hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Milwaukee Formation
The Milwaukee Formation is a fossil-bearing geological formation of Middle Devonian age in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. It stands out for the exceptional diversity of its fossil biota. Included are many kinds of marine protists, invertebrates, and fishes, as well as early trees and giant fungi.

Once a prolific source of fossils, the Milwaukee Formation exposures are now mostly buried, inaccessible, on private property, or located in areas where collecting is prohibited. Most of these exposures are or were located along the Milwaukee River and Lake Michigan shore.

Mudstone
Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.

The term mudstone is also used to describe carbonate rocks (limestone or dolomite) that are composed predominantly of carbonate mud. However, in most contexts, the term refers to siliciclastic mudstone, composed mostly of silicate minerals.

The NASA Curiosity rover has found deposits of mudstone on Mars that contain organic substances such as propane, benzene and toluene.
Scaptia beyonceae
Scaptia beyonceae is a species of horse fly found in the Atherton Tablelands in north-east Queensland, Australia. Discovered in 1981 but not scientifically described until 2011, the fly is named after American recording artist and actress Beyoncé.

Atherton Tableland
The Atherton Tableland is a fertile plateau, which is part of the Great Dividing Range in Queensland, Australia. It has very deep, rich basaltic soils and the main industry is agriculture. The principal river flowing across the plateau is the Barron River, which was dammed to form the irrigation reservoir named Lake Tinaroo.  Unlike many other rural areas, the Tablelands is experiencing a significant growth in population.
Akbulatovo
Akbulatovo (Russian: Акбулатово; Bashkir: Аҡбулат, Aqbulat) is a rural locality (a village) in Kiyekbayevsky Selsoviet, Burzyansky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Burzyansky District
Burzyansky District (Russian: Бурзя́нский райо́н; Bashkir: Бөрйән районы, Böryän rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic and borders with Beloretsky District in the north, Abzelilovsky District in the east, Baymaksky District in the southeast, Zilairsky District in the south, Kugarchinsky District in the southwest, Meleuzovsky District in the west, and with Ishimbaysky District in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 4,444 square kilometers (1,716 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Starosubkhangulovo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 16,698, with the population of Starosubkhangulovo accounting for 27.6% of that number.
Jiun-Shyan Chen
Jiun-Shyan Chen is an American engineer, currently the William Prager Chair Professor in Structural Mechanics at University of California, San Diego, and a publisher author. He is also Elected President for American Society of Civil Engineers's Engineering Mechanics Institute, as well as being a Fellow at ASCE since 2013. He was also formerly the Chancellor's Professor in Civil & Environmental Engineering at University of California, Los Angeles.

American Society of Civil Engineers
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is a tax-exempt professional body founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, it is the oldest national engineering society in the United States. Its constitution was based on the older Boston Society of Civil Engineers from 1848.

ASCE is dedicated to the advancement of the science and profession of civil engineering and the enhancement of human welfare through the activities of society members. It has more than 143,000 members in 177 countries. Its mission is to provide essential value to members, their careers, partners, and the public; facilitate the advancement of technology; encourage and provide the tools for lifelong learning; promote professionalism and the profession; develop and support civil engineers.
Norbert Thériault
L. Norbert Thériault (February 16, 1921 – June 19, 2016) was a Canadian politician. He represented Northumberland (1960–1974) and Baie du Vin (1974–1979) in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and was a provincial cabinet minister in New Brunswick in the 1960s.
He was appointed to the Senate of Canada on March 26, 1979 on the advice of then-Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, and served until his 75th birthday on February 16, 1996. His son Camille Thériault also served a member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and was premier of New Brunswick from May 14, 1998 until June 21, 1999.

Bay du Vin (electoral district)
Bay du Vin was a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick. It was created from the multi-member riding of Northumberland in the 1973 electoral redistribution, and was abolished in the 1994 electoral redistribution.
Malesherbia linearifolia
Malesherbia linearifolia (vernacular name blue star of cordillera) is a subshrub endemic to the Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Metropolitana, and O'Higgins regions of Chile. It was the first member of Malesherbia to be described, with the original description dating to 1797 by Cavanilles.

Malesherbia linearifolia is phenotypically very similar to sister species M. paniculata; both grow from a rhizome, have cymose inflorescences, and their flowers are range from light blue to deep purple. They differ in their leaves, M. paniculata has pinnate leaves while M. linearifolia has narrow leaves. They also differ in range.

Malesherbia linearifolia is pollinated by Lasia aenea, Centris chilensis, and Centris cineraria.

