hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jyotirmayee Dash
Jyotirmayee Dash is a professor at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, with research interests in topics related to organic chemistry and chemical biology in general.

Jyotirmayee Dash obtained her PhD in synthetic organic chemistry from IIT Kanpur in 2003 under the advisorship of Prof. F. A. Khan and her MSc degree from Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India. She was an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, during 2004–2006, a postdoctoral fellow at ESPCI Paris, France, during 2006–2007 and a Marie-Curie  Fellow at University of Cambridge, UK, during 2007–2009. She spent three years as an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata before joining the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in 2014.

Ravenshaw University
Ravenshaw University, formerly known as Ravenshaw College, is a co-educational state university situated in Cuttack, Odisha on the eastern coast of India. Founded as Ravenshaw College in 1868, the institution became a university in 2006. The university has nine schools, thirty three academic departments and a student enrolment of nearly 8,000. It is one of the oldest educational institutes in the country and its history is synonymous with the history of modern Odisha.
Samo language (New Guinea)
Samo, also known as Daba, Nomad, and Supei, is a Trans–New Guinea language of New Guinea, spoken in the plains east of the Strickland River in Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It has switch-reference marking for the subject of a clause.

Switch-reference
In linguistics, switch-reference (SR) describes any clause-level morpheme that signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent' clauses are coreferential.  In most cases, it marks whether the subject of the verb in one clause is coreferent with that of the previous clause, or of a subordinate clause to the matrix (main) clause that is dominating it.
Pearl Rocks
The Pearl Rocks are a group of rocks covering an area 6 km (3.7 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) close to the west coast of Tower Island in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. The name was given by Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) (1955–57) and is descriptive of the numerous snow-covered rocks in the group.

Palmer Archipelago
Palmer Archipelago, also known as Antarctic Archipelago, Archipiélago Palmer, Antarktiske Arkipel or Palmer Inseln, is a group of islands off the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It extends from Tower Island in the north to Anvers Island in the south. It is separated by the Gerlache and Bismarck straits from the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilhelm Archipelago, respectively. The archipelago is in the British, Chilean, and Argentine Claims.

Palmer Archipelago is located at 64°15′S 62°50′W﻿ / ﻿64.250°S 62.833°W﻿ / -64.250; -62.833.
Paestum (frazione)
Paestum (Italian: [ˈpɛstum]) is a frazione of the comune (municipality) of Capaccio Paestum in the Cilento area of southern Italy. It lies in the province of Salerno which is part of the region of Campania. It is situated on the Tyrrhenian coast and is notable for the famous ruins of the  ancient city of the same name nearby.

Cilento
Cilento (Italian: [tʃiˈlɛnto]) is an Italian mountain range (part of the Lucan Apennines), which gives its name to a geographical region of Campania in the central and southern part of the province of Salerno. Is an important tourist area of southern Italy.
Market share analysis
Market share analysis is a part of market analysis and indicates how well a firm is doing in the marketplace compared to its competitors.

Givon, Mahajan, and Muller have researched spreadsheet and word processing software firms to give a clearer image of how to determine market share in the software industry. They propose six factors to help estimate the value of market share (1997):

unit or dollar sales,

user base (since piracy and brand switching effect),

market definition (scope of definitions),

scope of denominator (which other brands included),

time frame length,

product definition (brand, product line, or strategic business unit).

Customer switching
In marketing and microeconomics, customer switching or consumer switching describes "customers/consumers abandoning a product or service in favor of a competitor". Assuming constant price, product or service quality, counteracting this behaviour in order to achieve maximal customer retention is the business of marketing, public relations and advertising. Brand switching—as opposed to brand loyalty is the outcome of customer switching behaviour.
Temple Beth El (Detroit)
Temple Beth El is a Reform synagogue located in Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan, United States. Beth El was founded in 1850 in the city of Detroit, and is the oldest Jewish congregation in Michigan. Temple Beth El was a founding member of the Union for Reform Judaism (originally the Union of American Hebrew Congregations) in 1873, and hosted the meeting in 1889 during which the Central Conference of American Rabbis was established.

In 1982, its two former buildings in Detroit, at 3424 and 8801 Woodward Avenue, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Oakland County, Michigan
Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a principal county of the Detroit metropolitan area, containing the bulk of Detroit's northern suburbs. Its county seat is Pontiac, and its largest city is Troy. As of the 2020 census, its population 1,274,395, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan (behind neighboring Wayne County), and the most populous county in the United States without a city of 100,000 residents.

