hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Corneous
Corneous is a biological and medical term meaning horny, in other words made out of a substance similar to that of horns and hooves in some mammals.

The word is generally used to describe natural or pathological anatomical structures made out of a hard layer of protein. In mammals this protein would usually be keratin.

The word corneous is also often used to describe the operculum of a snail, a gastropod mollusc. Not all gastropods have opercula, but in the great majority of those that do have one, the operculum is corneous. (However in several genera within a few families including the marine Naticidae and the terrestrial Pomatiidae, the operculum is primarily calcareous, in other words mostly made of calcium carbonate.) Corneous opercula are made out of the protein conchiolin.

Snail
A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word "snail" is used in this most general sense, it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails. Gastropods that naturally lack a shell, or have only an internal shell, are mostly called slugs, and land snails that have only a very small shell (that they cannot retract into) are sometimes called semi-slugs.
Shengxun
In classical Chinese philology, shengxun (聲訓; 'voice explanation') or yinxun (音訓; 'sound explanation') is a practice found in Chinese dictionaries where characters are explained by use of a homophone or near-homophone. The practice is ancient, and is present in texts predating the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The  ancient Shiming (c. 200 AD) dictionary is notable for using shengxun for most of its definitions, and the highly influential Shuowen Jiezi compiled by Xu Shen c. 100 AD also employs the technique. For example, Xu's explanation of the word 'ghost' (鬼) is:

The words for 'ghost' and 'return' are near-homophones both in Xu's reading and in modern Standard Chinese. A similar explanation of the word can be found in the earlier Erya (c. 3rd century BC). Shengxun can be highly fanciful, and often results in folk etymology. Put another way, the practice points to a notion of 'cognate characters' (同源字), or what Bernhard Karlgren called "word families".

Xu Shen
Xu Shen (c. 58 – c. 148 CE) was a Chinese calligrapher, philologist, politician, and writer of the Eastern Han dynasty (25–189 CE).  During his own lifetime, Xu was recognized as a preeminent scholar of the Five Classics. He was the author of Shuowen Jiezi, which was the first comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters, as well as the first to organize entries by radical. This work continues to provide scholars with information on the development and historical usage of Chinese characters. Xu Shen completed his first draft in 100 CE but, waited until 121 CE before having his son present the work to the Emperor An of Han.
Albert M. Muchanga
Albert Mudenda Muchanga (born 21 May 1959 in Mbilu, Choma District, Zambia) is a Zambian politician and diplomat. He is currently the Commissioner for Trade and Industry in the eight-member African Union Commission.

Choma District
Choma District is a district of Zambia, located in Southern Province. The capital lies at Choma. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 266,916 people. Choma has been the provincial capital of the Southern Province since 2012.

Choma District consists of two constituencies, namely Choma Central and Mbabala.
Ariophantidae
Ariophantidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
Hilbert's thirteenth problem
Hilbert's thirteenth  problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by David Hilbert.  It entails proving whether a solution exists for all 7th-degree equations using algebraic (variant: continuous) functions of two arguments. It was first presented in the context of nomography, and in particular "nomographic construction" — a process whereby a function of several variables is constructed using functions of two variables. The variant for continuous functions was resolved affirmatively in 1957 by Vladimir Arnold when he proved the Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem, but the variant for algebraic functions remains unresolved.

Goro Shimura
Gorō Shimura (志村 五郎, Shimura Gorō; 23 February 1930 – 3 May 2019) was a Japanese mathematician and Michael Henry Strater Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Princeton University who worked in number theory, automorphic forms, and arithmetic geometry. He was known for developing the theory of complex multiplication of abelian varieties and Shimura varieties, as well as posing the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture which ultimately led to the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.
HMS Avenger (1803)
HMS Avenger was a sloop-of-war, previously the civilian vessel Elizabeth, launched in 1801 at Bridlington. The British Royal Navy purchased her in 1803 and commissioned her in October 1803 under Commander Francis Snell. but she foundered in Heligoland Bight, off the Weser, on 5 December 1803; the crew were saved.

Avenger had been stationed off the German coast to blockade the Elbe River. She took on board a pilot who proceeded, with confidence, to steer her south despite soundings indicating shallowing water. After she grounded, attempts were made to get her off, but they failed. Fishing vessels came up and took  off the crew.

The court-martial on 18 January 1804 at Sheerness acquitted Commander Snell, his officers, and his crew of the loss of their vessel, but reprimanded the pilot for his ignorance. As the pilot had disappeared soon after landing, this judgment presumably had no effect on him.

