hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Index of language articles
This is a partial index of Wikipedia articles treating natural languages, arranged alphabetically and with families mentioned. The list also includes extinct languages.

For a published list of languages, see ISO 639-1 (list of ISO 639 language codes for 136 major languages), or for a more inclusive list, see ISO 639-3 (list of ISO 639-3 codes, 7,874 in total as of June 2013). The enumeration of languages and dialects can easily be taken into the five-digit range; the Linguasphere Observatory has a database (LS-2010) with more than 32,800 coded entries and more than 70,900 linguistic names.

Linguasphere Observatory
The Linguasphere Observatory (or the Observatoire, based on its original French and legal title: Observatoire Linguistique) is a non-profit transnational research network, devoted (alongside related programs) to the gathering, study, classification, editing and free distribution online of the updatable text (initially in English) of a fully indexed and comprehensive Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages, and Speech Communities.
Gösta Wetterhall
Gösta Carl Fredrik Wetterhall (1 August 1904 – 22 June 1983) was a Swedish Army officer. During World War II, he served in Finland during the Winter War. Back in Sweden as commanding officer of the Army Ranger School in Kiruna, he was responsible for the Swedish military's relationship with the Norwegian resistance and made major contributions to them through active support to the Norwegian bases on the Swedish side in what was called Operation Sepals. After the war, Wetterhall eventually became commanding officer of Falun Defense District and worked as a ski competition administrator.

Norwegian resistance movement
The Norwegian resistance (Norwegian: Motstandsbevegelsen) to the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany began after Operation Weserübung in 1940 and ended in 1945. It took several forms:

Asserting the legitimacy of the exiled government, and by implication the lack of legitimacy of Vidkun Quisling's pro-Nazi regime and Josef Terboven's military administration

The initial defence in Southern Norway, which was largely disorganised, but succeeded in allowing the government to escape capture

The more organised military defence and counter-attacks in parts of Western and Northern Norway, aimed at securing strategic positions and the evacuation of the government

Armed resistance, in the form of sabotage, commando raids, assassinations and other special operations during the occupation

Civil disobedience and unarmed resistance
Roller sports at the 2023 Pan American Games – Women's free skating
The women's artistic skating free skating at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile was held between November 3–4 at the Velódromo.

Sandra García from Colombia claimed the first ever gold medal for her country in artistic skating, after winning the short program and finishing second in the long program, close to Bianca Ameixeiro, who took silver after finishing fourth in the first day.

Colombia at the 2023 Pan American Games
Colombia competed at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile from October 20 to November 5, 2023. This was Colombia's 19th appearance at the Pan American Games, having competed at every Games since the inaugural edition in 1951.

Taekwondo athlete Miguel Trejos and boxer Yeni Arias were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony. Meanwhile, squash athlete Miguel Ángel Rodríguez and roller speed skater Fabriana Arias were the country's flagbearers during the closing ceremony.

As Barranquilla was supposed to be host the 2027 Pan American Games, a Colombian segment was performed at the closing ceremony. However, in January 2024, Barranquilla were stripped from hosting rights. Lima in Peru, who hosted the 2019 Pan American Games, would replace Barranquilla.
1913 Hamburg state election
The 1913 Hamburg state election was held sometime during the year 1913. The electorate was split into two regions, the inner city with one electoral district, and the rural regions with four electoral districts.

Weighted voting
Weighted voting are voting rules that grant some voters a greater influence than others (which contrasts with rules that assign every voter an equal vote). Such can be produced by some voters having more votes than others, as happens in plural voting, or by group of fewer voters having the same representation as a larger group of voters. It may be intentional or an unhappy byproduct of the chosen electoral system.

Examples include publicly-traded companies (which typically grant stockholders one vote for each share they own), and qualified majority in the European Council, where the number of votes of each member state is roughly proportional to the square root of the population, which allows an uneven ratio of voters to members.
Giraffe (album)
Giraffe is the third full-length album by British musician Richard Warren, released under his pseudonym, Echoboy. It was released on February 10, 2003 on Mute Records in the United Kingdom and on February 25 of that year in the United States. It was produced by Flood.

Flood (producer)
Mark Ellis (born 16 August 1960), known by his professional pseudonym Flood, is an English record producer and audio engineer known for working with a wide range of rock and synthpop musicians.

