hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cartography of Europe
The earliest cartographic depictions of Europe are found in early world maps. In classical antiquity, Europe was assumed to cover the quarter of the globe north of the Mediterranean, an arrangement that was adhered to in medieval T and O maps.

Ptolemy's world map of the 2nd century already had a reasonably precise description of southern and western Europe, but was unaware of particulars of northern and eastern Europe.

Medieval maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi still assumed that Scandinavia was an island. Progress was made in the 16th century, and Gerard Mercator gave an accurate representation of all of Europe, including Scandinavia shown as a peninsula.

Circa 2014 there are maps of Europe that focus on the unemployment rate of each country, the expansion of member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and more.

Early world maps
The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm. World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The developments of Greek geography during this time, notably by Eratosthenes and Posidonius culminated in the Roman era, with Ptolemy's world map (2nd century CE), which would remain authoritative throughout the Middle Ages. Since Ptolemy, knowledge of the approximate size of the Earth allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge, and to indicate parts of the planet known to exist but not yet explored as terra incognita.

With the Age of Discovery, during the 15th to 18th centuries, world maps became increasingly accurate; exploration of Antarctica, Australia, and the interior of Africa by western mapmakers was left to the 19th and early 20th century.
Arthur John Arberry
Arthur John Arberry (12 May 1905, in Portsmouth – 2 October 1969, in Cambridge) FBA was a British scholar of Arabic literature, Persian studies, and Islamic studies.  He was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge. His English translation of the Qur'an, The Koran Interpreted, is popular amongst academics worldwide.

Persian studies
Persian studies (Persian: مطالعات فارسی) is the study of the Persian language and its literature specifically. It is differentiated from Iranian studies which is a broader, more interdisciplinary subject that focuses more on the histories and cultures of all Iranian peoples.
2025 New York City borough president elections
Elections for New York City's borough presidents were held on November 4, 2025. All five incumbent borough presidents were eligible to run for reelection, however, Manhattan borough president Mark Levine opted not to seek reelection and instead successfully ran for New York City Comptroller in the 2025 New York City Comptroller election. The other four borough presidents were all reelected to their second consecutive four-year term.

International Union of Painters and Allied Trades
The International Union of Painters and Allied Trades (IUPAT) is a trade union representing about 100,000 painters, glaziers, wall coverers, flooring installers, convention and trade show decorators, glassworkers, sign and display workers, asbestos worker/hazmat technician and drywall finishers in the United States and Canada. Most of its members work in the construction industry. The union's headquarters are located in Hanover, Maryland.

Originally called the Brotherhood of Painters and Decorators of America, the union was first formed in 1887. It changed its name to International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades in January 1970.

Local unions belong to district councils. District councils perform most of the services of the union. IUPAT is affiliated with the AFL–CIO in the US.
Sawi language (Dardic)
Sawi, Savi, or Sauji, is an endangered Indo-Aryan language spoken in northeastern Afghanistan and north-western Pakistan. It is classified as a member of the Shina language cluster within the Dardic subgroup.

It is spoken in the village of Sau, on the east bank of the Kunar River, around 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the town of Arandu, which is on the border with Pakistan's Chitral region.
Sawi speakers consider themselves part of the Gawar ethnic group, which is found in half a dozen of the surrounding villages and whose language is Gawarbati. In communicating with them, the people of Sau reportedly resort to using Pashto.
During the long period of unrest, the population of the village was displaced into refugee camps in Chitral and Dir, but reportedly many people have now returned to Afghanistan.

Arandu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Arandu (ارندو)  is a small valley is situated in Lower Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Province Pakistan. The valley is on the banks of the Landai Sin River just above its confluence with the Kunar River. Arandu lies on the border with Kunar Province, Afghanistan.
Rothfuss
Rothfuss is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrea Rothfuss (born 1989), German para-alpine skier

Chris Rothfuss (born 1972), American politician

Jack Rothfuss (1872–1947), American baseball player

Patrick Rothfuss (born 1973), American fantasy writer and college lecturer

Rainer Rothfuß (born 1971) German politician

Jack Rothfuss
John Albert Rothfuss (April 18, 1872 – April 20, 1947) was a professional baseball first baseman. He played 35 games in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Rothfuss was 5 feet, 11 inches tall and weighed 195 pounds.
Cave painting
In archaeology, cave paintings are a type of parietal art (which category also includes petroglyphs, or engravings), found on the wall or ceilings of caves. The term usually implies prehistoric origin. Several groups of scientists suggest that the oldest of such paintings were created not by Homo sapiens, but by Denisovans and Neanderthals.

Discussion around prehistoric art is important in understanding the history of Homo sapiens and how human beings have come to have unique abstract thoughts. Some point to these prehistoric paintings as possible examples of creativity, spirituality, and sentimental thinking in prehistoric humans.

