hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bobo doll experiment
The Bobo doll experiment was used by psychologist Albert Bandura to test his social learning theory. Between 1961 and 1963, he studied children's behaviour after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The most notable variation of the experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the adult model rewarded, punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll.

Social learning theory proposes that people learn largely through observation, imitation, and modelling. The Bobo doll experiment demonstrates that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished but they can also learn from watching someone else being rewarded or punished. These studies have practical implications, such as providing evidence of how children can be influenced by witnessing violent behavior.

Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process in which voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli. The frequency or duration of the behavior may increase through reinforcement or decrease through punishment or extinction.
Ryan Smith (South African politician)
Ryan Smith is a South African politician and a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Democratic Alliance (DA).

He was elected to the National Assembly of South Africa in the 2024 South African general election, where he was 59th on the national party list. The Democratic Alliance announced on 29 July 2025, that Smith would become spokesperson on the International Relations portfolio in Parliament after Emma Powell chose to resign from the role.

Parliament of South Africa
The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is South Africa's legislature. It is located in Cape Town; the country's legislative capital.

Under the present Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a National Assembly and a National Council of Provinces. The current twenty-eighth Parliament was first convened on 14 June 2024.

From 1910 to 1994, members of Parliament were elected chiefly by the South African white minority.  The first elections with universal suffrage were held in 1994.

Both chambers held their meetings in the Houses of Parliament, Cape Town that were built 1875–1884. A fire broke out within the buildings in early January 2022, destroying the session room of the National Assembly. It was decided that, during construction work at Parliament, the National Assembly would temporarily meet at the Good Hope Chamber.
Bradford Tatum
Bradford Steven Tatum (born March 29, 1965) is an American actor and author, known for his role as Michael Hubbs in the cult favorite stoner film The Stoned Age (1994). He also played the bully, John Box in Powder (1995). In 1999, Bradford wrote, directed, and starred in the indie film Standing on Fishes. Bradford is married to actress Stacy Haiduk, with whom he guest-starred in the seaQuest DSV episode "Nothing but the Truth". In 2006, Tatum released the indie film Salt: A Fatal Attraction, which he wrote, produced and starred in. This film also featured his wife, Stacy Haiduk, and his daughter, Sophia Tatum. In 2016, he joined the cast of the HBO series Westworld.

The Stoned Age
The Stoned Age is a 1994 American stoner comedy film directed by James Melkonian, following two long-haired stoners who spend a night touring the suburbs of Los Angeles,  looking for alcohol, parties, and young women.
1912 Hackney South by-election
The 1912 Hackney South by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 24 May 1912. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

UK parliamentary by-elections
In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary by-election occurs following a vacancy arising in the House of Commons. They are often seen as a test of the rival political parties' fortunes between general elections.
Mike Sharavjamts
Enkhiin-Od Michael Sharavjamts (born August 27, 2002) is a Mongolian college basketball player for the South Carolina Gamecocks. He previously played for the Dayton Flyers, San Francisco Dons and Utah Utes. He is the first Mongolian citizen to earn a Division I athletic scholarship.

NCAA transfer portal
The NCAA transfer portal is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) application, database, and compliance tool that facilitates student athletes' transfers between member institutions. It is intended to bring greater transparency to the transfer process and to enable student athletes to publicize their desire to transfer. The transfer portal is an NCAA-wide database covering all three NCAA divisions, although most media coverage of the transfer portal involves its use in the top-level Division I (D-I).

The portal launched on October 15, 2018. Regulations adopted in 2021 allowed student-athletes in D-I football, men's and women's basketball, men's ice hockey, and baseball to transfer schools using the portal once without sitting out a year. In 2024, the NCAA authorized athletes unlimited transfers.
Barteliai (Varėna)
Barteliai is a village in Jakėnų eldership, Varėna district municipality, Alytus County, southeastern Lithuania. According to the 2001 census, the village had a population of 24 people. At the 2011 census, the population was 18.

Alytus County
Alytus County (Lithuanian: Alytaus apskritis) is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is the southernmost county, and its capital is the city of Alytus. Its territory lies within the ethnographic region of Dzūkija. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Alytus County remains as a territorial and statistical unit.

It borders the Vilnius County in the east, Marijampolė County and Kaunas County in the north, Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland in the west, and Grodno Region of Belarus in the south..
David Clarke (English cricketer)
David Robert Clarke (born 26 June 1967) is a former English cricketer.  Clarke was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break.  He was born in Kettering, Northamptonshire.

