hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Resolution of singularities
In algebraic geometry, the problem of resolution of singularities asks whether every algebraic variety V has a resolution, which is a non-singular variety W with a proper birational map W→V. For varieties over fields of characteristic 0, this was proved by Heisuke Hironaka in 1964; while for varieties of dimension at least 4 over fields of characteristic p, it is an open problem.

Characteristic (algebra)
In mathematics, the characteristic of a ring R, often denoted char(R), is defined to be the smallest positive number of copies of the ring's multiplicative identity (1) that will sum to the additive identity (0). If no such number exists, the ring is said to have characteristic zero.

That is, char(R) is the smallest positive number n such that:(p 198, Thm. 23.14)

if such a number n exists, and 0 otherwise.
Valuas (restaurant)
Valuas is a restaurant  in Venlo, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the period 2006–present.

GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points.

Head chef and half-owner of Valuas is Eric Swaghoven. His brother Marcel Swaghoven owns the other half and acts as Maître d' and sommelier

The brothers Swaghoven were raised in a hospitality family. Their father was once running Hotel Wilhelmina and later operated the bistro Valuas. Due to illness the brothers were effectively running the bistro since the mid nineteen-nineties. They own the place since 1998.

Valuas is a member of Les Patrons Cuisiniers.

Sommelier
A sommelier (UK: /ˈsɒməljeɪ, sɒˈmɛlieɪ/ SOM-əl-yay, som-EL-ee-ay, US: /ˌsʌməlˈjeɪ/ SUM-əl-YAY, French: [sɔməlje] ⓘ), chef de vin or wine steward, is a trained and knowledgeable wine professional, normally working in fine restaurants, who specializes in all aspects of wine service as well as wine and food pairing. The role of the sommelier in fine dining today is much more specialized and informed than that of a wine waiter. Sommeliers Australia states that the role is strategically on par with that of the chef de cuisine.
Poppo I, Margrave of Carniola
Poppo I (also Boppo; died 13 July, before 1044), Count of Weimar-Orlamünde, was margrave of Istria from 1012 and of Carniola from 1040 to his death.

Poppo was the scion of a comital family from the Imperial Landgraviate of Thuringia. His father was Count William II of Weimar.

He married Hadamut, the daughter of one Count Weriand, who in 1001 had received large estates in eastern Friuli and Istria, then part of the March of Verona ruled by the Carinthian dukes, from the hands of Emperor Otto III. Poppo thus inherited a claim to the Istrian peninsula and began to use the margravial title. After King Henry III of Germany had inherited the Duchy Carinthia, he in 1040 established the separate Marches of Istria and Carniola. As his wife's mother was related to the Bavarian Counts of Ebersberg, who held possessions in Carniola, Poppo was also appointed Carniolan margrave.

Hadamut gave him one son, Ulric I, who succeeded his father in 1045.

March of Verona
The March of Verona and Aquileia was a vast march (frontier district) of the Holy Roman Empire in the northeastern Italian region during the Middle Ages, centered on the cities of Verona and Aquileia. Seized by King Otto I of Germany in 952, it was held by the Dukes of Bavaria; from 976 in personal union with the Duchy of Carinthia. The margravial regime ended with the advent of the Lombard League in 1167.
Rangataua
Rangataua is a small village in the North Island of New Zealand. It is located at the southern end of both the Tongariro National Park and Rangataua State Forest, adjacent to the southwestern slopes of the active volcano Mount Ruapehu. Part of the Manawatū-Whanganui region, the town is 5 kilometres east of Ohakune,  75 kilometres northeast of Whanganui, and 20 kilometres west of Waiouru.

The village's permanent population work in the nearby region with much of the seasonal population working at the Turoa Skifield. When the timber industry was at its peak, Rangataua had a population of 957 in 1914.

Rangataua contains many properties that are owned as holiday villas or baches usually used for skiing at the nearby Turoa Skifield.

