hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Experimental data
Experimental data in science and engineering is data produced by a measurement, test method, experimental design or quasi-experimental design. In clinical research any data produced are the result of a clinical trial. Experimental data may be qualitative or quantitative, each being appropriate for different investigations.

Generally speaking, qualitative data are considered more descriptive and can be subjective in comparison to having a continuous measurement scale that produces numbers.  Whereas quantitative data are gathered in a manner that is normally experimentally repeatable, qualitative information is usually more closely related to phenomenal meaning and is, therefore, subject to interpretation by individual observers.

Experimental data can be reproduced by a variety of different investigators and mathematical analysis may be performed on these data.

Quasi-experiment
A quasi-experiment is a research design used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention. Quasi-experiments share similarities with experiments and randomized controlled trials, but specifically lack random assignment to treatment or control. Instead, quasi-experimental designs typically allow assignment to treatment condition to proceed how it would in the absence of an experiment.

The causal analysis of quasi-experiments depends on assumptions that render non-randomness irrelevant (e.g., the parallel trends assumption for DiD), and thus it is subject to concerns regarding internal validity if the treatment and control groups are not be comparable at baseline. In other words, it may be difficult to convincingly demonstrate a causal link between the treatment condition and observed outcomes in quasi-experimental designs. This is particularly true if there are confounding variables that cannot be controlled or accounted for.
Foreign nobility in Norway
Foreign nobility in Norway refers to foreign persons and families of nobility who in past and present have lived in Norway as well as to non-noble Norwegians who have enjoyed foreign noble status. Although being noble in their native countries, their foreign noble status did not automatically lead to naturalisation when entering the Kingdom. While some immigrant families were naturalised and became a part of the Norwegian nobility and later the Dano-Norwegian nobility, like Wedel-Jarlsberg, others did not apply for or receive a particular recognition, like de Créqui dit la Roche.

Counts of Wedel-Jarlsberg
The Count of Wedel-Jarlsberg (also Wedel Jarlsberg) is a title of the Norwegian nobility and of the Danish nobility. The family of Wedel-Jarlsberg is a branch of the larger family von Wedel, which comes from Pomerania, Germany. Family members have had a significant position in the 18th and 19th centuries' Norwegian history.

Feudal Count Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg played in 1814 an active role in the constitutional assembly at Eidsvoll, and was the first native Norwegian to hold the post of Governor-general of Norway (representing the absent king as head of the Norwegian cabinet) during the union with Sweden.
Shurtleff
Shurtleff is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Shurtleff (1870–1957), American urban planner

Bert Shurtleff (1897–1967), National Football League player in the 1920s

Edward D. Shurtleff (1863–1936), American jurist and politician

Mark Shurtleff (born 1957), former attorney general of Utah

Michael Shurtleff (1920–2007), actor and casting director

Nathaniel B. Shurtleff (1810–1874), politician and 20th mayor of Boston, Massachusetts

Roswell Morse Shurtleff (1838–1915), American painter and illustrator

William Lewis Shurtleff (1864–1954), attorney for Harry Kendall Thaw

William Shurtleff (born 1941), American writer about soy foods

Mark Shurtleff
Mark Leonard Shurtleff (born August 9, 1957) is an American attorney, former three-term Utah Attorney General, and founder of the Shurtleff Law Firm and the Shurtleff Group. He was a partner in the Washington, D.C. office of the law firm Troutman Sanders and served as a Salt Lake County Commissioner prior to being elected as Attorney General of the state of Utah.
Camburg
Camburg (German pronunciation: [ˈkambʊʁk]) is a town in the Saale-Holzland district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Saale, 18 km northeast of Jena, and 13 km southwest of Naumburg. Since 1 December 2008, it is part of the town Dornburg-Camburg.

The first mention of Camburg dates from 1088, and during the Middle Ages the Burg was a residence of the Wettiner family. Camburg castle controls a crossing of the Saale which was an important trade route for salt being carried from Bad Sulza towards the south east.

