hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kiev in the Golden Horde period
Kiev in the Golden Horde period (Ukrainian: Київ у золотоординські часи, romanized: Kyiv u zolotoordnys'ki chasy) is the chapter in the history of Kyiv from the 1240 Mongol siege and conquest of Kiev until the 1362/3 Battle of Blue Waters, which saw the Grand Duchy of Lithuania emerge as the new hegemon in central Ukraine (see History of Kyiv (1362–1657)). The Mongol invasion of 1237–1242 destroyed the Kievan Rus' state and disrupted traditional economic ties. This had a negative impact on the socio-economic, political and cultural development of Kiev. The Mongol army commander Batu Khan established the Khanate of the Golden Horde, with its capital city of Sarai on the Lower Volga, replacing Kiev as the political centre of the Rus' principalities. However, Kiev remained the de jure and de facto metropolitan see, and thereby the religious centre of Rus', until at least 1299.

Central Ukraine
Central Ukraine (Ukrainian: Центральна Україна, romanized: Tsentralna Ukraina, IPA: [tsenˈtrɑlʲnɐ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]) consists of historical regions of left-bank Ukraine and right-bank Ukraine that reference to the Dnieper River. It is situated away from the Black Sea Littoral North and a midstream of the Dnieper River and its basin.

The cities of Central Ukraine are among the oldest in Ukraine. Also in contrast to the southeastern portion of the country, the region is more agricultural with extensive grain and sunflower fields in the heart of Ukraine. Some of the largest cities in Central Ukraine include Kryvyi Rih, Cherkasy, Kropyvnytskyi, Poltava and Kremenchuk.
Rigondeaux
Rigondeaux is a surname, likely of French origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Guillermo Rigondeaux (born 1980), Cuban professional boxer

Máximo Rigondeaux (born 1976), Cuban retired javelin thrower

Máximo Rigondeaux
Máximo Rigondeaux (born 17 October 1976) is a retired Cuban javelin thrower.

He claimed the silver medal behind compatriot Emeterio González at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. His personal best throw was 81.43 metres, achieved in May 2000 in Dessau.
Ministry of Agriculture (China)
The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) was a cabinet-level executive department of the State Council which was responsible for agriculture in China.

Areas of the ministry's responsibility included agriculture and environmental issues relating to agriculture, fishery, consumer affairs, animal husbandry, horticulture, animal welfare, foodstuffs, hunting and game management as well as higher education and research in the field of agricultural sciences. The ministry was headquartered in Beijing.

The ministry was abolished in 2018, with its responsibilities being assumed by the newly created Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on March 19, 2018.

Constituent departments of the State Council
The constituent departments of the State Council (Chinese: 国务院组成部门; pinyin: Guówùyuàn Zǔchéng Bùmén) are the principal units of State Council of the People's Republic of China. Types of departments include ministries (部; bù), commissions (委员会; wěiyuánhuì), the People's Bank of China, and the National Audit Office.

The current 14th State Council has 26 constituent departments: 21 ministries, three commissions, along with the People's Bank of China and the National Audit Office. It also has a General Office, one directly affiliated specialized institution, 14 directly affiliated institutions, one office, 7 directly affiliated public institutions, and 17 national bureaus managed by ministries and commissions of the State Council.
Anabar Shield
The Anabar Shield (Russian: Анабарский щит) is a shield in Siberia. It is an exposed basement of the Siberian Craton. Together with the Aldan Shield to the southeast, the Anabar Shield is one of the main features of the craton.

On the surface it appears as an upland of moderate height, built of gneisses and crystalline shales folded in the Archean. There are numerous dislocations and intrusions. The outer zone has slightly undulated layers of Proterozoic deposits.

The Anabar Shield coincides geographically with the Anabar Plateau, located at the northern end of the Central Siberian Plateau, in the upper reaches of the Anabar, Olenyok and Kotuy rivers.

Kotuy
The Kotuy (Russian: Котуй) is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is one of the two rivers that form the Khatanga; the other one being the Kheta.

