hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alonso de Cordova y Figueroa
Alonso de Cordova y Figueroa (? – August 9, 1698) was a Spanish soldier born in Concepción, Chile. He was the son of Alonso de Figueroa y Córdoba and father of the historian Pedro de Cordova y Figueroa.  He served as lieutenant, captain of infantry and of cavalry in Lota and San Carlos de Austria; lieutenant general of cavalry and Sargento Mayor of the Captaincy General of Chile.

Captaincy General of Chile
33°27′00″S 70°40′00″W﻿ / ﻿33.45°S 70.666667°W﻿ / -33.45; -70.666667

The General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile [kapitaˈni.a xeneˈɾal de ˈtʃile]), Governorate of Chile, or Kingdom of Chile, was a territory of  the Spanish Empire  from 1541 to 1818 that was, initially, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. It comprised most of modern-day Chile and southern parts of Argentina in the Patagonia region. Its capital was Santiago de Chile. In 1810 it declared itself independent, with the Spanish reconquering the territory in 1814, but in 1818 it gained independence as the Republic of Chile. It had a number of Spanish governors over its long history and several kings.
Abu'l-Fawaris Muhammad ibn Nasir al-Dawla
Abū'l-Fawāris Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Dawla was a Hamdanid prince, active as a governor and general for his uncle, Sayf al-Dawla, Emir of Aleppo.

Abu'l-Fawaris Muhammad was one of the sons of Nasir al-Dawla, the Hamdanid emir of Mosul. In 337 AH (947/948 CE) his uncle, Sayf al-Dawla, appointed him as governor of his capital, Aleppo. In the next year, 949/950, he led an expedition against the Byzantine army that raided the environs of Antioch, but was defeated with heavy loss by the Byzantine general Leo Phokas the Younger.

In 959 he led another campaign against the Byzantines, but was captured with all of his officers and escort by Leo Phokas. He remained in captivity until the prisoner exchange of 23 June 966 at Samosata, when he was released along with other Hamdanid prisoners, including the celebrated poet Abu Firas al-Hamdani.

Leo Phokas the Younger
Leo Phokas or Phocas (Greek: Λέων Φωκᾶς, c. 915–920 – after 971) was a prominent Byzantine general who scored a number of successes in the eastern frontier in the mid-10th century alongside his older brother, the Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas. He served as chief minister during his brother's reign, but was dismissed and imprisoned by his successor, John Tzimiskes.
Fathi Saleh
Fathi Saleh (born 22 January 1939) is an Egyptian professor of computer engineering at Cairo University. He founded the Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage (CULTNAT), affiliated with Bibliotheca Alexandrina and supported by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. He is a member of the Supreme Council of Culture and leads the Association for the Documentation, Preservation and Valorisation of Euro-Mediterranean Cultural Heritage (Herimed). He was the Cultural Counsellor at the Embassy of Egypt in Paris and the Ambassador of Egypt to the UNESCO from 1995 to 1999. His work primarily involves the application of new technologies in cultural and natural heritage.

Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Egypt)
The Egyptian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) is a government body headquartered in Smart Village Egypt. Established in 1999, the Ministry is responsible for information and communications technology (ICT) issues in the Arab Republic of Egypt, including the planning, implementation, and operation of government ICT plans and strategies. It is led by the Minister of Communications and Information Technology, who is nominated by the Prime Minister and is a member of the Cabinet. The current ICT Minister is Amr Talaat, who assumed office on June 14, 2018.
1q21.1 copy number variations
1q21.1 copy number variations (CNVs) are rare aberrations of human chromosome 1.

In a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 CNVs one chromosome of the pair is not complete because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is missing, or overcomplete, because some parts of the sequence are duplicated. The result is that one chromosome is of normal length and the other one is too long or too short.

Chromosome 1
Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome. Humans have two copies of chromosome 1, as they do with all of the autosomes, which are the non-sex chromosomes. Chromosome 1 spans about 249 million nucleotide base pairs, which are the basic units of information for DNA. It represents about 8% of the total DNA in human cells.

