hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nahrain University
Nahrain University (Arabic: جامعة النهرين), also known as Al-Nahrain University, is a coeducational public university established in 1987 and located in Baghdad, Iraq. The university offers undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as research opportunities. From 1987 to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, the university was known as Saddam University which was then changed to its current name "Nahrain" meaning The Two Rivers (as in the two rivers of Iraq: Tigris and Euphrates).

Kadhimiya
Kadhimiya (Arabic: ٱلْكَاظِمِيَّة, pronounced [alˈkaːðˤɪmijːa]) or Kadhimayn (ٱلْكَاظِمَيْن) is a northern neighbourhood of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the city center, on the west bank of the Tigris. 'Kadhimiya' is also the name of one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad. As the place of the al-Kadhimiya Mosque, even before its incorporation into the urban area of Baghdad, it is regarded as a holy city by Twelver Shia Muslims.

The neighborhood is home to families of the upper-class aristocratic class, including the Al-Chalabi family, who historically governed Kadhimiya and administered the town's affairs between 1720 and 1865. In addition, some of its people worked in goldsmithing and trade. Before the 14 July Revolution, Kadhimiya was inhabited by members of the royal-era parliament. Some popular politicians and leaders, such as Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali, hailed from the region.
Rocky Mountain Animal Defense
Rocky Mountain Animal Defense (RMAD) was a U.S.-based non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that helped eliminate the human-imposed suffering of animals in the Rocky Mountain region. The group was formed in 1994. RMAD furthered its mission through public education, community outreach, litigation, legislation and hands-on work. As of May, 2010, the group was renamed Rocky Mountain Justice for Animals under the leadership of Executive Director Karen Breslin.

501(c) organization
A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for obtaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.
Conservatism in Japan
Conservatism in Japan (Japanese: 保守主義, romanized: hoshu shugi) is the dominant ideology of the country's post-war politics, notably through the establishment of the "1955 System" under the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Since its inception in 1955, the LDP has been a dominant force in Japanese politics, embodying the party's conservative policies and shaping the country's governance for much of the post-war era.

Mainstream contemporary Japanese conservatives largely believe in stances such as revising the Constitution and a pro-United States foreign policy, while some hold positions including calls for remilitarization and a stronger foreign policy against China and North Korea and sometimes South Korea and Russia. Additionally, radical conservatives express anti-LGBT and anti-immigration sentiments, as well as engaging in denial of Japanese war crimes prior to and during World War II.

Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
Anti-Chinese sentiment has been present in Japan since ancient times. While Japan was historically influenced by China with its writing system, architecture, and religion, negative sentiment of China has persisted to modern times, due to nationalistic and historical disputes.
Pravachakan
Pravachakan is a 1993 Indian Malayalam movie directed by P. G. Viswambharan. The film has notable actors, like Mukesh, Siddique, Shenbaga, Keerikkadan Jose, Mamukkoya, Narendra Prasad, and Rajan P. Dev. It received mixed reviews from critics and audiences. It was a hit at the box office.

Mamukkoya
Mamukkoya (5 July 1946 – 26 April 2023) was an Indian actor known for his work predominately in Malayalam cinema. He mostly appeared in comedic roles. His unique usage of Kozhikode dialect and style marked his presence in the industry. In a career spanning over four decades, Mamukkoya acted in more than 450 Malayalam films and was the first winner of the State award for best comedian in Malayalam cinema.
ISO 3166-2:WF
ISO 3166-2:WF is the entry for Wallis and Futuna in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Wallis and Futuna, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for three administrative precincts.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is WF, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Wallis and Futuna. The second part is two letters.

Wallis and Futuna, an overseas territorial collectivity of France, is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code WF. Moreover, it is also assigned the ISO 3166-2 code FR-WF under the entry for France.

Province
A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Turkey. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.
La Violeta de oro
La Violeta de oro was a Catalan magazine that was first published in October 1851. The editor-in-chief was Víctor Balaguer. Behind the publication of the magazine was the "Sociedad Filarmónica Literaria" (a literary society), which had a very high prestige regarding music. After two months, Victor Balaguer had to leave the magazine. As a consequence, it disappeared on December 20, 1851, with only 9 issues published. Regarding the format of the magazine, it had 8 pages and a monthly subscription cost of 1 peseta. It was printed by "Imprenta del Porvenir" (Barcelona).

Spanish peseta
The peseta (/pəˈseɪtə/, Spanish: [peˈseta]) was the currency of Spain between 1868 and 2002. Along with the French franc, it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender).
Wells Fargo Museum (Phoenix)
The Wells Fargo Museum in Phoenix was one of eleven museums throughout the United States of the Wells Fargo Bank. The other museums were located in Alaska, Charlotte, Des Moines, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Portland, Sacramento, San Diego and San Francisco. The Phoenix museum was located in downtown Phoenix in the Wells Fargo Plaza.

