hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hawkins v. Town of Shaw
Hawkins v. Town of Shaw, 437 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir. 1971), was a class-action lawsuit over equal distribution of municipal services and infrastructure which reached the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. The plaintiffs, black citizens of Shaw, alleged that the town spent tax money for services disproportionately in white neighborhoods, resulting in unequal access to street paving, sanitary sewers, stormwater drainage, street lighting, and water pressure. The Appeals Court, overruling the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi, found in favor of the plaintiffs, determining that Shaw had violated their right to equal protection under the law, and ordered Shaw to submit a plan for equalizing its services.

Sanitary sewer
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater) to a sewage treatment plant or disposal.

Sanitary sewers are a type of gravity sewer and are part of an overall system called a "sewage system" or sewerage. Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas may also carry industrial wastewater. In municipalities served by sanitary sewers, separate storm drains may convey surface runoff directly to surface waters. An advantage of sanitary sewer systems is that they avoid combined sewer overflows. Sanitary sewers are typically much smaller in diameter than combined sewers which also transport urban runoff. Backups of raw sewage can occur if excessive stormwater inflow or groundwater infiltration occurs due to leaking joints, defective pipes etc. in aging infrastructure.
John Seymour (died 1491)
John Seymour (c. 1450 – 26 October 1491) of Wulfhall, of Stalbridge, of Stinchcombe and of Huish, all in Wiltshire, England, was warden of Savernake Forest and a prominent member of the landed gentry in the counties of Wiltshire, Somerset and Dorset. He was the grandfather of Jane Seymour (c. 1508–1537), the third wife of King Henry VIII, and was thus great-grandfather of King Edward VI.

Stinchcombe
Stinchcombe is a small village and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England on the B4060 road between Dursley and North Nibley. The church is called St Cyr's and its churchyard contains 40–60 gravestones. The population taken at the 2011 census was 480.

It gives its name to the nearby Stinchcombe Hill (grid reference ST7360698151) which is a 28.6-hectare (71-acre), a nearly detached part of the Cotswold Edge, which was notified as a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1966.
Hindu views on evolution
Some Hindus have found support for, or ideas foreshadowing evolutionary ideas, in scriptures, such as the mytheme of Dashavatara, the incarnations of Vishnu starting with a fish.

In 2023, India removed references to evolution in textbooks and stopped teaching from 10th grade and below and was moved to 12th grade. In 2025, NCERT books also saw exclusion of Darwin's evolution theory.

Mytheme
In structuralism-influenced studies of mythology, a mytheme is a fundamental generic unit of narrative structure (typically involving a relationship between a character, an event, and a theme) from which myths are thought to be constructed—a minimal unit that is always found shared with other, related mythemes and reassembled in various ways ("bundled") or linked in more complicated relationships. For example, the myths of Greek Adonis and Egyptian Osiris share several elements, leading some scholars to conclude that they share a source, i.e. images passed down in cultures or from one to another, being ascribed new interpretations of the action depicted, as well as new names in various readings of icons.
AAW Heavyweight Championship
The AAW Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship owned and promoted by AAW Wrestling. There have been a total of 37 reigns and one vacancy shared between 30 different champions. The current champion is Trevor Lee, who is in his first reign.

AAW Wrestling
AAW: Professional Wrestling Redefined or simply AAW Wrestling (AAW), an initialism of its original name, All American Wrestling, is an American independent professional wrestling promotion, based in the Chicago area – originally holding shows in Berwyn, Illinois, and now in Merrionette Park.
WISE 0350−5658
WISE J035000.32−565830.2 (designation abbreviated to WISE 0350−5658) is a (sub-)brown dwarf of spectral class Y1, located in constellation Reticulum, the nearest known star/brown dwarf in this constellation. Being approximately 18.5 light-years from Earth, it is one of the Sun's nearest neighbors.

Sub-brown dwarf
A sub-brown dwarf or planetary-mass brown dwarf is an astronomical object that formed in the same manner as stars and brown dwarfs (i.e. through the collapse of a gas cloud) but that has a planetary mass, therefore by definition below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (about 13 MJ).
Some researchers include them in the category of rogue planets whereas others call them planetary-mass brown dwarfs.
1866 New Brunswick general election
The 1866 New Brunswick general election was held in May and June 1866 to elect 41 members to the 21st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly. This was the 21st general election for the British colony of New Brunswick, but is considered the 1st general election for the Canadian province of New Brunswick as New Brunswick joined Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, during the life of the Legislative Assembly.

Of forty-one MLAs, thirty-three were confederationalists, supporting confederation, and eight were constitutionalists, opposed to confederation, who formed the opposition.

21st New Brunswick Legislature
The 21st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between June 21, 1866, and June 3, 1870.

