hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands, Inc.
Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands, Inc., 767 F.3d 894 (2014), is a ruling at the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on the legal liability of an Internet service provider for criminal offenses committed by its users. The ultimate ruling in the case has caused confusion over the amount of liability faced by service providers during such incidents.

Negligence
Negligence (Latin: negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate care expected to be exercised in similar circumstances.

Within the scope of tort law, negligence pertains to harm caused by the violation of a duty of care through a negligent act or failure to act. The concept of negligence is linked to the obligation of individuals to exercise reasonable care in their actions and to consider foreseeable harm that their conduct might cause to other people or property. The elements of a negligence claim include the duty to act or refrain from action, breach of that duty, actual and proximate cause of harm, and damages. Someone who suffers loss caused by another's negligence may be able to sue for damages to compensate for their harm. Such loss may include physical injury, harm to property, psychiatric illness, or economic loss.
Brazil–Germany relations
Brazil–Germany relations are the current and historical relations between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Federal Republic of Germany. Both nations enjoy friendly relations, the importance of which centers on the history of German migration to Brazil. There are approximately 7 to 12 million Brazilians of German descent. Both nations are members of the G20 and the United Nations.

Heinrich Lübke
Karl Heinrich Lübke (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈlʏpkə] ⓘ; 14 October 1894 – 6 April 1972) was a German politician, who served as president of West Germany from 1959 to 1969.

He suffered from deteriorating health towards the end of his career and is known for a series of embarrassing incidents that may have resulted from his health issues. Lübke resigned three months before the scheduled end of his second term amid a scandal as to his involvement with the Nazi regime during World War II.
Golovinomyces brunneopunctatus
Golovinomyces brunneopunctatus is a species of powdery mildew in the family Erysiphaceae. It is found in North America and Europe, where it affects monkeyflowers (Erythranthe, Diplacus and Mimulus sensu lato).

Mimulus
Mimulus /ˈmɪmjuːləs/, also known as monkeyflowers, is a plant genus in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. The genus now contains only seven species, two native to eastern North America and the other five native to Asia, Australia, Africa, or Madagascar. In the past, about 150 species were placed in this genus, most of which have since been assigned to other genera, the majority to genus Erythranthe.

Mimulus species prefer wet or moist areas and are not drought resistant. Several are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The cultivar 'Highland Red' has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
1987 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Singles
Joakim Nyström was the defending champion of the singles event at the ABN World Tennis Tournament but lost in the second round. First-seeded Stefan Edberg won the singles title after a 6–1, 6–2 win in the final against fourth-seeded John McEnroe.

Joakim Nyström
Joakim "Jocke" Nyström (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈjûːakɪm ˈnŷːstrøːm]; born 20 February 1963) is a tennis coach and a former top ten ranked professional player from Sweden who won 13 singles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour on 31 March 1986, when he was ranked world No. 7. He was also ranked world No. 4 in doubles that same year.
Babek (film)
Babek (Azerbaijani: Babək) is a 1979 Soviet historical drama film directed by Eldar Guliyev. A joint production between Azerbaijanfilm and Mosfilm, Babek is the most expensive film produced in Azerbaijan SSR. It stars Rasim Balayev in the title role with Hasanagha Turabov playing Abbasid general Afshin. The screenplay was written by novelist Anvar Mammadkhanli.

The film is based on the life of revolutionary leader Babak Khorramdin, whose rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate spread throughout Iran and Azerbaijan, spanning more than two decades. Under the leadership of Babak, the Khurramiyyah movement strived for an end to despotic foreign rule. However, the rebellion was suppressed with military force by Iranian general Haydar ibn Kawus al-Afshin.

Babek is widely considered to be one of the greatest films of Azerbaijani cinema. The film's cultural impact and legacy still endures in Azerbaijan.

