hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chahargah (mode)
Dastgāh-e Chahārgāh  (Persian: دستگاه چهارگاه; Azerbaijani: Çahargah) is a musical modal system in traditional mugham music and one of the seven Dastgāhs of Persian Music. Classically, Persian Music is organized into seven Dastgāhs and five Āvāzes, however from a merely technical point of view, one can consider them as an ensemble of 12 Dastgāhs.

This is the fifth and the longest mode according to the amount of sounds. It consists of eleven membranes.

Three tetra-chords are amalgamated with two methods. The first and the second tetra-chords are amalgamated with the first method. The second and the third tetra-chords are amalgamated with different method. Tetra-chords are 0.5+1.5+0.5 tone structural. Chahargah mode is represented in two kinds in Uzeyir Hajibeyov’s composition. It creates at listener excitement and passion.

Subgenres of Chahargah are: Bardasht, Maye, Bali-Kabutar, Djovhari, Basta-Nigar, Hisar, Mualif, Garra, Mukhalif, Ouj Mukhalif, Maghlub, Mansuriyya, Uzzal.

Sound
Sound is a phenomenon in which pressure disturbances propagate through a transmission medium. In the context of physics, it is characterised as a mechanical wave of pressure or related quantities (e.g. displacement), whereas in physiological-psychological contexts it refers to the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. Though sensitivity to sound varies among all organisms, the human ear is sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Examples of the significance and application of sound include music, medical imaging techniques, oral language and parts of science.
Trinity College London ESOL
Trinity College London ESOL is an international English Language examinations board delivering assessments in English language learning and teaching and has been offering English language examinations since 1938. Trinity College London's exams are taken by over 850,000 candidates in over 60 countries each year.

Language certificates offered include English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) for non-native speakers of English (learning) and Teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) for teachers of non-native speakers of English (teaching). Trinity College London provides the following examinations:

Trinity College London
Trinity College London (TCL) is an examination board based in London, United Kingdom which offers graded and diploma qualifications across a range of disciplines in the performing arts and English language learning and teaching. Trinity College London has examined over 850,000 candidates in more than 60 countries worldwide. It is a registered charity in England, Wales and Scotland, and its Patron is HRH The Duke of Kent.
Pesenka
"Pesenka" (Russian: Песенка, IPA: [ˈpʲesʲɪnkə], lit. 'little song'), sometimes known as "Pesenka (La La La)", is a song by the Russian pop–dance–techno group Ruki Vverh! (Руки Вверх!, 'Hands Up!'). The song, with lyrics in Russian and music by band members Sergey Zhukov and Aleksey Potekhin, appears in the band's 1998 album Sdelai pogromche! (Сделай погромче!, 'Make it a little louder!'). Lisa Rodnyanskaya is the vocalist.

Aleksey Potekhin
Aleksey Yevgenevich Potekhin (Russian: Алексей Евгеньевич Потехин; born 15 April 1972) is a Russian pop musician. Alongside Sergey Zhukov, Potekhin was a member of the successful pop/techno band Hands Up! until it dissolved in 2006.
Abdelkrim Motii
Abdelkrim Motii (Arabic: عبد الكريم المطيع; born 25 November 1935 in Ben Ahmed) is the co-founder with Kamal Ibrahim of Chabiba islamia ("Islamic Youth") in 1969.

After being accused of implication in the December 18, 1975, assassination of Omar Benjelloun a leftist leader and journalist, Motii fled to Saudi Arabia where he was involved in the 1979 Grand Mosque seizure in Mecca. He subsequently fled again to Libya where he is believed to live now in exile. He has since adopted a much more moderate attitude, and declared that he is ready to go back to Morocco if he is offered enough guarantees.

Ben Ahmed
Ben Ahmed (Moroccan Arabic: بن أحمد) is a city in Settat Province, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco. According to the 2014 census it has a population of 31,846.  The city is located between Berrechid and Khouribga, about 39 km from each of them. It is also 40 km from Settat and around 70 km from Casablanca.