The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon. Charles Hastings Doyle became Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick in 1867 following Confederation. He was succeeded by Francis Pym Harding in October 1867 and then Lemuel Allan Wilmot in July 1868.

The speaker was selected as John H. Gray. From 1867 to 1870, Bliss Botsford held the position of speaker.

The Confederation Party led by Peter Mitchell formed the government; Mitchell was a member of the province's Legislative Council. Andrew R. Wetmore became leader after Mitchell was named to the Canadian senate.
Target: Maganto
Target: Maganto is a 1988 Filipino action film based on the life of Lt. Col. Romeo Maganto of the Western Police District in Manila. Directed by Leonardo L. Garcia, the film stars Ronnie Ricketts as the eponymous police commander, alongside Charlie Davao, Monica Herrera, Paquito Diaz, Romy Diaz, Nick Romano, Renato del Prado, Bing Davao and Aurora Salve. It is the first film to be made about Maganto's life; later films include Leon ng Maynila (1991) and The Legend: Tomagan (2003). Produced by GVM Productions, the film was released on April 8, 1988.

Critic Lav Diaz gave Maganto a negative review, criticizing its highly fictionalized depiction of the Sparrow Unit, a communist militant group of the New People's Army.

Romy Diaz
Jose Romeo Bustillos Diaz (November 28, 1940 – May 10, 2005), better known as Romy Diaz, was a Filipino actor, and the younger brother of Paquito Diaz.

He performed in films such as Ang Maestro (1981), The Impossible Kid (1982), Gising Na... Ang Higanteng Natutulog (1995) and Si Samson at Si Delilah (1983). Other notable roles were in films like Kalawang sa Bakal (1987), Don Pepe (1988), Pambato (1993), Tunay na Magkaibigan Peksman (1994) and Jacob C.I.S. (1997).
Feelin' Way Too Damn Good
"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good" is a song by Canadian rock band Nickelback. Lead vocalist Chad Kroeger wrote the lyrics while the entire band composed the music. It was released on March 15, 2004, as the third single from their fourth studio album, The Long Road (2003). It reached the top 40 in Australia and the United Kingdom, topping the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart. It was also successful in Canada, peaking at number 26 on the Radio & Records CHR/Pop Top 30 chart and number four on the publication's Rock Top 30 listing.

Chad Kroeger
Chad Robert Kroeger (/ˈkruːɡər/, né Turton; born November 15, 1974) is a Canadian musician who is best known for being the lead singer, lead guitarist, primary songwriter, and founding member of the rock band Nickelback. In addition to his work with Nickelback, Kroeger has been involved with a variety of collaborations, appearing as a guest musician in several songs and has contributed in both production and songwriting. He has co-written several songs for other artists and films.
Type variable
In type theory and programming languages, a type variable is a mathematical variable ranging over types. Even in programming languages that allow mutable variables, a type variable remains an abstraction, in the sense that it does not correspond to some memory locations.

Programming languages that support parametric polymorphism make use of universally quantified type variables. Languages that support existential types make use of existentially quantified type variables. For example, the following OCaml code defines a polymorphic identity function that has a universally quantified type, which is printed by the interpreter on the second line:

In mathematical notation, the type of the function id is , where  is a type variable.

Identity function
In mathematics, an identity function, also called an identity relation, identity map or identity transformation, is a function that always returns the value that was used as its argument, unchanged. That is, when  is the identity function, the equality  is true for all values of  to which  can be applied.
2019 National League play-off final
The 2019 National League play-off final , known as the Vanarama National League Promotion Final for sponsorship reasons, was a football match played at Wembley Stadium in London on 11 May 2019 to decide the second team to be promoted from the National League to EFL League Two for the 2019–20 season. The culmination of the 2019 National League play-offs saw Salford City beat AFC Fylde 3–0 to earn promotion alongside the National League champions Leyton Orient. The match, the first in which an EFL place had been disputed between two clubs that had never been in the EFL before, had a record low attendance.

2019–20 EFL League Two
The 2019–20 EFL League Two (referred to as the Sky Bet League Two for sponsorship reasons) was the 16th season of Football League Two under its current title and the 28th season under its current league division format. On 13 March 2020, the EFL, alongside the FA announced the suspension of all domestic football until 3 April due to the rapidly developing COVID-19 pandemic. On 3 April 2020, this suspension was extended indefinitely.

On 15 May 2020, the clubs voted to end the season with immediate effect with the final table being determined on a points-per-game basis. No decision was made as to promotion and relegation. The play-offs would be played as normal. The decision meant Swindon Town would be crowned champions and would be joined by Crewe Alexandra and Plymouth Argyle in League One the following season.
Georgia national under-19 football team
The Georgia national under-19 football team is the national under-19 football team of Georgia and is controlled by the Football Federation, the governing body for football in Georgia. Primarily, it competes to qualify for the annual UEFA European Under-19 Championship.

