hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Learning from Shenzhen
Learning from Shenzhen: China's Post-Mao Experiment from Special Zone to Model City is a 2017 collection of essays, co-edited by Mary Ann O'Donnell, Winnie Wong, and Jonathan Bach, and published by the University of Chicago Press. It discusses the development of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China and how it influenced the development of other places in China.

The title is a reference to the previous Chinese revolutionary slogan "Learning from Dazhai".

Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
The "Learn from Dazhai in agriculture" Campaign (Chinese: 农业学大寨; pinyin: nóngyè xué Dàzhài, or in Wade-Giles Romanization Tachai) was a campaign organized by Mao Zedong in 1963. The campaign encouraged peasants from all over China to follow from the example of the farmers of the village Dazhai in Shanxi by practicing self-sacrifice and upright political activity.

It grew in importance after the introduction of the Cultural Revolution, but Chen Yonggui and its other proponents were eventually eased out of power by Deng Xiaoping following the removal of the Gang of Four.
Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante
Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante (French pronunciation: [kapɛstɛʁ də maʁi ɡalɑ̃t], literally Capesterre of Marie-Galante; Guadeloupean Creole: Kapestè Marigalant; often simply referred to as Capesterre) is a commune on the island of Marie-Galante, in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, itself in the Lesser Antilles.

Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante is located on the southeast coast of Marie-Galante. The surface area is 46.19 km2 (17.83 sq mi) and the population is 3,469 (as of 2006). The population density is 75 persons per km2.

Antillean Creole
Antillean Creole (also known as Lesser Antillean Creole, Kreyol, or Patois) is a creole language that is primarily spoken in the Lesser Antilles. Its grammar and vocabulary include elements of Indigenous languages, African languages, French, and English.
Thrace
Thrace (/θreɪs/, thrayss; Bulgarian: Тракия, romanised: Trakiya; Greek: Θράκη, romanised: Thráki; Turkish: Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe roughly corresponding to the province of Thrace in the Roman Empire. Bounded by the Balkan Mountains to the north, the Aegean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea to the east, it comprises present-day southeastern Bulgaria (Northern Thrace), northeastern Greece (Western Thrace), and the European part of Turkey (East Thrace). Lands also inhabited by ancient Thracians extended in the north to modern-day Northern Bulgaria and Romania and to the west into Macedonia.

Hellenization
Hellenization or Hellenification is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language, and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonization often led to the Hellenization of indigenous people. In the Hellenistic period, many of the territories which were conquered by Alexander the Great were Hellenized.
Rocky Hill Ridge
Rocky Hill Ridge, also known as the Mount Lucas-Rocky Hill Ridge, named after Lucas Voorhees, an 18th-century landowner, is a diabase trap rock ridge running west to east in the US State of New Jersey. Diabase intrusions form Baldpate Mountain and Pennington Mountain, the Mount Rose extension of the Mount Lucas-Rocky Hill ridge, and part of the Sourland Mountains. The Ridge is nine miles (14 km) long and continues across the Millstone River, just below The Georgetown Franklin Turnpike, as the Ten-Mile Run Mountain and Lawrence Brook Mountain. The western section of the ridge, which runs to the northwest to The Sourlands (although not connecting with it because of the Hopewell Fault), is the Mount Rose section of the ridge.

The Sourlands
The Sourlands is a region in the central portion of the U.S. state of New Jersey that includes portions of Hunterdon County, Mercer County, and Somerset County.  It is centered on Sourland Mountain and comprises parts of Lambertville, East Amwell, West Amwell, Hillsborough,  Hopewell Boro, Hopewell Township, and Montgomery Township.  The region is flanked by the Hopewell Fault to the south and Amwell Valley to the north that runs from Mount Airy to an area just west of Flagtown and a diabase formation running from Lambertville to Mount Airy.  The Sourland also include a hilly area towards the southwest called Pleasant Valley, with a number of farms. Although much of the Sourlands is not conducive to farming, Pleasant Valley and the slopes on the surrounding ridges have a number of farms.  The slopes of the ridge to the north are also home to Unionville Vineyard.
Mor Maman (footballer)
Mor Maman (Hebrew: מור ממן; born February 2, 1986) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Kafr Kanna. Maman made his professional debut for Maccabi Haifa in a Toto Cup match against Hapoel Ramat Gan on September 16, 2003. He later played for Bnei Sakhnin, Hapoel Haifa, Hapoel Nazareth Illit, Maccabi Ironi Tirat HaCarmel, Maccabi Kafr Kanna and Hapoel Bnei Jadeidi. At international level, Maman was capped at levels from under-17 to under-19.