In the 1950s, Samuel-Daniel Levy and the Council of Jewish Communities of Morocco established the Sanatorium Israélite Ben Ahmed, a sanatorium dedicated to Jewish patients with tuberculosis in Ben Ahmed.
Stalcup
Stalcup is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Apryll Stalcup, Irish chemist

Clyde Stalcup Bloomfield (1936–2011), baseball player

Jack Staulcup, founder of the Jack Stalcup Orchestra

Jerry Stalcup (1938–2025), American football player

Mary Stalcup Markward (1922–1972), American FBI agent

Wilbur Stalcup (1910–1972), American basketball coach and college athletics administrator

Mary Stalcup Markward
Mary R. Stalcup Markward (February 10, 1922 – November 23, 1972) was for seven years a member of the Washington, DC "District Communist Party" as director of the party's membership. She was actually working undercover for the FBI.
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (English: North Bengal Agricultural University) is a public state agricultural university in Pundibari about 11 km north-west of Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. It offers degree courses in Agricultural Engineering, Agriculture and Horticulture. It was established in 2001 by an Act of the West Bengal legislature.

Agricultural engineering
Agricultural engineering, also known as agricultural and biosystems engineering, is the field of study and application of engineering science and designs principles for agriculture purposes, combining the various disciplines of mechanical, civil, electrical, food science, environmental, software, and chemical engineering to improve the efficiency of farms and agribusiness enterprises as well as to ensure sustainability of natural and renewable resources.

An agricultural engineer is an engineer with an agriculture background. Agricultural engineers make the engineering designs and plans in an agricultural project, usually in partnership with an agriculturist who is more proficient in farming and agricultural science.
Ebrahim Nabavi
Seyyed Ebrahim Nabavi (Persian: سید ابراهیم نبوی; 13 November 1958 – 15 January 2025) was an Iranian satirist, writer, diarist and researcher. He contributed to the news website Gooya and the online newspaper Rooz, and had a satirical program for the website and broadcasts on the Amsterdam based Radio Zamaneh.

Gooya
Gooya (Persian: گویا) is a Persian-language website started by Belgium-based journalist Farshad Bayan in 1998.

At that time, there were a few Iran-related websites and most Persian media did not have online editions.

Gooya started its own independent news section, Gooya News, a few years later.
Gage County Courthouse
Gage County Courthouse is a historic courthouse for Gage County, Nebraska at 612 Grant Street in the county seat Beatrice, Nebraska.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1990.

The building was designed by Gunn and Curtiss (Frederick C. Gunn and Louis Singleton Curtiss) and M.T. Murphy was the building contractor. It was built from 1890 until 1892 in a Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style. It was renovated in 2008.

Gage County, Nebraska
Gage County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,704, and was estimated to be 21,687 in 2024. The county seat and the largest city is Beatrice.

Gage County comprises the Beatrice, NE Micropolitan statistical area, which is also in the Lincoln-Beatrice, NE Combined Statistical Area.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Gage County was represented by the prefix "3" (as it had the third-largest number of vehicles registered in the state when the license plate system was established in 1922).
Jubilee Post, Nugegoda
Jubilee Post (Sinhala: ජුබිලි කණුව) Nugegoda is a commemorative marker, at the intersection of Stanley Thilakarathne Mawatha (B120) and Old Kottawa Road, formerly King George Avenue (B291), recognising the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. The post was initially erected on the road verge but was subsequently relocated to the middle of the intersection. It was moved again in 2020 when the intersection was upgraded.

The post is approximately 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) high and is fixed to a rectangular base, 52 cm (20 in) by 34 cm (13 in) and 26 cm (10 in) tall. The inscriptions on the post are in English and Sinhalese.

It is maintained by the Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Municipal Council, who have painted the post white. On 8 July 2005 it was gazetted as an archaeological protected monument by the government.