The valley of the Saale cuts through Muschelkalk cliffs, in which a hermit's cave, the Klausloch, can still be seen to the north east of the town. Across the river, the ruins of St Cyriak's church date from around AD 1000.

Camburg's Museum in Amtshof 1–2 has exhibits from pre-historic to recent times, including a working example of a Spieluhr.

Naumburg
Naumburg (German: [ˈnaʊmbʊɐ̯k] ⓘ) is a town in (and the administrative capital of) the district Burgenlandkreis, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Central Germany. It has a population of around 33,000. The Naumburg Cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2018. This UNESCO designation recognizes the processes that shaped the European continent during the High Middle Ages between 1000 and 1300: Christianization, the so-called "Landesausbau"  and the dynamics of cultural exchange and transfer characteristic for this very period.
Argos Theater
The Argos Theater was built in 320 BC. and is located in Argos, Greece against Larissa Hill. Nearby from this site is Agora, Roman Odeon, and the Baths of Argos. The theater is one of the largest architectural developments in Greece and was renovated in ca 120 AD.

Agora
The agora (/ˈæɡərə/; Ancient Greek: ἀγορά, romanized: agorá, meaning "market" in Modern Greek) was a central public space in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word "agora" is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of the athletic, artistic, business, social, spiritual, and political life in the city. The Ancient Agora of Athens is the best example.
Queen Joséphine Gallery
The Queen Joséphine Gallery (Galleri Dronning Joséphine) is situated on the grounds of Oscarshall at Bygdøy in Oslo, Norway.

Queen Joséphine Gallery was named in honor of Queen Josephine, wife of King Oscar I of Sweden. Oscarshall summer palace was completed in 1852  and named after King Oscar I. The Swedish Royal Family art collection at Oscarhall constitutes the basis for the fine art collection contained at the gallery.  Queen Joséphine Gallery was officially opened by Queen Sonja on 13 June 2013. Its main focus is on graphic prints / paper based art.

Swedish royal family
The Swedish royal family  since 1818 has consisted of members of the Swedish Royal House of Bernadotte (Swedish: Kungahuset), closely related to the King of Sweden. Today those members who are recognized by the king are entitled to royal titles and styles (manner of address), and perform official engagements and ceremonial duties of state. The extended family of the King (Swedish: Kungafamiljen) consists of other close relatives who are not royal and thus do not represent the country officially.
Sabine Hauswirth
Sabine Hauswirth (born 8 December 1987) is a Swiss orienteering competitor.

She won a gold medal in the relay in the 2014 World Orienteering Championships in Asiago-Lavarone with the Swiss team, and placed 14th in the middle distance.

She ranked third at the 2017 World Games in Wrocław, Poland in the middle-distance and second in the mixed sprint relay.

As a junior, she won a bronze medal in the relay at the 2007 Junior World Championships in Dubbo, where she also placed fourth in the long course.

Asiago
Asiago (Italian: [aˈzjaːɡo]; Venetian: Axiago, Cimbrian: Slege, German: Schlägen [ˈʃlɛːɡn̩]) is a minor township (population roughly 6,500) with the title of city in the surrounding plateau region (the Altopiano di Asiago or Altopiano dei Sette Comuni, Asiago plateau) in the Province of Vicenza in the Veneto region of Northeastern Italy. It is near the border between the Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regions in the foothills of the Alps, approximately equidistant (60 km) from Trento to the west and Vicenza to the south. The Asiago region is the origin of Asiago cheese.  The town was the site of a major battle between Austrian and Italian forces on the Alpine Front of World War I.  It is a major ski resort destination, and the site of the Astrophysical Observatory of Asiago, operated by the University of Padua.
Boniface Merande
Boniface Merande (born 13 February 1962) is a retired Kenyan long-distance runner, who represented his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Four years later he finished in 14th position in the 1992 Olympic Marathon.

