hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kozukappara execution grounds
The Kozukappara execution grounds (小塚原刑場, Kozukappara keijō) were one of the three sites in the vicinity of Edo (the forerunner of present-day Tokyo, Japan) where the Tokugawa shogunate executed criminals in the Edo period. Alternate romanized spellings are Kozukahara and Kotsukappara.

The site is located in modern Minami Senju, Arakawa, Tokyo, a three-minute walk away from Minami-Senju Station. Located next to Enmeiji Temple, a large part of the grounds are now covered by railway tracks.

It is estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people were executed here. Those executed include Hashimoto Sanai and Yoshida Shōin, who were executed as a result of the Ansei Purge.

Sugita Genpaku, Nakagawa Jun'an, Katsuragawa Hoshū and their colleagues studied anatomy by conducting dissections at Kozukappara.

Kozukappara began operation in 1651, and continued until the Meiji period. Executions were stopped in an attempt to convince Western powers to end the unequal treaties with Japan.

Yoshida Shōin
Yoshida Shōin (吉田 松陰; Japanese pronunciation: [jo.ɕi.da (|) ɕoꜜː.iɴ], born Sugi Toranosuke (杉 寅之助); September 20, 1830 – November 21, 1859), commonly named Torajirō (寅次郎), was one of Japan's most distinguished intellectuals in the late years of the Tokugawa shogunate. He devoted himself to nurturing many ishin shishi who in turn made major contributions to the Meiji Restoration.
Social Democratic Party (Japan, 1901)
Social Democratic Party (社会（しゃかい）民主党（みんしゅとう）, Shakaiminshu-tō) was a political party in Japan that existed for one day before being banned by the government. It was the first socialist party formed in Japan.

The party was founded by Kinoshita Naoe, Kiyoshi Kawakami, Kōnirō Nishikawa, Sen Katayama, Abe Isoo, and Kōtoku Shūsui. Kinoshita and Katayama were nominated as administrative secretaries. When composing the platform, the founders took the platform of Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) as the reference. It followed an internationalist spirit in its Basic Program, like its German counterpart. The first article of the platform of the social democratic party was "the aim of our party is to achieve socialism (in Japan)".  Five of the six men who founded the party were Christian.

Kiyoshi Kawakami
Kiyoshi "Karl" Kawakami (河上 清, Kawakami Kiyoshi; 8 August 1873 – 12 October 1949) was a Japanese Christian journalist who published several books in the United States and the United Kingdom. He was born in Yonezawa, educated in the law in Japan, and was for a short time engaged in newspaper work in that country.

He sometimes wrote under the name of K. K. Kawakami. Although Japanese do not have middle names, he is said to have been a socialist in his youth, when he apparently adopted the middle name  "Karl" (from Karl Marx).

In 1901 he travelled to the United States and studied at the universities of Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1905, engaged in journalism, he traveled extensively in China, Siberia, and Russia. He was a correspondent for leading newspapers in Tokyo and a frequent contributor to American magazines and newspapers.
Phytometra rhodarialis
Phytometra rhodarialis, the pink-bordered yellow, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found from southern Ontario in Canada and Missouri and New Hampshire in the United States, south to Florida and Texas in the United States, possibly only as a stray northward.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. There are two or more generations in Ohio and New Jersey and more generations southward.

The larvae feed on Polygala species. Larvae have been reared on Polygala lutea and Polygala mariana.

Senega mariana
Senega mariana, the Maryland milkwort, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is endemic to the southern and eastern United States. It is an annual with a height between 4 and 16 inches (10 and 41 cm) and it flowers between June and October.
Presidential Commission of Inquiry on the Easter Attacks
The Presidential Commission of Inquiry on the Easter Attacks is a Presidential Commission of Inquiry in to the deadly Easter bomb attacks appointed by President Maithripala Sirisena on 21 April 2019 tasked with investigating the causes and background for the bombings. The commission is headed by Vijith Malalgoda, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, Nugagaha Kapalle Illangakoon, retired Inspector-General of Police and Padmasiri Jayamanne, retired Secretary to the Ministry of Law and Order.

Based on its interim report which was submitted in two weeks, the Attorney General Dappula de Livera instructed the Criminal Investigation Department to carryout a criminal investigation against former Defence Secretary Hemasiri Fernando and IGP Pujith Jayasundera to determine if they failed to act on intelligence warnings about the attack.

Attorney General of Sri Lanka
The attorney general of Sri Lanka is the Sri Lankan government's chief legal adviser, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. The attorney general is usually a highly respected senior advocate, and is appointed by the ruling government. The current attorney general is Parinda Ranasinghe Jnr. The president does not have any power to make orders, mandatory or otherwise, to the attorney general. He heads the Attorney General's Department which is the public prosecutor.

