hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fluent calculus
The fluent calculus is a formalism for expressing dynamical domains in first-order logic. It is a variant of the situation calculus; the main difference is that situations are considered representations of states. A binary function symbol  is used to concatenate the terms that represent facts that hold in a situation. For example, that the box is on the table in the situation  is represented by the formula . The frame problem is solved by asserting that the situation after the execution of an action is identical to the one before but for the conditions changed by the action. For example, the action of moving the box from the table to the floor is formalized as:

This formula states that the state after the move is added the term  and removed the term . Axioms specifying that  is commutative and non-idempotent are necessary for such axioms to work.

Commutative property
In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g. "3 + 4 = 4 + 3" or "2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be used in more advanced settings. The name is needed because there are operations, such as division and subtraction, that do not have it (for example, "3 − 5 ≠ 5 − 3"); such operations are not commutative, and so are referred to as noncommutative operations.

The idea that simple operations, such as the multiplication and addition of numbers, are commutative was for many centuries implicitly assumed. Thus, this property was not named until the 19th century, when new algebraic structures started to be studied.
Al-Malihah
Al-Malihah (Arabic: المليحة, also spelled al-Mleha or Al Mulayhah) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located on the eastern outskirts of Damascus to the west of Jaramana, in the Ghouta area. Nearby localities include 'Aqraba, Deir al-Asafir, Zabdin, Kafr Batna and Babbila. According to the Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics, al-Malihah had a population of 23,034 as of the 2004 census. The town is also the administrative centre of the al-Malihah nahiyah, which is composed of eight towns and villages having a combined population of 56,652. Malihah is considered strategic due to its proximity to the main road between Damascus and its airport.

Damascus International Airport
Damascus International Airport (Arabic: مَطَار دِمَشْق الدَّوْلِيّ, romanized: Maṭār Dimašq al-Duwalī) (IATA: DAM, ICAO: OSDI) is the international airport of Damascus, the capital of Syria and the home base of the national flag carrier airline, Syrian Air. Damascus International Airport serves as a primary gateway to Syria and is one of the largest airports in the country along with Aleppo International Airport and Latakia International Airport.

Inaugurated in the mid-1970s, it also is the country's busiest airport. In 2010, an estimated 5.5 million passengers used the airport, an increase of more than 50% since 2004.
2016–17 UEFA Champions League qualifying
2016–17 UEFA Champions League qualifying was the preliminary phase of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, prior to the competition proper. Qualification consisted of the qualifying phase (first to third rounds) and the play-off round. It began on 28 June and ended on 24 August 2016. A total of 56 teams competed in the qualifying phase and play-off round to decide 10 of the 32 places in the group stage.

All times are CEST (UTC+2).

Court of Arbitration for Sport
The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS; French: Tribunal arbitral du sport, TAS) is an international body established in 1984 to settle disputes related to sport through arbitration. Its headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland, and its courts are located in New York City, Sydney, and Lausanne. Temporary courts are established in current Olympic host cities.

The International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) was established simultaneously, and a single president presides over both bodies. The ICAS, which has a membership of 20 individuals, is responsible for the financing of and financial reporting by the CAS, and it appoints the Director-General of the CAS.
Lasara
Lasara is a village in Phillaur tehsil of Jalandhar District of Punjab State, India. It is located 17 km away from Phillaur, 60 km from Jalandhar and 108 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch, an elected representative of the village.

Jalandhar
Jalandhar (IPA: /d͡ʒəːləndə̀ɾᵊ/) is a city in the state of Punjab in India. With a considerable population, it ranks as the third most-populous city in the state and is the largest city in the Doaba region. Jalandhar lies alongside the historical Grand Trunk Road and is a well-connected junction for both rail and road networks. The National Highway 1 (NH1), crosses Jalandhar, further enhancing its connectivity.
Charles Peter Berkey
Charles Peter Berkey (March 25, 1867 – April 22, 1955) was an American geologist, notable as a founder of the discipline of engineering geology, for his work on the great dams of the 1930s, and as chief geologist on the Gobi Desert expeditions in Mongolia led by Roy Chapman Andrews in the 1920s.

