hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
King Min of Qi
King Min of Qi (Chinese: 齊湣王; pinyin: Qí Mǐn Wáng), personal name Tian Di, was a king of the Qi state. During his reign, the troops of Yan, Qin, Zhao, Han, Wei, and Chu launched the Battle of Jixi (濟西之戰) against Qi, resulting in Qi's defeat.

Qin (state)
Qin (CHIN, /tʃɪn/, or Ch'in) was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. It is traditionally dated to 897 BC. The state of Qin originated from a reconquest of western lands that had previously been lost to the Xirong. Its location at the western edge of Chinese civilisation allowed for expansion and development that was not available to its rivals in the North China Plain.

After extensive reform during the 4th century BC, Qin emerged as one of the dominant powers among the Seven Warring States. It unified the seven states of China under Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC. This unification established the Qin dynasty, which, despite its short duration, had a significant influence on later Chinese history. Accordingly, the state of Qin before the Qin dynasty was established is also referred to as the "predynastic Qin" or "proto-Qin".
Little Hall Island
Little Hall Island (also known as: Hall Smaller Island) is a Baffin Island offshore island located in the Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. The island lies in the Labrador Sea a few kilometers north of its confluence with Davis Strait. Other islands also in the immediate vicinity of the tip of Hall Peninsula include the Harper Islands, Lefferts Island, Bear Island, and Hudson Island.

Hall Peninsula
The Hall Peninsula is a peninsula on the southern end of Baffin Island, in Nunavut, Canada. It lies between Frobisher Bay on the west, and the Cumberland Sound on the east between 62°40'N and 65°10'W. The Hall Peninsula is part of the Arctic Tundra biome—the world's coldest and driest biome. The Blunt Peninsula extends off the southeastern part of the Hall Peninsula.

The Hall Peninsula includes the Chidliak Kimberlite Province, which had been found to include diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes.
Hawthorne test tunnel
The Boring test tunnel, or Hawthorne test tunnel, is a 1.14 miles (1.83 km) tunnel in Hawthorne, California, for testing hyperloop and "loop-based transportation". Boring of the tunnel started in 2016 and completed in December 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during using a 14-foot (4.2 m) diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished 12-foot (3.8 m) internal diameter. The roadway has an asphalt surface, with autonomous vehicle operation of the Tesla Model 3 at speeds of 90 mph (140 km/h) and up to 116 mph (187 km/h) under human control. The Boring Company subsequently built the Las Vegas Convention Center Loop tunnel network.

Human-in-the-loop
Human-in-the-loop (HITL) is used in multiple contexts. It can be defined as a model requiring human interaction. HITL is associated with modeling and simulation (M&S) in the live, virtual, and constructive taxonomy. HITL, along with the related human-on-the-loop are also used in relation to lethal autonomous weapons. Further, HITL is used in the context of machine learning.
Flying ice cube
In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the flying ice cube effect is an artifact in which the energy of high-frequency fundamental modes is drained into low-frequency modes, particularly into zero-frequency motions such as overall translation and rotation of the system. The artifact derives its name from a particularly noticeable manifestation that arises in simulations of particles in vacuum, where the system being simulated acquires high linear momentum and experiences extremely damped internal motions, freezing the system into a single conformation reminiscent of an ice cube or other rigid body flying through space. The artifact is entirely a consequence of molecular dynamics algorithms and is wholly unphysical, since it violates the principle of equipartition of energy.

Ice cube
An ice cube is a small piece of ice, which is typically rectangular as viewed from above and trapezoidal as viewed from the side. Ice cubes are products of mechanical refrigeration and are usually produced to cool beverages. They may be made at home in a freezer with an ice tray or in an automated ice-making accessory. They may also be produced industrially and sold commercially.
WAY-181187
WAY-181187 is a high affinity and selective 5-HT6 receptor full agonist. It induces robust increases in extracellular GABA levels in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala of rats without affecting concentrations in the nucleus accumbens or thalamus, and has modest to no effects on norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, or glutamate levels in these areas. WAY-181187 has demonstrated preclinical efficacy in rodent models of depression, anxiety, and notably obsessive-compulsive disorder, though it has also been shown to impair cognition and memory.

