hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stefano Chiesa
Stefano Chiesa (born 25 May 1996) is an Italian athlete who specialises in race walking.

From Verbania, he had achieved the Olympic qualifying standard for the 
50 km race walk in October 2019 in the Tilburg 50 km, with a time of 3:48:25. In November 2019 however, he injured a metatarsal in a national training camp in Tuscany. The time he recorded was described as remarkable as it was 23 minutes faster than his previous best time of 4:11:07. Chiesa was named in the Italian squad for the World Race Walking Championships in 2022 held in Muscat.

Verbania
Verbania (Italian: [verˈbaːnja] ⓘ, Lombard: [ʋerˈbaɲa], Piedmontese: [ʋerˈbɑnja]) is the most populous comune (municipality) and the capital city of the province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Piedmont region of northwest Italy. It is situated on the shore of Lake Maggiore, about 91 km (57 mi) north-west of Milan and about 40 km (25 mi) from Locarno in Switzerland. It had a population of 30,827 on 1 January 2017.
Grapsus granulosus
Grapsus granulosus is a species in the Grapsidae family of crabs. It is commonly found off the coasts of Israel, Jordan and Egypt, but has also been sighted in Oman, Djibouti and Socotra, which is part of Yemen.

Socotra
Socotra, locally known as Saqatri, is a Yemeni island in the Indian Ocean. It is situated between the Gulf of Aden, the Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea, and lies near major shipping routes. The largest of the six islands in the Socotra archipelago, it comprises around 95% of the landmass of the archipelago. It lies 380 kilometres (205 nautical miles) south of the Arabian Peninsula and 232 km (125 nmi) east of the Horn of Africa. The inhabitants of the island are called Socotrans, and they speak Arabic and Soqotri.

Socotra is home to a high number of unique species that are endemic. Up to a third of its plant life is unique. Due to the island's unusual geography, it has been described as "the most alien-looking place on Earth". The island measures 132 km (82 mi) in length and 42 km (26 mi) across at its widest. In 2008, Socotra was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Actinolite, Ontario
Actinolite (/ækˈtɪnoʊlaɪt/ ak-TIN-oh-lyte) is a compact rural community within geographic Elzevir Township in the Municipality of Tweed, Hastings County in Central Ontario, Canada. It is on Ontario Highway 37, just south of Ontario Highway 7 and north of the village of Tweed. The community also lies on the Skootamatta River just north of that river's mouth at the Moira River.

Township (Canada)
The term township, in Canada, is generally a district or area associated with a town or other locality. The specific use of the term to describe political subdivisions has varied across the country, usually to describe a local rural or semirural government.

In Eastern Canada, a township is one form of the subdivision of a county. In Quebec, the term is canton in French.
Cochrane Street
Cochrane Street (Chinese: 閣麟街; Cantonese Yale: gok3 leun4 gaai1) is a hilly street between Queen's Road Central and the junction with Gage Street and Lyndhurst Terrace in Central, Hong Kong. The Central–Mid-Levels escalators run along the entire length of the street.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.
Padishah
Padishah (/ˌpɑːdɪˈʃɑː/; Persian: پادشاه pādshāh [pɒːdeˈʃɒːɦ] – lit. 'Master King') is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin.

A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian (or Pahlavi) as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y). Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti, and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy 'to rule' and xšāyaθiya 'king' are both from Old Persian.

It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King" and to the Western high king, and later adopted by post-Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al-'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy.

Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg  (Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐‎, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Persian continued to function as a prestige language. It descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian, the official language of Iran (also known as Persia), Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan (Tajik).
USS Caldwell
Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Caldwell, in honor of Lieutenant James R. Caldwell.

USS Caldwell (DD-69), was the lead ship of the Caldwell class of destroyers, commissioned in 1917, served in World War I and decommissioned in 1922.

USS Caldwell (DD-605), was a Benson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1942, served in World War II and decommissioned in 1946.