Flood's list of work includes projects with New Order, U2, Nine Inch Nails, Marc and the Mambas, Depeche Mode, Gary Numan, Sneaker Pimps, King, Ministry, The Charlatans, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Erasure, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, PJ Harvey, Foals, a-ha, Orbital, Sigur Rós, The Jesus and Mary Chain, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Killers, White Lies, Pop Will Eat Itself, Warpaint, EOB, James and Interpol. His co-production collaborations have included projects with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, Steve Lillywhite, and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, with whom he co-founded the Assault & Battery Studios complex. In 2006, his work with U2 led to his sharing of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb.
Ross Henrick
Ross Henrick (7 December 1954 – 8 May 2005) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. Nicknamed "The Angry Ant", he was a Queensland State of Origin representative halfback, and played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Fortitude Valley, Norths and Redcliffe.

Henrick played at halfback and scored a try in Norths' victory in the 1980 Brisbane Rugby League Grand Final.

Henrick was Wally Lewis' partner in the halves for Queensland's victory in the 1981 State of Origin game, the second ever. He was selected on Queensland's bench for Game II of the 1983 State of Origin series. His final appearance for Queensland was at halfback in Game III of the 1984 State of Origin series.

Henrick later coached Fortitude Valley, winning three BRL premierships with them.

From 1993 to 1999 Henrick coached Wavell State High School's rugby league team.

Redcliffe Dolphins
Redcliffe Dolphins are a semi-professional rugby league club based in Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia. Founded in 1947, they were accepted into the Brisbane Rugby League (BRL) premiership competition in 1960, and since 1996 have played in the Queensland Cup. The Redcliffe Dolphins thrived in the BRL. However, the 1988 admission of the Brisbane Broncos team in the New South Wales Rugby League competition caused the decline of the BRL.

Although a separately licensed Dolphins (NRL) team currently competes in the fully professional national competition, the Redcliffe squad continues to play in the Queensland competition. Through this NRL licence, the Dolphins organisation has become the only former BRL club to regain top-flight status after that competition became a second-tier league with the advent of the Brisbane Broncos in 1988.
Molodizhnyi Stadium
Molodizhnyi Stadium (Ukrainian: Стадіон Молодіжний) is a football stadium in Poltava, Ukraine. It is the home stadium of SC Poltava, Vorskla Poltava (women) and various regional teams.

Stadium was built in 2021 on territory of the Poltava automobile unit plant. Land for the stadium was gifted by KrAZ and project was financed by Ferrexpo. Stadium has artificial turf made by "JUTAgrass" a Czech turf manufacturer. Opening ceremony was held on 26 July 2021.

KrAZ
KrAZ (Ukrainian: Кременчуцький Автомобільний Завод, Kremenchutskyi Avtomobilnyi Zavod, Kremenchuk Automobile Plant, also Ukrainian: АвтоКрА́З, AvtoKrAZ) is a factory in Kremenchuk, Ukraine, that produces trucks and other special-purpose vehicles, particularly heavy-duty off-road models. The factory was incorporated as a holding company combining several other factories nationwide and becoming the industrial wing of the finance-industrial group Finance and Credit, which also held the Finance and Credit bank.
Erqi Road station
Erqi Road (Chinese: 二七路; pinyin: Èrqī Lù) is a station on Line 1 of Wuhan Metro, opened upon the completion of Line 1 (Phase 2) on July 29, 2010. It is an elevated station situated at the intersection of Jiefang Avenue and Erqi Road. The station has one island platform and two siding tracks to the north of the station, connected by a pair of crossover tracks, accommodating trains entering and exiting services during peak hours.

Erqi Road Station is accessible from the site of Jinghan Workers Union Headquarters, Hankou East Shopping Park, and Jiang'an District Railroad Cultural Palace.

Railroad switch
A railroad switch (AE), turnout, or (set of) points (CE) is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such as at a railway junction or where a spur or siding branches off.
Last Mountain-Touchwood
Last Mountain-Touchwood is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. Located in southern Saskatchewan, major communities in the district include the towns of Strasbourg, Ituna, Lemberg, Southey, and Balcarres. Villages in the district include Punnichy, Kelliher, Lestock, Abernethy, Goodeve, Neudorf, and Lebret.

The district is named for Last Mountain Lake, which forms the western edge of the constituency, and the Touchwood Hills, which are located in the central and eastern part of the constituency.

Kelliher, Saskatchewan
Kelliher (2016 population: 217) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Kellross No. 247 and Census Division No. 10. The village is located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) north of the city of Regina.
Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination
On October 31, 2005, President George W. Bush nominated Samuel Alito for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Alito's nomination was confirmed by a 58–42 vote of the United States Senate on January 31, 2006.

