hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arc length
Arc length is the distance between two points along a curve.
It can be formalized mathematically for smooth curves using vector calculus and differential geometry, or for curves that might not necessarily be smooth as a limit of lengths of polygonal chains. The curves for which this limit exists are called rectifiable curves, and the process of determining their arc length in this way is called curve rectification.

Logarithmic spiral
A logarithmic spiral, equiangular spiral, or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral curve that often appears in nature. The first to describe a logarithmic spiral was Albrecht Dürer (1525) who called it an "eternal line" ("ewige Linie"). More than a century later, the curve was discussed by Descartes (1638), and later extensively investigated by Jacob Bernoulli, who called it Spira mirabilis, "the marvelous spiral".

The logarithmic spiral is distinct from the Archimedean spiral in that the distances between the turnings of a logarithmic spiral increase in a geometric progression, whereas for an Archimedean spiral these distances are constant.
James Gooden
James Edward Gooden (23 December 1845 – 17 July 1913) was an Australian cricketer. He played in ten first-class matches for South Australia between 1872 and 1893.

Born in Brentford, England in 1845, Gooden emigrated with his parents to Adelaide in 1848, where his father became one of the first basket makers in the colony.

South Australia cricket team
The South Australia men's cricket team is an Australian men's professional first-class cricket team based in the state of South Australia. South Australia play their home matches at Adelaide Oval and Karen Rolton Oval, they are the state cricket team for South Australia representing the state in the Sheffield Shield competition and the limited overs One-Day Cup. The team is selected and supported by the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA).

The team's One-Day Cup uniform features a red body with gold and blue elements, the state's colours. They were known as the Southern Redbacks from 1995 to 2024, and officially competed under the West End Redbacks moniker from 1996 to 2024 due to a sponsorship agreement with West End. The Redbacks formerly competed in the now-defunct KFC Twenty20 Big Bash, but were succeeded by the Adelaide Strikers in 2011 because this league was replaced with the Big Bash League.
Spacey and Shakin
Spacey and Shakin is an album by the American musician Pete Droge, released in 1998. Droge supported the album with a North American tour that included shows opening for Edwin McCain. He was backed by his band, the Millionaires. Droge also participated in a "songwriters" tour, with John Doe, Steve Poltz, and Glen Phillips, nicknamed "Frasier Fair" in reference to Lilith Fair.

Edwin McCain
Edwin Cole McCain (born January 20, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is best known for how 1998 single "I'll Be", which peaked at number 5 in the Billboard Hot 100; its 1999 follow-up, "I Could Not Ask for More", peaked within its top 40. 5 of McCain's 11 albums have entered the Billboard 200.
Cléophas Beausoleil
Cléophas Beausoleil (June 19, 1845 – October 4, 1904) was a Canadian journalist, publisher, office holder, lawyer, and politician.

Born in Saint-Félix-de-Valois, Canada East, he was a journalist and lawyer before entering politics as an alderman with the Montreal City Council in 1882. He was acclaimed in 1885 and resigned in 1888. He was acclaimed again in 1892 and served until he was appointed postmaster in 1899. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1887 federal election in the riding of Berthier. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1891 and acclaimed in 1896. He resigned in 1899, when Canadian Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier appointed him postmaster in Montreal.

In 1868, he married Henriette Lapointe. Beausoleil died in Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon at the age of 59 after an extended illness.

Montreal City Council
The Montreal City Council (French: Conseil municipal de Montréal) is the governing body in the mayor–council government in the city of Montreal, Quebec. The head of the city government in Montreal is the mayor, who is first among equals in the city council. The council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council consists of 65 members from all boroughs of the city. The council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The city council is also required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.
André de Soveral
André de Soveral SJ (c. 1572 – 16 July 1645) was a Portuguese Catholic priest from Colonial Brazil. He was killed during the Restoration War at the Martyrdom of Cunhau, a massacre promoted by Dutch troops and their Calvinist ministers, who fought against the Portuguese Empire in Brazil. Soveral was a member of the Jesuits.

Soveral was canonized in 2017 by Pope Francis along with 29 fellow martyrs.

Massacre
A massacre is an event of killing defenseless human beings or other animals. It is generally used to describe a targeted mass killing of civilians by an armed group. It can also be used figuratively to refer to a one-sided exchange between armed groups. The word is a loan of a French term for "butchery" or "carnage". Other terms with overlapping scope include war crime, pogrom, mass killing, mass murder, and extrajudicial killing.
Dainius Varnas
Dainius Varnas (born 21 June 1971) is a Lithuanian politician of the Dawn of Nemunas serving as a member of the Seimas since 2024. In the 2023 municipal elections, he was the candidate of Freedom and Justice for mayor of Kaunas.

