hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Balanced matrix
In mathematics, a balanced matrix is a 0-1 matrix (a matrix where every entry is either zero or one) that does not contain any square submatrix of odd order having all row sums and all column sums equal to 2.

Balanced matrices are studied in linear programming. The importance of balanced matrices comes from the fact that the solution to a linear programming problem is integral if its matrix of coefficients is balanced and its right hand side or its objective vector is an all-one vector. In particular, if one searches for an integral solution to a linear program of this kind, it is not necessary to explicitly solve an integer linear program, but it suffices to find an optimal vertex solution of the linear program itself.

As an example, the following matrix is a balanced matrix:

Integer programming
An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are linear.

Integer programming is NP-complete (the difficult part is showing the NP membership). In particular, the special case of 0–1 integer linear programming, in which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems.

If some decision variables are not discrete, the problem is known as a mixed-integer programming problem.
Claude Desbons
Claude Desbons (7 October 1938 – 24 September 2001) was a French politician.

Desbons was born in Loussous-Débat and later moved to Auch, where he served as deputy mayor from 1977 to 1995. Between 1987 and 1997, Desbons was also a member of the Gers General Council, as a representative of Auch. Two years after his election as mayor of Auch in 1995, Desbons, succeeded Yves Rispat as a member of the National Assembly. Desbons held both the mayoralty of Auch and his position as representative of Gers until his death. Over the course of his political career, Desbons was a member of the Radical Party of the Left and later the Socialist Party.

On 23 December 2000, Desbons fell into a coma caused by a stroke, and died on 24 September 2001 in Saint-Blancard, at the age of 62.

Saint-Blancard
Saint-Blancard (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ blɑ̃kaʁ]; Gascon: Sent Blancat) is a former commune in the Gers department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. It was merged into the new commune Cap d'Astarac on 1 January 2025.
Les Campbell
Les Campbell (26 July 1935 – 10 November 2019) was an English footballer who played on the left wing in The Football League for Preston North End, Blackpool and Tranmere Rovers.

Campbell started his career with Wigan Athletic, making five appearances in the Lancashire Combination before turning professional and joining Preston North End in 1953. He also played professionally for Blackpool and Tranmere Rovers before returning to Wigan Athletic (then in the Cheshire League) in 1964, where he made a further 41 appearances. In 1965, he signed for Altrincham where he made 84 league appearances in three seasons with the club (119 appearances in all competitions). He left the club at the end of the 1967–68 season and joined Netherfield.

Campbell died on 10 November 2019, aged 84.

Lancashire Combination
The Lancashire Combination was a football league founded in the North West of England in 1891–92. It absorbed the Lancashire League in 1903. In 1968 the Combination lost five of its clubs to the newly formed Northern Premier League. In 1982 it was finally merged with the Cheshire County League to form the North West Counties League.
Chromium Embedded Framework
The Chromium Embedded Framework (CEF) is an open-source software framework for embedding a Chromium web browser within another application. This enables developers to add web browsing functionality to their application, as well as the ability to use HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create the application's user interface (or just portions of it).

CEF runs on Linux, macOS, and Windows. It has many language bindings including C, C++, Go, Java, and Python.

Programmer
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.
The professional titles software developer and software engineer may be used for jobs that require a programmer.
Cabinet Glogowski
The Cabinet Glogowski was the state government of the German state of Lower Saxony from 28 October 1998 until 14 December 1999. The Cabinet was headed by Minister President Gerhard Glogowski and was formed by the Social Democratic Party.

On 28 October 1998, Minister President Gerhard Schröder resigned from his position as Minister President due to his new position as Chancellor. On the same day, Gerhard Glogowski was elected as his successor by the Landtag of Lower Saxony. Cabinet Glogowski was succeeded by Siegmar Gabriel's Cabinet Gabriel.