The museum highlighted the role which Wells Fargo played in the settlement of the Territory of Arizona by the pioneers from the eastern United States. The museum had various exhibits. Among the exhibits was a replica of a 19th-century Wells Fargo bank branch.

Following its closure due to COVID-19 restrictions in early 2020, the museum was closed permanently in September 2020, along with most other Wells Fargo Museums.

Eastern United States
The Eastern United States, often abbreviated as simply the East, is a macroregion of the United States located to the east of the Mississippi River. It variably includes between 17 and 26 states and Washington, D.C., the national capital.

As of 2011, the Eastern United States had an estimated population exceeding 179 million, representing the majority (over 58 percent) of the total U.S. population.

The three most populous cities in the Eastern United States are New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia.
Battle of Matejče
The Battle of Matejče (Macedonian: Битката кај Матејче Albanian: Beteja e Mateçit) was a military confrontation between the National Liberation Army (NLA) and the Macedonian Army in the village of Matejče during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia. The NLA succeeded in capturing the village on 5 June 2001 and the Macedonian Army was forced to withdraw from Matejče. The Macedonian Army continued to shell Matejče until 11 June 2001.

Army of North Macedonia
The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonian: Армија на Република Северна Македонија, APCM, romanized: Armija na Republika Severna Makedonija, ARSM) is the military of North Macedonia. The army is organized, prepared and trained to conduct armed struggle and combat and other actions to achieve its constitutional function of defending the independence and territorial integrity of North Macedonia. The army consists of the ground forces and the air force, which are further divided into branches and services. The army has a permanent composition and reserve forces. Since 2005, it is a fully professional defense force compatible with NATO standards.
On 27 March 2020, North Macedonia joined NATO as the 30th member.
Northwest Passage (album)
Northwest Passage is a 1981 album by Stan Rogers. "Northwest Passage" compares the singer's own travels across the prairie provinces to the exploratory adventures of Sir John Franklin, Alexander Mackenzie, David Thompson, and Henry Kelsey. "The Idiot" is about a man from the Maritimes working in Alberta who yearns for his home. "Night Guard" deals with modern-day cattle rustling, and "The Field Behind the Plow" addresses the triumphs and tragedies of grain farming in Saskatchewan.

Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)
Sir Alexander Mackenzie (c. 1764 – 12 March 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer and fur trader known for accomplishing the first crossing of North America north of Mexico by a European in 1793. The Mackenzie River and Mount Sir Alexander are named after him.

As a leading member of the North West Company, he aspired to extend the Company's operations into western Canada and sell furs gained from there in China. His ambitions competed with the monopoly positions of both the Hudson's Bay Company and the East India Company.
Arsen Kanokov
Arsen Bashirovich Kanokov (Kabardian: Къанокъуэ Арсен, Qanoqwə Arsen; Russian: Арсен Баширович Каноков; born February 22, 1957) is a Russian politician, who served as head of the Kabardino-Balkaria republic from 2005 to 2013.

Kabardino-Balkaria
Kabardino-Balkaria (Russian: Кабарди́но-Балка́рия), officially the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 904,200. Its capital is Nalchik. The area contains the highest mountain in Europe,  Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 m (18,510 ft). Mount Elbrus has 22 glaciers that feed three rivers — Baksan, Malka and Kuban. The mountain is covered with snow year-round.
Stephanie Alfonso of Castile
Stephanie Alfonso of Castile (Spanish: Estefanía Alfonso de Castilla) (1139/1148 – 1 July 1180) was an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Castile and Urraca Fernández de Castro, widow of Count Rodrigo Martínez, who was Urraca's cousin or uncle. Her murder by her husband, Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, earned her the sobriquet Stephanie the Unfortunate (Estefanía la Desdichada).

Sobriquet
A sobriquet (/ˈsoʊ.brɪ.ˌkeɪ, ˌsoʊ.brɪ.ˈkeɪ/ SOH-brih-kay, -⁠KAY) is a descriptive nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another. A sobriquet is distinct from a pseudonym in that it is typically a familiar name used in place of a real name without the need for explanation; it may even become more familiar than the original name.

An example is Mohandas Gandhi, who is better known as Mahatma Gandhi ("mahatma" means "great soul" in Sanskrit).

The term sobriquet is equally applicable as a name for a person, group of people, historical event, or place. Well-known places often have sobriquets, such as New York City, often called the "Big Apple", or Rome, the "Eternal City", or Vienna, the "Golden Apple" or Paris the "City of Light".
Dance Hall (1929 film)
Dance Hall is a 1929 American pre-Code musical film directed by Melville Brown and written by Jane Murfin and J. Walter Ruben, based on the short story of the same name by Vina Delmar. The film centers a love triangle with a shipping clerk competing with a dashing aviator for the affections of a young taxi dancer. It was Radio Pictures' second to last release of the decade, and was a critical and financial flop.

