hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aar de Goede
Arie "Aar" de Goede (21 May 1928 – 16 May 2016) was a Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 (D66) party. He served in the House of Representatives (1967–1973), European Parliament (1979–1984) and Senate (1986–1987). As part of the executive he was State Secretary of Finance between 1973 and 1977.

Undersecretary
Undersecretary (or under secretary) is a title for a person who works for and has a lower rank than a secretary (person in charge). It is used in the executive branch of government, with different meanings in different political systems, and is also used in other organizational settings.

In government, the position may be a junior government minister (e.g. a parliamentary secretary) who assists a secretary of state. In other cases, the position may be a senior government official, frequently a career public servant, who typically acts as a senior administrator. The senior administrator may be considered a second-in-command to a politically appointed cabinet minister or other government official (e.g. in the United States), or they may be considered a head or chief executive of a government department (e.g. a permanent secretary). Some systems of government have both types of position, as in the United Kingdom where the title has been in use since the 17th century.
The Hidden Agenda of Sigrid Sugden
The Hidden Agenda of Sigrid Sugden is a 2013 children's realistic fiction novel by Jill MacLean. This book is a Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication. The cover images are courtesy to Chris Mills and Shutterstock. This novel is recommended for intermediate elementary to junior high school students.

Library and Archives Canada
Library and Archives Canada (LAC; French: Bibliothèque et Archives Canada) is the federal institution tasked with acquiring, preserving, and providing accessibility to the documentary heritage of Canada. The national archive and library is the 16th largest library in the world. The LAC reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Identity and Culture.

LAC traces its origins to the Dominion Archives, formed in 1872, and the National Library of Canada, formed in 1953. The former was later renamed as the Public Archives of Canada in 1912, and the National Archives of Canada in 1987. In 2004, the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada were merged to form Library and Archives Canada.
Julia Tunturi
Julia Emma Maria Tunturi (born 25 April 1996) is a Finnish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Vittsjö GIK and the Finland national team.

She previously played for TPS and Åland United of the Naisten Liiga.

Åland United
Åland United is a Finnish women's football club based in Lemland, Åland. They compete in the Kansallinen Liiga, the premier women's football league in Finland.

In 2004 Åland's clubs Lemlands IF and IF Finströms Kamraterna decided to strengthen the women's football in the region. Their combined team operated under Lemlands IF using the name Åland United. United managed promotion to the top national women's league, the Naisten Liiga, in 2005. In 2008 other Ålandic clubs Sunds IF, IFK Mariehamn and Saltviks IF joined in the cooperation and Åland United became an independent, pure women's football club.

In 2009 Åland United won the championship and played in the 2010–11 UEFA Women's Champions League. They started in the round of 32 and lost both legs to reigning champion Turbine Potsdam. In subsequent seasons Åland United has been 3rd (2010), 4th (2011), 2nd (2012) and champions (2013)
Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini
Maya Devi Temple is an ancient Buddhist temple situated at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lumbini, Nepal. It is the main temple at Lumbini, a site traditionally considered the birthplace of Gautama Buddha. The temple stands adjacent to a sacred pool (known as pushkarani) and a sacred garden. The archaeological remains at the site were previously dated to the third-century BCE brick buildings constructed by Ashoka. A sixth-century BCE timber shrine was discovered in 2013.

Koliya
Koliya (Pāli: Koliya) was an ancient Indo-Aryan clan of north-eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The Koliyas were organised into a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic republic), presently referred to as the Koliya Republic.
Old Arbaki
The old Arbaki were the predecessor of the Afghan Local Police and were the Afghan equivalent of county sheriffs in the United States and to this day still exist. These groups are not considered militias, but rather, are composed of tribesmen from well-defined villages and tribes, tasked with maintaining law and order and defending their communities. Arbaki were often seen as a means to secure Afghanistan.

