hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Youth Against Dictatorship
Youth Against Dictatorship (Hebrew: נוער נגד דיקטטורה, romanized: Noar neged diktatura) is a youth organisation in Israel. On 3 September 2023, they released an open letter signed by 230 young conscientious objectors, who collectively declared their refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), their opposition to serving Israeli settlements, and their desire for an end to the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories.

Conscientious objector
A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of conscience or religion. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military–industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service.

A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.

On March 8, 1995, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons [already] performing military service may develop conscientious objections".
Jewish Book Council
The Jewish Book Council (Hebrew: המועצה למען הספר היהודי באמריקה‎), founded in 1943, is an American organization encouraging and contributing to Jewish literature. The goal of the council, as stated on its website, is "to promote the reading, writing and publishing of quality English language books of Jewish content in North America". The council sponsors the National Jewish Book Awards, the JBC Network, JBC Book Clubs, the Visiting Scribe series, and Jewish Book Month. It previously sponsored the Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature. It publishes an annual literary journal called Paper Brigade.

Nathan Englander
Nathan Englander (born 1970) is an American short story writer and novelist. His debut short story collection, For the Relief of Unbearable Urges, was published by Alfred A. Knopf, in 1999. His second collection, What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank, won the 2012 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.
Khanom sot sai
Khanom sot sai (Thai: ขนมสอดไส้, pronounced [kʰānǒm sɔ̀ːt sâj]), also known as khanom sai sai (ขนมใส่ไส้, pronounced [kʰānǒm sàj sâj]), is a Thai dessert with a sweet filling. It is made up of coconut and palm sugar, and the filling is covered with steamed rice flour mixed with coconut cream. It was used at Thai wedding ceremonies in ancient times. It is traditionally packed by wrapping in a banana leaf.

Banana leaf
The banana leaf is the leaf of the banana plant, which may produce up to 40 leaves in a growing cycle. The leaves have a wide range of applications because they are large, flexible, waterproof and decorative. They are used for cooking, wrapping, and food-serving in a wide range of cuisines in tropical and subtropical areas. They are used for decorative and symbolic purposes in numerous Hindu and Buddhist ceremonies. In traditional home building in tropical areas, roofs and fences are made with dry banana-leaf thatch. Bananas and palm leaves were historically the primary writing surfaces in many nations of South and Southeast Asia.
Pijin
Pijin (Solomonese Pidgin) is a language spoken in Solomon Islands. It is closely related to Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea and Bislama of Vanuatu; the three varieties are sometimes considered to be dialects of a single Melanesian Pidgin language. It is also related to Torres Strait Creole of Torres Strait, though more distantly.

In 1999 there were 307,000 second- or third-language speakers with a literacy rate in first language of 60% and literacy rate in second language of 50%.

Torres Strait
The Torres Strait (/ˈtɒrɪs/), also known as Zenadh Kes (pronounced [ˈzen̪ad̪ kes]), is a strait between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is  150 km (93 mi) wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland. To the north is the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It is named after the Spanish navigator Luís Vaz de Torres, who sailed through the strait in 1606.
Yamhill County Transit
Yamhill County Transit, officially the Yamhill County Transit Area (YCTA), is the public transit authority of Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. It operates local bus routes in the cities of McMinnville, Sheridan and Newberg, as well as commuter bus routes to Hillsboro and Tigard in the Portland metropolitan area, Salem, and Grand Ronde.

Newberg, Oregon
Newberg is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. Located in the Portland metropolitan area, the city is home to George Fox University. As of 2023, the city population was 26,095, making it the second most populous city in the county.
Deatrick
Deatrick is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eugene Peyton Deatrick (1924–2020), United States Air Force colonel, test pilot, and combat veteran

Janet A. Deatrick, American professor of nursing

Eugene Peyton Deatrick
Eugene Peyton Deatrick Jr. (November 17, 1924 – December 30, 2020) was a United States Air Force colonel, test pilot, and combat veteran. He is best recognized for his role in the rescue of United States Navy Lieutenant Dieter Dengler during the Vietnam War. The rescue was recounted in the Werner Herzog films Little Dieter Needs to Fly and Rescue Dawn and the national bestseller Hero Found: The Greatest POW Escape of the Vietnam War by author Bruce Henderson.
Acalyptris obliquella
Acalyptris obliquella is a species of moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by Scoble in 1980. It is known from South Africa (it was described from Natal).