Nugegoda
Nugegoda (Sinhala: නුගේගොඩ) is a large, densely populated suburb of Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is located just south of Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte/Maharagama and north-east of Dehiwela Mt. Lavinia. It has a population of over 250,000 people.
Substituted cathinone
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and entactogens, are derivatives of cathinone. They feature a phenethylamine core with an alkyl group attached to the alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the beta carbon, along with additional substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug.

Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, appear to show dramatically reduced potency and efficacy as serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists compared to their non-β-keto-substituted counterparts.

5-HT2A receptor
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and functions as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a cell surface receptor that activates multiple intracellular signalling cascades.
Like all 5-HT2 receptors, the 5-HT2A receptor is coupled to the Gq/G11 signaling pathway. It is the primary excitatory receptor subtype among the serotonin-responsive GPCRs. The 5-HT2A receptor was initially noted for its central role as the primary target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. It later regained research prominence when found to mediate, at least in part, the effects of many antipsychotic drugs, particularly atypical antipsychotics.
World Safari
World Safari is a documentary film released in 1977 made from footage of Alby Mangels and John Field's six-year journey around 56 countries and four continents in the 1970s. Includes a motorcycle trip across Australia, living with Buddhist monks, selling life insurance on the side of the road, and getting lost in a two-cylinder DAF van while crossing the Sahara desert.

Originally titled Happy Go Lucky Highway, World Safari has two sequels, World Safari II: The Final Adventure, released 20 December 1984 (Best Family Film of the Year, 1986 Los Angeles Film Festival) and Escape: World Safari III released 26 December 1988.

LA Film Festival
The LA Film Festival was an annual film festival that was held in Los Angeles, California, and usually took place in June. It showcased independent, international, feature, documentary and short films, as well as web series, music videos, episodic television and panel conversations.

The LA Film Festival was a qualifying festival in all categories for the Independent Spirit Awards, and also a qualifying festival for the short films categories of the Academy Awards.
Bandanaira Airport
Bandanaira Airport (also known as Banda Neira Airport) (IATA: NDA, ICAO: WAPC) is a public airport on  Banda Neira in the Banda Islands of Maluku, Indonesia and one of the smallest airports in the country. The Banda Islands are a popular tourist destination for divers and snorkelers.

Most tourists come between February–May and September–December because that is when the weather is most suitable for snorkeling and diving.

Banda Neira
Banda Neira (also known as Pulau Neira)  is an island in the Banda Islands, Indonesia. It is administered as part of the administrative Banda Islands District (Kecamatan Kepulauan Banda) within the Central Maluku Regency in the province of Maluku. To the south is the main town of the same name, which is the largest town in the archipelago with around 7,000 inhabitants.
Maria Aspman
Maria Elisabeth Aspman (10 March 1865, Stockholm — 4 March 1944, Stockholm) was a Swedish school teacher and  headmistress who became a major contributor to improvements in vocational training for women in the early 20th century. After graduating in natural sciences in 1886, she was principal of Stockholm's Klara Folk High School until 1920. As a result of her efforts to reform women's underwear, she met Karolina Widerström, Sweden's first female physician, with whom she had a close relationship over the next 25 years. As members of the Swedish Dress Reform Association, the two collaborated in stressing the importance of sexual hygiene for young people. From 1920 to 1929, Aspman headed Högre Folkskola för Kvinnlig Utbildning, a folk high school devoted to vocational education for women.

Swedish Dress Reform Association
Swedish Dress Reform Association (Swedish: Svenska drägtreformföreningen) was a Swedish women's association, active from 1886 to 1903.  It was a part of the Victorian dress reform, and worked to reform women's dress toward a more healthy and comfortable style, including abolishing the corset.  The movement attracted a lot of attention and achieved some success during its duration, such as making corsets unfashionable among school girls.
Mel Odom (artist)
Mel Odom (born September 2, 1950) is an American artist who has created book covers for numerous novels, including a number of paperback editions of the novels of Patrick White, the Australian winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, and several books by fantasy author Guy Gavriel Kay such as The Fionavar Tapestry trilogy, Tigana, A Song for Arbonne, and The Lions of Al-Rassan. Dreamer, a collection of his work, with an introduction by Edmund White, was published by Penguin Books in 1984. Odom is also the designer of the Gene Marshall collectible fashion doll.