Jane Murfin
Jane Murfin, née Macklem (October 27, 1884 – August 10, 1955) was an American playwright and screenwriter. The author of several successful plays, she wrote some of them with actress Jane Cowl—most notably Smilin' Through (1919), which was adapted three times for motion pictures. In Hollywood Murfin became a popular screenwriter whose credits include What Price Hollywood? (1932), for which she received an Academy Award nomination. In the 1920s she lived with Laurence Trimble, writing and producing films for their dog Strongheart, the first major canine star.
2023 in chess
The main events in the 2023 chess calendar are the World Chess Championship 2023 and Women's World Chess Championship 2023. The top three finishers from the Chess World Cup 2023, the winner and runner-up of the FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2023 and the winner of the FIDE Circuit 2023 will qualify for the Candidates Tournament 2024. FIDE Circuit is the new path to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. One player who would achieve the highest results during 2023 in eligible tournaments gets the spot in the Candidates. The final score is calculated as the sum of the player's five highest scores.

Candidates Tournament 2024
The 2024 Candidates Tournament was an eight-player chess tournament, held to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2024. The tournament took place at The Great Hall in Toronto, Canada, from 3–22 April 2024. The event was held alongside the Women's Candidates Tournament. As with every Candidates tournament since 2013, it was a double round-robin tournament.

The event was won by Gukesh Dommaraju, which made him the youngest ever winner of a Candidates Tournament, and the youngest ever World Chess Championship challenger. He earned the right to play the World Chess Championship 2024 against the defending World Chess Champion Ding Liren; he went on to win and become the youngest undisputed World Chess Champion.
Bunta Sugawara
Bunta Sugawara (Japanese: 菅原 文太, Hepburn: Sugawara Bunta; August 16, 1933 – November 28, 2014) was a Japanese actor who appeared in almost 200 feature films. Dropping out of Waseda University, he worked as a model before entering the film industry in 1956. After years of work, Sugawara finally established himself as a famous actor at the age of 39, with the lead role of Shozo Hirono in the Battles Without Honor and Humanity series (1973–1976) of yakuza films. He quickly found additional success starring as the truck driver Momojiro Hoshi in the comedic Torakku Yarō series (1975–1979). In 1980, Sugawara won the Japan Academy Prize for Best Supporting Actor for his role as a detective in the satirical Taiyō o Nusunda Otoko (1979).

Cops vs. Thugs
Cops vs. Thugs (県警対組織暴力, Kenkei tai Soshiki Bōryoku; lit. "Police vs. Violence Groups") is a 1975 Japanese yakuza film directed by Kinji Fukasaku. It won two Blue Ribbon Awards in 1976: Best Director (Fukasaku) and Best Actor (Sugawara). Complex named it number 6 on their list of The 25 Best Yakuza Movies. Kino International released the film on DVD in North America in 2006.
Schildenstein
47°36′N 11°44′E﻿ / ﻿47.600°N 11.733°E﻿ / 47.600; 11.733

The Schildenstein is a 1613 m high mountain in the Mangfall Mountains in Bavaria.
The peak can be reached after an easy hike from Kreuth over the Geißalm and Königsalm. The route via the Wolfsschlucht, on the other hand, is made secure by wire cables.  The Blauberge are connected to the East side of the Schildenstein.

The Kavalierhaus on the Königsalm was built in 1818 by the King of Bavaria, Maximilian I. The king was said to have frequented the Alpine pasture. The wooden structure  nearby dates from 1723, and is the largest historic alpine hut in the Miesbach district.

Miesbach (district)
Miesbach (German: [ˈmiːsˌbax] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Munich and Rosenheim, and by the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Spades Wharf Island
40°11′24″N 76°46′7″W﻿ / ﻿40.19000°N 76.76861°W﻿ / 40.19000; -76.76861

Spades Wharf Island is a small island in the Susquehanna River in Lower Swatara Township, Pennsylvania, near Highspire, Pennsylvania. Near the Harrisburg International Airport, the island itself is part of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands and is known for its small shape.

Harrisburg International Airport
Harrisburg International Airport (IATA: MDT, ICAO: KMDT, FAA LID: MDT) is a public airport in Lower Swatara Township, Pennsylvania, United States, nine miles (14 km) southeast of Harrisburg. It is owned by the Susquehanna Area Regional Airport Authority.