It was the last completed chromosome, sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project.
Ukonom Lake
Ukonom Lake is a reservoir in western Siskiyou County, California, located in the Marble Mountain Wilderness at an elevation of 6,060 feet (1,847 m). Covering 67 acres (27 ha), it is the largest body of water in the Marble Mountain Wilderness when measured by surface area; however, being relatively shallow, it is not the largest by volume.

Siskiyou County, California
Siskiyou County (/ˈsɪskjuː/ ⓘ SISK-yoo) is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,076. Its county seat is Yreka and its highest point is Mount Shasta. It falls within the Cascadia bioregion.

Siskiyou County is in the Shasta Cascade region along the Oregon border. Because of its outdoor recreation, Mt. Shasta, McCloud River, and Gold Rush-era history, it is an important tourist destination within the state.
2012 Montana House of Representatives election
An election was held on November 6, 2012 to elect all 100 members to Montana's House of Representatives. The election coincided with elections for other offices, including U.S. President, U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, Governor and State Senate. The primary election was held on June 5, 2012.

Republicans retained control of the House despite a net loss of seven seats, winning 61 seats compared to 39 seats for the Democrats.

Montana Republican Party
The Montana Republican Party (MTGOP) is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Montana. It is headquartered in Helena. It is the dominant ruling party of the state.

The party is chaired by Art Wittich. Republican officials control both of Montana's U.S. House seats, both of its U.S. Senate seats, both chambers of the state legislature, and all of the statewide executive offices, including the governorship.
Metaxourgeio metro station
Metaxourgeio (Greek: Μεταξουργείο), also known as Metaxourghio on signage, is a station on Athens Metro Line 2. It opened in January 2000 as one of the 7 first stations of line 2. It is located west of Omonoia Square.

Omonoia Square
Omonoia Square (Greek: Πλατεία Ομονοίας, Plateía Omonoías, pronounced [plaˈtia omoˈnias], "Concord Square", often simply referred to as Omónoia [oˈmonia]) is a central square in Athens. Forming the centre of Omonoia. It marks the northern corner of the downtown area defined by the city plans of the 19th century, and is one of the city's principal traffic hubs. It is served by Omonoia metro station.

Omonoia Square is one of the oldest squares in the city of Athens and an important shopping centre. It is located at the center of the city at the intersection of six main streets: Panepistimiou, Stadiou, Athinas, Peiraios, Agiou Konstantinou Street and 3rd Septemvriou Street.
Cameo Blues Band
The Cameo Blues Band is a Toronto-based blues band, originally formed in 1978. It is particularly notable for its association with several of Canada's leading blues singers, including Richard "Hock" Walsh, Tony Flaim and Chuck Jackson, all of whom were also associated with the Downchild Blues Band.

Tony Flaim
Tony Flaim (April 20, 1948 – March 10, 2000) was among the early professional blues singers in Canada, most notable as the lead singer for the Downchild Blues Band on six of that band's albums. Flaim was associated with Downchild for extended periods over fifteen years.
Zhang Penghui
Zhang Penghui (simplified Chinese: 张鹏辉; traditional Chinese: 張鵬輝; pinyin: Zhāng Pénghuī; born January 9, 1978, in Changzhou, Jiangsu) is a male Chinese sports shooter. He won the 2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships in 25 metre rapid fire pistol.

In the 2004 Summer Olympics, he finished seventh in the men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol competition. Four years later he competed, as the reigning World champion, on home soil in the 2008 Summer Olympics, but was disqualified during the second stage of the rapid fire pistol competition, for repeatedly violating the 45 degree rule, the rapid fire equivalent of a false start.

