hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
The association between the monarchy of Canada and Indigenous peoples in Canada stretches back to the first interactions between North American Indigenous peoples and European colonialists and, over centuries of interface, treaties were established concerning the monarch and Indigenous nations. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples in Canada have a unique relationship with the reigning monarch and, like the Māori and the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand, generally view the affiliation as being not between them and the ever-changing Cabinet, but instead with the continuous Crown of Canada, as embodied in the reigning sovereign.

These agreements with the Crown are administered by Canadian Aboriginal law, overseen by the minister of Crown–Indigenous relations, and expressed through numerous meetings and ceremonies, as well as exchanges of gifts and honours, involving Indigenous leaders, the monarch, his viceroy or viceroys, and/or other members of the Canadian royal family.

Cabinet of Canada
The Canadian Ministry (French: Conseil des ministres), colloquially referred to as the Cabinet of Canada (French: Cabinet du Canada), is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. Chaired by the prime minister, the Cabinet is part of and acts on behalf of the King's Privy Council for Canada and the senior echelon of the Ministry, the membership of the Cabinet and Ministry often being co-terminal; as of March 2025 there were no members of the latter who were not also members of the former.

For practical reasons, the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the prime minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation. The current Cabinet is the Cabinet of Mark Carney, which is part of the 30th Ministry. The interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and  ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion.
Mick Gatto
Domenic "Mick" Gatto (born 6 August 1955) is an Australian boxer, debt collector, and professional mediator within the Victorian building industry. He was named as a standover man during the Royal Commission into the Building and Construction Industry. Gatto was involved in Melbourne's illegal gambling scene in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2004 Gatto was given a ten-year gaming ban, subsequently increased to a lifetime ban.

Gatto was raised in Melbourne and commenced working in the fruit and vegetable industry.

Ban (law)
A ban is a formal or informal prohibition of something. Bans are formed for the prohibition of activities within a certain political territory. Some bans in commerce are referred to as embargoes. Ban is also used as a verb similar in meaning to "to prohibit".
Johann Schwarzhuber
Johann Schwarzhuber (29 August 1904 – 3 May 1947) was a Nazi German SS-Obersturmführer, who was in charge of various concentration subcamps during World War II. His positions included the Schutzhaftlagerführer of the Auschwitz-Birkenau men's camp, where he oversaw the selection process for the gassing of thousands of detainees. He was later transferred to the Ravensbrück concentration camp, where he held the post of the Lagerdirektor, second only to the overall camp commander Fritz Suhren. With Suhren on the run, Schwarzhuber was the highest-ranking defendant during the first Ravensbrück trial. In front of the British military tribunal he was indicted for war crimes for his role in the Holocaust, sentenced to death and subsequently executed in 1947.

Subcamp
Subcamps were outlying detention centres (Haftstätten) that came under the command of a main concentration camp run by the SS in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. The Nazis distinguished between the main camps (or Stammlager) and the subcamps (Außenlager or Außenkommandos) subordinated to them. Survival conditions in the subcamps were, in many cases, poorer for the prisoners than those in the main camps.
Dirk Wessels
Dirk Johannes Wessels is a South African politician who has served as a Democratic Alliance Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament since 2024. He previously served as a councillor and member of the mayoral committee in the George Local Municipality.

George Local Municipality
George Municipality (Afrikaans: George Munisipaliteit; Xhosa: uMasipala waseGeorge) is a local municipality within the Garden Route District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. As of 2022, the population is 294,929. Its municipality code is WC044.
Right Now (SR-71 song)
"Right Now" is the debut single by American rock band SR-71 from their debut studio album, Now You See Inside. The song reached number two on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. It remained in the top 10 in on the chart for 11 consecutive weeks and became the biggest hit of the band's career, leading to many critics labeling the band as a one-hit wonder.

One-hit wonder
A one-hit wonder is any person, band, etc., that achieves mainstream popularity, often for only one piece of work, and becomes known among the general public solely for that momentary success. The term is most commonly used in regard to music performers with only one hit single that overshadows their other work. Some artists dubbed "one-hit wonders" in a particular country had achieved success in other countries. Music artists with subsequent popular albums and hit listings are not properly considered a one-hit wonder, although artists with multiple hits have sometimes been erroneously labelled as "one-hit wonders" if one particular hit has become much more well-remembered years or decades later than their other hits. One-hit wonders usually see their popularity decreasing after their hit listing, and most often never return to hit listings with other songs or albums.
Network science
Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections between the elements or actors as links (or edges).  The field draws on theories and methods including graph theory from mathematics, statistical mechanics from physics, data mining and information visualization from computer science, inferential modeling from statistics, and social structure from sociology. The United States National Research Council defines network science as "the study of network representations of physical, biological, and social phenomena leading to predictive models of these phenomena."

Telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching to pass messages and signals.

Multiple nodes may cooperate to pass a message from an originating node to a destination node via multiple network hops. For this routing function, each node in the network is assigned a network address for identification and locating it on the network. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space of the network.

Examples of telecommunications networks include computer networks, the Internet, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), the global Telex network, the aeronautical ACARS network, and the wireless radio networks of cell phone telecommunication providers.
Zuideinde
Zuideinde (English: south end) refers to a number of Dutch villages:

Zuideinde, Langedijk, near Sint Pancras, North Holland

Zuideinde, Overijssel, near Kampen

Zuideinde, South Holland, near Nieuwkoop

Zuideinde, Utrecht, near Breukelen

Zuideinde, Zaanstad, near Assendelft, North Holland

Assendelft
Assendelft (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɑsə(n)ˈdɛl(ə)ft]) is a town in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad. Assendelft was a separate municipality until 1974, when the municipality of Zaanstad was formed. However, Assendelft didn't want to be part of Zaanstad and pled together with Krommenie to be part of a new municipality called Krommenie-Assendelft. Zaanstad is part of the Amsterdam Agglomeration (GA).

The North Sea Canal connects Assendelft with Amsterdam and Velsen, and it lies about 13 km northeast of Haarlem and about 15 km south of Alkmaar.
AP All-Time All-America college football team
In 2025, to mark the 100th anniversary of the Associated Press' annual College football All-America team, a panel of AP sportswriters selected an all-time first and second team composed of the top players between 1925 and 2025.

Since 1925, nearly 2,000 men have earned AP first-team All-America honors. To be considered for the AP All-Time All-America list, a player must have received first-team recognition at least once. As a result, notable players like Anthony Muñoz were never eligible and punter Ray Guy was also excluded because the Associated Press did not select punters for its All-America team during his era.

Anthony Muñoz
Michael Anthony Muñoz (born August 19, 1958) is an American former professional football player who played his entire career of 13 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL) as an offensive tackle. He played college football for the USC Trojans. In 2022, an ESPN panel named Muñoz as the greatest offensive tackle in NFL history. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1998. Munoz  is regarded by many as the greatest player in Bengals history.
Dirichlet–Jordan test
In mathematics, the Dirichlet–Jordan test gives sufficient conditions for a complex-valued, periodic function  to be equal to the sum of its Fourier series at a point of continuity. Moreover, the behavior of the Fourier series at points of discontinuity is determined as well (it is the midpoint of the values of the discontinuity). It is one of many conditions for the convergence of Fourier series.

The original test was established by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet in 1829, for piecewise monotone functions (functions with a finite number of sections per period each of which is monotonic). It was extended in the late 19th century by Camille Jordan to functions of bounded variation in each period (any function of bounded variation is the difference of two monotonically increasing functions).

Periodic function
A periodic function is a function that repeats its values at regular intervals. For example, the trigonometric functions, which are used to describe waves and other repeating phenomena, are periodic. Many aspects of the natural world have periodic behavior, such as the phases of the Moon, the swinging of a pendulum, and the beating of a heart.

The length of the interval over which a periodic function repeats is called its period. Any function that is not periodic is called aperiodic.
Arching Oaks Japanese Arts and Culture Center
Arching Oaks Japanese Arts and Culture Center (kashimon nihon bijutsu kaikan) is a non-profit educational organization in Eustis, Florida, that focuses on the preservation and instruction of traditional Japanese arts, crafts, and martial arts. Arching Oaks is situated on 20 acres, making it one of the largest zoned Japanese cultural centers in the U.S.

It was established in 2019 by Sabastian and Chelsey Velilla. The center is located at 37114 Thrill Hill Road in Lake County. The campus includes multiple traditional Japanese-style buildings and gardens, dōjō (training halls) known as the Florida Budokan (martial art center), a tatami room for tea ceremonies, and a studio for Japanese arts and crafts.

Lake County, Florida
Lake County is a county in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 383,956. Its county seat is Tavares, and its largest city is Clermont. Lake County is included in the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2011 NCAA Division I baseball rankings
The following human polls make up the 2011 NCAA Division I men's baseball rankings for the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season.  The USA Today/ESPN Coaches Poll is voted on by a panel of 31 Division I baseball coaches.  The Baseball America poll is voted on by staff members of the Baseball America magazine.  These polls rank the top 25 teams nationally.  Collegiate Baseball and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association rank the top 30 teams nationally.