Thalamus
The thalamus (pl.: thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral wall of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain). Nerve fibers project out of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in all directions, known as the thalamocortical radiations, allowing hub-like exchanges of information. It has several functions, such as the relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

Anatomically, the thalami are paramedian symmetrical structures (left and right), within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It forms during embryonic development as the main product of the diencephalon, as first recognized by the Swiss embryologist and anatomist Wilhelm His Sr. in 1893.
Tom Otis
Tom Otis is an American researcher, academic and author. He is the Chief Scientific Officer at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and holds a Professorship in Neuroscience at University College London.

Otis' research has been focused on cellular and circuit function of the cerebellum and hippocampus, as well as preclinical models of spinocerebellar ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Spinocerebellar ataxia
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a progressive, degenerative, genetic disease with multiple types, each of which could be considered a neurological condition in its own right. An estimated 150,000 people in the United States have a diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia at any given time. SCA is hereditary, progressive, degenerative. There is no known effective treatment or cure. SCA can affect anyone of any age. The disease is caused by either a recessive or dominant gene. In many cases people are not aware that they carry a relevant gene until they have children who begin to show signs of having the disorder. Currently, research is being conducted at universities, such as the University of Minnesota, to elucidate many of the unknown characteristics of the disease.
Koopmans
Koopmans  is a Dutch occupational surname meaning "merchant's". Notable people with the surname include:

Aart Koopmans (1946–2007), Dutch businessman

Ger Koopmans (born 1962), Dutch politician

Leo Koopmans (born 1953), Dutch ice hockey player

Luuk Koopmans (born 1993), Dutch football player

Marion Koopmans (born 1956), Dutch virologist

Rachel Koopmans, Canadian historian

Rudy Koopmans (born 1948), Dutch boxer

Ruud Koopmans (born 1961), Dutch sociologist

Thijmen Koopmans (1929–2015), Dutch judge

Tini Koopmans (1912–1981), Dutch high jumper, discus thrower and shot putter

Tjalling Koopmans (1910–1985), Dutch American mathematician, physicist and economist and Nobel Laureate
Koopmans' theorem, a quantum chemistry theorem of his

Tjalling Koopmans
Tjalling Charles Koopmans (August 28, 1910 – February 26, 1985) was a Dutch-American mathematician and economist. He was the joint winner with Leonid Kantorovich of the 1975 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on the theory of the optimum allocation of resources.  Koopmans showed that on the basis of certain efficiency criteria, it is possible to make important deductions concerning optimum price systems.
Sulmona railway station
Sulmona is a railway station in Sulmona, Italy. The station opened in 1888 and is located on the Rome–Sulmona–Pescara railway, Terni–Sulmona railway and Sulmona-Isernia railway. The train services are operated by Trenitalia.

Trenitalia
Trenitalia SpA is the primary train operator of Italy, which was established in 2000. A subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, itself owned by the Italian government, it was established following a European Union directive on the deregulation of rail transport. The company operates both regional and long-distance trains. It also operates or operated in the past through ownerships, subsidiary companies, or partnerships in France, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Among the company's high-speed train are Frecciarossa, Frecciargento, Frecciabianca, InterCity, and InterCity Notte. In 2024, Trenitalia was recognized as the best rail passenger operator in Europe.
Zinc finger chimera
Zinc finger protein chimera are chimeric proteins composed of a DNA-binding zinc finger protein domain and another domain through which the protein exerts its effect. The effector domain may be a transcriptional activator (A) or repressor (R), a methylation domain (M) or a nuclease (N).