Guy Gavriel Kay
Guy Gavriel Kay CM (born November 7, 1954) is a Canadian writer of fantasy fiction. The majority of his novels take place in fictional settings that resemble real places during real historical periods, such as Constantinople during the reign of Justinian I or Spain during the time of El Cid. Kay has expressed a preference to avoid genre categorization of these works as historical fantasy. As of 2025, Kay has published 16 novels and a book of poetry. As of 2018, his fiction has been translated into at least 22 languages. Kay is also a qualified lawyer in Canada.
The Bottomless Bag
The Bottomless Bag (Russian: Мешок без дна, romanized: Meshok bez dna) is a 2017 Russian historical drama film directed by Rustam Khamdamov. The film is based on Ryunosuke Akutagawa's 1922 story In a Grove which takes place during the times of Tsar Alexander II.

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
Ryūnosuke Akutagawa (芥川 龍之介, Akutagawa Ryūnosuke; Japanese pronunciation: [ɾʲɯː.no.sɯ̥.ke], 1 March 1892 – 24 July 1927), art name Chōkōdō Shujin (澄江堂主人), was a Japanese writer active in the Taishō period in Japan. He is regarded as the "father of the Japanese short story", and Japan's premier literary award, the Akutagawa Prize, is named after him. He took his own life at the age of 35 through an overdose of barbital.
Mafinga
Mafinga Town Council is one of the five districts of the Iringa Region of Tanzania.

In 2016, the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 74,963 people in the town; this is up from 51,902 in 2012.

Iringa Region
Iringa Region (Mkoa wa Iringa in Swahili)  is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 35,503 km2 (13,708 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Guinea Bissau. Iringa Region is bordered to the east by Morogoro Region and south by Njombe Region. On the west the region is bordered by Mbeya Region. Dodoma Region and Singida Region border Iringa on the north. The regional capital is the city Iringa for which the city is named after. According to the 2022 census, the region has a total population of 1,192,728. Iringa Region is home to Ruaha National Park, Tanzania's second national largest park.
John DeMont
John DeMont is a Canadian writer and journalist from Nova Scotia. Born in Halifax, DeMont has written for several publications in Canada and works as a columnist and senior editor for The Chronicle Herald. His books have twice won the Evelyn Richardson Memorial Non-Fiction Award at the Atlantic Book Awards: in 2010 for Coal Black Heart and in 2018 for The Long Way Home.

McClelland & Stewart
McClelland & Stewart Limited is a Canadian publishing company. It is owned by Penguin Random House of Canada, a branch of Penguin Random House, the international book publishing division of German media giant Bertelsmann.
Auburn Road
Auburn Road can refer to:

Auburn Road (Queensland), a road near Chinchilla, Queensland.

Auburn Road, a 19th-century New York railroad, in 1853 absorbed into the New York Central Railroad.

Auburn Road Vineyards, a winery in New Jersey.

Warrego Highway state-controlled roads
Warrego Highway state-controlled roads presents information about how the Warrego Highway is described for administrative and funding purposes by the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads, and about the state-controlled roads that intersect with it.
Cassia flower bud salad
Cassia flower bud salad (Burmese: မယ်ဇလီဖူးသုပ်; pronounced [mɛ̀zəlì pʰú θoʊʔ]; also known as mezali phu thoke) is a festive Burmese salad traditionally served during the full moon day of Tazaungmon, often as an satuditha offering.

The salad's base ingredients includes freshly picked Siamese cassia flower buds, boiled potatoes, sliced onions, peanuts, sesame seed, garlic, seasoned with salt, oil, sesame seeds, and lemon juice.