He finished seventh at the 1993 World Championships in 2:18:52 hours. He also won a bronze medal in 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1989 African Championships and finished 14th at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
The men's marathon at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, was held on Sunday August 9, 1992. The race started at 18:30h local time. One hundred and ten athletes from 72 nations started; 87 athletes completed the race, with Pyambuugiin Tuul from Mongolia finishing in last position in 4:00:44 (the first Olympic marathon runner to finish over 4 hours since 1908). The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by Hwang Young-Cho of South Korea, the nation's first Olympic men's marathon medal. Koichi Morishita's silver was Japan's first medal in the event since 1968. Stephan Freigang of Germany took bronze, the first medal for Germany in the event though East Germany had won two golds (both by Waldemar Cierpinski) during partition.
Trygve Fjetland
Trygve Kornelius Fjetland (6 March 1926 – 28 October 2013) was a Norwegian businessperson.

He was born in Jelsa, took his secondary education at Rogaland Country Secondary School and graduated with the siv.øk. degree from the Norwegian School of Economics in 1953. In 1962 he founded the electronics retailer Elektrokjøp, later Elkjøp. He retired as chief executive officer in 1986, but continued in the company board.

He resided at Storo in Oslo. In December 2012 he was awarded the King's Medal of Merit. He was also a founder and honorary member of Maridalen Rotary. He died in October 2013.

King's Medal of Merit
The King's Medal of Merit (Norwegian: Kongens fortjenstmedalje) is a Norwegian award. It was instituted in 1908 to reward meritorious achievements in the fields of art, science, business, and public service. It is divided in two classes: gold and silver. The medal in gold is rewarded for extraordinary achievements of importance to the nation and society while the medal in silver may be awarded for lesser achievements. It is suspended from a ribbon in the colours of the Royal Standard of Norway.

The medal in gold is ranked eighth in the ranking of Norwegian orders and medals. The medal in silver is ranked 11th.
Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)
Yesün Temür (Mongolian: Есөн Төмөр ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ; Chinese: 也孫鐵木兒, 1293 – August 15, 1328) was a great-grandson of Kublai Khan and an emperor of the Yuan dynasty from 1323 to 1328. Apart from being Emperor of China, he is regarded as the 10th Khagan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. In Chinese historiography, Yesün Temür, who was very fond of the traditional ways of the Mongols, is commonly known as the Taiding Emperor of Yuan (Chinese: 元泰定帝) based on his first era name. His name means "nine iron" in the Mongolian language.

He was probably the emperor visited by the Franciscan friar Odoric, who left an excellent record of his travels.

Chinese era name
Chinese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, or more formally in 110 BCE. This system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence.
Binfield F.C.
Binfield Football Club is a football club based in Binfield, near Bracknell, Berkshire, England. Affiliated to the Berks & Bucks Football Association, the club are currently members of the Isthmian League South Central Division and play at Hill Farm Lane. Their nickname is the Moles.

2020–21 FA Vase
The 2020–21 Buildbase FA Vase was the 47th season of the FA Vase, an annual football competition for teams playing in Levels 9 and 10 (steps 5 & 6) of the English National League System. The competition was played with two qualifying rounds followed by six proper rounds, semi-finals, and the final played at Wembley Stadium. All ties this season were played to a finish on the day. For this season there were no replays  in any of the rounds  to minimise fixture congestion due to late start of the football season brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. If games finished level after 90 minutes, the match was decided by penalties to find the winner of the tie, apart from the Final where there were 30 minutes extra time (15 minutes each way) followed by penalties if still level after the extra time period.

Due to UK Government guidelines in relation to COVID-19, the 2020–21 competition's qualifying began before the 2019–20 final was played.
Talatu
Talatu // ⓘ is a Nigerian female given name predominantly used among Muslims. It is derived from Arabic (يوم الثلاثاء), Talata lending itself to the word for "Tuesday" in the Chadic languages (e.g., Hausa, Kanuri). Thus, it is given to Tuesday-born girls.