The larvae feed on Bridelia micrantha.

Bridelia micrantha
Bridelia micrantha, the mitzeeri or the coastal golden-leaf, is a tree in the family Phyllanthaceae and is native to tropical and southern Africa as well as to the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean.
Attentat 1942
Attentat 1942 is a Czech point-and-click adventure game developed by Charles University and the Czech Academy of Sciences. Based on true events, players investigate the protagonist's family history and learn the truth about various events that took place Nazi-occupied Czech lands during World War II. The game received positive reviews upon its release and won multiple accolades, including Czech Game of the Year from the Czech Game of the Year Awards. A sequel, Svoboda 1945: Liberation, was released in 2021.

Point and click
Point and click are one of the actions of a computer user moving a pointer to a certain location on a screen (pointing) and then pressing a button on a mouse or other pointing device (click). An example of point and click is in hypermedia, where users click on hyperlinks to navigate from document to document. User interfaces, for example graphical user interfaces, are sometimes described as "point-and-click interfaces", often to suggest that they are very easy to use, requiring that the user simply point to indicate their wishes. Describing software this way implies that the interface can be controlled solely through a pointing device with little or no input from the keyboard, as with many graphical user interfaces.

In some systems, such as Internet Explorer, moving the pointer over a link (or other GUI control) and waiting for a split-second will cause a tooltip to be displayed.
Laurean Rugambwa
Laurean Rugambwa (12 July 1912 – 8 December 1997) was a Tanzanian Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Dar es Salaam from 1968 to 1992. He was made a cardinal in 1960 by Pope John XXIII, becoming the first such native African.

Catholic Church in Tanzania
The Catholic Church in Tanzania is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

There are more than 23 million Catholics in the country, nearly one third of the total population.
Beizanji Sutra Mounds
The Beizanji Sutra Mounds  (米山寺経塚群, Beizanji kyōzuka-gun) is a Kamakura period archaeological site located in what is now part of the city of Sukagawa, Fukushima Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1937. and expanded in 1977.

Tōhoku region
The Tōhoku region (東北地方, Tōhoku-chihō; IPA: [toːhokɯ̥ tɕiꜜhoː]), Northeast region, Ōu region (奥羽地方, Ōu-chihō), or Northeast Japan (東北日本, Tōhoku Nihon) consists of the northeastern portion of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. This traditional region consists of six prefectures (ken): Akita, Aomori, Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi, and Yamagata.

Tōhoku retains a reputation as a remote, scenic region with a harsh climate. In the 20th century, tourism became a major industry in the Tōhoku region.
Sam Redgate
Samuel Redgate (27 July 1810 – 13 April 1851) was an English professional cricketer who played for Nottingham Cricket Club and Nottinghamshire from the 1830 to the 1846 season.

Redgate was an outstanding rightarm fast bowler using the roundarm style. He batted right-handed and sometimes played as wicket-keeper.

Redgate played in a total of 78 matches and took 426 known wickets. His best performance was 8 wickets for the North of England against MCC at Burton-on-Trent in 1840. He took 5 wickets in an innings 31 times and 10 wickets in a match 11 times.

Ten-wicket haul
In cricket, a ten-wicket haul occurs when a bowler takes ten wickets in either a single innings or across both innings of a two-innings match. The phrase ten wickets in a match is also used, and this is commonly abbreviated as 10wM.

Taking ten wickets in a match at Lord's earns the bowler a place on the Lord's honours boards, and many other grounds have their own honours boards where earning this achievement will be listed.
2014–15 Macedonian Third Football League
The 2014–15 Macedonian Third Football League was the 23rd season of the third-tier football league in the Republic of Macedonia, since its establishment. It began in August 2014 and ended on 24 May 2015.

Macedonian Third Football League
The Macedonian Third League (Macedonian: Македонска трета лига) is the third highest football competition in North Macedonia.

In 2019–20, the competition will be divided into five divisions named Third League - North (Трета Лига - Север), Third League - Center (Трета Лига - Центар), Third League - Southeast (Трета Лига - Југоисток), Third League - West (Трета Лига - Запад) and Third League - Southwest (Трета Лига-Југозапад). At the end of the season, the winners of the North, West and Southwest divisions will play in a play-off for promotion to the Macedonian Second League, while the winners of Center and Southeast divisions will be directly promoted to the Second League. The bottom teams from all divisions are relegated to the Macedonian Municipal Leagues.
1925 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1925 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.