Centre-Right Union
The Centre-Right Union  (Lithuanian: Centro dešinės sąjunga, CDS), previously known as Freedom and Justice (Lithuanian: Laisvė ir Teisingumas, PLT) and Lithuanian Freedom Union (Liberals) (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Laisvės Sąjunga (Liberalai)), is a conservative-liberal political party in Lithuania. It holds soft eurosceptic views.
1981 NCAA Division II men's ice hockey tournament
The 1981 NCAA Men's Division II Ice Hockey Tournament involved 4 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college ice hockey.  A total of 4 games were played, hosted by Merrimack College.

The University of Lowell, coached by Bill Riley, won the national title with a 5-4 victory in the final game over Plattsburgh.

Tom Mulligan, of the University of Lowell, was named the Most Outstanding Player and was the high scorer of the tournament with seven points (3 goals, 4 assists).

Merrimack College
Merrimack College is a private Augustinian university in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1947 by the Order of St. Augustine with an initial goal to educate World War II veterans. It enrolls approximately 5,700 undergraduate and graduate students from 34 states and 36 countries. The school has an acceptance rate of 75%.
Kunka
Kunka (Aymara and Quechua for 'throat, gullet, neck, voice', Hispanicized spelling Cunca) is a mountain in the La Raya mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is situated at the La Raya Pass and the road and rail which connect Cusco with Lake Titicaca. It is located in the Cusco Region, Canas Province, Layo District, and in the Puno Region, Melgar Province, Santa Rosa District, and about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. Kunka lies southwest of the mountains Yana Khuchilla and Chimpulla. Other neighboring mountains are Huch'uy K'uchu north of it and Hatun Ichhuna Kunka in the south. Between the road and the mountain is a small lake, Q'umirqucha (Quechua q'umir 'green', qucha 'lake', 'green lake', Comercocha).

North of Kunka is a stream called Hatun K'uchu (Quechua for 'big corner', Hispanicized Atuncucho). It is an affluent of the Willkanuta River which originates near the pass.

Urubamba River
The Urubamba River or Vilcamayo River (possibly from Quechua Willkamayu, for "sacred river") is a river in Peru. Upstream it is called Vilcanota River (possibly from Aymara Willkanuta, for "house of the sun"). Within the La Convención Province, the name changes to Urubamba. A partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River, the Urubamba rises in the Andes to the southeast of Cusco. It originates on the slopes of Cunurana in the Puno Region, Melgar Province, near the La Raya pass. It flows north-north-west for 724 km (450 mi) before coalescing with the Tambo River to form the Ucayali River.

The Urubamba is divided into the Upper Urubamba and the Lower Urubamba, the dividing feature being the Pongo de Mainique, an infamous whitewater canyon, where the river narrows to a width of 45 metres (148 ft).
Lord Lieutenant of Cromarty
This is a list of Lord Lieutenants of Cromartyshire, Scotland.

Robert Bruce Aeneas Macleod 5 May 1794 – 1833

Roderick Macleod 6 May 1833 – 13 March 1853

George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland 2 April 1853 – 26 August 1889

The office was replaced by the Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty in 1889 through the operation of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.

Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 50) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which was passed on 26 August 1889. The main effect of the act was to establish elected county councils in Scotland. In this it followed the pattern introduced in England and Wales by the Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 41).
Fraser–Winter Park station
Fraser–Winter Park station is a train station in Fraser, Colorado. It is served by Amtrak's California Zephyr, which runs once daily in each direction between Chicago, and Emeryville, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. The station house is unstaffed, except during the winter months. At 8,561 feet (2,609 m) above sea level, it is Amtrak's highest-elevation train station.

Fraser, Colorado
The Town of Fraser is a Statutory Town located in Grand County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 1,400 at the 2020 United States census, a +14.38% increase since the 2010 United States census. The town is situated in Middle Park in the valley of the Fraser River along U.S. Highway 40. Its location northwest of Winter Park, the location of a popular ski resort, has provided growth in recent years with new condominium and other real estate developments.
Hughenden, Queensland
Hughenden (/hjuːəndən/) is a rural town and locality in the Flinders Shire, Queensland, Australia. It is the seat of the Flinders Shire. In the 2021 census, the locality of Hughenden had a population of 1,113 people.

State Library of Queensland
State Library of Queensland (State Library) is the state public reference and research library of Queensland, Australia, operated by the state government. The Library is governed by the Library Board of Queensland, which  draws its powers from the Libraries Act 1988. State Library is responsible for collecting and preserving a comprehensive collection of Queensland's cultural and documentary heritage, providing free access to information for all Queenslanders and for the advancement of public libraries across the state. The Library is at Kurilpa Point, within the Queensland Cultural Centre on the Brisbane River at South Bank.
Doğançay, Mersin
Doğançay is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mezitli, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 148 (2022). It is situated in the Taurus Mountains. Its distance to Mersin is 38 kilometres (24 mi). The main activity of residents is farming and agricultural activities including growing grapes, olives, pears, and almonds. The village is famous for its special grapes. Because of the uniqueness of its soil, the grapes develop a special taste at the end of the harvest season.