Valparaíso Region
The Valparaíso Region (Spanish: Región de Valparaíso, pronounced [valpaɾaˈiso]) is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. With the country's second-highest population of 1,896,053 as of 2024, and fourth-smallest area of 16,396.1 km2 (6,331 sq mi), the region is Chile's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast. The region also includes Chile's remote islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Rapa Nui and the Juan Fernandez Islands.

Its capital is the port city of Valparaíso; other important cities include Viña del Mar, Quillota, San Felipe, Quilpué, Villa Alemana, and San Antonio.
EDNS Client Subnet
EDNS Client Subnet (ECS) is an option in the Extension Mechanisms for DNS that allows a recursive DNS resolver to specify the subnetwork for the host or client on whose behalf it is making a DNS query. This is generally intended to help speed up the delivery of data from content delivery networks (CDNs), by allowing better use of DNS-based load balancing to select a service address near the client when the client computer is not necessarily near the recursive resolver.

When an authoritative name server receives a DNS query, it takes advantage of ECS DNS extension to resolve the hostname to a CDN which is geolocated near to the client IP's subnet, hence the client makes further requests to a nearby CDN, thereby reducing latency.
The EDNS client subnet mechanism is specified in RFC 7871.

Load balancing (computing)
In computing, load balancing is the process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of resources (computing units) with the aim of making their overall processing more efficient. Load balancing can optimize response time and avoid unevenly overloading some compute nodes while other compute nodes are left idle.

Load balancing is the subject of research in the field of parallel computers. Two main approaches exist: static algorithms, which do not take into account the state of the different machines, and dynamic algorithms, which are usually more general and more efficient but require exchanges of information between the different computing units, at the risk of a loss of efficiency.
KJCK (AM)
KJCK (1420 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format and is licensed to Junction City, Kansas, United States. The station is currently owned by Eagle Media, and previously featured programming from ABC Radio, Sporting News Radio and Westwood One. Eagle Media also owns the associated local news site, the Junction City Post.

SportsMap
SportsMap was a sports radio network that was distributed by Gow Media.

The SportsMap Radio Network supplied its network affiliates with a 24-hour schedule of sports programming, including call-in shows and sports updates. Over its history, through cross-branding agreements, the SportsMap Radio Network has gone by the names SB Nation Radio, Yahoo! Sports Radio, Sporting News Radio, and One-on-One Sports.
Necyria
Necyria is a Neotropical metalmark  butterfly genus.

There are three species which all have colourful iridescent markings. They are forest insects. Some are part of mimetic complexes.

The genus was erected by John Obadiah Westwood in 1851. The subspecies shown in the taxobox is named in Westwood's honour.

John O. Westwood
John Obadiah Westwood (22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893) was an English entomologist and archaeologist noted for his artistic talents. He published several illustrated works on insects and antiquities. He was among the first entomologists with an academic position at Oxford University. He was a natural theologian, staunchly anti-Darwinian, and sometimes adopted a quinarian viewpoint. Although he never travelled widely, he described species from around the world on the basis of specimens, especially of the larger, curious, and colourful species obtained by naturalists and collectors in England.
Elisabeth of Wrocław
Elisabeth of Wrocław (Polish: Elżbieta wrocławska) (c. 1232 – 16 January 1265), also known as Elisabeth of Poland, was a daughter of Henry II the Pious and his wife, Anna of Bohemia. She was a member of the House of Piast and was Duchess consort of Greater Poland by marriage.

Piast dynasty
The House of Piast was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Duke Mieszko I (c. 960–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of King Casimir III the Great.

Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in the Duchy of Masovia (until 1526) and in the Duchies of Silesia until the last male Silesian Piast died in 1675. The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within the Holy Roman Empire. The Jagiellonian kings ruling after the death of Casimir IV of Poland were also descended in the female line from Casimir III's daughter.
Manuel Diana
Manuel Diana Olaso (born 7 March 1996) is a Uruguayan rugby union player, currently playing for Súper Liga Americana de Rugby side Peñarol. He previously played as a number eight for the Toronto Arrows in Major League Rugby (MLR). He also represents Uruguay internationally.

Diana attended Stella Maris College and the University of Montevideo. He was included in the Uruguayan squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup which was held in Japan for the first time and also marked his first World Cup appearance.

Peñarol Rugby
Peñarol is a Uruguayan professional rugby union team based in Montevideo. The team was founded in 2019 to compete in Súper Liga Americana de Rugby and is the rugby section of the Peñarol sports club. With its participation, Peñarol became the first professional rugby club in Uruguay.