The Kotuy is 1,409 kilometres (876 mi) long, and the area of its basin is 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi). It freezes up in late September or early October and breaks up in late May or early June.
2000 Watts
2000 Watts is the second studio album by American recording artist Tyrese. It was released by RCA Records on May 22, 2001 in the United States. Titled in homage to the Watts neighborhood in Los Angeles, his home town, Tyrese worked with a variety of musicians on the album, including Babyface, Battlecat, Jermaine Dupri, Tim & Bob, Jake and Trev, Tricky Stewart, Rodney Jerkins, and The Underdogs.

The album received generally positive reviews. It debuted at number ten on the US Billboard 200, making it Tyrese's first top 10 album, and also debuted at number four on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. 2000 Watts was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and produced three singles, including lead single "I Like Them Girls" as well as follow-ups "What Am I Gonna Do" and "Just a Baby Boy." 2000 Watts's front cover features the Watts Towers.

Babyface (musician)
Kenneth Brian Edmonds (born April 10, 1959), known professionally as Babyface, is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. He has written and produced 26 number-one R&B hit songs and 
won 13 Grammy Awards. He was ranked number 20 on NME's 50 of The Greatest Producers Ever list.
Roger Parent (Canadian politician)
Roger Denis Parent (July 21, 1953 – November 29, 2016) was a Canadian politician who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in the 2011 election. He represented the electoral district of Saskatoon Meewasin as a member of the Saskatchewan Party caucus. Parent died of cancer at age 63, just hours after his diagnosis was made public on November 29, 2016, and within two weeks of being diagnosed.

2011 Saskatchewan general election
The 2011 Saskatchewan general election was held on November 7, 2011, to elect 58 members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (MLAs). The election was called on October 10 by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan, on the advice of Premier Brad Wall. Wall's Saskatchewan Party government was re-elected with an increased majority of 49 seats, the third-largest majority government in the province's history.  The opposition New Democratic Party was cut down to only nine ridings, its worst showing in almost 30 years.

This was the first Saskatchewan provincial vote to use a fixed election date, set on the first Monday of November every four years.
Unitas Medal
The Unitas Medal was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 4 November 1994. It was awarded to all ranks who were on the active strength of all seven constituent military forces from 27 April 1994 to 10 May 1994, to commemorate their amalgamation into the South African National Defence Force. It was also awarded to personnel of the British Military Advisory and Training Team which served in South Africa at the time.

South African National Defence Force
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) comprises the armed forces of South Africa. The Chief of the SANDF is appointed by the President of South Africa from one of the armed services. They are in turn accountable to the Minister of Defence and Military Veterans of the Defence Department.

The military as it exists today was created in 1994, following South Africa's first nonracial election in April of that year and the adoption of a new constitution. It replaced the South African Defence Force and also integrated uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), and the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) guerilla forces.
GiTx1
GiTx1 (β/κ-theraphotoxin-Gi1a) is a peptide toxin present in the venom of Grammostola iheringi. It reduces both inward and outward currents by  blocking voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, respectively.

Voltage-gated potassium channel
Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell's membrane potential.  During action potentials, they play a crucial role in returning the depolarized cell to a resting state.
Presidency of Gustavo Petro
Gustavo Petro's term as the 34th president of Colombia began with his inauguration on 7 August 2022. Petro, who previously served as mayor of Bogotá, took office after his victory in the 2022 presidential election over the anti-corruption leader Rodolfo Hernández. Petro took office under the political shadow of his predecessor, amid an economic crisis and increased political polarization.

At the time of his election, Petro was a 62-year-old member of Congress; his victory has been attributed to public anger at the political class over years of corruption in politics, economic recession, the COVID-19 health crisis and a rise in violent crime. The crisis the country was in was caused, among other factors, by the weakness of the prices of raw materials; the events revealed underlying weaknesses in the economy including poor infrastructure, excessive bureaucracy, an inefficient tax system, and corruption.

Superior Mayor of Bogotá
The superior mayor of Bogotá (Spanish: Alcalde Mayor de Bogotá) is the highest administrative authority of the Special District of Bogotá, and the head of the executive branch of the local government of Bogotá. The mayor heads the district's government alongside the districtal secretaries and the chiefs of the administrative departments.

