hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Buffalo Southern Railroad
The Buffalo Southern Railroad (reporting mark BSOR) is a class III railroad operating in western New York.

The BSOR is locally owned and operates in the Buffalo area.  It should not be confused with the South Buffalo Railway which is a separate railroad.

The BSOR operates on 32 miles of track owned by Erie County, New York and leased from the Erie County Industrial Development Agency. The line runs south from Buffalo, New York to Gowanda, New York servicing the villages of Hamburg and North Collins along the way.

It interchanges with Norfolk Southern Railway, CSX Transportation, Canadian Pacific Railway, Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad and the New York and Lake Erie Railroad. The rail line intersects Norfolk Southern at a diamond in the village of Blasdell near Lake Avenue.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Allobenedenia
Allobenedenia is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, included in the family Capsalidae.
All species in this genus are parasitic on external surfaces of marine teleosts.

According to Yang et al., (2004)  species of Allobenedenia are characterised by a haptor with 5 radial loculi formed by 5 radial septa; the central loculus is usually absent.

Fish diseases and parasites
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis  in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.
Eaton Common
Eaton Common is a  5.3-hectare (13-acre) Local Nature Reserve on the southern outskirts of Norwich in the county of Norfolk in England, United Kingdom. It is owned and managed by Norwich City Council.

This site on the bank of the River Yare is mainly grassland, some of which is marshy. There are also small areas of broadleaved woodland and tall herbs.

There is access from Church Lane.

Local nature reserve
Local nature reserve (LNR) is a statutory designation for certain nature reserves in Great Britain. The Wild Life Conservation Special Committee established them and proposed a national suite of protected areas comprising national nature reserves, conservation areas (which incorporated suggestions for Sites of Special Scientific Interest), national parks, geological monuments, local nature reserves and local educational nature reserves.

There are now over 1,280 LNRs in England, covering almost 40,000 hectares, which range from windswept coastal headlands and ancient woodlands to former inner city railways and long abandoned landfill sites.
Fabio Nigro
Fabio Héctor Nigro (born 29 December 1965) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played for River Plate, Estudiantes, Douglas Haig and Sarmiento, in Italy for Vigor Lamezia, Viterbese, Lazio and Frosinone, in Slovakia Baník Prievidza and Slovan Bratislava, in the Czech Republic for Slovan Liberec.

Club Atlético Sarmiento
Club Atlético Sarmiento is an Argentine sports club based in Junín, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The club currently competes in Primera División, the top division of the Argentine football league system.

Founded in 1911 and affiliated to AFA in 1952, Sarmiento had two earlier stints in the Primera División (1981, 1982, 2015, 2016, and 2016–2017) before being promoted again before the 2021 season. The team's highest final position in the Primera División was 13th (of 18 teams) in 1981.
Samantha Ratnam
Samantha Shantini Ratnam (Tamil: சமந்தா இரத்தினம்; born 1977) is a British-Australian social worker and politician. She was the leader of the Victorian Greens between 2017 and 2024, serving as a member of the Victorian Legislative Council in the Northern Metropolitan Region. Prior to this she was a councillor and mayor for the City of Moreland.

Northern Metropolitan Region
Northern Metropolitan Region is one of the eight electoral regions of Victoria, Australia, which elects five members to the Victorian Legislative Council (also referred to as the upper house) by proportional representation. The region was created in 2006 following the 2005 reform of the Victorian Legislative Council.

The region comprises the Legislative Assembly districts of Broadmeadows, Brunswick, Essendon, Greenvale, Kalkallo, Melbourne, Northcote, Pascoe Vale, Preston, Richmond and Thomastown.
Sporosalibacterium tautonense
Sporosalibacterium tautonense is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, thermotolerant, moderately halophilic, organotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus Sporosalibacterium which has been isolated from water from the TauTona gold mine in South Africa.

Halophile
A halophile (from the Greek word for 'salt-loving') is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin.

Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Lake Urmia in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons.
Mae Fah Luang University Stadium
Mae Fah Luang University Stadium (Thai: สนามฟุตบอลมหาวิทยาลัยแม่ฟ้าหลวง) is a multi-purpose stadium in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand.  It is currently used mostly for football matches. It was the home stadium of Chiangrai United F.C. from 2009 to 2012. The stadium holds 3,346 people.