Collegiate Baseball Newspaper
Collegiate Baseball Newspaper (also known as Collegiate Baseball Magazine and Collegiate Baseball) was an American publication based in Arizona that considered itself the "voice of amateur baseball" and was published for over 40 years. The publication gave out several awards: Collegiate Baseball Player of the Year, Collegiate Baseball Coach of the Year, and Collegiate Baseball All-Americans.

It was published twice a month from January until June, and then once each in September and October.

The "Collegiate Baseball" newspaper poll was college sports' oldest baseball poll. A ranking of the top 30 teams was released prior to the season, weekly throughout the season, and after the conclusion of the College World Series. It started with the 1957 college baseball season. The publication has ceased operation as of November 2023.
Gramicidin S
Gramicidin S or Gramicidin Soviet is an antibiotic that is effective against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi.

It is a derivative of gramicidin, produced by the gram-positive bacterium Brevibacillus brevis. Gramicidin S is a cyclodecapeptide, constructed as two identical pentapeptides joined head to tail, formally written as cyclo(-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro-)2. That is to say, it forms a ring structure composed of five different amino acids, each one used twice within the structure. Another interesting point is that it utilizes two amino acids uncommon in peptides: ornithine as well as the atypical stereoisomer of phenylalanine. It is synthesized by gramicidin S synthetase.

Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. Valine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it; it must be obtained from dietary sources which are foods that contain proteins, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. It is encoded by all codons starting with GU (GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG).
Marion Township, Indiana
Marion Township is the name of twelve townships in the U.S. state of Indiana:

Marion Township, Allen County, Indiana

Marion Township, Boone County, Indiana

Marion Township, Decatur County, Indiana

Marion Township, Dubois County, Indiana

Marion Township, Hendricks County, Indiana

Marion Township, Jasper County, Indiana

Marion Township, Jennings County, Indiana

Marion Township, Lawrence County, Indiana

Marion Township, Owen County, Indiana

Marion Township, Pike County, Indiana

Marion Township, Putnam County, Indiana

Marion Township, Shelby County, Indiana

Marion Township, Jennings County, Indiana
Marion Township is one of eleven townships in Jennings County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,117 (representing no change from 2010) and it contained 461 housing units.
Pseudospectrum
In mathematics, the pseudospectrum of an operator is a set containing the spectrum of the operator and the numbers that are "almost" eigenvalues. Knowledge of the pseudospectrum can be particularly useful for understanding non-normal operators and their eigenfunctions.

The ε-pseudospectrum of a matrix A consists of all eigenvalues of matrices which are ε-close to A:

Numerical algorithms which calculate the eigenvalues of a matrix give only approximate results due to rounding and other errors. These errors can be described with the matrix E.

More generally, for Banach spaces  and operators  , one can define the -pseudospectrum of  (typically denoted by ) in the following way

where we use the convention that  if  is not invertible.

Normal operator
In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a normal operator on a complex Hilbert space  is a continuous linear operator  that commutes with its Hermitian adjoint , that is: .

Normal operators are important because the spectral theorem holds for them. The class of normal operators is well understood. Examples of normal operators are

unitary operators:

Hermitian operators (i.e., self-adjoint operators):

skew-Hermitian operators:

positive operators:  for some  (so N is self-adjoint).

A normal matrix is the matrix expression of a normal operator on the Hilbert space .
Unton
Unton is a surname occasionally as a first name most commonly found in the United States, Poland, Russia, United Kingdom and Belarus.

People with the surname Unton are;

Edward Unton (high sheriff) (1534–1582), English politician and high sheriff

Edward Unton (captain) (c. 1556–1589), English landowner and MP

Sir Henry Unton (c. 1557–1596), Elizabethan English diplomat

Henry Unton (MP) (c. 1535–1555 or later), English politician and high sheriff

Tomasz Unton (born 1970), Polish footballer and manager

People with the first name Unton are;

Unton Croke (1593–1671), English judge and politician

Tomasz Unton
Tomasz Unton (born 1 November 1970) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Unton spent the majority of his career playing in Pomerania, with his longest spell at Lechia Gdańsk.
Bugō
Bugō (武号; Japanese: [bɯgoː]) are nicknames used in the Japanese martial arts. The word is composed of the symbols 武 (bu, meaning "martial") and 号 (gō, meaning "name"). In English, the term is sometimes translated as "martial name" or "warrior name" with similar equivalents in other languages.

