hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles Carnan Ridgely
Charles Carnan Ridgely (December 6, 1760 – July 17, 1829), born Charles Ridgely Carnan and also known as Charles Ridgely of Hampton, was an American politician and aristocrat who served as the 15th governor of Maryland from 1815 to 1818. He also served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1790 to 1795, and in the Maryland State Senate from 1796 to 1800.

Maryland Gazette
The Gazette, founded in 1727 as The Maryland Gazette, is one of the oldest newspapers in America. Its modern-day descendant,  The Capital, was acquired by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014.  Previously, it was owned by the Capital Gazette Communications group, which published The Capital, Bowie Blade-News, Crofton-West County Gazette, and Capital Style Magazine.

The Gazette and their sister publications have been composed and printed in numerous locations, all in the Annapolis area, for more than 270 years. The company has moved headquarters seven times, including from 3 Church Circle to 213 West St. in 1948, to 2000 Capital Drive in 1987 and to Bestgate Road in September 2014.

As of 2021, the newspaper posts to its website daily and publishes print editions on Wednesdays and Sundays.
Elizabeth A. T. Smith
Elizabeth A. T. Smith (born 1958) is an American art historian, museum curator, writer, and presently the executive director of the Helen Frankenthaler Foundation. She has formerly held positions as a curator at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art (MoCA), the chief curator and deputy director of programs at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, and the executive director, curatorial affairs, at the Art Gallery of Ontario. She is the author of numerous books on art and architecture, including Blueprints for Modern Living: History and Legacy of the Case Study Houses; Lee Bontecou: A Retrospective, Helen Frankenthaler: Composing with Color, 1962–63, and many others.

Case Study Houses
The Case Study Houses were experiments in American residential architecture sponsored by Arts & Architecture magazine, which commissioned major architects of the day to design and build inexpensive and efficient model homes for the United States residential housing boom caused by the end of World War II and the return of millions of soldiers. The program yielded 36 designs and 25 constructed homes, concentrated in Southern California.
The V.I.P.s (film)
The V.I.P.s (also known as Hotel International) is a 1963 British comedy-drama film in Metrocolor and Panavision. It was directed by Anthony Asquith, produced by Anatole de Grunwald, and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was written by Terence Rattigan, with a music score by Miklós Rózsa.

It has an all-star cast, including Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor, Louis Jourdan, Elsa Martinelli, Maggie Smith, Rod Taylor, Orson Welles, and Margaret Rutherford, who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture. The costumes are by Pierre Cardin.

Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture is a Golden Globe Award that was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association in 1944 for a performance in a motion picture released in the previous year.

The formal title has varied since its inception; since 2005, the award has officially been called "Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture".
Communications in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic, consisting of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha including Gough Island. Their communications provision includes dedicated radio and television stations, and telecommunications infrastructure.

Much of the preceding telecommunications infrastructure between Saint Helena and Ascension was laid in 1899 by the Eastern Telegraph Company, later Cable & Wireless plc and Sure South Atlantic, as part of the British need to track the Second Boer War.

Saint FM Community Radio
Saint FM Community Radio is a radio station serving the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena.

The station is owned by Saint FM Community Radio (Guarantee) Limited, a charity company legally registered in St. Helena and limited by guarantee. The station's studios and administration offices are located at Association Hall, Main Street, Jamestown.  Its membership comprises those of the island's population who wish to join.

The only competing radio services on the island as of 2021 are operated by South Atlantic Media Services: S.A.M.S. Radio 1 (news, features and entertainment) and S.A.M.S. Radio 2 (relay of the BBC World Service).
Heiligenberg (Heidelberg)
The Heiligenberg is a large wooded hill overlooking the town of Heidelberg in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It rises to around 440 metres NHN (short for normalhöhennull or "standard elevation zero," the equivalent of sea level in Germany). It has been the site of many historic and pre-historic constructions, including a Celtic hilltop fortification, a Roman sacred precinct, several medieval monasteries, modern lookout towers and the Heidelberg Thingstätte, built by the Nazis in the 1930s.