Changzhou
Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling, and Jinling. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Zhenjiang to the northwest, Wuxi to the east, and the province of Zhejiang to the south. The population of the Changzhou Municipality was 5,278,121 at the 2020 census. The city is the birthplace of Zhou Youguang who created the pinyin romanization system.
Loch Doire nam Mart
Loch Doire nam Mart, also known as Loch Durinemart or Loch Durinemast, is a small, lowland, freshwater loch on the Ardtornish Estate on the Morvern peninsula in the Scottish Highlands. It lies in a northwest to southeast direction approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) to the north west of Loch Aline. It is 1.06 km (0.66 mi) long and 0.4 km (0.25 mi) wide, and is at an altitude of 15 m (49 ft). It drains into Loch Arienas which lies approximately 200 m (660 ft) to the southeast. The average depth is 6.4 m (21 ft) and its maximum depth is 15 m (49 ft). The loch was surveyed on 18 August 1904 by James Murray as part of Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

The loch holds native wild brown trout and permits are required to fish the loch.

Loch
Loch (/lɒx/ LOKH) is a word meaning "lake" or "sea inlet" in Scottish and Irish Gaelic, subsequently borrowed into English. In Irish contexts, it often appears in the anglicized form "lough". A small loch is sometimes called a lochan. Lochs which connect to the sea may be called "sea lochs" or "sea loughs".
Gamid Gamidov
Gamid Mustafayevich Gamidov (Russian: Гамид Мустафаевич Гамидов; June 6, 1954 - August 20, 1996) was a Russian politician. Born on June 6, 1954 in Mekegi, Gamidov graduated from Dagestan State University. He began his career as a banker for Elbin and Sberbank in Dagestan. He was elected as a member of the State Duma for Makhachkala's district in December 1995 and appointed as Dagestan's Minister of Finance in April 1996. He was awarded the Order of Courage on July 12, 1996.

Gamidov is the namesake of the Gamid Gamidov Sports Complex in Khasavyurt as well as Gamid Gamidov Avenue and the Gamid Gamidov Wresting School in Makhachkala.

Dagestan State University
Dagestan State University (Russian: Дагестанский государственный университет, romanized: Dagestanskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet) is a public university in Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan which is a federal subject in the Russian Federation. It is one of the largest higher educational institutions in Dagestan and a major scientific and cultural center. It was founded in 1931 as the Teachers' Training Institute, and later, in 1957 it was transformed into Dagestan State University (DSU) named after the national poet of Dagestan Suleyman Stalsky. The university includes 16 scientific and educational centers, 17 faculties, 97 departments, 4 branches, 2 museums (biological and historical), a fundamental library, a biological station and a planetarium. The university employs about 3,000 teachers and staff.
Conway's base 13 function
Conway's base 13 function is a mathematical function created by British mathematician John H. Conway as a counterexample to the converse of the intermediate value theorem. In other words, it is a function that satisfies a particular intermediate-value property — on any interval , the function  takes every value between  and  — but is not continuous.

Conway's base 13 function is an example of a simple-to-define function which takes on every real value in every interval, that is, it is an everywhere surjective function.  It is thus discontinuous at every point. Conway's creation of the function has been attested to by the mathematician Adebisi Agboola, who reported that Raymond Lickorish had told students in a lecture in 1982 about Conway referencing the function during a discussion about continuity.

Converse (logic)
In logic and mathematics, the converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two constituent statements. For the implication P → Q, the converse is Q → P. For the categorical proposition All S are P, the converse is All P are S. Either way, the truth of the converse is generally independent from that of the original statement.
Andrew Ryland
Andrew Ryland (born March 8, 1981) is an American former international rugby union player.

Raised in State College, Pennsylvania, Ryland grew up one of seven siblings, four of whom were adopted amongst the numerous foster kids that his family took in over the years. He was born with congenital defects in his right foot which left him with toes that do not touch the ground, for which he had to start wearing orthotics.

Ryland, a three-year football letterman at State College High School, was a walk-on Penn State linebacker, later awarded a grant by coach Joe Paterno. His father Terry coached the Penn State rugby team and he earned All-American honours playing under him in 2004. He was a flanker on the U.S. national team in 2005, gaining four caps.