Bach (New Zealand)
A bach (pronounced /ˈbætʃ/), also called a crib in the southern half of the South Island, is a small, often modest holiday home or beach house in New Zealand. Baches are an iconic part of the country's history and culture. In the middle of the 20th century, they symbolised the beach holiday lifestyle that was becoming more accessible to the middle class.

Baches began to gain popularity in the 1950s as roads improved and the increasing availability of cars allowed for middle-class beach holidays, often to the same beach every year. With yearly return trips being made, baches began to spring up in many family vacation spots.
Online Policy Group v. Diebold, Inc.
Online Policy Group v. Diebold, Inc., 337 F. Supp. 2d 1195 (N.D. Cal. 2004), was a lawsuit involving an archive of Diebold's (now Premier Election Solutions) internal company e-mails and Diebold's contested copyright claims over them. The Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Stanford Cyberlaw Clinic provided pro bono legal support for the non-profit ISP and the Swarthmore College students, respectively.

United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel ruled that the plaintiffs' publishing of the e-mails was clearly a fair use essentially "because there was no commercial harm and no diminishment of value of the works" in their republication. Additionally Diebold was found to have misrepresented its copyright controls over the work, putting them in violation of section 512(f) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and leaving them liable for court costs and damages. This was the first time 512(f) had been enforced in court, and set a precedent.

Hurricane Electric
Hurricane Electric is a global Internet service provider offering Internet transit, tools, and network applications, as well as data center colocation and hosting services at one location in San Jose, California and two locations in Fremont, California, where the company is based.

As of June 2024, according to its own data, Hurricane Electric is the largest global IP network as measured by network adjacencies in both IPv4 and IPv6. It is also the largest global IPv6 network as measured by IPv6 prefixes announced, and the fifth-largest global IP network as measured by IPv4 prefixes announced, according to its own data.
Tsatanikh
Tsatanikh (Russian: Цатаних; Avar: Цӏатӏанихъ) is a rural locality (a selo) in Untsukulsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population: 857 (2021 Census); 706 (2002 Census); 549 (1989 Soviet census). There are 5 streets.

Avar language
Avar (авар мацӏ, avar maⱬ [ʔaˈwar mat͡sʼː] or магӏарул мацӏ, maⱨarul maⱬ [maʕarul mat͡sʼː], 'language of the mountains'), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan. In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia.
Pirates with Attitudes
Pirates With Attitudes (PWA) was a major international warez release group between 1992 and 2000. The group was established by two former International Network of Crackers members known by the pseudonyms Orion and BarManager. PWA was also very well known during the tail end of the BBS-era for their development of modifications and enhancements ("mods") for the PCBoard BBS software.

On May 4, 2000, the United States Department of Justice released a press report stating that conspiracy and copyright infringement charges had been brought against several members of PWA under the NET Act (No Electronic Theft Act). The day after the DOJ's report, PWA released a .nfo file officially announcing their retirement. PWA was one of the first groups ever to be prosecuted under this act of law.

No Electronic Theft Act
The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison with fines.
Prothom Bangladesh
"Prothom Bangladesh" (Bengali: প্রথম বাংলাদেশ, lit. 'The First is Bangladesh') is a Bengali language patriotic song by Shahnaz Rahmatullah. Moniruzzaman Monir wrote and Alauddin Ali composed the song. The song was first broadcast in a TV program on Bangladesh Television in the late 1970s. It's the party anthem of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Previously, the song was also proposed for the national anthem of Bangladesh.

Moniruzzaman Monir
Moniruzzaman Monir is a Bangladeshi music lyricists. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Lyrics three times in 1988, 1989 and 1990. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2004 by the Government of Bangladesh. He has written songs for 196 films.
Alex Wood (ice hockey)
Alexander Mann Jerome Wood (January 10, 1909 – April 4, 1979) was a professional ice hockey goaltender who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Americans during the 1936–37 season, on January 31, 1937 against  the Montreal Canadiens. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1930 to 1945, was spent in various minor leagues. Wood was born in Falkirk, Scotland, but grew up in Regina, Saskatchewan.

