hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
IRGs
Immunity Related Guanosine Triphosphatases or IRGs are proteins activated as part of an early immune response.  IRGs have been described in various mammals but are most well characterized in mice.  IRG activation in most cases is induced by an immune response and leads to clearance of certain pathogens.

Mitochondrial fission
Mitochondrial fission is the process by which mitochondria divide or segregate into two separate mitochondrial organelles. Mitochondrial fission is counteracted by mitochondrial fusion, where two mitochondria fuse together to form a larger one. Fusion can result in elongated mitochondrial networks. In healthy cells, mitochondrial fission and fusion are balanced, and disruptions to these processes are linked to various diseases. Mitochondrial fission is coordinated with the mitochondrial DNA replication process. Some of the proteins involved in mitochondrial fission have been identified, and mutations in some of these proteins are associated with mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial fission plays a role in the cellular stress response, including loss of sleep, and in apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Andean flamingo
The Andean flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) is a species of flamingo native to the Andes mountains of South America. Until 2014, it was classified in genus Phoenicopterus. It is closely related to James's flamingo, and the two make up the genus Phoenicoparrus. The Chilean flamingo, Andean flamingo, and James' flamingo are all sympatric, and all live in colonies (including shared nesting areas).

Sympatry
In biology, two closely related species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter each other. An initially interbreeding population that splits into two or more distinct species sharing a common range exemplifies sympatric speciation. Such speciation may be a product of reproductive isolation – which prevents hybrid offspring from being viable or able to reproduce, thereby reducing gene flow – that results in genetic divergence. Sympatric speciation may, but need not, arise through secondary contact, which refers to speciation or divergence in allopatry followed by range expansions leading to an area of sympatry. Sympatric species or taxa in secondary contact may or may not interbreed.
Interface apparency
Interface apparency is a term used in technology to describe the degree to which a user interface enables a user to understand hidden contingencies, such as drop down menus or context menus which only appear after an action, within a computer or computerised system; or, how easy it is for a person coming upon an interface such as a website, a computer program, or a kiosk, to understand the sequence of steps required to perform a complex action using that interface.

Spatial visualization ability (SVA) helps to predict which users will be hampered by low levels of apparency in an interface; the higher a person's SVA, the less trouble they will have with an interface with hidden contingencies.

Spatial visualization ability
Spatial visualization ability or visual-spatial ability is the ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures.  It is typically measured with simple cognitive tests and is predictive of user performance with some kinds of user interfaces.
Charles Lory
Charles Lory (30 July 1823 – 3 May 1889) was a French geologist.

He was born at Nantes. He graduated D. Sc. in 1847. In 1852 he was appointed to the chair of geology at the University of Grenoble, and in 1881 to that of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.

He was distinguished for his research on the geology of the French Alps, being engaged in the geological survey of the départements of Isère, Drôme and the Hautes-Alpes, for which he prepared maps and explanatory memoirs. He dealt with disturbances in the Savoy Alps, described fan-like structures, and confirmed the views of Jean Alphonse Favre with regard to overthrows, reversals and duplication of the strata.

His contributions to geological literature also include descriptions of the fossils and stratigraphical divisions of the Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks of the Jura. He died in Grenoble on 3 May 1889.

Stratum
In geology and related fields, a stratum (pl.: strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes. Prior to the publication of the International Stratigraphic Guide, older publications have defined a stratum as being either equivalent to a single bed or composed of a number of beds; as a layer greater than 1 cm in thickness and constituting a part of a bed; or a general term that includes both bed and lamina. Related terms are substrate and substratum (pl.substrata), a stratum underlying another stratum.
New Hope Railroad
The New Hope Railroad (reporting mark NHRR), formerly and colloquially known as the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad and the New Hope Steam Railway and Museum, is a shortline and heritage railroad located in New Hope, Pennsylvania. Today, the railroad operates both steam and diesel powered locomotives and is an associate member of Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Sherman Peak
Sherman Peak is an 8,204-foot (2,501-metre) mountain summit located in western Okanogan County in Washington state. It is part of the Okanogan Range which is a subset of the North Cascades. This remote mountain is on Isabella Ridge, 10.5 mi (16.9 km) north-northeast of Mazama, on land administered by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. The nearest higher neighbor is Big Craggy Peak, 2 miles (3.2 km) to the north. Precipitation runoff from Sherman drains into tributaries of the Methow River.

Methow River
The Methow River (/ˈmɛthaʊ/ MET-how) is a tributary of the Columbia River in northern Washington in the United States. The river's 1,890-square-mile (4,900 km2) watershed drains the eastern North Cascades, with a population of about 5,000 people. The Methow's watershed is characterized by relatively pristine habitats, as much of the river basin is located in national forests and wildernesses. Many tributaries drain the large Pasayten Wilderness. An earlier economy based on agriculture is giving way to one based on recreation and tourism.
Clement O'Leary
Clement Augustine O'Leary (26 June 1916 – 12 June 1969) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada and member of the Senate of Canada. He was born in Lochaber, Nova Scotia whose career was based in the insurance industry.