Clarke made his debut for Bedfordshire in the 1991 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire.  He played Minor counties cricket for Bedfordshire from 1992 to 2003, which included 37 Minor Counties Championship matches and 29 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches.  He made his List A debut for Bedfordshire against Warwickshire in the 1994 NatWest Trophy.  He played 13 further List A matches for Bedfordshire, the last coming against Cheshire in the 1st round of the 2004 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2003. In his 14 matches, Dalton scored 514 runs at a batting average of 51.40.  He scored 2 half centuries and made a single century, making an unbeaten score of 176 against the Derbyshire Cricket Board in the 1st round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy.

Lincolnshire County Cricket Club
Lincolnshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Lincolnshire.

The team is currently a member of the Minor Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Lincolnshire played List A matches occasionally from 1966 until 2004 but is not classified as a List A team per se.

The club is based at Lincoln and plays matches around the county at Lincoln, Bourne, Grantham, London Road, Sleaford and Cleethorpes.
Akyar, Gercüş
Akyar (Kurdish: Mervanîye; Syriac: Marwaniye) is a village in the Gercüş District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kercoz tribe and had a population of 256 in 2021.

Gercüş District
Gercüş District is a district of Batman Province in Turkey. The town of Gercüş is the seat and the district had a population of 19,304 in 2021. Its area is 914 km2. The district was established in 1926.
Colombia's Next Top Model season 1
Colombia's Next Top Model, Cycle 1 was the first cycle of Colombia's Next Top Model.

The cycle featured fifteen contestants and was hosted by Carolina Guerra. Episodes aired daily, unlike with most version of the Top Model franchise, where episodes air weekly. The prizes for this season included $50,000 in cash, a brand-new automobile, a cover of Cromos magazine, and a contract with Chica Águila.

The winner of the competition was 23-year-old Mónica Castaño.

Cromos
Cromos is a Colombian variety and photojournalism magazine, known for widely covering the Miss Colombia pageant on editions called Mini Cromos. The magazine was founded in 1916 by Miguel Santiago Valencia and Abelardo Arboleda, both from the Colombian city of Popayán. It is published on a weekly basis and has its headquarters in Bogotá, D.C.

Cromos is part of the Library of Congress September 11 Web Archive and preserves the web expressions of individuals, groups, the press, and institutions in the United States and from around the world in the aftermath of the attacks in the US on September 11, 2001.

Cromos has received important journalism awards, among them: Premio Iberoamericano de Periodismo Don Quijote 2006, CPB and Simón Bolívar Awards, among others.
San Giovanni in Marignano
San Giovanni in Marignano (Romagnol: San Giàn or San Zvan in Marignèn) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Rimini. As of 2021, the municipality counts 9,463 inhabitants.

San Giovanni in Marignano borders the following municipalities: Cattolica, Gradara, Misano Adriatico, Morciano di Romagna, Saludecio, San Clemente, Tavullia. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Cattolica Airfield is an abandoned World War II US Air Force airfield in its vicinity.

Cattolica Airfield
Cattolica Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Italy, which was located in the vicinity of Cattolica (Provincia di Rimini, Emilia-Romagna); about 230 km north-northeast of Rome.  It was a temporary all-weather airfield used by the 332d Fighter Group between 4 May and 18 July 1945.

Today, part of the land on which the airfield existed is located in Santa Monica circuit of Misano Adriatico near Cattolica.
Crosses (Crosses album)
Crosses (stylized as †††) is the debut full-length album by the American musical group Crosses. The album was released on February 11, 2014, on Sumerian Records. The album contains remastered versions of songs from the band's previous two EPs (EP 1 and EP 2, respectively) as well as five new songs that were originally set to be released as EP 3. The album debuted at No. 26 on the Billboard 200 upon release. The album's sound reflects elements of electronic rock, nu gaze, dream pop, ambient, dark ambient, gothic rock, trip hop, dark wave, witch house and electronica.

Trip hop
Trip hop is a music genre defined as a psychedelic fusion of hip-hop and electronica with slow tempos and an atmospheric sound. The style emerged as a more experimental variant of breakbeat from the Bristol sound scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s, incorporating influences from jazz, soul, funk, dub, rap, as well as sampling from movie soundtracks and other eclectic sources.

Pioneering trip hop acts include Massive Attack, UNKLE, Tricky, and Portishead. The term was first coined in a 1994 Mixmag piece about American producer DJ Shadow. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has been described as "Europe's alternative choice in the second half of the '90s".
Dubyna, Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast
Dubyna (Ukrainian: Дубина) is a village (selo) in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, in western Ukraine. It belongs to Zabolottsi rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

From 1918 to 1939 the village was in Tarnopol Voivodeship in Poland.

Until 18 July 2020, Dubyna belonged to Brody Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.

