hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Buduma people
The Buduma are an ethnic group of Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria who inhabit many of the islands of Lake Chad. They are predominantly fishers and cattle-herders. In the past, the Buduma carried out violent raids on the cattle herds of their neighbors. They were feared villains with aggressive reputations; thus, they were respected and left alone for many years, protected by their own habitat of water and reeds.

Today, they are a peaceful and friendly people willing to adopt some modern changes. Although their neighbors call them Buduma, meaning "people of the grass (or reeds)," they prefer to be called Yedina. Their language is known as Yedina.

Fisherman
A fisherman or fisher is someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of water, or gathers shellfish.

Worldwide, there are about 38 million commercial and subsistence fishers and fish farmers. Fishermen may be professional or recreational. Fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period.
Bernadett Budai
Bernadett Budai (née Bugyik; born 31 March 1979) is a Hungarian politician who served as spokeswoman of the Hungarian government from June 2007 to November 2009. She is the spokeswoman of the Hungarian Socialist Party. Budai lost her parliamentary seat on the 2010 Hungarian elections.

2010 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary on 11 and 25 April 2010 to elect the members of the National Assembly. They were the sixth free elections since the end of the communist era. 386 Members of Parliament (MPs) were elected in a combined system of party lists and electoral constituencies. Electoral law in Hungary requires candidates to gather 500 signatures from citizens supporting their candidacy.

In the first round of the elections, the conservative party Fidesz won the absolute majority of seats, enough to form a government on its own.
In the second round, the alliance of Fidesz and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) won enough seats to achieve a two-thirds majority required to modify major laws and the country's constitution. They were the last elections in this country before the electoral system was completely  changed.
Kalippu
Kalippu is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film written and directed by Jessen Joseph. The film was producer under the banner of High Mastcinemas. The film features Tamil film actor Bala Singh, Kalasala Babu, Shalil Kallur, Ambika Mohan, Jeffin and Anaz Sainudeen.

Shalil Kallur
Shalil Kallur is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter working in Malayalam films. His debut directorial venture Dolls was released in 2013 and his second film Kattumakkan, a multi starrer with veterans like Mukesh, Vijay Menon and Nassar in lead roles, was released on 12 February 2016.
Khevsurians
Khevsurians (Georgian: ხევსურები) are an ethnographic group of Georgians, mainly living in Khevsureti, on both sides of the Caucasus Mountain Chain in the watersheds of the rivers Aragvi and Argun. There are some villages in Khevi, Ertso-Tianeti, Kakheti (Shiraki), Kvemo Kartli (Gardabani) also where Khevsurians reside. Khevsurians speak the Georgian language in Khevsurian dialect. For a long time, Khevsurians have maintained their traditional culture: clothing, weapons, and polyphonic music.

Ertso-Tianeti
Ertso-Tianeti (Georgian: ერწო-თიანეთი) is a small historical-geographic area in eastern Georgia. It lies along the upper Iori Valley in what is now Tianeti District in the region of Mtskheta-Mtianeti. The area's name is compound, consisting of its two subdivisions: Ertso (ერწო) in the south, and Tianeti (თიანეთი) in the north.

Ertso-Tianeti is located on the southern foothills of the Greater Caucasus mountains. Its historical borders are: Pshavi to the north, Kakheti to the south and east, and the Aragvi River on the west.
Peau d'Espagne
Peau d'Espagne (pronounced [po dɛspaɲ]; "skin of Spain") is a perfume made of flower and spice oils. Traditionally employed to scent leather, it is also used as a perfume for women and to flavor dishes.

Neroli
Neroli oil is an essential oil produced from the blossom of the bitter orange tree (Citrus aurantium subsp. amara or Bigaradia). Its scent is sweet, honeyed and somewhat metallic with green and spicy facets. Orange blossom water is also extracted from the same blossom and both extracts are extensively used in perfumery. Orange blossom can be described as smelling sweeter, warmer and more floral than neroli. The difference between how neroli and orange blossom smell and why they are referred to with different names, is a result of the process of extraction that is used to obtain the oil from the blooms. Neroli is extracted by steam distillation and orange blossom is extracted via a process of enfleurage (rarely used nowadays due to prohibitive costs) or solvent extraction.
Thomas de Melsonby
Thomas de Melsonby (died after 1244) was a medieval Bishop of Durham-elect and Prior of Durham.

Melsonby was the son of the rector of Melsonby. He was prior of a cell at Coldingham before being elected prior of Durham Cathedral in about 1233. He was elected to the see of Durham on 1 June 1237 but King Henry III of England objected. After lawsuits, Melsonby resigned the bishopric. He remained prior until 1244 when he resigned that office. He died sometime after 1244.

