hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Encoding Control Notation
The Encoding Control Notation (ECN) is a standardized formal language that is part of the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) family of international standards.  ECN is designed to be used along with ASN.1, and each ECN specification (a coherent set of encoding definitions) is explicitly related to a particular ASN.1 specification (a coherent set of type definitions).

The ECN standard is published by both the ITU-T and the ISO, and is officially named ITU-T Recommendation X.692 | ISO/IEC 8825-3, Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Encoding Control Notation (ECN).

ECN supports the formal specification of non-standard encoding rules for ASN.1 type definitions, and is intended to be used whenever it is necessary to use encodings that differ from those provided by standardized encoding rules such as BER or PER.

ITU-T
The International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three Sectors (branches) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is responsible for coordinating standards for telecommunications and Information Communication Technology, such as X.509 for cybersecurity, Y.3172 and Y.3173 for machine learning, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for video compression, between its Member States, Private Sector Members, and Academia Members.

The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), the sector's governing conference, convenes every four years.

ITU-T has a permanent secretariat called the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB), which is based at the ITU headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The current director of the TSB is Seizo Onoe (of Japan), whose 4-year term commenced on 1 January 2023. Seizo Onoe succeeded Chaesub Lee of South Korea, who was director from 1 January 2015 until 31 December 2022.
Fermat point
In Euclidean geometry, the Fermat point of a triangle, also called the Torricelli point or Fermat–Torricelli point, is a point such that the sum of the three distances from each of the three vertices of the triangle to the point is the smallest possible or, equivalently, the geometric median of the three vertices. It is so named because this problem was first raised by Fermat in a private letter to Evangelista Torricelli, who solved it.

The Fermat point gives a solution to the geometric median and Steiner tree problems for three points.

Inscribed angle
In geometry, an inscribed angle is the angle formed in the interior of a circle when two chords intersect on the circle. It can also be defined as the angle subtended at a point on the circle by two given points on the circle.

Equivalently, an inscribed angle is defined by two chords of the circle sharing an endpoint.

The inscribed angle theorem relates the measure of an inscribed angle to that of the central angle intercepting the same arc.

The inscribed angle theorem appears as Proposition 20 in Book 3 of Euclid's Elements.

Note that this theorem is not to be confused with the Angle bisector theorem, which also involves angle bisection (but of an angle of a triangle not inscribed in a circle).
2023 Saturn Oil Open – Doubles
Dustin Brown and Evan King were the defending champions but only Brown chose to defend his title, partnering Tim Sandkaulen. Brown lost in the quarterfinals to Manuel Guinard and Grégoire Jacq.

Íñigo Cervantes and Oriol Roca Batalla won the title after defeating Guinard and Jacq 6–2, 7–6(7–1) in the final.

Dustin Brown (tennis)
Dustin Brown (born 8 December 1984), nicknamed "Dreddy", is a German-Jamaican former professional tennis player who rose to fame after beating Rafael Nadal at the Halle Open in 2014 and at Wimbledon in 2015. He was known for his technique, speed, and unorthodox playing style, often entertaining the crowd with trick shots.

Brown competed mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour, in singles and doubles, having won 31 titles overall. He achieved his career-high singles ranking of No. 64 in October 2016 and his career-high doubles ranking of No. 43 in May 2012. Brown is one of only two players who are undefeated against Rafael Nadal after playing more than one match with him (the other being Àlex Corretja), holding a 2–0 head-to-head record.

Brown did not reach an ATP singles final, but made two semifinals at the 2016 Open Sud de France and the 2016 Swiss Open Gstaad. In doubles, he won two titles on the ATP Tour.
Gerlize de Klerk
Gerlize de Klerk (born 23 March 1989) is a retired South African javelin thrower.

She won the gold medal at the 2007 African Junior Championships, the silver medal at the 2011 All-Africa Games and the bronze medal at the 2012 African Championships. She also competed at the 2005 World Youth Championships without reaching the final.

Her personal best throw is 56.04 metres, achieved in March 2011 in Germiston.

