hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Caroline (1800 Philadelphia ship)
Caroline was launched at Philadelphia in 1800. She was taken in prize. New owners retained her name and she appeared in British records from 1813. From 1820 on she was based at Hobart in Van Diemen's Land. From there she sailed to and from Port Jackson and on seal hunting voyages to Macquarie Island.  She departed on a sealing voyage in November 1824 and wrecked at Macquarie Island on 17 March 1825; her crew were rescued some five months later.

Prize (law)
In admiralty law, prizes (from the Old French prise, "taken, seized") are equipment, vehicles, vessels, and cargo captured during armed conflict. The most common use of prize in this sense is the capture of an enemy ship and its cargo as a prize of war. In the past, the capturing force would commonly be allotted a share of the worth of the captured prize. Nations often granted letters of marque that would entitle private parties to capture enemy property, usually ships. Once the ship was secured on friendly territory, it would be made the subject of a prize case: an in rem proceeding in which the court determined the status of the condemned property and the manner in which the property was to be disposed of.
Rep-tile
In the geometry of tessellations, a rep-tile or reptile is a shape that can be dissected into smaller copies of the same shape. The term was coined as a pun on animal reptiles by recreational mathematician Solomon W. Golomb and popularized by Martin Gardner in his "Mathematical Games" column in the May 1963 issue of Scientific American. In 2012 a generalization of rep-tiles called self-tiling tile sets was introduced by Lee Sallows in Mathematics Magazine.

Dissection problem
In geometry, a dissection problem  is the problem of partitioning a geometric figure (such as a polytope or ball) into smaller pieces that may be rearranged into a new figure of equal content. In this context, the partitioning is called simply a dissection (of one polytope into another). It is usually required that the dissection use only a finite number of pieces. Additionally, to avoid set-theoretic issues related to the Banach–Tarski paradox and Tarski's circle-squaring problem, the pieces are typically required to be well-behaved. For instance, they may be restricted to being the closures of disjoint open sets.
Krishika Lulla
Krishika Lulla is an Indian film producer. She made her foray into producing films with 2010s romantic film Anjaana Anjaani, a co-production with Sajid Nadiadwala, starring Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra. In December 2010, India's first live action animation film Toonpur Ka Superrhero was released, with Krishika at the helm as producer.

Aanand L. Rai
Aanand L. Rai (born 1970/1971) is an Indian film director and producer known for directing the romantic comedy-dramas Tanu Weds Manu (2011) and its sequel Tanu Weds Manu Returns (2015), and the romantic drama Raanjhanaa (2013), with the latter two earning him nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.

He then directed the big-budget romantic drama Zero (2018), the romantic fantasy comedy-drama Atrangi Re (2021) and the family comedy-drama Raksha Bandhan (2022).
The White Duchess
The White Duchess is a life sized (192 x 128 cm) oil-on-canvas painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya, completed in 1795. It portrays María Cayetana de Silva, 13th Duchess of Alba. It is in the collection of the House of Alba, in the Liria Palace, Madrid. 
It is one of a number of portraits Goya painted of the duchess around this time, and is usually compared alongside the similarly sized but tonally very different The Black Duchess, which was painted two years later, just after her husband, José Álvarez de Toledo died aged 39. The duke and duchess were highly placed, cultivated and well-regarded members of the 1790s Spanish Court.

The commission is first mentioned in a letter dated August 2, 1794, written to his friend Martín Zapater, which mentions that Goya that had been asked to paint life-sized portraits of the duke and duchess of Alba.

Martín Zapater
Martín Zapater y Clavería (12 November 1747, Zaragoza - 1803, Zaragoza) was a wealthy Aragonese merchant, with an enlightenment point of view. He is largely known for his close friendship with the artist Francisco Goya. The letters they exchanged constitute one of the primary sources of knowledge about Goya's life.
2015 Abierto Victoria – Doubles
Maria Fernanda Alves and Patricia Maria Țig were the defending champions, but Țig chose to compete in Wuhan instead. Alves partnered with Gabriela Cé, but lost in the semifinals to Ysaline Bonaventure and Elise Mertens.

Bonaventure and Mertens then went on to win the title, defeating María Irigoyen and Barbora Krejčíková in the final, 6–4, 4–6, [10–6].

