hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jensen's covering theorem
In set theory,  Jensen's covering theorem states  that if 0# does not exist then every uncountable set of ordinals is contained in a constructible set of the same cardinality. Informally this conclusion says that the constructible universe is close to the universe of all sets. The first proof appeared in (Devlin & Jensen 1975). Silver later gave a fine-structure-free proof using his machines and finally  Magidor (1990) gave an even simpler proof.

The converse of Jensen's covering theorem is also true: if 0# exists then the countable set of all cardinals less than  cannot be covered by a constructible set of cardinality less than .

In his book Proper Forcing, Shelah proved a strong form of Jensen's covering lemma.

Hugh Woodin states it as:

Theorem 3.33 (Jensen). One of the following holds.
(1) Suppose λ is a singular cardinal. Then λ is singular in L and its successor cardinal is its successor cardinal in L.
(2) Every uncountable cardinal is inaccessible in L.

Jack Silver
Jack Howard Silver (23 April 1942 – 22 December 2016) was an American set theorist and logician at the University of California, Berkeley. Silver made several contributions to set theory in the areas of large cardinals and the constructible universe L.
Candomblé Jejé
Candomblé Jejé, also known as Brazilian Vodum, is one of the major branches (nations) of Candomblé. It has roots in the beliefs of the Adja, Fon and Ewe peoples from what H.B. Capo called the "Gbe speaking area", which today is around southeastern Ghana, southern Togo, southern Benin, and the southwestern fringe of Nigeria. Historically this area was known as the Slave Coast of West Africa.

Ewe people
The Ewe people (/ˈeɪ.weɪ/; Ewe: Eʋeawó, lit. 'Ewe people'; or Ewe: Mono Kple Amu (Volta) Tɔ́sisiwo Dome, lit. 'Between the Rivers Mono and Volta'; Ewe: Eʋenyígbá, lit. 'Eweland') are a Gbe-speaking ethnic group. The largest population of Ewe people is in Ghana (6.0 million), and the second largest population is in Togo (3.1 million). They speak the Ewe language (Ewe: Eʋegbe) which belongs to the Gbe family of languages. They are related to other speakers of Gbe languages such as the Fon, Gen, Phla/Phera, Ogu/Gun, Maxi (Mahi), and the Aja people of Togo and Benin.
Manoj Pradhan
Manoj Pradhan is an Indian politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party, who was convicted of murder in January 2010. He was elected from the G. Udayagiri assembly constituency from the state of Orissa. He has been convicted in two cases of murder during the Kandhamal riots of 2008, in which 38 people were killed and more than 25,000 Christians were displaced. During the swearing-in of the state assembly, Pradhan was in jail but was given 15 days bail so he could participate.

State legislative assemblies of India
The State Legislative Assembly, also known as the Vidhan Sabha or the Saasana Sabha, is a legislative body in each of the states and certain union territories of India. Members of the legislative assembly are often directly elected to serve five year terms from single-member constituencies. A legislative assembly may be dissolved in a state of emergency, by the governor on request of the chief minister of the respective state or union territory, or if a motion of no confidence is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition.
Yuba–Bear Hydroelectric Project
The Yuba–Bear Hydroelectric Project is a complex hydroelectric scheme in the northern Sierra Nevada in California, tapping the upper Yuba River and Bear River drainage basins. The project area encompasses approximately 400 square miles (1,000 km2) in Nevada, Placer, and Sierra Counties. Owned by the Nevada Irrigation District, it consists of 16 storage dams plus numerous diversion and regulating dams, and four generating stations producing 425 million kilowatt hours of electricity each year. The Yuba–Bear Hydroelectric Project consists of the Bowman development, Dutch Flat No. 2 development, Chicago Park development, and Rollins development.

Kilowatt-hour
A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a non-SI unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules (MJ) in SI units, which is the energy delivered by one kilowatt of power for one hour. Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by electric utilities. Metric prefixes are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ).
Thunder Road Films
Thunder Road Films is a film and television production company founded by Basil Iwanyk. It is based in Santa Monica, California.

