hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Blanuša snarks
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Blanuša snarks are two 3-regular graphs with 18 vertices and 27 edges. They were discovered by Yugoslavian mathematician Danilo Blanuša in 1946 and are named after him. When discovered, only one snark was known—the Petersen graph.

As snarks, the Blanuša snarks are connected, bridgeless cubic graphs with chromatic index equal to 4. Both of them have chromatic number 3, diameter 4 and girth 5. They are non-hamiltonian but are hypohamiltonian. Both have book thickness 3 and queue number 2.
Both graphs are 1-planar.

Queue number
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the queue number of a graph is a graph invariant defined analogously to stack number (book thickness) using first-in first-out (queue) orderings in place of last-in first-out (stack) orderings.
Wilson Handicap
The Wilson Handicap was an American Thoroughbred horse race run from 1930 through 1958. Inaugurated as the Wilson Stakes at the Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York, it was named in honor of the late Richard Thornton Wilson Jr., a prominent Thoroughbred owner and president of Saratoga Race Course.

Discovery (horse)
Discovery (1931–1958) was a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse. In a racing career which lasted from 1933 to 1936 he ran sixty-three times and won twenty-seven races. One of the leading American three-year-olds of his generation in 1934, he became a dominant performer in the next two seasons. The National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame said that he was: "...considered one of the greatest horses of the 20th century."
The Muse Inspiring the Poet
The Muse Inspiring the Poet is a 1909 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Henri Rousseau, forming a double portrait of Marie Laurencin and Guillaume Apollinaire. Owned for a time by Paul Rosenberg, it is now in the Kunstmuseum Basel. Another version of the work is now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow.

In 2021, the heirs of Charlotte von Wesdehlen, the widow of the Jewish art collector Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, requested that the Kunstmuseum Basel restitute the work. The museum purchased it in 1940 through the Swiss art dealer Christoph Bernoulli, Basel.

Paul Rosenberg (art dealer)
Paul Rosenberg (29 December 1881 – 29 June 1959) was a French art dealer. He represented Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and Henri Matisse. Both Paul and his brother Léonce Rosenberg were among the world's major dealers of modern art.
Gilgiochloa
Gilgiochloa is a genus of African plants in the grass family.

The genus is named after German botanist Ernest Friedrich Gilg (1867–1933) by Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger.

The only known species is Gilgiochloa indurata, native to Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia.

Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger
Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger (3 July 1876, Helgoland – 1 September 1953, Berlin)  was a German botanist, who specialised in the study of conifers.

He collected plants in the Mato Grosso of Brazil, and from 1945 to 1950 was director of the botanical garden at Berlin-Dahlem.

The genera; Pilgerodendron Florin (Cupressaceae), Pilgerina Z.S.Rogers, Nickrent & Malécot (family Santalaceae), and Pilgerochloa Eig (Poaceae) are all named in his honour.
Integrated Deepwater System Program
The Integrated Deepwater System Program (IDS Program or Deepwater) was the 25-year program to replace all or much of the United States Coast Guard's equipment, including aircraft, ships, and logistics and command and control systems. The $24 billion program, which began with a price tag of $17 billion, lost authorization in Fiscal Year 2012 and is officially defunct.

The initial idea was to develop interoperable system which included new cutters and small boats, a new fleet of fixed-wing aircraft, a combination of new and upgraded helicopters, and land- and cutter-based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). All of these assets will be linked with Command, Control, Communications and Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. Performance-based logistics is also an aspect of the contract.

United States Coast Guard Cutter
United States Coast Guard Cutter is the term used by the U.S. Coast Guard for its commissioned vessels.  They are 65 feet (19.8 m) or greater in length and have a permanently assigned crew with accommodations aboard.  They carry the ship prefix USCGC.
Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine is the typical and traditional fare of the Pennsylvania Dutch.

Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine reflects influences of the Pennsylvania Dutch's German heritage, agrarian society, and rejection of rapid change.

It is common to find Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine throughout the Philadelphia, Allentown and Lancaster regions of Pennsylvania.

Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Lancaster is a city in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 58,039 at the 2020 census, it is the eighth-most populous city in the state. It is a core city within South Central Pennsylvania, with 552,984 residents in the Lancaster metropolitan area.

Settled in the 1720s, Lancaster is one of the oldest inland cities in the US. It served as the capital of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1812. The city's primary industries include healthcare, tourism, public administration, manufacturing, and both professional and semi-professional services. Lancaster is located 59 miles (95 km) southwest of Allentown and 61 miles (98 km) west of Philadelphia and is a hub of Pennsylvania Dutch Country.
Handyside Bridge
Handyside Bridge, also known as Derwent Bridge, is a former railway bridge in Darley Abbey, Derbyshire, England which was converted to a foot bridge in 1976 following closure of the railway in 1968.