The mayor is not the highest political authority of Bogotá, that distinction belonging to the District's City Council, which is charged with creating municipal ordinances and overseeing the mayor's duties. The mayor is elected every four years by popular vote and is usually considered by general opinion to be the second most important political post in Colombia second only to the President of the Republic. The Superior Mayor of Bogota's Office oversees twenty local municipalities (localidades) which each have their own local Mayors.
George B. Walden
George B. Walden (February 18, 1895 - August 6, 1982) was a chemist who worked for Eli Lilly and Company on the mass production of insulin.  He discovered isoelectric precipitation, which solved a major problem and led to the mass production of insulin.

The team at the University of Toronto working on insulin had inconsistent results in purifying it and eventually turned to Eli Lilly for help and George Walden (who started working for Eli Lilly as a 28-year-old chemist in 1917 for $85 each month) was put in charge of the project.

Walden was the head chemist at Eli Lilly in 1922.  Previous attempts at purification of insulin attempted to keep the insulin in solution and precipitate out the contaminating proteins. Walden found that if he adjusted the pH to produce the maximum precipitation, the precipitate contained highly purified insulin.  His process yielded insulin that was 10 to 100 times more pure than  previous batches.

Protein precipitation
Protein precipitation is widely used in downstream processing of biological products in order to concentrate proteins and purify them from various contaminants. For example, in the biotechnology industry protein precipitation is used to eliminate contaminants commonly contained in blood. The underlying mechanism of precipitation is to alter the solvation potential of the solvent, more specifically, by lowering the solubility of the solute by addition of a reagent.
Marvin Hamilton
Marvin Hamilton-Omole (born 8 October 1988) is a professional footballer who plays for Hythe Town. Born in England, he represented the Sri Lanka national team.

Born in England to a Nigerian father and a Sri Lankan mother, Hamilton began his career with Gillingham and has subsequently gone on to play for a number of non-League clubs in the south of England, as well as spending brief spells playing in Cyprus, Australia and the USA.

Dingley Stars FC
Dingley Stars Football Club was an association football club from the South-Eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. Formed in 1974, the club was formerly known as Dingley City Soccer Club which was changed in 2004 to Southern Stars FC, and then to Dingley Stars at the end of the 2014 season. Currently competing in the Victorian State League Division 1, their senior home ground is Kingston Heath, and their juniors base at Chadwick Reserve, Howard Road, Dingle. Club colours are red and white (full red kit home, full white kit away). After an unsuccessful year in 2009, Southern Stars FC were relegated to the Victorian State League Division 2, it is the club's first time getting relegated in its 36-year history. The following year in 2010 finished 1st getting promoted back to State 1. Then in 2011 the club finished 2nd only by goal difference to be promoted to the Victorian Premier League.
PKP class EW51
EW51 (originally series 91 000/92 000, later on E400/E500, E93, and E51) was a three-car electric multiple unit, produced by the Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein plants in Warsaw (mechanical parts of motor cars), H. Cegielski Spółka Akcyjna in Poznań and L. Zieleniewski in Sanok (control cars and trailer cars) in the years 1936–1939. Electrical equipment was supplied by English Electric. The units were intended for suburban traffic in the Warsaw area. Before the war, the units had second- and third-class compartments. A total of 76 units were produced. Currently, the only surviving vehicle, EW51-36, is the property of the Museum Station in Warsaw. Restoration was completed in January 2019.

Sanok
Sanok [ˈsanɔk] (in full the Royal Free City of Sanok — Polish: Królewskie Wolne Miasto Sanok, Rusyn: Санок, Sanok, Ukrainian: Сянок or Cянік, Sianok or Sianik, Latin: Sanocum, Yiddish: סאָניק, Sūnik or Sonik) is a town in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of southeastern Poland with 38,397 inhabitants, as of June 2016. Located on the San River and around 52 km (32 mi) south of Przemyśl, Sanok lies directly by the Carpathian Mountains.

