hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Institutes (Gaius)
The Institutes (Latin: Institutiones; from instituere, 'to establish') are a beginners' textbook on Roman private law written around 161 AD by the classical Roman jurist Gaius. They are considered to be "by far the most influential elementary-systematic presentation of Roman private law in late antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times". The content of the textbook was thought to be lost until 1816, when a manuscript of it − probably of the 5th century − was discovered by Barthold Georg Niebuhr.

The Institutes are divided into four books: The first book considers the legal status of persons (personae), the second and third deal with things (res), while the fourth discusses Roman civil procedure (actiones). The original Latin text with an English translation by Francis De Zulueta covers around 300 pages (with critical notes).

Ex delicto
Ex delicto, Latin for "from a wrong" or "from a transgression", is a legal term that indicates a consequence of a tort, though the phrase can also refer to the consequence of a crime.  This is in contrast to ex contractu, a consequence arising from or based on a contract.
Kaweka Range
The Kaweka Range (also known as the Kaweka Ranges) of mountains is located in inland Hawke's Bay in the eastern North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) of New Zealand. It forms part of the mountainous spine of the North Island which extends from Wellington to East Cape, including the Tararua and Ruahine ranges.

The range lies between the city of Napier, 55 kilometres (34 mi) to the southeast, and Lake Taupō, 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the northwest. It is the source of many rivers which flow into Hawke Bay, including among them the Tutaekuri, Mohaka, and Ngaruroro Rivers.

The highest point in the range is Kaweka J (1,724 metres (5,656 ft)).  The bush line varies from 1000 m to 1300 m.

A tramping track follows the ridge line of the entire range. The Kaweka challenge is a running race held annually in the range since 1990.

Tree line
The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing and beyond which they are not. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture).: 51  The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline, which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy.: 151 : 18

At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold. This is sometimes known as krummholz (German for "crooked wood").: 58

The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be a more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach the tree line, above which they are unable to grow at all.: 55  Given a certain latitude, the tree line is approximately 300 to 1000 meters below the permanent snow line and roughly parallel to it.
Gröbzig
Gröbzig (German pronunciation: [ˈɡrøːptsɪç] ⓘ) is a town and a former municipality in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 September 2010, it is part of the town Südliches Anhalt.

It is situated southwest of the district capital of Köthen (Anhalt).

Köthen
Köthen ([ˈkøːtn̩] ⓘ) is a town in Germany. It is the capital of the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, about 30 km (19 mi) north of Halle.

Köthen is the location of the main campus and the administrative centre of the regional university, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences/Hochschule Anhalt which is especially strong in information technology. The city is conveniently located at the hub of the Magdeburg–Leipzig, Dessau–Köthen and Köthen–Aschersleben railways.

Köthen is situated in a fertile area with rich black soil suitable to the cultivation of sugar-beets. Industry includes high-tech engineering, manufacture of cranes, as well as chemicals, printing, and foodstuffs.

In English, the name of the city is often spelt anachronistically as Cöthen, a practice that has become standard in the literature relating to the life and work of Johann Sebastian Bach, who resided and worked there from 1717 to 1723.
Fadhil Noh
Muhammad Fadhil bin Noh (born 4 March 1989) is a footballer who plays for Warriors FC in the S.League.

A former youth international who played for the Young Lions, he was a member of the bronze medal-winning Singapore football team during the 2009 Southeast Asian Games, scoring a goal in the bronze medal playoff against Laos as well.

Laos national under-23 football team
The Laos national under-23 association football team (also known as Laos Under-23, Laos U-23 or Laos Olympic Team) represents Laos in Olympic Games, Asian Games, SEA Games, and other under-23 international tournaments.
Demon Seed
Demon Seed is a 1977 American science-fiction horror film directed by Donald Cammell. It stars Julie Christie and Fritz Weaver. The film was based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Dean Koontz, and concerns the imprisonment and forced impregnation of a woman by an artificially intelligent computer. Gerrit Graham, Berry Kroeger, Lisa Lu and Larry J. Blake also appear in the film, with Robert Vaughn uncredited as the voice of the computer.

Gerrit Graham
Gerrit Graham (born November 27, 1949) is an American former stage, television, and film actor as well as a scriptwriter and songwriter. He is best known for his appearances in multiple films by Brian De Palma as well as appearances in two Star Trek series. He starred in Used Cars with Kurt Russell and voiced Franklin Sherman on The Critic.
Brave Combo
Brave Combo is a polka rock band based in Denton, Texas.  Founded in 1979 by guitarist/keyboardist/accordionist Carl Finch, they have been a prominent fixture in the Texas music scene for more than thirty-five years. Their music, both originals and covers, incorporates a number of dance styles, mostly polka, but also some Latin American and Caribbean styles like norteño, salsa, rumba, cha-cha-cha, choro, samba, two-step, cumbia, charanga, merengue, ska, etc, all performed with a rock/worldbeat energy.

