hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Applied Physics Express
Applied Physics Express or APEX is a scientific journal publishing letters, with usually no more than three pages per (concise) article. The main purpose is to rapidly publish original, timely, and novel research papers in applied physics. As part of its aim, the journal intends for papers to be novel research that has a strong impact on relevant fields and society. It is notable that the journal considers satisfaction of this criterion as showing the paper merits priority handling in the review and publication processes. In keeping with this aim, its issues are published online on a weekly basis. The print version is published monthly.

The journal is the successor of Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 2, i.e.,  the letter and express letter sections.

Applied physics
Applied physics is the application of physics to solve scientific or engineering problems. It is usually considered a bridge or a connection between physics and engineering.
"Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors, such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of the relationship to the technology or science that may be affected by the work. Applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilization of scientific principles in practical devices and systems and with the application of physics in other areas of science and high technology.
Shane Frith
Shane Frith is a New Zealand politician and political activist. He is director of the Brussels-based think tank New Direction. He was director of Progressive Vision, a classical liberal think tank in London, and managing director of the Stockholm Network, an international network of classical liberal think tanks.

In his native New Zealand, Frith was president of the Young Nationals from 1991 to 1995. Firth contested the Otara electorate in 1993. In 1996, he ran for Parliament in Auckland Central for the National Party in the 1996 general election, finishing third, behind Judith Tizard and Sandra Lee-Vercoe. Frith was chairman of the International Young Democrat Union from 2002 to 2004.

International Young Democrat Union
The International Young Democrat Union (IYDU) is a global alliance of center-right political youth organizations and the youth wing of the International Democracy Union.

The IYDU in its current form was founded in March 1991 in Washington, D.C.  A previous organization of the same name had been established in July 1981, also in Washington, but subsequently ceased to exist.

The IYDU fights for conservative and free-market policies worldwide.

IYDU host a number of events for member organisations each year including a Freedom Forum (mid-year), an annual Council Meeting, and overseas study visits.

Following almost 6 years of the IYDU being split over differences in the interpretation of the IYDU constitution, the International Young Democrat Union Joint Council Meeting elected an unified IYDU Board in Brussels on 21 October 2017.
2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy
The 2001 Cheltenham and Gloucester Trophy was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 1 May and 1 September 2001. It was the first Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy following its change of name from the NatWest Trophy, with new sponsors Cheltenham & Gloucester plc.  The tournament was won by Somerset who defeated Leicesterhire by 41 runs in the final at Lord's.

Limited overs cricket
Limited overs cricket, also known as white ball cricket, is a version of the sport of cricket in which a match is generally completed within one day. There are a number of formats, including List A cricket (8-hour games), Twenty20 cricket (3-hour games), , 100-ball cricket (2.5 hours) and T10 cricket (1.5 hour games). The name reflects the rule that in the match each team bowls a set maximum number of overs (sets of 6 legal balls), usually between 20 and 50, although shorter and longer forms of limited overs cricket have been played.

The concept contrasts with Test and first-class matches, which can take up to five days to complete. One-day cricket is popular with spectators as it can encourage aggressive, risky, entertaining batting, often results in cliffhanger endings, and ensures that a spectator can watch an entire match without committing to five days of continuous attendance.
Two to Go
"Two to Go" is the 21st episode of season 6 of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on May 21, 2002 on UPN. The name of the episode is a reference to the previous one, which ends with Willow saying "One down" after killing Warren. Despite having died, Tara Maclay remains in brief scenes that are part of the opening credits.

This episode, and its second part, "Grave", were shown, back-to-back, as a two-hour feature on its original airing in both the United States and United Kingdom – consequently, the presentation of this episode on DVD includes credits such as "Grave" Written by...

Joss Whedon wanted to keep Anthony Stewart Head's appearance in this episode a surprise, and thus left him off of the main cast list; Head is listed as a 'special guest' in the closing credits. Whedon also does this in Angel for Julie Benz in "To Shanshu in L.A.", Eliza Dushku in "Judgment", Juliet Landau in "The Trial" and Alyson Hannigan in "There's No Place Like Plrtz Glrb".

Julie Benz
Julie Benz (born May 1, 1972) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Darla on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel (1997–2004), and as Rita Bennett on Dexter (2006–2010), for which she won the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress and the 2009 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Benz had starring roles on Training Day (2017), Defiance (2013–2015), No Ordinary Family (2010–2011) and also had recurring roles in the television series Roswell (1999–2000), A Gifted Man (2011–2012), Hawaii Five-0 (2015–2017), Desperate Housewives, and Love, Victor (2021).