9 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the Europe Zone. Australia defeated Japan in the final, and went on to face France in the Inter-Zonal Final.

Japan Davis Cup team
The Japan men's national tennis team represents Japan in Davis Cup tennis competition and is governed by the Japan Tennis Association.

Japan first competed at the Davis Cup in 1921, where they finished as runners-up.  They were an inaugural member of the World Group in 1981 and competed at the top division until 1985 when they were relegated to the second division. They are currently competing in the World Group for the eighth time.
Methylenedioxycathinone
3,4-Methylenedioxycathinone (MDC, MDCATH), also known as β-keto-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (β-keto-MDA or βk-MDA), is an entactogen and stimulant drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone families related to methylone (βk-MDMA or MDMC). It is the β-keto analogue of MDA.

Like methylone, MDC is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). In contrast to MDA and MDMA, MDC shows no activity at the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, but does retain much weaker affinity for the rodent trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).

The drug was patented as an antidepressant and antiparkinsonian agent by Peyton Jacob III and Alexander Shulgin in 1996. MDC and other non-N-substituted cathinones such as cathinone itself are chemically unstable due rapidly forming biologically inactive dimers and this has limited their prevalence.

Chemical stability
In chemistry, chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system, in particular a chemical compound or a polymer. Colloquially, it may instead refer to kinetic persistence, the shelf-life of a metastable substance or system; that is, the timescale over which it begins to degrade.

Thermodynamic stability occurs when a system is in its lowest energy state, or in chemical equilibrium with its environment. This may be a dynamic equilibrium in which individual atoms or molecules change form, but their overall number in a particular form is conserved. This type of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium will persist indefinitely unless the system is changed. Chemical systems might undergo changes in the phase of matter or a set of chemical reactions.

State A is said to be more thermodynamically stable than state B if the Gibbs free energy of the change from A to B is positive.
Lennox Mathematics, Science & Technology Academy
Lennox Mathematics, Science & Technology Academy (LMSTA) is a charter high school located in Lennox, California, USA. It specializes in mathematics, science and technology for ninth to twelfth grade pupils. In its 2009 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked it 21st out of 21,000 US High Schools.  The school has continued to perform highly in subsequent editions of the rankings, scoring 25th and making the Gold Medal List in the most recent version of the report. The academy also uses a scanning system where they deduct points for irresponsible and disruptive conduct and add points for showing responsibility and their school motto FAMILIA, GANAS Y ORGULLO. The scanning system is done through Hero.

Ninth grade
Ninth grade (also 9th or Grade 9) is the ninth year of formal or compulsory education in some countries. It is generally part of high school or secondary school depending on the country. Students in ninth grade are usually 14–15 years old.
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council, 2009–2013
This is a list of members of the Western Australian Legislative Council between 22 May 2009 and 21 May 2013:

^ Labor East Metropolitan MLC Jock Ferguson died on 13 February 2010. Linda Savage was elected in a recount on 22 March 2010.

^ National Agricultural MLC Max Trenorden was defeated for party preselection in May 2012; fellow National Agricultural MLC Philip Gardiner, initially preselected, withdrew from the Nationals' ticket as a protest. Trenorden announced his candidacy for the next election as an independent in November 2012 and was joined by Gardiner in December.

^ National MLCs Mia Davies and Wendy Duncan resigned on 12 February 2013 to contest the Assembly seats of Central Wheatbelt and Kalgoorlie respectively. Martin Aldridge and Dave Grills were elected in recounts on 5 April 2013.

Electoral district of Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.

The district includes not only the town of Kalgoorlie, but significant parts of the outback in central and eastern Western Australia.

Long a Labor stronghold, the district was lost to the Liberal Party at the 2001 state election. The new Liberal member, Matt Birney, was re-elected at the 2005 state election. The district then proceeded to change hands at every election until the 2025 state election where incumbent Labor MP Ali Kent retained the seat for the first time in 20 years.
Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)
Nuño González I de Lara (died 8 September 1275), nicknamed el Bueno ("the Good"), was a Castilian nobleman, royal counsellor and military leader. He was the head of the House of Lara and a close personal friend of Alfonso X. The king's policies often stymied his efforts to increase the power and wealth of his house, and in 1272 he led many prominent noblemen into open rebellion. Restored to favour the next year, he died defending the castle of Écija from a Moroccan invasion.

Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (/kæˈstiːl/; Spanish: Reino de Castilla: Latin: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile (Spanish: Condado de Castilla, Latin: Comitatus Castellae), as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from the Kingdom of León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent.

Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
Architectural reprography
Architectural reprography, the reprography of architectural drawings, covers a variety of technologies, media, and supports typically used to make multiple copies of original technical drawings and related records created by architects, landscape architects, engineers, surveyors, mapmakers and other professionals in building and engineering trades.

Within the context of archival preservation, the custodians of architectural records must consider many aspects of identification and care when managing the artifactual nature of these materials. Storage containers, handling, paper and chemical compositions and interactions, ultraviolet light exposure, humidity, mold, and other agents of potential harm all interact to determine the longevity of these documents. As well, architectural reprographic drawings are often in very large formats, making storage and handling decisions especially complex.

Landscape architect
A landscape architect is a person who is educated and trained in the field of landscape architecture.

According to the International Federation of Landscape Architects, which draws on International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO/08, 2162), the profession is defined as:

Landscape Architects plan, design and manage natural and built environments, applying aesthetic and scientific principles to address ecological sustainability, quality and health of landscapes, collective memory, heritage and culture, and territorial justice.

Other definitions emphasise the technical and regulatory aspects of practice. For example, landscape architecture may include site analysis and inventory, land and site planning, planting design, grading and earthworks, nature based solutions, stormwater management, sustainable design, engagement, construction specification, and ensuring compliance with building codes, planning policy, and environmental regulation.
William Harrington (Irish cricketer)
William Harrington (27 December 1869 – 2 January 1940) was an Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman and off spin bowler, he played 28 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1894 and 1921, including fifteen first-class matches.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.
Bradley Byquar
Bradley Byquar is an Australian actor and dancer. For his performance in Heartland he was nominated for the 1994 AFI Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama.

On TV Byquar featured Heartland on the ABC in 1994 and in Fireflies, ABC 2004. He starred in Ivan Sen's short film Wind as an aboriginal tracker and featured in the Australian sci-fi film Zone 39.

On stage Byquar played in 1997's Ngundalehla Godotgai, a staging of Waiting for Godot translated into Galibal, in Up the Road (Belvoir Street Theatre, 1996 and The Malthouse, 1997) and The Singing Land (Belvoir Street Theatre, 1993)

1994 Australian Film Institute Awards
The 36th Australian Film Institute Awards (generally known as the AFI Awards) were held in 1994. Presented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), the awards celebrated the best in Australian feature film, television, documentary and short film productions of the year.
Chilhowee Mountain
Chilhowee Mountain is the name of two non-contiguous ridges in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The ridges run in a northeastern to southwestern direction. The northern section is at the outer edge of the Great Smoky Mountains, stretching from the Little Pigeon River watershed at the northeast to the Little Tennessee River and Chilhowee Dam to the southwest. The southern section runs from Tellico Plains to the Ocoee River in Polk County. The northern section is traversed by the Foothills Parkway from Walland to its terminus near Chilhowee.

Ridge
A ridge is a long, narrow, elevated geomorphologic landform, structural feature, or a combination of both separated from the surrounding terrain by steep sides. The sides of a ridge slope away from a narrow top, the crest or ridgecrest, with the terrain dropping down on either side. The crest, if narrow, is also called a ridgeline. Limitations on the dimensions of a ridge are lacking. Its height above the surrounding terrain can vary from less than a meter to hundreds of meters. A ridge can be either depositional, erosional, tectonic, or a combination of these in origin and can consist of either bedrock, loose sediment, lava, or ice depending on its origin. A ridge can occur as either an isolated, independent feature or part of a larger geomorphological and/or structural feature. Frequently, a ridge can be further subdivided into smaller geomorphic or structural elements.
Magnimus
Magnimus is a genus of extinct mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Southern England. The type and only species is Magnimus ensomi, described in 1999 by Denise Sigogneau-Russell for molars from the Berriasian Lulworth Formation. The specific name was given to honour Paul Ensom, a discoverer of many teeth from the Purbeck beds, while the generic name is from the Latin words for "large" and "mouse". It is similar to but distinct from Peramus and Abelodon, but its classification cannot be narrowed down beyond indeterminate Zatheria due to its incomplete nature.

1999 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1999.