hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hal C. Davis
Hal C. Davis (February 27, 1914 – January 11, 1978) was an American labor union leader.

Born in Pittsburgh, Davis was educated at Allegheny High School, then in 1930 became a percussionist working on the KDKA radio station.  He later worked for WCAE, and in various theaters and nightclubs.  During World War II, he served as a corporal in the United States Marine Corps.

Davis joined the American Federation of Musicians (AFM), and in 1949 was elected as president of his local union.  In 1950, he was also elected as a vice-president of the Pennsylvania State Federation of Labor.  He was elected as a vice-president of the AFM in 1963, and then in 1970 as president of the union.  In 1974, he was additionally elected as president of the Inter-American Federation of Entertainment Workers, and in 1975 as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO.  He was a member of the National Council of the Arts, and director of the Associated Council of the Arts.  He died in 1978, while still in office.

Arts council
An arts council is a government or private non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the arts; mainly by funding local artists, awarding prizes, and organizing arts events. They often operate at arms-length from the government to prevent political interference in their decisions.
Kath Maitland
Kathryn Maitland is a British paediatrician who is professor of infectious diseases at Imperial College London, director of the ICCARE Centre at the Institute of Global Health Innovation and an Honorary Fellow at Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College, London. Since 2000 she has been based at the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, in Kilifi, Kenya.

Kilifi
Kilifi is a town on the coast of Kenya, 56 kilometres (35 mi) northeast of Mombasa by road. The town lies on the Kilifi Creek and sits on the estuary of the Goshi River. Kilifi is the capital of Kilifi County and had a population of 122,899 during the 2009 census.

Kilifi is known for its sandy beaches and for the ruins of Mnarani, including mosques and tombs, dating from the 14th to the 17th century.
Energy (Dubai Metro)
Energy (Arabic: الطاقة) is a rapid transit station on the Red Line of the Dubai Metro in Dubai, UAE, serving Jebel Ali and surrounding areas.

The station opened as part of the Red Line on 30 September 2013. It changed to Branch Line on June 1, 2021. The Energy Metro station was renamed from "DUBAL" in 2015. Flooding across Persian Gulf states in April 2024 temporarily closed the station.

Energy station is located on the Sheikh Zayed Road near the major junction with the D 57 road. Nearby are Festival Plaza and the Gurunanak Sikh Temple. Surrounding communities include Jabal Ali 3 and Jabal Ali 1. The station is close to a number of bus routes.

E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)
E 11 (Arabic: شارع ﺇ ١١) is a highway in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The longest road in the Emirates, it stretches from the Al Batha border crossing at the Saudi Arabia–UAE border in al-Silah in the al-Dhafra region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and ends at the Oman–UAE border crossing of al-Darah in al-Jeer, Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah, running roughly parallel to UAE's coastline along the Persian Gulf. The road forms the main artery in some emirates' main cities, where it assumes various alternate names —Sheikh Maktoum Bin Rashid Road and Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Road in Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai, Al Ittihad Road in Sharjah and Ajman, and Sheikh Muhammad bin Salem Road in Ras Al Khaimah. E 11 used to have the highest posted speed limit on Earth at 160 km/h, but was reduced to 140 km/h on April 14, 2025.
Hohburg Hills
The Hohburg Hills (German: Hohburger Berge), also called Hohburg Switzerland (Hohburger Schweiz), are located in the district of Nordsachsen near the eponymous village of Hohburg in the municipality of Lossatal in the German state of Saxony.

Hohburg
Hohburg is a former municipality in the Leipzig district in Saxony. With effect from 1 January 2012, it has merged with Falkenhain, forming the new municipality of Lossatal.

The composer and musicologist Friedbert Streller was born in the village on 21 December 1931.
John A. Fraser (politician)
John A. Fraser (November 6, 1840 – May 4, 1908) was a political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Victoria County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1874 to 1878 and from 1886 to 1894 as a Liberal member.