Mosfilm
Mosfilm (Russian: Мосфильм, Mosfil’m pronounced [məsˈfʲilʲm], initialism and portmanteau of Moscow Films) is a film studio in Moscow which is among the largest and oldest in Russia and in Europe. Founded in 1924 in the Soviet Union as a production unit of that nation's film monopoly, its output includes most of the more widely acclaimed Soviet-era films, ranging from works by Andrei Tarkovsky and Sergei Eisenstein, to Red Westerns, to the Akira Kurosawa co-production Dersu Uzala (Дерсу Узала) and War and Peace (Война и мир).
Anglers Reach, New South Wales
Anglers Reach is a village in New South Wales, Australia, located in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council.  It is situated on the shores of Lake Eucumbene near Adaminaby. At the 2021 census, it has a resident population of about 78, but is popular as a holiday destination for trout fishing and as a base for visitors to the skifields at Selwyn Snowfields.

Eucumbene Dam
Eucumbene Dam is a major gated earthfill embankment dam with an overflow ski-jump and bucket spillway with two vertical lift gates across the Eucumbene River in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's main purpose is the generation of hydro-power and it is one of the sixteen major dams that comprise the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a vast hydroelectricity and irrigation complex constructed in south-east Australia between 1949 and 1974 and now run by Snowy Hydro.

The impounded reservoir is called Lake Eucumbene, the largest storage lake in the Snowy Mountains Scheme.
Berenguer Estanyol
Berenguer Estanyol d'Empúries (Spanish: Estañol de Ampurias) was the vicar general of the Duchy of Athens for four years from 1312 to 1316. He was sent there by Frederick II of Sicily to rule on behalf of his five-year-old son Manfred, who was installed as per the request of the Catalan Company.

Berenguer arrived in Piraeus in 1312 with five Sicilian galleys to relieve Roger Deslaur of the government. Berenguer was an able governor who strengthened the Catalan hold on Attica and Boeotia. He had to fight the Venetians of Negroponte, the Byzantine Greeks of Thessaly (especially the Doukai of Neopatria), the Franks of the Argolid, where the Brienne cadet branch of Foucherolles was empowered. He was successful in his endeavours before he sank into a severe illness which lasted long before he finally succumbed in 1316. He was succeeded as vicar general by Alfonso Fadrique.

Catalan Company
The Catalan Company or the Great Catalan Company (Catalan: Gran Companyia Catalana; Societas exercitus catalanorum, Societas cathalanorum, or Magna Societas Catalanorum) was a company of mercenaries led by Roger de Flor in the early 14th century and hired by Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos to combat the increasing power of the Anatolian beyliks. It was formed by almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, who had remained unemployed after the signing in 1302 of the Peace of Caltabellotta between the Crown of Aragon and the French dynasty of the Angevins.
Ad Wenke
Adolph Eilert "Ad" Wenke (January 22, 1898 – March 3, 1961) was a player in the National Football League and a state supreme court justice in the state of Nebraska. Of German ancestry, Wenke played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He played with the Milwaukee Badgers during the 1923 NFL season. Wenke later became an attorney and a judge of the 9th Judicial District Court, and was appointed by Governor Dwight Griswold to serve as a justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court, from 1943 until his death in 1961.

Dwight Griswold
Dwight Palmer Griswold (November 27, 1893 – April 12, 1954) was an American publisher and politician from the U.S. state of Nebraska.  He served as the 25th governor of Nebraska from 1941 to 1947, and in the United States Senate from 1952 until his death in 1954. Griswold was a member of the Republican Party.
Allan McDonald (cartoonist)
Allan McDonald (born 8 October 1975) is a Honduran editorial cartoonist. "McDonald" is a pen name; his real name is "Norman Allan Sauceda". Known for supporting the government of the deposed Manuel Zelaya that favored Hugo Chávez interference in Honduras. He worked for many years in El Heraldo:-,. In 2013, Allan received an award from the Press Emblem Campaign, an organization that focuses on increasing "the legal protection and safety of journalists". The award, "Protection of Journalists and Press Freedom 2013" (Spanish: Protección de los Periodistas y la Libertad de Prensa 2013), had never been given to a cartoonist before.