Her film credits include Jawbreaker (1999), The Brothers (2001), Rambo (2008), Saw V (2008), Punisher: War Zone (2008), and The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009).
Mohammad Ebrahim Ansari
Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Ebrahim Ansari  (Arabic:  محمد إبراهيم الأنصاري) (1936 – February 19, 2011) was an Iraqi Twelver Shi'a Marja.

He has studied in seminaries of Najaf, Iraq under Grand Ayatollah Abul-Qassim Khoei, Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, and Muhsin al-Hakim.

Najaf
Najaf is the capital city of the eponymous Najaf Governorate in central Iraq, about 160 km (99 mi) south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2024 was about 1.41 million people. It is widely considered amongst the holiest cities of Shia Islam and one of its spiritual capitals, as well as the center of Shia political power in Iraq.

It is the burial place of Muhammad's son in law and cousin, ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib, and thus a major pilgrimage destination for Shia Muslims. The largest cemetery in the world (Wadi-us-Salaam) and the oldest Shi'a Islamic seminary in the world (Hawza of Najaf) are located in Najaf.
Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency
Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency was a former Lok Sabha constituency in Mysore State (Karnataka from 1952 to 1956).  This seat came into existence in 1951 and ceased to exist in 1956, before 1957 Lok Sabha Elections. This constituency was later merged with Hassan Lok Sabha constituency and later got spitted to Hassan and Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituencies during 1967 Lok Sabha Elections. Major portion of Chikmagalur district got merged to Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency with the implementation of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.

Mysore State
Mysore State, colloquially Old Mysore, was a political territory within the Dominion of India and the subsequent Republic of India from 1947 until 1956. The state was formed by renaming the Kingdom of Mysore, and Bangalore replaced Mysore as the state's capital when Parliament passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956. Mysore State was considerably enlarged when it became a linguistically homogeneous Kannada-speaking state within the Republic of India by incorporating territories from Andhra, Bombay, Coorg, Hyderabad, and Madras States, as well as other petty fiefdoms. It was subsequently renamed Karnataka in 1973.
Eleocharis torticulmis
Eleocharis torticulmis is a rare species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names twisted spikerush and twist-stem spikerush. It is endemic to Plumas County, California, where it is known from two locations within a kilometer of each other in the Butterfly Valley Botanical Area. It grows in open wet habitat such as fens and meadows. It was separated from Eleocharis suksdorfiana and described to science as a new species in 2001.

This perennial spikerush grows from a tiny rhizome and a small, hard caudex. It produces a tuft of erect stems 20 to 40 centimeters tall. Each stem is spirally twisted and contracted near the tip, becoming somewhat flattened. The spikelet is under a centimeter long and contains up to 10 tiny flowers.

Caudex
A caudex (pl.: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.

In the strict sense of the term, meaning a stem, "caudex" is most often used with plants that have a different stem morphology from the typical angiosperm dicotyledon stem; examples include palms, ferns, and cycads. The largest of all caudices is that of the ombu (Phytolacca dioica) of the Pampas of South America, which can reach up to 14 metres girth.

The related term caudiciform, literally meaning stem-like, is sometimes used to mean pachycaul, thick-stemmed. Caudices should not be confused with lignotubers which can also be very large.
Robotech: Battlecry
Robotech: Battlecry is a 2002 video game set in the Robotech universe, the first video game successfully released for the franchise. It was developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by the now-defunct TDK Mediactive, in association with Harmony Gold USA. With a story focused on new characters created for the game and with guest appearances of main characters Rick Hunter, Roy Fokker, Lisa Hayes and a part of one in-game mission directly centered on Lynn Minmei, it somewhat follows the Robotech continuum.

Harmony Gold USA
Harmony Gold USA, Inc. is an American film and television production company. It was founded in 1983 by Egyptian-born Frank Agrama and is managed by his daughter, Jehan F. Agrama.

In 1976, Agrama sold broadcast rights from Paramount Pictures to the Mediaset media conglomerate.  It is best known as the distributor of the Shaka Zulu miniseries and for various anime series, notably Robotech.

The company worked closely with Intersound, a Los Angeles–based post-production recording studio, managed by Frank's son, Ahmed Agrama. They were responsible for partially dubbing Dragon Ball, Magical Princess Minky Momo and Dr. Slump before going out of business in 2006.

In addition to its distribution and production interests, Harmony Gold manages several real estate properties in the Southern California area. They also operate a screening room in Los Angeles.
Coliban Water
Coliban Water is a regional water corporation in Victoria, Australia, established on 1 July 1992. It manages, maintains and operates more than 50 reservoirs and water storage basins across North-Central Victoria.