Gobi Desert
The Gobi Desert is a large, cold desert and grassland region in southern Mongolia and North China. It is the sixth-largest desert in the world.

The name of the desert comes from the Mongolian word gobi, used to refer to all of the waterless regions in the Mongolian Plateau; in Chinese, gobi is used to refer to rocky, semi-deserts such as the Gobi itself rather than sandy deserts.
History of the Jews in Luxembourg
The history of the Jews in Luxembourg dates back to the 1200s. There are roughly 1,200 Jews in Luxembourg, and Jews form one of the largest and most important religious and ethnic minority communities in Luxembourg historically.

Judaism is the fifth-largest religious denomination in Luxembourg, behind Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodox Christianity, and Islam.  By absolute size, Luxembourg's community is one of the smallest in the European Union; relative to total population, it is the sixth largest. Judaism is recognised and supported by the government as one of the major state-mandated religions (see: Religion in Luxembourg).

Religious denomination
A religious denomination is a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name and tradition, among other activities.
The term refers to the various Christian denominations (for example, non-Chalcedonian, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and the branches of Protestantism, such as Lutheranism). It is also used to describe the five major branches of Judaism (Karaite Judaism, Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist). Within Islam, it can refer to the branches or sects (such as Sunni and Shia), as well as their various subdivisions, such as sub-sects, schools of jurisprudence, schools of theology and religious movements.

The world's largest religious denomination is Sunni Islam.
Pomacea decussata
Pomacea decussata is a species of freshwater snail in the family Ampullariidae.

It was first described by Stéfano Moricand as Ampullaria decussata in 1836. Pomacea commissionis was originally considered a subspecies of P. decussata.

Apple snail
Ampullariidae (commonly known as apple snails), is a family of large freshwater snails that includes the mystery snail species. They present an operculum and simultaneously have a gill and a lung as respiratory structures, which are separated by a division of the mantle cavity. This adaptation allows these animals to be amphibious. Species in this family are considered gonochoristic, meaning that each individual is either male or female.
Meic Torcaill
The Meic Torcaill, also known as the Meic Turcaill, the Mac Torcaill dynasty, the Mac Turcaill dynasty, and the Mac Turcaill family, were a leading Norse-Gaelic family in mediaeval Dublin. The kindred produced several eminent men and kings of Dublin before the Norman conquest of the kingdom in 1170. Afterwards the family fell from prominence, losing possession of their extensive lands in the region. In time the Meic Torcaill lost precedence to other Dublin families, such as the Harolds and Archbolds.

Kingdom of Dublin
The Kingdom of Dublin (Old Norse: Dyflin) was a Norse kingdom in Ireland that lasted from roughly 853 AD to 1170 AD. It was the first and longest-lasting Norse kingdom in Ireland, founded by Vikings who invaded the territory around Dublin in the 9th century. Its territory corresponded to most of present-day County Dublin.
Italian National Ossario
The Italian National Ossario, also known as the Murchison Ossario, is an ossuary,  war cemetery and war memorial in Murchison, a town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. The ossario holds the remains of 130 Italians interned during World War II.

Construction work on the monument started in 1958 and the monument was consecrated in 1961. The ossuary was built from funds raised by local Italian communities in the Gouburn Valley with the fundraising effort led by  Luigi Gigliotti. The ossario was designed by Paolo Caccia Dominioni who also designed the El Alamein Italian mausoleum in Egypt.

The 130 people interred in the ossuary include 129 men and one woman. Both prisoners of war sent to Australia as well as British and Australian residents of Italian descent interned as civilian enemy aliens are buried there.

Goulburn Valley
The Goulburn Valley is a sub-region, part of the Hume region of the Australian state of Victoria. The sub-region consists of those areas in the catchment of the Goulburn River and other nearby streams, and is part of the Murray-Darling Basin. The Goulburn Valley is bordered on the south by the Great Dividing Range and to the north by the Murray River, the state border with New South Wales. The sub-region is one of Australia's most productive and intensively farmed areas and is predominantly irrigated.