Chadic languages
The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 196 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa, a lingua franca of much of inland Eastern West Africa, particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.
Harz (electoral district)
Harz is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 68. It is located in western Saxony-Anhalt, comprising the district of Harz.

Harz was created for the inaugural 1990 federal election after German reunification. From 2009 to 2020, it has been represented by Heike Brehmer of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Since 2025 it is been represented by Christina Baum of the AfD.

Christina Baum
Christina Baum (née Sauser; born 21 March 1956) is a German politician from the AfD. She has been a Member of the German Bundestag from Baden-Württemberg since 2021.

Christina Baum is a dentist.

She is a proponent of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory and is referred to multiple times in a 2024 Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution report about the orientation of the AfD.
Howl of the Devil
Howl of the Devil (Spanish: El aullido del diablo) is a Spanish horror film written, directed by and starring Paul Naschy, along with Caroline Munro, Howard Vernon, and Naschy's son Sergio Molina (credited as Serg Mills). The film was finished in 1988 (according to its copyright date) and intended as a comeback vehicle for Naschy (who had not headlined a film since 1984), but due to various factors never received any significant theatrical release and was widely unavailable until 2021.

The film is notable for providing Naschy—famed as the "Spanish Lon Chaney"—an opportunity to briefly portray a wide variety of classic horror characters, including Quasimodo, Frankenstein's Monster, Mr. Hyde, The Phantom of the Opera, Grigori Rasputin, Fu Manchu, Bluebeard, The Devil and his own iconic character Waldemar Daninsky from the Hombre Lobo films.

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (character)
Dr Henry Jekyll, along with his alter ego Mr Edward Hyde, is the central character of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. In the story, Dr Jekyll is a good friend of main protagonist Gabriel John Utterson. Living in Leicester Square, west of Covent Garden, Jekyll is a kind and respected English doctor struggling with repressed evil urges. As a potential solution, he develops a serum that he believes will effectively remove his more twisted traits. Instead, Jekyll transforms into Edward Hyde, the physical and mental manifestation of his own misdeeds. This process happens more regularly until Jekyll becomes unable to control when the transformations occur. Dr Jekyll roams Soho as Mr Hyde and Dr Jekyll inhabits Leicester Square as himself.
MessageMe
MessageMe was a messaging app and platform for the iPhone and Android. It launched in March 2013 and grew to 5 million users within 3 months. The app allowed users to send and receive videos, photos, stickers, and voice messages in addition to text.

MessageMe was acquired and shutdown by Yahoo in 2014 for a price rumored between $30 million and $40 million.

Facebook Platform
The Facebook Platform is the set of services, tools, and products provided by the social networking service Facebook for third-party developers to create their own applications and services that access data in Facebook.

The current Facebook Platform was launched in 2010.  The platform offers a set of programming interfaces and tools which enable developers to integrate with the open "social graph" of personal relations and other things like songs, places, and Facebook pages. Applications on facebook.com, external websites, and devices are all allowed to access the graph.
Cevital
Cevital is the largest private conglomerate in Algeria, with interests in the agri-food sector, retail, industry and services, created by Issad Rebrab. The company's headquarters are in Kouba, Algeria. Cevital is a founding member of the Desertec project. The company's earnings in 2009 were US$3,589 million.

Kouba, Algeria
Kouba is a suburb situated on a height just south-east of the central city of Algiers in northern Algeria.
It is home to the Kouba city council, which was built during the French colonial times. Its name refers to "Qubba", which means "dome".
Paulo Leminski
Paulo Leminski Filho (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈpawlu leˈmĩski ˈfiʎu]; August 24, 1944 – June 7, 1989) was a Brazilian writer, poet, translator, journalist, advertising professional, songwriter, literary critic, biographer, teacher and judoka. He was noted for his avant-garde work, an experimental novel and poetry inspired in concrete poetry, as well as abundant short lyrics derived from haiku and related forms. He had a remarkable poetry, as he invented his own way of writing, with puns, jokes with popular sayings and the influence of haiku, in addition to abusing slangs and profanity.