Founded in 1819 and organized the following year, Oakland County is composed of 62 cities, villages, and townships. In 2010, Oakland County was among the ten wealthiest counties in the United States to have over one million residents. It is also home to Oakland University, a large public institution that straddles the border between the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.
Subject of labor
Subject of labor, or object of labor, is a concept in Marxist political economy that refers to "everything to which man's labor is applied". The subject of labor may be materials provided directly by nature like timber or coal, or materials that have been modified by labor. In the latter case, the subject of labor (e.g., yarn in a textile mill or semi-conductor chips in a computer assembly factory) are called "raw materials". This usage of the term "raw materials" is given in, for instance, in Capital, Part III.

The "subject of labor" is one of three basic factors of the production process, along with "human labor" and the "means of labor" (tools and infrastructure used to transform the subject of labor).

The subject of labor and the means of labor comprise the means of production of society.

"Subject of labor" is sometimes called "object of labor". In both cases, the term refers to what is being worked on.

Labour economics
Labour economics is the subfield of economics concerned with the study of labour as an input to economic production. Broadly, it surveys labor markets and the economic decisions of agents participating in such markets. Topics of study include the labour supply of workers and how it is affected by variables such as age, education, gender and childbearing, as well as the labour demand by firms searching for different forms of labour as an input in the production of goods and services. In addition, labour economics studies, amongst others, phenomena such as schooling, human capital, inequality, unemployment, trade unions, discrimination, technological change, and public policies related to labour markets, such as unemployment benefits, pensions and health care.
Gabriela Hrázská
Gabriela Žilková Hrázská (born 21 July 1979) is a Czech former competitive ice dancer. With Jiří Procházka, she is the 1999 Czech national champion and placed sixth at the 1998 World Junior Championships. She is currently a coach and choreographer. She has worked with the following skaters:

Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař

Anna Dušková

Petr Kotlařík

Jan Kurnik

Gabriela Kubová / Dmitri Kiselev

Nikola Višňová / Lukáš Csolley

Klára Kadlecová / Petr Bidař

Kamila Hájková / David Vincour

Anaïs Morand / Antoine Dorsaz

Eliška Březinová

Kristína Kostková

Ivana Buzková

Petr Bidař
Petr Bidař (born 18 March 1991) is a Czech former competitive pair skater. Competing with Klára Kadlecová, he placed 7th at the 2011 European Championships in Bern and 15th at the 2011 World Championships in Moscow. In January 2012, Bidař stated that they had parted ways and he would continue his career with Martina Boček. He injured his shoulder in training during the summer of 2012 and retired from competition that year following Boček's decision not to return to pairs after a fall.

His younger brother, Martin Bidař, is also a pair skater.
Perry Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
Perry Township is a township in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,854 at the time of the 2020 census, a decline from the figure of 1,938 tabulated in 2010. It was originally incorporated in 1845 as part of Beaver County, and in 1849, joined the newly created Lawrence County.

Township (Pennsylvania)
A township, under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities, boroughs, and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as the legal entities providing local self-government functions.

In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities, and tend to be located in suburban, exurban, or rural parts of the commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government.
Syria at the Paralympics
Syria made its Paralympic Games debut at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, with two athletes: Ahmad Manfi in table tennis, and Ali Ismail in swimming. The country has participated in every subsequent edition of the Summer Paralympics, but has never entered the Winter Paralympics.

Syria won its first and so far only Paralympic medal when Rasha Alshikh took bronze in powerlifting at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, in the women's up to 67.5 kg category, lifting 117.5 kg.

1992 Summer Paralympics
The 1992 Summer Paralympics (Spanish: Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992; Catalan: Jocs Paralímpics d'estiu de 1992) were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In addition, the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital, Madrid.
Kongo Kong
Steven Wilson (born August 10, 1979) is an American professional wrestler best known under the ring name Kongo Kong. He is currently performing on the independent circuit. He is best known for his time with Global Force Wrestling and Impact Wrestling.

BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship
The BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship is the top title contested for in the Ontario-based professional wrestling promotion Border City Wrestling.

On March 18, 2010 the BCW Can-Am Championship was unified with the BSE Pro and Neo Spirit Pro-Wrestling Championships to form the Maximum Pro Wrestling Triple Crown Championship.

On August 24, 2012 the Can-Am Championship was splintered from the Triple Crown with its defense on the debut event of BCW off-shoot promotion Can-Am Rising. Since then the title has been referred to it original title name the BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship, predominantly defending under the BCW banner.
Abdul Kadir Karding
Abdul Kadir Karding (born 25 March 1973) is an Indonesian politician of the National Awakening Party serving as Minister of Migrant Workers Protection since 2024. From 2009 to 2024, he was a member of the House of Representatives.