Benson-class destroyer
The Benson class was a class of destroyers of the U.S. Navy built 1939–1943. The thirty 1,620-ton Benson-class destroyers were built in two groups. The first six were authorized in fiscal year 1938 (FY38) and laid down at Bethlehem Steel, Quincy, Massachusetts, and three naval shipyards. The remaining 24 "repeat Bensons" were authorized in 1940–42 and built at four Bethlehem Steel yards. They were laid down after the first group was commissioned. These plus the "repeat Livermores" (also known as "repeat Gleaveses") were also known at the time as the Bristol class. During World War II the Bensons were usually combined with the Livermores (more correctly the Gleaves class) as the Benson-Livermore class; this persisted in references until at least the 1960s. In some references both classes are combined and called the Benson class. The Benson- and Gleaves-class destroyers were the backbone of the pre-war Neutrality Patrols and participated in every major campaign of the war.
Korniychuk
Korniychuk (Ukrainian: Корнійчук) is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Oleksandr Korniychuk (1905–1972), Ukrainian playwright, literary critic, and state official

Serhiy Korniychuk (born 1965), Ukrainian army officer

Yevgen Korniychuk (born 1966), Ukrainian politician and diplomat

Serhiy Korniychuk
Lieutenant General Serhiy Petrovych Korniychuk (Ukrainian: Сергій Петрович Корнійчук; born on 12 September 1965) is a Ukrainian army officer who became the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on 27 March 2020. General Korniychuk was dismissed as Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on 28 July 2021.
Orius niger
Orius niger is a true bug. The species is found in the Palearctic from Europe east to Siberia and across Central Asia to China and India. It is widespread in Central Europe mostly in the south. In the Alps it is found up 1600 meters above sea level.

Orius niger lives in the herbaceous layer feeding on Boraginaceae, Ericaceae and Fabaceae, but also on stinging nettles Urtica and Artemisia.

The imago overwinters in loose ground litter, under bark scales or on stems or dried flowers. Most males die over the winter. The females lay their eggs in flowers of herbaceous plants. In favourable years there are two generations.

In laboratory conditions, the larval development of Orius niger takes 14 days at a temperature of 25 °C; females have a longevity of 60 days and can lay up to 150 eggs.

Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, has two significantly different circumscriptions as of December 2025. In the narrower circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu stricto is one of 11 families placed in the order Boraginales and includes about 90–120 genera. This approach was developed by the Boraginales Working Group. In the older, broader circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu lato is the only family in the order Boraginales, and includes about 155 genera.
Cathalán ua Corcráin
Cathalán ua Corcráin, Irish Abbot, died 1001.

Cathalán bore a suffix that in his or the next generation became the surname Ó Corcráin, a surname held by two at least two unrelated families. One was a Brehon family from County Fermanagh, a second were situated in Munster. Cathalán probably belonged to the Fermanagh family, as he his obit in the Annals of the Four Masters state he was abb Daimhinsi or Abbot of Devenish Island upon his death.

Brehon
Brehon (Irish: breitheamh, pronounced [ˈbʲɾʲɛhəw]) is a term for a historical arbitration, mediative, and judicial role in Gaelic culture. Brehons were part of the system of Early Irish law, which was also simply called "Brehon law". Brehons were judges, close in importance to the chiefs.
Global Virus Network
The Global Virus Network (GVN) is an international coalition of medical virologists whose goal is to help the international medical community by improving the detection and management of viral diseases. The network was founded in 2011 by Robert Gallo in collaboration with William Hall and Reinhard Kurth, and 24 countries were members of the network as of 2015. The GVN fosters research into viruses that cause human disease to promote the development of diagnostics, antiviral drugs and vaccines, and its mission includes strengthening scientific training and response mechanisms to viral outbreaks. The GVN has organized task forces for chikungunya, human T-lymphotropic virus, and Zika. The network is headquartered at the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Gallo serves as its scientific director.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis (pl.: diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in a lot of different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine "cause and effect". In systems engineering and computer science, it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms, mitigations, and solutions.
2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group C
2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy is the seventh season of the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, a Twenty20 cricket tournament in India. It is contested by 27 domestic cricket teams of India. Group C consisted of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra, Delhi, Railways, Baroda, Assam and Goa.

Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
The Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy is a domestic Twenty20 cricket championship in India, organized by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). It is named after former Test cricketer Syed Mushtaq Ali.

It is played by the teams from the Ranji Trophy, which is the premier domestic first-class cricket championship in the country. In 2006–07, the inaugural competition was won by Tamil Nadu under the captaincy of Dinesh Karthik. The 2025–26 tournament was won by Jharkhand, who defeated Haryana in the final. Tamil Nadu has been the most successful team, winning the trophy three times.
2018 Alabama Amendment 2
The State Abortion Policy Amendment, also known as Amendment 2, was a legislatively referred constitutional amendment that appeared on the ballot in the U.S. state of Alabama on November 6, 2018. The measure amended the Constitution of Alabama to remove any and all protections for both abortion access and funding and codified protections for unborn children. It was approved by 59% of voters.