Bnei Sakhnin F.C.
Bnei Sakhnin F.C. (Arabic: اتحاد أبناء سخنين, romanized: Ittiḥād ’Abnā’ Saḫnīn, Hebrew: איחוד בני סכנין, romanized: Iḥud Bnei Sakhnin, lit. 'Sons of Sakhnin United') is an Israeli professional football club based at the Doha Stadium in Sakhnin. They are the most successful club among the Arab-Israeli clubs in the country, having won the State Cup in 2004.
Acrocercops ipomoeae
Acrocercops ipomoeae is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Cuba.

The larvae feed on Jacquemontia and Ipomoea species, including Ipomoea batatas. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.

Ipomoea
Ipomoea (/ˌɪpəˈmiː.ə, -oʊ-/) is the largest genus in the plant family Convolvulaceae, with over 600 species. It is a large and diverse group, with common names including morning glory, water convolvulus or water spinach, sweet potato, bindweed, moonflower, etc. The genus occurs throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and comprises annual and perennial herbaceous plants, lianas, shrubs, and small trees; most of the species are twining climbing plants.

Their most widespread common name is morning glory, but some species in related genera bear that same common name and some Ipomoea species are known by different common names. Those formerly separated in Calonyction (Greek καλός kalós "good" and νύξ, νυκτός núx, nuktós, "night") are called moonflowers. The name Ipomoea is derived from the Ancient Greek ἴψ, meaning 'woodworm', and ὅμοιος (hómoios), meaning "resembling". It refers to their twining habit.
Ledbury Estate
51°28′50″N 0°03′47″W﻿ / ﻿51.480449°N 0.063070°W﻿ / 51.480449; -0.063070

The Ledbury Estate is a large estate of social housing, in Peckham in the London Borough of Southwark. The estate is just south of the Old Kent Road, part of the A2 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from both Tower Bridge and the Elephant & Castle it is adjacent to land used by George Livesey for the South London Gasworks.

It was found, while making fire safety checks in 2017 in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire, that the blocks had not been strengthened, as required after the Ronan Point collapse in 1968.

London Borough of Southwark
The London Borough of Southwark (/ˈsʌðərk/ ⓘ SUDH-ərk) in South London forms part of Inner London and is connected by bridges across the River Thames to the City of London and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas were amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. All districts of the area are within the London postal district. It is governed by Southwark London Borough Council.

The part of the South Bank within the borough is home to London Bridge terminus station and the attractions of The Shard, Tate Modern, Shakespeare's Globe and Borough Market that are the largest of the venues in Southwark to draw domestic and international tourism. Dulwich is home to the Dulwich Picture Gallery and the Imperial War Museum is in Elephant and Castle. Major districts include Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, Peckham, Camberwell, and Dulwich.
The Holocaust Industry
The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering is a book by Norman Finkelstein arguing that the American Jewish establishment exploits the memory of the Nazi Holocaust for political and financial gain and to further Israeli interests. According to Finkelstein, this "Holocaust industry" has corrupted Jewish culture and the authentic memory of the Holocaust.

The book was controversial, attracting both praise as well as criticism. Supporters of the book, such as preeminent Holocaust scholar Raul Hilberg, described it as a substantive engagement with issues such as the politics of memory. Critics of the book, such as Peter Novick, declared that many of Finkelstein's assertions  are “pure invention” and called the book “a twenty-first century updating of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.”