Black Forest
The Black Forest (German: Schwarzwald [ˈʃvaʁtsvalt] ⓘ) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, bounded by the Rhine Valley to the west and south and close to the borders with France and Switzerland. It is the source of the Danube and Neckar rivers.

Its highest peak is the Feldberg with an elevation of 1,493 metres (4,898 ft) above sea level. Roughly oblong in shape, with a length of 160 kilometres (100 miles) and breadth of up to 50 km (30 mi), it has an area of about 6,009 km2 (2,320 sq mi).

Historically, the area was known for forestry and the mining of ore deposits, but tourism has now become the primary industry, accounting for around 300,000 jobs. There are several ruined military fortifications dating back to the 17th century.
Sammy McQueen
Samuel Brown McQueen (27 January 1896 — 16 September 1983) was a Scottish international rugby union player.

McQueen was born in Liverpool and educated at Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby.

A fly-half, McQueen was capped four times for Scotland in 1923, debuting in a win over France at Inverleith. He set up Leslie Gracie's winning try against Wales in his next match and then scored a try himself to help Scotland defeat Ireland at Lansdowne Road. For his final appearance, a Calcutta Cup match, Scotland needed a win to secure the grand slam, but went down to England 6–8. He was the first international produced by Crosby club Waterloo and also made three appearances for the Barbarians.

Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby
Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby is a 7–18 boys private day school, located in Great Crosby on Merseyside. The school's motto is that of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors: Concordia Parvae Res Crescunt (Small Things Grow in Harmony).

From September 2025, Merchant Taylors' Girls' School will join Merchant Taylors’ Boys’ School to create a co-educational senior school. The newly created school will be known as Merchant Taylors’ School and will be co-educational for all pupils aged 4–18.
Königsberg City Archive
The Königsberg City Archive (German: Stadtarchiv Königsberg) was the municipal archive of Königsberg, Germany.

The towns of Altstadt, Kneiphof, and Löbenicht were united to form the city of Königsberg in 1724. The city's archives were subsequently located in Altstadt Town Hall, but moved to the original campus of the University of Königsberg in Kneiphof in 1911/12. Its directors included August Wittich (1875 to 1897), Ernst Seraphim (1911), Christian Krollmann (1924), and Fritz Gause (1938).

The Nazi Party did not take an interest in the archive during Gleichschaltung. However, Gauleiter Erich Koch prevented the archive from being evacuated in 1944 during World War II. It was subsequently destroyed by the 1944 bombing of Königsberg and the 1945 Battle of Königsberg.

Erich Koch
Erich Koch (German: [ˈɛʁɪç kɔx]; 19 June 1896 – 12 November 1986) was a Gauleiter of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in East Prussia from 1 October 1928 until 1945. Between 1941 and 1945 he was Chief of Civil Administration (Chef der Zivilverwaltung) of Bezirk Bialystok. During this period, he was also the Reichskommissar in Reichskommissariat Ukraine from September 1941 until August 1944 and in Reichskommissariat Ostland from September 1944. After the Second World War, Koch stood trial in Poland and was convicted in 1959 of war crimes and sentenced to death. The sentence was later commuted to life in prison and Koch died of natural causes in his cell at the Barczewo prison on 12 November 1986.
1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation
On 11 November 1914, Ottoman Caliph Mehmed V proclaimed holy war against the Entente powers and appealed for support from Muslims in Entente-controlled countries. The declaration, which called for Muslims to support the Ottomans in Entente-controlled areas and for jihad against "all enemies of the Ottoman Empire, except the Central Powers", was initially presented on 11 November and published in Takvim-i Vekayi the following day. The proclamation included five fatwa or legal opinions endorsed by 29 religious authorities. Several days later, on 14 November, it was read out to large crowd outside the Fatih Mosque by Ali Haydar Efendi, the fetva emini ('custodian of the fatwa', the Ottoman official in charge of dictating tafsir on behalf of the Shaykh al-Islām).