Minister-President of Lower Saxony
The minister-president of Lower Saxony (German: Ministerpräsident des Landes Niedersachsen), also referred to as the premier or prime minister, is the head of government of the German state of Lower Saxony. The position was created in 1946, when the states of Brunswick, Oldenburg, Schaumburg-Lippe and the State of Hanover were merged to form the state of Lower Saxony. The current minister-president is Olaf Lies, heading a coalition government between the Social Democrats and the Greens. Lies succeeded Stephan Weil after his resignation 2025.

The office of the minister-president is known as the state chancellery (German: Staatskanzlei), and is located in the capital of Hanover, along with the rest of the cabinet departments.

The state of Lower Saxony sees itself in the tradition notably of the Kingdom of Hanover, having adopted many of its symbols. For the predecessor office in the Kingdom of Hanover, see Privy Council of Hanover.
Toshakhana reference cases against Imran Khan and Bushra Bibi
Imran Khan and his spouse Bushra Bibi have been charged in multiple Toshakhana reference cases for retaining state gifts at discounted prices from Toshakhana.

In September 2022, Khan admitted to having sold four gifts, which included assorted watches, a ring, a pen and a number of cufflinks, all of which reportedly profited him more than 36 million rupees. The ECP disqualified Khan under Article 63(1)(p) on 21 October 2022 because Judge Dilawar Hussain ruled that he had not indicated in tax declaration that the proceeds were from Toshakhana. Khan's defence team said that taxes were prepared and filed by his accountant yet he was not allowed by the court to testify to this. Instead, the judge decided to issue the verdict.

It is legal to retain Toshakhana gifts at officially-determined discounted prices and to sell them.

Pakistani rupee
The Pakistani rupee (Urdu: روپیہ; ISO code: PKR; symbol: 𞱱; abbreviation: Re (singular) and Rs (plural)) is the official currency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It is divided into one hundred paise (Urdu: پیسہ); however, paisa-denominated coins have not been legal tender since 2013. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the State Bank of Pakistan. It was officially adopted by the Government of Pakistan in 1949. Earlier the coins and notes were issued and controlled by the Reserve Bank of India until 1949, when it was handed over to the Government and State Bank of Pakistan, by the Government and Reserve Bank of India.

In Pakistani English, large values of rupees are counted in thousands; lac (hundred thousands); crore (ten-millions); arab (billion); kharab (hundred billion). Numbers are still grouped in thousands.
2007 Top League Challenge Series
The 2007 Top League Challenge Series was the 2007 edition of the Top League Challenge Series, a second-tier rugby union competition in Japan, in which teams from regionalised leagues competed for promotion to the Top League for the 2007–08 season. The competition was contested from 14 to 27 January 2007.

Kyuden Voltex and Mitsubishi Sagamihara DynaBoars won promotion to the 2007–08 Top League, while Honda Heat and Kintetsu Liners progressed to the promotion play-offs.

Skyactivs Hiroshima
Skyactivs Hiroshima (formerly Mazda Blue Zoomers) are a Japanese rugby union team who compete in the Japan Rugby League One. They were formerly owned by car manufacturers Mazda based in Fuchū, Hiroshima, Japan. The team rebranded as Skyactivs Hiroshima, dropping the Mazda name, ahead of the rebranding of the Top League to the Japan Rugby League One in 2022.
Dedicated Follower of Fashion
"Dedicated Follower of Fashion" is a 1966 song by British band the Kinks. It lampoons the contemporary British fashion scene and mod culture in general. Originally released as a single, it has been included on many of the band's later albums.

Musically, it and "A Well Respected Man" marked the beginning of an expansion in the Kinks' inspirations, drawing as much from British music hall traditions as from American rhythm and blues, the latter of which served as the inspiration for breakthrough Kinks songs like "You Really Got Me". While it was quite scornful toward them, many of the fashionistas the song mocks would later take its title to heart.

Fashion victim
"Fashion victim" is a term claimed to have been coined by Oscar de la Renta that is used to identify a person who is unable to identify commonly recognized boundaries of style.