National Awakening Party
The National Awakening Party (Indonesian: Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa; lit. 'Party of the Nation's Awakening', PKB), is an centrist Islam-based political party in Indonesia. It is also the party of the former Vice President of Indonesia, Ma'ruf Amin, who was elected to its Shura Council.

The party was founded in 1999 by the traditionalist strand of Muslim society in Indonesia, which overlaps with the membership of Nahdlatul Ulama. The party is described as a nationalist Muslim party, which promotes inclusive and nationalist principles and upholds Pancasila doctrine.

In 2014, the party obtained 9.04 percent of the popular vote, which is an increase from 4.95 percent in 2009 but lower than 10.57 percent in 2004. The party is currently led by Muhaimin Iskandar.
1888–89 County Antrim Shield
The 1888–89 County Antrim Shield was the inaugural edition of the County Antrim Shield, a cup competition in Irish football.

Distillery won the tournament for the first time, defeating YMCA 8–4 in the final.

YMCA F.C. (Belfast)
YMCA Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Belfast in 1883. They were formed by the members of the Belfast Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). They were amalgamated with Cliftonville in 1889.
Matt Kinch
Matt Kinch (born February 17, 1980) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman playing in Germany for the EV Ravensburg of the 2nd Bundesliga.  He played major junior in the Western Hockey League (WHL) before also playing pro in the American Hockey League (AHL), ECHL, Austrian Hockey League, Swiss Nationalliga A and Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

2nd Bundesliga (ice hockey)
The 2nd Eishockey-Bundesliga was the second tier of Ice hockey in Germany until 2012/13 and has since been replaced by DEL2. Starting in 2002, the league was organized by the ESBG (de:Eishockeyspielbetriebsgesellschaft mbH), to which the league organization was outsourced from the DEB, the German ice hockey federation. In the 2012–13 season, it featured 13 teams.
Ufer
Ufer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bob Ufer (1920–1981), American track and field athlete and radio broadcaster

Nils Ufer (1939–1993), Danish journalist and editor

Walter Ufer (1876–1936), American painter

Bob Ufer
Robert Pormann Ufer (/ˈjuːfʌr/ YEW-furr; April 1, 1920 – October 26, 1981) was an American track and field athlete and radio broadcaster.  As an athlete, he set the world indoor record of 48.1 seconds in the indoor 440-yard (quarter-mile) run and was selected as an All-American in 1943.  As a broadcaster, he served as the lead broadcaster for the Michigan Wolverines football team for 36 years, starting in 1945.  He was in the first group inducted in 1978 into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor along with Gerald Ford, Bill Freehan, Tom Harmon, Ron Kramer, Bennie Oosterbaan, and Cazzie Russell.
Narasaraopet mandal
Narasaraopet mandal is one of the 28 mandals in Guntur district of the India state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Narasaraopet revenue division and the headquarters are located at Narasaraopet city. The mandal is bounded by Rompicherla, Nekarikallu, Muppalla, Phirangipuram, Nadendla and Chilakaluripeta. It also borders Prakasam district.

Prakasam district
Prakasam district named in honour of Tanguturi Prakasam is in the coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was reorganised on 4 April 2022 and 31 December 2025. The headquarters of the district is Ongole.  It is bounded by Bapatla, Palnadu, Markapuram, Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore districts and Bay of Bengal.
Gun law in Jamaica
Jamaican law allows firearm ownership on may-issue basis. With approximately eight civilian firearms per 100 people, Jamaica is the 92nd most armed country in the world.

Gun laws in Jamaica began to be tightened in the early 1970s, when Jamaica experienced a rise in violence associated with criminal gangs and political polarization between supporters of the People's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party.

Michael Manley
Michael Norman Manley ON OM OCC PC (10 December 1924 – 6 March 1997) was a Jamaican politician, trade unionist and journalist who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1972 to 1980, and from 1989 to 1992. Manley championed a democratic socialist programme, and has been described as a populist, although many in the country feared he would turn Jamaica into a communist state. He remains one of Jamaica's most popular prime ministers.
Drohar Shivadin
Drohar Shivadin was an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Shivadin was a member of the 2nd Lok Sabha from the Hardoi constituency in Uttar Pradesh.

He was born on 1 May 1898 in Gopamau, Hardoi district. He supervisor of education of Depressed Classes and was interests in Reform movement of downtrodden classes.

