hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
T-norm
In mathematics, a t-norm (also T-norm or, unabbreviated, triangular norm) is a kind of binary operation used in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces and in multi-valued logic, specifically in fuzzy logic. A t-norm generalizes intersection in a lattice and conjunction in logic. The name triangular norm refers to the fact that in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces t-norms are used to generalize the triangle inequality of ordinary metric spaces.

Nilpotent
In mathematics, an element  of a ring  is called nilpotent if there exists some positive integer  such that . The smallest such  is called the index of nilpotency or the degree of nilpotency of .

The term, along with its sister idempotent, was introduced by Benjamin Peirce in the context of his work on the classification of algebras.
1973 England rugby union tour of Fiji and New Zealand
The 1973 England rugby union tour of Fiji and New Zealand was a series of matches played by the England national rugby union team in Fiji and New Zealand in August and September 1973. England played five games, including a test match against the New Zealand national rugby union team and a match against the Fiji national rugby union team for which England did not award full international caps. England beat Fiji by only a single point and lost all three matches against New Zealand provincial teams but completed the tour with their first win against New Zealand since 1936.

This tour was hastily organised when a planned tour of Argentina was cancelled due to terrorist threats against the players. A squad of 25 was selected, all but three capped, and nine of whom (six in the pack) had played in the match against the All Blacks at Twickenham nine months previously, in January 1973. David Duckham and Stack Stevens had been, with John Pullin, on the 1971 Lions tour.

Bristol Bears
Bristol Bears (officially Bristol Rugby Club or Bristol Rugby) are a professional men's rugby union club based in Bristol, England.  They play in the Gallagher PREM, England's top division of rugby.

The club was founded as "Bristol Football Club" in 1888; between 1921 and 2014, home matches were played at the Memorial Ground, and have since been played at Ashton Gate Stadium in the south-west of the city.  The current head coach Pat Lam was appointed in 2017.  In the 2024–25 season Bristol finished 4th, losing in the play off semi-finals, entitling them to compete in the 2025-26 European Rugby Champions Cup.

In 2018, the club rebranded as "Bristol Bears"; between 2001 and 2005 the club were known as "Bristol Shoguns" due to a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi.

Bristol won the 1983 John Player Cup and have also won England's second division four times, most recently in 2017–18. In 2019–2020, Bristol won The European Challenge Cup for the first time.
Timur Beg
Timur Beg (Uyghur: تیمور بیگ), also known as Timur Sijan (division general), was a Uyghur rebel military leader in Xinjiang in 1933. He was involved in the 1933 Battle of Kashgar and participated before in Turpan Rebellion (1932). He associated with the Turkic nationalist Young Kashgar Party and appointed himself as "Timur Shah". He and other Uyghurs like the Bughra brothers wanted to secede from China. In August 1933  his troops were attacked by the Chinese Muslim 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army under General Ma Zhancang. Timur was shot and killed in Kashgar.

Turpan
Turpan (Uyghur: Turpan) or Turfan (Chinese: 吐鲁番) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 69,759 km2 (26,934 sq mi) and a population of 693,988 (2020). The historical center of the prefectural area has shifted a number of times, from Yar-Khoto (Jiaohe, 10 km or 6.2 mi to the west of modern Turpan) to Qocho (Gaochang, 30 km or 19 mi to the southeast of Turpan) and to Turpan itself.
Pararcus
Pararcus is an extinct genus of placodont marine reptile from the Middle Triassic of the Netherlands. The genus is monotypic and the type species is Pararcus diepenbroeki. Pararcus is known from a holotype skeleton about 1.35 metres (4.4 ft) long from the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk.

Muschelkalk
The Muschelkalk (German for "shell-bearing limestone", pronounced [ˈmʊʃl̩ˌkalk] ⓘ) is a sequence of sedimentary rock strata (a lithostratigraphic unit) in the geology of central and western Europe. It has a Middle Triassic (240 to 230 million years) age and forms the middle part of the three-part Germanic Trias (that gives the Triassic its name) lying above the older Buntsandstein and below the younger Keuper. The Muschelkalk ("mussel-chalk") consists of a sequence of limestone and dolomite beds.