Major regional centres of the Goulburn Valley are Shepparton, Seymour, Echuca, Benalla, Yarrawonga and Kyabram.
Kløfta Station
Kløfta Station (Norwegian: Kløfta stasjon) was opened at Kløfta in 1854 as a part of Norway's first railway, the Trunk Line between Oslo and Eidsvoll.

The station was originally called Kløften, but the name was changed to Kløfta in 1920. A new station was built at Kløfta as part of the construction of the Gardermoen Line in 1998.

Eidsvoll
Eidsvoll (pronounced [ˈæ̀ɪdsvɔɫ] ⓘ; sometimes written as Eidsvold) is a municipality in Akershus county, Norway.  It is part of the Romerike traditional region.  The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Sundet.
Garbów, Sieradz County
Garbów [ˈɡarbuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błaszki, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Błaszki, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and 67 km (42 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Sieradz
Sieradz [ˈɕɛrat͡s] ⓘ (Latin: Siradia) is a city on the Warta river in central Poland with 40,891 inhabitants (2021). It is the seat of the Sieradz County, situated in the Łódź Voivodeship. Sieradz is a capital of the historical Sieradz Land.

Sieradz is one of the oldest cities in Poland. It was an important city of medieval Poland, thrice being a location for the election of the Polish monarchs. Polish Kings chaired six assemblies from here. Historically, it was the capital of the Duchy of Sieradz (1263-1339), Sieradz Voivodeship (1339–1793), and Sieradz Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is located on the Route of the Heroes of the Battle of Warsaw 1920, the main highway connecting Wrocław with Łódź, Warsaw and Białystok.
Crescenzago
Crescenzago (Lombard: Crescenzagh [kreʃẽˈsaːk], historically Carscenzagh) is a district (quartiere) of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 2 administrative division, north-east of the city centre. It became part of Milan in 1923; prior to that, it was an independent borgo (town). The town is traversed by the Naviglio Martesana canal. The district houses several historical buildings, most notably a 12th Century abbey and several villas from the 18th Century. It also has notable green areas, such as part of the Lambro park, as well as industrial archeological features, most notably the abandoned Ovomaltina factory.

The Milan Metro subway (Line 2) stops at Crescenzago.

Milan Metro Line 2
Line 2 is a subway line serving Milan, Italy, operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro. It is also called the Green Line (Linea Verde in Italian), as it is visually identified by green signs.

The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre, serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches. The line is 39.4 km (24.5 mi) long and has 35 stations. Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground. The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts, while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface.

The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network (Assago Forum and Gessate).
Canal 9 (Danish TV channel)
Canal 9 is a Danish pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA, previously owned by C More Entertainment from 2009 to 2015.

The channel is a retro channel that shows older documentary series from the Discovery Channel and old action and comedy series like Miami Vice, The A-Team, Magnum, P.I. and M*A*S*H and with football in the weekends from Danish Superliga plus UEFA Europa League. The channel share sports rights with Eurosport and 6'eren; it was original launched as a low-pay sister channel to Canal+ in July 2009.

MTV Urheilu
MTV Urheilu is a Finnish pay television sports network owned by MTV Oy. It was launched as the Nordic version of Canal+ Sport on 1 May 2004, when C More introduced themed channels for movies and sports. On 1 September 2005, most sports broadcasts were moved to Canal+ Sport and separate versions of the channel were made for Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. With the launch of a second sports channel, the first channels got their current name.  Canal+ Sport 1 in Denmark was rebranded as Canal 8 Sport on 13 August 2012.

Channel logos

MTV Urheilu 1's current logo

MTV Urheilu 2's current logo

MTV Urheilu 3's current logo
Zerophilia
Zerophilia is a 2005 romantic comedy film with speculative-fiction elements directed by Academy of Motion Pictures' Student Academy Award-winning director Martin Curland and produced by Microangelo Entertainment. It is about a young man who discovers that he has a genetic condition which will cause a change of sex following each orgasm. It was filmed in Fall Creek, Oregon.