As part of their perceived artistic mission to expand the musical tastes of their listeners, they have often played and recorded covers of well-known songs in a style radically different from the original versions.  Examples include polka versions of Jimi Hendrix's "Purple Haze" and the Doors' "People are Strange", the Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" as a cha-cha, and "Sixteen Tons" as a cumbia.

Choro
Choro (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʃoɾu], "cry" or "lament"), also popularly called chorinho ("little cry" or "little lament"), is an instrumental Brazilian popular music genre which originated in 19th century Rio de Janeiro. Despite its name, the music often has a fast and happy rhythm. It is characterized by virtuosity, improvisation and subtle modulations, and is full of syncopation and counterpoint. Choro is considered the first characteristically Brazilian genre of urban popular music. The serenaders who play choros are known as chorões.
Locust Grove Institute
Locust Grove Institute (LGI), now Locust Grove Memorial Complex, is a former college preparatory school in Locust Grove, Henry County, Georgia, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

Henry County, Georgia
Henry County is located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. According to the 2020 census, the population of Henry County was 240,712, up from 203,922 in 2010. The county seat is McDonough. The county was named for Patrick Henry.

Henry County is part of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA metropolitan statistical area. The Henry County Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Kay Bojesen
Kay Bojesen (15 August 1886 – 28 August 1958) was a Danish silversmith and designer. He is best known for creating wooden animals, especially his wooden monkey which was exhibited at the Victoria and Albert museum in London in the nineteen-fifties, and which today is considered a design classic.

Designer
A designer is a person who plans the form or structure of something before it is made, by preparing drawings or plans. In practice, anyone who creates tangible or intangible objects, products, processes, laws, games, graphics, services, or experiences can be called a designer.
Intermunicipal Historical Archives of Šabac
The Intermunicipal Historical Archives of Šabac (Serbian: Међуопштински историјски архив Шабац) are the primary institution responsible for preservation of archival materials in the Mačva District located in Šabac, Serbia. The archives are primarily serving municipalities of Šabac, Bogatić, Vladimirci, Koceljeva, Ljubovija, Mali Zvornik, Loznica, and Krupanj.

Mačva District
The Mačva District (Serbian: Мачвански округ, romanized: Mačvanski okrug, pronounced [mǎtʃʋanskiː ôkruːɡ]) is one of administrative districts of Serbia. It lies in the western part of Serbia, in the geographical regions of Mačva, Podrinje, Posavina, and Pocerina. According to the 2022 census, it has a population of 265,377 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Mačva District is the city of Šabac.
Sainte-Croix, Quebec
Sainte-Croix (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t kʁwa] ⓘ) is a municipality in and the seat of Lotbinière Regional County Municipali in Quebec, Canada. It is part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region had a population is 2,352 as of 2021. The new constitution dates from 2001, after the amalgamation of the Parish of and the Village of Sainte-Croix.

Its name refers to the True Cross but had been in use well before its foundation in 1713. In fact, the seigneurie of Sainte-Croix was granted in 1637 to the Company of One Hundred Associates at a point named Platon Sainte-Croix (Holy Cross Flats in English), at the mouth of the Jacques-Cartier River. It had been named as such by Jacques Cartier, who had spent the winter of 1535-1536 there. Samuel de Champlain explained in 1613 that there had been a mistake and was not the place that Cartier had wintered, which was a point that is now called Pointe Platon ("Plato (or Flat) Point").

Jacques-Cartier River
The Jacques-Cartier River is a river in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is 161 km long and its source is Jacques-Cartier Lake in Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, and flows in a predominantly southern direction before ending in the Saint Lawrence River at Donnacona, about 30 km upstream from Quebec City.

It is currently under nomination for Canadian Heritage River status.

Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism, second; agriculture activities in lower part, third.

The surface of the Jacques-Cartier River (except the rapids areas) is usually frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from end of December to the beginning of March.
Vestibulospinal tract
The vestibulospinal tract is a nerve tract in the central nervous system. Specifically, it is a component of the extrapyramidal system and is classified as a component of the medial pathway. Like other descending motor pathways, the vestibulospinal fibers of the tract relay information from nuclei to motor neurons. The vestibular nuclei receive information through the vestibulocochlear nerve about changes in the orientation of the head. The nuclei relay motor commands through the vestibulospinal tract. The function of these motor commands is to alter muscle tone, extend, and change the position of the limbs and head with the goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of the body and head.

Lateral funiculus
The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the anterolateral system into two parts. These are the anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots, and the lateral funiculus between the exit of these roots and the posterolateral sulcus.