The town's history goes back almost a thousand years to when it was part of a medieval trade route. The Museum of Folk Architecture as well as the refurbished Sanok Castle and Old Town are popular points of interest. The region also features a 70 km (43 mi) trail for hikers and cyclists.
1972 Blue Swords
The 1972 Blue Swords Cup international figure skating competition (Pokal der Blauen Schwerter) was held in Dresden, East Germany. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles and pair skating.

Romy Kermer and Rolf Österreich of East Germany placed second in their first-ever pair skating competition together, while Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann, also from East Germany, won the cup.

Manuela Groß
Manuela Manja Groß (later Leupold, born 29 January 1957 in East Berlin, East Germany) is a German former competitive pair skater. With partner Uwe Kagelmann, she is a two-time Olympic bronze medalist, and she is the youngest female figure skating Olympic medalist. She turned 15 just four days before the opening of the 1972 Winter Olympics, held in Sapporo, Japan, where she won her first bronze medal in pairs skating.

Groß began figure skating in Berlin. She was paired with Uwe Kagelmann. They skated for the SC Dynamo Berlin club representing East Germany. Their coach was Heinz-Friedrich Lindner.

Groß became a figure skating coach at the SC Berlin club and coaches many recreational figure skaters.
Heavy traffic approximation
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a heavy traffic approximation (sometimes called heavy traffic limit theorem or diffusion approximation) involves the matching of a queueing model with a diffusion process under some limiting conditions on the model's parameters. The first such result was published by John Kingman, who showed that when the utilisation parameter of an M/M/1 queue is near 1, a scaled version of the queue length process can be accurately approximated by a reflected Brownian motion.

Random walk
In mathematics, a random walk, sometimes known as a drunkard's walk, is a stochastic process that describes a path that consists of a succession of random steps on some mathematical space.

An elementary example of a random walk is the random walk on the integer number line  which starts at 0, and at each step moves +1 or −1 with equal probability. Other examples include the path traced by a molecule as it travels in a liquid or a gas (see Brownian motion), the search path of a foraging animal, or the price of a fluctuating stock and the financial status of a gambler. Random walks have applications to engineering and many scientific fields including ecology, psychology, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology, economics, and sociology. The term random walk was first introduced by Karl Pearson in 1905.

Realizations of random walks can be obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.
1975–76 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup
The 1975–76 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup was the tenth edition of FIBA's 2nd-tier level European-wide professional club basketball competition, contested between national domestic cup champions, running from 29 October 1975, to 17 March 1976. It was contested by 20 teams, two less than in the previous edition.

Cinzano Milano won its third title in the competition, by defeating the French League club, Tours, in the final held in Turin.

European professional club basketball system
Professional men's basketball clubs in Europe can compete in a number of different competitions, including national leagues, regional (multi-national) leagues, and continental competitions. It is therefore possible for clubs from some countries to take part in several levels of competition in the same season. Clubs usually qualify for European competitions through performance in their national or regional leagues, with the exception of wild cards.
Silin (surname)
Silin (Russian: Силин) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Silina. Notable people with the surname include:

Egor Silin (born 1988), Russian cyclist

Evelyn Šilina (born 2001), Estonian footballer

Marie Silin (born 1979), French politician

Tīna Siliņa (born 1995), Latvian curler

Vyacheslav Ivanovich Silin, Russian firearms designer

Yelena Silina (b. 1987), Russian ice hockey player

Marie Silin
Marie Silin (French pronunciation: [maʁi silɛ̃]; born 4 October 1979) is a French politician who represented the 12th constituency of Paris in the National Assembly from 2020 to 2022. A member of La République En Marche! (LREM), she was elected as Olivia Grégoire's substitute in 2017.
SS Ocean Queen (1908)
15°51′S 148°15′W﻿ / ﻿15.85°S 148.25°W﻿ / -15.85; -148.25

Ocean Queen was a steam cargo ship built in 1908 by the William Gray & Co. of West Hartlepool for Jacob Christensen of Bergen. The ship was designed and built as a bulk carrier, but was wrecked on her maiden voyage.