The airport code MDT refers to Middletown, the city name specified on the postal address of the airport. Planes landing at MDT from the south are often routed near Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station a few miles from the airport. The airport, frequently referred to as HIA, is the primary commercial airport in South Central Pennsylvania and is the third-busiest airport in Pennsylvania for passenger enplanements and cargo shipments behind Philadelphia International Airport and Pittsburgh International Airport. In terms of total yearly aircraft operations within Pennsylvania, MDT is the fifth-busiest, behind Lancaster and Lehigh Valley International, according to FAA data from 2024 and 2025.
Dž
Dž (titlecase form; all-capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Gaj's Latin alphabet for Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian), after D and before Đ.

It is pronounced [ɖʐ] or [d͡ʒ], like "j" in English. Dž is a digraph that corresponds to the letter Dzhe (Џ/џ) of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. It is also the tenth letter of the Slovak alphabet. Although several other languages (see below) also use the letter combination DŽ, they treat it as a pair of the letters D and Ž, not as a single distinct letter.

When the letter is the initial of a capitalised word (like Džungla or Džemper, or personal names like Džemal or Džamonja), the ž is not uppercase. Only when the whole word is written in uppercase, is the Ž capitalised.

The capitalized version of this letter ('Ǆ'), as a single character in Unicode, is also the largest character amongst every Latin character in size (in blocks Basic Latin, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B).

Latin Extended-B
Latin Extended-B is the fourth block (0180-024F) of the Unicode Standard. It has been included since version 1.0, where it was only allocated to the code points 0180-01FF and contained 113 characters. During unification with ISO 10646 for version 1.1, the block range was extended by 80 code points and another 35 characters were assigned. In version 3.0 and later, the last 60 available code points in the block were assigned. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was Extended Latin.
2000 Mid-American Conference baseball tournament
The 2000 Mid-American Conference baseball tournament took place in May 2000. The top three regular season finishers from each division met in the double-elimination tournament held at Gene Michael Field on the campus of Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. This was the twelfth Mid-American Conference postseason tournament to determine a champion. Third seed from the east Miami won their second tournament championship to earn the conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.

Miami RedHawks baseball
The Miami RedHawks baseball team (formerly the Miami Redskins) is the varsity intercollegiate baseball team of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, United States. The team is a member of the Mid-American Conference, which competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I.

Beginning play in 1915, and Mid-American Conference (MAC) play in 1948, Miami has made the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 7 times. The team has won 4 MAC conference championships, 3 MAC East Division titles (divisional play in the MAC was held from 1998 to 2017), and 3 MAC Tournament titles (the tournament began in 1981).  The team plays its home games at McKie Field at Hayden Park in Oxford, Ohio.
Juho Astala
Juho Kustaa Astala (17 September 1860 – 25 December 1936) was a Finnish farmer and politician, born in Urjala. He was a member of the Diet of Finland from 1904 to 1906 and of the Parliament of Finland from 1910 to 1913 and from 1918 to 1919. He represented the Young Finnish Party until 1918 and the National Progressive Party from 1918 to 1919.

Young Finnish Party
The Young Finnish Party or Constitutional-Fennoman Party (Finnish: Nuorsuomalainen Puolue or Perustuslaillis-Suomenmielinen Puolue) was a liberal and nationalist political party in the Grand Duchy of Finland. It began as an upper-class reformist movement during the 1870s and formed as a political party in 1894.
The Stars Salute Israel at 30
The Stars Salute Israel at 30 was a 1978 American television special broadcast on ABC. The program was a musical television special held to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. It was viewed by an audience of 18.7 million.

It was held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Los Angeles Music Center. It was simultaneously broadcast to an audience at the Grand Ballroom of the Jerusalem Hilton Hotel. The show was the only time that a foreign nation has been celebrated on American network television at prime time.

Prime time
Prime time (sometimes spelled primetime), or peak time, is the block of broadcast programming taking place during the middle of the evening for television shows. It is mostly targeted towards adults (and sometimes families). It is used by the major television networks to broadcast their season's nightly programming. The term prime-time is often defined in terms of a fixed time period—for example, (in the United States), from 8:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. (Eastern and Pacific Time) or 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. (Central and Mountain Time). In India and some Middle Eastern countries, prime time consists of programmes that are aired on television between 8:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. local time.
Political offence exception
A political offence exception (or exemption) is a provision which limits the obligation of a sovereign state under an extradition or mutual legal assistance treaty or statute. Such provisions allow the state whose assistance has been requested ("the requested party") to refuse to hand over a suspect to – or to gather evidence on behalf of – another state ("the requesting party"), if the requested party's competent authority determines that the requesting party seeks assistance in order to prosecute an offence of a political character.

Mutual legal assistance treaty
A mutual legal assistance treaty (MLAT) is an agreement between two or more countries for the purpose of gathering and exchanging information in an effort to enforce public or criminal laws. A mutual legal assistance request is commonly used to formally interrogate a suspect in a criminal case, when the suspect resides in a foreign country.