Omer Bartov
Omer Bartov (Hebrew: עֹמֶר בַּרְטוֹב [ʔoˈmeʁ ˈbaʁtov]; born April 17, 1954) is an Israeli-American historian. He is the Dean's Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Brown University, where he has taught since 2000. Bartov is a historian of the Holocaust and is considered a leading authority on genocide.
Tudor Owen (judge)
Tudor Wyn Owen (born 16 May 1951) is a British Circuit judge.

He was educated at Aberdare Boys' Grammar School and King's College London (LLB). He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1974 and served as a Recorder from 1991 to 2007.

Aberdare High School
Aberdare High School (Welsh: Ysgol Uwchradd Aberdâr) was a comprehensive school in Aberdare, Wales.

The school was situated between the villages of Trecynon and Cwmdare and sited opposite the Coleg y Cymoedd site (formerly called Coleg Morgannwg).

Over 600 pupils attended the school, which had a separate sports facility, two annexes, an upper school and a lower school. The school was a member of the Cynon Valley 16+ Consortium, which combined the resources of several local schools for sixth form tuition.

The school's 'Dare Valley Sports Hall' was used by the public (after school hours) and the pupils of the school.

Prior to September 2009, the school's name was Aberdare Boys' Comprehensive School.
Martin Farm Complex
Martin Farm Complex is a historic home and farm complex located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. The complex consists of a gentleman farmer's Italian villa farmhouse along with a full complement of contributing agricultural outbuildings.  In addition to the farmhouse, there are eleven contributing buildings, two structures, one site, and four objects dating from the mid-19th century to the 1930s.  They include a brick office building, milk house, sheds, privy, carriage barn, chicken house, four barns, a pergola, smoke house, cast iron fence, stepping stone, and two hitching posts.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Smokehouse
A smokehouse (North American) or smokery (British) is a building where meat or fish is cured with smoke. The finished product might be stored in the building, sometimes for a year or more. Even when smoke is not used, such a building—typically a subsidiary building—is sometimes referred to as a "smokehouse".  When smoke is not used, the term meathouse or meat house is common.
Whitmire Creek (Animas Mountains)
Whitmire Creek is a stream tributary to Animas Creek within Hidalgo County, New Mexico. It is one of two creeks of that name that are tributary to Animas Creek in the Animas Valley. They both were named for J. B. Whitmire one of the first settlers that established the Whitmire Ranch in the area during the 1880s.

The Whitmire Creek located entirely in Hildalgo County, flows westward down from its source at 31°48′15″N 108°42′05″W﻿ / ﻿31.80417°N 108.70139°W﻿ / 31.80417; -108.70139, at an elevation of approximately 4,980 feet (1,520 meters) in the Animas Mountains to the east of the valley, flows from the west slope of Whitmire Pass, to its confluence with Animas Creek in the Animas Valley at an elevation of 4,600 feet (1,400 meters).

Whitmire Ranch
Whitmire Ranch is a locale in Hidalgo County, New Mexico.  The ranch was named after its owner, J. B. Whitmire, a rancher in the 1880s.  Its headquarters was located nearby Whitmire Spring on the western shore near the center of Playas Lake.
Ramona Balthasar
Ramona Balthasar-Franz (born 9 January 1964) is a German rower.

Balthasar was born in 1964 in Forst, Bezirk Cottbus, East Germany. She initially competed for SG Dynamo Potsdam and was chosen for the 1984 Summer Olympics but did not compete due to the Eastern Bloc boycott. During 1985, she changed to SC Dynamo Berlin. At the 1985 World Rowing Championships in Hazewinkel, she became world champion in the quad scull boat class. She changed from sculling to sweep rowing and at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, she won gold with the women's eight. At the 1989 World Rowing Championships in Bled, she won silver in the same boat class.

In October 1986, she was awarded a Patriotic Order of Merit in gold (first class) for her sporting success. Balthasar studied medicine.