He was born on Boularderie Island, Nova Scotia, the only surviving son of the Reverend James Fraser, a missionary for the Church of Scotland. Fraser was educated in Halifax. He was postmaster for Big Bras D'Or and served as a member of the municipal council. In 1865, he married Frances Helen Plant. Fraser did not run for reelection in 1878 and 1882.

Nova Scotia Liberal Party
The Nova Scotia Liberal Party (officially the Liberal Association of Nova Scotia) is a centrist provincial political party in Nova Scotia, Canada and the provincial section of the Liberal Party of Canada. The party currently holds two seats in the Legislature, under the interim leadership of Iain Rankin. The party was in power most recently from the 2013 election until the 2021 election.

The party is the only party in the province with uninterrupted presence in the legislature since confederation. It has formed the Government of Nova Scotia for 90 of the approximately 160 years since it became a province of Canada. It won 25 of the province's 42 elections, but was supplanted by the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party as the official opposition for three consecutive elections in 1999, 2003 and 2006, and again in the most recent election in 2024.
Phyllis Cox Berthoud
Phyllis Cox Berthoud (8 April 1887 - 1975) was an Anglo-Indian tennis player from Bengal, British India. She participated in the Indian Open tennis tournaments between 1918 and 1923. Her entry into a Grand Slam event in 1920 for the Wimbledon singles draw was the first for an Indian woman. She died in Warwick in 1975.

Indian Open (tennis)
The Indian Open was a men's tennis tournament founded as the India International Championships in 1923. It was played from 1923 until 1979 and the men's event was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit, 1973 to 1979.  From 1947 to 1972 it was known as the Indian National Championships (though open to international competitors). It was held in various cities across India and was played outdoor on multiple surfaces.
Terrorism in Ecuador
Terrorism in Ecuador was, until the outbreak of the current security crisis due to the government's fight against drug-trafficking organizations, a relatively rare and sporadic occurrence as the country, despite periods of economic and political instability, was traditionally known as a peaceful state in Latin America. This was unlike its neighboring states, Peru and Colombia, which have suffered widespread violence by insurgent, paramilitary, and drug trafficking organizations (all using terror tactics) in different degrees for more than fifty years.

Attacks in Ecuador have traditionally been carried out by small domestic organizations (both known and anonymous) as well as, in a lesser degree, foreign Colombian groups operating within Ecuador's borders. A number of terror organizations have been inactive for several years.

University of Guayaquil
The University of Guayaquil (Spanish: Universidad de Guayaquil), known colloquially as the Estatal (i.e., "the State [University]"), is a public university in Guayaquil, Guayas Province, Ecuador.

The University of Guayaquil was founded on December 1, 1867, when the University Board of Guayas was formally established with the authority to award professional degrees in the coastal region of Ecuador. It is the oldest university in the city and holds the largest student body in Ecuador, with over 70,000 enrolled students. The institution operates several university extensions throughout the country.
A. A. H. Tuttle
Anson Akenside Hull Tuttle (1820/1821 – 7 September 1866) was an American tavern keeper, judge and Republican politician. Tuttletown, California, was named for him.

He built a log cabin in 1848 in what would become Tuolumne County, California. He was a member of the California State Assembly, 1858–59. He was Secretary of State of California in 1863. In 1866 he was California State Treasurer.

Tuttle died at the age of 45. He is interred in the Sacramento Historic City Cemetery in Sacramento, California.

Tuolumne County, California
Tuolumne County (/tuˈɒləmi/ ⓘ), officially the County of Tuolumne, is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 55,620. The county seat and only incorporated city is Sonora.

Tuolumne County comprises the Sonora, CA Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county is in the Sierra Nevada region.

The northern half of Yosemite National Park is located in the eastern part of the county.
Gary Brook (cricketer)
Gary Brook (born 25 November 1968) is a former English cricketer.  Brook was a right-handed batsman who played primarily as a wicketkeeper.  He was born in Leeds, Yorkshire.