He was first elected to Parliament at the Antigonish—Guysborough riding in the 1958 general election and served one term, the 24th Parliament, after which he was defeated in the 1962 federal election.

O'Leary was appointed to the Senate on 25 September 1962 under the John Diefenbaker administration and remained a member there until his death in June 1969.

Lochaber, Nova Scotia
Lochaber (Scottish Gaelic: Loch Abar) is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located  in Antigonish County. Today it is known for its strawberries, and its annual Strawberry Festival. The community was named after Lochaber, a mountainous area of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, from where came the first settlers. It was first settled in 1810 by European settlers.
2001 NAIA Division I women's basketball tournament
The 2001 NAIA Division I women's basketball tournament was the tournament held by the NAIA to determine the national champion of women's college basketball among its Division I members in the United States and Canada for the 2000–01 basketball season.

Two-time defending champions Oklahoma City defeated Auburn Montgomery in the championship game, 69–52, to claim the Stars' fourth NAIA national title. This would go on to be the third of four consecutive titles for Oklahoma City.

The tournament was played at the Oman Arena in Jackson, Tennessee.

Auburn Montgomery Warhawks
The Auburn Montgomery Warhawks (also AUM Warhawks, formerly Auburn Montgomery Senators) are the athletic teams that represent Auburn University at Montgomery (AUM), located in Montgomery, Alabama, in intercollegiate sports at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Warhawks have primarily competed in the Gulf South Conference since the 2017–18 academic year.

Auburn Montgomery competes in eleven intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, and tennis; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis, and volleyball.
Umba River (Tanzania)
The Umba River (Mto Umba, in Swahili) is located in northeastern Tanzania in Lushoto and Mkinga Districts of Tanga Region. It rises in Schageiuforest (Shagayu) in the West Usambara Mountains of Lushoto at 2,000 m altitude and flows on the north side of the mountain range to the east. At Lelwa it empties the Mbalamu River, which comes from the extreme north of the Usambara Mountains, and the Mglumi River into the Umba. Just before the Umba flows into the Indian Ocean, it crosses the border to Kenya. The mouth itself marks the most eastern point on the border between Tanzania and Kenya, which was largely made in a straight line to the northwest towards Lake Victoria in the 19th century. On the upper reaches of the river in the mid-1960s rich deposits of precious stones, including sapphires and spessartine, were discovered. Also on the river is the Umba River Game Reserve, a wildlife reserve that includes along with the Mkomazi Game Reserve, about 2,600 km2.

Mkomazi National Park
Mkomazi National Park is a national park in Tanzania, located in Same District of Kilimanjaro Region and Lushoto District, with a slither of the park in Mkinga District both  of Tanga Region. It was established as a game reserve in 1951 and upgraded to a national park in 2006.

Mkomazi National Park covers over 3,234 km2 (1,249 sq mi) and is dominated by Acacia-Commiphora vegetation; it is contiguous with Kenya's Tsavo West National Park. The area commonly called 'Mkomazi' is actually the union of two previous game reserves, the Umba Game Reserve in the east (in Lushoto District, Tanga Region) and the Mkomazi Game Reserve in the west (in Same District, Kilimanjaro Region); in government documents they are sometimes called the Mkomazi-Umba Game Reserves. Of the two, Mkomazi is larger, and has more diversity of relief and habitat, and a longer shared border with Tsavo West National Park. In the rest of this entry, 'Mkomazi' will refer to both the Mkomazi and Umba reserves together.
Asian Arts Initiative
The Asian Arts Initiative (AAI) is a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia which focuses on art and the Asian-American community. It was founded by Gayle Isa, who also served as AAI's first executive director until June 2018. Under the leadership of Anne Ishii (2018–2024). and now Interim Director Dave Kyu, AAI has grown into an innovative, welcoming, and financially solid institution with a current annual budget of over $2M and significant cash reserves. AAI’s tight-knit, passionate team of 19 thrives in a culture that values humanity, equity, and creative risk-taking.

Anne Ishii
Anne Ishii is an American writer, editor, translator, and producer based in Philadelphia. Ishii is the host of WHYY's Movers & Makers, and the Executive Director of Philadelphia's Asian Arts Initiative, an arts non-profit.
Jointing (sharpening)
Jointing refers to the process of filing or grinding the teeth or knives of cutting tools prior to sharpening. The purpose of jointing is to ensure that all surfaces to be sharpened are of a consistent size and all imperfections have been removed.