Lviv Oblast
Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, romanized: Lvivska oblast, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Ukrainian: Львівщина, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is 2,478,133 (2022 estimate).
Simon Berry
Simon Paul Berry, (born in 1970) known by his alias Art of Trance, is an English trance music DJ.  Berry is also known as Poltergeist or Vicious Circles, and has been a member of the trance groups Clanger, Conscious and Union Jack. He has been producing and remixing music since 1993. In addition to his work as an artist, Berry was the founder and head of Platipus Records, based in London. Initially his label only released his own tracks.  His work was first distributed on vinyl and compact disc and then digital only from 2011.

Steve Jablonsky
Steve Jablonsky (born October 9, 1970) is an American composer for film, television, and video games, best known for his musical scores in the Transformers film series, Desperate Housewives, and The Sims 3. Some of his frequent collaboration partners include film directors Michael Bay and Peter Berg, and fellow composer Hans Zimmer.
Levulinic acid
Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.

Fructose
Fructose (/ˈfrʌktoʊs, -oʊz/), or fruit sugar, is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. It is classified as a reducing hexose, more specifically a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. A white, water-soluble solid, it is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose.
Fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables.
Kyung-hwan
Kyung-hwan, also spelled Kyoung-hwan or Kyung-hwan, is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Choi Kyoung-hwan (born 1955), South Korean politician

Park Kyung-hwan (born 1976), South Korean footballer

Heo Kyung-hwan (born 1981), South Korean comedian

Joe Kyong-fan (born 1982), South Korean swimmer

Lee Kyung-hwan (1988–2012), South Korean footballer

Pyon Kyong-hwan, North Korean politician elected in the 2014 North Korean parliamentary election

Jeong Gyeong-hwan, screen name MaRin, South Korean League of Legends player

Heo Kyung-hwan
Heo Kyung-hwan (Korean: 허경환; born February 16, 1981), is a South Korean comedian. He debuted as a comedian on Gag Concert, and is best known for his acts 'Four Men', 'Seoul Mate', and 'Dignity of a Beggar'. He is also known for the shows The Human Condition and Mamma Mia. It was revealed that he signed a contract with Cube Entertainment on 4 February 2016. In February 2022, Heo signed with Think Entertainment.
Bellaheady
Bellaheady (Irish derived place name, either Béal Átha Héide meaning 'The Entrance to the Ford of Éadach' or Béal Átha an Fheadha meaning 'The Entrance to the Ford of the Wood'. Also called Rossbressal = Ros Breasail = Breasal’s Wood ) is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, barony of Tullyhunco, County Cavan, Ireland.

Templeport
Templeport (Irish: Teampall an Phoirt) is a civil parish in the barony of Tullyhaw, County Cavan, Ireland. The chief towns in the parish are Bawnboy and Ballymagauran. The large Roman Catholic parish of Templeport containing 42,172 statute acres was split up in the 18th & 19th centuries into three new parishes, Templeport, Corlough and Glangevlin.
Alarik Helleday
Frans Alarik Helleday (March 3, 1842 – March 1, 1896) was a Swedish colonial civil servant, who served as acting governor over 
Saint Barthélemy from 1874 to 1875, the only Swedish colony in the West Indies at the time.

Swedish overseas colonies
Sweden controlled a small number of colonies outside Europe between 1638 and 1878, most of which were short-lived.

In the Americas, Sweden founded the colony of New Sweden (1638–1655) along the Delaware River, and briefly controlled Esequibo (1732–1739) and Tobago (1733). Sweden also governed the island of Saint Barthélemy for nearly a century (1784–1878). Sweden made Saint Barthélemy a free port and it served as a hub in the Atlantic slave trade. The island of Guadeloupe was a personal possession of King Charles XIV John from 1813 to 1814.

In West Africa, Sweden held several forts on the Swedish Gold Coast from 1650 to 1663. In South Asia, the Swedish East India Company founded a trading post at Porto Novo in 1733, but it was destroyed a month later by French and British forces.
Waynea hirsuta
Waynea hirsuta is a species of squamulose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. This sorediate lichen was described from specimens collected in the Tunkinsky District in the Lake Baikal region of central Siberia. The type material of W. hirsuta was collected on the bark of old Populus balsamifera trees growing within a closed stand of Pinus sibirica.

The lichen forms small, scale-like thalli whose squamules are densely clothed in colourless hairs—a feature that gives the species its name. The soralia are labriform (lip-like), and the ascospores are (0–)1(–3)-septate. In standard chemical spot tests the epithecium, excipulum, and upper cortex give positive reactions with K and with N. Waynea giraltiae also has hairy squamules, but its ascospores are 1-septate and somewhat shorter (10–15 x 2–2.4 μm) compared to W. hirsuta.