2015 Wuhan Open
The 2015 Wuhan Open (also known as 2015 Dongfeng Motor Wuhan Open for sponsorship reasons) was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts between September 27 and October 3, 2015. It was part of the WTA Premier 5 tournaments of the 2015 WTA Tour. The 2015 tournament was the 2nd edition of the Wuhan Open. The tournament was held at the Optics Valley International Tennis Center in Wuhan, China.
Regularis Concordia (Winchester)
The Regularis Concordia was the most important document of the English Benedictine Reform, sanctioned by the Council of Winchester in about 973.

The document was compiled by Æthelwold, who was aided by monks from Fleury and Ghent.  A synodal council was summoned to construct a common rule of life to be observed by all monasteries. The document served as a rule for how monastic life should be performed and included monastic rituals like the procedure for the election of bishops that differed from Continental practice, and which led to a predominantly monastic episcopacy.

Continental Europe
Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent, – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by some, simply as the Continent. When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent, Europe is treated both as a continent and subcontinent.
Inoue surface
In complex geometry, an Inoue surface is any of several complex surfaces of Kodaira class VII. They are named after Masahisa Inoue, who gave the first non-trivial examples of Kodaira class VII surfaces in 1974.

The Inoue surfaces are not Kähler manifolds.

Kähler manifold
In mathematics and especially differential geometry, a Kähler manifold is a manifold with three mutually compatible structures: a complex structure, a Riemannian structure, and a symplectic structure. The concept was first studied by Jan Arnoldus Schouten and David van Dantzig in 1930, and then introduced by Erich Kähler in 1933. The terminology has been fixed by André Weil. Kähler geometry refers to the study of Kähler manifolds, their geometry and topology, as well as the study of structures and constructions that can be performed on Kähler manifolds, such as the existence of special connections like Hermitian Yang–Mills connections, or special metrics such as Kähler–Einstein metrics.

Every smooth complex projective variety is a Kähler manifold. Hodge theory is a central part of algebraic geometry, proved using Kähler metrics.
Velvetism
Velvetism is the third studio album by American rap group Latino Velvet. It was released June 18, 2002 on Jay Tee's own label, 40 Ounce Records. The album was produced by Big Ice, Happy Perez, Johnny Z, Oral Bee and Philly Blunt. Latino Velvet was composed of Jay Tee and Baby Beesh at the time. Frost and Don Cisco both make multiple guest appearances on this album, as well as several other artists.

Happy Perez
Nathan "Happy" Perez is an American record producer, audio engineer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He was first credited on Young Bleed's debut album All I Have in This World, Are... My Balls and My Word in 1998. He co-wrote and produced his first hit song with Baby Bash's 2003 single "Suga Suga", which peaked at number seven  on the US Billboard Hot 100. He has since been credited on releases for Halsey, the Weeknd, Chris Brown, Miley Cyrus, Kehlani, the Kid Laroi, Ludacris, Flo Rida, Mariah Carey, G-Eazy, and Juice Wrld.

Perez has worked extensively with R&B singer Miguel, producing his 2010 sleeper hit "Sure Thing". In 2018, he became acquainted with fellow producer Benny Blanco and co-produced his 2018 single "Eastside", as well as a number of his productions since then. Perez dropped out of high school to make music.
2026 Open Arena Les Sables d'Olonne
The 2026 Open Arena Les Sables d'Olonne was a professional women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament and part of the 2026 WTA 125 tournaments. It took place at the ARENA Stadium in Les Sables d'Olonne, France between 16 and 22 February 2026.

Les Sables-d'Olonne
Les Sables-d'Olonne (French pronunciation: [le sabl dɔlɔn] ⓘ; Poitevin: Lés Sablles d'Oloune; lit. 'The Sands of Olonne') is a seaside resort and port on the Atlantic coast of Western France, best known as the starting and finishing point of the round the world Vendée Globe yacht race. A subprefecture of the Vendée department, Pays de la Loire, administratively it is a commune, Vendée's second most populated after La Roche-sur-Yon. On 1 January 2019, the communes of Olonne-sur-Mer, Château-d'Olonne and Les Sables-d'Olonne merged, retaining the latter name.
As (tribe)
The As or Az were a Turkic people from the Eastern and Southern Altai and are associated with the Türkic period Kudyrge culture in the Altai. According to L.P. Potapov, the names of the Telengit seoks (Tёrtas – “four As”, Djeti-as – “seven As”, Baylangas – “numerous As”) suggest that the As tribe was a part of the Turkic Tiele, and is certainly connected with the modern-day Altai population. The As left the runic Kalbak-Tash II inscription which was written in Turkic language.