In the past, the time span in which the Muschelkalk was deposited could also be called "Muschelkalk". In modern stratigraphy, however, the name only applies to the layers of rock.
Psychograss
Psychograss was an American bluegrass supergroup founded by fiddler Darol Anger and mandolinist Mike Marshall.

Anger and Marshall had been members of the David Grisman Quintet, the band Montreaux, and had performed as a duo. They invited two other Grisman players, bassist Todd Phillips and percussionist Joe Craven, and recorded their first album in 1993. Tim O'Brien sang on the album and Tony Trischka played banjo. Guitarist David Grier joined the band on their second album, which included a cover version of a Jimi Hendrix song.

David Grisman
David Jay Grisman (born March 23, 1945) is an American mandolinist. His music combines bluegrass, folk, and jazz in a genre he calls "dawg music". He founded the record label Acoustic Disc, which releases his recordings and those of other acoustic musicians. He was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in Owensboro, Kentucky in 2023.
Fantasio (Offenbach)
Fantasio is an 1872 opéra comique in 3 acts, 4 tableaux, with music by Jacques Offenbach. The French libretto by Paul de Musset was closely based on the 1834 play of the same name by his brother Alfred de Musset. The opera found little success in Offenbach's lifetime, was occasionally revived until the preparation of a critical edition in the 2000s.

Sarah Connolly
Dame Sarah Patricia Connolly DBE (born 13 June 1963) is an English mezzo-soprano. Although best known for her baroque and classical roles, Connolly has a wide-ranging repertoire which has included works by Wagner as well as various 20th-century composers. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to music.
Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show
Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show (2008) is a science fiction and fantasy anthology edited by Edmund R. Schubert and Orson Scott Card.

Originally published in paperback by Tor Books in August 2008, it contains eighteen stories from Card's online magazine InterGalactic Medicine Show including four from Card set in his Ender's Game universe.

An audiobook version of the anthology was released by Blackstone Audio in November 2008, which contains an additional  "special audio-only bonus" story, Ender's Homecoming.

Blackstone Audio
Blackstone Audio is an independent audiobook publisher in the United States, offering over 25,000 audiobooks. The company is based in Ashland, Oregon, with five in-house recording studios. Blackstone distributes directly to consumers via their subscription e-commerce site, Downpour.com, and to the library market with titles from Blackstone, Macmillan, Hachette, HarperCollins, Brilliance, BBC, and Disney Press.

Blackstone has made deals with other audiobook companies where Blackstone manufactures physical CD & MP3 CD format media and distributes them to retail and library locations. Labels under this program include Naxos AudioBooks and Recorded Books.

In 2015, Blackstone expanded with Blackstone Publishing, an imprint devoted to print and e-books.
Shuhua
Yeh Shu-hua (Chinese: 葉舒華; born January 6, 2000), known mononymously as Shuhua (Korean: 슈화), is a Taiwanese singer based in South Korea. She is a member of the South Korean girl group I-dle, which debuted as (G)I-dle under Cube Entertainment in May 2018.

Mononym
A mononym is a name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is a mononymous person.

A mononym may be the person's only name, given to them at birth. This was routine in most ancient societies, and remains common in modern societies such as in Afghanistan, Bhutan, some parts of Indonesia (especially by older Javanese people), Myanmar, Mongolia, Tibet, and South India.

In other cases, a person may select a single name from their polynym or adopt a mononym as a chosen name, pen name, stage name, or regnal name. A popular nickname may effectively become a mononym, in some cases adopted legally. For some historical figures, a mononym is the only name that is still known today.
Jardin d'essai Station
Jardin d'essai (Arabic: حديقة التجارب) is a transfer station serving the Line 1 of the Algiers Metro. It is located in Belouizdad, in the capital of Algeria, Algiers. It is a busy station on the Algiers Metro, especially on weekends and public holidays as it serves the Botanical Garden Hamma, the National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers and the Martyr's Memorial.