Mersin Province
Mersin Province (Turkish: Mersin ili), formerly İçel Province (İçel ili), is a province and metropolitan municipality in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. Its area is 16,010 km2, and its population is 1,916,432 (2022). The provincial capital and the biggest city in the province is Mersin, which is composed of four municipalities and district governorates: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir. Next largest is Tarsus, the birthplace of Paul the Apostle. The province is considered to be a part of the geographical, economical and cultural region of Çukurova, which covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Vincent Pagano
Vincent Pagano (born October 13, 1967 in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American film and television actor and screenwriter.

Pagano's first recurring television role was on the NBC sitcom Suddenly Susan in 1996.

Pagano wrote, produced and starred in two movies, both set in his native Rhode Island: the 1999 release A Wake in Providence and the 2006 release Jesus, Mary and Joey (titled Welcome Back, Miss Mary for cable television).

Sabrina, the Teenage Witch star Melissa Joan Hart told the Providence Journal she took a role in Jesus, Mary and Joey/Welcome Back, Miss Mary because her roommate, Angelo Spizzirri, was a close friend of Pagano.

Melissa Joan Hart
Melissa Joan Hart (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress, director and producer. She had starring roles as the title characters in the sitcoms Clarissa Explains It All, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and Melissa & Joey, and appeared as Liz in No Good Nick. She has also appeared in the films Drive Me Crazy (1999), Nine Dead (2009), and God's Not Dead 2 (2016).
Astrid Tveit
Astrid Tveit (born 26 June 1957) is a retired Norwegian high jumper. She represented Lillehammer IF and IL i BUL.

She finished tenth at the 1975 European Indoor Championships, fifteenth at the 1978 European Indoor Championships and tenth at the 1978 European Championships. She also competed at the European Championships in 1974 and 1982 as well as the 1976 Summer Olympics without reaching the finals. She became Norwegian champion in the years 1974-1979 and 1981.

Her personal best jump was 1.90 metres, achieved in June 1982 in Prague. This places her third among Norwegian high jumpers, only behind Hanne Haugland and Anne Gerd Eieland.

1978 European Athletics Championships
The 12th European Athletics Championships were held from 29 August to 3 September 1978 in the Stadion Evžena Rošického in Prague, the capital city of Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic).  Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald.

There were a number of disqualifications because of infringements of IAAF doping rules resulting in 18-month bans for shot putter Yevgeniy Mironov, javelin thrower Vasiliy Yershov, and pentathletes Nadiya Tkachenko and Yekaterina Gordiyenko, all competing for the Soviet Union, as well as shot putter Elena Stoyanova from Bulgaria.
2010 Massachusetts Question 1
The No Sales Tax for Alcohol Question, also known as Question 1, was on the November 2, 2010 ballot in Massachusetts. The measure asked voters whether to repeal a sales tax on alcohol sales.  The ballot measure for the 2010 ballot was added after the Massachusetts State Legislature increased the sales tax in the state from 5% to 6.25% and eliminated an exemption for alcohol sold in liquor stores.

The Measure passed with 52% of the vote thereby eliminating the sales tax on alcohol beginning January 1, 2011.

Sales tax
A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.

When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales and use tax, such as food, education, and medicines. A value-added tax (VAT) collected on goods and services is related to a sales tax. See Comparison with sales tax for key differences.
Robert North (choreographer)
Robert North (born 1 June 1945) is an American dancer and choreographer with extensive works in ballet and modern dance. He studied at the Royal Ballet School and the London School of Contemporary Dance. His early career was mainly with London Contemporary Dance Theatre, of which he was a founding member, and Ballet Rambert, where he was artistic director from 1981 to 1986. He later directed for Teatro Regio in Italy, Gothenburg Ballet in Sweden, Corpo di Ballo dell'Arena di Verona in Italy, Scottish Ballet, and Theater Krefeld und Mönchengladbach in Germany. Among his most popular works is the 1974 modern dance work Troy Game.

London Contemporary Dance School
London Contemporary Dance School (informally LCDS) is a contemporary dance school located in London, England. Previously part of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama, since 2022 LCDS has been independently registered with the Office for Students. It was founded by Robin Howard in 1966 to train new dancers for his company, London Contemporary Dance Theatre.