Forst (Lausitz)
Forst (Lausitz) (German, pronounced [fɔʁst] ⓘ) or Baršć (Łužyca) (Lower Sorbian, pronounced [ˈbarɕtɕ ˈwuʒɨtsa]) is a town in Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, in eastern Germany. It lies east of Cottbus, on the Lusatian Neisse river which is also the German-Polish border. It is the capital of the Spree-Neiße district. It is known for its rose garden and textile museum. The town's population is 18,651. In Forst, there is a railway bridge across the Neiße belonging to the line Cottbus–Żary which is serviced by regional trains and a EuroCity train between Hamburg and Kraków (2011). There is also a road bridge across the river north of Forst.
Enolate
In organic chemistry, enolates are the organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl (RR'C=O) compounds. Rarely isolated, they are widely used as reagents in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds. Organic compounds  are molecules consisting of combinations of covalently-linked hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Within the general subject of organic synthesis, there are many different types of synthetic routes that can be completed including total synthesis, stereoselective synthesis, automated synthesis, and many more. Additionally, in understanding organic synthesis it is necessary to be familiar with the methodology, techniques, and applications of the subject.
John Madocks
John Edward Madocks (22 July 1786 – 20 November 1837) was a Welsh politician.

Madocks was educated at Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford.  He watched the hanging of John Bellingham with fellow pupil Lord Byron.  He lived in Glan-y-wern in Denbighshire.  In 1821, he served as High Sheriff of Denbighshire.  He stood as a Whig in Denbigh Boroughs at the 1832 UK general election, winning the seat.  In Parliament, he opposed electoral reforms, and also opposed monopolies and religious restrictions.  He stood for re-election at the 1835 UK general election, but was defeated.

Madocks died on 20 November 1837 at his home, Glan-y-wern Hall in Llandyrnog, at the age of 51.

High Sheriff of Denbighshire
The first High Sheriff of Denbighshire was John Salusbury, snr, appointed in 1540.  The shrievalty of Denbighshire, together with that of Flintshire, continued until 1974 when it was abolished after the county and shrievalty of Clwyd was created.

The role High Sheriff in each county is the oldest secular office under the Crown.  The High Sheriff changed every March. Formerly the High Sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so that its functions are now largely ceremonial.
Hult Healey
Hult Healey was a make of kit cars in Sweden started when Mats Svanberg from Hult saw an Austin-Healey (100 or 3000) and fell in love with it. In the 1970s he bought one and in 1981 it was due for a renovation and he wanted to make a replica of the competition Austin-Healey, but without ruining his original car, so he decided to build a copy. He called in his friend Lennart Waerme to help him. The chassis was based on the original, but used engine, gearbox, front end and rear axle from a 1972 Volvo 142. To make this possible the car had to be made 14 cm wider than the original. The Hult Healey, as it was known, was first registered in the late summer of 1984. They also started to make kits based on their design. Up to 1990 they had made and sold 35 kit cars, and four complete cars.

In 1987 they made an update Mk2 model with a more racing design using a Volvo B23 engine giving 250 hp (190 kW). The body weighed just 50 kg (110 lb). Only three Mk2 Hult Healys were made.

Austin-Healey 3000
The Austin-Healey 3000 is a British sports car built from 1959 until 1967. It is the best known of the "big Healey" models. The car's bodywork was made by Jensen Motors and the vehicles were assembled at BMC's MG Works in Abingdon, alongside BMC's MG models.

During its production life, the car changed from an open sports car, albeit with a child-transporting 2+2 option, to a sports convertible. In 1963, 91.5 percent of all Austin-Healey 3000 cars were exported; mostly to North America. The 3-litre 3000 was a highly successful car, which won its class in many European rallies in its heyday and is still raced in classic car competitions by enthusiasts today.

British Motor Corporation ended manufacture in 1967, filling its place with a car with a new, though similar, engine in a newer monocoque chassis; the MGB variant named the MGC.
Hymenomycete
Hymenomycetes was formerly the largest taxonomic group of fungi within the division Basidiomycota, but the term is no longer taxonomically relevant. Many familiar fungi belong to this class, including bracket fungi and toadstools. This class contained the orders Agaricales, Boletales, and Russulales.