Sheriffs in the United States
Sheriffs in the United States are the chiefs of law enforcement of a county. A sheriff is usually either elected by the populace or appointed by an elected body.

Sheriffs' offices are typically tasked with operating jails, security at courthouses and county buildings, protection of judges and juries, preventing breaches of the peace, and coordinating with city police departments. Sheriff's offices may also be responsible for security at public events and areas.

A sheriff's subordinate officers are referred to as deputies and they enforce the law in accordance with the sheriff's direction and orders.
Damir Vrabac
Damir Vrabac (born 10 May 1962) is a Bosnian retired football player who played as a midfielder for several Bosnian and Slovenian clubs during the 1980s and 1990s. His brother Dinko Vrabac is also a football player.

Gameplay
Gameplay is the specific way in which players interact with a game. The term applies to both video games and tabletop games. Gameplay is the connection between the player and the game, the player's overcoming of challenges, and the pattern of player behavior defined through the game's rules.
Sex in Public (TV series)
Sex in Public is an American reality television series that premiered on October 2, 2015, on TLC. The series is hosted by sex therapist Jill Dictrow who goes undercover in various places in order to approach people and help them dealing with their personal problems related to sex and dating.

Despite its title, the series does not actually deal with situations related to public sex itself, but rather confronts people who are not comfortable openly discussing their sex lives.

Due to its inappropriate content, the series was disapproved by the Parents Television Council, which criticised the network's programming decisions and described the show as "a desperate move to attract attention."

TLC (TV network)
TLC is an American premium multinational cable and satellite television network owned by the Networks division of Warner Bros. Discovery. First established in 1980 as The Learning Channel, it initially focused on educational and instructional programming. By the late 1990s, after an acquisition by Discovery, Inc. earlier in the decade, the network began to pivot towards reality television programming—predominantly focusing on programming involving lifestyles and personal stories—to the point that the previous name with "The Learning Channel" spelled out was phased out in favor of its initialism.

As of November 2023, with its programming primarily dedicated to the nine-series 90 Day Fiancé universe, comprising 31% of the shows carried by the channel, TLC is available to approximately 71,000,000 pay television households in the United States—down from its 2011 peak of 100,000,000 households.
Sossamon v. Texas
Sossamon v. Texas, 563 U.S. 277 (2011), was a United States Supreme Court case on the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), and sovereign immunity. The majority decision, written by Justice Clarence Thomas, held that the petitioner could not sue Texas state officials in their official capacity for damages under the RLUIPA, affirming a lower court ruling. The majority reasoned that the officials could not be sued under the RLUIPA because it was passed under the United States Congress’s Spending Power, not its Fourteenth Amendment Power.

Damages
At common law, damages are a remedy in the form of a monetary award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at law, the loss must involve damage to property, or mental or physical injury; pure economic loss is rarely recognized for the award of damages.

Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages, which are economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses, and general damages, which are non-economic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Rather than being compensatory, at common law damages may instead be nominal, contemptuous or exemplary.
Internet in Algeria
Internet use in Algeria increased from 150,000 users in 2006 to approximately 18,583,000 in 2015, with a penetration rate of 46% of the population, In 2008, the government set aside €100 million to provide internet to every high school in the country. The country is also modernising its internet network by installing optical fiber cables, and multi-service access nodes (MSANs) all across the country. The main internet service provider is Algérie Télécom, currently state owned but slated for privatization. In Algeria government regulations permit controls on internet access and monitoring of content.  ISPs are responsible for the sites they host, and are required to take “all necessary steps to ensure constant surveillance” of content to prevent access to “material contrary to public order and morality.” These laws are often used against journalists and to prevent antigovernmental activism.

Algérie Télécom
Algeria Telecommunications Corporation (Arabic: إتصالات الجزائر, romanized: ʾIttiṣālāt al-Ǧazāʾir, French: Algérie Télécom) is a state-owned and the main telephone company in Algeria. It is the sole operator of the fixed telephony network and broadband internet in the country.

