hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sandringham College
Sandringham College, established in 1988, is a two-campus secondary college located in the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Sandringham.

In 1987 the State Government of Victoria decided to merge four schools: Beaumaris High School, Hampton High School, Highett High School, and Sandringham Technical School. It was at the time when the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) was first introduced as the main certificate for the later years of schooling. The Sandringham Technical School site became the senior campus of Sandringham College; Hampton High, Beaumaris High and Highett High became Years 7–10 junior campuses.

Victorian Certificate of Education
The Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) is the credential available to secondary school students who successfully complete year 10, 11 and 12 in the Australian state of Victoria as well as in some international schools in China, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam.

Study for the VCE is usually completed over three years, but can be spread over a longer period in some cases.

The VCE was established as a pilot project in 1987. The earlier Higher School Certificate (HSC) was abolished in Victoria, Australia in 1992.

Delivery of the VCE Vocational Major, an "applied learning" program within the VCE, began in 2023.
Khan Tuman
Khan Tuman (Arabic: خان طومان) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorate, located southwest of Aleppo. Nearby localities include Urum al-Kubrah, Urum al-Sughrah, al-Shaykh Ali and al-Zurbah. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Tuman had a population of 2,781 in the 2004 census. The village is built on a hill located just east of the Queiq River. It is known for its historical caravanserai which dates back to 1189.

Urum al-Kubra
Urum al-Kubrah (Arabic: أورم الكبرى, also spelled Urem al-Kubra) is a town in western Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. With a population of 5,391 as per the 2004 census, it is the administrative center of Nahiya Urum al-Kubrah in Atarib District. Located southwest of Aleppo, nearby localities include Atarib to the west, Awayjil to the north, Kafr Naha to the east, al-Radwan to the south and Urum al-Sughra to the southwest.
Cathedral of Évora
The Cathedral of Évora (Portuguese: Sé de Évora) is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Évora, Portugal. It is one of the oldest and most important local monuments, lying on the highest spot of the city. It is part of the historical city centre, and the seat of the Archdiocese of Evora.

It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988.

Spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically made of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structures with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, roof shingles, or slates on the exterior.

Since towers supporting spires are usually square, square-plan spires emerge directly from the tower's walls, but octagonal spires are either built above a pyramidal transition section called a broach at the spire's base, or else free spaces around the tower's summit for decorative elements like pinnacles. The former solution is known as a broach spire. Small or short spires are known as spikes, spirelets, or flèches.
Parkinson's law
Parkinson's Law is one of two observations made by the naval historian C. Northcote Parkinson in a 1955 satirical essay:

"Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion."

The number of workers within public administration tends to grow, regardless of the amount of work to be done.

The essay starts by mentioning the first sense as a "commonplace observation", and the bulk of the essay discusses the second, which is what Parkinson winkingly dubs "Parkinson's Law". The first has been called the "personal version" of the law and the second, which is not stated explicitly, the "organizational version".

It is the first sense which is now most commonly called Parkinson's Law.

The essay is written as satire in response to the report of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service, which had been issued two days earlier. Despite its facetious origins, it has been widely adopted in management science and social psychology.

Social psychology
Social psychology is the methodical study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field of sociology, psychological social psychology places more emphasis on the individual, rather than society; the influence of social structure and culture on individual outcomes, such as personality, behavior, and one's position in social hierarchies. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions.
Juda, Wisconsin
Juda is an unincorporated census-designated place located in the town of Jefferson, in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. Juda is five miles east of Monroe along state highways 11 and 81. As of the 2020 census, its population was 340, down from 357 at the 2010 census. Juda is a part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area.

On March 30, 1967, nine students from Juda's Union High School, all girls, were killed when a Delta Air Lines DC-8 jet crashed into the motel where they had been staying during a senior class trip to New Orleans, Louisiana.

Wisconsin Highway 11
State Trunk Highway 11 (often called Highway 11, STH-11 or WIS 11) is a state highway running east–west across southern Wisconsin. The highway connects Dubuque, Iowa with the cities of Janesville, Racine and Elkhorn. Most of the route is two-lane road with the exception of an expressway bypass of Monroe, a multilane bypass of Janesville, a section where it is concurrent with I-39 and I-90, a combined freeway/divided highway bypass of Burlington to the south, where it is partially concurrent with WI 36 and WI 83, and urban multilane highway in the greater Racine area.
Hugh Phillips Engineering
Hugh Phillips Engineering of Tredegar, Wales, were specialists in the manufacture of steam locomotive valves and controls.