Peñarol debuted officially in March 2020, v Chilean team Selknam, which also takes part of Súper Liga Americana. The Carbonero was defeated 15–13.
Soundview, Bronx
Soundview is a neighborhood on the Clason Point peninsula, on the southern section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are the Cross Bronx Expressway to the north, White Plains Road to the east, Lacombe Avenue to the south, and the Bronx River to the west. The Bruckner Expressway bisects the neighborhood horizontally along the center and the Bronx River Parkway runs north to south. Soundview Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Soundview.

2 (New York City Subway service)
The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is colored red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan.

The 2 operates 24 hours daily between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx, and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn; limited rush hour service in the reverse-peak direction originates and terminates at New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn instead of Flatbush Avenue. Daytime service makes express stops in Manhattan (between 96th and Chambers Streets) and all stops elsewhere; overnight service makes all stops along the full route.

Historically, 2 trains have also run to Crown Heights–Utica Avenue or New Lots Avenue. They ran exclusively on the IRT New Lots Line until 1983, when the 2 was routed to Flatbush Avenue. This is still the case with some rush-hour trains, albeit just to New Lots Avenue.
State observer
In control theory, a state observer, state estimator, or Luenberger observer is a system that provides an estimate of the internal state of a given real system, from measurements of the input and output of the real system.  It is typically computer-implemented, and provides the basis of many practical applications.

Knowing the system state is necessary to solve many control theory problems; for example, stabilizing a system using state feedback. In most practical cases, the physical state of the system cannot be determined by direct observation. Instead, indirect effects of the internal state are observed by way of the system outputs.  A simple example is that of vehicles in a tunnel: the rates and velocities at which vehicles enter and leave the tunnel can be observed directly, but the exact state inside the tunnel can only be estimated.  If a system is observable, it is possible to fully reconstruct the system state from its output measurements using the state observer.

Linearization
In mathematics, linearization (British English: linearisation) is finding the linear approximation to a function at a given point. The linear approximation of a function is the first order Taylor expansion around the point of interest. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential equations or discrete dynamical systems.  This method is used in fields such as engineering, physics, economics, and ecology.
Aegypan
Aegypan or Ægypan Press was a small, independent publisher, known for reissuing classic science fiction and fantasy works, particularly by author H. Beam Piper and other older authors. Often associated with Wildside Press and operating out of North Hollywood, California. Aegypan published many hundreds of titles, including works by Gaston Leroux and other classic literature, making older books more readily available again through modern reprints.

North Hollywood, Los Angeles
North Hollywood (NoHo) is a neighborhood and district in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. The neighborhood contains the NoHo Arts District, El Portal Theater, several art galleries, and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. The North Hollywood Metro Rail station is the northern terminus of the B Line subway on the Los Angeles Metro.

North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887. It was first named "Toluca" before being renamed "Lankershim" in 1896 and finally "North Hollywood" in 1927.
John Foster (environmentalist)
John Foster, CBE (13 August 1920 – 6 July 2020) was a British environmentalist. He was the first head of the Peak District National Park, the United Kingdom's first national park. He was later the first head of the Countryside Commission for Scotland.

Countryside Commission for Scotland
The Countryside Commission for Scotland was a statutory body in Scotland that was established by the Countryside (Scotland) Act 1967. Its role was to provide, develop and improve facilities for the enjoyment of the Scottish countryside, and to conserve and enhance the country's natural beauty. The body existed alongside the Countryside Commission, which covered England and Wales. The commission led to the establishment of Scotland's 40 National Scenic Areas, the Regional Parks, and the formation of a countryside ranger service. It also provided individual grants to support facilities such as car parks and visitor centres.

The Commission ceased to exist in 1992 when it was merged with Scottish division of the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC) to become Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). SNH was renamed NatureScot in 2020.
Tverberg's theorem
In discrete geometry, Tverberg's theorem, first stated by Helge Tverberg in 1966, is the result that sufficiently many points in Euclidean space can be partitioned into subsets with intersecting convex hulls. Specifically, for any positive integers  and any set of

points in -dimensional Euclidean space there exists a partition of the given points into  subsets whose convex hulls all have a common point; in other words, there exists a point  (not necessarily one of the given points) such that  belongs to the convex hull of all of the subsets. 
The partition resulting from this theorem is known as a Tverberg partition.

The special case  was proved earlier by Radon, and it is known as Radon's theorem.

Discrete geometry
Discrete geometry and combinatorial geometry are branches of geometry that study combinatorial properties and constructive methods of discrete geometric objects.  Most questions in discrete geometry involve finite or discrete sets of basic geometric objects, such as points, lines, planes, circles, spheres, polygons, and so forth.  The subject focuses on the combinatorial properties of these objects, such as how they intersect one another, or how they may be arranged to cover a larger object.