Unlike the attorney general of the United States, the attorney general of Sri Lanka does not have any executive authority and is not a political appointee; those functions are performed by the minister of justice. The attorney general is assisted by the solicitor general of Sri Lanka and several additional solicitors general.
Gheorghe Crăciun
Gheorghe Crăciun (8 May 1950, Zărnești – 30 January 2007, Constanța) was a Romanian writer and translator.

Crăciun was born in Tohanu Vechi, now part of Zărnești, Brașov County. In addition to being a novelist and a translator, he was also a literary theorist.
He graduated from High School in Sighișoara, and later studied at the Philology Department of the University of Bucharest. From 1990 he taught at the Department of Literature at Brașov University. In 2002 he received a doctorate in literature from Bucharest University for his thesis on Transitivity in Modernist and Post-Modernist Romanian Poetry. He is considered an important author among Romanian literary figures from the 1980s.

Brașov County
Brașov County (Romanian pronunciation: [braˈʃov] ⓘ) is a county (județ) of Transylvania, Romania. Its capital city is Brașov. The county incorporates within its boundaries most of the Medieval "lands" (țări) Burzenland and Făgăraș.
Paavo Talvela
Paavo Juho Talvela (born Paavo Juho Thorén; 19 February 1897  – 30 September 1973) was a Finnish general of the infantry, Knight of the Mannerheim Cross and a member of the Jäger movement. He participated in the Eastern Front of World War I, the Finnish Civil War, the Finnish Kinship Wars, the Winter War and the Continuation War.

Talvela was also active in Finnish far-right politics, being involved in both the founding of the Academic Karelia Society and in the Lapua Movement. In 1940, he was also involved in talks with Germany about forming a Finnish Jäger battalion as part of the Wehrmacht.

Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive
The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive or Karelian offensive was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviet forces captured East Karelia and Vyborg/Viipuri. After that, however, the fighting reached a stalemate.

The operations of the strategic offensive can be divided into the following offensives:

Viipuri (10–20 June) by the Leningrad Front

Virojoki-Lappeenranta (21 June – 15 July) by the Leningrad Front
Koivisto landing (20–25 June) by the Baltic Fleet

Svir–Petrozavodsk (21 June – 9 August) by the Karelian Front
Tuloksa landing (23–27 June) by the Soviet Ladoga Flotilla
Lars Hjälmered
Lars Olof Hjälmered (born 22 February 1977) is a Swedish politician for the Moderate Party. He was member of the Riksdag from 2006 to 2022, representing Gothenburg Municipality. Since October 2022, Hjälmered is state secretary with responsibility for state owned companies at the Ministry of Finance under Minister for Finance Elisabeth Svantesson.

Hjälmered is a trained civil engineer in mechanical engineering, he studied at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg. He has worked at Volvo Aero in Trollhättan before he was elected to the Riksdag. He has also been a member of Gothenburg's municipal council.

Trollhättan
Trollhättan (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈtrɔ̂lːˌhɛtːan] ⓘ) is the 23rd-largest city in Sweden, the seat of Trollhättan Municipality, Västra Götaland County. It is situated by Göta älv, near the lake Vänern, and has a population of approximately 50,000 in the city proper. It is located 75 km (46 mi) north of Sweden's second-largest city, Gothenburg.
Blue Lagoon (Ekerö)
The Blue Lagoon or Husbygropen is an artificial lake just beside Mälaren in the island of Munsön in Ekerö municipality, Stockholm County. The lake is a decommissioned and finished gravel pit.

Since the end of the 19th century, large quantities of gravel was mined from Husbygropen. During the 1950s to the 1980s, large amounts of sand were collected by the landowner Jehander from Husbygropen. They dug down to just over 20 meters below Mälaren's water level and the pit was filled with water. Between the pit and Mälaren there is a narrow ridge and a sand dune was left in the north. At the end of the 1990s, mining in the area was finished and the pit has instead been transformed into a swimming lake. The water in Husbygropen is shimmering and clear, hence the name "Blue Lagoon".

In June 2019, there was confusion regarding responsibility for parking, cleaning and littering which led to the area being closed for car traffic.

Gravel pit
A gravel pit is an open-pit mine for the extraction of gravel.