Jointing is usually the first step in the process of sharpening:

When sharpening a hand saw blade, the teeth are jointed by running a flat file over the tips of the teeth so that they are all of the same height.

Circular saw blades are jointed prior to sharpening so that all teeth protrude from the blade the same distance from the centre.

Jointer knives are ground until they are all the same length prior to sharpening.

The edges of a card scraper are jointed by running the edge over a file or a sharpening stone prior to using a burnisher to turn the burr.

Jointing is usually carried out infrequently as it removes a lot of material from the edge of the blade.

Sharpening
Sharpening is the process of creating or refining a sharp edge of appropriate shape on a tool or implement designed for cutting. Sharpening is done by removing material from the implement with an abrasive substance harder than the material of the implement, followed sometimes by processes to polish the sharp surface to increase smoothness and correct small mechanical deformations without removing significant metal.

The process creates a bevel - the angled surface that meets at the cutting edge. Ideally, the two sides of the edge meet at a precise mathematical point (the apex), though in practice, a microscopic radius always remains. Sharpening is distinct from honing or steeling, which are maintenance steps used to realign an edge that has rolled over during use, though the terms are often used interchangeably in casual conversation.
Sladký
Sladký (pronounced [ˈslatkiː]; feminine form Sladká [ˈslatkaː]) is a Czech and Slovak surname. It is derived from the Czech–Slovak word sladký for "sweet", originally a nickname for a "pleasant", "agreeable" person.
People with the surname include:

Alexandra Sladky Anderson (born 1955), American quilter, television host and author

Jan Sladký Kozina (1652–1695), Czech revolutionary leader

Jim Sladky (1947–2017), American ice dancer

Judy Sladky (born 1950), American actress and ice dancer

Martin Sladký (born 1992), Czech footballer

Czech–Slovak languages
The  Czech–Slovak languages (or Czecho-Slovak languages) are a subgroup branched from the West Slavic languages comprising the Czech and Slovak languages.

Most varieties of Czech and Slovak are mutually intelligible, forming a dialect continuum (spanning the intermediate Moravian dialects) rather than being two clearly distinct languages; standardised forms of these two languages are, however, easily distinguishable and recognizable because of disparate vocabulary, orthography, pronunciation, phonology, suffixes and prefixes. The eastern Slovak dialects are more divergent and form a broader dialect continuum with the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic, most notably Polish.

The name "Czechoslovak language" is mostly reserved for an official written standard devised in the 19th century that was intended to unify Czech and Slovak. It was proclaimed an official language of Czechoslovakia and functioned de facto as Czech with slight Slovak input.
David Madden (entrepreneur)
David Madden is an Australian entrepreneur associated with progressive causes. He is a co-founder of GetUp! a web-based political movement, and Avaaz, a global advocacy movement. He is passionate about rock climbing. In 2015, Madden founded Phandeeyar, a technology seed accelerator based in Yangon, Myanmar.

Startup accelerator
Startup accelerators, also known as seed accelerators, are fixed-term, cohort-based programs, that include mentorship and educational components, and (sometimes) culminate in a public pitch event or demo day. While traditional business incubators are often government-funded, generally take no equity, and rarely provide funding, accelerators can be either privately or publicly funded and cover a wide range of industries. Unlike business incubators, the application process for seed accelerators is open to anyone, but is highly competitive. There are specific accelerators, such as corporate accelerators, which are often subsidiaries or programs of larger corporations that act like seed accelerators.
Frank Barat
Frank Barat is a French activist, author and film producer. He was the coordinator of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine from 2008 until 2014. He is the co-founder of BARC Productions, a film production company, created in Brussels in February 2019.
He has edited books with Noam Chomsky, Ilan Pappé, Ken Loach and Angela Davis.
He was part of the founding team of the Festival Ciné-Palestine in Paris and the Palestine with Love festival in Brussels.

Ken Loach
Kenneth Charles Loach (born 17 June 1936) is a retired English filmmaker. His socially critical directing style and socialist views are evident in his film treatment of social issues such as poverty (Poor Cow, 1967), homelessness (Cathy Come Home, 1966), and labour rights (Riff-Raff, 1991, and The Navigators, 2001).

Loach's film Kes (1969) was voted the seventh greatest British film of the 20th century in a poll by the British Film Institute. Two of his films, The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006) and I, Daniel Blake (2016), received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, making him one of only ten filmmakers to win the award twice. He also holds the record for the most films screened in the main competition at Cannes with 15.
Allotopy
In a story, an allotopy is when two basic meaning traits (semes) contradict each other; that is, when they trace two incompatible interpretations. It was conceived as being the opposite of an isotopy, which is the homogeneity resulting from repetition of the same seme. The concept was coined in the 1970s by the Belgian semioticians known as Groupe μ.