Bridlington
Bridlington is a seaside town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is on the Holderness part (Flamborough Head to the Humber estuary) of the Yorkshire Coast by the North Sea. The town is about 28 miles (45 km) north of Hull and 34 miles (55 km) east of York. The stream called Gypsey Race flows through the town and enters the North Sea at the harbour.

The Priory Church of St Mary and associated Bayle (or gate) are Grade I listed buildings on the site of an Augustinian Priory. As a sea-fishing port, the town is known for shellfish, and is the largest lobster port in Europe, with over 300 tonnes of the crustaceans landed there each year. It has been termed the "Lobster Capital of Europe". Alongside manufacturing, retail and service firms, its main trade is summer tourism. It holds one of the UK's coastal weather stations.
Gerald L'Ecuyer
Gerald L'Ecuyer (born 1959) is a Canadian film and television director.

L'Ecuyer was born in Montreal. He studied at Marianopolis College in Montreal, before going to New York City, where he studied at the New School and worked for Andy Warhol's Interview. He returned to Montreal and studied cinema at Concordia University. He had a small role in David Lynch's television series Twin Peaks. He was a host of Imprint, a literary series on TVOntario. After years of working in Toronto and a brief second stint in New York, L'Ecuyer has returned to live in Montreal (2013) and works as an actor, director and writer. His credits include the films The Grace of God and Gerald L'Ecuyer: A Filmmaker's Journey, and the television series It's Me...Gerald. In these last two productions, L'Ecuyer, who is gay, plays a fictionalized version of himself: a young, gay, Canadian director.

He is the older brother of John L'Ecuyer, also a noted Canadian film and television director.

Imprint (TV series)
Imprint was a Canadian television series that aired on TVOntario, CBC Newsworld, BookTelevision and Knowledge. Inspired by Bernard Pivot's French literary programme Apostrophes, the series featured interviews with prize-winning authors and journalists, and examined the latest trends in books and contemporary issues in literature.
Joseph Marion
Joseph Marion (December 3, 1837 – October 18, 1923) was a notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented L'Assomption in the Legislative

Assembly of Quebec from 1880 to 1886 and from 1890 to 1900 as a Conservative.

He was born in Repentigny, Lower Canada, the son of Joseph Marion and Louise Brousseau, and was educated there, at the Collège de l'Assomption and the Université Laval. He qualified as a notary in 1863 and set up practice in Saint-Paul-l'Ermite (later Le Gardeur). He also served as postmaster and was secretary-treasurer for the municipality for 30 years and mayor for eight years. In 1864 he married Luce Archambault. He was first elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1880 by-election held after the death of Onuphe Peltier. He was defeated by Ludger Forest when he ran for reelection in 1886 and again in 1888. Marion was defeated by Joseph-Édouard Duhamel in 1900.

Collège de l'Assomption
Collège de l'Assomption (English: College of the Assumption) is a private secondary school located in the municipality of L'Assomption in Montreal. It was founded in 1832 by Jean-Baptiste Meilleur. Meilleur served as the first superintendent of education for Lower Canada from 1842 to 1855. Canada's seventh prime minister, Wilfrid Laurier, is an alumnus of the school. In 1864 a book on the history of the school, Annales historiques du Collège de l'Assomption depuis sa fondation by Canadian journalist Arthur Dansereau, was published by Eusèbe Senécal. A second history of the college, Histoire du Collège de l'Assomption by Anastase Forget, was published in 1933 by Imprimerie populaire; an imprint of Le Devoir.
Kellar
Kellar is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Becky Kellar-Duke (born 1975), Canadian ice hockey player

George C. Kellar (1879–1954), American politician

Harry Kellar (1849–1922), American magician (born "Heinrich Keller")

Mark Kellar (1952–2023), American football player

Scott Kellar (born 1963), American football player

Becky Kellar-Duke
Rebecca "Becky" Kellar (born January 1, 1975) is a retired ice hockey defender. She played for the Toronto Aeros and Oakville Ice in the NWHL, the Burlington Barracudas in the Canadian Women's Hockey League, and the Canadian national team.

Kellar played for the Canadian women's team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. She also participated in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano as well as the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. She was named to the Canadian team for the 2010 Winter Olympics and was one of four Canadian women to participate in all four Olympic tournaments along with Hayley Wickenheiser, Jennifer Botterill and Jayna Hefford. Kellar was the oldest player in the 2010 gold medal game. She was the first player on the Canadian national women's hockey team to have children.
Jeff Britting
Jeff Britting (born 1957) is an American composer, playwright, author, and producer.