Botanical Garden Hamma
The Botanical Garden Hamma (Arabic: حديقة التجارب الحامة) (French: Jardin d'Essai du Hamma) is a 32-hectare (79-acre) botanical garden (38 hectares (94 acres) of gardens and 20 hectares (49 acres) of arboretum) located in the Mohamed Belouizdad (formerly Hamma-Anassers) district of Algiers. It was established in 1832.
I'm Not Getting Enough
"I'm Not Getting Enough" is a song by Yoko Ono, originally released in 2001 on the album Blueprint for a Sunrise. In 2009, the song was remixed and released as digital green releases (no materials used or abused) by Mind Train and Twisted Records on iTunes and the Twisted Records online store.

Twisted Records (U.S.)
TWISTED Records (also known as TWISTED America, TWISTED United Kingdom, and TWISTED World) is an American record label founded by Rob Di Stefano and Mark Davenport in 1996. Born from the shuttered TRIBAL America label (and its Tribal UK subsidiary), Twisted pioneered the hard house and progressive club styles that rose to international success in the early 2000s.

It released hits such as "Fired Up!", by Funky Green Dogs, "Elements" & "Music is The Answer" by Danny Tenaglia, "Be Yourself" by Celeda, "Revolution" by Superchumbo, "Muscles" by Club 69, "Walking On Thin Ice" by Yoko Ono, "Free Your Mind" by Sapphirecut, "Dark Beat" by Oscar G and Ralph Falcon, and also "So Get Up" an iconic vocal poem by Californian author/songwriter Ithaka Darin Pappas, backed by the Progressive house sounds of USL from Lisbon, Portugal.

The label released classic albums such as Danny Tenaglia's Tourism, Funky Green Dogs' Get Fired Up, Celeda's This Is It, Club 69's Style, and Superchumbo's Wowie Zowie.
Pavlo Zhebrivskyi
Pavlo Ivanovych Zhebrivskyi (Ukrainian: Павло Іванович Жебрівський, born 21 March 1962) is a Ukrainian politician, leader of the political party Republican Platform.

The people's deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the IV, V and VI congresses, the chairman of the Zhytomyr Regional State Administration (2005), head of the Anti-Corruption Directorate of the General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine (2015), chairman of the Donetsk region al the military-civilian administration (from 2015 to 2018), auditor of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (from June 19, 2018 to November 15, 2018). The founder of the project is the financial support of small and medium-sized businesses "Ukrainian Donetsk Kurkul", the United Ukrainian Cultural Space program, "cities' ukrainianization" in the Donetsk region.

Kolkhoz
A kolkhoz (Russian plural: kolkhozy; anglicized plural: kolkhozes (Russian: колхо́з, IPA: [kɐlˈxos] ⓘ) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz. These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis both to the feudal structure of impoverished serfdom and aristocratic landlords and to individual or family farming.
James Ross (Australian lawyer)
James Hunter Ross (10 February 1788 – 18 September 1865) was a lawyer and politician in colonial Victoria, Australia.

Ross was born at Prestonpans, East Lothian, Scotland, the son of Major John Ross and Jean Buchan. He practised as a lawyer at the Supreme Court in Scotland. He arrived in the Port Phillip District in August 1841, founding later that same year the law firm Blake & Riggall, the forerunner of Ashurst Australia.

On 31 October 1851, Ross was nominated, being sworn-in the following month, to the Victorian Legislative Council, 
a position he held until resigning July 1852. He was replaced in the council by Thomas Turner à Beckett.