Speculative fiction
Speculative fiction is an umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses all the subgenres that depart from realism, or strictly imitating everyday reality, instead presenting fantastical, supernatural, futuristic, or other highly imaginative realms or beings.

This catch-all genre includes, but is not limited to: fantasy, science fiction, science fantasy, superhero, paranormal and supernatural horror, alternate history, magical realism, slipstream, weird fiction, utopia and dystopia, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. In other words, the genre presents individuals, events, or places beyond the ordinary real world.

The term speculative fiction has been used for works of literature, film, television, drama, video games, radio, and hybrid media.
Jacob Bolotin
Jacob W. Bolotin (January 3, 1888 – April 1, 1924) was the world's first totally blind physician.

Born in 1888 to a poor immigrant family in Chicago, United States, Bolotin fought prejudice and misconceptions about the capabilities of blind people in order to win acceptance to medical school and then into the medical profession. He fought his way into and through the Chicago Medical School, graduated with honors at 24, and became the world's first totally blind physician fully licensed to practice medicine. He was particularly recognized for his expertise on diseases of the heart and lungs. Bolotin used his many public speaking engagements to advocate for the employment of the blind and their full integration into society. After he died at the young age of 36, his funeral was attended by 5,000 people.

Chicago Medical School
The Chicago Medical School (CMS) is a private medical school 
of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in North Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1912 and obtained approval from the American Medical Association in 1948.
Senjutsu
Senjutsu (Japanese: 戦術, "Tactics") is the seventeenth studio album by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, released on 3 September 2021. Their first studio album in six years (and their last one to date), it was a critical and commercial success, praised for its ambitious epic scope. Two singles, "The Writing on the Wall" and "Stratego", were released to promote the album.

Loudwire
Loudwire is an American online media magazine that covers news of hard rock and heavy metal artists. It is owned by media and entertainment business Townsquare Media. Since its launch in August 2011, Loudwire has secured exclusive interviews with high-profile artists such as Slipknot, Ozzy Osbourne, Metallica, Judas Priest, Guns N' Roses, Megadeth, Iron Maiden, Kiss, Mötley Crüe, Suicidal Tendencies and many others. Loudwire has also exclusively premiered new material from Judas Priest, Anthrax, Jane's Addiction, Stone Sour, Phil Anselmo, and many more of rock and metal's notable acts.

Loudwire Nights and Loudwire Weekend are Townsquare's nationally syndicated radio programs, airing on its rock stations throughout the country.

One of Loudwire's web series is Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?.
Gennaro Sangiuliano
Gennaro Sangiuliano (born 6 June 1962) is an Italian journalist, writer, and politician who served as Minister of Culture in the Meloni Cabinet. He was the director of the Roma newspaper in Naples from 1996 to 2001 and of TG2 from 2018 to 2022, as well as the deputy director of the Libero newspaper and of TG1 from 2009 to 2018.

Libero (newspaper)
Libero (English: "Free"), also known as Libero Quotidiano (English: "Daily Free"), is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average circulation of 22,709 copies in May 2023. In 2004, Angelo Agostini categorized Libero, alongside Il Foglio and l'Unità, as an activist daily (quotidiano-attivista), in contrast to the institution daily (quotidiano-istituzione) like Corriere della Sera and La Stampa, and the agenda daily (quotidiano-agenda) like la Repubblica.
Vivabeat
Vivabeat was a Los Angeles-based techno-pop band founded in 1978 and active into the mid-1980s. It is best known for being discovered by and signed to its first record deal at the request of Peter Gabriel. It became the first American band on Tony Stratton Smith's British label, Charisma Records. The band released one album for Charisma Records, Party in the War Zone. The album included one of the band's most successful songs, "Man from China." The song became a Top 20 charted dance club hit in the United States, Europe, and Asia. "Man from China" also appears on the Charisma Label/Various Masterpieces album – The Sounds Album Volume 6, released in 1980.