Brook's represented the Yorkshire Cricket Board in List A cricket.  His debut List A match came against Huntingdonshire in the 2000 NatWest Trophy.  From 2000 to 2001, he represented the Board in 4 List A matches, the last of which came against the Northamptonshire Cricket Board in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 4 List A matches, he batted twice, scoring 3 runs.  Behind the stumps he took 5 catches.

Northamptonshire Cricket Board
The Northamptonshire Cricket Board is the governing body for all recreational cricket in the historic county of Northamptonshire.

From 1999 to 2002 the Board fielded a team in the English domestic one-day tournament, matches which had List-A status. The Board's final List A match was in the first round of the 2003 Cheltenham and Gloucester Trophy which was held in August 2002.
Schumm
Schumm is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Caroline Zoe Schumm (born 1988), American fashion designer

Hans Schumm (1896–1990), German-born American Hollywood character actor

Harry Schumm (1877–1953), American actor

Herb Schumm (born 1942), Canadian football player

Howie Schumm (1940–2015), Canadian football player

Karl Schumm (1899-?), German diver

Trevor Schumm, Australian curler

Walter Schumm (born 1951), American academic

Hans Schumm
Hans Josef Schumm (né Johann Josef Eugen Schumm; 2 April 1896 Stuttgart – 2 February 1990 Los Angeles) was a German-born-turned-American actor, notably, a prolific and critically acclaimed Hollywood screen character actor who appeared in some 95 films – including a co-starring villainous role in a 12-episode serial. He also appeared in 15 TV productions and several stage productions, including one on Broadway. Except for about ten cinema productions, Schumm's body of work in cinema and television was filmed in the United States. On stage and in film, he is credited as Hans Josef Schumm or simply Hans Schumm; but in seven films, he is credited under the pseudonym André Pola — three in 1948, one in 1949, one in 1954, and one 1956. In his private life, he was known as Joseph Schumm and Johann J.E. Schumm.
Illamurta Springs Conservation Reserve
Illamurta Springs Conservation Reserve is a protected area in the Northern Territory  of Australia in the locality of  Ghan about 42 kilometres (26 mi) south of Hermannsburg and 140 kilometres (87 mi) west of Alice Springs. The southern foothills of the James Range and the permanent spring from which the reserve takes its name are found within the reserve.

Hermannsburg, Northern Territory
Hermannsburg, also known as Ntaria, is an Aboriginal community in Ljirapinta Ward of the MacDonnell Shire in the Northern Territory of Australia, 125 kilometres (78 mi); west southwest of Alice Springs, on the Finke River, in the traditional lands of the Western Arrarnta people.

Established as a Lutheran Aboriginal mission in 1877, linguist and anthropologist Carl Strehlow documented the local Western Arrernte language during his time there. The  mission was known as Finke River Mission or Hermannsburg Mission, but the former term was later used to included a few more settlements, and from 2014 has applied to all Lutheran missions in Central Australia.

The land was handed over to traditional ownership in 1982 under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, and the area is now heritage-listed.
Paoni 15
Paoni 14 – Coptic calendar – Paoni 16

The fifteenth day of the Coptic month of Paoni, the tenth month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to June 9, of the Julian calendar, and June 22, of the Gregorian calendar.

Coptic calendar
The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the farming populace in Egypt and used by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). Like the Julian calendar (and unlike the international Gregorian calendar), the Coptic calendar has a leap year every four years invariably; it does not skip leap years three times every 400 years.
Matsya Pokhari
Matsya Pokhari  is a village development committee in Sankhuwasabha District in the Kosi Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4058 people living in 740 individual households.

Kosi Zone
Kosi or Koshi (Nepali: कोसी अञ्चल, Nepali: कोशी अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructure of zones to provinces. The headquarters of Kosi Zone was Biratnagar which was also its largest city. Other cities of Kosi Zone were Inaruwa, Dharan, Dhankuta, Jhumka, Duhabi, Tarahara and Itahari. Its main rivers were Arun, Tamor and Sapta Koshi.
Michael Houser
Michael Houser (January 6, 1962 – August 10, 2002) was an American guitarist known as a founding member and lead guitarist of the band Widespread Panic.  He appeared on seven studio albums during his 16-year tenure with the band from 1986 till 2002.  He is also featured on 4 live albums by Widespread Panic as well as several archive releases, live video concerts and compilations.  Two solo albums by Houser were released posthumously.