Chumash people
The Chumash are a Native American people of the central and southern coastal regions of California, in portions of what is now Kern, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south to Mount Pinos in the east. Their territory includes three of the Channel Islands: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source.

Modern place names with Chumash origins include Malibu, Nipomo, Lompoc, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Piru, Lake Castaic, Saticoy, Simi Valley, and Somis. Archaeological research shows that the Chumash people have deep roots in the Santa Barbara Channel area and have lived along the southern California coast for millennia.
Charleys Cheesesteaks
Charleys Cheesesteaks, officially Charleys Philly Steaks, is an American restaurant chain specializing in Philly cheesesteak  headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. Formerly known as Charley's Steakery and Charley's Grilled Subs, the franchise was established in 1986 on the campus of Ohio State University. By 2017 there were 600 locations in 45 states and in 19 countries. Charleys is believed to have doubled in size in 2021. In addition to traditional Philly cheesesteaks, the chain also has other steak based sandwiches and multiple grilled chicken sandwiches, among other grilled sandwiches.

Cheesesteak
A cheesesteak (also known as a Philadelphia cheesesteak, Philly cheesesteak, cheesesteak sandwich,  cheese steak, or steak and cheese) is a sandwich made from thinly sliced pieces of beefsteak (often rib eye) and melted cheese in a long hoagie roll. A popular regional fast food, it has its roots in the American city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Central Office for Information Technology in the Security Sector
The Central Office for Information Technology in the Security Sector (German: Zentrale Stelle für Informationstechnik im Sicherheitsbereich, ZITiS) is a federal agency of the German government. Headquartered in Munich, it is subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community. Its mission is to develop and research technical solutions, tools and methods for other government agencies.

As such ZITiS is not an intelligence or law enforcement agency of its own, but rather provides services for the Federal Police (BPOL), Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) and Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV). The agency also cooperates with universities and research institutes to develop new surveillance technology and strategies. ZITiS operations are organised in four departments: Telecommunication Surveillance, Digital Forensics, Cryptanalysis, and Big Data Analysis.

Research institute
A research institute, research centre, or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.
Thomas Giles (pastoralist)
Tom Giles (1820-12 February 1899) was a business associate of George Anstey and developed pastoral leases on Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas during the 19th century.

He was the third of the 15 sons (and 6 daughters) of William Giles (1791-1862), Colonial Manager of the South Australian Company (1841-1860).

He is remembered by the Giles Corner, in South Australia, the junction of the Main North Road where the Barrier Highway branches off towards Riverton, Burra and Broken Hill.

Riverton, South Australia
Riverton is a small town in the Mid North of South Australia, in the Gilbert Valley. It is situated on the Gilbert River, from which the town derives its name. Both the Gilbert Valley and Gilbert River were named after the South Australian pioneer Thomas Gilbert. Riverton was first settled in 1856, as a settlement along the bullock track from the mining town of Burra to the capital city Adelaide. It grew from a plan designed by a James Masters who had established the nearby town of Saddleworth. The streets of Riverton received their names chiefly from James Masters and his friends. They commemorate persons notable in the history of the district or the state. At the 2011 census, Riverton had a population of 810. Including the rural areas surrounding the town, the population was 1213.
Gmina Międzylesie
Gmina Międzylesie is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Międzylesie, which lies approximately 33 kilometres (21 mi) south of Kłodzko, and 112 kilometres (70 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 189.03 square kilometres (73.0 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 7,186.

Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo dolnośląskie, [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ dɔlnɔˈɕlɔ̃skjɛ] ⓘ) in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. It covers an area of 19,946 square kilometres (7,701 sq mi) and as of 2019 has a total population of 2,899,986.

It is one of the wealthiest provinces in Poland, as natural resources such as copper, brown coal and rock materials are widely present.

Its capital and largest city is Wrocław, situated on the Oder River. The voivodeship is host to several spa towns, many castles and palaces, and the Giant Mountains, with several ski resorts. For this reason, tourism is a large part of this region's economy.
Markaziyah High School
Al-Markaziyya is the Anglicized form of Central (Arabic: المركزية) full name Al-Idadiyah al-Markaziyya (الإعدادية المركزية) is the oldest and most renowned high school in Iraq. It was established in 1918 in Baghdad and has been offering classes in science and literature in addition to Arabic, English and French.

Arabic name
Arabic names have historically been based on a long naming system. Many people from Arabic-speaking and also non-Arab Muslim countries have not had given, middle, and family names but rather a chain of names. This system remains in use throughout the Arab and Muslim worlds.
Dao Shixun
Chao Mom Kham Lue, Chinese name Dao Shixun (刀世勋; September 1928 – October 1, 2017) was the last native chief of Sipsongpanna, and a professor of linguistics. He was born Jinghong. He was the 28th Chao Phaen Din.

Jinghong
Jinghong (Chinese: 景洪; pinyin: Jǐnghóng; Tai Lü: ᦵᦋᧂ ᦣᦳᧂᧈ ᦉᦹᧈ; Burmese: ကျိုင်းဟုံ; Thai: เชียงรุ่ง, RTGS: Chiang Rung, pronounced [tɕʰīaŋ rûŋ]; Northern Thai: เจียงฮุ่ง, pronounced [tɕīaŋ hûŋ]; Lao: ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ, pronounced [síaŋ hūŋ]; also formerly romanised as Chiang Hung, Chengrung, Cheng Hung, Jeng Hung,  Jinghung, Keng Hung, Kiang Hung and Muangjinghung) is a city in and the seat of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, in the far south of China's Yunnan province, and the historic capital of the former Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna.
Aidan Cross (priest)
Christianity portal

Aidan Harrison Cross (5 January 1918 – 15 May 1989)  was Dean of Bloemfontein from 1958 to 1982.

Educated at Michaelhouse, Leeds University, after the College of the Resurrection, Mirfield, his first posts were curacies at St John, Cinderford and St Saviour, Maritzburg. He was then Vicar of Karkloof until his time as Dean.

College of the Resurrection
The College of the Resurrection, popularly known as Mirfield, is an Anglo-Catholic theological college of the Church of England in Mirfield, West Yorkshire, England.

The college was founded in 1902 and describes itself as "A Theological College like no other". The college has close links to the Community of the Resurrection. It trains men and women in the Anglo-Catholic tradition for the priesthood.
Bondi Beach (horse)
Bondi Beach (foaled 23 February 2012) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as a juvenile, the colt emerged as a top-class stayer in 2015 with a win in the Curragh Cup. He was awarded the St Leger on the disqualification of Simple Verse but lost the race following an appeal.

Curragh Cup
The Curragh Cup is a Group 2 flat horse race in Ireland open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 1 mile and 6 furlongs (2,816 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late June or early July.

The event was established in 1987, and for a period it was classed at Listed level. It was promoted to Group 3 status in 1994 and upgraded again to Group 2 status in 2016.

The race is part of the Curragh's three-day Irish Derby Festival meeting, and it is currently held on the first day. The Curragh Cup has been won by several top-class horses including Almaarad, Vintage Crop, Daliapour, Kastoria, Septimus, Red Cadeaux and Rekindling.
Arshani
Arshani (Arabic: عرشاني)  is a Syrian village located in Idlib Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Arshani had a population of 935 in the 2004 census.

Idlib Subdistrict
Idlib Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية مركز إدلب)  is a Syrian nahiyah (subdistrict) located in Idlib District in Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Idlib Subdistrict had a population of 126,284 in the 2004 census.
2024 MSG Prime Minister's Cup
The 2024 MSG Prime Minister's Cup was held from 9–21 December. The Solomon Islands hosted the competition, with matches played in Honiara at the Lawson Tama Stadium and at the National Stadium.

The Solomon Islands was the defending champion after winning the 2023 edition of the tournament. Usual participants New Caledonia withdrew from the competition.

Papua New Guinea won the competition for its second-ever title.

Lawson Tama Stadium
Lawson Tama Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Honiara, Solomon Islands. It is used mostly for football matches. The stadium is unique as the stand is built into the hillside so there is no official capacity but no more than 20,000 would fit the surrounding grassland. The stadium hosted the 2012 OFC Nations Cup and inaugural Mini South Pacific Games in July 1981.
Meridiocichla
Meridiocichla is an extinct genus of large thrush that inhabited Southern Europe during the Late Quaternary period. The sole species, M. salotti, is the largest thrush species ever known from Europe, being about the size of a scaly thrush (Zoothera dauma). Its phylogenetic relations to other thrush species are unclear.

Bird extinction
Bird extinction is the complete elimination of all species members under the taxonomic class, Aves. Out of all known bird species, (approximately 11,154), 159 (1.4%) have become extinct, with 226 (2%) being critically endangered. There is a general consensus among ornithologists that if anthropogenic activities continue as current trends suggest, one-third of all bird species, and an even greater proportion of bird populations, will be rendered extinct by the end of the 21st century.

For critically endangered species, scientists estimate they will face extinction in a few decades without proper conservation efforts; for some of these species, the current presence of extant populations is uncertain.
Jaliberi
Jaliberi is a small village in Mudhol, district Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. Jaliberi is about distance of 5–6 km from Mudhol (which is Taluk and famous for high breed quality dogs). Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in jaliberi, river Ghatapraba is main source of water for irrigation in this region. Wheat, Sugarcane and jowar are the main crops grown. People celebrate a festival called as Hanumanthana (lord hanuman) Okali in the month of May (after completion of basava jayanthi) and Kaarthi in the month of December. A lot of cultural programs will be held during this period. This village still needs improvement in terms of transportation and hospitals.