2005 World Youth Championships in Athletics
The 2005 World Youth Championships in Athletics were held in Marrakesh, Morocco on July 13–July 17. The host stadium was Stade Sidi Youssef Ben Ali.

The boy's 400 metres hurdles event was initially won by Sudan's Abdulagadir Idriss in a time of 50.78 seconds, but this was later annulled due to Idriss failing a doping control.
Torsvik
Torsvik is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chand Torsvik (born 1982), Norwegian singer

Per Torsvik (1925–1998), Norwegian political scientist and media scholar

Solveig Torsvik (born 1954), Norwegian politician

Trond Helge Torsvik (born 1957), Norwegian professor of geophysics

Chand Torsvik
Jørund Chand Torsvik (born in India on October 12, 1982) is a Norwegian singer who won the first ever Norwegian version of The X Factor that aired from September through December 2009 on TV 2 Norwegian television station. He was born in India, but was adopted by parents from Spillum, Norway.
A Song of Sixpence (play)
A Song of Sixpence is a 1930 British comedy play by the writers Ian Hay and Guy Bolton. Set in Scotland, it tells the story of three wives who rebel against their tight-fisted husbands.

The play premiered at the Kings Theatre, Southsea, before transferring to the West End. It ran for 79 performances at Daly's Theatre between 17 March and 25 May 1930. The cast included Ian Hunter, Olive Blakeney, Jack Lambert and Campbell Gullan.

Kings Theatre, Southsea
The Kings Theatre is a theatre in Southsea, Portsmouth, designed by the architect Frank Matcham. It opened on 30 September 1907. It is operated by the Kings Theatre Trust Ltd. The building was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1976.
Toshiro Sasaki
Toshiro Sasaki (佐左木 俊郎, Sasaki Toshirō) (April 14, 1900 – March 13, 1933) was a Japanese author in the early 20th century. Most of his works have been published through the Aozora Bunko project.

He was born in Miyagi Prefecture.

Miyagi Prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture (宮城県, Miyagi-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲiꜜ.ja.ɡʲi, -ŋʲi, mʲi.ja.ɡʲiꜜ.keɴ, -ŋʲiꜜ-]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Miyagi Prefecture has a population of 2,265,724 (1 August 2023) and has a geographic area of 7,282 km2 (2,812 sq mi). Miyagi Prefecture borders Iwate Prefecture to the north, Akita Prefecture to the northwest, Yamagata Prefecture to the west, and Fukushima Prefecture to the south.

Sendai is the capital and largest city of Miyagi Prefecture, and the largest city in the Tōhoku region, with other major cities including Ishinomaki, Ōsaki, and Tome. Miyagi Prefecture is located on Japan's eastern Pacific coast  and bounded to the west by the Ōu Mountains, the longest mountain range in Japan, with 24% of its total land area being designated as Natural Parks. Miyagi Prefecture is home to Matsushima Islands, a group of islands ranked as one of the Three Views of Japan, near the town of Matsushima.
Thermoascus
Thermoascus is a genus of soil fungi in the family Trichocomaceae. Species in the genus are characterized by the production of heat-resistant ascospores. Thermoascus was circumscribed by German botanist Hugo Miehe in 1907.

The type species, Thermoascus aurantiacus, is of research interest because it secretes heat-resistant hydrolase enzymes that could possibly be used in biotechnological applications, such as the conversion of biomass to biofuels. Genetic tools have been developed to genetically edit Thermoascus aurantiacus, such as an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol and a CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, which have been used to overexpress genes that correspond to production of enzymes that break down plant matter and inactivate genes.

Biomass
Biomass is material produced by the growth of microorganisms, plants or animals. Beyond this general definition, there are differences in how the term is used and applied depending on industry or subject-matter norms. For example, it may be more narrowly defined as just plant matter, or as a combination of plant and animal matter.
Amphitheatre Peaks
The Amphitheatre Peaks (68°6′S 48°52′E﻿ / ﻿68.100°S 48.867°E﻿ / -68.100; 48.867) are a group of peaks surrounding and extending to the east of Amphitheatre Lake, in the northwest part of Nye Mountains of Antarctica. They were photographed in 1956 from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) aircraft and visited in November 1958 by an ANARE airborne field party. They were named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia in association with Amphitheatre Lake.

Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee
The Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee (AANMC) was established to advise the Government on names for features in the Australian Antarctic Territory and the subantarctic territory of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands. The committee also issues nominations Governor General for the award of the Australian Antarctic Medal.

Committee members were appointed by the Minister or Parliamentary Secretary responsible for Antarctic matters. The committee was founded in 1952 as the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia,  and changed to the current name in 1982 to reflect the multiple functions that the committee is responsible for. The committee was replaced by the Australian Antarctic Division Place names Committee in 2015.
Fabrice Becker
Fabrice Becker (born 28 June 1971) is a French former freestyle skier. He specialized in ski ballet and won the demonstrational Olympic event in this now-defunct discipline at the 1992 Winter Olympics. He is a two-time ski ballet World Champion, winning the title in 1993 and 1997 and also earned an additional silver medal at the 1995 World Championships. In his last season as a competitive skier, Becker crowned as the overall World Cup Champion and became the first and only ski ballet specialist to win the general classification at the FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup. He celebrated a total of 21 victories in his World Cup career and won the ski ballet Crystal Globe 3 times.

Freestyle skiing
Freestyle skiing is a  skiing discipline comprising aerials, moguls, cross, half-pipe, slopestyle and big air as part of the Winter Olympics. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. Known as "hot-dogging" in the early 1970s, it is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, and many other names, around the world.
2U (David Guetta song)
"2U" is a song by French DJ and record producer David Guetta, featuring vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber. The song has EDM elements. It was written by Justin Bieber, Poo Bear, Cesqeaux and its producer Guetta and Giorgio Tuinfort. It was released on 9 June 2017 by What a Music, as the lead single from Guetta's seventh studio album, 7 (2018).

Giorgio Tuinfort
Giorgio Hesdey Tuinfort (born 30 April 1981) is a Dutch record producer and songwriter. He is best known for his production work for Senegalese-American singer Akon and French DJ David Guetta. Giorgio has been credited on releases by prominent music industry artists, such as Michael Jackson, Black Eyed Peas, Gwen Stefani, Rihanna, Sia, Lady Gaga, Martin Garrix, Ariana Grande, Céline Dion, Charlie Puth, Britney Spears, Whitney Houston, Usher, Lionel Richie and Sean Paul.
Deltochilum gibbosum
Deltochilum gibbosum, the humpback dung beetle, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.  It is a member of subgenus Hybomidium Shipp, 1897 and is found in the southeastern United States.

A variety described by Henry Walter Bates in 1887, D. gibbosum var. sublaeve, has been classified as a separate species D. sublaeve by González-Alvarado and Vaz-de-Mello.  The same authors regard D. gibbosum subsp. panamensis Howden, 1966 as a separate species D. panamensis.

Scarabaeidae
The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change. Several groups formerly treated as subfamilies have been elevated to family rank (e.g., Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Hybosoridae, Ochodaeidae, and Pleocomidae), and some reduced to lower ranks. The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Catalog of Life (2023).
Ivan Kvitka
Ivan Ivanovich Kvitka (Russian: Иван Иванович Квитка; born May 4, 1967, Kalach, Sverdlovsk Oblast) is a Russian political figure and a deputy of the 8th State Duma.

In 2000, Kvitka was granted a Candidate of Sciences degree in Philosophy. From 1992 to 1997, he worked as Vice-Rector for General Affairs of the Tyumen State Institute of World Economics, Management and Law. In 2001-2007, he was the deputy of the Tyumen Regional Duma of the 3rd and 4th convocations. In 2007, he was elected deputy of the State Duma of the 5th convocation. In 2011, 2016, and 2021, he was re-elected for the 6th, 7th, and 8th State Dumas.

7th State Duma
The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 7th convocation (Russian: Государственная Дума Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации седьмого созыва) is a former convocation of the lower house of Russian parliament.

