hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Andrew Henderson (botanist)
Andrew James Henderson (born September 8, 1950) is a palm-systematist and Curator of the Institute of Systematic Botany at the New York Botanical Garden.  He has authored taxonomic descriptions of 140 species, subspecies and varieties of plants, especially in the palm family

Systematics
Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies).  Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships, graphically represented in cladograms) and branch length (showing amount of evolution).  Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

The word systematics is derived from the Latin word of Ancient Greek origin systema, which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Carl Linnaeus used 'Systema Naturae' as the title of his book.
Włodzimierz of Cracow
Włodzimierz of Cracow (Polish: Włodzimierz z Krakowa, Włodzimierz Krakowski, Włodzimierz Gryfita; c. 1191 – 18 March 1241) was a Polish nobleman who served as voivode of Kraków in the Seniorate Province from about 1238 until his death at the Battle of Chmielnik. In heraldic literature he has been variously associated with the Gryf and Łabędź coats of arms. Most recent genealogical studies link him with the Łabędź lineage descending from the palatine Piotr Włostowic. Before becoming voivode he held the castellanies of Brześć and Oświęcim.

Seniorate Province
Seniorate Province, also known as the Senioral Province, was a district principality in the Duchy of Poland that was formed in 1138, following the fragmentation of the state.  Its ruler held the title of the High Duke, ruling all duchies within Poland. In 1227, following the abolition of the High Duke title, the province was transformed into the Duchy of Kraków.
Snow in Paradise
Snow in Paradise is a 2014 British thriller film directed by Andrew Hulme and co-written by Hulme and Martin Askew, who also co-star in the film. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. The film had its UK premier at the Curzon Soho as part of the London Film Festival.

BFI London Film Festival
The BFI London Film Festival is an annual film festival held in London, England, in collaboration with the British Film Institute. Founded in 1957, the festival runs for two weeks every October.

In 2016, the BFI estimated that around 240 feature films and 150 short films from more than 70 countries are screened at the festival each year.
Regenerationism
Regenerationism (Spanish: Regeneracionismo) was an intellectual and political movement in late 19th century and early 20th century Spain. It sought to make objective and scientific study of the causes of Spain's decline as a nation and to propose remedies. It is largely seen as distinct from another movement of the same time and place, the Generation of '98. While both movements shared a similar negative judgment of the course of Spain as a nation in recent times, the regenerationists sought to be objective, documentary, and scientific, while the Generation of '98 inclined more to the literary, subjective and artistic.

The most prominent representative of Regenerationism was the Aragonese politician Joaquín Costa with his maxim "School, larder and double-lock the tomb of El Cid" ("Escuela, despensa y doble llave al sepulcro del Cid"): that is, look to the future and let go of the grand triumphal narrative that begins with El Cid.

Ramiro de Maeztu
Ramiro de Maeztu y Whitney, 1st Count of Maeztu (4 May 1875 – 29 October 1936) was a Spanish essayist, journalist and publicist.

Maeztu's early literary work ascribes him to the Generation of '98. Adept of Nietzschean and Social Darwinist ideas in his youth, he became close to Fabian socialism and later to distributism and social corporatism during his spell as correspondent in London from where he chronicled the Great War. During the years of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship he served as Ambassador to Argentina. A staunch militarist, he became at the end of his ideological path one of the most prominent far-right theorists against the Spanish Republic, leading the reactionary voices calling for a military coup. A member of the cultural group Acción Española, he spread the concept of "Hispanidad" (Spanishness). Imprisoned by Republican authorities after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he was killed by leftist militiamen during a saca in the midst of the conflict.
Lawrence Pugh
Lawrence Reynolds Pugh (January 22, 1933 – December 3, 2015) was an American businessman, who became chief executive officer of the VF Corporation, and former director at Unum and Black & Decker.  In his retirement, he served on boards at Colby College, the Harold Alfond Foundation, and the Portland Museum of Art, and the U.S. Biathlon Association.

He died on December 3, 2015, at the age of 82 in Naples, Florida.

VF Corporation
VF Corporation (formerly Vanity Fair Mills until 1969) is a U.S. apparel (clothing) and footwear company founded in 1899 by John Barbey and headquartered in Denver, Colorado. Its eleven brands are organized into three categories: Outdoor, Active and Work.

In 2015, the firm controlled 55% of the U.S. backpack market with the JanSport, Eastpak, Timberland, and the North Face brands.
MV Doulos Hope
MV Doulos Hope is a former cruise ship now serving as a floating library owned by the German faith-based German charity Gute Bücher für Alle.