Gravel pits often lie in river valleys where the water table is high, so they may naturally fill with water to form ponds or lakes. Gravel pit lakes are typically nutrient rich and can support thriving ecosystems, but can also present environmental issues such as the release of toxic metals into watersheds from the exposed rock. Old, abandoned gravel pits are normally used either as nature reserves, or as amenity areas for water sports, landfills and walking. In Germany former gravel or sand pits that have filled up with water are known as Baggersee ("power dug lake") and popular for recreational use.  In addition, many gravel pits in the United Kingdom have been stocked with freshwater fish such as the common carp to create coarse fishing locations. Gravel pit lakes have also been stocked with carp in Denmark, as well as rainbow trout.
Listed buildings in York (within the city walls, southern part)
York is a city in the City of York district, within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It contains 65 Grade I, 161 Grade II*, and 1,004 Grade II listed buildings recorded in the National Heritage List for England.

This list is based on information retrieved from Historic England.

The large number of listed buildings in York requires subdivision into geographically defined lists. This list includes all listed buildings inside the city walls west of the River Ouse and east of the River Ouse, south of Coppergate including Cliffords Tower and York Castle.

Coppergate
Coppergate is a street in the city centre of York, in England. The street runs north-east from the junction of Castlegate, Nessgate, King Street and Clifford Street, to end at the junction of Pavement, Piccadilly, Parliament Street, and High Ousegate.
Carrick Furnace
Carrick Furnace is a historic iron furnace located at Metal Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The property includes the limestone furnace stack, a Peter L. Weimer blowing engine (1879), boilers for the steam engine, and the charging ramp, engine house, and cast house foundations.  The furnace was built about 1828, and measures 30 feet square at the base and 30 feet high.  Furnace operations were suspended in 1837, the property sold in 1843, then leased in 1850 to "Witherow and Walker."  The furnace was converted in 1879 to a hot blast with the installation of the steam-powered blowing engine. The furnace went out of blast in 1884, and was donated to the Franklin County Historical Society-Kittochtinney in 1935. In February 2020, the Carrick Furnace was purchased by the Path Valley Historical Society.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

Bloomery
A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides.  The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron.  Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom.  The mix of slag and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidated and further forged into wrought iron. Blast furnaces, which produce pig iron, have largely superseded bloomeries.
2025–26 Men's Euro Hockey League
The 2025–26 Men's Euro Hockey League is the 19th edition of the Men's Euro Hockey League, Europe's men's premier club field hockey tournament organized by the European Hockey Federation.

The first round was held from 9 to 12 October 2025 in Barcelona, Spain and the final 8 will be held from 2 to 6 April 2026 in 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. Gantoise are the defending champions, having won their first title in the previous season.

European Hockey Federation
EuroHockey is a European sports federation for field hockey, based in Brussels. It is the umbrella organisation for all European national federations, and organises the Euro Hockey League. The president of the league is Marcos Hofmann. In reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Hockey Federation banned the participation of all Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from all events sanctioned by the Federation.
1858–59 United States Senate elections
The 1858–59 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1858 and 1859, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

The Republican Party gained five additional seats in the Senate, but the Democrats retained their majority.  That majority would erode in 1860 with the secession of the southern states leading up to the Civil War.

In Illinois, incumbent Stephen A. Douglas (D) and challenger Abraham Lincoln (R) held a series of seven debates, known as the "Lincoln–Douglas debates."

State legislature (United States)
In the United States,  the state legislature is the legislative branch in each of the 50 U.S. states.

A legislature generally performs state duties for a state in the same way that the United States Congress performs national duties at the national level. Generally, the same system of checks and balances that exists at the federal level also exists between the state legislature,  the state executive officer (governor) and the state judiciary.

In 27 states, the legislature is called the legislature or the state legislature, while in 19 states the legislature is called the general assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the general court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the legislative assembly.
Johnnie Formation
The Johnnie Formation is a geologic formation in the northern Mojave Desert of Inyo County, California and Nevada.

It can be seen in the Providence Mountains and Kelso Mountains. It also preserves microbial mat structures dating back to the Ediacaran period of the Neoproterozoic Era.

Providence Mountains
The Providence Mountains are found in the eastern Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, U.S. The range reaches an elevation of 7,162 feet (2,183 m) at Edgar Peak and is home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve in the Providence Mountains State Recreation Area, and the Mojave National Preserve.
Beaumont Hill (Antarctica)
Beaumont Hill (64°1′S 61°59′W﻿ / ﻿64.017°S 61.983°W﻿ / -64.017; -61.983) is a hill 4.5 nautical miles (8 km) northeast of Chauveau Point on the west side of Liege Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. Shown on an Argentine government chart in 1957, but not named. Photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956–57, and mapped from these photos in 1959. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for William Beaumont (1785-1853), American surgeon who made important researches on gastric function.

Liège Island
Liège Island (in English also Liege Island) is an island, 17 kilometres (9 nmi) long and 5.6 kilometres (3 nmi) wide, lying immediately northeast of Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, and separated from Hoseason Island and Christiania Islands to the northeast by Croker Passage. Its interior is occupied by Brugmann Mountains.