Named for its builders, Andrew Handyside & Co., it is a tied-arch bridge constructed from riveted wrought iron and is situated at the entrance to Darley Park in Derby. It spans the River Derwent and was part of the Great Northern Railway Derbyshire Extension popularly known as the (Derby) Friargate Line. The next station to the south was Friargate which has another bridge built by Andrew Handyside.

Tied-arch bridge
A tied-arch bridge is an arch bridge in which the outward-directed horizontal forces of the arch(es) are borne as tension by a chord tying the arch ends rather than by the ground or the bridge foundations. This strengthened chord may be the deck structure itself or consist of separate, independent tie-rods.
Wyrd (band)
Wyrd is a Finnish Pagan black metal band which was formed in 1998. The band was originally formed under the name Hellkult in 1997 by Narqath and drummer Kalma (ex- Azaghal). The first Wyrd demo was released in early 2000, "Unchained Heathen Wrath" featured material recorded between 1998 and 2000. The lyrical themes are centered on old folklore and Nordic mythology. The name "Wyrd" is from Old English, meaning fate.

Destiny
Destiny, sometimes also called fate (from Latin  fatum 'decree, prediction, destiny, fate'), is a predetermined course of events. It may be conceived as a predetermined future, whether in general or of an individual.
Ministry of Regional Development (Brazil)
The Ministry of Regional Development (Portuguese: Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional, abbreviated MDR) was a cabinet-level federal ministry in Brazil, established in 2019 by the fusion of the Ministry of Integration and Regional Development and the Ministry of Cities. It was dissolved on January 1, 2023 and both of the ministries were recreated.

The MDR was particularly tasked with reducing regional inequality, housing, emergency management, water resources, urban mobility and development, integration and development of the regions of Brazil.

Federal government of Brazil
The Federal Government of Brazil (Governo Federal) is the national government of the Federative Republic of Brazil, a republic in South America divided into 26 states and a federal district. The Brazilian federal government is divided into three branches: the executive, which is headed by the President and the cabinet; the legislative, whose powers are vested by the Constitution in the National Congress; and the judiciary, whose powers are vested in nine organs, including the Supreme Federal Court and lower federal courts. The seat of the federal government is located in Brasília.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function, (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months) with glomerular crescent formation seen in at least 50% or 75% of glomeruli seen on kidney biopsies. If left untreated, it rapidly progresses into acute kidney failure and death within months. In 50% of cases, RPGN is associated with an underlying disease such as Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus or granulomatosis with polyangiitis; the remaining cases are idiopathic. Regardless of the underlying cause, RPGN involves severe injury to the kidneys' glomeruli, with many of the glomeruli containing characteristic glomerular crescents (crescent-shaped scars).

Glomerular basement membrane
The glomerular basement membrane of the kidney is the particular basement membrane of the glomerulus. The glomerular endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, and the filtration slits between the podocytes perform the filtration function of the glomerulus, separating the blood in the capillaries from the filtrate that forms in Bowman's capsule. The glomerular basement membrane is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas, and is the main site of restriction of water flow. Glomerular basement membrane is secreted and maintained by podocyte cells.
Yamaha DX100 (synthesizer)
The Yamaha DX100 is an FM synthesizer released by Yamaha in 1986.  It offers four operators for each of its eight voices, and has eight algorithms (compared to the DX7's six operators for each of its sixteen voices, and thirty-two algorithms). It has only 49 mini-keys, and no arpeggiator or effects, but is still useful, known in particular for its bass patch #1. It features up to 192 presets, seriously improving the DX7's limited preset capabilities. It can also store 24 user-programmable sounds in RAM. It lacks cartridge support, but voice patches can be saved to and loaded from an external cassette recorder.

It was the cheapest user-programmable FM synthesiser made in the 1980s, leading to its popularity even amongst professional musicians in the 80s and 90s.  It's essentially a cut down version of the DX21 and DX27, using the same FM chip, the YM2164.

Frequency modulation synthesis
Frequency modulation synthesis (or FM synthesis) is a form of sound synthesis whereby the frequency of a waveform is changed by modulating its frequency with a modulator. The (instantaneous) frequency of an oscillator is altered in accordance with the amplitude of a modulating signal.

FM synthesis can create both harmonic and inharmonic sounds. To synthesize harmonic sounds, the modulating signal must have a harmonic relationship to the original carrier signal. As the amount of frequency modulation increases, the sound grows progressively complex. Through the use of modulators with frequencies that are non-integer multiples of the carrier signal (i.e. inharmonic), inharmonic bell-like and percussive spectra can be created.