Their existence is confirmed by the Tannu-Ola mountains inscriptions of Mugur-Sargol and Bayan-Kol and certain verses of the Göktürks, while describing the battles between the Göktürks and the Kyrgyz. According to the Bayan-Kol inscriptions, the As were divided to many clans living in the region of Mugur west of the Tannu-Ola mountains. There are also writings from the 8th century (around 714 AD) in Uyghur sources about the uprising of the As against the Göktürks.

Kyrgyz people
The Kyrgyz people are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia. They primarily reside in Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, China, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. A Kyrgyz diaspora is also found in Russia, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. They speak the Kyrgyz language, which is the official language of Kyrgyzstan.

The earliest people known as "Kyrgyz" were the descendants of several Central Asian tribes, first emerging in western Mongolia around 201 BC. Modern Kyrgyz people are descended in part from the Yenisei Kyrgyz that lived in the Yenisey river valley in Siberia. The Kyrgyz people were constituents of the Tiele people, the Göktürks, and the Uyghur Khaganate before establishing the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate in the 9th century, and later a Kyrgyz khanate in the 15th century.
Darja Lisjak
Darja Lisjak is a Slovenian material scientist and professor at the Department for Material Synthesis at Jozef Stefan Institute in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Her work focuses on materials chemistry, nanotechnology, and solid-state chemistry.

Jožef Stefan Institute
The Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) (Slovene: Institut »Jožef Stefan«, IJS) is the largest research institute in Slovenia. The main research areas are physics, chemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, information technologies, reactor physics, energy, and the environment. At the beginning of 2022, the institute had 1,170 employees, of whom 568 were PhD holders.

The mission of the Jožef Stefan Institute is the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge at the frontiers of natural science and technology for the benefit of society at large through the pursuit of education, learning, research, and development of high technology at the highest international levels of excellence.
NGC 4313
NGC 4313 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located about 50 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 15, 1784. NGC 4313 is a member of the Virgo Cluster and is classified as LINER and as a Seyfert galaxy.

NGC 4313 has undergone ram-pressure stripping in the past.

Ram pressure
Ram pressure is a pressure exerted on a body moving through a fluid medium, caused by relative bulk motion of the fluid rather than random thermal motion. It causes a drag force to be exerted on the body. Ram pressure is given in tensor form as

,

where  is the density of the fluid;   is the momentum flux per second in the  direction through a surface with normal in the  direction.  are the components of the fluid velocity in these directions. The total Cauchy stress tensor  is the sum of this ram pressure and the isotropic thermal pressure (in the absence of viscosity).

In the simple case when the relative velocity is normal to the surface, and momentum is fully transferred to the object, the ram pressure becomes

.
Valdgale Parish
Valdgale parish (Latvian: Valdgales pagasts) is situated in Talsi Municipality in Latvia. It is located approximately 13 km from the city of Talsi, 4 km from Valdemārpils and 20 km from Dundaga. The centre of Valdgale parish is called Pūņas, from where it is about 5 km to the birthplace of the renowned editor and politician Krišjānis Valdemārs. Valdgale has its own elementary school, shops, local authority building and more.

Dundaga
Dundaga (Livonian: Dūoņig) is a village in Talsi Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. From 2009 until 2021, the village served as the administrative centre of the former Dundaga Municipality.

Dundaga is known for its castle, constructed by the Archbishopric of Riga in the late 13th century. From the 16th century until 1918, Dundaga Castle (formerly Dundagen) was the centre of the largest private estate in Courland, belonging to the Baron Osten-Sacken family, an important local Baltic-German noble dynasty.
Vril Society
The Vril Society was a fictitious secret society that is said to have existed in Germany in the early to mid-twentieth century. A series of conspiracy theories and pseudohistorical texts claim that it was involved in the rise of Nazism and used supernatural energies to develop innovative flying machines during the Nazi era or "Reichsflugscheiben". There is no evidence for the existence of a secret society of this name and the achievements attributed to it. Likewise, there is no evidence for the historical significance attributed by representatives of this legend to the "Vril Society" and some actually existing occult groups.