Chiang Rai province
Chiang Rai (Thai: เชียงราย, pronounced [tɕʰīaŋ rāːj]; Northern Thai: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ, pronounced [tɕīaŋ hāːj])  is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces that lies in upper northern Thailand and is Thailand's northernmost province. It is bordered by the Shan State of Myanmar to the north, Bokeo province of Laos to the east, Phayao to the south, Lampang to the southwest, and Chiang Mai to the west. The province is linked to Houayxay, Laos by the Fourth Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge that spans the Mekong.
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society. It covers research on and applications of all aspects of antenna technology and the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The journal was established in 1952 and since 2022 the Editor-in-chief is Konstantina Nikita. Since 1952, this journal has delivered many thousands of articles on a wide range of topics of interest to specialists, practicing engineers, educators and students in the field of interest of the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society. The Transactions publishes 12 issues per year and occasional Special Issues amounting to about 6000 pages annually.

Konstantina Nikita
Konstantina "Nantia" Nikita is a Greek electrical and computer engineer and a professor at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece. She is director of the Mobile Radiocommunications Lab and founder and director of the Biomedical Simulations and Imaging Lab, NTUA. Since 2015, she has been an Irene McCulloch Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine at Keck School of Medicine and Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California.
Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily
Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily originated from local Italiotes and Siceliotes who formed numerous city states. These Hellenistic communities descended from Greek migrants. Southern Italy was so thoroughly hellenized that it was known as the Magna Graecia. Each of the polities struck their own coinage.

Taras (or Tarentum) was among the most prominent city states.

By the second century BC some of these Greek coinages evolved under Roman rule, and can be classified as the first Roman provincial currencies.

Corinth
Corinth (/ˈkɒrɪnθ/ KORR-inth; Greek: Κόρινθος, romanized: Kórinthos, Modern Greek pronunciation: [ˈkorinθos]) is a city in the Peloponnese in Greece. The successor to the ancient city of Corinth, it is the capital of the Corinthia regional unit and the seat of the municipality of Corinth, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has a population of 38,485 according to the 2021 census, of whom 30,816 live within the city limits of Corinth.

It was founded as New Corinth (Greek: Νέα Κόρινθος, romanized: Néa Kórinthos) in 1858 after an earthquake destroyed the existing settlement of Corinth, which had developed in and around the site of the ancient city.
Plumbeous seedeater
The plumbeous seedeater (Sporophila plumbea) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae.
It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.

Tanager
The tanagers (singular /ˈtænədʒər/) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds. As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the family Cardinalidae, and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.
Jacques Lob
Jacques Lob (19 August 1932 – 24 May 1990) was a French comics creator, known for several comics creations, including Superdupont. His series Le Transperceneige, later continued by Benjamin Legrand, was adapted into the 2013 post-apocalyptic science fiction action film Snowpiercer.

Glossary of comics terminology
Comics has developed specialized terminology. Several attempts have been made to formalize and define the terminology of comics by authors such as Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, R. C. Harvey and Dylan Horrocks. Much of the terminology in English is under dispute, so this page will list and describe the most common terms used in comics.
Tuvya Ruebner
Tuvya Ruebner (Hebrew: טוביה רובנר; 30 January 1924 – 29 July 2019) was an Israeli poet who wrote in Hebrew and German. He also translated poems - from Hebrew into German and from German into Hebrew. In addition, he was the editor of numerous literary books, a scholar, a teacher and a photographer. Ruebner was Emeritus Professor of German and Comparative Literature at Haifa University and Oranim College. The recipient of many literary awards in Israel, Germany and Austria, he was awarded the Israel Prize for Poetry in 2008 - the highest accolade the State of Israel bestows. The jury awarding that prize described Ruebner as "among the most important Hebrew poets", and his poetry as "restrained, polished and intellectual ... nourished by the ancient strata of Hebrew poetry and the best of the tradition of Central European poetry."

University of Haifa
The University of Haifa (Hebrew: אוניברסיטת חיפה, Arabic: جامعة حيفا) is a public research university located on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel. Founded in 1963 as a branch of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the University of Haifa received full academic accreditation as an independent university in 1972, becoming Israel's sixth academic institution and the fourth university. The university has the largest university library in Israel. As of 2019, approximately 18,000 students were enrolled at the University of Haifa. Among Israeli higher education institutions the University of Haifa has the largest percentage (41%) of Arab-Israeli students.
El Problema
"El Problema" ("The Problem") is a Latin pop song written, produced and performed by Guatemalan Grammy Award winning singer-songwriter Ricardo Arjona. It was released as the lead single from his ninth studio album, Santo Pecado (2002). It is also recognized as one of Ricardo Arjona's signature songs.