Profanity
Profanity, also known as swearing, cursing, or cussing, is the usage of notionally offensive words for a variety of purposes, including to demonstrate disrespect or negativity, to relieve pain, to express a strong emotion (such as anger, excitement, or surprise), as a grammatical intensifier or emphasis, or to express informality or conversational intimacy. In many formal or polite social situations, it is considered impolite (a violation of social norms), and in some religious groups it is considered a sin. Profanity includes slurs, but most profanities are not slurs, and there are many insults that do not use swear words.

Swear words can be discussed or even sometimes used for the same purpose without causing offense or being considered impolite if they are obscured (e.g. "fuck" becomes "f***" or "the f-word") or substituted with a minced oath like "flip".
Ex (Elvana Gjata, DJ Gimi-O and Bardhi song)
"Ex" (stylised in all caps) is a song by Albanian singer and songwriter Elvana Gjata, German-Albanian disc jockey DJ Gimi-O and Macedonian rapper Bardhi. The song was written by Gjata, Bardhi, DJ Gimi-O and Çelik Lipa, with production from the latter two. Loudcom Media under exclusive license from East Music Matters distributed it as a single for digital download and streaming on 24 February 2022. An uptempo Balkan and Mediterranean-influenced Albanian pop love song, its Albanian-language lyrics reflect the difficulties and hardships faced in getting over a failed relationship.

Upon release, several music critics applauded the composition and production of "Ex" as well as its music video. Commercially, the song reached number 19 in Switzerland and number 20 on the Billboard Switzerland Songs chart. Featuring a message of embracing the beginning of summer, an accompanying colorful music video was filmed in Tirana, Albania, and premiered on Gjata's YouTube channel on 16 March 2022.

Glossary of music terminology
A variety of musical terms are encountered in printed scores, music reviews, and program notes. Most of the terms are Italian, in accordance with the Italian origins of many European musical conventions. Sometimes, the special musical meanings of these phrases differ from the original or current Italian meanings. Most of the other terms are taken from French and German, indicated by Fr. and Ger., respectively.

Unless specified, the terms are Italian or English. The list can never be complete: some terms are common, and others are used only occasionally, and new ones are coined from time to time. Some composers prefer terms from their own language rather than the standard terms listed here.
Brecksville-Northfield High Level Bridge
The Brecksville-Northfield High Level Bridge is a bridge in Greater Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., connecting Brecksville in Cuyahoga County with Sagamore Hills Township in Summit County. It is located in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park.

In 2012, five men whom authorities identified as "self-described anarchists" were arrested and accused of planning to blow up the bridge. The five were accused of planting what they thought were explosives and attempting to detonate it with a cell phone. Following guilty pleas and one conviction, the men were sentenced between November 2012 and October 2013.

A project to replace portions of the bridge began in 2025. In preparation for this project, workers discovered a crack in a bridge column, prompting a short-term closure of the bridge.

Brecksville, Ohio
Brecksville is a city in southern Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The city's population was 13,635 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of Cleveland and is included in the Cleveland metropolitan area.
2025 Ireland rugby union tour of Georgia and Portugal
As part of the 2025 July internationals, Ireland rugby union team faced Georgia and Portugal.

This was the first time Georgia hosted Ireland in a test match, and the first time Ireland and Portugal have faced each other.

This was Ireland's first tour to a Tier 2 nation since their 2017 tour to Japan, and their first in Europe since 1988.

The tour coincided with the 2025 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia, meaning the Irish squad was without 15 of their senior players, and coaching team of Andy Farrell, Simon Easterby, John Fogarty and Andrew Goodman.

John Fogarty (rugby union, born 1977)
John Fogarty (born 18 October 1977) is an Irish rugby union coach and former player who is now scrum coach for Ireland. During his playing career he played as a hooker for three of the four Irish provincial teams; Munster, Connacht and Leinster. At international level, Fogarty played for Ireland A and won one cap for Ireland.