Widespread Panic discography
This is a discography for American rock band Widespread Panic. Since forming in 1986, Widespread Panic has released 13 studio albums, 8 live albums, 1 compilation album and 5 archive albums.

To date, Widespread Panic has sold over three million records.
Soviet Union at the Paralympics
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics competed for the only time at the Summer Paralympic Games in 1988. The country also competed for the only time at the Winter Paralympic Games that same year.

Soviet athletes won 21 gold medals, 20 silver and 15 bronze at the Summer Games, as well as two bronze medals at the Winter Games. The USSR's most successful Paralympian was Vadim Kalmykov, with four gold medals in track and field.

The only athlete to win a Paralympic medal for the USSR at the Winter Games was Valentina Grigoryeva, who won two bronze medals in cross-country skiing.

1988 Winter Paralympics
The 1988 Winter Paralympic Games (German: Paralympische Winterspiele 1988) were the fourth Winter Paralympics, held again in Innsbruck, Austria. These were the last Paralympics to be held in a separate location from the Olympics. Beginning in 1992, the Olympics and the Paralympics were held in the same city or in an adjacent city. These Paralympics were not held at the same Olympic venue in Calgary, Canada, because of financial and recruiting difficulties. A total of 377 athletes from 22 countries took part. The USSR competed for the first and only time. Sit-skiing was introduced as another event in both the Alpine and Nordic skiing competitions. Other sports were biathlon and ice sledge speed racing. Ice sledge speed racer Knut Lundstroem from Norway was the most successful athlete, winning four gold medals in the 100m, 500m, 1000m and 1500m events.
Discrete ordinates method
In the theory of radiative transfer, of either thermal or neutron radiation, a position and direction-dependent intensity function is usually sought for the description of the radiation field. The intensity field can in principle be solved from the integrodifferential radiative transfer equation (RTE), but an exact solution is usually impossible and even in the case of geometrically simple systems can contain unusual special functions such as the Chandrasekhar's H-function and Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-functions. The method of discrete ordinates, or the Sn method, is one way to approximately solve the RTE by discretizing both the xyz-domain and the angular variables that specify the direction of radiation. The methods were developed by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar when he was working on radiative transfer.

Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function
In atmospheric radiation, Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function appears as the solutions of problems involving diffusive reflection and transmission, introduced by the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. The Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function  defined in the interval , satisfies the pair of nonlinear integral equations

where the characteristic function  is an even polynomial in  generally satisfying the condition

and  is the optical thickness of the atmosphere. If the equality is satisfied in the above condition, it is called conservative case, otherwise non-conservative. These functions are related to Chandrasekhar's H-function as

and also
Liv Philip
Olivia K. (Liv) Philip is a record breaking freediver and AIDA International instructor who represents Great Britain.  In January 2011 she was awarded AIDA's Absolute Freediver Award 2010 for the highest combined score in six freediving disciplines: static apnea, dynamic apnea with fins, dynamic apnea without fins (pool disciplines), constant weight with fins, constant weight without fins, and free immersion (depth disciplines). In March 2011 she broke the UK women's dynamic, no fins record at the Great Northern Dive Competition, with a 111m swim.

In March 2012 she was chosen to reopen Golden Lane Sport and Fitness centre in the City of London.

World record
A world record is usually the best global and most important performance that is ever recorded and officially verified in a specific skill, sport, or other kind of activity. The book Guinness World Records and other world records organizations collates and publishes notable records of many.
Elsa Cladera de Bravo
María Rosaura Elsa Cladera Encinas de Bravo (Latin American Spanish: [maˈɾi.a roˈsawɾa ˈelsa klaˈðeɾa enˈsinas ðe ˈβɾaβo]; née Cladera Encinas; February 3, 1922 – June 27, 2005) was a Bolivian trade union leader and educator, leader of the teachers organisation in Bolivia, delegate at the Asamblea del Pueblo in 1971, engaged in the work for women's emancipation.