Vasil Maisuradze took charge of the team in May 2025 for the fourth time.

UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The UEFA European Under-19 Championship, or simply the Euro Under-19, is an annual football competition, contested by the European men's under-19 national teams of the UEFA member associations.

Spain is the most successful team in this competition, having won twelve titles. Netherlands are the current champions.
Iraq women's national football team results
The Iraq women's national football team is the representative women's association football team of Iraq. Its governing body is the Iraq Football Association (IFA) and it competes as a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

The national team's first activity was in 2010, when they participated in 2010 Arabia Women's Cup. They made their first Asian cup qualifiers appearance in 2017 when they competed in Group A alongside Jordan, Philippines, Bahrain, UAE, and Tajikistan. As of July 2022 Iraq's Women Team is yet to win their first game, due to 5 years of inactivity Iraq is unranked in the FIFA Women's World Rankings.

Iraq Football Association
The Iraq Football Association (IFA) (Arabic: الاتحاد العراقي لكرة القدم) is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the Iraqi national team and the Iraqi football league system. The Iraqi Football Association was founded in 1948 and has been a member of FIFA since 1950, the Asian Football Confederation since 1970, and the Sub-confederation regional body West Asian Football Federation since 2001. Iraq is also part of the Union of Arab Football Associations (founded in 1974) and the Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation (founded in 2016). The Iraqi team is commonly known as Usood Al-Rafidain (Arabic: أسود الرافدين), which literally means Lions of Mesopotamia.
Parkway Limited
The Parkway Limited was a short-lived commuter train operated by Conrail (under contract to PennDOT) between Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Greensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1981. The train was created in response to construction work on the section of Interstate 376 known as Parkway East. The train was funded by $2 million of a $10 million grant from the Federal Highway Administration. It supplemented the PATrain service, which ran slightly to the south.

The service had two departures daily in each direction: early morning inbound runs from Greensburg and Pitcairn, with corresponding outbound returns in the late afternoon. The trains used Penn Station in downtown Pittsburgh, becoming the first commuter rail service there since 1964.

Greensburg, Pennsylvania
Greensburg is a city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. The population was 14,976 at the 2020 census. Located 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Pittsburgh, Greensburg is a part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The city lies within the Laurel Highlands and the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau. The city is named after Nathanael Greene, a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.
Kızılsu, Şırnak
Kızılsu (Kurdish: Zûrîn) is a village in the central district of Şırnak Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Botikan tribe and had a population of 2,671 in 2023. The two hamlets of Karınca and Soluklu are attached to Kızılsu.

The village was depopulated in the 1990s during the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.

Şırnak Province
Şırnak Province (Turkish: Şırnak ili, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Şirnex) is a province in Turkey in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. Şırnak Province was created in 1990, with areas that were formerly part of the Siirt, Hakkâri and Mardin Provinces. It borders both Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Syria. The current Governor of the province is Cevdet Atay.

The province had a population of 570,745 in 2023. Its area is 7,078 km2. It encompasses 19 municipalities, 240 villages and 192 hamlets.

Considered part of Turkish Kurdistan, the province has a Kurdish majority.
Point Riche Lighthouse
Point Riche Lighthouse, located in Port au Choix, Newfoundland in Canada's Newfoundland and Labrador province, is a "pepperpot" lighthouse that was built in 1892 and is still active. The current lighthouse was built on the grounds of a previous lighthouse that was constructed in 1870 and destroyed by a fire in 1890. The current lighthouse has a white wooden tower with a octagonal pyramid shape and a red lantern room. Diesel generators were installed in 1968 followed by electricity and automation two years later. The structure is 19 metres (62 ft) tall. Its light characteristic is a flash every 5 seconds, emitted at a focal plane height of 29 metres (95 ft). It is maintained by the Port au Choix National Historic Site.

The keeper's dwelling was rebuilt in 1908 and burned down in a fire in 1998. The foundation still stands where the dwelling used to be.

The lighthouse was designated as a Federal Heritage Building in 1991.

Light characteristic
A light characteristic is all of the properties that make a particular navigational light identifiable. Graphical and textual descriptions of navigational light sequences and colours are displayed on nautical charts and in Light Lists with the chart symbol for a lighthouse, lightvessel, buoy or sea mark with a light on it. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing.
Travis Johansen
Travis Johansen is an American college football coach. He is the defensive coordinator for Rutgers University, a position he has held since 2026. He was previously the head football coach at South Dakota. He also coached for Concordia–St. Paul and Grand View. He played college football for Concordia–St. Paul as a linebacker and was inducted into the Concordia–St. Paul Hall of Fame in 2021.