The amendment itself did not prohibit abortion in Alabama due to federal protections via Roe v. Wade. Following the passage of Amendment 2, in May 2019, a near-total abortion ban was signed into law by Governor Kay Ivey. The abortion ban was blocked by a federal judge in October 2019, though it would go into effect again on June 24, 2022, following the Dobbs decision by the United States Supreme Court.

Legislative referral
A legislative referral (or legislative referendum) is a referendum in which a legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote. This may either be voluntarily or, as is the case in many countries for a constitutional amendment, as a mandatory part of the procedure for passing a law. These referrals, depending on the location, can either amend a constitution or enact a change in statute. It is a form of direct democracy. In some places it is known as an authorities referendum, authorities plebiscite, government initiated referendum, or top-down referendum It may originate from the legislative branch, executive branch, or a combination of the two.

An instrument of direct democracy, it is in contrast to citizens (or "bottom-up") initiative that is initiated from the public. With initiated statutes and amendments, voters both initiate and decide on the change of law. In a legislative referral, they only approve or reject laws which their legislature votes to place before them.
Luciano Gaucci
Luciano Gaucci (December 28, 1938 – February 1, 2020) was an Italian entrepreneur and sportsman. He was the owner of various clubs:

Perugia Calcio, a football club based in Perugia, Umbria.

Viterbese Calcio, a football club based in Viterbo, Lazio.

S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio, a football club based in  San Benedetto del Tronto, Marche

Calcio Catania, a football club based in Catania, Sicily.

He was also vice-president of the A.S. Roma football club during the presidential period of Dino Viola in the 1980s. He was born in Rome, Kingdom of Italy.

Gaucci was owner of the famous castle Torre Alfina in Acquapendente, Lazio.

Umbria
Umbria (/ˈʌmbriə/ UM-bree-ə; Italian: [ˈumbrja]) is a region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is Perugia. The region has 851,954 inhabitants as of 2025.

The region is characterized by hills, mountains, thick forests, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi), Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities.
Sighthill/Gorgie (ward)
Sighthill/Gorgie is one of the seventeen wards used to elect members of the City of Edinburgh Council, established in 2007 along with the other wards. Its territory comprises a corridor of land in the west of the city with a northern boundary formed by the railway lines between the Haymarket and Edinburgh Park stations, encompassing the Broomhouse, Dalry, Gorgie, Longstone, Parkhead, Saughton, Sighthill and Stenhouse neighbourhoods. It elects four Councillors (a minor boundary change in 2017 caused the loss of the Calders neighbourhood and the northern parts of Wester Hailes, with a small decrease in population but no change to the number of councillors). In 2019, the ward had a population of 33,826.

Broomhouse, Edinburgh
Broomhouse is a district of Edinburgh, Scotland. Although on the lands of Old Saughton, its name is adopted from an estate which lay to the north of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway. The earliest recorded versions of the name (c.1600) were variations on Brum(e)hous. It mainly comprises a low-rise council housing estate built between 1947 and 1950. It borders on Parkhead, Sighthill, and Saughton Mains. The arterial route of Calder Road (A71) passes to the south.
Arthur Boyle
Arthur Boyle (1840/1841 – December 10, 1919) was a politician and grocer. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1887 as a Member of the Conservative Party to represent the riding of Monck. He was defeated by John Brown in the 1891 election, but was acclaimed back into office in 1892 after Brown was unseated. He then continued to represent the riding until its abolition in 1896.

In 1868, he married Annie E. Cormick. Boyle was reeve of Dunnville from 1877 to 1879 and was warden for Haldimand County from 1878 to 1879. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1886 provincial election.

Arthur Boyle died at his home in Niagara Falls, Ontario on December 10, 1919.

Niagara Falls, Ontario
Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada, adjacent to, and named after, Niagara Falls. As of the 2021 census, the city had a population of 94,415. The city is located on the Niagara Peninsula along the western bank of the Niagara River, which forms part of the Canada–United States border, with the other side being the twin city of Niagara Falls, New York. Niagara Falls is  within the Regional Municipality of Niagara and a part of the St. Catharines - Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA).