He currently works for the Televicentro company -with right-wing ideology- where he illustrates social and sports issues.

Editorial cartoonist
An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context. Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, emphasize their point of view or comment on a particular event.

Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, it can be understood across many languages and countries. A strong tradition of editorial cartooning can be found throughout the world, in all political environments, including Cuba, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Iran, France, Denmark, Canada and the United States.
Gunnar Nilsen-Vig
Gunnar Nilsen-Vig (September 20, 1886 – July 8, 1959) was a Norwegian cinematographer, scriptwriter, and film director.

Nilsen-Vig came into contact with the director Rasmus Breistein via the company Kommunenes Filmcentral. He became Breistein's permanent cinematographer and was involved in most of Breistein's films, from Fante-Anne (1920) to Trysil-Knut (1942). He also worked as a cinematographer for other directors, including for the Norwegian–German film The Woman in the Advocate's Gown (1929, directed by Adolf Trotz). In 1923, Nilsen-Vig directed his only film, Strandhugg paa Kavringen (now considered lost), together with Trygve Dalseg.

Kommunenes Filmcentral
Kommunenes Filmcentral was a film distributor in Norway.

It was established in 1919 when Kommunale Kinematografers Landsforbund, an association of municipal-owned cinemas, bought the private-owned Nerliens Filmbureau. It distributed films by Universum Film AG and United Artists, later the Walt Disney Company and Fox Film Corporation, and was among the leading bureaus in Norway. It was discontinued in 2002.
Bakersfield Police Department
The Bakersfield Police Department (BPD) is the agency responsible for law enforcement within the city of Bakersfield, California, United States. It has over 590 officers and professional staff, covering an area of 151.2 square miles (392 km2) serving an urban population of more than 400,000. The current chief of the department, since April 2020, is Greg Terry. The department protects the city, split between two areas and six zones with two stations, the main department headquarters and the west side substation. The department administration is made up of the chief of department, two assistant chiefs, four captains and eleven lieutenants.

The department headquarters is located at 1601 Truxtun Ave. The westside substation is located at 1301 Buena Vista Rd. The department shooting range is located on 3419 Truxtun Ave. with the K-9 training field next door to the range. The department training academy is located at 4646 California Avenue.

Riot gun
In current usage, a riot gun or less-lethal launcher is a type of firearm used to fire "non-lethal" or "less-lethal" ammunition for the purpose of suppressing riots or apprehending suspects with minimal harm or risk. Less-lethal launchers may be special purpose firearms designed for riot control use, or standard firearms, usually shotguns and grenade launchers, adapted for riot control use with appropriate ammunition. The ammunition is most commonly found in 12 gauge (18.5 mm/.729 inch) shotguns and 37mm (1.46 inch) or 40 mm (1.57 inch) grenade launchers.

In the United States, the term riot gun more commonly refers to a riot shotgun.
R. S. Praveen Kumar
Repalle Shiva Praveen Kumar (born 23 November 1967) is a former officer of Indian Police Service who served as the secretary of Telangana Social Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society and Telangana Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society.

After resigning from his government job, he joined Bahujan Samaj Party, with a calling that it was time "Dalits and Bahujans strive to achieve political power" in the state. He lost from Sirpur constituency in the 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election and later he resigned from BSP on 16 March 2024 accusing the BJP of attempting to disrupt the BRS and BSP's alliance for upcoming 2024 Lok Sabha polls, including resorting to arresting BRS MLC K Kavitha was unacceptable.

RS Praveen Kumar joined  Bharat Rashtra Samiti (BRS) on 18 March 2024 in the presence of BRS president K. Chandrashekar Rao.

K. Kavitha
Kalvakuntla Kavitha (born 13 March 1978) is an Indian politician who served as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) from Nizamabad. Earlier she served as a Member of Parliament from Nizamabad Lok Sabha Constituency from 2014 to 2019. She is the daughter of former chief minister of Telangana, K. Chandrasekhar Rao.