Modification of the endogenous DNA-binding zinc finger domain is the basis of the most advanced field in construction of gene-specific artificial transcription factors. Linking together six ZFPs produces a target-site of 18-19 bp. Assuming specificity to that one sequence and that the sequence of the genome is random, 18 bp is long enough to be unique in all known genomes Indeed, the spacing between subsites becomes part of the target sequence due to restrictions in the flexibility of the protein which can be controlled. Targeting sites as small as 9 bp provides some degree of specificity, almost certainly attributable in some part to chromatin occlusion.

Maltose-binding protein
Maltose-binding protein (MBP) is a part of the maltose/maltodextrin system of Escherichia coli, which is responsible for the uptake and efficient catabolism of maltodextrins.  It is a complex regulatory and transport system involving many proteins and protein complexes. MBP has an approximate molecular mass of 42.5 kilodaltons.
Kulesza
Kulesza (Polish pronunciation: [kuˈlɛʂa]) is a surname of Polish origin.

Notable people with the surname include:

Agata Kulesza (born 1971), Polish actress

Beata Sokołowska-Kulesza (born 1974), Polish canoeist

Cezary Kulesza (born 1962), Polish football executive, player

Jakub Kulesza (born 1990), Polish politician

Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza (born 1957), Polish historian

Kasia Kulesza (born 1976), Canadian swimmer

Marek Kulesza (born 1959), Polish cyclist

Marian Kulesza (1878–1943), Polish-Lithuanian painter

Marta Pihan-Kulesza (born 1987), Polish gymnast

Michał Kulesza (1799/1800–1863), Polish-Lithuanian painter and lithographer

Roman Kulesza (born 1983), Polish artistic gymnast

Ryszard Kulesza (1931–2008), Polish football player

Seweryn Kulesza (1900–1983), Polish jockey

Tomasz Kulesza (born 1959), Polish politician

Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza
Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza (born 1957) is professor  (since 2011) at the University of Warsaw, Department of History, member of the Research Team for the Social History of Poland in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

She is an alumna of the University of Warsaw (Master's degree: 1980, Ph.D.:1900, habilitation: 2005).
Midui Glacier
29°27′43″N 96°30′07″E﻿ / ﻿29.46194°N 96.50194°E﻿ / 29.46194; 96.50194﻿ (Midui Glacier)
Midui Glacier (Chinese: 米堆冰川; Tibetan: མི་དུས་གངས་རི, Midui Gangri) is a maritime glacier situated in Bomê County of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Spanning 8.5 kilometers in length, it originates at an elevation of 6,300 meters in the Gangrigabu Range and descends to 2,400 meters above sea level. The glacier is notable for its dramatic 800-meter icefall, characterized by steep slopes ranging from 45° to 70°, and terminates at a moraine lake situated at 2,800 meters elevation.

Bharal
The bharal (Pseudois nayaur), also called the blue sheep, is a caprine native to the high Himalayas. It is the only member of the genus Pseudois. It occurs in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and in China in the provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia. The Helan Mountains of Ningxia have the highest concentration of bharal in the world, with 15 bharals per km2 and 30,000 in total.

Its native names include yanyang (岩羊) in Mandarin, bharal, barhal, bharar, and bharut in Hindi, na or sna in Tibetan and Ladakh, nabo in Spitian, naur in Nepali and na or gnao in Bhutan.
The bharal was also the focus of George Schaller and Peter Matthiessen's expedition to Nepal in 1973. Their personal experiences are well documented by Matthiessen in his book, The Snow Leopard. The bharal is a major prey of the snow leopard.
Northern Hearts AFC
Northern Hearts is an association football club based in Timaru, New Zealand. The club was founded in 1947 and from 1982 to 1990 was amalgamated with Timaru City as South Canterbury United. It reverted to Northern Hearts in 1991.

Northern Hearts competed in the various Southern Premier leagues from 1971 to the mid-2000s. The club's best end-of-season position came in 2001, when they finished as runners-up in the premiership.