The service area includes 55 towns, of which the Greater City of Bendigo is the largest. The region serviced by Coliban Water extends from Cohuna and Echuca in the north to Kyneton and Trentham in the south. The western boundary incorporates Boort, Wedderburn, Bealiba and Dunolly, with Heathcote and Tooborac to the east.

Coliban Water's head office is located in Bendigo.

Heathcote, Victoria
Heathcote (/ˈhiːθkət/) is a town in central Victoria, Australia, situated on the Northern Highway 110 kilometres north of Melbourne and 40 kilometres south-east of Bendigo via the McIvor Highway. Heathcote's local government area is the City of Greater Bendigo, and it is part of the federal electorate of Bendigo and the state electorate of Euroa. At the 2021 census, Heathcote had a population of 2,962, while the estimated resident population of the wider region in 2024 was 5,329.
PTX3
Pentraxin-related protein PTX3 also known as TNF-inducible gene 14 protein (TSG-14) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTX3 gene.

Pentraxin 3 (ptx3) is a member of the pentraxin superfamily. This super family characterized by cyclic multimeric structure.
PTX3 is rapidly produced and released by several cell types, in particular by mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), fibroblasts and endothelial cells in response to primary inflammatory signals [e.g., toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, TNFα, IL-1β]. PTX3 binds with high affinity to the complement component C1q, the extracellular matrix component TNFα induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6; also called TNF-stimulated gene 6, TSG-6) and selected microorganisms, including Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PTX3 activates the classical pathway of complement activation and facilitates pathogen recognition by macrophages and DCs.

Endothelium
The endothelium (pl.: endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells whereas those in direct contact with lymph are known as lymphatic endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries.

These cells have unique functions that include fluid filtration, such as in the glomerulus of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone trafficking. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers is called endocardium. An impaired function can lead to serious health issues throughout the body.
National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)
The National Courtesy Campaign was a campaign launched in June 1979 by the Ministry of Culture of Singapore as a means of encouraging Singaporeans to be kinder and more considerate to each other, so as to create a pleasant social environment.

The courtesy campaign was to be an annual effort by the government to encourage the people to adopt a more courteous attitude and lifestyle. It was seen as a means of ensuring a smooth transition to a new Singapore which would be densely populated, where people lived and worked in high rise towns, offices and factories, while travelling in crowded buses and lifts.

In 1997, the campaign was subsumed by the Singapore Kindness Movement.

Ministry of Digital Development and Information
1°17′26.61″N 103°50′53.31″E﻿ / ﻿1.2907250°N 103.8481417°E﻿ / 1.2907250; 103.8481417
The Ministry of Digital Development and Information (MDDI; Malay: Kementerian Penerangan dan Pembangunan Digital; Chinese: 数码发展及新闻部; Tamil: தகவல், மின்னிலக்க மேம்பாட்டு அமைச்சு) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore responsible
for overseeing the development of the infocomm technology, media and design sectors, as well as the government's information and public communication policies. It is also responsible for maintaining the national library, national archives and public libraries.
Zasyadko coal mine
Zasyadko Mine (Ukrainian: Шахта ім. Засядька, Russian: Шахта им. А. Ф. Засядько) is a coal mining company in Ukraine's eastern city of Donetsk. Following the start of the War in Donbas in 2014 the mine became situated in territory controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic.

The manager and alleged owner of the company is Yukhym Zvyahilsky, influential businessman and politician within the Party of Regions. Along with its economic, technological and political importance, the company, namely its coal mine, is infamous for being the site of repeated mining accidents with numerous fatalities. The deadliest disaster, the worst in Ukraine’s history, happened on November 18, 2007, killing 101 miners.

Mining accident
A mining accident is an accident that occurs during the process of mining minerals or metals. Thousands of miners die from mining accidents each year, especially from underground coal mining, although accidents also occur in hard rock mining.  Coal mining is considered much more hazardous than hard rock mining due to flat-lying rock strata, generally incompetent rock, the presence of methane gas, and coal dust. Most of the deaths these days occur in developing countries, and rural parts of developed countries where safety measures are not practiced as fully.  A mining disaster is an incident where there are five or more fatalities.
Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes
In mathematics, particularly in number theory, Hillel Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes is a topological proof that the integers contain infinitely many prime numbers.  When examined closely, the proof is less a statement about topology than a statement about certain properties of arithmetic sequences.  Unlike Euclid's classical proof, Furstenberg's proof is a proof by contradiction.  The proof was published in 1955 in the American Mathematical Monthly while he was still an undergraduate student at Yeshiva University.

Union (set theory)
In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection. It is one of the fundamental operations through which sets can be combined and related to each other. 
A nullary union refers to a union of zero (⁠⁠) sets and it is by definition equal to the empty set.