Fashion victims are "victims" because they are vulnerable to faddishness and materialism, two of the widely recognized excesses of fashion, and consequently are at the mercy of society's prejudices or of the commercial interest of the fashion industry, or of both. According to Versace, "When a woman alters her look too much from season to season, she becomes a fashion victim."
The Favourite (soundtrack)
The Favourite (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the 2018 film of the same name released by Decca Records on 7 January 2019. The album featured baroque music pieces, from composers such as Henry Purcell, Antonio Vivaldi, George Frideric Handel, and Johann Sebastian and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, and pieces from romantic composers Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann, 20th-century composers Olivier Messiaen and Luc Ferrari, and the 21st-century composer Anna Meredith. The track "Skyline Pigeon" from Elton John's debut album Empty Sky (1969) was played in the film's closing credits.

Henry Purcell
Henry Purcell (/ˈpɜːrsəl/, rare: /pərˈsɛl/; c. 10 September 1659 – 21 November 1695) was an English composer and organist of the middle Baroque era.  He was extremely prolific, having composed more than 100 songs, a tragic opera Dido and Aeneas, and wrote incidental music to a version of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream called The Fairy Queen.

Purcell's musical style was uniquely English, although it incorporated Italian and French elements. Purcell is generally considered to be one of the greatest English composers.
Ackerley
Ackerley is a surname. People with this surname include:

Alvin Ackerley (1927–1973), English rugby league footballer

Barry Ackerley (1934–2011), American media and sports owner

David Ackerly (born 1960), Australian footballer

Ernie Ackerley (1943–2017), English footballer

Frederick Ackerley (1871–1954), British Anglican priest

George Ackerley (1887–1958), English footballer

J. Christopher Ackerley, American politician

J. R. Ackerley (1896–1967), English writer and editor

Michelle Ackerley (born 1984), English television presenter

Paul Ackerley (1949–2011), New Zealand field hockey player

Stan Ackerley (born 1942), English–Australian association footballer

Frederick Ackerley
Christianity portal

Frederick George Ackerley  (1871–1954) was an Anglican priest in the Church of England, at different times the Archdeacon of Bradford then Craven. He was also an acknowledged scholar of Romany language and culture.

Ackerley was educated at Rossall School and Jesus College, Oxford and ordained in 1898. He served curacies in Keighley, Eccles, and Washington and incumbencies at Grindleton, Great Mitton and Carleton-in-Craven. Later he was Rural Dean of Bolland before his years as an Archdeacon.
Skelding
Skelding is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alec Skelding (1886–1960), English cricketer

George Skelding (1864–1927), Canadian politician

Kenneth Skelding (1947–2012), South African cricketer

Susie Barstow Skelding (1857–1934), American illustrator

George Skelding
George Skelding (May 18, 1864 – July 18, 1927) was a provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1917 to 1921 sitting with the Liberal caucus in government.
White Cloud Peak 3
White Cloud Peak 3, also known as WCP 3, at 10,588 feet (3,227 m) above sea level is an unofficially named peak in the White Cloud Mountains of Idaho. The peak is located in Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Custer County 1.44 mi (2.32 km) from White Cloud Peak 5, its line parent. Swimm Lake is southwest of the peak.

Line parent
A peak's line parent is the closest higher peak on the highest ridge leading away from the peak's "key col".  A col is the lowest point on the ridge between two summits and is roughly synonymous with the lowest point of a gap, saddle and notch. The highest col of a peak is its key col. If there is more than one ridge which can be followed to a higher peak then the line parent is the peak closest to the key col. Usually, a line parent must meet some prominence criteria, which might vary depending on the author and the location of the peak.

There are at least two other kinds of peak parentage: island parentage, which is also referred to as encirclement or topographic parentage, and source parentage.
Big M
Big M is a brand of flavored milk that was founded in Victoria, Australia, in 1977. It was launched by the Hawthorn-based and newly formed Victorian Dairy Industry Authority (VDIA), which replaced the more regulatory-oriented Victorian Milk Board. In November 2020, Australian company Bega Cheese purchased Lion Dairy & Drinks from Japan's Kirin Holdings, acquiring Big M and other notable brands from the Japanese entity. This acquisition followed an earlier attempt made by Mengniu Dairy to acquire the brand in November 2019, which was rejected by the Foreign Investment Review Board.