Northern Hearts first competed for the Chatham Cup in 1947.

Northern Hearts best Chatham Cup performance came in 1980, when it reached the last 16 before losing 2–5 to eventual finalists Dunedin City.

1980 Chatham Cup
The 1980 Chatham Cup was the 53rd annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.

Early stages of the competition were run in three regions (northern, central, and southern), with the National League teams receiving a bye until the Fourth Round of the competition. In all, 93 teams took part in the competition. Note: Different sources give different numberings for the rounds of the competition: some start round one with the beginning of the regional qualifications; others start numbering from the first national knock-out stage. The former numbering scheme is used in this article.
Takeshi Ito (footballer)
Takeshi Ito (伊藤 健史, Itō Takeshi) (born September 11, 1987} is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a left-back.

Ito was born in Osaka}. He previously played with Japanese side Blaublitz Akita, Albirex Niigata FC (Singapore)., OFK Grbalj in the 2012–13 Montenegrin First League, then with Kapfenberger SV in the 2014–15 Austrian Football First League, another Austrian side FC Lankowitz, and Deutschlandsberger SC in the Austrian Regionalliga, having already played with them earlier in second half of 2013–14 season.

Kapfenberger SV
Kapfenberger SV is an Austrian association football club from Kapfenberg, Styria. They won the 2007–08 Austrian Football First League and were promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga. The club was founded in 1919 as Kapfenberger SC. The name of the team is often abbreviated to Kapfenberg. The club was renamed Kapfenberger SV in 1947 and currently play in the Austrian Second League, the second level of Austrian football.
Sion Sono
Sion Sono (園 子温, Sono Shion; born December 18, 1961) is a Japanese filmmaker, author, and poet. Best known on the festival circuit for the film Love Exposure (2008), he has been called "the most subversive filmmaker working in Japanese cinema today", a "stakhanovist filmmaker" with an "idiosyncratic" career.

Stakhanovite movement
The Stakhanovite movement was a mass cultural movement for workers established by the Communist Party in the 1930s Soviet Union. Its promoters encouraged the rationalization of workplace processes—i.e., increased production goals—while promoting socialist emulation.

The Stakhanovites modeled themselves after the mythic productivity of the Russian coal miner Alexei Stakhanov. As frontline workers they took pride in their aspirations to work harder and more efficiently than was required by ad hoc norms; thereby they saw themselves as contributing to the common good and strengthening the socialist state. The Party started the 'movement' in the coal industry and then applied it to other industries across the Soviet Union. Initially popular, it eventually encountered resistance as the pressures for greater productivity placed increased and unrealistic demands on workers.
Lea Park Formation
The Lea Park Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Late Cretaceous age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Canada.

It takes the name from the settlement of Lea Park, Alberta, located north-west of Lloydminster on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River. It was first defined in an outcrop on the river banks, located in section 15-11-54-3W4M by J.A. Allan in 1918. The early campanian age was determined from its foraminifera and mollusks found in the formation.

Campanian
The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.2) to 72.2 (± 0.2) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.

The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas. The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks.
Big Orange (horse)
Big Orange (foaled 14 February 2011) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. After failing to win a two-year-old he made good progress in 2014, winning three of his six races including the Chester Stakes and Noel Murless Stakes. He emerged a top class performer in the following year, winning the Princess of Wales's Stakes and the Goodwood Cup and took the same two races in 2016. In 2017 he won the Henry II Stakes and then recorded his biggest win in the Ascot Gold Cup.

Henry II Stakes
The Henry II Stakes is a Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Sandown Park over a distance of 2 miles and 50 yards (3,264 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late May.
USC&GS Fathomer (1871)
USCS, later USC&GS, Fathomer was a steamer that served as a survey ship in the United States Coast Survey from 1871 to 1878 and in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1878 to 1881. She was the only Coast Survey and first Coast and Geodetic Survey ship of the name.