Penn State Nittany Lions football
The Penn State Nittany Lions team represents the Pennsylvania State University in college football. The Nittany Lions compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Big Ten Conference, which they joined in 1993 after playing as an Independent from 1892 to 1992.

Established in 1887, the Nittany Lions have achieved numerous on-field successes, including two consensus national championships in 1982 and 1986; four Big Ten Conference championships in 1994, 2005, 2008 and 2016; 13 undefeated seasons in 1887, 1894, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1920, 1921, 1947, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994; and 53 appearances in college bowl games, with an all-time post-season bowl record of 32–20–2. The team ranks seventh among NCAA Division I college football programs in all-time total wins.

The Nittany Lions play their home games at Beaver Stadium, located on campus in University Park, Pennsylvania.
Princess Hwisin
Princess Hwisin (Korean: 휘신공주; Hanja: 徽愼公主; 24 October 1491 – ?), or firstly honoured as Princess Hwisun (휘순공주; 徽順公主), was a Joseon Royal Princess and the eldest daughter of Yeonsangun of Joseon and Deposed Queen Sin.

Her title as Princess was abolished after her father's abdication and was titled as Gu Mun-gyeong’s wife (구문경의 처), Lady Yi (이씨), or Lady Gu (구씨) to follow her husband's clan, the Neungseong Gu clan.

Neungseong Gu clan
The Neungseong Gu clan (Korean: 능성 구씨; Hanja: 綾城 具氏) is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province. According to the research held in 2015, the number of Neungseong Gu clan's member was 174,161. Their founder was Gu Jon-yu who exiled himself to Goryeo with Zhu Jam, the great-grandchild of Zhu Xi, because in 1224 he feared for his physical safety when Song dynasty was on the verge of destruction by Mongolia. Gu Jon-yu was possibly of Chinese or Korean. The origin of Gu Jon-yu has been disputed.
Maha Subair
Maha Subair, born Subair Pareed, is an Indian film producer, predominantly working in Malayalam films. He is associated with Varna Chithra and has produced a number of films such as Meesa Madhavan, Manassinakkare, Thirakkatha, Christian Brothers.Meesa Madhavan was highest grossing Malayalam film in 2002.

Meesa Madhavan
Meesha Madhavan (lit. 'Moustache Madhavan') is a 2002 Indian Malayalam-language action comedy film directed by Lal Jose and written by Ranjan Pramod. The film stars Dileep in the title role, while Indrajith Sukumaran, Kavya Madhavan,  Jagathy Sreekumar, Harisree Asokan and Cochin Haneefa play supporting roles. It was the highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year. The success of the movie catapulted Dileep to superstardom in Malayalam cinema. It was remade in Telugu as Dongodu (2003) starring Ravi Teja, in Kannada as Hori (2011) starring Vinod Prabhakar and in Tamil as Kollaikaran (2012) starring Vidharth.
João Botelho
João Manuel Relvas Leopoldo Botelho (born 1949) is a Portuguese film director.

He has directed and written the screenplays of numerous films. His films have won several awards. His works have been nominated for the Venice Film Festival's Golden Lion.

Botelho was awarded the prestigious Ordem do Infante D.Henrique (Grau Comendador), one of the highest Portuguese honors, by President Jorge Sampaio on 10 June 2005.

Order of Prince Henry
The Order of Prince Henry (Portuguese: Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique) is a Portuguese order of knighthood created on 2 June 1960, to commemorate the quincentenary of the death of the Portuguese infante Prince Henry the Navigator, one of the main initiators of the Age of Discovery. Minor reforms of the constitution of the Order occurred in 1962 and 1980.

It is a five-tier order, whose titles are awarded for relevant services to Portugal and for services in the expansion of the Portuguese culture, its history and its values (with a particular focus on its maritime history). The number of members in each grade is restricted by its constitution, and titles are conferred by special decree by the Grand Master of the Order, i.e., the President of Portugal.
Marketing myopia
Marketing myopia is the tendency of businesses to define their market so narrowly as to miss opportunities for growth. It is suggested that businesses will do better in the long-term if they concentrate on improving the utility of a product or good, rather than just trying to sell their products.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
George Koumantarakis
Georgios "George" Koumantarakis (born 27 March 1974) is a South African former soccer player of Greek descent. He was born in Athens, Greece but grew up in Durban, South Africa. He studied BCom & LLB degrees from the University Of Kwazulu Natal.