William Gray & Company
William Gray & Company Ltd. was a British shipbuilding company located in West Hartlepool, County Durham, in North East England. Founded in 1863 by John Denton and William Gray as a partnership, it became a private and then a public limited company under the leadership of three generations of the Gray family until finally wound up in 1962.
Griego
Griego is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eric Griego (born 1966), American politician

Jorge Griego (1504–after 1545), Greek conquistador

Phil Griego (1948–2026), American politician

Jorge Griego
Jorge Griego (English: "George the Greek") (Greece, c. 1504 - after 1545), was a Greek conquistador who participated in the conquest of Peru. Jorge was born in 1504 in as a Greek (it is not clear what political unit he was born in) and followed his Greek friend Pedro De Candia to Panama and Peru. He was also appointed as an encomendero in Jauja, an authority which was granted mostly to Conquistadors.
Bargabhima Temple
Bargabhima Temple is a Hindu ancient temple situated at Tamluk in Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal. The Bargabhima Temple, also known as Vibhash Shakti Peeth and Bhimakali Mandir, is devoted to the goddess Sati. This particular shrine of one of the 51 Shaktipeeth Temples stands by River Roopnarayana in Tamluk village, Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. It was constructed by the Tamluk Raj family.

Kharagpur
Kharagpur (Bengali: [kʰɔɽɔɡɔpuɾ] ⓘ) is a semi-planned urban agglomeration and a major industrial city in the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Kharagpur subdivision and the largest city of the district. It is located 120 km west of Kolkata. Kharagpur holds the oldest and biggest Indian Institute of Technology namely IIT Kharagpur. It has one of the largest railway workshops in India. Kharagpur Junction contains the fourth longest railway platform in the world (1072.5 m) and is the headquarter of the Kharagpur Division of the South Eastern Railways.
Ernest Jean-Marie Millard de Bois Durand
Ernest Jean-Marie Millard de Bois Durand (29 July 1872 – 18 January 1946) was a painter, watercolorist and illustrator born in Paris. He was a professor of drawing and artistic anatomy at the École Boulle.

École Boulle
The École Boulle (French pronunciation: [ekɔl bul]) is a college of fine arts and crafts and applied arts in Paris, France. It is located at 9-21, rue Pierre-Bourdan in the 12th arrondissement of Paris (France). It accepts students at both the secondary-school and tertiary levels.
Gunter Pleuger
Gunter Pleuger (born 25 March 1941 in Wismar, Germany) is a German diplomat and politician.

He studied in politics and law in Bonn, and subsequently Cologne.

From 11 November 2002 to 2006, Pleuger was the German ambassador to the United Nations. He was succeeded by Thomas Matusek.   Since 1 October 2008, he has acted as president of the Viadrina European University in Frankfurt (Oder).

Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations
The role of the ambassador and permanent representative of Germany to the United Nations is as the leader of the German delegation to the United Nations in New York City and as head of the Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the UN. The position has the rank and status of an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary and is also the representative of Germany in the United Nations Security Council.

The permanent representative, currently Antje Leendertse, is charged with representing Germany, both through its non-permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council and also during plenary meetings of the General Assembly, except in the rare situation in which a more senior officer (such as the minister for foreign affairs or the president) is present.
Babhangawan
Babhangawan is a village located in the Lakhisarai district of Bihar, India.

The village has a population of 3,737 as of the 2011 Census. Its economy is primarily agricultural. The total geographical area of the village is 1,465 hectares. Agricultural land within the village is cultivated primarily for rice, pulses, and wheat. The village is divided into several tolas (small hamlets or subdivisions), including Jaji Tola, Paschim Tola, and Dobha Par. The Lakhisarai Junction railway station is located approximately 10 km from the village.

Lakhisarai Junction railway station
Lakhisarai Junction also called Luckeesarai Junction station code LKR, is one of the major railway junctions in East Central Railway. Lakhisarai is connected to metropolitan areas of India, by the Delhi–Kolkata Main Line via Mugalsarai–Patna route which runs along the historic Grand Trunk Road.