FM synthesis using analog oscillators may result in pitch instability. However, FM synthesis can also be implemented digitally, which is more stable and became standard practice.
European route E35 in Germany
European route E 35 (E 35) is a north–south European route, running from Amsterdam in the Netherlands to Rome in Italy. In Germany, the highway runs from the Dutch border near Elten, through Oberhausen, Düsseldorf and Cologne to the Swiss border between Weil am Rhein and Basel.

International E-road network
The International E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe, Central Asia and Asia Minor, developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and signposted on a green background. Its roads cross national borders, consisting of three types of roads: highways, limited access roads, and ordinary roads (as defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1).

The display of European roads on signs depend on jurisdiction. In most countries, the roads carry the European route designation alongside national designations. However, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Sweden have integrated them as their sole route designations (examples: E18 and E6) in most cases. Some places, such as the United Kingdom and Albania do not show the European designations at all.

Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the Pan-American Highway in the Americas, the Trans-African Highway network, and the Asian Highway Network.
Yazoo lands
The Yazoo lands were the central and western regions of the U.S. state of Georgia, when its western border stretched back to the Mississippi. The Yazoo lands were named for the Yazoo nation, that lived on the lower course of the Yazoo, in what is now Mississippi.

The Yazoo lands would later become large portions of the present-day states of Alabama and Mississippi, along with portions of Spanish West Florida, which became the lower third of each state, and a narrow northern strip of land claimed by South Carolina in the Treaty of Beaufort that also stretched westward to the river, which became the two states' border counties with Tennessee.

In the 1790s, the Yazoo lands were the subject of a major political scandal in the state of Georgia, called the Yazoo land scandal. It led to Georgia's cession of the land to the U.S. government in the Compact of 1802.

Spanish West Florida
Spanish West Florida (Spanish: Florida Occidental) was a province of the Spanish Empire from 1783 until 1821, when both it and East Florida were ceded to the United States.

The region of West Florida initially had the same borders as the erstwhile British colony. Much of its territory was gradually annexed by the United States in the West Florida Controversy. At its greatest extent, the colony included what are now the Florida Parishes of Louisiana, the southernmost parts of Mississippi and Alabama, as well as the Panhandle of Florida. Whereas Southeastern Louisiana and present-day coastal Mississippi and Alabama were annexed either before or during the War of 1812, the land that makes up present-day Florida was not acquired until several years later. It became the Florida Territory of the United States in 1822.
5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylase
The enzyme 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.75) catalyzes the chemical reaction

5-guanidino-2-oxo-pentanoate  4-guanidinobutanal + CO2

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-guanidino-2-oxo-pentanoate carboxy-lyase (4-guanidinobutanal-forming). Other names in common use include alpha-ketoarginine decarboxylase, and 2-oxo-5-guanidinopentanoate carboxy-lyase. It has 2 cofactors: thiamin diphosphate,  and Divalent cation.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Blackfriars, Wigtown
54°52′01″N 4°26′31″W﻿ / ﻿54.867°N 4.442°W﻿ / 54.867; -4.442
The Church of the Friars Preachers of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Wigtown, commonly called Blackfriars, was a mendicant friary of the Dominican Order founded in the 13th century at Wigtown, Galloway, Scotland. The Chronica Extracta said that it was founded by Dervorguilla of Galloway, who died in 1290.

Perhaps because of the remoteness of Wigtown, the history of the house is extremely badly documented and obscure. It appears on 7 March 1297, in receipt of money from the fermes of burghs. One of its priors, Ninian Shanks, appears on record on 10 May 1490. The prior along with four friars grant a charter on 21 December 1560, the year of the Scottish Reformation. It was presumably disbanded in the following decade, its revenues probably being granted to the burgh, as was the case with other friaries of the time.

Burgh
A burgh (/ˈbʌrə/ BURR-ə) is an autonomous municipal corporation in Scotland, usually a city, town, or toun in Scots. This type of administrative division existed from the 12th century, when King David I created the first royal burghs. Burgh status was broadly analogous to borough status, found in the rest of the United Kingdom. Following local government reorganisation in 1975, the title of "royal burgh" remains in use in many towns, but now has little more than ceremonial value.
Siege of Montmédy
The siege of Montmédy was a battle of the Franco-Prussian War at the small commune of Montmédy, in the Meuse, it was besieged by the army of the German coalition. Defended by the 57th Line Infantry Regiment, the Garde Mobile and elements of other units, it surrendered on December 14, 1870.

Chiers
The Chiers (French pronunciation: [ʃjɛʁ]; Luxembourgish: Kuer [kuːɐ̯]; German: Korn [kɔʁn] ⓘ) is a river in Luxembourg, Belgium and France. It is a right tributary of the Meuse. The total length of the Chiers is approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi), of which 127 km (79 mi) in France.

The source of the Chiers is near Differdange, in Luxembourg. The Chiers flows roughly in a westerly direction, and crosses the border with Belgium and flows through Athus (province of Luxembourg).