He is mostly remembered for his time at FC Basel where he played in the Swiss Super League and UEFA Champions League. He played for the South African national team and was a participant at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Premier Soccer League
The Premier Soccer League (PSL) is the administrative body for professional soccer leagues and cups in South Africa. It is based in Johannesburg, and was founded in 1996 following an agreement between the National Soccer League and the remnants of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL).

Affiliated to the South African Football Association (SAFA), the PSL organizes the country's top two professional divisions in the South African Premiership and the National First Division, and knockout cup competitions in the Nedbank Cup and the MTN 8. Teams that are relegated from the National First Division compete in the SAFA Second Division. They also organize a Youth League or PSL Reserve League DStv Diski Challenge.
Operation Altair
Operation Altair was the Canadian Forces maritime contribution to the U.S.-led coalition anti-terrorist campaign known as Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF).

Operation Altair mainly consisted of single ship deployments. HMCS Toronto, a Halifax-class patrol frigate with an embarked helicopter detachment, was the first ship to sail under Operation Altair. She deployed from January to July 2004, sailing with the USS George Washington Carrier Strike Group. However, due to operational requirements elsewhere around the world, there were periods when there was no Canadian maritime contribution to OEF.

Additionally, Canada's military contribution to the international campaign against terrorism from October 2001 to October 2003 was known as Operation Apollo, which saw soldiers deployed in Kandahar, Afghanistan, and ships deployed in the Persian Gulf region as well.

The tasks performed under Operation Altair were subsequently carried out under Operation Saiph.

USS George Washington (CVN-73)
USS George Washington (CVN-73) is a United States Navy nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the sixth carrier in the Nimitz class and the fourth US Navy ship with that name, after George Washington, Founding Father, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and the first president of the United States. The contract for George Washington was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982. Her keel was laid on 25 August 1986, she was christened on 21 July 1990 by First Lady Barbara Bush, and the vessel was commissioned at Naval Station Norfolk on 4 July 1992.

In 2008, USS George Washington became the first nuclear powered aircraft carrier to be forward-deployed at naval base Yokosuka, Japan.

The carrier underwent her four-year Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH) beginning in August 2017. After refueling was completed additional repairs were found to be needed and the overhaul was extended. The ship was returned to service in May 2023.
Displacement chess
Displacement chess is a family of chess variants in which a few pieces are transposed in the initial standard chess position. The main goal of these variants is to negate players' knowledge of standard chess openings.

Joseph Henry Blackburne
Joseph Henry Blackburne (10 December 1841 – 1 September 1924) was a British chess player. Nicknamed "The Black Death", he dominated the British scene during the latter part of the 19th century. Blackburne learned the game at the relatively late age of 17 or 18, but he quickly became a strong player and went on to develop a professional chess career that spanned over 50 years. At one point he was one of the world's leading players, with a string of tournament victories behind him, and popularised chess by giving simultaneous and blindfold displays around the country. Blackburne also published a collection of his own games.
Brent R. Appel
Brent Robert Appel (born July 13, 1950) is an American attorney, politician and former judge who served as a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from 2006 to 2022. Appel was previously an attorney in the office of the Attorney General of Iowa and was a candidate for a seat in the Iowa General Assembly.

Iowa General Assembly
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa General Assembly is the legislative branch of the state government of Iowa. Like the federal United States Congress, the General Assembly is a bicameral body, composed of the upper house Iowa Senate and the lower Iowa House of Representatives respectively. The Senate consists of four year terms and the House consists of two year terms. The General Assembly convenes within the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines since the capital was moved there in 1857. The assembly convenes annually on the second Monday in January.