Liège Island is located at 64°01′10″S 61°56′00″W﻿ / ﻿64.01944°S 61.93333°W﻿ / -64.01944; -61.93333. British mapping in 1978 and 1980.

The island was charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899) under Adrien de Gerlache, who named it for the province of Liège, Belgium.
Ga-in
Ga-in is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Han Ga-in (born 1982), South Korean actress

Song Ga-in (born 1986), South Korean trot singer, Miss Trot season 1 winner

Son Ga-in (born 1987), South Korean singer and actress, member of Brown Eyed Girls

Song Ga-in
Jo Eun-sim (Korean: 조은심; born December 26, 1986), better known by her stage name, Song Ga-in (Korean: 송가인), is a South Korean female trot singer. She is the winner of the 2019 reality television show Miss Trot. She often appears on KBS' Golden Oldies.
Virginia (Mercadante)
Virginia is an opera, a tragedia lirica, in three acts by composer Saverio Mercadante. The Italian libretto by Salvadore Cammarano is based on Vittorio Alfieri's tragedy of the same name. Alfieri's play was in turn taken from a story in Livy's Ab Urbe condita. Although initially written for performance  in 1850 at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, the subject matter of Mercadante's opera was objected to by the Bourbon government censors and performance was banned outright. That decision was widely ridiculed, not just in Italy, but throughout Europe. After the fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1861, the ban on the opera no longer existed.

The work finally had its premiere on 7 April 1866 at the Teatro di San Carlo. Although not the last opera composed by Mercadante, it was the last of his operas to reach the stage. Virginia has been rarely performed since its premiere, but a recent 2009 recording of the work was released on the Opera Rara label.

Saverio Mercadante
Giuseppe Saverio Raffaele Mercadante (baptised 17 September 1795 – 17 December 1870) was an Italian composer, particularly of operas. While Mercadante may not have retained the international celebrity of Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti or Gioachino Rossini beyond his own lifetime, he composed as prolifically as any of them, and his development of operatic structures, melodic styles and orchestration contributed significantly to the foundations upon which Giuseppe Verdi built his dramatic technique.
SS Ganter
Ganter was a 1,771 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1927 by G Seebeck AG, Bremerhaven, Germany for German owners. She was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine during the Second World War and operated as Transporter RO 29, she was seized by the Allies in May 1945. She was passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and was renamed Empire Consistance, being sold into merchant service in 1948. In 1950, she was sold to the Dutch government and renamed Jan Willem and then sold and renamed Maria in 1951. She was sold to Finnish owners later that year and being renamed Dagny. She served until she was scrapped in 1967.

Ministry of War Transport
The Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) was a department of the British Government formed early in the Second World War to control transportation policy and resources. It was formed by merging the Ministry of Shipping and the Ministry of Transport, bringing responsibility for both shipping and land transport to a single department, and easing problems of co-ordination of transport in wartime.

The MoWT was founded on 1 May 1941, when Lord Leathers was appointed Minister of War Transport. Following the general election of July 1945, Alfred Barnes was appointed Minister of War Transport, remaining in the post after the department was renamed the Ministry of Transport in April 1946.
Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse
Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse is a historic textile mill located at Pacolet, Spartanburg County, South Carolina. It was built in 1906–1907, and consists the 1 1/2-story, brick cloth building with the attached warehouse portion covered with weatherboard and metal. the building features a low-profiled roof and large rounded arch windows. The front portion of the building was used for inspecting cloth prior to shipping, and the rear portion was used as a warehouse.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

Spartanburg County, South Carolina
Spartanburg County is a county located on the northwestern border of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 327,997, making it the fifth-most populous county in South Carolina. Its county seat is Spartanburg. Spartanburg County is the largest county within the Spartanburg, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area.
Aspidoras lakoi
Aspidoras lakoi, the chessboard catfish, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Callichthyidae, the armoured catfishes, and the subfamily Corydoradinae. This catfish is found in South America, where it is endemic to the upper Paraná River basin in Brazil.

The fish will grow in length up to 4.0 centimetres (1.6 inches). It feeds on worms, benthic crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. It lays eggs in dense vegetation and adults do not guard the eggs.

Paraná River
The Paraná River (Portuguese: Rio Paraná [ˈʁi.u paɾaˈna] ⓘ; Spanish: Río Paraná [ˈri.o paɾaˈna] ⓘ; Guarani: Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi). Among South American rivers, it is second in length only to the Amazon River. It merges with the Paraguay River and then farther downstream with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata and empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

The first European to go up the Paraná River was the Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot, in 1526, while working for Spain.

A drought hit the river in 2021, causing a 77-year low.