Technical University of Oruro
The Technical University of Oruro (Spanish: Universidad Técnica de Oruo, UTO), or UTO, is one of ten public universities in Bolivia. It is located in the city of Oruro.

The university was created on 15 October 1892 (1892-10-15) and was named Distrito Universitario de Oruro. It changed its name in 1937 to Universidad San Agustín and finally adopted its current name in 1941 under the dean, Josermo Murillo Vacarreza (1897–1987).
Princely Abbey of Kempten
The Princely Abbey of Kempten (German: Fürststift Kempten or Fürstabtei Kempten) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries until it was annexed to the Electorate of Bavaria in the course of the German mediatization in 1803.

Hochstift
In the Holy Roman Empire, the German term Hochstift (plural: Hochstifte) referred to the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince (i.e. prince-bishop), as opposed to his diocese, generally much larger and over which he exercised only spiritual authority. The terms prince-bishopric (Fürstbistum, or simply Bistum) and ecclesiastical principality are synonymous with Hochstift. Erzstift and Kurerzstift referred respectively to the territory (prince-archbishopric) ruled by a prince-archbishop and an elector-archbishop while Stift referred to the territory ruled by an imperial abbot or abbess, or a princely abbot or abbess. Stift was also often used to refer to any type of ecclesiastical principality.
Nagasaki 1st district (1947–1993)
Nagasaki 1st district was a constituency of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. Between 1947 and 1993 it elected five Representatives by single non-transferable vote. It was located in Nagasaki and, as of 1993, consisted of the cities of Nagasaki, Isahaya and Shimabara and the Nishisonogi, Kitatakaki, Minamitakaki, Kamiagata and Shimoagata counties.

Representatives for Nagasaki 1st district included home minister Ichirō Honda, construction minister Motoharu Baba, foreign minister Tadashi Kuranari, education minister Takeo Nishioka (president of the House of Councillors in the 2010s, LDP vice secretary-general Fumio Kyūma (defence minister in the 1990s and 2000s) and NFP co-founder Yoshiaki Takaki (education minister in the 2010s).

Isahaya, Nagasaki
Isahaya (諫早市, Isahaya-shi) is a city located in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. As of June 1, 2024, the city had an estimated population of  131,467 in 55169 households, and a population density of 380 people per km2. The total area of the city is 341.79 km2 (131.97 sq mi).
Petrovich
Petrovich is a patronymic surname derived from the Slavic-style patronymic derived from a Slavic form of the given name Peter. It addition, it may be an English-language phonemic rendering of the surnames Petrović and Petrovič. Notable people with the given surname include:

Curt Petrovich,  Canadian journalist

Donna Petrovich, Australian politician

Iván Petrovich,  Serbian film actor and singer

Jon Petrovich, American journalist and television executive

Jon Petrovich
Jon Petrovich (February 28, 1947 – February 10, 2011) was an American journalist and television executive. He is credited with founding numerous enterprises for CNN, including CNN.com, CNN Airport Network, and CNN en Español.
Dehnow-ye Sofla, Kuhrang
Dehnow-ye Sofla (Persian: ده نوسفلي, also Romanized as Dehnow-ye Soflá, Dehnow-e Soflá, and Deh Now Soflá; also known as Deh Now-ye Pā’īn and Nūs‘alī) is a village in Shurab-e Tangazi Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 177, in 30 families. The village is populated by Lurs.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province (Persian: استان چهارمحال و بختیاری) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Shahr-e Kord. The province lies in the southwest of the country, with an area of 16,332 square kilometers.

The province was classified as part of Region 2 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province lies in the heart of the Zagros Mountains, a mountain range that stretches across north-western Iran and forms a natural barrier between Iran and Iraq.