Algérie Télécom is a subsidiary of Télécom Algérie Groupe after the latter's creation in 2017.
Giovanni Ghiselli
Giovanni Ghiselli (15 November 1934 – 26 February 1997) was an Italian sprinter who won three gold medals in one edition of Mediterranean Games. He was born in Novara.

He was finalist with the national relay team on 4x100 metres relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics (4th place).

Mediterranean Games
The Mediterranean Games is a multi-sport event organised by the International Committee of Mediterranean Games (CIJM). It is held every four years among athletes from countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea in Africa, Asia and Europe. The first Mediterranean Games were held in 1951 in Alexandria, Egypt, while the most recent games were held in 2022 in Oran, Algeria.
Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 861
The Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 861, is No. 16 in Johann Sebastian Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier Book I, keyboard music consisting of 24 preludes and fugues in every major and minor key.

Bach's G minor fugue is "insistent and pathetic". The subject also appears in his funeral cantata Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit (God's time is the very best time). The subject of the fugue employs a minor 6th leap in the first measure, then resolves it with a more conventional stepwise motion. Overall, the piece has a foreboding and admonishing tone.

Major and minor
In Western music, the adjectives major and minor may describe an interval, chord, scale, or key. A composition, movement, section, or phrase may also be referred to by its key, including whether that key is major or minor.

The words derive from Latin words meaning "large" and "small," and were originally applied to the intervals between notes, which may be larger or smaller depending on how many semitones (half-steps) they contain. Chords and scales are described as major or minor when they contain the corresponding intervals, usually major or minor thirds.
Eerie Queerie!
Eerie Queerie!, titled Ghost! (ゴースト!, Gōsuto!) in the original Japanese, is a four-volume manga series written and illustrated by Shuri Shiozu. It was published by Shinshokan under the Wings Comics imprint from 1999 to 2003. The series was licensed in English by Tokyopop in 2004, though it went out of print when the company closed its North American publishing division in 2011.

Shinshokan
Shinshokan (株式会社新書館, Kabushiki-gaisha Shinshokan) is a Japanese publishing company. It was established on June 14, 1961. In April 2009, the US publisher Digital Manga Publishing announced a co-branding operation with Shinshokan, to license yaoi and shōjo manga from Shinshokan's Wings, Dear, and Dear+ anthologies under the DokiDoki imprint (the name being Japanese onomatopoeia for a heartbeat).
Like Crazy (soundtrack)
Like Crazy: Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the 2011 film Like Crazy, released by Relativity Music Group on October 26, 2011. The album consisted of songs by Paul Simon, M83, Stars, The Mary Onettes and Figurine. An album containing the original score composed by pianist Dustin O'Halloran was released on the same date.

Figurine (band)
Figurine is an American electronic music group. The band members, friends since high school, use the pseudonyms David Figurine (Forster David Rudolph), James Figurine (James Tamborello) and Meredith Figurine (Meredith Landman).

While the band seems to be inactive as of 2006, all three members are also involved in other bands or have released solo work under their respective Figurine monikers. Mainly a long distance collaboration, the band was a precursor to James Figurine/Tamborello's later, more commercially successful project The Postal Service. Tamborello has also used the Figurine pseudonym for an official remix of Bright Eyes' Easy/Lucky/Free in 2005 and a solo album in 2006. Meredith is also a vocalist for Boothby.

Figurine lyrics commonly tell whimsical love stories involving technology, such as space stations, instant messaging or internet cafes. Their song "New Mate" was featured on the soundtrack of the 2004 cult film Napoleon Dynamite.
WinCC
SIMATIC WinCC is a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and human-machine interface (HMI) system from Siemens. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control physical processes involved in industry and infrastructure on a large scale and over long distances. SIMATIC WinCC can be used in combination with Siemens controllers. WinCC is written for the Microsoft Windows operating system. It uses Microsoft SQL Server for logging and comes with a VBScript and ANSI C application programming interface.