Fathomer was built by C. Sharp at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1871. She initially entered service in the U.S. Coast Survey. When the Coast Survey was reorganized in 1878 to form the Coast and Geodetic Survey, she became a part of the new service.

Fathomer operated along the United States East Coast during her career. She was laid up at Washington, D.C., in 1881 and sold in 1884.

Survey vessel
A survey vessel is any type of ship or boat that is used for underwater surveys, usually to collect data for mapping or planning underwater construction or mineral extraction. It is a type of research vessel, and may be designed for the purpose, modified for the purpose or temporarily put into the service as a vessel of opportunity, and may be crewed, remotely operated, or autonomous. The size and equipment vary to suit the task and availability.
Kurmi
Kurmi is a traditionally non-elite tiller caste in the lower Gangetic plain of India, especially southern regions of Awadh, eastern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar and Jharkhand. The Kurmi came to be known for their exceptional work ethic, superior tillage and manuring, and gender-neutral culture, bringing praise from Mughal and British administrators alike.

Indo-Gangetic Plain
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian Plain or the Indus-Gangetic Plain, is a fertile plain spanning 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) across the northern and north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses northern and eastern India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal, and almost all of Bangladesh. It is named after the two major river systems that drain the region–Indus and Ganges.

It stretches from the Himalayas in the north to the northern edge of the Deccan Plateau in the south, and extends from North East India in the east to the Iranian border in the west. The region is home to many major cities and nearly one-seventh of the world's population. As the region was formed by the deposits of the three major rivers–Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra, the plains consist of the world's largest expanse of uninterrupted alluvium. Due to its rich water resources, it is one of the world's most densely populated and intensely farmed areas.
Barbara Downs
Barbara Downs (born March 4, 1954) is an American former professional tennis player.

Downs grew up in Alamo, California and competed on the professional tour in the 1970s. She made the round of 16 at the 1972 US Open (beaten by Virginia Wade) and also made main draw appearances at Wimbledon. In 1973 she was picked for the season-ending Virginia Slims Championships. She took part in the inaugural World TeamTennis season in 1974, playing for the Chicago Aces and San Francisco Golden Gaters.

World TeamTennis
World TeamTennis (WTT) was a mixed-gender professional tennis league played with a team format in the United States, which was founded in 1973.

The league's season normally took place in the summer months. Players from the ATP and WTA would often take a break from their tour schedules to partake in World TeamTennis.

WTT was the first professional sports league to grant equal status to each man and woman competing for their teams.

Many top tennis players have participated in the league over the years, including Billie Jean King, Rod Laver, Björn Borg, Ilie Nastase, Chris Evert, John McEnroe, Evonne Goolagong, Jimmy Connors, Martina Navratilova, Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, Michael Chang, Serena Williams, Venus Williams, Lindsay Davenport, Kim Clijsters, Martina Hingis, John Isner, Sam Querrey, Sloane Stephens, Naomi Osaka, and Frances Tiafoe.
Walther vom Rath
Carl Rudolf Walther vom Rath (born September 11, 1857 in Amsterdam, † February 2, 1940 in Kronberg im Taunus) was a German lawyer, scientist, entrepreneur and politician. In 1890 he became a member of the supervisory board of the Farbwerke vorm. In 1902 he became the company's chairman, and in 1926, he became the first deputy chairman of the IG Farben supervisory board. From 1894 to 1898, he was a member of the Prussian House of Representatives. From 1909 to 1918, he was a member of the Herrenhaus.

Hoechst AG
Hoechst AG (German pronunciation: [ˈhøːçst] ⓘ) was a German chemicals, later life sciences, company that became Aventis Deutschland after its merger with France's Rhône-Poulenc S.A. in 1999. With the new company's 2004 merger with Sanofi-Synthélabo, it became a subsidiary of the resulting Sanofi-Aventis pharmaceuticals group.