In 1982 they were involved with refurbishment of the Great Western Railway heavy goods steam locomotive No. 2857; reboring the cylinders and valves for the engine.

In 1985-1986 they restored six of the Sudan Railways 2-8-2 for grain haulage.

In 1989 they built three diesel railcars for Sudan, and one for Mozambique. In 1991 they built three 3 ft (914 mm) gauge 4-4-0 steam locomotives and fifteen carriages for the railroad at Euro Disney. In 1992 a railcar was built for Irish Railways.

In 1992 the company went into receivership, but was resurrected as HPE Tredegar Ltd (company number 02715632) who continued in the same business, building railcars for Ghana and Tanzania. In 1995 they built three diesel electric rack railcars for the Snowdon Mountain Railway; the company was forced into receivership in 1996.

4-4-0
4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels.

First built in the 1830s, locomotives with this wheel arrangement were known as "standard" or "Eight-Wheeler" type. In the first half of the 19th century, almost every major railroad in North America owned and operated locomotives of this type, and many rebuilt their 4-2-0 and 2-4-0 locomotives as 4-4-0s.

In April 1872, Railroad Gazette used "American" as the name of the type. The type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.

The vast majority of 4-4-0 locomotives had tenders, though some tank locomotives (designated 4-4-0T) were built.
Stizomolpus
Stizomolpus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It contains only one species, Stizomolpus kebarus. It was described from a single female specimen collected from Kebar Valley, a locality in the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua on the island of New Guinea. It resembles the genus Rhyparida, but differs from it by having a broad head, lacking a "Y"-shaped suture on the frontoclypeus (a combined frons and clypeus, making up part of the face) as well as lacking grooves above the eyes, having swollen and transversely grooved elytra with very unequal puncturation, and having a small tooth on the underside of each femur on the front and hind legs. The name of the genus refers to the strong punctures (of the pronotum and elytra) and "eumolpine beetle".

Clypeus
The clypeus is one of the sclerites that make up the face of an arthropod. In insects, the clypeus delimits the lower margin of the face, with the labrum articulated along the ventral margin of the clypeus. The mandibles bracket the labrum, but do not touch the clypeus. The dorsal margin of the clypeus is below the antennal sockets. The clypeus is often well-defined by sulci ("grooves") along its lateral and dorsal margins, and is most commonly rectangular or trapezoidal in overall shape.

The post-clypeus is a large nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up much of the front of the head in cicadas.

In spiders, the clypeus is generally the area between the anterior edge of the carapace and the anterior eyes.
Diocese of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia  (Latin: Dioecesis Boni Iesu a Gurgueia) is a Latin suffragan diocese  in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Teresina, in northeastern Brazil's Piauí state.

Its cathedral episcopal see is the Marian Catedral de Nossa Senhora das Mercês, located in the city of Bom Jesus, Piauí.

Piauí
Piauí (/pjaʊˈiː/, pyow-EE; pronounced [pi.aˈwi] or [pjaˈwi] ⓘ) is one of the states of Brazil, located in the country's Northeast Region. The state has 1.6% of the Brazilian population and produces 0.7% of the Brazilian GDP.

Piauí has the shortest coastline of any coastal Brazilian state at 66 km (41 mi), and the capital, Teresina, is the only state capital in the northeast to be located inland. The reason for this is, unlike the rest of the area, Piauí was first colonised inland and slowly expanded towards the ocean, rather than the other way around. In the southeast of the state, the National Park of Serra da Capivara is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park has more than 400 archaeological sites and the largest concentration of rock paintings in the world, in a landscape dominated by canyons and caatinga.
Kaito Kamiya
Kaito Kamiya (神谷 凱士, Kamiya Kaito; born 16 June 1997) is a Japanese footballer who plays as a defender for J3 League club FC Ryukyu. He is the twin brother of fellow professional footballer Ryoto Kamiya.

J3 League
J3 League (Japanese: J3リーグ, Hepburn: J3 Rīgu) or simply J3 is the third division of the Japan Professional Football League (日本プロサッカーリーグ, Nihon Puro Sakkā Rīgu). It was established in 2013 as the third-tier professional association football league in Japan under the organization of J.League. The league is known as the Meiji Yasuda J3 League (Japanese: 明治安田J3リーグ) for sponsorship reasons.