The composition of the 7th State Duma was based on the results of the 2016 parliamentary election. Elections were held using a mixed system: 225 deputies were elected on party lists and 225 — in single-member constituencies. Of the 14 parties participating in the elections, only four were able to overcome the required 5% electoral threshold. Two more parties and one independent candidate were able to enter the State Duma via single-mandate constituencies.
St Pancras East
St Pancras East was a parliamentary constituency in the St Pancras district of North London.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

St Pancras, London
St Pancras (/ˈpæŋkrəs/) is a district in North London. It was originally a medieval ancient parish and subsequently became a metropolitan borough. The metropolitan borough then merged with neighbouring boroughs and the area now forms around half of the modern London Borough of Camden.

The area of the parish and borough extends nearly four miles in a north-south axis, between Islington in the east and Marylebone and Hampstead in the west. It takes in the sub-districts of Camden Town, Kentish Town, Gospel Oak, Somers Town, King's Cross, Chalk Farm, Dartmouth Park, the core area of Fitzrovia and a part of Highgate.
2020–21 Lebanese Women's Football League
The 2020–21 Lebanese Women's Football League was the 14th edition of the Lebanese Women's Football League since it was formed in 2008.

It began on 23 May 2021, and 11 teams are participating, divided into a group of five and a group of six. Safa won their first title, after beating ÓBerytus 6–1 in the final matchday of the season.

Nejmeh SC (women)
Nejmeh Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي النجمة الرياضي), commonly referred to as Nejmeh, is a women's football club based in Manara, a neighbourhood in Ras Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. It is the women's section of Nejmeh SC and competes in the Lebanese Women's Football League.

The club was previously known as ÓBerytus (2016–2025).
Väluste
Väluste is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Väluste is located on the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv, 8.1 km (4.9 miles) south of the small borough of Mustla and 18 km (11 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi. As of 2011, Väluste had a population of 70 residents, a decrease from 102 in the 2000 census.

Väluste is home to the Sakala Malev Estonian Defence League shooting range.

A 2.4 meter high, 16 square meter circumference granite erratic boulder is located 300 meters (984 feet) from the shore of Lake Võrtsjärv and with the surrounding 0.77 ha (83 sq ft), has been designated as a Protected Nature Monument by the Estonian Nature Conservation Act in 2007 and the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Viljandi
Viljandi (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈvilʲːjɑnʲːdi]) is a city and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,255 in 2024. It is the capital of Viljandi County and is geographically located between two major Estonian cities, Pärnu and Tartu.

The town was first mentioned in 1283, upon being granted its town charter by Wilhelm von Endorpe. The town became a member of the Hanseatic League at the beginning of the 14th century, and is one of five Estonian cities and cities in the league. The once influential Estonian newspaper Sakala was founded in Viljandi in 1878.
John Smith
John Smith is a common personal name. It is also commonly used as a placeholder name and pseudonym, and is sometimes used in the United States and the United Kingdom as a term for an average person.

Notable people with the name include:

Placeholder name
Placeholder names are names used as placeholder words, i.e., referring to things, places, or people, the names of which or of whom do not actually exist; are temporarily forgotten, or are unimportant; or in order to avoid stigmatization, or because they are unknowable or unpredictable given the context of their discussion; or to deliberately expunge direct use of the name. Placeholder names for people are often terms referring to an average person or a predicted persona of a typical user or for an individual whose name is unknown. Placeholder names serve as a "common language" that provide flexibility and clarity when talking or writing about concepts. Some morphologists "will distinguish between placeholders such as thingummy and placeholder names like John Doe". In computer programming and printing, placeholder names allow a creator to test or visualize the end product.
Pohlia nutans
Pohlia nutans, the nodding thread-moss, is a species of moss in the family Mniaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, found on all seven continents; Europe, Iceland, Siberia, Japan, North America, Greenland, the Andes of South America, South Africa, Tasmania and nearby mainland Australia, New Zealand, and the Antarctic Peninsula and Mount Rittmann in Antarctica. An extremophile, it is resistant to cold, drought, salt, acid, heavy metals, and intense UV radiation.