Critically and commercially successful, the song became a hit by the singer, staying at No.1 for eight consecutive weeks at the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and twelve weeks at No.1 on the Latin Pop Songs chart, both being the most by any of his singles to date.

Latin pop
Latin pop (Spanish: pop latino), also referred to as Spanish-language pop (Spanish: pop en español), is a subgenre of popular music defined primarily as pop music performed in Spanish. While its foundation lies in the structural and commercial conventions of international pop music—memorable melodies, rhythmic regularity, electric instrumentation, and broad appeal—it is often enriched by stylistic influences from Latin American and Iberian musical traditions.

Emerging from Spanish-speaking musicians, Latin pop remains distinct from other Latin genres such as rock en español, tropical, reggaeton, and dance, though it may incorporate elements of these styles. In this sense, the fusion with Latin or Hispanic folk genres is characteristic but secondary to its central definition as pop music in Spanish.
Luttinger–Kohn model
The Luttinger–Kohn model is a flavor of the k·p perturbation theory used for calculating the structure of multiple, degenerate electronic bands in bulk and quantum well semiconductors. The method is a generalization of the single band k·p theory.

In this model, the influence of all other bands is taken into account by using Löwdin's perturbation method.

Quantum well
A quantum well is a potential well wherein the energy spectrum of charge carriers is discrete.

As opposed to a bulk region, wherein the carriers are free to move in three spatial directions, their motion is free only in two (planar) directions in a quantum well. The quantum size effects take place when the size of a region in at least one of the directions (the direction of growth in the case of semiconductor heterostructure quantum wells - the transverse direction) becomes comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the carriers (electrons and holes in a semiconductor), resulting in a discrete energy spectrum for them.

Semiconductor quantum wells can be realized in double heterostructures. The double heterostructure concept was proposed in 1963 independently by Herbert Kroemer and by Zhores Alferov and Rudolf Kazarinov.
Kallio Rolling Rainbow
Kallio Rolling Rainbow (KRR) is a flat track roller derby league based in Helsinki, Finland.They welcome anyone regardless of age, gender or body type. Their fundamental value is to accept people exactly as they are and to celebrate the existence of every colour of the rainbow. Founded in 2010, the league consists of three teams. Kallio is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

2011 Roller Derby World Cup
The 2011 Roller Derby World Cup was an international women's roller derby tournament organized by Blood & Thunder magazine.  Teams of amateur skaters from around the world were fielded to compete for their respective nations.

The inaugural 2011 Roller Derby World Cup was hosted by Toronto Roller Derby, and was held December 1 through 4, 2011, at The Bunker at Downsview Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  It was won by Team USA, who beat Team Canada by a score of 336 points to 33 in the final.

Live online coverage of the entire event was broadcast on the Derby News Network.
Ante Starčević
Ante Starčević (Croatian pronunciation: [ǎːnte stǎːrt͡ʃeʋit͡ɕ] listenⓘ; 23 May 1823 – 28 February 1896) was a Croatian politician and writer. His policies centered around Croatian state law, the integrity of Croatian lands, and the right of his people to self-determination. As an important member of the Croatian parliament and the founder of the Party of Rights he has laid the foundations for Croatian nationalism. He has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria-Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time when many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs.

Croatian question
The Croatian question (Croatian: Hrvatsko pitanje) refers to a political, cultural, social and economical status of Croats in Austria-Hungary, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, SFR Yugoslavia and post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The first steps towards Croat home rule were made in 1939 with the Cvetković–Maček Agreement, creating the autonomous Banovina of Croatia. This province, mostly coterminous with the former Sava and Littoral Banovinas with the exception of a few other Croat-majority regions, lasted until invasion of Yugoslavia during the World War II, with the Independent State of Croatia being established as a Nazi German puppet state 10 April 1941.

In post-WWII Yugoslavia, the Croatian national question was mostly resolved on 25 June 1991 with the independence of the Republic of Croatia, from the territory of the constituent SR Croatia.
A. H. Hawke
Alfred Herbert Hawke (7 February 1881 – 11 May 1958) was a British photographer and postcard publisher based in Helston, Cornwall.

Alfred Herbert Hawke was born at 11 Richmond Terrace, Lower Easton, Bristol, on 7 February 1881, the son of Richard Hawke and his wife Eliza. They married in Liskeard, Cornwall, and Richard was a cabinet-maker and is thought to have been a native of Helston.

