hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Martin Earwicker
Martin John Earwicker FREng CCMI (born 11 May 1948) was Director of the National Museum of Science and Industry group of British museums (including the Science Museum, the National Railway Museum, and the National Media Museum) from 2006 until 2009.  Prior to taking on this role, he was Chief Executive of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl).

Earwicker graduated with a degree in physics from the University of Surrey. He previously worked as Managing Director of the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency and head of Science and Engineering at the Office of Science and Technology‚ part of the Department of Trade and Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2000.

From April 2009 until 2013, Earwicker was Vice-Chancellor of London South Bank University, replacing Deian Hopkin on his retirement.

Chartered Management Institute
The Chartered Management Institute (CMI) is a professional institution for management based in the United Kingdom. It was founded as the British Institute of Management (BIM) in 1947 or 1948, merged with the Institution of Industrial Managers (IIM) in 1992 to form the Institute of Management (IM), and gained a royal charter, and its present name, in 2002.

The major membership classes are:

Member

Fellow – Senior most position for those with significant expertise

In addition to supporting its members, the organisation encourages management development, carries out research, produces a wide variety of publications on management interests, and publishes the official members' magazine, Professional Manager.  The institute also engages with government and other public bodies concerning policy on management and business related issues. Professional Manager magazine is circulated to over 80,000 members of the CMI.
Canton of Pignan
The canton of Pignan is an administrative division of the Hérault department, southern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Pignan.

Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau, [eˈɾaw]) is a department of the region of Occitania, Southern France. Named after the Hérault River, its prefecture is Montpellier. It had a population of 1,175,623 in 2019.
1962 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles
Karen Susman defeated Věra Suková in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the ladies' singles tennis title at the 1962 Wimbledon Championships. Angela Mortimer was the defending champion, but lost in the fourth round to Suková. Top seed Margaret Smith had a bye into the second round, where she lost her first match to Billie-Jean Moffit. It was the first time in Grand Slam history that the women's top seed had lost her opening match, albeit in the second round.

Angela Mortimer
Florence Angela Margaret Mortimer-Barrett (née Mortimer; 21 April 1932 – 25 August 2025) was a British world No. 1 tennis player. Mortimer won three major singles titles: the 1955 French Championships, the 1958 Australian Championships and 1961 Wimbledon Championships, the last won when she was partially deaf.

Mortimer also partnered with Anne Shilcock to win the women's doubles title at Wimbledon in 1955. She and Lorraine Coghlan also reached the women's doubles final at the 1958 Australian Championships. Mortimer and Peter Newman reached the mixed doubles final at the 1958 Australian Championships, her only mixed doubles final at a major.

Mortimer was married to the retired player and broadcaster John Barrett. She died in 2025.
Strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare
The main strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare tend to involve the use of a small attacking, mobile force against a large, unwieldy force. The guerrilla force is largely or entirely organized in small units that are dependent on the support of the local population. Tactically, the guerrilla army makes the repetitive attacks far from the opponent's center of gravity with a view to keeping its own casualties to a minimum and imposing a constant debilitating strain on the enemy. This may provoke the enemy into a brutal, excessively destructive response which will both anger their own supporters and increase support for the guerrillas, ultimately compelling the enemy to withdraw.

Use of child suicide bombers by Palestinian militant groups
As part of the Arab–Israeli conflict, especially during the Second Intifada from 2000 to 2005, Palestinian militant groups used children for suicide bombings. Minors were sometimes used as messengers and couriers, and according to Israeli sources as fighters. The involvement of children in armed conflict was condemned by international human rights organizations. Amnesty International noted, "Palestinian armed groups have repeatedly shown total disregard for... the right to life, by deliberately targeting Israeli civilians and by using Palestinian children in armed attacks," and that, "Children are susceptible to recruitment by manipulation... including a desire to avenge relatives or friends killed by the Israeli army."
SPARQL
SPARQL (pronounced "sparkle", a recursive acronym for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language—that is, a semantic query language for databases—able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format. It was made a standard by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is recognized as one of the key technologies of the semantic web. On 15 January 2008, SPARQL 1.0 was acknowledged by W3C as an official recommendation, and SPARQL 1.1 in March, 2013.

SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns.

Implementations for multiple programming languages exist. There exist tools that allow one to connect and semi-automatically construct a SPARQL query for a SPARQL endpoint, for example ViziQuer.
In addition, tools exist to translate SPARQL queries to other query languages, for example to SQL and to XQuery.

Logical conjunction
In logic, mathematics and linguistics, and () is the truth-functional operator of conjunction or logical conjunction. The logical connective of this operator is typically represented as  or  or  (prefix) or  or  in which  is the most modern and widely used.