Fatih Mosque, Istanbul
The Fatih Mosque (Turkish: Fatih Camii, lit. 'The Conqueror's mosque'; Ottoman Turkish: فاتح جامع) is an Ottoman mosque off Fevzi Paşa Caddesi in the Fatih district of Istanbul, Turkey. The original mosque was constructed between 1463 and 1470 on the site of the Church of the Holy Apostles. Seriously damaged in the 1766 earthquake, it was rebuilt in 1771 to a different design. It is named after the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, known in Turkish as Fatih Sultan Mehmed, who conquered Constantinople in 1453.

The Sahn-ı Seman Medrese, once an important center for the study of theology, law, medicine, astronomy, physics and mathematics, formed part of the Fatih Mosque. It was founded by the Turkic astronomer Ali Qushji who had been invited by Mehmed to his court in Istanbul.

The mosque complex was completely restored in 2009 and again ten years later. It reopened to worshippers in 2021.
Anziaic acid
Anziaic acid is a depside found in lichens. It gives a red reaction in the C test. The two phenolic rings have a pentyl side chain. It is an ester dimer of olivetolic acid.

Anziaic acid works as an antibacterial compound by inhibiting topoisomerase.

Pentyl group
Pentyl is a five-carbon alkyl group or substituent with chemical formula −C5H11. It is the substituent form of the alkane pentane.

In older literature, the common non-systematic name amyl was often used for the pentyl group.  Conversely, the name pentyl was used for several five-carbon branched alkyl groups, distinguished by various prefixes. The nomenclature has now reversed, with "amyl" being more often used to refer to the terminally branched group also called isopentyl, as in amobarbital.

A cyclopentyl group is a ring with the formula −C5H9.

The name is also used for the pentyl radical, a pentyl group as an isolated molecule. This free radical is only observed in extreme conditions.  Its formula is often written "C5H11•" or "• ⁠C5H11" to indicate that it has one unsatisfied valence bond. Radicals like pentyl are reactive, they react with neighboring atoms or molecules (like oxygen, water, etc.)
Sheena, Queen of the Jungle
Sheena, Queen of the Jungle, is a fictional American comic book jungle girl heroine  during the Golden Age of Comic Books. She originally debuted in the British magazine Wags #46 (January 1938). and later made her first American appearance in Fiction House's Jumbo Comics #1 (Sept. 1938). She was the first female comic book character with her own title, with her 1941 premiere issue (cover-dated Spring 1942) preceding Wonder Woman #1 (Summer 1942).

Predated in literature by Rima, the Jungle Girl of William Henry Hudson 1904 novel Green Mansions, Sheena was essentially a female version of Tarzan. An orphan who grew up in the jungle and learned how to survive and thrive there, she possessed the ability to communicate with wild animals and was proficient in combat with knives, spears, bows, and makeshift weapons; her Golden Age adventures mostly involved encounters with slave traders, white hunters, native Africans, and wild animals.

William Henry Hudson
William Henry Hudson (4 August 1841 – 18 August 1922), known in Argentina as Guillermo Enrique Hudson, was an Anglo-Argentine author, naturalist and ornithologist. Born in the Argentine pampas where he roamed free in his youth, he observed bird life and collected specimens for the Smithsonian Institution. The Patagonian birds Knipolegus hudsoni and Asthenes hudsoni are named after him. He would later write about life in Patagonia that drew special admiration for his style. His most popular work Green Mansions (1904), a romance set in the Venezuelan forest inspired a Hollywood movie and several other works.
Namahounondougou
Namahounondougou (also known as Namahounondougou-Sobara) is a village in northeastern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Bassawa, Dabakala Department, Hambol Region, Vallée du Bandama District.