Seme (semantics)
Seme, the smallest unit of meaning recognized in semantics, refers to a single characteristic of a sememe. These characteristics are defined according to the differences between sememes. The term was introduced by Eric Buyssens in the 1930s and developed by Bernard Pottier in the 1960s. It is the result produced when determining the minimal elements of meaning, which enables one to describe words multilingually. Such elements provide a bridge to componential analysis and the initial work of ontologies.
Neustadt (Dosse)
Neustadt (Dosse) (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏʃtat] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg, Germany with a population of 3,575 (as of 2010). It has a total area of 75.43 km2, and lies close to the river Dosse.

Ostprignitz-Ruppin
Ostprignitz-Ruppin is a Kreis (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. Neighboring are (from north clockwise) the districts Müritz and Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the districts
Oberhavel and Havelland, the district Stendal in Saxony-Anhalt, and the district Prignitz.
Le Moyne Dolphins women's basketball
The Le Moyne Dolphins women's basketball program is the women's college basketball team of Le Moyne College. The Dolphins compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the Northeast Conference and are currently coached by Mary Grimes. The Dolphins have played their home games on Ted Grant Court at the Le Moyne Events Center in DeWitt, New York. After years of playing in the Northeast-10 Conference in NCAA Division II, the Dolphins are currently transitioning to Division I and are ineligible to participate in the NCAA tournament until the 2027–28 season.

Northeast-10 Conference
The Northeast 10 Conference (NE10) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont. It is the only Division II collegiate ice hockey conference in the United States.
University of Ottawa Press
The University of Ottawa Press (French: Les Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa) is a bilingual university press located in Ottawa, Ontario. It publishes approximately 25-30 books annually in both English and French.   The UOP is the only fully bilingual university publishing house in Canada.

Like other university presses, the publishing program at the University of Ottawa Press includes scholarly works, textbooks and, on occasion, books of general interest.  While the UOP publishes volumes on a broad variety of subjects, it specializes in four main subject areas: social and cultural studies, translation and interpretation, political and international affairs, and literature and the arts.

The press is currently a member of the Association of University Presses.

Language interpretation
Interpretation is translation from a spoken or signed language into another language, usually in real time to facilitate live communication. It is distinguished from the translation of a written text, which can be more deliberative and make use of external resources and tools.

The most common two modes of interpretation are simultaneous, which is performed contemporaneously with the expression of the source language, and consecutive, where the interpreted speech is heard only during associated breaks in the original speech.

Interpretation is an ancient human activity which predates the invention of writing.
Hold That Girl
Hold That Girl is a 1934 American comedy film directed by Hamilton MacFadden and written by Dudley Nichols and Lamar Trotti. The film stars James Dunn, Claire Trevor, Alan Edwards, Gertrude Michael, John Davidson and Robert McWade. The film was released on March 24, 1934, by Fox Film Corporation.

Dudley Nichols
Dudley Nichols (April 6, 1895 – January 4, 1960) was an American screenwriter and film director. He was the first person to decline an Academy Award, as part of a boycott to gain recognition for the Screen Writers Guild; he would later accept his Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1938.
Midsund Bridge
The Midsund Bridge (Norwegian: Midsundbrua) is a reinforced concrete arch bridge that crosses the Midsundet strait between the islands of Otrøya and Midøya in Molde Municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 408-metre-long (1,339 ft) bridge runs between the village of Midsund on Otrøya island to Leirvika on Midøya island. The bridge opened on 28 June 1969 and cost 2.8 million kr.

Møre og Romsdal
Møre og Romsdal (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈmø̂ːrə ɔ ˈrʊ̀msdɑːɫ] ⓘ; English: Møre and Romsdal) is a county in the northernmost part of Western Norway. It borders the counties of Trøndelag, Innlandet, and Vestland. The county administration is located in the town of Molde, while Ålesund is the largest town. The county is governed by the Møre og Romsdal County Municipality which includes an elected county council and a county mayor. The national government is represented by the county governor.
Karassery
Karassery is a village and one of the suburbs in the south - eastern side of Kozhikode district in Kerala. Nearby places are Mukkam, Thiruvambady, Koodaranji and Kodiyathur. One of the most famous business place of 1970's in Kozhikode. More than 100 loads of Forest Woods were shipped to Kallai (calicut) through Iruvanjippuzha river on every week. The nearest town is mukkam and it has close  ties with mukkam for shopping, entertainment etc. Iruvanjippuzha river separates both places.

Thiruvambady
Thiruvambady is a major town in Kozhikode district in Kerala, India which lies near foothills of Wayanad. Thiruvambady Assembly constituency is a Legislative Assembly Constituency of Kerala, situated 35 kilometres (22 mi) from west of Kozhikode.