting commander of the 106th Infantry Division.

Acting rank
An acting rank is a designation that allows military personnel to assume a higher military rank, which is usually temporary. They may assume that rank either with or without the pay and allowances appropriate to that grade, depending on the nature of the acting promotion. An acting officer may be ordered back to the previous grade.  This situation may arise when a lower-ranking officer is called upon to replace a senior officer, or fill a position higher than the incumbent rank.
Mabel Howard
Mabel Bowden Howard (18 April 1894 – 23 June 1972) was a well-known New Zealand trade unionist and politician. She was the first woman secretary of a predominantly male union (the Canterbury General Labourers' Union).

She was a Member of Parliament for the Labour Party from 1943 until 1969. In 1947 she became New Zealand's first woman cabinet minister when she was made Minister of Health and Minister in charge of Child Welfare. She is remembered for waving two large pairs of bloomers in Parliament in support of her successful campaign to have clothing sizes standardised.

Bloomers
Bloomers, also called the bloomer, the Turkish dress, the American dress, or simply reform dress, are divided women's garments for the lower body. They were developed in the 19th century as a healthful and comfortable alternative to the heavy, constricting dresses worn by American women. They take their name from their best-known advocate, the women's rights activist Amelia Bloomer.

The name "bloomers" was derogatory and was not used by the women who wore them, who referred to their clothes as the "Reform Costume" or the "American Dress.": 128–129
Island council (Netherlands Antilles)
An island council was the governing body of an island territory, an administrative level of the Netherlands Antilles until its dissolution.

Island councils existed for:

Aruba (until its secession from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986)

Bonaire

Curaçao

Saba

Sint Eustatius

Sint Maarten

The latter three were until 1 April 1983 governed by a single island council:

Windward Islands (Dutch: de Bovenwindse eilanden)

Dutch Caribbean
The Dutch Caribbean (historically known as the Dutch West Indies) are the New World territories, colonies, and countries (former and current) of the Dutch colonial empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean Sea, mainly the northern and southwestern regions of the Lesser Antilles archipelago.

The Dutch Caribbean comprises the constituent countries of Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten (the 'CAS' islands) and the special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (BES islands). The term "Dutch Caribbean" is sometimes also used for the Caribbean Netherlands, an entity consisting of the three special municipalities forming part of the constituent country of the Netherlands since 2010. The population of the Dutch Caribbean is 337,617 as of January 2019.
Faidon Matthaiou
Faidon Matthaiou, (alternate spellings: Feidon, Fedon, Mathaiou, Mattheou; Greek: Φαίδων Ματθαίου: 12 July 1924 – 17 September 2011) was a Greek professional basketball player and coach. He was a center at the start of his career, and at the end of his career, he also played as a point guard. He wore the number 1 jersey throughout his career. He represented Greece twice at the Summer Olympic Games. As a rower at the 1948 Summer Olympics, and as a basketball player at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Faidon Matthaiou is widely considered to be the Patriarch of Greek basketball.

Coach (basketball)
Basketball coaching is the act of directing and strategizing the behavior of a basketball team or individual basketball player. Basketball coaching typically encompasses the improvement of individual and team offensive and defensive skills, as well as overall physical conditioning. Coaches also have the responsibility to improve their team by player development, strategy, and in-game management. Coaches also teach and inspire their team to be their best.

Coaching is usually performed by a single person, often with the help of one or more assistants.
Mazar Hoseyni
Mazar Hoseyni (Persian: مزارحسيني, also Romanized as Mazār Ḩoseynī) is a village in Delvar Rural District, Delvar District, Tangestan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 70 families.

Bushehr province
Bushehr Province (Persian: استان بوشهر) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country, with a long coastline on the Persian Gulf. Its capital is the city of Bushehr.

The province was made a part of Region 2 upon the division of the provinces into five regions, solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014.
S v Motau
S v Motau and Another is an important case in South African law. It was heard in the Transvaal Provincial Division on March 11, 1963, with judgment handed down on March 25. The judges were Ludorf J en Trollip J.