The third-tier nationwide league is a relatively recent development in Japanese football with a first attempt made in 1992 (second division of the old JFL), though it only lasted for two seasons. In 1999, following the establishment of J2 League, a new Japan Football League was created to comprise the third tier and lower divisions. After the introduction of J3, the JFL was demoted to the fourth-tier nationwide league, for the first time in history of Japanese football.
Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion
Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion is the first expansion pack for the strategy video game Rome: Total War. The expansion was released in 2005 in North America and Europe and in 2006 in Japan for Windows. Feral Interactive released the iPad version on 28 March 2017, the iPhone version on 9 May 2019, and an Android version of the game on 18 June 2019. A remastered version of the game was released as part of Total War: Rome Remastered on 29 April 2021. While the main game deals with the rise of the Roman Empire, Barbarian Invasion covers the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire during the Migration Period.

A game covering the same time period, Total War: Attila, would later be released in 2015.

Strategy video game
A strategy video game is a video game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning and decision-making, often involving the indirect control of multiple units and the management of limited resources, rather than the quick reflexes typical of action games.

Strategy video games are commonly divided into two main forms: turn-based strategy (TBS), in which players act in discrete turns, and real-time strategy (RTS), in which play proceeds continuously. Many also incorporate elements such as tactics, diplomacy, economics, or exploration.

Electronic strategy games developed in part from earlier non-digital board games and wargames, and scholars note that the definition of “strategy” in games is not entirely uniform across contexts.
Luigi Olivetti
Luigi Olivetti (November 19, 1856  – January 28, 1941) was an Italian painter, both in oil and watercolor, and engraver. His secular birth name was Luigi Giacomo Angelo.

He was born in Revere, Lombardy. In 1883, at Rome, he exhibited a watercolor titled Città, and in 1884 at Turin, at the National Exhibition he exhibited Cecilia la Guida delle Catacombe, La figlia del Borgomastro, and Ricordi of the Brettagna. He painted the genre painting: Ragazza sullo sfondo di Tivoli.

He was a resident of Rome, and late in life, moved with his wife Mariannina Palma to Tivoli, where died in 1941. He is buried in Rome in the Verano Monumental Cemetery.

Tivoli, Lazio
Tivoli (/ˈtɪvəli/ TIV-ə-lee; Italian: [ˈtiːvoli]; Latin: Tibur) is a town and comune in Lazio, Central Italy, 30 kilometres (19 miles) north-east of the city centre of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine Hills. The city offers a wide view over the Roman Campagna.
Tom Clancy's ruthless.com
Tom Clancy's ruthless.com is a turn-based strategy video game published in 1998 by Red Storm Entertainment. ruthless.com puts the player in the position of CEO of a new software company.  The game features a campaign mode, six different scenarios of varying difficulty, and a multiplayer option. It later inspired a book of the same name in the Tom Clancy's Power Plays series.

Strategy video game
A strategy video game is a video game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning and decision-making, often involving the indirect control of multiple units and the management of limited resources, rather than the quick reflexes typical of action games.

Strategy video games are commonly divided into two main forms: turn-based strategy (TBS), in which players act in discrete turns, and real-time strategy (RTS), in which play proceeds continuously. Many also incorporate elements such as tactics, diplomacy, economics, or exploration.

Electronic strategy games developed in part from earlier non-digital board games and wargames, and scholars note that the definition of “strategy” in games is not entirely uniform across contexts.
Channel coordination
Channel coordination (or supply chain coordination) aims at improving supply chain performance by aligning the plans and the objectives of individual enterprises. It usually focuses on inventory management and ordering decisions in distributed inter-company settings. Channel coordination models may involve multi-echelon inventory theory, multiple decision makers, asymmetric information, as well as recent paradigms of manufacturing, such as mass customization, short product life-cycles, outsourcing and delayed differentiation. The theoretical foundations of the coordination are based chiefly on the contract theory. The problem of channel coordination was first modeled and analyzed by Anantasubramania Kumar in 1992.

Mass customization
Mass customization makes use of flexible computer-aided systems to produce custom products. Such systems combine the low unit costs of mass production processes with the flexibility of individual customization.

Mass customization is the new frontier in business for both manufacturing and service industries. At its core, is a tremendous increase in variety and customization without a corresponding increase in costs. At its limit, it is the mass production of individually customized goods and services. At its best, it provides strategic advantage and economic value.
Ladismith (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Ladismith was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1933. It covered a large rural area in the southern Karoo, centred on the town of Ladismith (not to be confused with the larger town of Ladysmith in Natal). Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

1910 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 15 September 1910 to elect the 121 members of the House of Assembly. They were the first general election after the Union of South Africa was created on 31 May 1910.