The and of a set of operands is true if and only if all of its operands are true, i.e.,  is true if and only if  is true and  is true.

An operand of a conjunction is a conjunct.

Beyond logic, the term "conjunction" also refers to similar concepts in other fields:

In natural language, the denotation of expressions such as English "and";

In programming languages, the short-circuit and control structure;

In set theory, intersection.

In lattice theory, logical conjunction (greatest lower bound).
Roman Emperor (ship)
Roman Emperor was a full-rigged ship built in 1848.

The Roman Emperor made at least two voyages from England to New Zealand, arriving there in 1860 and 1863.  Each voyage carried many immigrants to New Zealand.

The English novelist Samuel Butler arrived in Christchurch (at the port of Lyttelton) on the Roman Emperor in January 1860.

Lyttelton, New Zealand
Lyttelton (Māori: Ōhinehou or Riritana) is a port town on the north shore of Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō, on the eastern coast of the South Island of New Zealand. The town is separated from Christchurch by the Port Hills, an eroded remnant of the extinct Banks Peninsula Volcano.

The Port of Lyttelton was historically regarded as the "Gateway to Canterbury" for colonial settlers.  It is the South Island's principal goods-transport terminal, handling 34% of exports and 61% of imports by value, and is also a regular destination for cruise ships.
Ewelme Watercress Beds
Ewelme Watercress Beds is a  2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) Local Nature Reserve in Ewelme in Oxfordshire. It is owned and managed by the Chiltern Society.

A stream runs through these former watercress beds, fed by a spring. Wildlife includes water voles, together with diverse invertebrates and plants.

Local nature reserve
Local nature reserve (LNR) is a statutory designation for certain nature reserves in Great Britain. The Wild Life Conservation Special Committee established them and proposed a national suite of protected areas comprising national nature reserves, conservation areas (which incorporated suggestions for Sites of Special Scientific Interest), national parks, geological monuments, local nature reserves and local educational nature reserves.

There are now over 1,280 LNRs in England, covering almost 40,000 hectares, which range from windswept coastal headlands and ancient woodlands to former inner city railways and long abandoned landfill sites.
Chettle (surname)
Chettle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Callum Chettle (born 1996), English footballer

David Chettle (born 1951), Australian long-distance runner

Henry Chettle (c.1564–c.1606), English dramatist

Steve Chettle (born 1968), English footballer

Thomas Chettle (died c.1640), English politician

Steve Chettle
Stephen John Chettle (born 27 September 1968) is an English football manager and former professional footballer.

As a player, he was a defender from 1986 to 2005 and was best known for his time as a player at Nottingham Forest where he made 415 league appearances and played numerous seasons in the Premier League, won the League Cup and was a runner-up in the FA Cup. Despite playing most of his career in the top level of English football, Chettle never made the England squad, but came close in 1992, despite this Chettle played 12 games for the England Under-21s, captaining them in his final appearance. He went on to play for Barnsley, Walsall and Grimsby Town before ending his career in Non-League football with stints at Burton Albion and Ilkeston Town.

Since his retirement, Chettle had coached at former club Forest at academy level, before joining Ilkeston in 2014. He went on to join Notts County as a first team coach and twice served as caretaker manager during the 2018–19 season.
NLV Pole Star (2000)
NLV Pole Star was a lighthouse tender operated by the Northern Lighthouse Board (NLB), the body responsible for the operation of lighthouses and marine navigation aids around the coasts of Scotland and the Isle of Man. The ship was also referred to as Pole Star IV.

Pole Star was joined by a new vessel, NLV Pharos in March 2007, which replaced the previous vessel of the same name. Although the headquarters of the NLB is in Edinburgh, both vessels were serviced by a workbase in Oban on the west coast. In 2025, the vessel was sold to private commercial owners and a new ship, also called Pole Star entered service with the NLB.

Northern Lighthouse Board
The Northern Lighthouse Board (NLB) is the general lighthouse authority for Scotland and the Isle of Man. It is a non-departmental public body responsible for marine navigation aids around coastal areas.
Yerbogachen
Yerbogachen (Russian: Ербогачён), sometimes written Erbogachen or Erbogachene, is a rural locality in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River. It is the administrative center of Katangsky District. Population:  1,965 (2010 census);

Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast (Russian: Ирку́тская о́бласть, romanized: Irkutskaya oblastʹ; Buryat: Эрхүү можо, romanized: Erhüü možo) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. It had a population of 2,370,102 at the 2021 Census.
Every Face Tells a Story (song)
"Every Face Tells a Story" is a song originally written by Michael Allison and Peter Sills for British singer Cliff Richard, whom Olivia Newton-John was a backing singer for in the early 1970s. Richard originally attempted a recording of the song in December 1975 studio sessions for his 1976 studio album I'm Nearly Famous, but it remained unreleased. He recorded the song again for his 1977 studio album Every Face Tells a Story, for which it became the title track.