New York Americans
The New York Americans, colloquially known as the Amerks, were a professional ice hockey team based in New York City from 1925 to 1942. They were the third expansion team in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the second to play in the United States. The team never won the Stanley Cup, but reached the semifinals twice. While it was the first team in New York City, it was eclipsed by the second, the New York Rangers, which arrived in 1926 under the ownership of the Amerks' landlord, Madison Square Garden. The team played as the Brooklyn Americans during the 1941–42 season before suspending operations in 1942 due to World War II and long-standing financial difficulties. The demise of the club marked the beginning of the NHL's Original Six era from 1942 to 1967, though the Amerks' franchise was not formally canceled until 1946. The team's overall regular season record was 255–402–127.
Mina Crandon
Mina 'Margery' Crandon (1888–November 1, 1941) was an American psychic medium who performed under the stage name 'Margery' and claimed to channel her dead brother, Walter Stinson. Investigators who studied Crandon concluded that she had no such paranormal ability, and others detected her in outright deception. She became known as her alleged paranormal skills were touted by Sherlock Holmes author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and were disproved by magician Harry Houdini. Crandon was investigated by members of the American Society for Psychical Research and employees of the Scientific American.

Crandon was the wife of a wealthy Boston surgeon and socialite, Dr. Le Roi Goddard Crandon. Her life has been extensively documented in magic and parapsychology literature.

Massimo Polidoro
Massimo Polidoro (born 10 March 1969) is an Italian psychologist, writer, journalist, television personality, and co-founder and executive director of the Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims of the Pseudosciences (CICAP).
Michael Switalski
Michael N. "Mickey" Switalski (born January 11, 1955) is a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He was a Democratic member of the Michigan Senate, representing the 10th district from 2003 to 2011. His district is located in central Macomb County and includes the cities of Sterling Heights and Roseville. Previously he was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1999 to 2003.

Macomb County, Michigan
Macomb County (/məˈkoʊm/ mə-KOHM) is a county on the eastern shore of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is part of the Detroit metropolitan area, bordering Detroit to the north and containing many of its northern suburbs. Its seat of government is Mt. Clemens, and its largest community is Warren.  As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 881,217, making it the third-most populous county in the state, behind neighboring Wayne and Oakland. Macomb County contains 27 cities, townships and villages, including three of the ten most-populous municipalities in Michigan. Most of this population is concentrated south of Hall Road (M-59), one of the county's main thoroughfares.
Bathycoccus prasinos
Bathycoccus prasinos is a photosynthetic picoplankton belonging to the order Mamiellales, along with Ostreococcus and Micromonas. The cells are around 1–2 μm in length, are non-motile and are covered in scales.

Photosynthetic picoplankton
Photosynthetic picoplankton or picophytoplankton is the fraction of the photosynthetic phytoplankton of cell sizes between 0.2 and 2 μm (i.e. picoplankton). It is especially important in the central oligotrophic regions of the world oceans that have very low concentration of nutrients.
WebRTC Gateway
WebRTC Gateway connects between WebRTC and an established VoIP technology such as SIP. WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is an API definition drafted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that supports browser-to-browser applications for voice calling, video chat, and messaging without the need of either internal or external plugins.

Plug-in (computing)
In computing, a plug-in (also spelled plugin), add-in (also addin, add-on, or addon) or extension is a software component that extends the functionality of an existing software system without requiring the system to be re-built. A plug-in feature is one way that a system can be customizable.

Applications support plug-ins for a variety of reasons including:

Enable third-party developers to extend an application

Support easily adding new features

Reduce the size of an application by not loading unused features

Separate source code from an application because of incompatible software licenses
2004 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain
The 2004 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain was a multi-event, one make motor racing championship held across England, Scotland and Ireland. The championship featured a mix of professional motor racing teams and privately funded drivers, competing in Porsche 911 GT3 cars that conform to the technical regulations for the championship. It forms part of the extensive program of support categories built up around the BTCC centrepiece.