The lateral funiculus transmits the contralateral corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts.  A lateral cutting of the spinal cord results in the transection of both ipsilateral posterior column and lateral funiculus and this produces Brown-Séquard syndrome.
1964 NCAA soccer tournament
The 1964 NCAA soccer tournament was the sixth annual tournament organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the national champion of men's college soccer among its  members in the United States. This tournament featured fifteen teams, a decrease of one team from the previous year.

The tournament final was played at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island on December 5.

Navy, in their second straight title game appearance, won their first title, defeating Michigan State in the final, 1–0.

In the title game, all-time lacrosse Hall of Famer Jimmy Lewis scored the game's only goal. Lewis was named the tournament outstanding player.

NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament
The NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament, sometimes known as the College Cup, is an American intercollegiate soccer tournament conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and determines the Division I men's national champion. The tournament was formally held in 1959, when it was an eight-team tournament. Since then, the tournament has expanded to 48 teams, in which every Division I conference tournament champion is allocated a berth. Among the most successful programs, Saint Louis won 10 titles during dynasty years between 1959 and 1973. Indiana has won 8 titles beginning in 1982, whereas Virginia has won 7 titles beginning in 1989.

Although the tournament is frequently referenced as the "College Cup", the NCAA applies the title only to the semifinal and championship rounds of the tournament proper. Since the tournament began, the semifinal and final fixtures have been held at a neutral site predetermined by the NCAA before starting the regular season.
Coherent algebra
A coherent algebra is an algebra of complex square matrices that is closed under ordinary matrix multiplication, Schur product, transposition, and contains both the identity matrix  and the all-ones matrix .

Identity matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size  is the  square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other contexts, it is analogous to multiplying by the number 1.
When Games Attack
When Games Attack is a British television show, that originally aired on Bravo from 2004 to 2005. The show is presented by Dominik Diamond and created by Jonny Ffinch with whom he had previously worked on GamesMaster. Its focus was video games.

Bravo (UK & Ireland)
Bravo was a British television channel owned by Living TV Group, a subsidiary of BSkyB. Its target audience was males in their 20s to early 40s. It broadcast a variety of both archive programming (such as Knight Rider and MacGyver) and original productions.

The Bravo channel closed down on 1 January 2011, with the most popular programmes moved to other Sky channels.
Monkswood Valley
Monkswood Valley (grid reference ST754710) is a 30.7-hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) near the village of Cold Ashton, South Gloucestershire, notified in 1990.

Monkswood Reservoir, built in 1896 and now owned by Wessex Water, is situated in the valley of the SSSI. The SSSI is woodland and grassland on the sloping land north and south of the reservoir and its tributary.

The woodlands contain Fraxinus excelsior – Acer campestre – Mercurialis perennis (Ash–field Maple–Dog's Mercury) areas, which has limited distribution in Great Britain.

The SSSI has four areas: Monk Woods, Hunterwick Wood & Hartley Wood, Frys Farm and Valley. St. Catherine's Valley SSSI is immediately to the north-east.

The Gloucestershire–Somerset border runs through the reservoir and SSSI. The SSSI is adjacent to the Limestone Link long-distance footpath.

Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus excelsior, known as the ash, or European ash or common ash to distinguish it from other types of ash, is a flowering plant species in the olive family Oleaceae. It is native throughout mainland Europe east to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains, and west to Great Britain and Ireland, the latter determining its western boundary. The northernmost location is in the Trondheimsfjord region of Norway. The species is widely cultivated and reportedly naturalised in New Zealand and in scattered locales in the United States and Canada. The wood has many uses as it is flexible, workable, strong and lightweight.
Takakuraji
Takakuraji is a Japanese mythological figure. He helped with Jimmu's Eastern Expedition. Takemikazuchi placed his sword Futsu-no-mitama (布都御魂) in Takakuraji's warehouse. Takakuraji found it and gave it to Jimmu, after being told to do such in a dream.

The Kujiki says he is the son of Nigihayahi.

He is also said to be the great-grandson of Watatsumi and ancestor of the Owari clan.

Takemikazuchi
Takemikazuchi (建御雷/武甕槌) is a deity in Japanese mythology, considered a god of thunder and a sword god. He also competed in what is considered the first sumo wrestling match recorded in history.

He is otherwise known as "The kami of Kashima" (Kashima-no-kami), the chief deity revered in the Kashima Shrine at Kashima, Ibaraki (and all other subsidiary Kashima shrines). In the namazu-e or catfish prints of the Edo period, Takemikazuchi/Kashima is depicted attempting to subdue the Namazu, a giant catfish supposedly dwelling at the kaname-ishi (要石; 'pinning rock') of the Japanese landmass and causing its earthquakes.
1956 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
The 1956 Cork Junior Hurling Championship was the 59th staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1895.