Richard's version uses the same music, but the lyrics are about Jesus and are Gospel-themed. Although a pop star, Richard is a Christian and sometimes includes Gospel tracks on his albums. Don Black rewrote the lyrics but kept the title, removing the Gospel theme.

I'm Nearly Famous
I'm Nearly Famous is the eighteenth studio album by Cliff Richard, released in May 1976.

The album is considered one of his finest works and is held as the album which brought about Cliff Richard's revival as a major chart act.
The lead single on the album, "Miss You Nights", made number 15 in the UK Singles Chart in early 1976, followed by "Devil Woman" which showed a new harder-edged side to Richard's music and became one of his biggest worldwide hits, peaking at number 9 in the UK and becoming his first US Top 10, reaching number 6 and earning a gold disc for sales of half a million. "I Can't Ask for Anymore Than You" was the third single, reaching number 17 in the UK and number 80 in the US.
Ligand isomerism
In coordination chemistry, ligand isomerism is a type of structural isomerism in coordination complexes which arises from the presence of ligands which can adopt different isomeric forms. 1,2-Diaminopropane and 1,3-Diaminopropane are the examples that each feature a different isomer would be ligand isomers.

1,3-Diaminopropane
1,3-Diaminopropane, also known as trimethylenediamine, is a simple diamine with the formula H2N(CH2)3NH2. A colourless liquid with a fishy odor, it is soluble in water and many polar organic solvents. It is isomeric with 1,2-diaminopropane.  Both are building blocks in the synthesis of heterocycles, such as those used in textile finishing, and coordination complexes. It is prepared by the amination of acrylonitrile followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aminopropionitrile.

The potassium salt was used in the alkyne zipper reaction.

Known uses of 1,3-diaminopropane are in the synthesis of piroxantrone and losoxantrone.
Akpınar, Gümüşhacıköy
Akpınar is a village in the Gümüşhacıköy District, Amasya Province, Turkey. According to the 2010 census it had a population of 40 people. Its population is 34 (2021). Akpınar is located roughly 135 miles (217 km) northeast of Ankara and 20.2 kilometres south by road from the district capital of Gümüşhacıköy. The village is located in the southern part of the province of Amasya near the border with Çorum Province, just to the northeast of Güllüce and to the southwest of Ovabaşı.

Amasya Province
Amasya Province (Turkish: Amasya ili) is a province of Turkey, situated on the Yeşil River in the Black Sea Region to the north of the country. Its area is 5,628 km2, and its population is 338,267 (2022).

The provincial capital is Amasya, the antique Amaseia mentioned in documents from the era of Alexander the Great and the birthplace of the geographer and historian Strabo. In Ottoman times Amasya was well known for its madrassas, especially as a centre for the Khalwati Sufi order. The district is also the birthplace of the Ottoman leader Kara Mustafa Pasha.
Gidley
Gidley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Gidley Wheeler (born 1938), television screenwriter and historical novelist

Hogan Gidley, executive director of the South Carolina Republican Party

James W. Gidley (1866–1931), American paleontologist

Kurt Gidley (born 1982), professional Australian footballer and captain of the Newcastle Knights in the NRL

Mark Gidley, Member of the Alabama House of Representatives

Martyn Gidley (born 1968), English first class cricketer who played in England and South Africa

Matthew Gidley (born 1977), Australian professional rugby league footballer for St Helens RLFC of the Super League competition

Memo Gidley (born 1970), Mexican-American racing driver of German and Canadian ancestry

Pamela Gidley (1965–2018), American actress and model

Philip Gidley King RN (1758–1808), British naval officer and colonial administrator

Sandra Gidley (born 1957), Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom

Philip Gidley King
Captain Philip Gidley King (23 April 1758 – 3 September 1808) was a Royal Navy officer and colonial administrator who served as the governor of New South Wales from 1800 to 1806. When the First Fleet arrived in January 1788, King was detailed to colonise Norfolk Island for defence and foraging purposes. As Governor of New South Wales, he helped develop livestock farming, whaling and mining, built many schools and launched the colony's first newspaper. But conflicts with the military wore down his spirit, and they were able to force his resignation. King Street in the Sydney CBD is named in his honour.
VPS13D
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS13D gene.

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the vacuolar-protein-sorting-13 gene family. In yeast, vacuolar-protein-sorting-13 proteins are involved in trafficking of membrane proteins between the trans-Golgi network and the prevacuolar compartment.