This season was the second Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain. The season began on 10 April at Thruxton Circuit and concluded on 27 September at Donington Park, after 20 races held at ten meetings, all in support of the 2004 British Touring Car Championship.

Richard Westbrook became the drivers' champion driving for Redline Racing.

One-design racing
One-design racing is a racing method which may be adopted in sports using complex equipment, whereby all vehicles have identical or very similar designs or models, avoiding the need for a handicap system.
SS New York (1927)
SS New York was a German passenger liner launched in 1926 for the Hamburg-America Line and was the sister to the SS Albert Ballin, SS Deutschland, and SS Hamburg. During World War II the ship continued its passenger service until 1940, when the Kriegsmarine requisitioned her as a accommodation ship for the war. On April 3, 1945, the ship was sunk in an air raid at Kiel. She was later raised during a harbor cleanup and was scrapped, starting in 1949.

Barracks ship
A barracks ship or barracks barge or berthing barge, or in civilian use accommodation vessel or accommodation ship, is a ship or a non-self-propelled barge containing a superstructure of a type suitable for use as a temporary barracks for sailors or other military personnel. A barracks ship, a military form of a dormitory ship, may also be used as a receiving unit for sailors who need temporary residence prior to being assigned to their ship. The United States Navy used to call them Yard Repair Berthing and Messing with designations YRBM and YRBM(L) and now classes them as either Auxiliary Personnel Barracks (APB) or  Auxiliary Personnel Lighter (aka barge) (APL).
Scottsburg, New York
Scottsburg is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Livingston County, New York, United States. Its population was 117 as of the 2010 census. New York State Route 256 passes through the community.

New York State Route 256
New York State Route 256 (NY 256) is a north–south state highway located within Livingston County, New York, in the United States. It extends for 21.08 miles (33.92 km) across mostly rural terrain from an intersection with NY 63 in the village of Dansville to a junction with NY 15 on the Geneseo–Livonia town line. The northern half of NY 256, named West Lake Road, passes along the western shore of Conesus Lake. NY 256 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to an alignment extending from Groveland to modern U.S. Route 20A (US 20A) west of Lakeville. It was extended north to its current northern terminus c. 1940 and south to Dansville in stages during the 1930s and 1940s.
Mouche No. 2-class schooner-avisos
The Mouche No. 2-class schooner-avisos were a class of twenty-eight 1-gun dispatch or advice boats of the French Navy, all built between 1808 and 1810. Jean Baudry designed the vessels based on the draught of Villaret. Baudry may have been the builder on the schooners launched at Bayonne.

Aviso
An aviso was originally a kind of dispatch boat or "advice boat", carrying orders before the development of effective remote communication.

The term, derived from the Portuguese and Spanish word for "advice", "notice" or "warning", an aviso, was later adopted by the French and Portuguese navies to classify their medium-sized warships designed for colonial service. The term continued to be used in the French Navy to classify the D'Estienne d'Orves-class patrol frigates until 2012, when the remaining ships of the class were reclassified as offshore patrol ships. It is equivalent to the modern use of "sloop" in other countries.
Geological Survey of South Australia
The Geological Survey of South Australia is an authority within the Department of Mining and Energy  of the Government of South Australia that is responsible for surveying and exploration of South Australia's geological resources.

The Geological Office was started in December 1882 as under the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration the creation of the survey had been an issue in the local press earlier in the same year.

Historically, the Survey has existed under the various names of the Mines Department has been ascribed by various governments.

The division makes its public geoscientific information available through the South Australia Resources Information Gateway (SARIG) and regularly publishes articles in its own MESA Journal.