Tunkinsky District
Tunkinsky District (Russian: Тунки́нский райо́н; Buryat: Түнхэнэй аймаг, Tünkhenei aimag) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 11,791.62 square kilometers (4,552.77 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kyren. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 22,672, with the population of Kyren accounting for 23.8% of that number.
The Haunted Monastery
The Haunted Monastery is a gong'an detective novel written by Robert van Gulik and set in Imperial China (roughly speaking the Tang dynasty). It is a fiction based on the real character of Judge Dee (Di Renjie), a magistrate and statesman of the Tang court, who lived roughly 630–700.

The book contains eight illustrations by the author as well as a diagram of the Monastery where the action takes place.

Robert van Gulik
Robert Hans van Gulik (Chinese: 髙羅佩; pinyin: Gāo Luópèi, 9 August 1910 – 24 September 1967) was a Dutch orientalist, diplomat, musician (of the guqin), and writer, best known for the Judge Dee historical mysteries, the protagonist of which he borrowed from the 18th-century Chinese detective novel Dee Goong An.
Taizerbo
Taizerbo is a proposed protected area of Libya. According to data of the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) published by the United Nations this small protected area (surface 0.3 km2) has not yet been established in 2014. The name Taizerbo is an alternative spelling of Tazirbu.

Tazirbu
Tazerbu (Arabic: تازربو) is an oasis located in the Libyan Desert in the Kufra District of Libya, about 250 km to the northwest of Kufra. The name means "main seat" in the Toubou language, because this was the seat of the Toubou Sultanate before the Arab conquest. The oasis is 25–30 km long and 10 km wide. In the middle of the oasis and parallel to it runs a shallow valley with salt ponds and salines. In Tazerbu there are about ten villages: the most important is called El-Jezeera. In the oasis grow groups of palms, tamarisks, acacias, esparto and Juncus. Several kilometers to the north of this village lie the ruins of an old castle, named Gasr Giránghedi, which was the seat of the Sultan.
The first European to visit the oasis was the German geographer and explorer Gerhard Rohlfs in August 1879.
Speaker for the Dead
Speaker for the Dead is a 1986 science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card, an indirect sequel to the 1985 novel Ender's Game.  The book takes place around the year 5270, some 3,000 years after the events in Ender's Game. However, because of relativistic space travel at near-light speed, Ender himself is only about 35 years old.

This is the first book to describe the Starways Congress, a high standpoint legislature for the human space colonies, and the Hundred Worlds, the planets with human colonies that are tightly intertwined by Ansible technology, which enables instantaneous communication across any distance.

Like Ender's Game, the book won the Nebula Award (1986) and the Hugo Award (1987). Speaker for the Dead was published in a slightly revised edition in 1991. It was followed by Xenocide and Children of the Mind.

Time dilation
Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity, a consequence of special relativity, or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations due to gravitational time dilation. When unspecified, "time dilation" usually refers to the effect due to velocity. The dilation compares "wristwatch" clock readings between events measured in different inertial frames and is not observed by visual comparison of clocks across moving frames.

These predictions of the theory of relativity have been repeatedly confirmed by experiment, and they are of practical concern, for instance in the operation of satellite navigation systems such as GPS and Galileo.
District No. 5 School (Petersham, Massachusetts)
The District No. 5 School is an historic school building and local history museum at 311 East Road in Petersham, Massachusetts.  It is one of two relatively unmodified one-room schoolhouses in the town that were built in 1849.  It is presently managed by the local historical society as a local history museum.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

Petersham, Massachusetts
Petersham /ˈpiːtərsæm/ is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.  The population was 1,194 at the 2020 census. Petersham is home to a considerable amount of conservation land, including the Quabbin Reservation, Harvard Forest, the Swift River Reservation, and Federated Women's Club State Forest.
L.H. Ford Bridge
The L.H. Ford Bridge is a concrete balanced cantilever bridge that carries the Mitchell Highway over the Macquarie River in Dubbo, New South Wales. It was officially open to traffic by the Minister for Local Government and Minister for Highways, Pat Morton on 26 September 1969 and named in honour of the former Mayor of Dubbo and Member of the New South Wales Parliament for Dubbo, Les Ford. Work commenced in 2018 to strengthen and extend the life of the bridge, with the project completed in 2020.

Electoral district of Dubbo
Dubbo is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Dugald Saunders of the National Party.

Dubbo is a regional electorate covering three local government areas, including all of Dubbo Regional Council, Narromine Shire, and the majority of Mid-Western Regional Council. Its major population centres are Dubbo, Narromine, Wellington and Mudgee.