Earlier she was a member of Bharat Rashtra Samithi party, she was suspended from BRS on 2 September 2025 for ‘anti-party activities’.
Plemmyradytes
Plemmyradytes is an extinct genus of dissorophoid temnospondyl from the early Permian (early Asselian stage). It is an amphibamiform from the Eskridge Formation exposures of Nebraska. The type species is Plemmyradytes shintoni. The genus name derives from the Greek plemmyris ('tide' or 'wave') and dytes ('diver'), while the specific name honors John Shinton, a fossil preparator at the Denver Museum of Natural History where all known specimens of this taxon are reposited following collection in the late 20th century.

Amphibamiformes
Amphibamiformes is an unranked clade with Dissorophoidea created by Schoch (2018). It encompasses all of the taxa traditionally considered to be "amphibamids" (subsequently restricted to Doleserpeton annectens and Amphibamus grandiceps by Schoch), branchiosaurids, and hypothetically lissamphibians under the traditional temnospondyl hypothesis of lissamphibian origins. These taxa are typically small-bodied dissorophoids and form the sister group to Olsoniformes, which comprises dissorophids and trematopids.
Igor Rodobolsky
Igor Rodobolsky (March 18, 1960 - September 20, 2024) was the most decorated Russian veteran until his death in 2024. He served in the Soviet-Afghan War towards the end from 1986 to 1989, and he also served in the First and Second Chechen Wars. He became a Hero of the Russian Federation in 2003, and he was awarded the Order of the Red Star, the Order of Courage, the Order of Military Merit, and the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR".

Order of the Red Star
The Order of the Red Star (Russian: Орден Красной Звезды, romanised: Orden Krasnoy Zvezdy) was a military decoration of the Soviet Union.  It was established by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 6 April 1930 but its statute was only defined in decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 5 May 1930. That statute was amended by decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 7 May 1936, of 19 June 1943, of 26 February 1946, of 15 October 1947, of 16 December 1947 and by decree No 1803-X of 28 March 1980.
Pioneer Valley Christian Academy
Pioneer Valley Christian Academy is a private, non-denominational Christian school in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States.  Founded in 1972, the school is accredited by the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) and the New England Association of Christian Schools (NEACS).  The school has over 350 students in pre-K through Grade 12.

On August 19, 2014, Pioneer Valley Christian School (PVCS) unveiled a new sign and logo. The new sign and logo highlight the name change to Pioneer Valley Christian Academy (PVCA), which school officials believe reflects its academic offerings better.

Christian school
A Christian school is a religious school run on Christian principles or by a Christian organization. These schools often include religious education and worship in their curriculum. They may also have a distinct Christian mission or philosophy.

The nature of Christian schools varies enormously from country to country, according to the religious, educational, and political cultures. In some countries, there is a strict separation of church and state, so all religious schools are private; in others, there is an established church whose teachings form an integral part of the state-operated educational system; in yet others, the state subsidizes religious schools of various denominations.
Mauchan
Mauchan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Mauchan (1895–?), English-born Scottish footballer

Peter Mauchan (1882–1943), Scottish footballer

William Mauchan (1856–1927), Scottish footballer and referee

William Mauchan
William Mauchan (1856 – 1927) was a Scottish footballer, but mostly a referee, better known for showing the first-ever red card in Spanish football. He was part of the infamous group of Scottish workers that formed Escocès FC. William had six kids who made it into adulthood, all of which, except for his only daughter, were football players.
Rhododendron kawakamii
Rhododendron kawakamii is a plant endemic to Taiwan. It is also called Kawakami's rhododendron, as the type specimen was collected by Takiya Kawakami and others from Mount Niitaka (today named Yu Shan or Mount Jade). This species is the only native, epiphytic, yellow flowered rhododendron in Taiwan, and is scattered in the fog forest belt of the island at an altitude of about 1,500 to 2,500 m (4,900 to 8,200 ft). It was first published as a new species by Bunzo Hayata in 1911. The wild community was assessed as "near-threatened" in the Taiwan Red Book of Vascular Plants in 2017.