It then crosses the border with France, flows through Longwy and Longuyon (Meurthe-et-Moselle) and forms the border with Belgium for a few kilometres near Torgny (in the municipality of Rouvroy). It continues through France, along Montmédy (Meuse) and Carignan (Ardennes).

The Chiers flows into the Meuse at Bazeilles, near Sedan.

The main tributaries of the Chiers are the Loison and the Othain, along with smaller tributaries like the Aulnois.
Milena Mayorga
Carmen Milena Mayorga Valera (born 22 April 1976) is a Salvadoran diplomat, politician, journalist, and former model. Since 1 December 2020, she has served as Salvadoran Ambassador to the United States, having been appointed by President Nayib Bukele. She was previously a member of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador from the San Salvador Department from 2018 to 2020. Forbes magazine in the USA presented her as the first Salvadoran to promote the Pro Bitcoin agenda abroad.

Mayorga is a retired model and beauty pageant contestant who represented El Salvador in Miss Universe 1996, where she finished in the top ten. Prior to entering politics, she was a journalist and news presenter. She was formerly a member of the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) until renouncing her membership in 2020.

El Salvador–United States relations
According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 55% of Salvadorans approve U.S. leadership, with 19% disapproving and 26% uncertain, the fourth-highest rating for any surveyed country in the Americas.
Multicast router discovery
Multicast router discovery (MRD) provides a general mechanism for the discovery of multicast routers on an IP network. For IPv4, the mechanism is based on IGMP. For IPv6 the mechanism is based on MLD. Multicast router discovery is defined by RFC 4286.

Internet Group Management Protocol
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers on IPv4 networks to establish multicast group memberships. IGMP is an integral part of IP multicast and allows the network to direct multicast transmissions only to hosts that have requested them.

IGMP can be used for one-to-many networking applications such as online streaming video and gaming, and allows more efficient use of resources when supporting these types of applications.

IGMP is used on IPv4 networks. Multicast management on IPv6 networks is handled by Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) which is a part of ICMPv6 in contrast to IGMP's bare IP encapsulation.
Enicodes montrouzieri
Enicodes montrouzieri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Xavier Montrouzier in 1861. It is known from New Caledonia. It feeds on Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora.

Coffea canephora
Coffea canephora (especially C. canephora var. robusta, syn. Coffea robusta, or commonly robusta coffee) is a species of coffee plant that has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though widely known as Coffea robusta, the plant is scientifically identified as Coffea canephora, which has two main varieties, robusta and nganda.

Coffea canephora represents between 40% and 45% of global coffee production, with Coffea arabica constituting most of the remainder. There are several differences between the composition of coffee beans from C. arabica and C. canephora. Beans from C. canephora tend to have lower acidity, more bitterness, and a more woody and less fruity flavor compared to C. arabica beans. Most of it is used for instant coffee.
Jamilon Mülders
Jamilon Mülders (born 29 May 1976) is a German field hockey coach and a former player for the Germany national team. He is the former coach for the Chinese national team. Jamilon is the current coach of the Dutch ladies national team.

He coached the Germany national team at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where the team won the bronze medal.

Germany men's national field hockey team
The Germany men's national field hockey team is one of the most successful sides in the world, winning gold at the Summer Olympics four times (including once as West Germany), the Hockey World Cup 3 times, the EuroHockey Nations Championship nine times (including twice as West Germany) and the Hockey Champions Trophy ten times (including three times as West Germany).
Victor Bourgeois
Victor Bourgeois (French pronunciation: [viktɔʁ buʁʒwa]; 29 August 1897 – 24 July 1962) was a Belgian architect and urban planner, considered the greatest Belgian modernist architect.

Bourgeois was born in Charleroi and studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels from 1914 through 1918, and was mentored by Henry van de Velde. Together with his brother Pierre Bourgeois, he founded several magazines, including 7 Arts (1922–1928).

In 1927 Bourgeois became the only Belgian invited to design a house for the Weissenhof Estate exhibition in Stuttgart, and the following year Bourgeois was a delegate to the first meeting of the Congrès international d'architecture moderne and a founding member of that organization.

He died on 24 July 1962 in Ixelles.

Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Brussels
The Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels (French: Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles [akademi ʁwajal de boz‿aʁ də bʁysɛl] (ArBA-EsA); Dutch: Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel [ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌaːkaːˈdeːmi voːr ˈsxoːnə ˈkʏnstə(ɱ) vɑm ˈbrʏsəl]) is an art school in Brussels, Belgium, founded in 1711. Starting from modest beginnings in a single room in Brussels' Town Hall, it has since 1876 been operating from a former convent and orphanage in the Rue du Midi/Zuidstraat, which was converted by the architect Victor Jamaer. The school has played an important role in training leading local artists.