Prior (ecclesiastical)
Prior (or  prioress) is an ecclesiastical title for a  superior in some religious orders. The word is derived from the Latin for "earlier" or "first". The office may head a local house, a region of houses (prior provincial), or the entire order (prior general). Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior. In abbeys, a prior would be lower in rank than the abbey's abbot or abbess.
Davey–Stewartson equation
In fluid dynamics, the Davey–Stewartson equation (DSE) was introduced in a paper by A. Davey and Keith Stewartson to describe the evolution of a three-dimensional wave-packet on water of finite depth.

It is a system of partial differential equations for a complex (wave-amplitude) field  and a real (mean-flow) field :

The DSE is an example of a soliton equation in 2+1 dimensions. The corresponding Lax representation for it is given in Boiti, Martina & Pempinelli (1995).

In 1+1 dimensions the DSE reduces to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Itself, the DSE is the particular reduction of the Zakharov–Schulman system.  On the other hand, the equivalent counterpart of the DSE is the Ishimori equation.

The DSE is the result of a multiple-scale analysis of modulated nonlinear surface gravity waves, propagating over a horizontal sea bed.

Wave packet
In physics, a wave packet (also known as a wave train or wave group) is a short burst of localized wave action that travels as a unit, outlined by an envelope. A wave packet can be analyzed into, or can be synthesized from, a potentially-infinite set of component sinusoidal waves of different wavenumbers, with phases and amplitudes such that they interfere constructively only over a small region of space, and destructively elsewhere. Any signal of a limited width in time or space requires many frequency components around a center frequency within a bandwidth inversely proportional to that width; even a Gaussian function is considered a wave packet because its Fourier transform is a "packet" of waves of frequencies clustered around a central frequency. Each component wave function, and hence the wave packet, are solutions of a wave equation. Depending on the wave equation, the wave packet's profile may remain constant (no dispersion) or it may change (dispersion) while propagating.
Christian Cornelius Jensen
Christian Cornelius Jensen (20 July 1883 – 18 September 1940) was a German classical philologist and papyrologist. His father, Christian Jensen (1857–1936), was a local historian and teacher.

Jensen was born in Archsum auf Sylt. He studied classical philology at the universities of Marburg and Kiel, where he was influenced by the work of Siegfried Sudhaus. He worked as a gymnasium teacher in Kiel and Wandsbek, and in 1910 obtained his habilitation for classical philology at the University of Marburg.

In 1912, he became an associate professor at the University of Königsberg, and during the following year, attained a full professorship at the University of Jena. In 1917 he returned as a professor to Königsberg, and later on in his career, worked as a philology professor at the universities of Kiel (from 1921), Bonn (from 1926) and Berlin (from 1937). He died in Berlin.

University of Königsberg
The University of Königsberg (German: Albertus-Universität Königsberg) was a university in Königsberg, East Prussia. It was founded in 1544 as the world's second Protestant academy (after the University of Marburg) by Duke Albert of Prussia and received the royal privilege by King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland in 1560. The university was commonly known as the Albertina.

Following World War II, the city of Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad) was transferred to the Soviet Union under the terms of the 1945 Potsdam Agreement. The Albertina was closed and the remaining German population was expelled. Today, the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University claims to maintain the traditions of the Albertina.
Meikleour
Meikleour (/mɪˈklʊər/ mi-KLOOR) is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It lies near the confluence of the Tay and the Isla in the valley of Strathmore, 12 miles (19 km) north of Perth and 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Blairgowrie. It is in the parish of Caputh.

Meikleour is home to the Meikleour Beech Hedge, which was planted in 1746. The hedge is said to be the longest and tallest in the world and runs alongside the A93 road from Perth to Blairgowrie. The hedge is on the edge of the estate of Meikleour House, which itself is designated as an outstanding level of interest environment by Historic Environment Scotland.
A substantial Neolithic cursus called Cleaven Dyke is nearby. The Meikleour Arms, on an Old Military Road, is a Category B listed building dating to 1820.

Other features of the village include a 17th century mercat cross and a tron, complete with jougs for detaining offenders.

Jougs
The jougs, juggs, or joggs (Old French: joug, from Latin iugum, a yoke) is a metal collar formerly used as an instrument of punishment in Scotland, the Netherlands and other countries. When the soldiers of Oliver Cromwell's army occupied Scotland, they were horrified at the church using such a punishment, and many were removed from church walls and destroyed.
Damn Strait
"Damn Strait" is a song by American country music singer Scotty McCreery. It was released on October 18, 2021, as the second single from his fifth studio album Same Truck. The song was written by Jim Collins and Trent Tomlinson, and produced by Frank Rogers, Aaron Eshuis, and Derek Wells.