Namahounondougou was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Dabakala Department
Dabakala Department is a department of Hambol Region in Vallée du Bandama District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 254,430 and its seat is the settlement of Dabakala. The sub-prefectures of the department are Bassawa, Boniérédougou, Dabakala, Foumbolo, Niéméné, Satama-Sokoro, Satama-Sokoura, Sokala-Sobara, Tendéné-Bambarasso, and Yaossédougou. It is the largest department of Ivory Coast by area.
Horvath's rock lizard
Horvath's rock lizard (Iberolacerta horvathi) is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is endemic to Europe. Until 1997, this species had been assigned to the genus Lacerta, the same genus as the morphologically similar sand lizard (Lacerta agilis). The natural habitats of I. horvathi are temperate forests and shrublands, and rocky areas.

Lacerta
Lacerta is one of the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union. Its name is Latin for lizard. A small, faint constellation, it was defined in 1687 by the astronomer Johannes Hevelius. Its brightest stars form a "W" shape similar to that of Cassiopeia, and it is thus sometimes referred to as 'Little Cassiopeia'. It is located between Cygnus, Cassiopeia and Andromeda on the northern celestial sphere. The northern part lies on the Milky Way.
Chesapeake logperch
The Chesapeake logperch (Percina bimaculata) is a small species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in the Chesapeake Bay drainages. It prefers gravel runs and riffles of small to medium-sized rivers.

Gymnocephalus
Gymnocephalus is a genus of ray-finned fishes from the family Percidae, which includes the perches, pike-perches and darters. They are from the Western Palearctic area, although one species, Gymnocephalus cernua has been accidentally introduced to the Great Lakes region where it is regarded as an invasive species. They have the common name "ruffe" and resemble the true perches in the genus Perca, but are usually smaller and have a different pattern.
Snipe Peak
Snipe Peak (60°45′S 45°41′W﻿ / ﻿60.750°S 45.683°W﻿ / -60.750; -45.683) is a peak, 225 m, which is the main peak on Moe Island, situated close southwest of Signy Island in the South Orkney Islands. Surveyed in 1933 by DI personnel. The name, proposed by G. Robin of Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) following his survey in 1947, commemorates the first visit to Signy Island, in February 1948, of HMS Snipe (Commander J.G. Forbes, RN).

This article incorporates public domain material from "Snipe Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Discovery Investigations
The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.

Discovery Investigations contributed greatly to knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on and their habitat's oceanography, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. They continued until 1951, with the final report published in 1980.

Collected specimens are in the Discovery Collections.
Terre Haute station (Amtrak)
Terre Haute station, also known as the Big Four Depot, was a train station in Terre Haute, Indiana.

Construction on the Big Four Railroad station started in 1898 and it opened to passengers on July 27, 1899. The station served Big Four (Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway) trains, and after the railroad was absorbed into the New York Central, it served trains under that name.

The station was on the New York Central's St. Louis - Indianapolis - Cleveland corridor, and it served several named trains on that route. The trains heading toward Cleveland included Missourian (St. Louis - New York City, with a section to Detroit), Southwestern Limited (St. Louis - New York City), as well as named and unnamed trains running strictly between St. Louis and Cleveland.

The Amtrak National Limited (Kansas City–New York City and Washington, D.C.) ceased operation on October 1, 1979, ending rail service to the city. It was demolished in 1986.

Southwestern Limited (New York Central train)
The Southwestern Limited was a passenger train service operated by the New York Central Railroad between New York City and St. Louis, from 1889 to 1966. The Southwestern Limited was one of the New York Central's luxury passenger trains.  This passenger train competed with the other major railroad in the northeast, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and its Blue Ribbon named passenger trains the St. Louisan, the Jeffersonian, the Penn Texas and the Spirit of St. Louis.
Fritz Riess
Friedrich "Fritz" Riess or Rieß (11 July 1922 in Nuremberg – 15 May 1991 in Samedan, Switzerland) was a racing driver from Germany. He participated in one "Formula One" World Championship Grand Prix, the 1952 German Grand Prix on 3 August 1952, then run to Formula Two rules. He finished seventh, scoring no championship points as only the first five finishers scored points at that time.