Prestonpans
Prestonpans (/prɛstənˈpænz/ Scottish Gaelic: Baile an t-Sagairt, Scots: The Pans) is a mining town, situated approximately eight miles east of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the council area of East Lothian. The population as of 2020 is 
10,460. It is near the site of the 1745 Battle of Prestonpans (first called the Battle of Gladsmuir, then renamed the Battle of Tranent, and later still renamed the Battle of Prestonpans – although evidence shows the battle occurred a few miles outside of town). Prestonpans is famous for its murals, with many such artworks depicting local history.
DBpedia
DBpedia (from "DB" for "database") is a project aiming to extract structured content from the information created in the Wikipedia project. This structured information is made available on the World Wide Web using OpenLink Virtuoso. DBpedia allows users to semantically query relationships and properties of Wikipedia resources, including links to other related datasets.

The project was heralded as "one of the more famous pieces" of the decentralized linked data effort by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. As of June 2021, DBpedia contained over 850 million semantic triples.

Data set
A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as for example height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set.  Data sets can also consist of a collection of documents or files.

In the open data discipline, a data set is a unit used to measure the amount of information released in a public open data repository.  The European data.europa.eu portal aggregates more than a million data sets.
9th Panzerlehr Brigade (Bundeswehr)
52°59′06″N 10°04′18″E﻿ / ﻿52.985108°N 10.071745°E﻿ / 52.985108; 10.071745

The 9th Panzerlehr Brigade (German: Panzerlehrbrigade 9, abbreviated PzLehrBrig 9) is a formation of about 6,000 men strong within the German Armed Forces or Bundeswehr, which is subordinated to the 1st Panzer Division in Oldenburg. The bulk of the brigade is stationed in Munster. Two battalions are based in Neustadt am Rübenberge. The brigade has become the "showcase of the German Army" as a result of its German Army Combat Vehicle and Aircraft Demonstration Exercises (German: Informationslehrübung Gefechts- und Luftfahrzeuge des Deutschen Heeres) which it has conducted for decades. These exercises demonstrate the capability of the Army's fighting vehicles and aircraft and how they operate jointly in various scenarios. The formation is classified as an armoured brigade within the Bundeswehr's heavy forces.

Puma (German infantry fighting vehicle)
The Schützenpanzer Puma (SPz Puma), meaning “Infantry fighting vehicle Puma”, is a German infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), per the Panzergrenadier-doctrine, designed to replace the aging Marder IFVs currently in service with the German Army. Production of the first batch of 350 vehicles began in 2010 and was completed in August 2021. A second batch of 229 Pumas received funding. Mass production began on 6 July 2009. The companies responsible for this project are KNDS Deutschland and Rheinmetall, which created a joint venture, Projekt System Management GmbH (PSM). The Puma is one of the world's best-protected IFVs, while still having a high power-to-weight ratio.
Timeless (Chuck Brown album)
Timeless is a studio album released on April 7, 1998, by the Washington, D.C.-based go-go musician Chuck Brown with The Second Chapter Band. The album was dedicated to Eva Cassidy, who died two years earlier after the sudden onset of cancer.

Go-go
Go-go is a subgenre of funk music with an emphasis on specific rhythmic patterns, and live audience call and response.

Go-go was originated by African-American musicians in Washington, D.C., during the mid-1960s to late-1970s. Go-go has limited popularity in other areas, but maintains a devoted audience in the Washington metropolitan area as a uniquely regional music style and was named the official music of Washington, D.C., in February 2020.

Performers associated with the development of the style include Rare Essence, E.U., Trouble Funk, and singer-guitarist Chuck Brown. 
Modern artists like Charles "Shorty Corleone" Garris continue the go-go tradition in D.C.
Cyrillization of Chinese
The cyrillization of Chinese is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet.

The Palladius system is the official Russian standard for transcribing Mandarin Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for Ukrainian, Belarusian and the various languages of Russia. It was created by Palladius Kafarov, a Russian sinologist and monk who spent thirty years in China in the nineteenth century. Other languages that use the Cyrillic script have systems designed for their own language.

Sinology
Sinology, also referred to as China studies, is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through Chinese language, history, culture, literature, philosophy, art, music, cinema, and science. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."