LCDS is based at The Place in the Bloomsbury area of Central London.
Maria Margareta of Dietrichstein
Maria Margareta of Dietrichstein (Maria Margareta Josefa; 18 April 1637 – 15 December 1676), was an Austrian noblewoman, born in Moravia, member of the House of Dietrichstein, and by marriage Princess Montecuccoli and Duchess of Melfi.

Montecuccoli
The House of Montecuccoli is an old Italian noble family that originated from the Castello di Montecuccolo near Pavullo nel Frignano, in the historical territory of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio. Over time, a prominent branch of the family became fully integrated into the Austrian nobility, especially through military and diplomatic service to the Habsburg monarchy. Despite their assimilation into Austrian society, they retained their Italian surname and cultural heritage.

One of the most distinguished members of the house was Raimondo Montecuccoli, a renowned general and military theorist of the 17th century, who rose to the rank of Field Marshal for his service during the Thirty Years' War and subsequent conflicts. Other members of the family also held high-ranking positions in the imperial army and court.
Ramalina furcellangulida
Ramalina furcellangulida is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae, described in 2007 from the Galápagos Islands. It forms small, greenish-grey tufts with angular, often hook-tipped branches that bear fine white lines (pseudocyphellae) and frequent cup-shaped fruiting discs. It is found mainly on bark in the coastal and arid zones of the archipelago and is considered endemic to the region.

Fruticose lichen
A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts.  Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but are a form encountered in many classes.  Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow slowly and often occur in habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions.
DeWitt Weaver
DeWitt Thompson Weaver Sr. (May 11, 1912 – January 19, 1998) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator.  He served as the head football coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders from 1951 to 1960.

He was the first head football coach at Texas Tech to win a bowl game during his first season—an accomplishment unmatched at Texas Tech until Tommy Tuberville's first season, in 2010.

In 1955, he became the first college coach to defeat the Texas Longhorns in a season-opener in Austin. He amassed a 49–51–5 record.

From 1952 to 1960, he also served as the athletic director at Texas Technological College, as Texas Tech University was then known.

His son, DeWitt Jr., was a professional golfer who won twice on the PGA Tour.

Texas Longhorns football
The Texas Longhorns football program is the intercollegiate team representing the University of Texas at Austin (variously Texas or UT) in the sport of American football. The Longhorns compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Their home games are played at Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin, Texas.

With over 950 wins, and an all-time win–loss percentage of .704, the Longhorns rank 5th and 7th on the all-time wins and win–loss records lists, respectively. Additionally, the program claims 4 national championships, 34 conference championships, 100 First Team All-Americans (63 consensus and 27 unanimous), and 2 Heisman Trophy winners.
Beckwith Expedition
The 1854 Beckwith Expedition by Lieutenant Edward Griffin Beckwith surveyed an area that was subsequently used for the Western Pacific's 1910 Feather River Route (connecting Oakland, California and Salt Lake City, Utah).

Edward Griffin Beckwith
Edward Griffin Beckwith (June 25, 1818 – June 22, 1881) was a United States Army officer who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and who conducted one of the Pacific Railroad Surveys in the 1850s and became known as the "Explorer of the Central Rockies".
Shifters
Shifters, also known as Shifters of Might and Magic, is a 2002 action role-playing game developed and published by The 3DO Company for the PlayStation 2. Set in the fictional Might and Magic universe, it is a direct sequel to the PlayStation 2 incarnation of Warriors of Might and Magic.

The 3DO Company
The 3DO Company was an American video game company based in Redwood City, California. It was founded in 1991 by Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins in a partnership with seven other companies to develop the 3DO standard of video gaming hardware. When 3DO failed in the marketplace, the company exited the hardware business and became a third-party video game developer and published well-known games series like Army Men, Battletanx, High Heat Major League Baseball and Might and Magic. It went bankrupt in 2003 due to poor sales of its games.
Boyuk Alagol
Boyuk Alagol (Azerbaijani: Böyük Alagöl) is a lake in the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan. It is located on the Karabakh volcanic plateau. Its area is 5.1 square kilometres (2.0 sq mi) and the volume of water reaches 24,300,000 m3 (860,000,000 cu ft).  The Boyuk Alagol is located at an altitude of 2729 meters above sea level.  The surface of the lake is covered with ice up to one meter thick from early November to late April. The water temperature is 14–15 degrees from June to August.

The lake was occupied by Armenian forces following the First Nagorno-Karabakh war and was administrated as part of the Shahumyan Province of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. The Kalbajar District, along with the lake, were returned to Azerbaijan on 25 November 2020 per the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.

Kalbajar District
Kalbajar District (Azerbaijani: Kəlbəcər rayonu) is one of the 67 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the East Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Khojaly, Agdam, Tartar, Goranboy, Goygol and Dashkasan districts of Azerbaijan, as well as the Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Kalbajar. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 94,100.