While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. These two represent the major variants of this gene and encode distinct isoforms.

Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus (/ˈɡɒldʒi/), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.

The Golgi apparatus was identified in 1898 by the Italian biologist and pathologist Camillo Golgi. The organelle was later named after him in the 1910s.
Teaching script
A teaching script is a sample script that serves as a visual orientation for learning to write by hand. In the sense of a guideline or a prototype, it supports the demanding process of developing handwriting skills and abilities in a visual and illustrative way.

Teaching scripts are represented as alphabets (upper and lower case letters), which are generally accompanied by numbers and punctuation marks. For detailed information on the execution of movements and the design of individual letters and their incorporation into words, various learning materials such as writing exercise sheets or corresponding exercise books are usually provided.

Regular script
The regular script is the newest of the major Chinese script styles, emerging during the Three Kingdoms period c. 230 CE, and stylistically mature by the 7th century. It is the most common style used in modern text. In its traditional form it is the third-most common in publishing after the Ming and Gothic types used exclusively in print.
Inner city
The term inner city (also called the hood) has been used, especially in the United States, as a euphemism for majority-minority lower-income residential districts that often refer to rundown neighborhoods, in a downtown or city centre area. Sociologists sometimes turn the euphemism into a formal designation by applying the term inner city to such residential areas, rather than to more geographically central commercial districts, often referred to by terms such as downtown, city centre, or central business district.

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.
Lake Winfield Scott
Lake Winfield Scott is an 18-acre (7.3 ha) mountain lake located 10 miles (16 km) south of Blairsville, Georgia in Union County. The lake, which is owned and managed by the U.S. Forest Service, is the source of Cooper Creek. It is the centerpiece of the Forest Service's Lake Winfield Scott Recreation Area, a park which features hiking, fishing, boating and other outdoor activities. At 2,854 feet (870 m) elevation it is one of Georgia's highest altitude lakes. The various habitats surrounding the lake support a wide assortment of plants and animals.

Blairsville, Georgia
Blairsville is a city in and the county seat of Union County, on the northern border of Georgia, United States. It was founded near the Nottely River, which was dammed in 1942 as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority project, forming Lake Nottely. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 616.
Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery
The Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the field of neurointerventional surgery. It is published by the BMJ Group on behalf of the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery. It is also the official journal of the Interventional Chapter of the Australian and New Zealand Society of Neuroradiology.

It is abstracted and indexed by Current Contents, CINAHL and Index Medicus.

Index Medicus
Index Medicus (IM) was a comprehensive bibliographic index of life science, biomedical science, and medical research articles, published from 1879 to 2004. Medical history experts have said of Index Medicus that it is “America's greatest contribution to medical knowledge.” It was published as a print index until 2004; beginning in the 1960s, it was also published as an electronic database, MEDLARS. Index Medicus content from 1940s to 2004 was incorporated into MEDLINE and PubMed; older medical literature, however, is not electronically available. Today, the title Index Medicus is also used to refer to a curated subset of Pubmed.
Zulkifli Ibrahim
Zulkifli bin Ibrahim (born 30 November 1979) is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Sungai Acheh from May 2018 to March 2023. He is a member of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), a component party of the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition and was a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.

Penang State Legislative Assembly
The Penang State Legislative Assembly is the legislature of the Malaysian state of Penang. It is a unicameral institution, consisting of a total of 40 elected lawmakers representing single-member constituencies throughout Penang. The state legislature, whose members are called "State Assemblymen", convenes at the Penang State Assembly Building in Penang's capital city of George Town. The Penang State Executive Council, the executive branch of the Penang state government, is drawn from among the State Assemblymen.

After the 2023 Penang state election, 29 out of 40 seats are held by the Pakatan Harapan (PH) and Barisan Nasional (BN). The PH–BN alliance thus command a supermajority in the legislature. Meanwhile, 11 seats are held by the Perikatan Nasional (PN) opposition coalition.
Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier
Solomon ben Abraham ben Samuel, also known as Solomon of Montpellier and Shlomo Min Hahar, was a Provençal rabbi and Talmudist of the first half of the 13th century. He was rabbi at Montpellier, and leader of the movement against Maimonides. Meiri quotes him and his associates using the title Hachmei HaHar.

Samuel David Luzzatto
Samuel David Luzzatto (Hebrew: שמואל דוד לוצאטו, Italian pronunciation: [ˈsaːmwel ˈdaːvid lutˈtsatto]; 22 August 1800 – 30 September 1865), also known by the Hebrew acronym Shadal (שד״ל‎), was an Italian-Austrian Jewish scholar, poet, and a member of the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement.