hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of pizza
The history of pizza began in antiquity, as various ancient cultures produced flatbreads with several toppings. Pizza today is an Italian dish with a flat dough-based base and toppings, with significant Italian roots in history.

A precursor of pizza was probably the focaccia, a flatbread known to the Romans as panis focacius, to which toppings were then added. Modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples, Italy, between the 16th and mid-18th century.

The word pizza was first documented in 997 CE in Gaeta and successively in different parts of central and southern Italy. Furthermore, the Etymological Dictionary of the Italian Language explains the word pizza as coming from dialectal pinza, 'clamp', as in modern Italian pinze, 'pliers, pincers, tongs, forceps'. Their origin is from Latin pinsere, 'to pound, stamp'.

Pizza Margherita
Pizza Margherita, also known as Margherita pizza, is, together with the pizza marinara, the typical Neapolitan pizza. It is roundish in shape with a raised edge (the cornicione) and seasoned with hand-crushed peeled tomatoes, mozzarella (buffalo mozzarella or fior di latte), fresh basil leaves, and extra virgin olive oil. The dough is made by mixing water, salt, and yeast (either sourdough, or fresh or dry baker's yeast) with flour (00 or 0).

The dough is stretched by the pizzaiolo ('pizza maker') in a motion going outwards from the center, pressing with the fingers of both hands on the dough ball, and flipping it several times, shaping it into a disc. It is then topped and baked in an oven, which is traditionally made of brick and wood-fired (electric or gas ovens are also used). Pizza Margherita is usually served hot on a plate or folded into four and wrapped in paper (pizza a portafoglio or a libretto).
Phaans
Phaans (Urdu: پھانس, lit. 'Splinter / Sliver') is a Pakistani drama television series created and developed by Shahzad Javed, written by Samina Ijaz and directed by Syed Ahmed Kamran. It premiered on Hum TV on 20 February 2021. It features Sami Khan, Zara Noor Abbas and Shehzad Sheikh. Sheikh portrayed an anti-hero for the first time in his career. The series follows the struggle of a sexual assault survivor. The last of the 30 episodes aired on 23 July 2021.

The series was praised for its portrayal of social evils, and the performances of Sheikh and Abbas.

Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.
Konzhakovskiy Kamen
Mount Konzhakovskiy Kamen (Russian: Конжаковский Камень) is a mountain in the northern Urals, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia describes Konzhakovskiy as "mountain massif" of height 1,569 m. Its constitution is pyroxenites and dunites of lower and middle Paleozoic era. The slopes are covered with conifers with some birch up to 900–1000 m, with alpine tundra above.

Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: Свердловская область, romanized: Sverdlovskaya oblast, [ʹsvʲɪrdˈlofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as "Sverdlovsk". Its population is 4,268,998 (according to the 2021 Census).
Yauheni Hutarovich
Yauheni Hutarovich (born 29 November 1983) is a Belarusian former road racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2007 and 2016 for the Roubaix–Lille Métropole, FDJ–BigMat, Ag2r–La Mondiale and Fortuneo–Vital Concept teams. He currently works as a directeur sportif for UCI Continental team Minsk Cycling Club.

Groupama–FDJ
Groupama–FDJ (UCI team code: GFC) is a French cycling team at UCI WorldTeam level. The team is managed by Marc Madiot, a former road bicycle racer and winner of the Paris–Roubaix classic in 1985 and 1991. The team is predominantly French.
96th Reconnaissance Brigade (Russia)
The 96th "Nizhny Novgorod" Reconnaissance Brigade (Russian: 96-я отдельная Нижегородская бригада разведки) is a military formation of the Russian Ground Forces, part of the 1st Guards Tank Army.

The unit is garrisoned in Sormovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and has the Military Unit Number 52634.

Russian Ground Forces
The Russian Ground Forces (Russian: Сухопу́тные войска́ [СВ], romanized: Sukhopútnye Voyská [SV]), also known as the Russian Army in English, are the land forces of the Russian Armed Forces.

The primary responsibilities of the Russian Ground Forces are the protection of the state borders and land-based combat operations.
The president of Russia is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces is appointed by the president of Russia. The Main Command of the Ground Forces is based in Moscow.
Bardak Siah Palace
29°21′15″N 51°06′35″E﻿ / ﻿29.35417°N 51.10972°E﻿ / 29.35417; 51.10972

Bardak Siah Palace is the name of the site of an ancient Achaemenid Persian palace situated in the ancient city of Temukan near the township of Borazjan in the northern part of Bushehr province of Iran. The site was unearthed in 1977 by Iranian archeologists headed by Esmaeil (Ehsan) Yaghmaei

Further excavations at the site in 2005 led to a fragmentary sculpture featuring the head of the Achaemenid emperor Darius the Great (r. 521 BC-485 BC) with a servant carrying an umbrella behind him as well as four pieces of gold in the form of thick folded sheets with a combined weight of about three kilograms buried beside one of the main hall's columns. Yaghmaii said he believed the gold sheets may have inscriptions on them and may have been deliberately folded and hidden during antiquity. An inscription was also recovered with handwriting in the Neo-Babylonian language.

Bushehr province
Bushehr Province (Persian: استان بوشهر) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country, with a long coastline on the Persian Gulf. Its capital is the city of Bushehr.

The province was made a part of Region 2 upon the division of the provinces into five regions, solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014.
Grande Armée slang
As with all armed forces throughout history, the French Grande Armée of the Napoleonic Wars used a colorful and extensive vocabulary of slang terms to describe their lives, times and circumstances and express their reactions towards them.

This is a partial glossary article meant to supplement the articles on La Grande Armée and Military slang. Providing such information can greatly help the reader to understand and appreciate the lives of these soldiers. There are also a few terms included from the later Armée du Nord included here for the sake of interest and completeness.

Army of the North (France)
The Army of the North or Armée du Nord is a name given to several historical units of the French Army. The first was one of the French Revolutionary Armies that fought with distinction against the First Coalition from 1792 to 1795. Others existed during the Peninsular War, the Hundred Days and the Franco-Prussian War.
Hilma Valjakka
Hilma Maria Valjakka (née Nykänen; 29 May 1881, in Pieksämäki – 14 February 1934) was a Finnish politician. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1919 to 1930, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP).

Pieksämäki
Pieksämäki (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpie̯ksæˌmæki]) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the South Savo region, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of Mikkeli, 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Jyväskylä and 95 kilometres (59 mi) south of Kuopio. The town has a population of 17,243 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,836.22 square kilometres (708.97 sq mi) of which 266.76 km2 (103.00 sq mi) is water. The population density is 10.99 inhabitants per square kilometre (28.5/sq mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Hankasalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Kangasniemi, Leppävirta, Mikkeli, Rautalampi and Suonenjoki.
Joseph Warner (priest)
Christianity portal

Joseph Alfred Warner was an Irish Anglican priest.

Warner was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1926.  After curacies at Willowfield, Mallow and Cork he held incumbencies at Kilmeen and Castlemartyr before five years as a Chaplain in the RAFVR. When peace returned he held further incumbencies at Midleton and Carrigtwohill. He was Dean of Cloyne from 1952 until 1957; and Archdeacon of Cloyne  from 1957  until 1965.

Kilmeen and Rossmore
Kilmeen (Irish: Cill Mhín) and Rossmore (Irish: An Ros Mór) are villages in the historic barony of Ibane and Barryroe, County Cork, Ireland, on the L4631 road, situated approximately 10km north of Clonakilty. Kilmeen GAA are based in Kilmeen. Rossmore Theatre is situated in the centre of Rossmore. Kilmeen Drama Group, based in the hall, won the overall prize at All-Ireland Drama Festival in 2011, 2012 and 2013.
2005 FIM Long Track World Championship
The 2005 Individual Long Track/Grasstrack World Championship was the 35th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship.

The world title was won by Robert Barth of Germany for the third time.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.
Miyoshi (Mazda factory)
Miyoshi Plant is an automobile engine manufacturing complex in Miyoshi, Hiroshima, Japan, operated by Mazda Motor Corporation. The complex produces piston engines and opened in May, 1974. It includes 1,670,000 square meters (18,000,000 sq ft) of space. The plant builds Mazda's F and J engines.

Mazda
Mazda Motor Corporation (マツダ株式会社, Matsuda Kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Fuchū, Hiroshima, Japan. The company was founded on January 30, 1920, as Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd., a cork-making factory, by Jujiro Matsuda. The company then acquired Abemaki Tree Cork Company. It changed its name to Toyo Kogyo Co., Ltd. in 1927 and started producing vehicles in 1931.

Mazda is known for its innovative technologies, such as the Wankel engine, the SkyActiv platform, and the Kodo Design language. It also has a long history of motorsport involvement, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1991 with the rotary-powered Mazda 787B. In the past and present, Mazda has been engaged in alliances with other automakers. From 1974 until the late 2000s, Ford was a major shareholder of Mazda. Other partnerships include Toyota, Nissan, Isuzu, Suzuki and Kia. In 2023, it produced 1.1 million vehicles globally.
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference to the validity or usefulness of the studies reported. Until 2001 it was maintained by US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a freely available publication.  It is now maintained by the private company BIOVIA.

Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.

A central concept of toxicology is that the effects of a toxicant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.
33rd Street (Baltimore)
33rd Street, originally called Thirty-third Street Boulevard, is a long, wide, east–west parkway with a broad tree-shaded median strip. It is surrounded by 1920s-era "Daylight-styled" row houses with porches and small front yards. It was designed by the Frederick Law Olmsted Brothers firm, as part of their Baltimore Plan of 1904 and 1921 for establishing stream valley parks and connecting boulevards.

33rd Street is designated as "East" and "West" 33rd: the Johns Hopkins University campus and Wyman Park separate West 33rd — a six-block-long residential street which runs from Beach Avenue at the east to Falls Cliff Road at the west — from the main part of the street, East 33rd.

The street is served by part of the MTA bus routes 3 and 22.

Wyman Park, Baltimore
The community of Wyman Park is a border community that links Hampden to Roland Park. All of the Wyman Park areas were annexed to Baltimore City in 1888. The general boundaries consist of the area from south to north between 33rd Street and 40th Streets and west to east from Keswick Road to Wyman Park, which includes the southern portion of the Stony Run Trail. South of 40th Street, garden apartments, multi-story apartment buildings, and single-family residences have been built. People here tend to relate to the north along 40th Street and University Parkway and Johns Hopkins University.
ProAlt
ProAlt is a citizens' initiative and a protest movement in the Czech Republic focusing on criticism of governmental cuts, neoliberal reforms and austerity programs, similarly to UK Uncut in the United Kingdom. Founded after the 2010 general elections from which comes the government of Petr Nečas, it is seeking to find alternatives to the current political, social and economic discourse, prevailing in the Czech Republic.

UK Uncut
UK Uncut was a network of United Kingdom-based protest groups established in October 2010 to protest against cuts to public services and tax avoidance in the UK. Various sources have described the group as left-wing in its political orientation.
Popular Resistance (Daraa)
The Popular Resistance (Arabic: مقاومة شعبية; al-Muqawama al-Shabia) was an insurgent group that operated in Daraa Governorate. The group announced itself publicly in November of 2018. Its spokesperson Saif al-Hourani described Popular Resistance as "an extension of the Syrian revolution that has never separated from it." Popular Resistance's stated goal is to topple the government and expel pro-government militias from the country. The group, composed mainly of former Free Syrian Army fighters and men facing military conscription, has waged an insurgency against the Syrian Army and intelligence agencies, Iranian-backed militias, and reconciled rebel fighters working with the Syrian government. The group carried out guerrilla-style attacks on government positions such as checkpoints, and targets officials and soldiers in assassinations.

Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
The Military Intelligence Directorate (MID; Arabic: شعبة المخابرات العسكرية, romanized: Shu'bat al-Mukhabarat al-'Askariyya) was the military intelligence agency of Ba'athist Syria until 2024. Although its roots go back to the French mandate period, the organization was established in 1969. Its predecessor organization was called the Second Bureau. It was headquartered at the Defense Ministry building in Damascus. The military intelligence agency was very influential in the politics of Ba'athist Syria.
Ogdensburg Free Academy
Ogdensburg Free Academy is a public high school in Ogdensburg, New York. It consists of around 750 or more students in the 7th through 12th grade. The famous Golden Dome is located on State Street and attracts residents from across the North Country. Every year, the Ogdensburg Boys & Girls Clubs of America hosts an 'Expo' where local businesses can get the most advertisement. There are also performances (such as the local dance studio or choir) in the Golden Dome.

Boys & Girls Clubs of America
Boys & Girls Clubs of America (BGCA) is a United States–based nonprofit organization that operates a nationwide network of more than 5,500 local Boys & Girls Clubs. The organization serves children and youth by providing safe spaces, caring adult mentors, meals and snacks, and youth development programs that support academic success, leadership skills, and health and wellness. BGCA holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, is headquartered in Atlanta, and operates regional offices across the United States. Boys & Girls Clubs of America reaches more than 4 million kids and teens each year through its Club programs across the United States, Native lands, and U.S. military installations.
Krein's condition
In mathematical analysis, Krein's condition provides a necessary and sufficient condition for exponential sums

to be dense in a weighted L2 space on the real line. It was discovered by Mark Krein in the 1940s. A corollary, also called Krein's condition, provides a sufficient condition for the indeterminacy of the moment problem.

Dense set
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a subset A of a topological space X is said to be dense in X if every point of X either belongs to A or else is arbitrarily "close" to a member of A — for instance, the rational numbers are a dense subset of the real numbers because every real number either is a rational number or has a rational number arbitrarily close to it (see Diophantine approximation). 
Formally,  is dense in  if the smallest closed subset of  containing  is  itself.

The density of a topological space  is the least cardinality of a dense subset of
Abingdon Rural District
Abingdon was a rural district in the administrative county of Berkshire from 1894 to 1974.

It was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 based on that part of the Abingdon rural sanitary district which was in Berkshire (the Oxfordshire part forming Culham Rural District). It nearly surrounded, but did not include, the municipal borough of Abingdon, and in the north was close to Oxford.

The district was governed locally by the Abingdon Rural District Council which, in the 1960s, consisted of 35 members. The offices of the council were in Bath Street, Abingdon.

It was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and merged with other districts to form the new Vale of White Horse, which was in the new non-metropolitan county of Oxfordshire.

Municipal borough
A municipal borough was a type of local government district which existed in England and Wales between 1836 and 1974, in Northern Ireland from 1840 to 1973 and in the Republic of Ireland from 1840 to 2002. Broadly similar structures existed in Scotland from 1833 to 1975 with the reform of royal burghs and creation of police burghs.
Jemima Woods
Jemima Woods (born 28 May 2003) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Richmond Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW).

Graham was signed by the Western Bulldogs in January 2022 as a replacement for Kirsten McLeod who was moved to the inactive list.

She made her debut against Fremantle at the Whitten Oval in the fourth round of 2022 season 6.

She was delisted by the Western Bulldogs and subsequently signed by Richmond as a delisted free agent.

She made her debut for Richmond against Brisbane at Punt Road Oval in the fifth round of 2022 AFL Women's season 7.

Whitten Oval
Whitten Oval (also known as Mission Whitten Oval under naming rights) is a stadium in the inner-western suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, located in Barkly Street, Footscray. It is the training and administrative headquarters of the Western Bulldogs (formerly the Footscray Football Club), which competes in the Australian Football League (AFL). The ground is also the home of the club's women's and reserves teams which compete in the AFL Women's (AFLW), Victorian Football League (VFL), and VFL Women's (VFLW).

Formerly known as the Western Oval, the venue was renamed in honour of Ted Whitten in 1995, a former player, captain and coach for the club. A statue of Whitten is located at the entrance of the oval.
The Pearl Protectors
The Pearl Protectors is a youth-led marine conservation organisation. Established in 2018, The Pearl Protectors seek to reduce plastic pollution and conserve the marine environment through youth engagement, volunteerism, awareness and advocacy.

Youth engagement
Youth engagement is the sentiment young people feel towards a particular person, activity, place or outcome. It has been a focus of youth development, public policy and social change movements for at least forty years. According to a Cornell University program, "Youth engagement is one of the buzzwords in the youth development field. Similar terms are youth voice, youth involvement, youth participation, and youth in governance."
Stavchany, Lviv Oblast
Stavchany (Ukrainian: Ставчани) is a village in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Pustomyty urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Stavchany belonged to Pustomyty Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven.

Lviv Oblast
Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, romanized: Lvivska oblast, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Ukrainian: Львівщина, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is 2,478,133 (2022 estimate).
US Ouakam (basketball)
Union Sportive de Ouakam, also known simply as US Ouakam or USO, is a Senegalese basketball club based in the Ouakam subdivision of Dakar. The team competes in the Nationale 1, the highest national level.

Nationale 1 Masculin
The Nationale 1 Masculin (abbreviated as NM1; in English: National 1 Men) is the highest professional basketball league in Senegal. Established in 1971, the league consists of 16 teams.

Each season is finished with a final in a single-game elimination format, held at the Marius Ndiaye Stadium in Dakar. AS Douanes is the most successful team in NM1 history with 11 won titles.

The champions of the NM1 qualify directly for the regular season of the Basketball Africa League (BAL), the premiere continental league. The bottom two teams are relegated to the second division Nationale 2.