Bharatiya Jana Sangh
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (abbreviated as BJS or JS, short name: Jan Sangh; lit. 'All-India People's Union') was a Hindutva political party active in India. It was established on 21 October 1951 in Delhi by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. Jan Sangh was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva paramilitary organisation. In 1977, it merged with several other left, centre, and right parties opposed to the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party. In 1980, the members of the erstwhile Jan Sangh quit Janata Party after its defeat in the 1980 general election and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party, which is the direct political successor to the Jan Sangh. In Bihar, Ramdeo Mahto considered as founding leader of Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar, because he brought BJP Into the power in Bihar, he elected as a candidate of Bhartiya Jana Sangh to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1969 Assembly elections from Patna East Assembly constituency.
Wielopole Skrzyńskie
Wielopole Skrzyńskie [vjɛlɔˈpɔlɛ ˈskʂɨɲskʲɛ] Yiddish: וילופולה, romanized: Vyelipol) is a village (town in 1348 - 1933) in Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wielopole Skrzyńskie.

Ropczyce-Sędziszów County
Ropczyce-Sędziszów County (Polish: powiat ropczycko-sędziszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Ropczyce, which lies 28 kilometres (17 mi) west of the regional capital Rzeszów. The only other town in the county is Sędziszów Małopolski, lying 6 km (4 mi) east of Ropczyce.

The county covers an area of 548.89 square kilometres (211.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 74,416, out of which the population of Ropczyce is 15,836, that of Sędziszów Małopolski is 12,357, and the rural population is 46,223.
Mukim Kuala Balai
Mukim Kuala Balai is a mukim located in the Belait District of Brunei, known for its unique geographical setting. As of 2016, the population was recorded at just 31 residents. The village of Kampong Kuala Balai is situated in the upper Kumgang region of Belait, forming part of the Mukim Kuala Balai catchment area. It is located approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Kuala Belait. However, Kampong Kuala Balai is currently uninhabited due to factors such as migration to other villages and employment opportunities elsewhere, leading to a decline in its once-thriving community. It is an early settlement of the Belait people, who formed the majority of its population, and it once served as the administrative center for the Belait District during traditional governance and British residency, while also being a prominent exporter of ambulong (sago) in its heyday.

Mukims of Brunei
A mukim is a second-level administrative division of Brunei Darussalam, and the primary sub-division of a larger district (daerah).  There are thirty-nine mukims within the four districts of the sultanate Brunei Darussalam.  A mukim is led by a penghulu, since 2015 elected by democratic vote.  A mukim encompasses a number of villages, known in Malay as kampung or kampong.  Mukims are administered by the district office of the district where they are located.
Gustav Lærum
Gustav Lærum (2 June 1870, in Fet – 21 May 1938) was a Norwegian satirical illustrator, caricaturist and sculptor.

He provided illustrations for the satirical magazines Korsaren, Tyrihans, and Vikingen, and also the newspaper Verdens Gang. Selected illustrations were published in Fra Uret til Grand, Norske Politici (1895), and Skyggebilder (1912). His sculptures include statues or busts of Prime Ministers Johan Sverdrup, Jørgen Løvland, and Gunnar Knudsen.

Gunnar Knudsen
Gunnar Knudsen (19 September 1848 – 1 December 1928), born Aanon Gunerius Knudsen, was a Norwegian politician from the Liberal Party who served as the prime minister of Norway twice from 1908 to 1910 and from 1913 to 1920. He also inherited a shipping company, and founded the shipping company Borgestad ASA.
Public Law 113-127
Pub. L. 113–127 (text) (PDF) (H.R. 2388) is a United States public law that would take specified federal land in El Dorado County, California, into trust for the Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians. The United States Secretary of the Interior would be responsible for carrying this out.

The bill passed both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress. President Barack Obama signed into law on July 16, 2014, making it Pub. L. 113–127 (text) (PDF).

113th United States Congress
The 113th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2013, to January 3, 2015, during the fifth and sixth years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States census. It first met in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2013, and it ended on January 3, 2015. Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress.

The Senate had a Democratic majority, while the House had a Republican majority; such a split would not be repeated until the 118th Congress. This was the last time Democrats held control of the Senate until the 117th Congress in 2021.
Sepoy
A sepoy (/ˈsiːpɔɪ/) was the designation given to an Indian infantryman armed with a musket in the armies of the Mughal Empire and the British East India Company.

In the 18th century, the French East India Company and its European counterparts employed locally recruited soldiers within India, mainly consisting of infantry designated as "sepoys". The largest sepoy force, trained along European lines, served the British East India Company.

The term "sipahi" (or sometimes "sepoy") continues in use in the Indian, Pakistan and Nepalese armies, where it denotes the rank of private.

French Indies Company
The French Indies Company (French: Compagnie française des Indes orientales) was the main French overseas trading company during most of Louis XV's long reign in the 18th century. It emerged in March 1723 from the reorganization of John Law's Company following the termination of John Law's giant monetary experiment which the company had channelled. As a delayed consequence of the Seven Years' War, the company's privilege was eventually withdrawn in 1769, and the company was liquidated the next year.: 42