His credits include associate-producing the 1997 Academy Award Nominee for Best Documentary Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life with director Michael Paxton, for which he also wrote the musical score. He is curator of the Ayn Rand Archives at the Ayn Rand Institute. In 2004, he published an illustrated biography of Ayn Rand's life titled Ayn Rand.

Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life
Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life is a 1996 American documentary film written, produced, and directed by Michael Paxton. Its focus is on novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand, the author of the bestselling novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, who promoted her philosophy of Objectivism through her books, articles, speeches, and media appearances.
Guduru, Ethiopia
Guduru (also known as Kombolcha or Kombosha) is a town in south-western Ethiopia. Located in the Horo Gudru Welega Zone of the Oromia Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of 09°32′N 37°30′E﻿ / ﻿9.533°N 37.500°E﻿ / 9.533; 37.500 and an elevation of 1969 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Guduru woreda.

The British traveller C.F. Rey passed through Gudru (which he called "Kombolcha") in December 1926, which he described as a "township" which covered a considerable area with a "straggle" of farmsteads consisting of a tukul and "a largish piece of ground belonging to it, which may or may not be enclosed by a rough fence."

Records at the Nordic Africa Institute website provide details of a primary school in Guduru in 1968, and also mention the presence of a fort and a church.

Horo Guduru Welega Zone
Horo Guduru Welega (Oromo: Wallaggaa Horroo Guduruu) is a zone in  Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former province of Welega, whose eastern part lay in the area Horo Guduru Welega now occupies. Horo Guduru Welega was formed of woredas, including East Welega Zone. Horo Guduru is bordered on the east by West Shewa Zone, on the west by East Welega Zone, and on the north by Amhara Region.

The seat of the zonal administration cabinet is in Shambu town. Shambu is a seat for Horro Woreda and Shambu town woreda in addition to the zonal service.

In this zone, various community associations are working on supporting elderly, children, and youths suffering financially and lacking family support. One such association is Oda Buluq Integrated Development Association (OBIDA), registered in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Igreja Matriz de Santiago do Cacém
38°00′50″N 8°41′52″W﻿ / ﻿38.0139°N 8.6978°W﻿ / 38.0139; -8.6978

The Igreja Matriz de Santiago do Cacém ([sɐ̃ˈtjaɣu ðu kɐˈsɐ̃j]; Mother Church of Santiago do Cacém) is a 13th century church, of the invocation of Santiago Maior, located in the town of Santiago do Cacém, Portugal.

James the Great
James the Great (Koine Greek: Ἰάκωβος, romanized: Iákōbos; Classical Syriac: ܝܥܩܘܒ, romanized: Yaʿqōḇ; died c. 44) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was the second of the apostles to die, after Judas Iscariot, and the first to be martyred. Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to tradition, what are believed to be his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain.

He is also known as James, son of Zebedee, James, brother of John, Saint James the Great, Saint James the Greater, St. James Son of Thunder, St. James the Major, Saint James the Elder, or Saint Jacob, James the Apostle or Santiago.
Joseph Amenta
Joseph Amenta is a Canadian film director and screenwriter, whose debut feature film Soft premiered at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival.

Prior to Soft, Amenta directed a number of short films, the most noted of which, Flood, premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival and included Tynomi Banks in its cast.

Amenta is non-binary and uses gender-neutral pronouns.

2019 Toronto International Film Festival
The 44th annual Toronto International Film Festival was held from 5 to 15 September 2019. The opening gala was the documentary film Once Were Brothers: Robbie Robertson and The Band, directed by Daniel Roher, and the festival closed with a screening of the biographical film Radioactive, directed by Marjane Satrapi.
Mullie Lenoir
Bertram Earl "Mullie" Lenoir (January 19, 1897 – May 11, 1979) was an American college football player and coach. Lenoir was an All-Southern running back for the Alabama Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama, and coached both the Georgetown Tigers and Bluefield Rams.

College Football All-Southern Team
The College Football All-Southern Team was an all-star team of college football players from the Southern United States.  The honor was given annually to the best players at their respective positions. It is analogous to the All-America Team and was most often selected in newspapers. Notable pickers of All-Southern teams include John Heisman, Dan McGugin, George C. Marshall, Grantland Rice, W. A. Lambeth, Reynolds Tichenor, Nash Buckingham, Innis Brown, and Dick Jemison.
1840 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1840. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.