Transvaal (province)
The Province of Transvaal (Afrikaans: Provinsie van Transvaal), commonly referred to as the Transvaal (/ˈtrɑːnsvɑːl, ˈtræns-/; Afrikaans: [transˈfɑːl]), was a province of South Africa from 1910 until 1994, when a new constitution subdivided it following the end of apartheid. The name "Transvaal" is from the Latin prefix trans, which means across from, or on the other side. Hence, Transvaal refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River. Its capital was Pretoria, which was also the country's executive capital.
Lake Singkarak
Lake Singkarak (Indonesian: Danau Singkarak) is a lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located between the regencies of Tanah Datar and Solok Regency. It has an area of 107.8 km2, being approximately 21 km long and 7 km wide. The natural outlet for excess water is the Ombilin River which flows eastward to the Strait of Malacca. A hydroelectric project, however, has diverted most of the lake outflow to the Anai River which flows westward into the Indian Ocean near Padang. This Singkarak power station uses this water to generate power for the West Sumatra and Riau provinces. A species of fish called ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis) is endemic to the lake and is harvested for human consumption. A railway line, which connects Padang and  Sawahlunto-Sijunjung, skirts the length of the lake on the eastern side.

Mystacoleucus padangensis
Mystacoleucus padangensis is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae, the family which includes the carps, barbs, minnows and related fishes. It inhabits Sumatra, Indonesia, and has a maximum length of 11.6 centimetres (4.6 in).
SS Walter M. Christiansen
SS Walter M. Christiansen was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Walter M. Christiansen, the Chief Engineer of SS W. L. Steed, which was sunk 2 February 1942, by German submarine U-103.

SS W. L. Steed
W. L. Steed was a steam tanker built in 1917–1918 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation of Quincy for Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company, with intention of transporting oil and petroleum products between Mexican and Gulf ports and the Northeast of the United States. The ship was briefly requisitioned by the US Government during World War I but returned to commercial service in early 1919. The ship was named after William L. Steed, superintendent of the Mexican Petroleum Company of California.
Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate
The Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate is an academic controversy in anthropology about the death of the British explorer James Cook, particularly whether the native Hawaiians believed him to be Lono, an akua "deity" associated with fertility, agriculture, rainfall, music and peace. The debate took shape in 1992, when Gananath Obeyesekere published The Apotheosis of Captain Cook, which criticized the work of Marshall Sahlins on the issue. In addition to the factual issues, the debate has become symbolic of deeper issues in anthropology, including whether Western scholars can understand non-Western cultures.

Hawaiian religion
Hawaiian religion refers to the Indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Native Hawaiians, also known as the kapu system. Hawaiian religion is based largely on the tapu religion common in Polynesia and likely originated among the Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD. It is polytheistic and animistic, with a belief in many deities and spirits, including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as other animals, the waves, and the sky. It was only during the reign of Kamehameha I that a ruler from Hawaii island attempted to impose a singular "Hawaiian" religion on all the Hawaiian islands that was not Christianity.

Today, Hawaiian religious practices are protected by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. Traditional Hawaiian religion is unrelated to the modern New Age practice known as "Huna".
PTP4A2
Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTP4A2 gene.

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a small class of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. PTPs in this class contain a protein tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domain and a characteristic C-terminal prenylation motif.

This PTP has been shown to primarily associate with plasmic and endosomal membrane through its C-terminal prenylation. This PTP was found to interact with the beta-subunit of Rab geranylgeranyltransferase II (beta GGT II), and thus may function as a regulator of GGT II activity.

Overexpression of this gene in mammalian cells conferred a transformed phenotype, which suggested its role in tumorigenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode two distinct isoforms have been described.

Prenylation
Prenylation (also known as isoprenylation  or lipidation) is the addition of hydrophobic molecules to a protein or a biomolecule. It is usually assumed that prenyl groups (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) facilitate attachment to cell membranes, similar to lipid anchors like the GPI anchor, though direct evidence of this has not been observed. Prenyl groups (also called isoprenyl groups, having one hydrogen atom more than isoprene) have been shown to be important for protein–protein binding through specialized prenyl-binding domains.
Granlund
Granlund is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albin Granlund (born 1989), Finnish footballer

Barbara Granlund (1928–2020), American politician

Kerstin Granlund (born 1951), Swedish comedian and actress

Marie Granlund (born 1962), Swedish politician

Markus Granlund (born 1993), Finnish ice hockey player

Mattias Granlund (born 1992), Swedish ice hockey player

Mikael Granlund (born 1992), Finnish ice hockey player

Nils Granlund (1890–1957), American show producer, entertainment industry entrepreneur and radio industry pioneer