Riess also won the 1952 24 Hours of Le Mans for Mercedes-Benz, sharing the 300SL (W194) drive with former champion Hermann Lang. In the 1956 Mille Miglia, he finished 10th with a private Gullwing (W198).

Formula Two
Formula Two (F2) is a type of open-wheel formula racing category first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009 to 2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The name returned again in 2017 when the former GP2 Series became known as the FIA Formula 2 Championship.
2003 Dubai Tennis Championships and Duty Free Women's Open
The 2003 Dubai Tennis Championships and Dubai Duty Free Women's Open were tennis tournaments played on outdoor hard courts at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates that were part of the International Series Gold of the 2003 ATP Tour and of Tier II of the 2003 WTA Tour. The men's tournament was held from 24 February through 2 March 2003 while the women's tournament was held from 17 February through 22 February 2003. Roger Federer and Justine Henin-Hardenne won the singles titles.

Dubai Duty Free Tennis Stadium
The Dubai Duty Free Tennis Stadium is a tennis complex in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The complex is the host of the annual ATP 500 series and WTA 1000 series stop, the Dubai Tennis Championships.  The Dubai Tennis Stadium has a capacity of 5,000 people.
Hippos in Tanks
Hippos in Tanks was a record label founded in 2010 by Barron Machat and Travis Woolsey.  The label specialized in electronic music. It was named the best label of 2011 by Fact. Following the death of Machat in 2015, The Fader praised the label for "laying the groundwork to an alternative template for the avant-garde" into the 21st century during the post-internet era. The label is no longer active.

Laurel Halo
Laurel Anne Chartow (born June 3, 1985), known professionally as Laurel Halo, is an American electronic musician currently based in Los Angeles, California. She released her debut album Quarantine on Hyperdub in 2012 to critical acclaim; it was named album of the year by The Wire.
Aida Čorbadžić
Aida Čorbadžić (born 8 March 1976) is a Bosnian opera singer. She was born in Zavidovići and lives in Sarajevo. She primarily sings soprano. She received a special award at the secondary competition of music schools in Bugojno.

Zavidovići
Zavidovići is a city and municipality located in Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Doboj and Zenica on the confluence of rivers Bosna, Krivaja and Gostović. It sits in a valley surrounded by many mountains of which the largest is Klek. As of 2013, the municipality had a population of 35,988 inhabitants and the city itself 8,174.
ABC Software Metric
The ABC software metric was introduced by Jerry Fitzpatrick in 1997 to overcome the drawbacks of the LOC. 
The metric defines an ABC score as a triplet of values that represent the size of a set of source code statements. An ABC score is calculated by counting the number of assignments (A), number of branches (B), and number of conditionals (C) in a program. ABC score can be applied to individual methods, functions, classes, modules or files within a program.

ABC score is represented by a 3-D vector < Assignments (A), Branches (B), Conditionals (C) >. It can also be represented as a scalar value, which is the magnitude of the vector < Assignments (A), Branches (B), Conditionals (C) >, and is calculated as follows:

By convention, an ABC magnitude value is rounded to the nearest tenth.

Computer file
A computer file is a named collection of data treated as a unit by the system that manages it. Today, this system is called a file system. Many older computer systems lacked a distinct file system per se, yet a management feature is required in order to provide a file abstraction.

Files can be shared with and transferred between computers and mobile devices via removable media, networks, or the Internet.

Different types of computer files are designed for different purposes. A file may be designed to store a written message, a document, a spreadsheet, an image, a video, a program, or any wide variety of other kinds of data. Certain files can store multiple data types at once.

By using computer programs, a person can open, read, change, save, and close a computer file. Computer files may be reopened, modified, and copied an arbitrary number of times.