All of the sixteen wards were contested.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Liverpool City Council
Liverpool City Council, formerly the Liverpool Corporation is the local authority for the city of Liverpool in Merseyside, England. Liverpool has had a local authority since 1207, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. It provides the majority of local government services in the city. The council has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority since 2014.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2010. It meets at Liverpool Town Hall and has its main offices at the Cunard Building.
Rhabdolichops
Rhabdolichops is a genus of glass knifefishes found in Amazon, Orinoco and Maroni basins in tropical South America. They live near the bottom in main river channels, floodplains (including flooded forest like igapó) and lagoons, and are typically found in relatively deep waters.

Rhabdolichops are typically overall grayish, dusky or semi-translucent resulting in whitish/pinkish color. There are two species groups: One (including most species) where the pectoral fins are relatively short and without conspicuous pigmentation, and another (including R. lundbergi and R. nigrimans) where they are relatively long and all dark or dark at the tip. Depending on the exact species, they have a maximum total length of 16–49 cm (6.5–19.5 in). They feed on small invertebrates such as aquatic insect larvae and zooplankton.

River channel migration
River channel migration is the geomorphological process that involves the lateral migration of an alluvial river channel across its floodplain. This process is mainly driven by the combination of bank erosion of and point bar deposition over time. When referring to river channel migration, it is typically in reference to meandering streams. In braided streams, channel change is driven by sediment transport.

It has been proposed that lateral migration is a particularly dominant erosive process in savanna landscapes.
Battle of Chiset
The Battle of Chiset also known as the Battle of Chizai or Battle of Chizé was fought at Chizé on 21 March 1373 between English and French forces during the Hundred Years' War.  The French had laid siege to the town and the English sent a relief force. The French, led by Bertrand du Guesclin, met the relief force and defeated it.

It was the last major battle in the Valois campaign to recover the county of Poitou, which had been ceded to the English by the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360. The French victory put an end to English domination in the area.

Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France. In retrospect, it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).

It was signed at Brétigny, a village near Chartres, and was later ratified as the Treaty of Calais on 24 October 1360.
Friesland – Wilhelmshaven – Wittmund
Friesland – Wilhelmshaven – Wittmund is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 26. It is located in northwestern Lower Saxony, comprising the city of Wilhelmshaven and the districts of Friesland and Wittmund.

Friesland – Wilhelmshaven – Wittmund was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2017, it has been represented by Siemtje Möller of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

1949 West German federal election
A federal election was held in West Germany on 14 August 1949 to elect the members of the first Bundestag, with a further eight seats elected in West Berlin between 1949 and January 1952 and another eleven between February 1952 and 1953. They were the first free federal elections in West Germany since 1933 and the first after the division of the country.

The CDU/CSU formed a centre-right coalition government with the FDP and the DP.
Front of Shamyl
The Imam Shamil Front is a militant organization in Dagestan led by Gadzhi Makhachev which supports the cause of the Avar ethnic group, competing with the interest of Kumyk movements. The larger Avar movement had split into the Shamyl front and the Union of Avar Jamaat.

Avars (Caucasus)
The Avars (/ˈævɑːrz/), also known as Maharuls' (Avar: магӀарулал, romanized: maⱨarulal, lit. 'mountaineers'), are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group. The Avars are the largest of several ethnic groups living in the Russian republic of Dagestan. The Avars reside in the North Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Alongside other ethnic groups in the North Caucasus region, the Avars live in ancient villages located approximately 2,000 meters above sea level. The Avar language spoken by the Caucasian Avars belongs to the family of Avar–Andic languages. Sunni Islam has been the prevailing religion of the Avars since the 14th century.
Aurora Private School
Aurora Private School is a private school in Sundowner, Randburg, South Africa. It takes children from 2.5 years old to Grade 12, at which point they take exams through the Independent Examinations Board. It was originally established in 1993 as a progressive school but is now run by Curro Independent School.

Curro Holdings
Curro Holdings Limited, often referred to simply as Curro, is a South African educational holding company, with private schools across all nine South African provinces.

Founded in 1998, Curro is headquartered in Bellville, Western Cape, and is listed on the JSE Limited, with a 2025 market capitalization of around R5 billion.

As of 2025, Curro operates a total of 189 schools across 81 campuses. In the same year, enrolment across all of Curro's schools totaled over 73,000.