Thunder Road's films have grossed over $4.1 billion worldwide and garnered nominations from the Academy Awards, Golden Globes, Producers Guild Awards, Writers Guild Awards, Directors Guild Awards, and AFI Awards. The company is known for producing a diverse range of films, including action blockbusters, dramas, and thrillers. Its most successful films include John Wick, The Town, and Sicario.

The company has developed a reputation for supporting the directorial debuts of established actors, with Taylor Sheridan, Halle Berry, and Dev Patel directing their first films with the company.

We Are Marshall
We Are Marshall is a 2006 American biographical sports drama film directed by McG. It depicts the aftermath of the 1970 plane crash that killed 75 people: 37 players of the Marshall University Thundering Herd football team, five coaches, two athletic trainers, the athletic director, 25 boosters, and the airplane crew of five.

Matthew McConaughey stars as head coach Jack Lengyel, with Matthew Fox as assistant coach William "Red" Dawson, David Strathairn as university president Donald Dedmon, and Robert Patrick as ill-fated Marshall head coach Rick Tolley. Then-governor of Georgia Sonny Perdue has a cameo role as an East Carolina University football coach.

It was scored by Christophe Beck and written by Jamie Linden. The film addressed rebuilding the program and the healing that the community undergoes. Dr. H. Keith Spears was the Marshall University consultant.
Ottley Russell Coulter
Ottley Russell Coulter (June 6, 1890 - December 17, 1976) was an American strongman, circus performer, weightlifter and police officer. He was a co-founder of the American Continental Weightlifting Association, and the author of a book about strength athletics.

Strongman
Strongman is a competitive strength sport that tests athletes' physical strength and endurance through a variety of heavy lifts and events. Strongman competitions are known for their intensity, pushing athletes to their physical and mental limits. In modern strongman, athletes compete to score points based on their relative position in an event. An athlete who engages in the sport of strongman is also called a 'strongman'. They are often regarded as some of the strongest men of the world.
Burn It Down (band)
Burn It Down was an American metalcore band from Indianapolis, Indiana, whose album, Let the Dead Bury the Dead, was released in 2000 on Escape Artist Records. Produced by Ed Rose (The Get Up Kids, Coalesce), the album garnered a 4 "K" review in Kerrang! and a 4/5 in Alternative Press. It followed two EPs and a split CD with Racetraitor. Burn It Down toured with Shadows Fall, In Flames, Dillinger Escape Plan and Zao before disbanding. They played their final show at the 2001 Hellfest and a reunion show in 2005.

Ryan J. Downey has reported for MTV, MSNBC, Alternative Press, AllMusic and other outlets; and manages bands and producers. John Zeps owns music stores and plays in several bands. Jason McCash was in the doom metal band, The Gates Of Slumber before his death in 2014. "Iron" Brian "Bob" Fouts continued to record and tour with several bands (Apostle of Solitude, Nachtmystium) and produced / engineered, as well, until his death in 2020.

Coalesce (band)
Coalesce is an American metalcore band formed in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1994. They are considered pioneers of mathcore and were known for its aggressive style of music and reckless live shows. The band broke up in 2010 and has performed several reunion shows since then.
Weston Fulton
Weston Miller Fulton (August 3, 1871 – May 16, 1946) was an American meteorologist, inventor, and entrepreneur, best known for his invention, the "sylphon," a seamless metal bellows used in thermostats, switches, and other temperature-control devices.    Fulton also invented an automatic river gauge while working for the U.S. Weather Bureau, and played a primary role in the development of the depth charge during World War I.  His company, now called Fulton Bellows after numerous ownership changes, still operates in Knoxville, as part of the United Flexible Group, which acquired it in 2016.