Trent Tomlinson
Trent Tomlinson (born July 3, 1975) is an American country music artist. After several failed attempts at finding a record deal, Tomlinson was signed to Lyric Street Records in 2005, with his debut album Country Is My Rock, released in early 2006. This album produced three Top 40 singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs charts: "Drunker Than Me" at No. 19, "One Wing in the Fire" at No. 11, and "Just Might Have Her Radio On" at No. 21. Three further singles were released in 2009.
Napoleon of India
Napoleon of India can refer to the following individuals:

Samudra Gupta (335–375)

Rajendra I (1014–1044) "Napoleon of South India" (and South East Asia)

Gangeyadeva (1010–1041) "Napoleon of West India"

Hemu (1501–1556) "Napoleon of Medieval India"

Shivaji (1640-1680)

Yashwantrao Holkar (1776–1811)

Maharaja Ranjeet Singh (1799–1839)

General Zorawar Singh (1786–1841) "Little Napoleon of India"

Chilarai (1510–1571)

Hemu
Hemu (/ˈheɪˌmuː/; 1501 – 5 November 1556), also known as Hemu Vikramaditya and Hemchandra Vikramaditya, was an Indian king (maharaja) who previously served as a general and Wazir of Adil Shah Suri of the Sur Empire during a period in Indian history when the Mughals and Afghans were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from Punjab to Bengal and Mughal forces of Humayun and Akbar in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles for Adil Shah Suri.

Hemu claimed royal status after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi and assumed the title of Vikramaditya that many Indian kings had adopted in the past. A month later, Hemu was wounded by a chance arrow and captured unconscious during the Second Battle of Panipat and was subsequently beheaded by Akbar, who took the title of Ghazi.
Hannelore Plattner
Hannelore Plattner is an Austrian luger who competed in the early 1970s. A natural track luger, she won the gold medal in the women's singles event at the 1970 FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships in Kapfenberg, Austria.

Kapfenberg
Kapfenberg ([ˈkapfənbɛʁk]) is a city in the Bruck-Mürzzuschlag district of the Austrian state of Styria. It lies in the valley of the Mürz river in central Austria. With an estimated population of 22,080 individuals in 2024, it is the third largest city in Styria. The 13th century Oberkapfenberg castle hosts the annual Ritterfest ("knights festival").
International Mycological Association
The International Mycological Association (IMA) is a professional organization that promotes mycology, the study of fungi. It was founded in 1971 during the first International Mycological Congress, which was held in Exeter (UK).

The IMA publishes the open access scientific journal IMA Fungus.

It represents the interests of over 30,000 mycologists worldwide.

Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Yeasts are among the most heavily utilized members of the fungus kingdom, particularly in food manufacturing.

Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
Arja Vas
Arja Vas (pronounced [ˈaɾːja ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Arja vas, German: Arndorf) is a roadside settlement in the Municipality of Žalec in east-central Slovenia. The A1 motorway crosses the territory of the settlement north of the village. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

A1 motorway (Slovenia)
The A1 motorway (Slovene: avtocesta A1), also known as Slovenika, is 245.3 km (152.4 mi) long, connecting Šentilj (at the Austrian border) and Koper/Capodistria (on the shores of the Adriatic Sea). It connects several of the largest metropolitan areas of the country, including Maribor, Celje and Ljubljana, all the way to the Slovenian Littoral and port town of Koper.

Construction began in 1970 and the first section was finished in 1972, connecting Vrhnika and Postojna. Everyday operation of this initial stretch started on 29 December 1972.

The connection to Koper was finished on 23 November 2004. The second-to-last part, from Trojane to Blagovica, was opened on 12 August 2005. It was also the most expensive, having eight viaducts and two tunnels despite being only 11 km long. The final section, the eastern Maribor bypass, opened on 14 August 2009.
Central Park Bandstand
The Central Park Bandstand, also known as the Music Pavilion, is a historic bandshell located within Central Park in Orion, Illinois. The bandstand was built in 1913 following a series of successful outdoor concerts in the park. Local engineer J. C. Ericson built the structure in the then-recently popularized bandshell form, which projected sound toward the audience through its rear wall. The bandstand was completed in three weeks; its opening concert hosted the largest crowd that the park had ever held until that time. From its inception until 1925, the bandstand continued to host concerts, usually once per week; movie screenings and church services were also held at the bandstand. Beginning in 1947, the bandstand became an event stage for the Midwest Corn Show, which later became the Orion Fall Festival; the structure is now mainly used during the festival.

The bandstand was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 2002.

Shell (theater)
In theatre, a shell (also known as an acoustical shell, choral shell or bandshell) is a curved, hard surface designed to reflect sound towards an audience.