The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to philology concerning the Chinese classics and other literature written in the Chinese language. Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include Chinese history and palaeography, among other subjects.
Harold Legg
Dr. Harold Legg is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Leonard Fenton. Dr. Legg is Walford's original GP. He is widely trusted within the community, and is always on hand to dish out advice. Dr Legg appears as a regular character between 1985 and 1989, but continued to appear in a recurring role until 1997. He was officially retired in 1999 by executive producer Matthew Robinson, but made brief returns in 2000, 2004 and 2007. He returned for a longer storyline from 18 October 2018 and departed on 15 February 2019 when he died of pancreatic cancer.

Jimi Mistry
James Patrick Mistry is a British actor. He is known for appearing in numerous films such as East Is East (1999), The Guru (2002), Touch of Pink (2004), Ella Enchanted (2004), The Truth About Love (2005), Blood Diamond (2006), Partition (2007), RocknRolla (2008), Exam (2009), It's a Wonderful Afterlife (2010), and West is West (2010). He is also known for his roles, as Dr. Fred Fonseca in BBC1 soap opera EastEnders, Latif in Cinemax series Strike Back, Kal Nazir in long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street, and as Tom Bedford in Kay Mellor drama The Syndicate.
Rhizobiales-2 RNA motif
The Rhizobiales-2 RNA motif is a set of RNAs found in certain bacteria that are presumed to be homologous because they conserve a common primary and secondary structure (see diagram).  The motif was discovered using bioinformatics, and is found only within bacteria that belong to the order Hyphomicrobiales (formerly Rhizobiales), in turn a kind of alphaproteobacteria.  Because Rhizobiales-2 RNAs are not consistently located in proximity to genes of a consistent class or function, these RNAs are presumed to function as non-coding RNAs.

Protein secondary structure
Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains. The two most common secondary structural elements are alpha helices and beta sheets, though beta turns and omega loops occur as well. Secondary structure elements typically spontaneously form as an intermediate before the protein folds into its three dimensional tertiary structure.

Secondary structure is formally defined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between the amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone. Secondary structure may alternatively be defined based on the regular pattern of backbone dihedral angles in a particular region of the Ramachandran plot regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds.

The concept of secondary structure was first introduced by Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang at Stanford in 1952. Other types of biopolymers such as nucleic acids also possess characteristic secondary structures.
Gordon-Schaefer model
The Gordon-Schaefer model is a bioeconomic model applied in the fishing industry. It may be used to compute the maximum sustainable yield. It takes account of biological growth rates, carrying capacity, and total and marginal costs and revenues.

This model can be applied in three primary scenarios: Monopoly; Maximum Sustainable Yield (biological optimum); and Open Access.

Environmental economics
Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics "undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world. Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
Rylsee
Rylsee (born Cyril Vouilloz; May 17, 1985) is a Swiss artist specialising in hand-drawn font and typography living in Berlin, Germany.

Self-described as being 'Left-handed and Too Shy To Rap', Rylsee is known for his witty wordplay and relatable designs. Some of his ongoing themes include; observations of his daily life, commenting on the digital world – especially regarding smartphone culture and his personal sense of humour. His numbered sketchbooks have received attention from fans and media (especially Instagram) since he began collating them in 2010.

Rylsee is a hybrid-artist who employs a range of mediums. He is also one of the original members and resident artists of the Berlin arts & music venue, Urban Spree.

Olympic Museum
The Olympic Museum (French: Musée olympique) in Lausanne, Switzerland houses permanent and temporary exhibits relating to sport and the Olympic movement. With more than 10,000 artifacts, the museum is the largest archive of Olympic Games memorabilia in the world and one of Lausanne's prime tourist site draws attracting more than 250,000 visitors each year.

The Olympic Museum and the Olympic Park (sculpture garden between the museum and Lake Léman) are located at Ouchy, south of Lausanne. The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) are located at Vidy, to the west of Ouchy.