Foreign Investment Review Board
The Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) is a non statutory body established in 1976 to advise the Treasurer and the Australian Government on Australia's Foreign Investment Policy (the Policy) and its administration. The Board’s role is strictly advisory; responsibility for making decisions regarding the Policy and foreign investment proposals ultimately rests with the Treasurer.

The FIRB assesses most foreign investment proposals under the 'national interest test' and in other cases a "narrower range of factors" under the 'national security test'. The legal authority for making decisions on foreign investments in Australia rests with the Treasurer.

The FIRB's functions include:

Evaluating foreign investment proposals

Pushing Australian equity participation in new investors who want to invest in Australia

Monitor foreign-controlled businesses in Australia

Liaise with state and local governments
Cray (surname)
Cray is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chick Cray (1921–2008), English cricketer

Dean Cray (born 1958), American politician

Eric Cray (born 1988), Filipino track and field athlete

Fred Cray (born 1957), American artist

Graham Cray (born 1947), British retired Anglican bishop

Robert Cray (born 1953), American blues musician

Seymour Cray (1925–1996), American computer scientist and supercomputing pioneer

Fred Cray
Fred Cray (born 1957) is an American multimedia artist based in Brooklyn, New York whose first solo show, in 2000, of his photographs were described by The New York Times as "lush, gaudy and ethereal Technicolor spirit photographs", and whose works are now contained in the collections of many major art institutions, including the Brooklyn Museum, the Center for Photography at Woodstock, New York Public Library, and the George Eastman Museum.
Android (board game)
Android is an adventure board game designed by Kevin Wilson and Dan Clark, published in 2008 by Fantasy Flight Games. Set in a dystopian future, where the Moon is colonized and androids and clones are real, players take on the roles of murder investigators, investigating a murder within the fictional cities of New Angeles (a fictional future version of Los Angeles, but placed on the equator to accommodate a space elevator) and Heinlein, a colony on the Moon. Players attempt to gain Victory Points by solving the murder, solving the conspiracy, and/or resolving the investigators' personal issues. The player with the most Victory Points wins the game.

Fantasy Flight Games
Fantasy Flight Games (FFG) is a game developer based in Roseville, Minnesota, United States, that creates and publishes role-playing, board, card, and dice games. In 2014, it became a division of Asmodee North America.
Katrina Kendall
Katrina Kendall (born 1989) is a Filipino-British environmental ambassador, scientist and former beauty queen, best known for winning Miss Earth England 2015 which gave her the right to represent England in Miss Earth 2015 pageant.

Miss Earth 2015
Miss Earth 2015 was the 15th edition of the Miss Earth pageant, held at the Marx Halle in Vienna, Austria, on December 5, 2015.

Jamie Herrell of the Philippines crowned her compatriot Angelia Ong as her successor at the end of the event. It was the first time the pageant was held in Europe and outside of Asia. It was also the first ever back-to-back victory in Miss Earth history.

The theme of this year's pageant was the promotion of environmental awareness by focusing on the Climate Change campaign thru the 5R's :   Re-think, Reduce, Re-use, Recycle and Respect.
Academia Deportiva Fancesa
Academia Deportiva Fancesa is a Bolivian football club based in Sucre, Chuquisaca. The club was founded on 10 March 1965, and compete in the Bolivian Football Regional Leagues, holding home matches at the Estadio Olímpico Patria, with a capacity of 30,700 people.

Bolivian Football Regional Leagues
The third tier of the Bolivian football league system consists of nine regional leagues (one for each department); the number of participants varies depending

on the department. It usually has between 8 and 12 teams. The winner and the runner-up of each league compete in the Copa Simón Bolívar, with the winner of such a tournament gaining promotion to the 1st Division, and the runner-up playing a play-off match with the last two placed teams in the First Division. Until 1976, all 8 regional championships (Pando didn't have an organized tournament at the time) were the top division of the national football pyramid, with the winner of the Copa Simón Bolívar being crowned as national champion.