Currently named after the MV Doulos, the world's oldest active ocean-faring passenger ship until its retirement in December 2009, Doulos Hope was originally intended to sail as the Lady Sarah. For most of its career, it has served as a cruise ship under the names Aurora II, Megastar Aries, Genting World and The Taipan, predominantly for Hong Kong's now-defunct Star Cruises.

After a long completion of a refit in mid-2023, Doulos Hope is based in Southeast Asia and provides a floating library service in shallow-water ports to complement the much larger MV Logos Hope.

MV Logos Hope
MV Logos Hope is a ship operated by the faith-based organisation Gute Bücher für Alle. She was built in 1973 as the ferry MV Gustav Vasa for service between Malmö (Sweden) and Travemünde (Germany) and later operated as the MV Norröna providing a ferry service to the Faroe Islands.
Siv Benhafsi
Siv Benhafsi (born 1952 in Bergen) is a Norwegian novelist.

Benhafsi grew up in Porsgrunn, and she was educated as a nurse. She moved to France for the first time in the early 1970s as an au pair, and later resided there for periods. In the mid-1980s she moved to Algeria after marrying an Algerian sociologist.

Her debut novel Svart Paris ("Black Paris") issued on Pax (1987) was set in Paris. Her sophomore publication was the short story collection En mor i Alger, set in Algiers and also published on Pax (1994). It was reviewed in Verdens Gang ("die throw" of 4).

Verdens Gang
Verdens Gang (lit. 'The course of the world'), generally known under the abbreviation VG, is a Norwegian tabloid newspaper. In 2016, circulation numbers stood at 93,883, declining from a peak circulation of 390,510 in 2002. Nevertheless, VG is the most-read online newspaper in Norway, with about 2 million daily readers.

Verdens Gang AS is a private company wholly owned by the public company Schibsted ASA.
International Wittgenstein Symposium
The International Wittgenstein Symposium is an international conference dedicated to the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein and its relationship to philosophy and science. It is sponsored by the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society.

Lower Austria
Lower Austria (German: Niederösterreich pronounced [ˈniːdɐˌ(ʔ)øːstɐraɪç] ⓘ, Bavarian: Niedaöstareich, abbreviated LA or NÖ) is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Major cities are Amstetten, Krems an der Donau, Wiener Neustadt and Sankt Pölten, which has been the capital of Lower Austria since 1986, replacing Vienna, which became a separate state in 1921. With a land area of 19,186 km2 (7,408 sq mi) and a population of 1.7 million people, Lower Austria is the largest and second-most-populous state in Austria (after Vienna).
Ramón Castro
Ramón Castro is the name of:

Ramón Castro Ruz (1924–2016), figure in Cuban politics, and the brother of Fidel and Raúl Castro

Ramón Castro (catcher) (born 1976), Puerto Rican professional baseball player

Ramón Castro (third baseman) (born 1979), Venezuelan professional baseball player

Ramón Castro Jijón (1915–1984), president of Ecuador

Ramón Castro y Ramírez (1795–1867), Costa Rican politician

Ramón Víctor Castro (born 1964), former Uruguayan footballer. Following his playing career, Castro became a football manager in Chile

Ramón Castro (catcher)
Ramón Abraham Castro (born March 1, 1976) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball catcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins, New York Mets and Chicago White Sox.
Platonic hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a Platonic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon whose structure matches one of the five Platonic solids, with carbon atoms replacing its vertices, carbon–carbon bonds replacing its edges, and hydrogen atoms as needed.

Not all Platonic solids have molecular hydrocarbon counterparts; those that do are the tetrahedron (tetrahedrane), the cube (cubane), and the dodecahedron (dodecahedrane). The possibility and existence of each platonic hydrocarbon is affected by the number of bonds to each carbon vertex and the angle strain between the bonds at each vertex.

Carbon–carbon bond
A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond: a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals are sp3-hybridized orbitals, but single bonds formed between carbon atoms with other hybridizations do occur (e.g. sp2 to sp2). In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridization. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp2-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that is not involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp-hybridized orbital and two p-orbitals from each atom. The use of the p-orbitals forms a pi bond.
Eilat Light
Eilat Light (Hebrew: מגדלור אילת) is a lighthouse in Eilat, Israel. It is located on a bluff on the west side of the Gulf of Aqaba, about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) northeast of the Egyptian border and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southwest of the port of Eilat. The location is locally known as "the lighthouse beach" (Hebrew: חוף המגדלור), and is used for camping and snorkeling. It is close to the "University" diving location.

The site is open, though climbing the bluff might be difficult. The tower is closed to the public.