Yu Shan
Yu Shan or Yushan, Tongku Saveq, Mount Niitaka (during Japanese rule), and Mount Morrison before Japanese rule, is the highest mountain in Taiwan at 3,952 m (12,966 ft) above sea level, giving Taiwan the 4th-highest maximum elevation of any island in the world. It is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Yushan and its surrounding mountains belong to the Yushan Range. The area was once in the ocean; it rose to its current height because of the Eurasian Plate's movement over the Philippine Sea Plate. Yushan is ranked 40th by topographic isolation.

The mountains are now protected as the Yushan National Park. The national park is Taiwan's largest, highest, and least accessible national park. It contains the largest tract of wilderness remaining on the island.
Sukkur Barrage
Sukkur Barrage (Sindhi: سکر بئراج, Urdu: سکھر بیراج) is a barrage on the River Indus near the city of Sukkur in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The barrage was built during the British Raj from 1923 to 1932 and was named Lloyd Barrage. It is considered to be the largest single irrigation network of its kind in the world. It irrigates from Sukkur district in the north, to Mirpurkhas/Tharparkar and Hyderabad districts in the south of Sindh, almost all parts of the province. It is situated about 500 kilometres (300 miles) northeast of Karachi, 5 kilometres (3 miles) below the railway bridge, or the Sukkur Gorge. The introduction of barrage-controlled irrigation system resulted in more timely water supplies for the existing cultivated areas of Sindh province of Pakistan.

Barrage (dam)
A barrage is a type of low-head, diversion dam which consists of a number of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing through. This allows the structure to regulate and stabilize river water elevation upstream for use in irrigation and other systems. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting the water load of the pool created.

The term barrage is borrowed from the French word "barrer" meaning "to bar".
The 1989 Annual World's Best SF
The 1989 Annual World's Best SF is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Donald A. Wollheim and Arthur W. Saha, the eighteenth volume in a series of nineteen. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books in June 1989, followed by a hardcover edition issued in September of the same year by the same publisher as a selection of the Science Fiction Book Club. For the hardcover edition the original cover art by Jim Burns was replaced by a new cover painting by Richard M. Powers.

The book collects eleven novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with an introduction by Isaac Asimov taking the place of the usual such effort by Wollheim. The stories were previously published in 1988 in the magazines Interzone, Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Omni, Amazing Stories, and Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone Magazine, the collection Dance Band on the Titanic, and the anthology Other Edens II.

Interzone (magazine)
Interzone is a British fantasy and science fiction magazine. Published since 1982, Interzone is the eighth-longest-running English language science fiction magazine in history, and the longest-running British science fiction (SF) magazine. Stories published in Interzone have been finalists for the Hugo Awards and have won a Nebula Award and numerous British Science Fiction Awards.
Neev (TV series)
Neev (lit. Foundation) is an Indian television series broadcast on the Indian Doordarshan network in 1992. The show was 13-episode long, and based on life of students in a boarding school.

The show, shot in Scindia School, Gwalior, was directed by Madan Kumar and produced by Sanjay Khanna. Title song of the show was Dharti par sooraj ki kirnein, sung by Amit Kumar, composed by Sapan Jagmohan and lyrics by Naqsh Layalpuri.

Naqsh Lyallpuri
Jaswant Rai Sharma (24 February 1928 – 22 January 2017), popularly known by his pen name Naqsh Lyallpuri, was an Indian ghazal and Hindi language film lyricist. He is best known for the songs "Rasm-e-Ulfat Ko Nibhayen" (Dil Ki Rahen, 1973), “Ulfat Mein Zamaane Ki” (Call Girl, 1974), "Tumhe Ho Na Ho" (Gharonda, 1977), Piya Tum Ho Sagar (Tumhare Liye 1978), "Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai " (Khandaan, 1979),  "Pyar Ka Dard Hai" (Dard, 1981), and "Chitthiye Ni Dard Firaaq Vaaliye" (Henna, 1991).