Tourism is a major part of the city's economy: its skyline consists of multiple high-rise hotels and observation towers that overlook the waterfalls and adjacent parkland. Souvenir shops, arcades, museums, amusement rides, indoor water parks, casinos, theatres and a convention centre are located nearby in the city's large tourist area. Other parts of the city include historic sites from the War of 1812, parks, golf courses, commercial spaces, and residential neighbourhoods.
Inverkeithing Friary
Inverkeithing Friary, formally known as the Hospitium of the Grey Friars, is a 14th-century friary building and gardens located Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland.

The surviving friary building is considered to be the finest remaining example of a medieval friary building in Scotland. The building was restored in the 1930s and is now a Category A listed historic site by Historic Environment Scotland.

The building now features as a focal point on the Fife Pilgrim Way, a long-distance footpath commemorating the journey of pilgrims through Fife during the medieval era. It is now used as a community centre.

Historic Environment Scotland
Historic Environment Scotland (HES) (Scottish Gaelic: Àrainneachd Eachdraidheil Alba) is an executive non-departmental public body responsible for investigating, caring for and promoting Scotland's historic environment. HES was formed in 2015 from the merger of government agency Historic Scotland with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS).
Ruchanki
Ruchanki is a flat, oval racuszki from bread dough (providing a light sour taste) or sponge cake (sweet taste), fried on hot fat.

Formerly, ruchanki were produced from leftover bread dough. The rye bread dough version was popularly eaten instead of bread for breakfast. Ruchanki baked from wheat flour and yeast were traditionally baked for carnivals. These are served hot, topped with powdered sugar or white sugar. In Kashubia these are served with apples.

Ruchanki are enlisted on the list of traditional produce of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The official list states, that the average diameter of ruchanki should be between 5 and 7 cm and their thickness at 0.5 cm.

Dough
Dough is a malleable, sometimes elastic paste made from flour (which itself is made from grains or from leguminous or chestnut crops). Dough is typically made by mixing flour with a small amount of water or other liquid and sometimes includes yeast or other leavening agents, as well as ingredients such as fats or flavourings.

Making and shaping dough begins the preparation of a wide variety of foodstuffs, particularly breads and bread-based items, but also including biscuits, cakes, cookies, dumplings, flatbreads, noodles, pasta, pastry, pizza, piecrusts, scones and similar items. Dough can be made from a wide variety of flour, commonly wheat and rye but also maize, rice, legumes, almonds, and other cereals or crops.
Shanker
Shanker is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Shanker (1928–1997), president of the American Federation of Teachers

Baggy Shanker, British politician

Natarajan Shankar, Computer scientist at SRI International, USA

Ram Shanker (born 1985), Singaporean footballer

Sasi Shanker (1957–2016), Indian film director

S. Shankar or S. Shanker (born 1963), Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter

Albert Shanker
Albert Shanker (September 14, 1928 – February 22, 1997) was an American union organizer and labor activist. He served as president of the United Federation of Teachers from 1964 to 1985, and president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) from 1974 to 1997.
Crop desiccation
Pre-harvest crop desiccation is the application of an agent to a crop just before harvest to kill the leaves and/or plants so that the crop dries out from environmental conditions, or "dry-down", more quickly and evenly. Crop desiccants (not to be confused with chemical desiccants) include herbicides and defoliants, used to accelerate the natural drying of plant tissues. Desiccation of crops through the use of herbicides is practiced worldwide on a variety of food and non-food crops.

Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. The word desiccation comes from Latin  de- 'thoroughly' and  siccare 'to dry'.
Flooding (nuclear reactor core)
Flooding refers to a fluid flow phenomenon whereby counter-current two-phase flow is reversed and runs concurrent in the direction of the initial gas/vapor phase flow when filling, or "flooding", a nuclear reactor core with coolant.   This phenomenon is generally discussed with respect to a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA).  As this phenomenon proceeds, annular flow running counter-current begins as liquid water is inserted into the system.  Then if conditions are correct, the frictional force at the gas-liquid interface begins to reverse the flow of the liquid.  Finally, the flow of the liquid reverses, running concurrently in a slug (or other) flow regime.  The significance of this phenomenon is that, if not properly designed for, it can present issues when trying to fill the core with liquid (the phenomenon works against gravity, forcing liquid out of the core).

Two-phase flow
In fluid mechanics, two-phase flow is a flow of gas and liquid — a particular example of multiphase flow.  Two-phase flow can occur in various forms, such as flows transitioning from pure liquid to vapor as a result of external heating, separated flows, and dispersed two-phase flows where one phase is present in the form of particles, droplets, or bubbles in a continuous carrier phase (i.e. gas or liquid).