Port of Eilat
The Port of Eilat (Hebrew: נמל אילת) was the only Israeli port on the Red Sea, located at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. This strategic location has given it outsized importance despite being remote from the country's main population centers, and access to the port has played a key role in Arab-Israeli conflicts. The port shut down in July 2025 following a blockade by the Houthi movement.
Louis Robert (historian)
Louis Robert (15 February 1904 in Laurière – 31 May 1985 in Paris) was a French professor of Greek history and Epigraphy at the Collège de France, and author of many volumes and articles on Greek epigraphy (from the archaic period to Late Antiquity), numismatics, and historical geography. He was an international authority on the history, geography, toponymy and archaeology of ancient Asia Minor.

Numismatics
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency,  including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects.

Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods.

The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems.
Jansone
Jansone (masculine: Jansons) is a Latvian surname of Scandinavian origin. Individuals with the surname include:

Liene Jansone (born 1981), basketball player

Valija Vaščunas-Jansone (1902–1990), a Latvian lawyer

Zaiga Jansone (born 1951), tennis player and coach

Valija Veščunas-Jansone
Valija Veščunas-Jansone (1902–1990) was a Latvian lawyer, one of the three women who was awarded the Order of Lāčplēsis. On November 19, 1919, one of the first to cross the Lielupe River during Valka Vashchun's journey, and despite the enemy's overcrowding, took Plani's home where prisoners and trophies were received. She was the head of the women's department of the association "Latvijas Ērgļi".
Gillian Douglas
Gillian Douglas, FBA, FAcSS, FLSW is a British legal scholar who specialises in family law. She was dean of The Dickson Poon School of Law at King's College London. She undertook the first empirical study into access to fertility treatment under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority's Code of Practice.

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health and Social Care in the United Kingdom. It is a statutory body that regulates and inspects all clinics in the United Kingdom providing in vitro fertilisation (IVF), artificial insemination and the storage of human eggs, sperm or embryos. It also regulates human embryo research.
Shan Hills
The Shan Hills (Burmese: ရှမ်းရိုးမ; Shan Yoma), also known as Shan Highland, is a vast mountainous zone that extends through Yunnan to Myanmar and Thailand. The whole region is made up of numerous peaks separated mostly by narrow valleys, as well as a few broader intermontane basins. The ranges in the area are aligned in such a way that they link to the foothills of the Himalayas further to the northwest.

The highest point is Loi Leng, at an elevation of 2,673 metres (8,770 ft). Other peaks are the 2,565 m (8,415 ft) Mong Ling Shan, 2,565 m (8,415 ft) Doi Inthanon and 2,563 m (8,409 ft) m Loi Pangnao. All are ultra prominent peaks of Southeast Asia.

Ultra-prominent peak
An ultra-prominent peak, or ultra for short, is a mountain summit with a topographic prominence of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) or more; it is also called a P1500. The prominence of a peak is the minimum height of climb to the summit on any route from a higher peak, or from sea level if there is no higher peak. There are about 1,500 such peaks on Earth. Some well-known peaks, such as the Matterhorn and Eiger, are not ultras because they are connected to higher mountains by high cols and thus do not achieve enough topographic prominence.

The term "ultra” derives from "ultra major mountain,” a term proposed by earth scientist Steve Fry, who studied peaks in Washington in the 1980s.
Cis, Trentino
Cis is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 311 and an area of 5.5 square kilometres (2.1 mi2).

Cis borders the following municipalities: Bresimo, Livo, Caldes, and Cles.

Cles
Cles (German: Glöß; Nones: Clés or Cliès) is a town and comune in Trentino, in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of northern Italy. It is the main town of Val di Non.

It is the main town of and is located in Val di Non. Monte di Cles and Monte Peller (2,319 m (7,608.27 ft) above sea level) are located to the west of the residential area, while Lake Santa Giustina is on the east.
Bill Cummings (philanthropist)
Bill Cummings is an American philanthropist and real estate developer. As of 2018, his charitable foundation has nearly $2 billion in assets. The Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine and Cummings Veterinary Medical Center at Tufts University as well as the Cummings School of Architecture and Real Estate at Roger Williams University are named after his philanthropic work.

Beverly, Massachusetts
Beverly is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, and a suburb of Boston. The population was 42,670 at the time of the 2020 United States census. A resort, residential, and manufacturing community on the Massachusetts North Shore, Beverly includes Ryal Side, North Beverly, Centerville, Cove, Montserrat, Beverly Farms and Prides Crossing. Beverly is a rival of Marblehead for the title of "birthplace of the U.S. Navy".
France Winddance Twine
France Winddance Twine (born 1960) is a Black and Native American sociologist, ethnographer, visual artist, and documentary filmmaker. Twine has conducted field research in Brazil, the UK, and the United States on race, racism, and anti-racism. She has published 11 books and more than 100 articles, review essays, and books on these topics.