Tony Stratton Smith
Tony Stratton Smith (born Anthony Mills Smith; 11 August 1933 – 19 March 1987) was an English rock music manager and entrepreneur. He founded the London-based record label Charisma Records in 1969 and managed rock groups such as the Nice, Van der Graaf Generator and Genesis.
Jason (surname)
Jason is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anju Jason (born 1987), first Marshalese sportsperson to qualify for the Olympics (2008)

Sir David Jason (born 1940), British actor

Harvey Jason (born 1940, British actor

Leigh Jason (1904–1979), American film director and writer

Nathan Jason (born 2002), Australian para-athlete

Peter Jason (1944–2025), American actor

Rick Jason (1923–2000), American actor

David Jason
Sir David John White OBE (born 2 February 1940), known professionally as David Jason, is an English actor. He has played Derek "Del Boy" Trotter in the sitcom Only Fools and Horses, Detective Inspector Jack Frost in the drama series A Touch of Frost, Granville in the sitcoms Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours, and Pop Larkin in the comedy drama series The Darling Buds of May, as well as voicing several cartoon characters, including Mr. Toad in The Wind in the Willows, the BFG in the 1989 film of the same name, and the title characters of Danger Mouse and Count Duckula.

In September 2006, Jason had topped the poll to find TV's 50 Greatest Stars, as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations. He was knighted in 2005 for services to acting and comedy. Jason has won four British Academy Television Awards (BAFTAs), (1988, 1991, 1997, 2003), four British Comedy Awards (1990, 1992, 1997, 2001) and seven National Television Awards (1996 twice, 1997, 2001 twice, 2002 and 2011).
Montan (troubadour)
Montan (fl. c. 1250) was a Provençal troubadour whose real name, as well as any biographical detail, is unknown: his sobriquet means "the mounter", which is sexually suggestive, evidenced in his piece Eu venh vas vos, seinher, fauda levada, which is considered the most obscene ever produced by a troubadour. Other than this, three pieces are extant, a single stanza in a tenso with Sordello and two coblas esparsas.

Montan is also mentioned in a poem by Ramon de Rosselló, a sign that his peculiar nickname was customarily used in his time.

Cobla
The cobla (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkobːlə], plural cobles) is a traditional music ensemble of Catalonia, and in Northern Catalonia in France. It is generally used to accompany the sardana, a traditional Catalan folk dance, danced in a circle.
Rognon (Scey)
The Rognon (French pronunciation: [ʁɔɲɔ̃] ⓘ) is an 18.8 km long river in Haute-Saône department, eastern France. It rises in Magny-Danigon and flows generally southwest to join the Scey in Beveuge. Its tributaries include the Clairegoutte and the Fau.

Haute-Saône
Haute-Saône (French: [ot soːn] ⓘ; Frainc-Comtou: Hâte-Saône; English: Upper Saône) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of northeastern France. Named after the river Saône, it had a population of 235,313 in 2019. Its prefecture is Vesoul; its sole subprefecture is Lure.
Hyposmocoma cristata
Hyposmocoma cristata is a species of moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1881. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii. The type locality is the mountains near Honolulu.

This species is often abundant.

Arthur Gardiner Butler
Arthur Gardiner Butler F.L.S., F.Z.S. (27 June 1844 – 28 May 1925) was an English entomologist, arachnologist and ornithologist. He worked at the British Museum on the taxonomy of birds, insects, and spiders.
Gehl
Gehl is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Edward J. Gehl (1890–1956), American jurist

Gunnar Gehl (born 2001), American singer-songwriter

Jan Gehl (born 1936), Danish architect and urban designer

Julius Gehl (1869–1945), German politician

Katherine Gehl (born 1966), American businesswoman and published author

Edward J. Gehl
Edward John Gehl (January 26, 1890 – August 28, 1956) was an American jurist from Wisconsin.

Born in Hartford, Wisconsin, Gehl graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1913. During World War I, he served in the United States Army and was awarded the Purple Heart and Silver Star. Gehl was in private practice in Hartford and then was elected a Wisconsin Circuit Court judge. In 1949, Gehl was elected to the Wisconsin Supreme Court serving until his death. He died at a hospital in Madison, Wisconsin, following surgery.