A common Burmese tradition during the full moon day of Tazaungmon is for families to pick Siamese cassia flower buds and prepare the buds, either as a salad or a soup. The flower buds are considered to have curative medicinal properties.

Lemon
The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a species of small evergreen tree in the Citrus genus of the flowering plant family Rutaceae. A true lemon is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange. Its origins are uncertain, but some evidence suggests lemons originated during the 1st millennium BC in what is now northeastern India. Some other citrus fruits are called lemon.

The yellow fruit of the lemon tree is used throughout the world, primarily for its juice. The pulp and rind are used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5–6% citric acid, giving it a sour taste. This makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.

In 2024, world production was 23 million tonnes, led by India and Mexico with 31% of the total.
Foil, Missouri
Foil is an unincorporated community in northern Ozark County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately sixteen miles south of Ava on county roads 953 and 955. Wasola is about four miles northeast on Missouri Route 5 and Thornfield approximately three miles southwest on Missouri Route JJ. The community is on the banks of Little Creek, a tributary of Little North Fork White River.

A post office called Foil was in operation between 1909 and 1969. It is unknown why the name "Foil" was applied to this community.

Ava, Missouri
Ava is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County, Missouri, United States, that is the only incorporated city in the county. The population was 2,894 at the 2020 census.  The city was founded in 1871. It was renamed Ava in 1881, the town's original name having been Militia Springs.
Louis Gérard
Louis Gustave Adolphe Gérard (16 April 1899 – 11 May 2000) was a French racing driver. Winner of the RAC Tourist Trophy in 1938, he took part in numerous other sports car races and various Grand Prix events between 1937 and 1951. He mainly raced with reliable but moderately powerful Delage cars. Before World War II, he also attempted to drive across Africa from north to south in less than two weeks.

1939 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 1939 24 Hours of Le Mans (French: 24 Heures du Mans 1939) was the 16th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place at Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France, on 17 and 18 June 1939. The 1939 programme cover depicted the raising of six nations' flags: France, Italy, Great Britain (its civil Red Ensign), Belgium, Germany, and the United States.

By June 1939, the outbreak of World War II was less than three months away. The following year's 24 Hours of Le Mans was originally planned for June 1940, but due to the invasion of France in May the race was called off.  Endurance racing would not return to Le Mans until 1949, four years after V-E day ended World War II in Europe.
Elvis Évora
Elvis Garcia Monteiro Évora (born 4 February 1978) is a Portuguese former basketball player who played as a center.

He played for Porto, from 1998/1999 to 2004/2005. After a season at Iberostar Tenerife, he moved back to Portugal, playing for Ovarense, from 2006/07 to 2007/08, where he was twice National Champion. In 2008, he moved to Gandía BA, in Spain. With the season going, he signed for Benfica becoming a starter and a very important player for the team.
He plays for Portugal since 2000. He had 95 caps by October 2007. Elvis Évora played at the EuroBasket 2007 finals, where Portugal reached the 2nd phase.

Gandía BA
Gandia Bàsquet Athletic is a professional basketball team based in Gandia, Valencian Community and plays in the Municipal de Gandia, in Liga EBA.

In 2013, the club was dissolved and loaned its rights to the new creation club in the city called Units pel Bàsquet Gandia.
Francisco de Tutavilla y del Rufo, Duque de San Germán
Francisco de Tutavilla y del Tufo, Duque de San Germán, (Naples, Italy, 1604 – Madrid, Spain, 30 January 1679), Commander of Peñausende from the Spanish Military Order of Santiago and Sieur of Campana de Albalá and Saucedilla, was an Italian - Spanish military and Viceroy, serving Kings Philip IV of Spain and Charles II of Spain.

Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria, Portuguese: Filipe III; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War.

By the time of his death, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometres (4.7 million square miles) in area, the largest empire in the world, but in other aspects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform. He was succeeded on his death by his young son Charles II as King of Spain and in 1640 (with the collapse of the Iberian Union) by John IV as King of Portugal.