Alito was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at the time of his nomination to the Court. He had been appointed to that position by the president's father, President George H. W. Bush in 1990. Leonard Leo played a crucial role in successfully shepherding Alito's appointment through the Senate.

Filibuster
A filibuster is a parliamentary procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision.

It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out a bill", and is characterized as a form of obstruction in a legislature or other decision-making body. A motion of cloture (also closure or guillotine) requiring a supermajority can overcome filibustering. Overcoming filibuster with a simple majority is also called the nuclear option.
IROC I
IROC I was the inaugural International Race of Champions, which was held at two tracks over two weekends in 1973 and 1974. The first three races were held October 27 and 28, 1973 at Riverside International Raceway and the final race was held on the Daytona International Speedway road course on February 14, 1974. Champion Mark Donohue won $54000 and the championship, which was determined by prize money rather than points. The races were contested in Porsche Carrera RSR race cars. This was the only IROC to be contested entirely on road courses. Only the top 6 finishing drivers competed in all four races.

The roster of drivers and final points standings were as follows:

Note: Jackie Stewart was originally scheduled to compete but retired from racing two weeks prior to the first race. He was replaced by A.J. Foyt, who had previously declined an invitation saying the all road course format was unfair to oval racers.

George Follmer
George Richard Follmer (born January 27, 1934) is an American former auto racing driver, and one of the most successful road racers of the 1970s. He was born in Phoenix, Arizona. His family moved to California when he was just an infant.
Fairlee, Vermont
Fairlee is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 988 at the 2020 census. It includes the village of Ely. Fairlee is home to Lake Morey, which claims to have the longest ice skating trail in the United States.

U.S. Route 5
U.S. Route 5 (US 5) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway running through the New England states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. Significant cities along the route include New Haven, Connecticut; Hartford, Connecticut; and Springfield, Massachusetts. From Hartford northward to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, the road closely follows the route of the Connecticut River.

The entire route of US 5 is closely paralleled by Interstate 91 (I-91). US 5 now serves as the local business route and alternate route for the Interstate Highway. The northern terminus of US 5 is in Derby Line, Vermont, at the Canada–United States border, where it continues past the Derby Line–Stanstead Border Crossing into Quebec as Route 143, which was Route 5 until renumbered in the mid-1970s. Its southern terminus is in New Haven, Connecticut, at an intersection with I-91.
Abberton, Essex
Abberton is a village and civil parish in the City of Colchester district of Essex, England. It is located approximately 0.62 mi (1.00 km) east of Abberton Reservoir and is 4.2 mi (6.8 km) south of Colchester. The village is in the parliamentary constituency of North Essex. It shares a grouped parish council with the neighbouring parish of Langenhoe. The parish boundary between Abberton and Langenhoe follows Mersea Road (the B1025). The two villages now form a single built up area, which the Office for National Statistics calls "Langenhoe and Abberton". At the 2021 census Abberton parish had a population of 448, and the Langenhoe and Abberton built up area had a population of 1,015.

Office for National Statistics
The Office for National Statistics (ONS; Welsh: Swyddfa Ystadegau Gwladol) is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to the UK Parliament.
Israel–Italy relations
Israel–Italy relations are the foreign relations between the State of Israel and the Italian Republic. Italy recognized Israel on 8 February 1949, after the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948.
Italy has an embassy in Tel Aviv, two consulate-generals in West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem, and 4 honorary consulates in Beersheba, Eilat, Haifa and Nazareth. The Italian ambassador in Israel since 2021 is Sergio Barbanti. Israel has an embassy in Rome and the current Israeli Ambassador is Dror Eydar. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Israeli Declaration of Independence
The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (Hebrew: הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), at the end of the civil war phase and beginning of the Arab–Israeli War of the 1948 Palestine war, by David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the World Zionist Organization and chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.

It declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine (or the Land of Israel in the Jewish tradition), to be known as the State of Israel, which would come into effect on termination of the British Mandate at midnight that day. While celebrated in Israel as Independence Day, a national holiday on 5 Iyar of every year according to the Hebrew calendar, Palestinians view the day as the start of Nakba, or "catastrophe", marking the mass displacements of Palestinians and the loss of homes and lands, and commemorate it annually on 15 May as Nakba Day.
Percolation threshold
The percolation threshold is a mathematical concept in percolation theory that describes the formation of long-range connectivity in random systems. Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering and coffee making, percolation represents the flow of fluids through porous media, but in the mathematics and physics worlds it generally refers to simplified lattice models of random systems or networks (graphs), and the nature of the connectivity in them. The percolation threshold is the critical value of the occupation probability p, or more generally a critical surface for a group of parameters p1, p2, ..., such that infinite connectivity (percolation) first occurs.