Bagalkote
Bagalkote  became a separate district in when it was separated from the  undivided district of Bijapur (Vijaypura)

Bagalkote, is a city in the state of Karnataka, India, which is also the headquarters of Bagalkot district. It is situated on branch of River Ghataprabha, The population of the urban agglomeration was 111,933 according to the provisional results of 2011 national census of India, the city is spread over an area of 49.06 square kilometres (18.94 sq mi) with an average elevation of 532 m (1,745 ft) above MSL.
Kew Rule
The Kew Rule was used by some authors to determine the application of synonymous names in botanical nomenclature up to about 1906, but was and still is contrary to codes of botanical nomenclature including the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Index Kewensis, a publication that aimed to list all botanical names for seed plants at the ranks of species and genus, used the Kew Rule until its Supplement IV was published in 1913 (prepared 1906–1910).

The Kew Rule applied rules of priority in a more flexible way, so that when transferring a species to a new genus, there was no requirement to retain the epithet of the original species name, and future priority of the new name was counted from the time the species was transferred to the new genus. The effect has been summarized as "nomenclature used by an established monographer or in a major publication should be adopted". This is contrary to the modern article 11.4 of the Code of Nomenclature.

Nomenclature codes
Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern the naming of living organisms. Standardizing the scientific names of biological organisms allows researchers to discuss findings (including the discovery of new species).

As the study of biology became increasingly specialized, specific codes were adopted for different types of organism.

To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to genera, families, and other taxa of higher ranks, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.
Prismatoid
In geometry, a prismatoid is a convex polyhedron whose vertices all lie in two parallel planes. Its lateral faces can be trapezoids or triangles. If both planes have the same number of vertices, and the lateral faces are either parallelograms or trapezoids, it is called a prismoid.

Vertex (geometry)
In geometry, a vertex (pl.: vertices or vertexes), also called a corner, is a point where two or more curves, lines, or line segments meet or intersect. For example, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the point where edges of polygons and polyhedra meet are vertices.
Lungotevere degli Anguillara
Lungotevere degli Anguillara is the stretch of Lungotevere that links Piazza Giuseppe Gioachino Belli to Lungotevere degli Alberteschi in Rome (Italy), in the Rione Trastevere.

The Lungotevere takes its name from the powerful House of Anguillara (lords in Rome until the end of 15th century), that owned a palace and a tower in the area.

Until 1886 the name of the Lungotevere was Cestio, due to its vicinity to Ponte Cestio, that links the Lungotevere to Tiber Island.

Trastevere
Trastevere (Italian: [trasˈteːvere]) is the 13th rione of Rome, Italy. It is identified by the initials R. XIII and it is located within Municipio I. Its name comes from Latin trans Tiberim (lit. 'beyond the Tiber').

Its coat of arms depicts a golden head of a lion on a red background, the meaning of which is uncertain.
Souls at Zero (band)
Souls at Zero was an American heavy metal band. They were originally known as Wrathchild America. The name change occurred after Wrathchild America was dropped from Atlantic Records in 1992, and was accompanied by a slight change in musical style, adopting a mixture between alternative metal and groove metal (similar to those of Pantera and Helmet) while also retaining some of the thrash metal roots of Wrathchild America. Souls at Zero released three albums on Energy Records before disbanding in the mid-1990s.

Helmet (band)
Helmet is an American alternative metal band from New York City formed in 1989 by vocalist and lead guitarist Page Hamilton. Helmet has had numerous lineup changes with Hamilton as the only constant member. Since 2010, the band has consisted of Hamilton, drummer Kyle Stevenson, guitarist Dan Beeman and bassist Dave Case.

Helmet has released nine studio albums and two compilation albums. After releasing their debut album, Strap It On (1990), on Amphetamine Reptile, Helmet signed to Interscope Records and released three albums for the label, including the highly successful Meantime (1992). Their next two albums ― Betty (1994) and Aftertaste (1997) ― were also successful, but did not match the critical or popular acclaim of Meantime. Helmet broke up in 1998, but reformed in 2004, and has since released five more albums ― Size Matters (2004), Monochrome (2006), Seeing Eye Dog (2010), Dead to the World (2016), Left (2023), and their latest, Move On (2024).
Lyndon Lea
Lyndon Lea (born 13 January 1969) is an English financier and investor, known for co-founding Lion Capital which specializes in making investments in the consumer sector. Notable previous and current consumer brands owned by Lion have included Weetabix, Jimmy Choo, Wagamama, Kettle Foods and AllSaints.

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.