Rutgers Scarlet Knights football
The Rutgers Scarlet Knights football program represents Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Rutgers competes as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Prior to joining the Big Ten, the Scarlet Knights were a member of the American Athletic Conference (formerly the Big East Conference) from 1991 to 2013. Rutgers plays its home games at SHI Stadium, in Piscataway, New Jersey. The team is currently led by head coach Greg Schiano. The Scarlet Knights football team is also notable for playing in the first college football game in 1869, in which the Scarlet Knights won by the score 6–4.
Bucht
Bucht is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gunnar Bucht (born 1927), Swedish composer and musicologist

Märta Bucht (1882–1962), Swedish schoolteacher, suffragist and peace activist

Sven-Erik Bucht (born 1954), Swedish politician of the Social Democrats

Märta Bucht
Märta Johanna Bucht (1882–1962) was a Swedish schoolteacher, suffragist and peace activist. From 1908, she chaired the Luleå branch of the Swedish Association for Women's Suffrage (FKPR). She was also active in the peace movement. In 1919, she was one of the 12 Swedes who attended the Zurich conference where the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom was established. Throughout her life, Bucht supported the temperance movement, becoming a member of the IOGT-NTO.
Perbromate
In chemistry, the perbromate ion is the anion with the chemical formula BrO−4. It is an oxyanion of bromine, the conjugate base of perbromic acid, in which bromine has the oxidation state +7. Unlike its chlorine (ClO−4) and iodine (IO−4) analogs, it is difficult to synthesize. It has tetrahedral molecular geometry.

The term perbromate also refers to a compound that contains the BrO−4 anion or the −OBrO3 functional group.

The perbromate ion is a strong oxidizing agent.  The reduction potential for the BrO−4/Br− couple is +0.68 V at pH 14. This is comparable to selenite's reduction potential.

Tetrahedral molecular geometry
In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are arccos(−⁠1/3⁠) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane (CH4) as well as its heavier analogues. Methane and other perfectly symmetrical tetrahedral molecules belong to point group Td, but most tetrahedral molecules have lower symmetry. Tetrahedral molecules can be chiral.
Golden Valley County Courthouse
The Golden Valley County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in the city of Beach in Golden Valley County, North Dakota. The courthouse was built in 1923 in the Federal Revival style; it is one of two courthouses in North Dakota to have been built in this style, the other being the Logan County Courthouse. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1985.

Beach, North Dakota
Beach is a city in and the county seat of Golden Valley County in the State of North Dakota. The population was 981 at the 2020 census and was estimated to be 993 in 2024. Beach was incorporated in 1909. Walter Losinski was elected mayor of Beach in June 2022. Beach is approximately 1 mile away from Montana.
Commodore DOS
Commodore DOS, also known as CBM DOS, is the disk operating system used with Commodore's 8-bit computers. Unlike most other DOSes, which are loaded from disk into the computer's own RAM and executed there, CBM DOS is executed internally in the drive: the DOS resides in ROM chips inside the drive, and is run there by one or more dedicated MOS 6502 family CPUs. Thus, data transfer between Commodore 8-bit computers and their disk drives more closely resembles a local area network connection than typical disk/host transfers.

Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal (hex for short) is a positional numeral system for representing a numeric value as base 16. For the most common convention, a digit is represented as "0" to "9" like for decimal and as a letter of the alphabet from "A" to "F" (either upper or lower case) for the digits with decimal value 10 to 15.

As typical computer hardware is binary in nature and that hex is power of 2, the hex representation is often used in computing as a dense representation of binary information. A hex digit represents 4 contiguous bits –known as a nibble. An 8-bit byte is two hex digits, such as 2C.

Special notation is often used to indicate that a number is hex. In mathematics, a subscript is typically used to specify the base. For example, the decimal value 491 would be expressed in hex as 1EB16. In computer programming, various notations are used. In C and many related languages, the prefix 0x is used. For example, 0x1EB.
Rosemount Museum
The Rosemount Museum, pronounced "Rosemont" is a historic house museum in Pueblo, Colorado, it is situated on a square block at the corner of one of the highest points in north Pueblo and across the street from UCHealth Parkview Medical Center. It is a 24,000-square-foot, three story mansion with attic and basement and contains thirty-seven rooms. It was begun in 1891 and completed in 1893 for John A. Thatcher and his family. A 6,000-square-foot carriage house was also built on the property.

UCHealth Parkview Medical Center
UCHealth Parkview Medical Center is an acute hospital in Pueblo, Colorado, U.S. A non-profit hospital, it has 266 staffed beds. The hospital is a Level III trauma center. The hospital is the largest employer in the city of Pueblo, with 3,000+ employees.