Odd Granlund (1910–1982), Norwegian broadcaster

Paul Granlund (1925–2003), American sculptor

Petra Granlund (born 1987), Swedish swimmer

Sverre Granlund (1918–1943), Norwegian soldier

Trond Granlund (born 1950), Norwegian singer and musician

Paul Granlund
Paul Theodore Granlund (October 6, 1925, Minneapolis, Minnesota – September 15, 2003, Mankato, Minnesota) was an American sculptor. His creative career spanned more than 50 years and more than 650 different works.  Most of his work is figurative and made from bronze. His patrons included colleges, hospitals, Lutheran churches, and other institutions.
Choco Mucho–Creamline rivalry
The Choco Mucho–Creamline rivalry is a Premier Volleyball League (PVL) sister team rivalry between the Choco Mucho Flying Titans and Creamline Cool Smashers. Both teams are owned by Rebisco, hence it is also given the name "Rebisco Clasico". The rivalry is among the most popular in the league, attracting large crowds. Game 2 of the 2023 Second All-Filipino Conference championship series drew a record attendance of 24,459 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, the highest turnout for a Philippine volleyball game. Multiple journalists have also described the two teams as among the most popular in the entire league.

Despite the popularity of both teams and their rivalry, the rivalry itself is very lopsided with Creamline winning all but one match as of the 2025 Reinforced Conference as well as winning both championship series against Choco Mucho.

Araneta Coliseum
The Araneta Coliseum, also currently known by naming rights sponsorship as Smart Araneta Coliseum, is an indoor multi-purpose sports arena that is part of the Araneta City in the Cubao area of Quezon City, Philippines. Nicknamed "the Big Dome", it is one of the largest indoor arenas in Asia, and one of the largest clear span domes in the world. The dome measures approximately 108.0 meters (354.3 ft) making it the largest dome in Asia from its opening in 1960 until 2001 when it was surpassed by the Ōita Stadium in Japan with a dome measuring 274.0 meters (899.0 ft).

The Smart Araneta Coliseum is mostly used for indoor sports such as basketball. It is a main venue of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). The Big Dome is also used for other sports and events such as boxing, cockfighting, local and international concerts, circuses, religious gatherings, and beauty pageants.
Glitajny, Bartoszyce County
Glitajny [ɡlʲiˈtai̯nɨ] (German: Glittehnen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

Gmina Bartoszyce
Gmina Bartoszyce is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its seat is the town of Bartoszyce, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 427.82 square kilometres (165.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,769.
Samak Sundaravej
Samak Sundaravej (Thai: สมัคร สุนทรเวช, RTGS: Samak Sunthorawet, pronounced [sā.màk sǔn.tʰɔ̄.rā.wêːt] ⓘ; 13 June 1935 – 24 November 2009) was a Thai politician who briefly served as the Prime Minister of Thailand and Minister of Defence in 2008, as well as the leader of the People's Power Party in 2008.

Thai Nation Party
Thai Nation Party, or Chart Thai Party (Thai: พรรคชาติไทย, RTGS: Phak Chat Thai) was a conservative political party in Thailand. It was dissolved by the Constitutional Court of Thailand on December 2, 2008, along with the People's Power Party and the Neutral Democratic Party, for having violated electoral laws in the 2007 Thai general election. Thereafter, most MPs founded the Chartthaipattana Party (Thai Nation Development Party), which became the Thai Nation Party's successor.
Black Cat Bar
The Black Cat Bar or Black Cat Café was a bar in San Francisco, California. It originally opened in 1906 and closed in 1921. The Black Cat re-opened in 1933 and operated for another 30 years. During its second run of operation, it was a hangout for Beats and bohemians but over time began attracting more and more of a gay clientele, and becoming a flashpoint for what was then known as the homophile movement, a precursor to the gay liberation movement that gained momentum in the 1960s.

The Black Cat was at the center of a legal fight that was one of the earliest court cases to establish legal protections for gay people in the United States. Despite this victory, continued pressure from law enforcement agencies eventually forced the bar's closure in 1964.