The erstwhile class, now understood to be a polyphyletic assemblage of basidiomycetes, refers to fungi with fruit bodies whose hymenophore develops in an exposed manner, or only with a veil (velum). These forms are termed gymnocarpic or hemiangiocarpic ontogeny, respectively. A contrasting example of hymenophore development is the puffballs, which undergo gasterocarpic development (hymenophore enclosed).

Veil (mycology)
A veil or velum, in mycology, is one of several structures in fungi, especially the thin membrane that covers the cap and stalk of an immature mushroom.

Veils fall into two categories:

Partial veil

Universal veil
Franz Zureich
Franz Zureich (1904–1992) was a German painter, graphic artist, illustrator, and caricaturist.

Influenced by Albert Haueisen, Zureich was best known for his city representations, decorative motives, industrial etchings, illustrations, and satirical designs.

Caricature
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve a political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in newspapers and news magazines as political cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. In literature, a caricature is a distorted representation of a person in a way that exaggerates some characteristics and oversimplifies others.
J. William Costerton
John William Fisher "Bill" Costerton FRSC (July 21, 1934, Vernon, British Columbia – May 12, 2012, Kamloops, British Columbia) was a Canadian microbiologist and the main pioneer of the paradigm of microbial life as a community of microorganisms attached to hydrated surfaces by means of biofilms. He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of Biofilms" or the "King of Slime".

Vernon, British Columbia
Vernon is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is 440 km (270 mi) northeast of Vancouver. Named after Forbes George Vernon, a former MLA of British Columbia who helped establish the Coldstream Ranch in nearby Coldstream, Vernon was incorporated in 1892. Vernon has a population of 44,519 (2021), while its metropolitan region, Greater Vernon, has a population of 67,086 as of the 2021 Canadian census. With this population, Vernon is the largest city in the North Okanagan Regional District. A resident of Vernon is called a "Vernonite."
O. K. Chinnaraj
O.K. Chinnaraj is an Indian politician. He has won the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections 2006,2011 and 2016 from the Mettupalayam constituency.
Chinnaraj, who is a member of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party, was first elected from the Mettupalayam constituency to the Tamil Legislative Assembly in 2006 and was re-elected in the elections of 2011 and 2016.

Mettupalayam Assembly constituency
Mettupalayam is a legislative assembly constituency in Coimbatore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It comes under Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.
Didactic method
A didactic method (from Greek: διδάσκειν didáskein, "to teach") is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer to a specific didactic method, as for instance constructivist didactics.

Constructivist teaching methods
Constructivist teaching  is based on constructivism. Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information.
Soldiers of the Empire
"Soldiers of the Empire" is the 119th episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 21st episode of the fifth season. It was directed by LeVar Burton.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet-run space station Deep Space Nine. In later seasons of the series, the United Federation of Planets comes into conflict with a hostile empire known as the Dominion; when the Dominion absorbs the nearby planet of Cardassia, the Federation forms an alliance with the Klingon Empire for mutual defense. This episode focuses on Klingon characters including Worf, a Klingon officer in Starfleet, and General Martok, the Klingon Empire's liaison to Deep Space Nine, as Martok takes command of a ship only to find its crew demoralized by recent losses against the Dominion.

Starfleet
Starfleet is a fictional organization in the Star Trek media franchise. Within this fictional universe, Starfleet is a uniformed space force maintained by the United Federation of Planets (often called "the Federation" in the franchise) as the principal means for conducting deep space exploration, research, defense, peacekeeping, and diplomacy (although Starfleet predates the Federation, having originally been an Earth organization, as shown by the television series Star Trek: Enterprise). While most of Starfleet's members are human and it has been headquartered on Earth, hundreds of other species are also represented. Most of the franchise's protagonists are Starfleet commissioned officers.