In 2010, WinCC and PCS 7 were the first known SCADA systems to be specifically targeted by malware. The Stuxnet worm can spy on and even reprogram infected systems.

ANSI C
ANSI C, ISO C, and Standard C are successive standards for the C programming language published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 14 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).  Historically, the names referred specifically to the original and best-supported version of the standard (known as C89 or C90).  Software developers writing in C are encouraged to conform to the standards, as doing so helps portability between compilers.
Transvergence
Transvergence (1999) is a compilation book of science fiction novels by American writer Charles Sheffield. Sometimes listed as a 6th book of the Heritage Universe series of novels, Transvergence is actually a compilation of book 3, Transcendence (published in 1992) and book 4, Convergence (published in 1997).  The title, Transvergence is a mashup of those novels' titles.

Convergence (novel)
Convergence (1997) is a science fiction novel in the Heritage Universe series by American writer Charles Sheffield. It is preceded in the series by Transcendence (1992) and followed by Resurgence (2002).

Separately, this title also names a 2022 novel by Craig Alanson which introduces his Convergence book series.
Paisiy Peak
Paisiy Peak (Bulgarian: връх Паисий, romanized: vrah Paisiy, IPA: [ˈvrɤx pɐˈisij]) rises to approximately 550 m in the Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica surmounting Sopot Ice Piedmont to the north and east.

The peak is named after St. Paisiy Hilendarski (St. Paisius of Chilendar, 1722–73), a famous figure of the Bulgarian National Revival, and author of the book ‘Slavonic-Bulgarian History: On the People, Bulgarian Czars and Saints, and All Bulgarian Deeds and Events’.

Bulgarian Revival
The Bulgarian Revival (Bulgarian: Българско възраждане, romanized: Balgarsko vazrazhdane, Turkish: Bulgar ulus canlanması), also called the Bulgarian National Revival, was a period of socio-economic development and national integration among Bulgarian people under Ottoman rule. It is commonly accepted to have started with the historical book, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, written in 1762 by Paisius, a Bulgarian monk of the Hilandar monastery at Mount Athos, leading to the National awakening of Bulgaria and the modern Bulgarian nationalism, and lasting until the creation of autonomous status for Bulgaria with the formation of the Principality of Bulgaria in 1878 as a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.
Everything's Changed
"Everything's Changed" is a song written by Richie McDonald, Larry Boone and Paul Nelson, and recorded by American country music band Lonestar. It was released in June 1998 as the fourth and final single from their 1997 album Crazy Nights. Their ninth chart single overall, it was also the last single to feature bass guitarist John Rich, who left the band to pursue a solo career. The song peaked at number 2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, and number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100.

John Rich
John Rich (born January 7, 1974) is an American country music singer-songwriter. From 1992 to 1998, he was a member of the country band Lonestar, in which he played bass guitar and alternated with Richie McDonald as lead vocalist.  After departing from the band in 1998, he embarked on a solo career on BNA Records in the late 1990s, releasing two singles for the label and recording Underneath the Same Moon, which was not released until 2006. In 2001, he self-released Rescue Me, an album he was inspired to record by a cancer patient named Katie Darnell.  By 2003, he joined Big Kenny to form the duo Big & Rich, who released three albums on Warner Bros. Records as well as ten singles, including the Number One "Lost in This Moment". After Big & Rich went on hiatus in 2007, Rich began work on a third solo album, Son of a Preacher Man, which has produced two more chart singles. In 2011, Rich released two extended plays, Rich Rocks and For the Kids, before re-establishing Big & Rich in 2012.
Sebaki Devi Das Tatma
Sebaki Devi Das Tatma (Nepali: सबकी देवी दास तात्मा) is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum. During her party's campaigns for Madhesi autonomy, Tatma took parts in rallies of the movement. Following the 2008 Constituent Assembly election, she was selected by MJF from the Proportional Representation quota to represent the party in the assembly. Prior to becoming a Constituent Assembly member, the 32-year-old Tatma worked as a domestic servant. She has four children.

Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal
The Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal (MJFN), or the Madhesi People's Rights Forum, Nepal, was a political party in Nepal. It was initially not a political party as such but a political advocacy movement demanding ethnic self-determination rights with the formation of a Madhes autonomous region for Teraibasi people, an election system based on proportional representation, and the setting-up of a federal republic in Nepal. The MJFN includes former leaders of other political parties like the Nepali Congress and CPN (UML).

The party was registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. On 16 June 2015, the party merged with Federal Socialist Party and Khas Samabeshi Party to form the Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal.
Jock Rundell
John Rundell (8 February 1895 – 25 August 1973) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper, primarily for Motherwell where he spent close to 10 years (during several of which the team finished in the top five positions in the Scottish Football League table), eventually being replaced by Allan McClory.

He then moved to Arthurlie, where he played for a season alongside younger brother George, a wing half. He moved to North Wales in later life.

Jock is credited with scoring a league goal for Arthurlie during the 1925–26 Scottish Division Two campaign, but the nature of this is unconfirmed, possibly being a 'souvenir' penalty in an unimportant fixture when it was known his career was nearing its end, or perhaps an error with a goal scored by George but credited to the better-known Rundell sibling.

Arthurlie F.C.
Arthurlie Football Club is a Scottish football club from Barrhead, East Renfrewshire. Based at Dunterlie Park, they play in the West of Scotland League Premier Division. The club played in the Scottish Football League in two spells, 1901 to 1915 and 1923 to 1929. They have won the Scottish Junior Cup twice, in 1937 and 1998.
Aisling O'Sullivan (academic)
Aisling Dominique O'Sullivan is an Irish–New Zealand academic, and is a full professor at the University of Canterbury, specialising in ecological engineering for removal of heavy metals and nutrients from wastewater, in urban and rural environments and as part of mining remediation.

Water Research
Water Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the science and technology of water quality and its management. It was established in 1967 and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Water Association. The editor-in-chief is Eberhard Morgenroth (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology).
Boulter
Boulter is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Beau Boulter (born 1942), member of the United States House of Representatives

Edmund Boulter (1635–1709), London merchant

Eric Boulter (born 1952), Australian Paralympic swimmer

George Henry Boulter (1825–1894), Ontario physician and political figure

Hugh Boulter (1672–1742), Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh

Katie Boulter (born 1996), British tennis player

Les Boulter (footballer) (1913–1975), Welsh footballer

Michael Boulter (1942–2025), British paleontologist

Roy Boulter (born 1964), English rock drummer

Russell Boulter (born 1963), British actor

Stanley Boulter (1852–1917), British lawyer and businessman

William Ewart Boulter (1892–1955), English recipient of the Victoria Cross

Stanley Boulter
Stanley Carr Boulter (29 May 1852 – 5 January 1917) was a British lawyer and businessman, who established The Law Debenture Corporation.  In 1902, he married Helen Carte, widow of Richard D'Oyly Carte, and he assisted in the financing of the Savoy hotel group.
John Kerr (physicist)
John Kerr FRS (/kɜːr/; 17 December 1824 – 15 August 1907) was a Scottish physicist and a pioneer in the field of electro-optics. He is best known for the discovery of what is now called the Kerr effect.

Electro-optics
Electro–optics is a branch of electrical engineering, electronic engineering, materials science, and material physics involving components, electronic devices such as lasers, laser diodes, LEDs, waveguides, etc. which operate by the propagation and interaction of light with various tailored materials. It is closely related to photonics, the branch of optics that involves the application of the generation of photons. It is not only concerned with the "electro–optic effect", since it deals with the interaction between the electromagnetic (optical) and the electrical (electronic) states of materials.