The term Vril was coined by the English writer Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–1873) for his novel The Coming Race (1871), and likely derives from the Latin term virilis (manly, powerful). Bulwer-Lytton used the term for a supposed vital energy which grants its users with telepathy, telekinesis, and a number of other abilities.

Secret society
A secret society is an organization about which the activities, events, inner functioning, membership, and sometimes also existence, are concealed. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla warfare insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence.

Secret societies may be community-based or associated with colleges and universities. These societies exist in countries around the world.
Pedro Delgado (athlete)
Pedro Delgado is a paralympic athlete from Spain competing mainly in category T11 400m to 1500m events.

Pedro's first Paralympics was in 1996 where as well as competing in the 1500m he won a bronze medal over 800m.  At his second games in 2000 he competed in the individual 400m before winning a silver as part of the Spanish 4 × 400 m relay team as well as a bronze in the 1500m.  He made a final games in 2004 when competing in the 400m and 1500m but failed to add to his medal tally.

1996 Summer Paralympics
The 1996 Summer Paralympic in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, were held from August 15 to 25. It was the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship, and had a budget of USD $81 million.

It was the first Paralympic Games where International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability athletes were given full medal status.
Ensio Koivunen
Ensio Kalevi Koivunen (23 June 1930 – 27 May 2003) was a Finnish serial killer who poisoned three female hitchhikers using carbon monoxide in the summer of 1971, and thereby got the nickname Häkä-Enska ("Carbon monoxide-Enska").

Hitchhiking
Hitchhiking (also known as hitch-hiking, hitching, thumbing, and autostop) is a means of transportation that relies on soliciting rides from individuals, usually strangers.  Recognized hand gestures, signage, and casual prearrangement, as in a solicitation at a rest stop, are used.

Most hitchhikes are free.  Occasionally on a longer ride the driver may request their guest chip in towards gas, or coffee and such at a break; more often than asking they will volunteer to pay for such things themselves, recognizing that a person hitchhiking probably is low on funds, and willing to do a good turn.  Casual contribution by the hitcher towards expenses does not void a ride as a hitchhike, but arranging payment in advance, regardless of who is providing the transport, is fee-for-service, however informal.
Kara-Suu District
Kara-Suu (Kyrgyz: Кара-Суу району, romanized: Kara-Suu rayonu) is a district of Osh Region in south-western Kyrgyzstan. Its area is 3,616 square kilometres (1,396 sq mi), and its resident population was 448,608 in 2021. The administrative seat lies at the city Kara-Suu.

Osh Region
Osh is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Osh, which is not part of the region. It is bounded (clockwise) by Jalal-Abad Region, Naryn Region, China (Xinjiang), Tajikistan (Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region), Batken Region, and Uzbekistan (Andijan and Fergana Regions). Its total area is 28,934 km2 (11,171 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 1,391,649 as of January 2021. According to the 2009 census, 28% of the total population are ethnic Uzbeks.
Commonwealth Railways carbon steel carriage stock
In January 1963 Commonwealth Railways placed an order with Commonwealth Engineering, Granville for 24 air-conditioned carbon steel carriages.

These standard-gauge carriages were purchased for use on the Trans-Australian Railway between Port Pirie and Kalgoorlie, and on The Ghan from Port Pirie to Marree.

At 22.92 metres (75 ft 2 in), they were the longest passenger cars in Australia. They were Commonwealth Railways' first Australian-built standard-gauge carriages, their predecessors having been manufactured in Europe or Japan.

In July 1975, all were included in the transfer of Commonwealth Railways assets to the Australian National Railways Commission.

Subsequently, some were converted to crew cars for use on Trans-Australian Railway freight trains; others were sold to the Australian Rail Track Corporation; still others were scrapped.