Starting in 1905, Hawke created 8,445 cards in his career, mostly topographical views of the Cornish coast and that of north Devon.

Liskeard
Liskeard (/lɪˈskɑːrd/ ⓘ lih-SKARD; Cornish: Lyskerrys) is an ancient stannary and market town and civil parish in south-east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Plymouth, 14 miles (23 km) west of the Devon border, and 12 miles (20 km) east of Bodmin. The Bodmin Moor lies to the north-west of the town. At the 2021 census the population of the parish of 10,902.
Spring Creek (Stoddard County, Missouri)
Spring Creek is a stream in Stoddard County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Lick Creek.

The stream headwaters arise in the relatively high extension of Crowley's Ridge area approximately one mile north of US Route 60 and the city of Dexter.

Spring Creek was named for the fact it was fed by springs on its upper course.

U.S. Route 60
U.S. Route 60 is a major east–west United States highway, traveling 2,655 miles (4,273 km) from southwestern Arizona to the Atlantic Ocean coast in Virginia. 
The highway's eastern terminus is in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where it is known as General Booth Boulevard, just south of the city's Oceanfront resort district at the intersection of Rudee Point Road and Harbor Point. Its original western terminus was in Springfield, Missouri; it was then extended to Los Angeles, California, but in 1964, it was truncated to end southwest of Brenda, Arizona, at an interchange with Interstate 10 (I-10) after the US 60 highway designation was removed from California. I-10 replaced US 60 from Beaumont, California, to Arizona, and California State Route 60 (SR 60) replaced US 60 from Los Angeles to Beaumont.
Herring Networks
Herring Networks Inc. is a media company based in San Diego, California. It was founded in 2003 by Robert Herring. Through its Herring Broadcasting division, the company owns and operates two cable networks: AWE Network (originally known as Wealth TV), an American lifestyle and entertainment cable network founded in 2004, and the news service One America News Network (OAN or OANN), founded through a strategic partnership with The Washington Times in 2013.

Media conglomerate
A media conglomerate, media company, media group, or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as music, television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, video games, amusement parks, or the Internet. Despite ownership over several companies and diverse mediums, by definition, media conglomerates only maintain holdings over media and not other enterprises.

Some media conglomerates use their access in multiple areas to share various kinds of content such as: news, video and music, between users. The media sector's tendency to consolidate has caused formerly diversified companies to appear less diverse to prospective investors in comparison with similar companies that are traded publicly and privately. Therefore, the term media group may also be applied, however, it has not yet replaced the more traditional term.
Kingdom of Karagwe
The Kingdom of Karagwe (Ufalme wa Karagwe, in Swahili) was a historical Bantu state in present-day Karagwe District of the Kagera Region in northwestern Tanzania, between Rwanda and Lake Victoria. East Africa's influential Karagwe Kingdom was ruled by a hereditary monarchs who were reputed to be Bachwezi descendants. By the end of the 20th century, it had thriving trade with traders from all parts of East Africa, especially slave-trading Arabs. Bweranyange served as the Karagwe kingdom's capital.

Bunyoro
Bunyoro, also called Bunyoro-Kitara, is a traditional Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda. It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 16th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King (Omukama) of Bunyoro-Kitara. The current ruler is Solomon Iguru I, the 27th Omukama.
Åkesson
Åkesson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Elner Åkesson (1890–1962), Swedish cinematographer

Fredrik Åkesson, Swedish guitarist

Jimmie Åkesson (born 1979), Swedish politician

Joel Åkesson (born 1991), Swedish ice hockey player

Lena Åkesson (born 1967), Swedish boxer

Ralf Åkesson (born 1961), Swedish chess grandmaster

Sonja Åkesson (1926–1977), Swedish writer, poet and artist

Stefan Åkesson, Swedish skateboarder

Susanne Åkesson (born 1964), Swedish zoologist

Vagn Ákason, 10th century Norseman

Lena Åkesson
Lena Åkesson (born August 10, 1967 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a former world-class female professional boxer whose career took place in the late 1990s.
Trained by Luis Lagerman and Angelo Dundee, Åkesson racked up a pro record of 14-1 with 8 KOs, her only loss coming in a 10-round decision to Melissa Del Valle for the WIBF title, in a bout that resulted in a controversial split decision in Del Valle's favor.