Degree distribution
In the study of graphs and networks, the degree of a node in a network is the number of connections it has to other nodes and the degree distribution is the probability distribution of these degrees over the whole network.
Kursk (inhabited locality)
Kursk (Russian: Курск) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Kursk, a city in Kursk Oblast

Rural localities

Kursk, Altai Krai, a selo in Kursky Selsoviet of Kulundinsky District in Altai Krai; 52°27′N 78°55′E﻿ / ﻿52.450°N 78.917°E﻿ / 52.450; 78.917

Kursk (settlement), Leningrad Oblast, a settlement in Kurskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Volosovsky District in Leningrad Oblast; 59°19′N 29°8′E﻿ / ﻿59.317°N 29.133°E﻿ / 59.317; 29.133

Kursk (village), Leningrad Oblast, a village in Kurskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Volosovsky District in Leningrad Oblast; 59°18′N 29°8′E﻿ / ﻿59.300°N 29.133°E﻿ / 59.300; 29.133

Kulundinsky District
Kulundinsky District (Russian: Кулунди́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the west of the krai. The area of the district is 1,980 square kilometers (760 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kulunda. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 23,000, with the population of Kulunda accounting for 63.2% of that number.
RAF Air Defence Radar Museum
52°42′51″N 01°28′15″E﻿ / ﻿52.71417°N 1.47083°E﻿ / 52.71417; 1.47083

The Royal Air Force Air Defence Radar Museum is a museum on the site of the former Royal Air Force radar and control base RAF Neatishead,  close to the village of Horning in Norfolk, England.

The museum's exhibitions cover the history of air defence in the United Kingdom, in particular the development of radar from the 1930s until the end of the Cold War. The museum includes a complete Cold War-era Operations Room from which the air defence of Britain was conducted for several decades, as well as many examples of original radar and communications equipment, and an exhibit of a Royal Observer Corps Nuclear Reporting Post. There is also a gallery devoted to the history of the nearby RAF Coltishall.

The Museum is largely staffed by volunteers, many of whom served previously in the RAF.

The Museum is a registered charity, number 1058887.

Royal Observer Corps
The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was a civil defence organisation intended for the visual detection, identification, tracking and reporting of aircraft over Great Britain. It operated in the United Kingdom between 29 October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps' civilian volunteers were stood down (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; latterly a serving RAF Air Commodore.
Mooren's ulcer
Mooren's ulcer is a rare idiopathic ocular disorder that may lead to blindness due to progressive destruction of the peripheral cornea. Although the etiology of Mooren's ulcer is poorly understood, recent evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of this disease appears to be the result of an autoimmune process directed against molecules expressed in the corneal stroma.

Mooren's ulcer is also defined as a special and the most common type of peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK).

Autoimmunity
In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". Prominent examples include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and multiple sclerosis. Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids.

Autoimmunity means presence of antibodies or T cells that react with self-protein and is present in all individuals, even in normal health state. It causes autoimmune diseases if self-reactivity can lead to tissue damage.
Cullen Viaduct
The Cullen Viaduct is a former single-track railway viaduct at the Moray Firth in Cullen, Moray, Scotland. Containing eight arches, it formerly carried the Great North of Scotland Railway line between Portsoy in Aberdeenshire and Elgin in Moray. Crossing the Burn of Cullen and the A98, it was built as a result of a refusal by Seafield Estate, to the south, to have the line encroach on its land.

Work on the viaduct was completed in 1886, under the guidance of engineer P. M. Barnett; it is now a Grade B listed structure.

The line closed in 1968, and the viaduct is now used as a recreational path, part of the Moray Firth Trail and the Sustrans national cycle path.

Three other structures are located further to the east: a single span connecting North Deskford Street to the main road, a four-arch viaduct spanning North Castle Street and a four-arch bridge at the foot of Seafield Street (part of the A98), under which vehicles and pedestrians pass.

Portsoy
Portsoy (Scottish Gaelic: Port Saoidh) is a small town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Historically, Portsoy was in Banffshire until 1975. The original name may come from Port Saoithe, meaning "saithe harbour". Portsoy is located on the Moray Firth coast of northeast Scotland, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Aberdeen and 65 miles (105 km) east of Inverness. It had a population of 1,752 at the time of the 2011 census.