Discrete geometry has a large overlap with convex geometry and computational geometry, and is closely related to subjects such as finite geometry, combinatorial optimization, digital geometry, discrete differential geometry, geometric graph theory, toric geometry, and combinatorial topology.
Amdro
Amdro is a trade name for a hydramethylnon-based hydrazone insecticide, commonly used in the southern United States for fire ant control.  Amdro was patented in 1978 by the American Cyanamid company, now Ambrands, and was conditionally approved for use by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in August, 1980. It is a delayed-toxicity food chain killer, in which soldier ants carry the bait into the mound and feed it to the queen, killing her and decimating the mound. Amdro uses a corn grit and soybean oil base, and must be used within three months after opening to be effective.  Amdro has several drawbacks: (1) when it rains, or the bait is moisturized, Amdro loses its effectiveness entirely; (2) insecticide baits tend to be slow working, and take up to a month to be effective; and (3) Amdro cannot be used on food crops.

Fire ant
Fire ants are several species of ants in the genus Solenopsis, which includes over 200 species. Solenopsis are stinging ants, and most of their common names reflect this, for example, ginger ants and tropical fire ants. Many of the names shared by this genus are often used interchangeably to refer to other species of ant, such as the term red ant, mostly because of their similar coloration despite not being in the genus Solenopsis. Both Myrmica rubra and Pogonomyrmex barbatus are common examples of non-Solenopsis ants being termed red ants.

None of these common names apply to all species of Solenopsis nor exclusively to species of Solenopsis; for example, several species of weaver ants of the genus Oecophylla in Southeast Asia are colloquially called "fire ants" because of their similar coloration and painful bites, but the two genera are not closely related. Wasmannia auropunctata is another unrelated ant more commonly called the "little fire ant" due to its potent sting.
2022 Wales rugby union tour of South Africa
The Wales national rugby union team toured South Africa in July 2022 for a series of three test matches against the South Africa national team. It was the seventh time Wales had toured South Africa in test history. In each of the previous 10 matches contested between the two nations on South African soil – the first of which took place in 1964 – South Africa were the victors.

South Africa took the lead in the 2022 test series, beating Wales by 32–29 in Pretoria on 2 July. A week later, Wales made history with their first ever test victory in South Africa, leveling the series by winning 13–12 in Bloemfontein on 9 July. The decider took place in Cape Town on 16 July, with South Africa winning 30–14 to take the series.

Grant Williams (rugby union)
Grant Williams (born 22 July 1996) is a South African professional rugby union player who plays as a scrum-half or wing for the Sharks in the United Rugby Championship and for the South Africa national team. Williams is noted for his exceptional pace and finishing ability.
Γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid
γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), also known as β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), sold under the brand name Gamibetal among others, is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico. It is a GABA analogue, or an analogue of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and has been found to be an endogenous metabolite of GABA.

Endogeny (biology)
Endogeny, in biology, refers to the property of originating or developing from within an organism, tissue, or cell.

For example, endogenous substances, and endogenous processes are those that originate within a living system (e.g. an organism or a cell). For instance, estradiol is an endogenous estrogen hormone produced within the body, whereas ethinylestradiol is an exogenous synthetic estrogen, commonly used in birth control pills.

In contrast, exogenous substances and exogenous processes are those that originate from outside of an organism.
Capital City Fire/Rescue
Capital City Fire/Rescue (CCFR) provides fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city of Juneau, Alaska, United States.

With service to Juneau, CCFR provides emergency services to the second most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage, and the fourth largest metropolitan area behind Anchorage, the Fairbanks North Star Borough, and the Matanuska-Susitna Borough.

Areas served by CCFR include Douglas Island, Lemon Creek, the Mendenhall Valley, Juneau International Airport, Thane, University of Alaska Southeast and local areas of the Tongass National Forest.

Lemon Creek, Juneau
Lemon Creek (Tlingit: Eix̱'gulhéen) is a neighborhood in Juneau, Alaska, United States.  It is 5 miles (8 km) northwest of downtown Juneau.  It is the site of the Lemon Creek Correctional Center. The neighborhood is bisected by the namesake Lemon Creek, which provides runoff for local glaciers.

The area is mixed use, and contains heavy concentrations of housing and industrial areas. An industrial park in the area includes Juneau's Costco and The Home Depot stores, as well as the Alaskan Brewing Company. Also in the neighborhood are the headquarters of both the Juneau Police Department and Alaska Electric Light & Power. The area is the location of the city's primary landfill, and city operated hazardous waste collection facility as well.

The Lemon name is said to come from traveling miner John Lemon, who reportedly had a placer mine on the creek in 1879.