Homophile movement
The homophile movement is a collective term for the main organisations and publications supporting and representing sexual minorities in the 1950s to 1960s around the world. The name comes from the term homophile, which was commonly used by these organisations in an effort to deemphasize the sexual aspect of homosexuality. At least some of these organisations are considered to have been more cautious than both earlier and later LGBT organisations; in the U.S., the nationwide coalition of homophile groups disbanded after older members clashed with younger members who had become more radical after the Stonewall riots of 1969.
Cerro de Punta
Cerro de Punta or Cerro Punta (Spanish for 'point hill' or 'hill point', respectively) is the highest peak in Puerto Rico, rising to 1,338 meters (4,390 ft) above sea level. The mountain is part of the Cordillera Central and is located on the municipal boundary between Ponce and Jayuya in the central region of the main island of Puerto Rico.

Ruta Panorámica
The Ruta Panorámica (Scenic Route), officially the Ruta Panorámica Luis Muñoz Marín (Luis Muñoz Marín Scenic Route), is a 167-mile (269 km) network of some 40 secondary roads which traverse the island of Puerto Rico from west to east along its Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). Most of the route consists of three roads, PR-105, PR-143, and PR-182. The route starts in Mayagüez and ends in Maunabo. The first major segment of the route runs from Mayagüez to Maricao as Route 105, then from Adjuntas to Aibonito as Route 143, and then follows Route 182 toward Maunabo.
Two Concert Études (Liszt)
For the Richard Wagner composition, see Siegfried (opera).

Two Concert Études (Zwei Konzertetüden), S.145, is a set of two piano works composed in Rome around 1862/63 by Franz Liszt and dedicated to Dionys Pruckner, but intended for Sigmund Lebert and Ludwig Stark’s Klavierschule. It consists of two parts: "Waldesrauschen" (Forest Murmurs) and "Gnomenreigen" (Dance of the Gnomes).

Sigmund Lebert
Sigmund (Zygmunt or Siegmund) Lebert, born Samuel Levi on 12 December 1821 in Ludwigsburg and died on 8 December 1884 in Stuttgart, was a German pianist and music teacher.

Lebert was one of the founders of the Stuttgart Music School. With Ludwig Stark and others he prepared a large number of works for the use of students there, including the Grosse theoretisch-praktische Klavierschule, a piano method which was translated into several languages and widely distributed in both Europe and America. Together with Franz Liszt and the cooperation of Ignaz Lachner, Vincenz Lachner and Immanuel Faisst, he created arrangements of piano works by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and with Hans von Bulow, the famous Cotta edition of the piano sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven published in 1881. His students included Olga Radecki.
Louis Davout d'Auerstedt
Louis Nicolas Marie Bernard Davout (24 March 1877 in Clermont-Ferrand – 1 March 1958 in Saint-Gaudens) was the 4th Duc d'Auerstaedt from 1904 to his death.

He is the son of Léopold Davout (1829–1904), 3rd Duc d'Auerstaedt from 1864 to his death, and Alice de Voize (1845–1935).

On 20 February 1902, in Paris, he married Hélène Eugénie Françoise Marie Étignard de la Faulotte (10 September 1880 in Paris – 24 January 1946 in Bellozanne (Bellozane is a part of Brémontier-Merval)), and had issue, fourteen children (five sons and nine daughters).

He was mayor of Brémontier-Merval (Seine-Inférieure, Upper Normandy) from 1928 to 1945, after his father-in-law Henri Étignard de La Faulotte, mayor from 1881 to 1928.

Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime (French pronunciation: [sɛn maʁitim] ⓘ) is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure. It had a population of 1,255,633 in 2019.
Talkington College of Visual & Performing Arts
The J. T. & Margaret Talkington College of Visual & Performing Arts is a college at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. Prior to 2002, the college's departments existed within the College of Arts & Sciences. In 2016, the college was renamed to honor the nearly $70 million in donations to the university by the J.T. and Margaret Talkington Foundation.

Academic programs in the Talkington College are accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, the National Association of Schools of Music, and the National Association of Schools of Theatre. Additionally, Talkington College's teacher education programs are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education

National Association of Schools of Art and Design
The National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), founded in 1944, is an accrediting organization of colleges, schools and universities in the United States. The organization establishes standards for graduate and undergraduate degrees. Member institutions complete periodic peer review processes to become, and remain, accredited. NASAD accreditation should not be confused with regional accreditation. While the association works with other professional organizations, including the AIGA, the American Craft Council, and the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, NASAD remains the only accrediting agency for higher education art and design programs in the United States that is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education.