The elections were held alongside the first election to the provincial councils of Cape Province and Transvaal. Those councils used the same electoral districts as those for the House of Assembly seats in the province. The first election for the provincial councils of Natal and Orange Free State, which did not use the same constituency boundaries as the House of Assembly, took place at a later date.

Although the Unionist Party received the most votes, the alliance of parties led by General Louis Botha won a slim majority. The Unionist Party became the official opposition. Botha's alliance would later unite as the South African Party.
Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actor
The Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actor is chosen by the viewers of Zee Marathi  as part of its annual award ceremony for Marathi films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role.

Zee Marathi
Zee Marathi is an Indian  Marathi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The channel was launched on 15 August 1999 and was known as Alpha TV Marathi until 28 March 2005, when it was renamed as Zee Marathi. It is the first Marathi GEC channel. A HD version of this channel, Zee Marathi HD, was launched on 20 November 2016.
Legon
Legon , a suburb of the Ghanaian city Accra, is situated about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north-east of the city center in the Ayawaso West Municipal District, a district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Legon is home to the main campus of the University of Ghana. Ghanaians loosely refer to the University of Ghana simply as "Legon". Legon is also home to a few of Ghana's well known educational institutions such as Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School (PRESEC-Legon), Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration(GIMPA) and the University of Professional Studies, Accra(UPSA). Legon is adjacent to one of the most prestigious residential suburbs of Accra - East Legon and only about 20 minutes drive from the Accra International Airport.

Greater Accra Region
The Greater Accra Region has the smallest area of Ghana's 16 administrative regions, occupying a total land surface of 3,245 square kilometres. This is 1.4 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. It is the most populated region, with a population of 5,455,692 in 2021, accounting for 17.7 per cent of Ghana's total population.

The Greater Accra region is the most urbanized region in the country, with 87.4% of its total population living in urban centres. The capital city of Greater Accra Region is Accra which is at the same time the capital city of Ghana.
Alperovich
Alperovich is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Beatriz Rojkés de Alperovich (born 1956), Argentine psychopedagogue, businesswoman, and politician, wife of José

José Alperovich (born 1955), Argentine politician

José Alperovich
José Jorge Alperovich (born 13 April 1955) is an Argentine politician who served as governor of Tucumán Province from 2003 to 2015. He was elected in 2003, and reelected in 2007 and 2011. Alperovich was also a National Senator for Tucumán from 2001 to 2008, and then from 2015 to 2021.

On 18 June 2024, Alperovich was found guilty of rape and sexual assault, and sentenced to 16 years in prison.
Přívrat
Přívrat is a municipality and village in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

Přívrat lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Ústí nad Orlicí, 47 km (29 mi) east of Pardubice, and 143 km (89 mi) east of Prague.

Pardubice
Pardubice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpardubɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Pardubitz) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 92,000 inhabitants. It is the capital city of the Pardubice Region and lies on the Elbe River. The historic centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.

Pardubice is known as a centre of industry, with dominant industries being the chemical industry, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The city is also well known for its sporting events, which include the Velká pardubická (a cross-country steeplechase), the Golden Helmet of Pardubice in motorcycle racing, and the Czech Open international chess and board games festival.
Xanthoparmelia terricola
Xanthoparmelia terricola is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Southern Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 1986 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale. The type specimen was collected at the top of the Brandwagsrot in Golden Gate Highlands National Park at an elevation of 1,900 m (6,200 ft), where it was found growing on pebbles and soil in areas of flat sandstone exposures. The thallus of X. terricola, which grows tightly to loosely on its substrate, is yellowish green but darkens towards the center and measures 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in). It contains several lichen acids: salazinic, consalazinic acid, usnic, and trace amounts of norstictic and protocetraric acids.

Usnic acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Frank H. Curd and Alexander Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.

At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).
Siroe (Hasse)
Siroe, or Siroe re di Persia (Siroes, King of Persia), is an opera seria in three acts by Johann Adolph Hasse. The libretto was by Metastasio. As with many of the latter's libretti, Siroe was also set by Hasse's contemporaries, for example Vinci, Vivaldi and Handel (see his Siroe of 1728).

Leonardo Vinci
Leonardo Vinci (1690 – 27 May 1730) was an Italian Baroque composer known chiefly for his 40 or so operas; comparatively little of his work in other genres survives. A central proponent of the Neapolitan School of opera, his influence on subsequent opera composers such as Johann Adolph Hasse and Giovanni Battista Pergolesi was considerable.