Government of South Australia
The Government of South Australia, also referred to as the South Australian Government or the SA Government, is the executive branch of the state of South Australia. It is modelled on the Westminster system, meaning that the highest ranking members of the executive are drawn from an elected state parliament. Specifically the party or coalition which holds a majority of the House of Assembly (the lower chamber of the South Australian Parliament).
Reynoldsburg High School
Reynoldsburg High School (RHS) is a public high school located in Reynoldsburg, Ohio, United States, and the only high school in the Reynoldsburg City School District. The school is divided into five academies housed at two separate campuses, each of which has its own academy leaders and administrative team. The athletic teams are known as the Reynoldsburg Raiders, and the school colors are purple and gold. Reynoldsburg High School was established in 1870. The Livingston Campus opened in 1961, followed by the Summit Campus in 2011.

The district, and therefore the high school, serve most of Reynoldsburg and portions of Columbus.

Reynoldsburg City Schools
Reynoldsburg City School District, or Reynoldsburg City Schools, is a school district headquartered in Reynoldsburg, Ohio.

In Franklin County, it includes the majority of the portions of Reynoldsburg in that county and small portions of Columbus.

A portion is in Licking County, where it includes most of the Licking County portion of Reynoldsburg.

A portion is in Fairfield County, where it includes a portion of the Fairfield County portion of Reynoldsburg.
Six Melodies (Cage)
Six Melodies is a collection of six pieces for violin and keyboard instrument by John Cage. It was composed in 1950, shortly after Cage completed his String Quartet in Four Parts. The work uses the same techniques: the gamut technique and the nested rhythmic proportions. First, a fixed number of sonorities (single tones, intervals and aggregates) is prepared, each created independently of the other. These sonorities are called gamuts. Sequences of gamuts are then used to create melodies with harmonic backgrounds that are in no way connected to functional harmony, which Cage sought to avoid. The collection of gamuts used in Six Melodies is nearly identical to the one used in the String Quartet (Cage called Six Melodies "a postscript" to that work). The structure of each piece, and that of each phrase, is defined by the same rhythmic pattern: 31⁄2, 31⁄2, 4, 4, 3, 4. The violinist is instructed in the score to play without vibrato and with minimum weight on the bow.

Vibrato
Vibrato (Italian, from past participle of "vibrare", to vibrate) is a musical effect consisting of a regular, pulsating change of pitch. It is used to add expression to vocal and instrumental music. Vibrato is typically characterized in terms of two factors: the amount of pitch variation ("extent of vibrato") and the speed with which the pitch is varied ("rate of vibrato").

In singing, it can occur spontaneously through variations in the larynx. The vibrato of a string instrument and wind instrument is an imitation of that vocal function. Vibrato can also be reproduced mechanically (Leslie speaker) or electronically as an audio effect close to chorus.
The Day Before Atlanta
"The Day Before Atlanta" is an American television play broadcast on April 9, 1959, as part of the CBS television series, Playhouse 90.  The cast is led by Jack Warden. Ralph Nelson is the director and John Gay the writer.

Jack Warden
Jack Warden (born John Warden Lebzelter Jr.; September 18, 1920 – July 19, 2006) was an American actor who worked in film and television. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Shampoo (1975) and Heaven Can Wait (1978). He received a BAFTA nomination for Shampoo, and won a Primetime Emmy Award for his performance in Brian's Song (1971).
Tri-County Community College
Tri-County Community College is a public community college in Murphy, North Carolina. It was founded in 1964 to serve Cherokee, Clay, and Graham counties and is part of the North Carolina Community College System.

The college receives $1.2 million in funding from Cherokee County's annual budget as of 2025.

North Carolina Community College System
The North Carolina Community College System (System Office) is a statewide network of 58 public community colleges. The system enrolls nearly 600,000 students annually. It also provides the North Carolina Learning Object Repository as a central location to manage, collect, contribute, and share digital learning resources for use in traditional or distance-learning environments.