Through her research, she has contributed to the study of gender and sexuality, racism/anti-racism, feminism, science and technology, British culture, and qualitative research methods. In 2020, she was awarded the Distinguished Career Award by the Race, Class, and Gender section of the American Sociological Association for her contributions to sociology.

Twine is the first sociologist to publish an ethnography on everyday racism in rural Brazil after the end of military dictatorship during the abertura (return to democratic rule).

Ethnic and Racial Studies
Ethnic and Racial Studies is a peer-reviewed social science academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews on anthropology, cultural studies, ethnicity and race, and sociology. The editors-in-chief are Martin Bulmer (University of Surrey) and John Solomos (University of Warwick). It was founded by Routledge & Kegan Paul in 1978 and continues to be published by Routledge.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 0.956, ranking it 58th out of 142 journals in the category "Sociology", and 5th out of 15 journals in the category "Ethnic Studies".
House of Izmaylov
The House of Izmaylov is a prominent family of Russian high nobility, descended from the boyars of the Grand Duchy of Ryazan. The Izmaylov family was one of the most powerful in the Duchy of Ryazan. The family was listed in the parts 6 ('ancient nobility') of the genealogical books of Moscow, Ryazan and Tambov.

Principality of Chernigov
The Principality of Chernigov was one of the largest and most powerful states within Kievan Rus'. For a time the principality was the second most powerful after the Principality of Kiev. The principality was formed in the 10th century and maintained some of its distinctiveness until the 16th century. The Principality of Chernigov consisted of regions of modern-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.
Rankotea
Rankotea is a village located just outside the town of Brits in the North West province under the Madibeng municipality of South Africa. The village has a vanadium extracting mine called Bushveld Vametco located just before you enter the residence. A solar&battery is being built to supply 10% of the mine's power needs. Bushveld Vametco mine provides the community of Rankotea with funds where they may need them like funding few students of Rankotea with university fees. It also has provided funds to renovate schools and clinics. The community includes a primary school named Rantsou and a secondary school named Ramadikela. It also have a power station named RoshCon. The residents use the health care service of the mobile clinic provided by Madibeng that comes once a month and during the month they use that of the community of Mothotlung. They also use the SAPS and Postal Office of Mothotlung.

North West (South African province)
North West (Afrikaans: Noord-Wes [nuərtˈvɛs]; Tswana: Bokone Bophirima) is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Mahikeng. The province is located to the west of the major population centre and province of Gauteng, to the south of the country of Botswana, and southwest of the northernmost province of Limpopo.
Pablo Larios
Pablo Larios Iwasaki (Japanese: パブロ・ラリオス・イワサキ, July 31, 1960 – January 31, 2019) was a Mexican professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was nicknamed "El Arquero de la Selva" (The Goalkeeper of the Jungle), both for being from Zacatepec, a town in the Mexican state of Morelos known for his humid and warm climate, and for starting his career with his hometown's football club.

Zacatepec, Morelos
Zacatepec de Hidalgo (Zacatepec from the Nahuatl Zacatl meaning grass and tepetl meaning hill, thus loosely meaning "grassy hill") is a town in the state of Morelos, Mexico. It is bordered by Puente de Ixtla, Tlaltizapán, Tlaquiltenango and Jojutla. Miguel Hidalgo was the priest whose call to arms on September 16, 1810, led to the Mexican War of Independence.

The town serves as the local seat for the government, with which it shares the name. The municipality reported 36,159 inhabitants in the 2015 census.

The main industry in the town and its surrounding countryside is that of sugar cane cultivation and processing. The most noticeable feature of the town is the sugar mill located in its center and during operating hours the air of the settlement is laden with the sickly-sweet smell of sugar.

Students come from surrounding parts of Morelos to study at the public university, the Instituto Tecnológico de Zacatepc, which is located on a site adjacent to the sugar mill.
Jo Woo-chan
Jo Woo-chan (Korean: 조우찬; born January 20, 2005), known mononymously as Woochan, is a South Korean singer and rapper. He was a contestant on Show Me the Money 6 in 2017. He released his first collaborative single, "OGZ", on January 5, 2018. He debuted as a member of the South Korean co-ed group AllDay Project under The Black Label in June 2025.

Mononym
A mononym is a name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is a mononymous person.

A mononym may be the person's only name, given to them at birth. This was routine in most ancient societies, and remains common in modern societies such as in Afghanistan, Bhutan, some parts of Indonesia (especially by older Javanese people), Myanmar, Mongolia, Tibet, and South India.

In other cases, a person may select a single name from their polynym or adopt a mononym as a chosen name, pen name, stage name, or regnal name. A popular nickname may effectively become a mononym, in some cases adopted legally. For some historical figures, a mononym is the only name that is still known today.