Kalgoorlie railway station
Kalgoorlie railway station is the easternmost attended station in Western Australia, located at the eastern terminus of the Eastern Goldfields Railway. It serves the city of Kalgoorlie. Beyond Kalgoorlie, the line continues east as the Trans-Australian Railway.
Potamanthus luteus
Potamanthus luteus (popularly 'Yellow Mayfly') is a species of hacklegilled burrower mayfly in the family Potamanthidae. According to Fauna Europaea it is found over a range of mainland Europe. In the UK it is or was found principally on the Rivers Usk and Wye in the UK; in the Usk it may have become extinct and in the Wye it has suffered a population crash.

Fauna Europaea
Fauna Europaea is a database of the scientific names and distribution of all living multicellular European land and fresh-water animals. It serves as a standard taxonomic source for animal taxonomy within the Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure (PESI). As of June 2020, Fauna Europaea reported that their database contained 235,708 taxon names and 173,654 species names.

Its construction was initially funded by the European Commission (2000–2004). The project was co-ordinated by the University of Amsterdam which launched the first version in 2004. The Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin took over the hosting of the web portal in 2013, and a new web portal was launched in 2015.
Bani Miran
Bani Miran (Persian: باني ميران, Sorani Kurdish: بانی مێران, also Romanized as Bānī Mīrān) is a village in Bazan Rural District, in the Central District of Javanrud County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 148, in 29 families.

Central Kurdish
Central Kurdish, also known as Sorani Kurdish, is a Kurdish language variety spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the Iranian provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan. Central Kurdish is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with Arabic, and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".

The term Sorani, named after the Soran Emirate, refers to a variety of Central Kurdish based on the dialect spoken in Slemani. Central Kurdish is written in the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet, an adaptation of the Arabic script developed in the 1920s by Sa'ed Sidqi Kaban and Taufiq Wahby.
Trinitarian Sisters of Valence
The Congregation Sisters of the Most Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarian Sisters of Valence, is a Roman Catholic religious congregation of religious sisters based in Lyon, France, founded in 1660.

Religious sister
A religious sister (abbreviated: Sr.) is a Christian woman who has taken public vows in a religious order dedicated to apostolic works. Though often referred to as nuns, they are canonically distinct. Nuns, religious sisters and canonesses all use the term "Sister" as a form of address. Religious sisters are found in various traditions of Christianity, particularly Catholicism, Evangelical Lutheranism and Anglicanism. In the Catholic Church, religious sisters are associated with a religious institute.
Ortler
Ortler (German pronunciation: [ˈɔrtlɐ]; Italian: Ortles [ˈɔrtles]) is, at 3,905 m (12,812 ft) above sea level, the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps outside the Bernina Range. It is the main peak of the Ortler Range. It is the highest point of the Southern Limestone Alps, of South Tyrol in Italy, of Tyrol overall, and, until 1919, of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In German the mountain is commonly referred to as "König Ortler" (King Ortler), like in the unofficial hymn of South Tyrol, the Bozner Bergsteigerlied.

Southern Limestone Alps
The Southern Limestone Alps (Italian: Alpi Sud-orientali, German: Südliche Kalkalpen), also called the Southern Calcareous Alps, are the ranges of the Eastern Alps south of the Central Eastern Alps mainly located in northern Italy and the adjacent lands of Austria and Slovenia. The distinction from the Central Alps, where the higher peaks are located, is based on differences in geological composition. The Southern Limestone Alps extend from the Sobretta-Gavia range in Lombardy in the west to the Pohorje in Slovenia in the east.
Deadly Force (film)
Deadly Force is a 1983 American action film directed by Paul Aaron and written by Ken Barnett, Robert Vincent O'Neill and Barry Schneider. The film stars Wings Hauser, Joyce Ingalls, Paul Shenar, Al Ruscio, Arlen Dean Snyder and Lincoln Kilpatrick. The film was released on July 8, 1983, by Embassy Pictures.

Paul Shenar
Albert Paul Shenar (February 12, 1936 − October 11, 1989) was an American actor and theater director best known for his portrayals of Jenner in Don Bluth's The Secret of NIMH (1982) and Alejandro Sosa in Scarface (1983).

A veteran Broadway and Shakespearean actor, he was one of the twenty-seven founding members of the American Conservatory Theater.