The final was played on 18 November 1956 at the Athletic Grounds in Cork, between St Finbarr's and Castletownroche, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. St Finbarr's won the match by 4-08 to 3-03 to claim their first ever championship title.

St Finbarr's National Hurling & Football Club
St Finbarr's National Hurling & Football Club or St Finbarr's Hurling and Football Club is a Gaelic games club based in the Togher area of Cork city, County Cork, Ireland. Playing in royal blue and gold jerseys, St Finbarr's fields teams in the sports of Gaelic football and hurling.
Barbara Hiles
Barbara Hiles Bagenal (1891–1984) was an artist associated with members of the Bloomsbury Group, primarily Vanessa Bell and Saxon Sydney-Turner. She was a long-time friend of fellow "Bohemian" and artist Dora Carrington.

Bloomsbury Group
The Bloomsbury Group was a group of associated British writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists in the early 20th century. Among the people involved in the group were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster, Vanessa Bell, and Lytton Strachey. Their works and outlook deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics, as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism, and sexuality.

Although popularly thought of as a formal group, it was a loose collective of friends and relatives closely associated with the University of Cambridge for the men and King's College London for the women, who at one point lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, London. According to Ian Ousby, "although its members denied being a group in any formal sense, they were united by an abiding belief in the importance of the arts." The historian Raymond Williams disputed the existence of the group and the extent of its impact.
Madina Mosque, Shillong
The Madina Mosque (Arabic: مسجد المدينة شيلونغ) is a four-storey Sunni mosque in Shillong, in the state of Meghalaya, India. The mosque is the only glass mosque in India, and reputedly the first glass mosque in Asia, and making India the third country to have a mosque built of glass. It is one of the largest mosques in Northeast India, and the biggest in Meghalaya, accommodating more than 2,000 worshippers for congregational prayers. The mosque was opened on 18 October 2012 by the General Secretary of the Shillong Muslim Union Sayeedullah Nongrum and was inaugurated by Salman Khurshid, Shamim Akhtar, and Vincent Pala.

The congregation was established in 2008, with a prayer hall in the Idgah, that was open to males and female worshippers.

Congregational prayer (Islam)
Salat al-jama‘ah (Congregational Prayer) or prayer in congregation (jama'ah) is considered to have more social and spiritual benefit than praying by oneself. When praying in congregation, the people stand in straight parallel rows behind the chosen imam, facing qibla. The imam, who leads the congregation in salat, is usually chosen to be a scholar or the one who has the best knowledge of the Qur'an, preferably someone who has memorised it in its entirety (a hafiz) . 
In the first row behind the Imam, if available, would be another hafiz to correct the Imam in case a mistake is made during the performance of the salat. The prayer is performed as normal, with the congregation following the actions and movements of the imam as he performs the salat.
Turkey Creek, Arkansas
Turkey Creek is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. Turkey Creek is located on Arkansas Highway 9, 8.7 miles (14.0 km) southwest of Mountain View. The Turkey Creek School, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in Turkey Creek.

Arkansas Highway 9
Arkansas Highway 9 (AR 9) is a designation for three state highways in Arkansas. One segment of 51.44 miles (82.78 km) runs from U.S. Route 79 (US 79) at Eagle Mills north to US 67 in Malvern. A second segment of 79.76 miles (128.36 km) runs from Highway 5 at Crows north to US 65 at Choctaw. A third segment of 94.41 miles (151.94 km) runs from US 65 in Clinton north to US 63 in Mammoth Spring. The route was created during the 1926 Arkansas state highway numbering, and has seen only minor extensions and realignments since. Pieces of all three routes are designated as Arkansas Heritage Trails for use during the Civil War and the Trail of Tears.

The Highway 9 designation also extends to two spur routes and one business route. All routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).
Weed Out!
Weed Out! is a 1997 album released by House of Wax of live recordings by The Stems. This live 2-track recording features 10 live cuts from a performance at The Old Melbourne Hotel in Perth, Western Australia on 18 April 1986. As well as containing live versions of previously released favorites like "Rosebud", "Make You Mine" and "Love Will Grow", the album contains two previously unreleased songs "Does It Turn You On" and "Don't Let Me", together with a cover of the Monkees' "Stepping Stone".

(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone
"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" is a rock song written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. It was first recorded by the English band the Liverpool Five in early 1966 but remained unreleased before summer of that same year. In the meantime, the American band Paul Revere & the Raiders recorded the song which appeared on their album Midnight Ride, released in May 1966.

The song is simple musically, with a repeating verse chord progression of E major, G major, A major, and C major, and a repeating bridge in cut time of E major, G major, A major, and G major.