For explanation of the symbols used in this article, refer to the table of mathematical symbols.
Behind Bars (Slick Rick album)
Behind Bars is the third studio album by the British-American rapper Slick Rick, released in 1994 on Def Jam Recordings.

Behind Bars peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200, and number 11 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album spawned two singles, "Behind Bars" and "Sittin' in My Car", which made it to number 12 and number 11 on the Hot Rap Singles, respectively.

Def Jam Recordings
Def Jam Recordings (also simply known as Def Jam) is an American multinational record label owned by Universal Music Group. It is based in Manhattan, New York City, specializing predominantly in hip-hop, contemporary R&B, soul and pop.

The label has a London-based, UK arm known as 0207 Def Jam (formerly Def Jam UK in the 1990s until the mid-2000s) and is currently operated through EMI Records. It has a Johannesburg, South Africa and Lagos, Nigeria-based arm known as Def Jam Africa.
Drugi próg życia
Drugi próg życia (The Second Threshold of Life) is an anthology of Polish science fiction stories, published by Nasza Księgarnia in 1980. It features stories that were originally published in the magazine Młody Technik from 1956 to 1978. The selection was made by Zbigniew Przyrowski, the magazine's editor-in-chief, while Tomasz Borowski designed the book's graphics.

Przyrowski's selection followed several criteria: only works that hadn't appeared in earlier anthologies by the publisher (Posłanie z piątej planety from 1964 and Wołanie na Mlecznej Drodze from 1976) were included, with a rule of "one author – one story". He also aimed to present a diverse range of themes within the anthology.

Nasza Księgarnia
Nasza Księgarnia (Our Bookstore) is the oldest publisher of children's books in Poland. Located in Warsaw, the company currently has 40 employees and an annual turnover of $11.03 million. It publishes numerous children's and educational books in the Polish language and those books have been recommended as among the best of the best... picture, children's and youth books" by the Internationale Jugendbibliothek.  Beginning in 2016 it has been publishing board games.
2009 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship
The 2009 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship was the 12th edition of the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. The cities of Rhodes and Ialysos, in Greece, hosted the tournament. Greece won their second title.

Israel and Belgium were relegated to Division B.

Rhodes (city)
Rhodes (/roʊdz/ ⓘ; Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos [ˈroðos]) is the principal city and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It has a population of approximately 56,000 with nearly 90,000 in its metropolitan area. Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The citadel of Rhodes, built by the Hospitallers, is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe. The Medieval city is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Today, the city of Rhodes is an important Greek urban center and popular international tourist destination.
1967 Targa Florio
The 51° Targa Florio was a motor race which took place on 14 May 1967, on the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, Sicily (Italy). The race, which open to Prototypes, Sports Cars and Grand Touring Cars, was the fifth round of both the 1967 International Championship for Sports-Prototypes and the 1967 International Championship for Sports Cars.

The race was won by Paul Hawkins and Rolf Stommelen driving a Porsche 910/8 for Porsche System Engineering.

Group 4 (motorsport)
Group 4 referred to regulations for sportscars and grand touring (GT) cars used in racing and rallying, as regulated by the FIA. The group was introduced in 1954 and was replaced by Group B for the 1982 season.
2017 WAC men's soccer tournament
The 2017 WAC men's soccer tournament was the 10th edition of the tournament. It determined the Western Athletic Conference's automatic berth into the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship. The defending champions were the UNLV Rebels.

Seattle U won their third WAC title, defeating San Jose State, 2-1 in the championship game. With the win, Seattle U surpassed UNLV and Fresno State with the most WAC Tournament titles. With the berth, Seattle U earned an automatic bid into the NCAA Tournament. There, they upset city-rivals, Washington, in the first round, before falling to Akron in the second round.

Washington Huskies men's soccer
The Washington Huskies men's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of Washington. The team is a member of the Big Ten Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

The team was formed in 1962, winning in their NCAA debut v the University of Victoria, 2–0. Washington finished the season with a 2–1 record.

Washington won their first NCAA national title in 2025 after defeating NC State 3–2 with a golden goal by Harrison Bertos.
Calcium malate
Calcium malate is a compound with formula Ca(C2H4O(COO)2). It is the calcium salt of malic acid.  As a food additive, it has the E number E352.

Calcium malate occurs naturally in maple sap, but is filtered out in the production of maple syrup.

It is related to, but different from, calcium citrate malate.

E number
E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods, such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU): 27  and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The fact that an additive has an E number implies that its use was at one time permitted in products for sale in the European Single Market; some of these additives are no longer allowed today.

Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962 with food colouring. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added; In 1970 antioxidants were added; In 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents were added as well.