The oldest regional championship is the one played in La Paz. It started in 1914 and it was considered for many years as the top Bolivian league, especially when it turned into a semi-professional tournament in 1950 and started to include teams from Oruro and Cochabamba.
South Molton Hundred
South Molton Hundred was the name of one of thirty two ancient administrative units of Devon, England.

The parishes in the hundred were:
East Anstey,
Bishop's Tawton,
Chittlehampton,
George Nympton,
Knowstone,
Landkey,
Molland,
North Molton,
Satterleigh,
South Molton,
Swimbridge,
Twitchen,
Warkleigh and
West Anstey.

Knowstone
Knowstone is a village and civil parish situated in the North Devon district of Devon, England, halfway between the Mid Devon town of Tiverton, Devon and the North Devon town of South Molton. The hamlet of East Knowstone lies due east of the village. Knowstone was the birthplace of Admiral Sir John Berry (1635–1691), second son of Rev. Daniel Berry (1609–1654), vicar of Knowstone cum Molland. An elaborate mural monument erected by Sir John in 1684 to the memory of his parents survives in Molland Church.

The village lies on the route of the Two Moors Way and Celtic Way Exmoor Option.
Baghdad of Peace
Baghdad of Peace (Arabic: بغداد السلام, Baghdad as-salam) was an electoral alliance in Baghdad, Iraq, formed on the initiative of the Islamic Dawa Party.

The alliance consisted of:

Islamic Dawa Party

Islamic Dawa Party - Iraq Organisation

Islamic Action Organisation

Islamic Union for the Fayli Kurds of Iraq

Islamic Vanguard Party

The bloc fielded 51 candidates in the 2005 election to the Baghdad Governorate Council. The alliance got 264,130 votes. Eleven members were able to get elected, making the bloc the second largest in the Council.

Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation
The Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation (Arabic: Ḥizb al Daʿwa al-Islāmiyya - Tanzim al-Iraq) is the regional organisation of the Islamic Dawa Party registered after the fall of the Ba'athist regime. It was a component of the United Iraqi Alliance. It was allocated 12 seats by the Alliance after the elections in December 2005. It was led by Hashim Al-Mosawy, who was its Secretary-General. The head of the parliamentary bloc of the party was Kasim Muhammad Taqi al-Sahlani. The current Secretary-General is Nouri al-Maliki.

The Islamic Dawa Party was formed in 1957 in the Iraqi holy City of Najaf. Their aim was to create a movement which would promote Islamic values and ethics, and which would become an instrument for political activeness. This came at a time when there was widespread ignorance about religion and politics in Iraq. Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr laid out the foundations for the party and its political ideology, based on Wilayat Al-Umma (Governance of the people).
John de Salis, 9th Count de Salis-Soglio
John Bernard Philip Humbert de Salis, 9th Count de Salis-Soglio, TD, John da Buri, Graf v. Salis-Soglio, (London, 16 November 1947-Cà Buri, Mezzane di Sotto, Veneto, Italy 14 March 2014); SRI Comes, Illustris et Magnificus, was a Count de Salis-Soglio. He was a ICRC delegate and envoy; Knight Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion (2000) of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (knight, 1974), and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Order of Malta with Swords, first ambassador of the Order to Thailand 1986–98, Cambodia 1993–98, president of its Swiss Association (1995-2000) and of CIOMAL (Comité International de l'Ordre de Malte), 2000–08; British soldier and lawyer; Valpolicella vigneron and hereditary Knight of the Golden Spur.

Comes
Comes (plural comites), translated as count, was a Roman title, generally linked to a comitatus or comital office.

The word comes originally meant "companion" or "follower", deriving from "com-" ("with") and "ire" ("go"). The special lasting meaning derives from the position of a follower within a comitatus, which was a retinue, or group of followers, such as those of magnates. In some instances these were sufficiently large and/or formal to justify specific denomination, such as a "cohors amicorum".

The word comes is the origin of the much later terms for counts within the medieval nobility, and counties as their territorial jurisdictions.