Yagō
Yagō (屋号), literally meaning "house name", is a term applied in traditional Japanese culture to names passed down within a guild, studio, or other circumstance other than blood relations. The term is synonymous with iena (家名) and kadona (角名). The term most often refers to the guild names of kabuki actors, but is also applicable to the names artists take from their masters or studios, names taken from one's business, and a few other similar circumstances.

The ya (屋) of yagō, also often seen at the end of a yagō name, means "house", "roof", or "shop", and helps to illuminate the origins and meanings of the term. A number of yagō have associated mon emblems, some of which incorporate rebuses; see Japanese rebus monogram.
Amy Hughes (artist)
Amy Hughes (born 1992), also known as Amy V. Hughes, is a British-born New York City-based contemporary painter. She is best known for the portrait painting of her late grandfather and for her feminist take on the relationships between body and mind.

As of 2018, she teaches painting at the New York Academy of Art, a private graduate art school, and works out of her studio in Greenpoint, Brooklyn.

Hughes has been recognised for her efforts towards advancing the status of women artists and promoting equality.

New York Academy of Art
The New York Academy of Art is a private, graduate-only art school in the Tribeca neighborhood of New York City. The academy offers a Master of Fine Arts degree and a post-baccalaureate Certificate of Fine Art degree, with a focus on technical training and critical discourse.

The school annually hosts two public events: the TriBeCa Ball and the fund-raising auction Take Home a Nude at Sotheby’s Auction House in New York, both known to attract high-profile guests.
Dror Elimelech
Dror Elimelech (Hebrew: דרור אלימלך; born 1956 in Israel) is an Israeli psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and poet, and a composer and performer of contemporary classical music.

Elimelech studied composition with Sergiu Natra and piano with Bart Berman, Ruth Hilman, and Pnina Salzman. He composes for a wide range of instrumental settings. His musical style is experimental with avant-garde influences. Elimelech established and organized several concert series in Israel for contemporary music. In 1994 he published a CD by the name of Trans.

Elimelech won the Israeli Prime Minister Prize for Hebrew writers in 2002. He has published eight books of his poetry.

Contemporary classical music
Contemporary classical music is Western art music composed close to the present day. At the beginning of the 21st century, it commonly referred to the post-1945 post-tonal music after the death of Anton Webern, and included serial music, electronic music, experimental music, and minimalist music. Newer forms of music include spectral music and post-minimalism.
2009 World Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put
The Men's Shot Put event at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Olympic Stadium on August 15.  The Olympic champion Tomasz Majewski entered the competition as the world-leading athlete and one of the favourites. Much was expected of the four-man United States team, consisting of defending champion Reese Hoffa, Olympic silver medalist Christian Cantwell, former world champion Adam Nelson, and newcomer Dan Taylor.

Cantwell won the competition, recording a world-leading 22.03 m throw to fend off second-placed Majewski (who managed 21.91 m). Former champions Hoffa and Nelson were beaten to the bronze medal by German Ralf Bartels, who threw a new personal best of 21.37 m to win the host nation's first medal of the tournament.

Adam Nelson
Adam McCright Nelson (born July 7, 1975) is a retired American shot putter and Olympic gold medalist. Nelson competed in three consecutive Olympic Games in 2000, 2004 and 2008. In addition to his gold medal at the 2004 Olympics, Nelson won a silver medal at the 2000 Olympics.

He is married to Laci Nelson and he has 2 daughters, Caroline and Lauren Nelson.
Central Union of Roofers
Central Union of Roofers (German: Zentralverband der Dachdecker) was a trade union representing roofers in Germany.

The union was founded in 1889.  It was based in Frankfurt and published the Dachdecker-Zeitung newspaper.  It was initially led by Wilhelm Rachwitz, then by Georg Diehl, until his death in 1917, when Theodor Thomas took over.  The union affiliated to the General German Trade Union Confederation in 1919, and also to the Building Workers' International.

Membership of the union was only 10,843 in 1928, and in 1931, the union merged into the German Union of Building Trades.

General German Trade Union Federation
The General German Trade Union Federation (German: Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, ADGB) was a confederation of trade unions in Germany founded during the Weimar Republic. It was founded in 1919 and was initially powerful enough to organize a general strike in 1920 against a right-wing coup d'état. After the 1929 Wall Street crash, the ensuing Great Depression caused widespread unemployment. The ADGB suffered a dramatic loss of membership, both from unemployment and political squabbles. By the time the Nazis seized control of the government, the ADGB's leadership had distanced itself from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and was openly cooperating with Nazis in an attempt to keep the organization alive. Nonetheless, on 2 May 1933 the SA and SS stormed the offices of the ADGB and its member trade unions, seized their assets and arrested their leaders, crushing the organization.