Metal bellows
Metal bellows are elastic vessels that can be compressed when pressure is applied to the outside of the vessel, or extended under vacuum. When the pressure or vacuum is released, the bellows will return to its original shape, provided the material has not been stressed past its yield strength. They are used both for their ability to deform under pressure and to provide a hermetic seal that allows movement.

Precision bellows technology of the 20th and 21st century is centered on metal bellows with less demanding applications using ones made of rubber and plastic. These products bear little resemblance to the original leather bellows used traditionally in fireplaces and forges.
1844 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1844 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 8, 1844.

Incumbent Democratic Governor Thomas W. Bartley did not run for re-election.

Bartley's father, Whig nominee Mordecai Bartley, defeated Democratic nominee David Tod and Liberty nominee Leicester King.

Governor of Ohio
The governor of Ohio is the head of government of Ohio and the commander-in-chief of the U.S. state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Ohio General Assembly, the power to convene and adjourn the legislature, and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

The current governor is Mike DeWine, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 14, 2019 following the 2018 Ohio gubernatorial election. He was re-elected to a second term in 2022.
2023 in paleomammalogy
This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind described during the year 2023, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals which occurred in  2023.

Cf.
The abbreviation cf. (for Latin confer or conferatur, both meaning 'compare') is generally used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed. Different style guides offer differing advice.

In Italian, the abbreviation "cfr." (confronta, 'confront') is more common than "cf."
Tom Daly (catcher)
Thomas Daniel Daly (December 12, 1891 – November 7, 1946) was a Canadian Major League Baseball player and coach. He was a catcher for the Chicago White Sox (1913–15), Cleveland Indians (1916) and Chicago Cubs (1918–21).

Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Daly played eight seasons in the major leagues, appearing in 244 games, and had 540 at-bats, 49 runs, 129 hits, 17 doubles, 3 triples, 55 RBI, 5 stolen bases, 25 walks, a .239 batting average, .274 on-base percentage, a .281 slugging percentage, 152 total bases and 8 sacrifice hits.

After his major league career, he managed the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League for the early part of the 1932 season. He was a Boston Red Sox coach for 14 seasons (1933–46), the longest consecutive-year coaching tenure in Bosox history.

Daly died in Medford, Massachusetts at the age of 54 from colon cancer.

Medford, Massachusetts
Medford is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. At the time of the 2020 United States census, Medford's population was 59,659. It is home to Tufts University, which has its campus on both sides of the Medford and Somerville border.
Shchetinin
Shchetinin (Russian: Щетинин) was the first Russian aviation company. It was founded in St. Petersburg in 1910 under the name Pervoye Rossiyskoye Tovarishchestvo Vozdukhoplavaniya S. S. Shchetinin i Ko (First Russian Aeronautical Company S. S. Shchetinin and Co.). The company was led by the famous pilot S. S. Shchetinin and the lead designer was Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich. The company focused mainly on a series of flying boats, which initially were modeled after the American aircraft Curtiss Model K. A lengthy series of aircraft, starting with the designation letter "M" (Marine) followed. Famous aircraft were the M-5, M-9, M-11/M-12, M-15, M-16 and M-24/M-24bis.

Dmitry Grigorovich (engineer)
Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich (Ukrainian: Дмитро Павлович Григорович, Russian: Дмитрий Павлович Григорович) (born in Kiev, Russian Empire, now Ukraine, 25 January (6 February) 1883, died 26 July 1938 in Moscow) was a Ukrainian, Russian, and Soviet aircraft designer of a number of planes under the Grigorovich name. He died in 1938 from cancer.
Bonndorf im Schwarzwald
Bonndorf im Schwarzwald (German pronunciation: [ˈbɔndɔʁf ʔɪm ˈʃvaʁtsvalt], lit. 'Bonndorf in the Black Forest') is a town in the Waldshut district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated in the southern Black Forest, 14 km southeast of Titisee-Neustadt.