Often shells are designed to be removable, either rolling away on wheels or lifting into a flyspace. Shells are most commonly used for orchestras, bands and choirs, although they can also be used in any application that requires passive sound amplification. Shells are generally made of hard materials, because they are designed to absorb as little sound as possible.
Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections is a website that provides tables, infographs, and maps for presidential (1789–present), senatorial (1990 and onwards), and gubernatorial (1990 and onwards) elections. Data include candidates, political parties, popular and electoral vote totals, and voter turnout. U.S. county-level data is available for many years, and all data are compiled from official sources. The website has been positively received, and has been used as an authoritative reference by numerous publications.

Map
A map is a symbolic depiction of interrelationships, commonly spatial, between things within a space. A map may be annotated with text and graphics. Like any graphic, a map may be fixed to paper or other durable media, or may be displayed on a transitory medium such as a computer screen. Some maps change interactively. Although maps are commonly used to depict geographic elements, they may represent any space, real or fictional. The subject being mapped may be two-dimensional such as Earth's surface, three-dimensional such as Earth's interior, or from an abstract space of any dimension.

Maps of geographic territory have a very long tradition and have existed from ancient times. The word "map" comes from the medieval Latin: Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant 'napkin' or 'cloth' and mundi 'of the world'. Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to a flat representation of Earth's surface.
Carey R. Dunne
Carey R. Dunne is an American attorney. He is known for leading the criminal investigation of Donald Trump for the office of the Manhattan District Attorney until his resignation from the case, alongside his colleague Mark F. Pomerantz, in February 2022. In that role, Dunne successfully argued Trump v. Vance before the United States Supreme Court in May 2020; the court held that President Trump was required to comply with a state grand jury subpoena for his tax returns. Prior to his service at the DA's Office, Dunne was a longtime partner at Davis Polk & Wardwell, where he specialized in white collar criminal defense. Dunne is a past president of the New York City Bar Association.

In January 2023, Dunne co-founded Free and Fair Litigation Group, a non-profit law firm focused on countering the rise of authoritarianism in America by bringing and defending constitutional cases.

White-collar crime
The term "white-collar crime" refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals,  businesses and government professionals. The crimes are believed to be committed by middle- or upper-class individuals for financial gains.  It was first defined by the sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation". Typical white-collar crimes could include wage theft, fraud, bribery, Ponzi schemes, insider trading, labor racketeering, embezzlement, cybercrime, copyright infringement, money laundering, identity theft, and forgery. White-collar crime overlaps with corporate crime.
Byrd Subglacial Basin
Byrd Subglacial Basin (80°S 115°W﻿ / ﻿80°S 115°W﻿ / -80; -115) is a major subglacial basin of West Antarctica, extending east–west between the Crary Mountains and the Ellsworth Mountains. It is bounded to the south by a low subglacial ridge which separates this feature from Bentley Subglacial Trench. A crude delineation of this subglacial basin was determined by several U.S. seismic parties operating from Byrd Station, Little America V, and Ellsworth Station during the 1950s and 1960s. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (1961) for its locus relative to Marie Byrd Land and Byrd Station.

This revised description, excluding Bentley Subglacial Trench and smaller basins to the south of Flood Range and the Ford Ranges, follows delineation of the region by the Scott Polar Research Institute–National Science Foundation–Technical University of Denmark airborne radio echo sounding program, 1967–79.

Byrd Station
The Byrd Station is a former research station established by the United States during the International Geophysical Year (1957) by U.S. Navy Seabees during Operation Deep Freeze II in West Antarctica. It was a year-round base until 1972, and then seasonal up to 2005. The station is located on the West Antarctic ice cap. It was accessible by overland ice traverse or by ski-equipped C-130 aircraft.
Persulfidation
Persulfidation (also called sulfhydration) is a type of post-translational modification of proteins involving addition of a sulfur molecule onto a reactive thiol (-SH) group of a cysteine residue. Persulfidation occurs in plants, animals, and throughout all kingdoms. It is a redox mechanism that regulates diverse biological processes in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling by regulating protein functions and/or subcellular localizations.

The added sulfur atom (or atoms) are in a chain (R-S-SH, R-S-S-SH. These sulfur chains are unstable and react readily, making identification and quantification difficult.

This modification can be reversed back into a thiol by exogenous chemical reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or TCEP, biological reducing agents such as glutathione, and proteins such as thioredoxin or glutaredoxin.

Kingdom (biology)
In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla (singular phylum).

Traditionally, textbooks from the United States and some of Canada have used a system of six kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea or Archaebacteria, and Bacteria or Eubacteria), while textbooks in other parts of the world, such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Greece, India, Pakistan, Spain, and the United Kingdom have used five kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera).

Some recent classifications based on modern cladistics have explicitly abandoned the term kingdom, noting that some traditional kingdoms are not monophyletic, meaning that they do not consist of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The terms flora (for plants), fauna (for animals), and, in the 21st century, funga (for fungi) are also used for life present in a particular region or time.