Pohlia nutans is subject to fungal infections which cause fairy rings to appear. Some causative agents have been identified, including species of Cladosporium, Mortierella gamsii and Mortierella fimbricystis.

Fairy ring
A fairy ring, also known as fairy circle, elf circle, elf ring or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms. They are found mainly in forested areas, but also appear in grasslands or rangelands. Fairy rings are detectable by sporocarps (fungal spore pods) in rings or arcs, as well as by a necrotic zone (dead grass), or a ring of dark green grass. Fungus mycelium is present in the ring or arc underneath. The rings may grow to over 10 metres (33 ft) in diameter, and they become stable over time as the fungus grows and seeks food underground.

Fairy rings are the subject of much folklore and myth worldwide, particularly in Western Europe. They are alternately seen as hazardous or dangerous places linked with witches or the Devil, or as a sign of good fortune.
K. R. Ramasamy (actor)
Kumbakonam Ramabadran Ramasamy (14 April 1914 – 5 August 1971), also known by his initials KRR, was an Indian actor and playback singer who worked mainly in Tamil theatre and cinema. He was born in Kumbakonam and was active during the early days of Tamil cinema. He was also the first actor who also dwelled into politics mainly with Dravidar Kazhagam and later with DMK, thus setting a trend for many other to follow.

Dravidar Kazhagam
Dravidar Kazhagam is a social movement founded by Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste and class system including untouchability and on a grander scale to obtain a "Dravida Nadu" (Dravidian Nation) from the Madras Presidency. Dravidar Kazhagam would in turn give birth to many other political parties, including Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and later the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
2003 PBA All-Filipino Cup
The 2003 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) All-Filipino Cup, or known as the 2003 Samsung-PBA All-Filipino Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the first conference of the 2003 PBA season. It started on February 23 and ended on July 13, 2003. The tournament is an All-Filipino format, which doesn't require an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.

Sponsor (commercial)
Sponsoring something (or someone) is the act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services. The individual or group that provides the support, similar to a benefactor, is known as the sponsor.
Now Is the Time (Jeff Lorber Fusion album)
Now Is the Time is a jazz album released by Jeff Lorber Fusion. The album was released in 2010 on Heads Up Records and was produced by Jeff Lorber, Bobby Colomby, and Jimmy Haslip. It was nominated for the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album.

Vinnie Colaiuta
Vincent Peter "Vinnie" Colaiuta (born February 5, 1956) is an American drummer known for his technical mastery who has worked as a session musician in many genres. He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1996 and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2014. Colaiuta has won one Grammy Award and has been nominated twice. Since the late 1970s, he has recorded and toured with Frank Zappa, Joni Mitchell, and Sting, among many other appearances in the studio and in concert.
Beaven ministry
The Beaven ministry was the combined Cabinet that governed British Columbia from June 13, 1882, to January 29, 1883. It was led by Robert Beaven, the sixth premier of British Columbia. Beaven, a member of the preceding second Walkem ministry, had been named the new premier after George Anthony Walkem resigned as premier to accept a judicial appointment. Beaven led his government into the 1882 general election but it fared poorly. After attempting to carry on in office with a reduced number of supporters, Beaven lost a motion of no confidence. The ministry was thus replaced by the Smithe ministry.

Premier of British Columbia
The premier of British Columbia is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of British Columbia. Until the early 1970s, the title prime minister of British Columbia was often used. The word premier is derived from the French word of the same spelling, meaning "first"; and ultimately from the Latin word primarius, meaning "primary".
Powmill
Powmill is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It lies at the junction of the A823 and A977 roads at the southwest of the region, approximately 5 miles (8 kilometres) southwest of Kinross and 5 miles (8 kilometres) east of Dollar.

The famed Rumbling Bridge over the River Devon lies 1.14 miles (1.83 kilometres) north of Powmill.

Kinross
Kinross (/kɪnˈrɒs/, Scottish Gaelic: Ceann Rois) is a burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, around 13 miles (21 kilometres) south of Perth and around 20 miles (32 kilometres) northwest of Edinburgh. It is the traditional county town of the historic county of Kinross-shire.