It comprises the villages Boll, Brunnadern, Dillendorf, Ebnet, Gündelwangen, Holzschlag, Wellendingen and Wittlekofen. The town is well known for its Fastnacht festival held on the days before Ash Wednesday. Wellendingen has its Frogs in the parade. Also in the town is a castle, the Japanese Gardens, and a dedicated museum to Fastnacht festives in the area. In Boll is the Wutach Gorge which runs into the Rhine.

Titisee-Neustadt
Titisee-Neustadt (German pronunciation: [ˌtɪtizeːˈnɔʏʃtat] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is made up of the six Stadtteile (quarters) of Neustadt, Langenordnach, Rudenberg, Titisee, Schwärzenbach and Waldau.

The town of Neustadt is a spa known for its Kneipp hydrotherapeutic and curative methods. Furthermore, it is a winter sport center.
Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev II
Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev II, billed as The Rematch, was a professional boxing match contested on June 17, 2017, for the unified WBA, IBF, WBO and vacant The Ring magazine light heavyweight championship.

Andre Ward won by an 8th round TKO. The bout was held in Las Vegas, Nevada and was televised on HBO Pay-per-view.

Sergey Kovalev
Sergey Alexandrovich Kovalev (Kovalyov) (Russian: Сергей Александрович Ковалёв; born 2 April 1983) is a Russian former professional boxer who competed from 2009 to 2025. He held multiple light-heavyweight world championships, including the WBA (Undisputed) and IBF titles from 2014 to 2016, and the WBO title three times between 2013 and 2019. Nicknamed the "Krusher", Kovalev is particularly known for his exceptional punching power, although he describes himself as "just a regular boxer".

In November 2019, Kovalev was ranked as the world's second-best light-heavyweight by The Ring magazine, third by BoxRec, and fourth by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board. In 2014, The Ring named him its Fighter of the Year.
Patrick Doreian
Patrick Doreian is an American mathematician and social scientist, whose specialty is network analysis. His specific research interests include blockmodeling, social structure and network processes.

Doreian, professor emeritus from the University of Pittsburgh in sociology and statistics, was during his research career focused on social network research, especially regarding temporal networks, scientific collaboration, partitioning networks, signed networks, network autocorrelation and the US Supreme Court. He was also an (co)editor of The Journal of Mathematical Sociology (1982–2005) and Social Networks (2006–2015).

He was also a Centennial professor at the London School of Economics (2002) and a visiting professor at the University of California-Irvine and the University of Ljubljana.

University of Ljubljana
The University of Ljubljana (Slovene: Univerza v Ljubljani, pronounced [uniʋɛ́ːɾza w ljubljàːni], Latin: Universitas Labacensis), abbreviated UL, is the oldest and largest university in Slovenia. It has approximately 38,000 enrolled students. The university has 23 faculties and three art academies with approximately 4,000 teaching and research staff, assisted by approximately 2,000 technical and administrative staff. The University of Ljubljana offers programs in the humanities, sciences, and technology, as well as in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science.

The university was founded in the centre of Ljubljana, where the central university building and the majority of its faculties are located. Since then, newer buildings have been constructed in the suburbs of the city.
Nostra Signora di Tergu
Nostra Signora di Tergu is a parish church in Tergu, province of Sassari, Sardinia, Italy. One of the most outstanding examples of Romanesque architecture in the island, the church and the remains of the annexed abbey are located in a countryside area outside the village.

The construction of the church is attributed to the Giudice of Torres Marianus I, who reigned from 1065 to 1082. In 1122 it was a possession of the abbey of Montecassino. It is mentioned in the Pseudocondaghe of Santa Maria di Tergu as having been consecrated in 1117, and built by workers from Pisa and Lombardy. In 1444 the church and the monastery became part of the archdiocese of Torres.

Judicate of Logudoro
The Judicate of Logudoro or Torres (Sardinian: Judicadu de Logudoro or Torres, Rennu de Logudoro or Logu de Torres) was one of the four kingdoms or iudicati into which Sardinia was divided during the Middle Ages. It occupied the northwest part of the island from the 11th through the 13th century, bordering the Gallura to the east, Arborea to the south, and Cagliari to the southeast. Its original capital was Porto Torres. The region is still called Logudoro today.

Logudoro was the largest and earliest of the iudicati but also the second to be subsumed by a foreign power. It was divided into twenty curatoriae, ruled by curatores.
Photocurrent
Photocurrent is the electric current through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.  The photocurrent may occur as a result of the photoelectric, photoemissive, or photovoltaic effect.  The photocurrent may be enhanced by internal gain caused by interaction among ions and photons under the influence of applied fields, such as occurs in an avalanche photodiode (APD).

When a suitable radiation is used, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to intensity of radiation and increases with the increase in accelerating potential till the stage is reached when photo-current becomes maximum and does not increase with further increase in accelerating potential. The highest (maximum) value of the photo-current is called saturation current. The value of retarding potential at which photo-current becomes zero is called cut-off voltage or stopping potential for the given frequency of the incident ray.

Photosensitivity
In medicine, photosensitivity is an abnormal reaction of the skin to light. There are two types: photoallergy and phototoxicity. The photosensitive ganglion cells in the mammalian eye are a separate class of light-detecting cells from the photoreceptor cells that function in vision.
Harmattan
The Harmattan is a season in West Africa that occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by a dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind, of the same name, which blows from the Sahara over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. The name is related to the word haramata in the Twi language. The temperature is cold usually at night but can be very hot in certain places during the day. Generally, temperature differences can depend on local circumstances.

The Harmattan blows during the dry season, which occurs during the months with the lowest sun. In this season, the subtropical ridge of high pressure stays over the central Sahara and the low-pressure Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) stays over the Gulf of Guinea. On its passage over the Sahara, the Harmattan picks up fine dust and sand particles (between 0.5 and 10 micrometres). It is also known as the "doctor wind", because of its invigorating dryness compared with oppressive humid tropical air.

Intertropical Convergence Zone
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ /ɪtʃ/ ITCH, or ICZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal equator, though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies near the geographic equator, it is called the near-equatorial trough. Where the ITCZ is drawn into and merges with a monsoonal circulation, it is sometimes referred to as a monsoon trough (a usage that is more common in Australia and parts of Asia).
Aarhus Sejlklub
Aarhus Sejlklub (Aarhus Sailing Club) is one of the oldest yacht clubs in Denmark. It was established in 1879 in Aarhus, Central Denmark Region and is based out of the Aarhus Docklands. Aarhus Sejlklub is in the premiere division of the Danish League of Sail Sports and is a member of Sailing Aarhus which has hosted the ISAF Sailing World Championships in 2018.

Aarhus Sejlklub maintains a fleet of Optimists and 49ers sailing in the Bay of Aarhus and Kalø Vig. The club also runs a school with instructors teaching a range of different disciplines for both youth and adults, leisure or professional sports. Aarhus Sejlklub has been a member of Danish Sailing Association since 1922.

Optimist (dinghy)
The Optimist, also known as Opti, is a small, single-handed sailing dinghy intended for use by young people up to the age of 15.

The Optimist is one of the two most popular sailing dinghies in the world, with over 150,000 boats officially registered with the class and many more built but never registered. It is sailed in over 120 countries and it is one of only two sailboats as an International Class by World Sailing exclusively for sailors under 16.
United States enterprise law
United States enterprise law is the body of law concerning networks, platforms, utilities, public services (also NPU law) and the regulation of other enterprises or business entities. It is based on federal statutes, state statutes, and case law, that seek to guarantee human rights, particularly economic and social rights.

Hill–Burton Act
The Hospital Survey and Construction Act (Pub. L. 79–725, 60 Stat. 1040, enacted July 13, 1946), commonly known as the Hill–Burton Act, is a U.S. federal law passed in 1946, during the 79th United States Congress. It was sponsored by Senator Harold Burton of Ohio and Senator Lister Hill of Alabama.