hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pulmonic-contour click
Pulmonic-contour clicks, also called sequential linguo-pulmonic consonants, are consonants that transition from a click to an ordinary pulmonic sound, or more precisely, have an audible delay between the front and rear release of the click. All click types (alveolar ǃ, dental ǀ, lateral ǁ, palatal ǂ, retroflex 𝼊 and labial ʘ) have linguo-pulmonic variants, which occur as both stops and affricates, and are attested in four phonations: tenuis, voiced, aspirated, and murmured (breathy voiced). At least a voiceless linguo-pulmonic affricate is attested from all Khoisan languages of southern Africa (the Khoe, Tuu, and Kxʼa language families), as well as (reportedly) from the Bantu language Yeyi from the same area, but they are unattested elsewhere.

Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.  Among some phoneticians, phonation or phonating is the process by which the vocal cords, or vocal folds, produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Phoneticians in other subfields, such as linguistic phonetics, call this process voicing, and use the term phonation to refer to any oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream, of which voicing is just one example. Voiceless and supra-glottal phonations are included under this definition.
Toy wagon
A toy wagon has the same structure as the traditional, larger wagon, but is much smaller and has an open top. An average wagon is able to seat one child, and is generally propelled by human power through a handle at the front. Some famous brands are Radio Flyer, Little Tikes, Red Rider, Northern Tool and Equipment, Lowe's, Cardinal, and Speedway Express.

Lowe's
Lowe's Companies, Inc. (/loʊz/ LOHZ) is an American retail company specializing in home improvement. Headquartered in Mooresville, North Carolina, the company operates a chain of retail stores in the United States. As of October 28, 2022, Lowe's and its related businesses operated 2,181 home improvement and hardware stores in North America.

Lowe's is the second-largest hardware chain in the United States (previously the largest in the U.S. until surpassed by Home Depot in 1989) behind rival the Home Depot and ahead of Menards. It is also the second-largest hardware chain in the world, also behind the Home Depot, but ahead of European retailers Leroy Merlin, B&Q, and OBI.

The company previously operated in Australia through the Masters Home Improvement joint venture until 2016, in Mexico until 2019, and in Canada until selling its operations (which will be consolidated under the Rona brand) to Sycamore Partners in 2023.
Naoki Yamamoto (manga artist)
Naoki Yamamoto (山本 直樹, Yamamoto Naoki) is a Japanese manga artist. In his early years, he also used pen names Tō Moriyama (森山 塔, Moriyama Tō) and Mori Tōyama (塔山 森, Tōyama Mori) for his earlier adult-oriented works. He was born in Matsumae District, Fukushima, Hokkaido and graduated from Waseda University's Department of Literature.

Matsumae District, Hokkaido
Matsumae (松前郡, Matsumae-gun) is a district located in southwestern Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan.

As of 2004, the district has an estimated population of 16,068 and a density of 33.45 persons per km2. The total area is 480.32 km2.
Robert-Henri Regamey
Robert-Henri Regamey (30 September 1907 – 14 November 1978) was a Swiss physician and microbiologist. He held the chair in microbiology at the University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine from 1959. He is particularly known for his work on immunobiological standardization, and he served as a member of an expert committee on biological standardization appointed by the World Health Organization and co-founded the International Association of Biological Standardization.

Regamey completed his medical education at the University of Lausanne in 1933, and worked at the universities of Berne, Zurich and Lausanne for the next 15 years, mainly in the fields of bacteriology, pathology and infection control. In 1948 he became technical director of the Swiss Serum Institute in Berne, a position he held until joining the University of Geneva.

University of Lausanne
The University of Lausanne (UNIL; French: Université de Lausanne) in Lausanne, Switzerland, was founded in 1537 as a school of Protestant theology, before being made a university in 1890. The university is the second-oldest in Switzerland, and one of the oldest universities in the world to be in continuous operation. As of fall 2017, about 15,000 students and 3,300 employees studied and worked at the university. Approximately 1,500 international students attend the university (120 nationalities), which has a wide curriculum including exchange programs with other universities.

Together with the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) the university forms a vast campus at the shores of Lake Geneva.
Acree v. Republic of Iraq
Acree v. Republic of Iraq, 370 F.3d 41 (D.C. Cir. 2004), was a case before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. U.S. military personnel who had been tortured by Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War sued for damages, arguing that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) made state sponsors of terror liable. Iraq never contested the lawsuit, but the U.S. federal government intervened. The Court of Appeals ultimately decided against the plaintiffs, saying that the FSIA did not create new causes of action against foreign states. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the plaintiffs' appeal.

Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA) is a United States law, codified at Title 28, §§ 1330, 1332, 1391(f), 1441(d), and 1602–1611 of the United States Code, that established criteria as to whether a foreign sovereign state (or its political subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities) is immune from the jurisdiction of the United States' federal or state courts. The Act also establishes specific procedures for service of process, attachment of property and execution of judgment in proceedings against a foreign state. The FSIA provides the exclusive basis and means to bring a civil suit against a foreign sovereign in the United States. It was signed into law by United States President Gerald Ford on October 21, 1976.
Velay FC
Velay Football Club is a football club based in the communes of Blanzac, Polignac, and Saint-Paulien in the Haute-Loire department of France. As of the 2022–23 season, it competes in the sixth tier of the French football league system.

Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire (French pronunciation: [ot lwaʁ] ⓘ; Occitan: Naut Léger or Naut Leir; English: Upper Loire) is a landlocked department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. Named after the Loire River, it is surrounded by the departments of Loire, Ardèche, Lozère, Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme. In 2019, it had a population of 227,570; its inhabitants are called Altiligériens in French (English : Altiligerians).

The department, which has its prefecture in Le Puy-en-Velay, covers the upper reaches of the Loire and consists of the Loire Valley and the surrounding mountains in the Massif Central. It is one of the original 83 departments of France created in 1790 during the French Revolution. Parts of the department are included in the Livradois-Forez Regional Natural Park.
The Gnu
"The Gnu" (sometimes known as "A Gnu", "I'm a Gnu" or "The Gnu Song") is a 1956 humorous song about a talking gnu by Flanders and Swann.

The word gnu is consistently pronounced in the song with two syllables as "g-noo" (/ɡəˈnuː/), with the g clearly enunciated with an additional schwa, and the n unpalatalised, in contrast to the traditional "noo" (/nuː/) or "nyoo" (/njuː/). The song also plays on silent letters in other words such as "k-now" (/kəˈnoʊ/) and "w-ho" (/wəˈhuː/), and adds initial g's to various words beginning with n.

Silent letter
In an alphabetic writing system, a silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation. In linguistics, a silent letter is often symbolised with a null sign U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET, which resembles the Scandinavian letter Ø. A null or zero is an unpronounced or unwritten segment.
Tapovana
Tapovana (Sanskrit) comes from the two root words tapas, meaning 'penance' and by extension 'religious mortification' and 'austerity', and more generally 'spiritual practice', and vana, meaning 'forest' or 'thicket'. Tapovana then translates as 'forest of austerities or spiritual practice'. Though pronounced the same in Hindi, tapovana should not be confused with tapovan (from tapovat), which means a person engaged in austerity.

Traditionally in India, any place where someone has engaged in serious spiritual retreat may become known as a tapovana, even if there is no forest. As well as particular caves and other hermitages where sages and sadhus have dwelt, there are some places, such as the western bank of the northern Ganges river around Rishikesh, that have been so used by hermits that the whole area has become known as a tapovana.

Spiritual practice
A spiritual practice or spiritual discipline (often including spiritual exercises) is the regular or full-time performance of actions and activities undertaken for the purpose of inducing spiritual experiences and cultivating spiritual development. A common metaphor used in the spiritual traditions of the world's great religions is that of walking a path. Therefore, a spiritual practice moves a person along a path towards a goal. The goal is variously referred to as salvation, liberation or union (with God). A person who walks such a path is sometimes referred to as a wayfarer or a pilgrim.
Julian Rauchfuß
Julian Rauchfuß (born 2 September 1994) is a German World Cup alpine ski racer, who specialises in the technical events of slalom and giant slalom.

He competed at the 2021–22 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup.

FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts that included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France (Honore Bonnet) and the USA (Bob Beattie). It was soon backed by International Ski Federation president Marc Hodler during the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966 at Portillo, Chile, and became an official FIS event in the spring of 1967 after the FIS Congress at Beirut, Lebanon.

The inaugural World Cup race was held on 5 January 1967 in Berchtesgaden, West Germany, a slalom won by Heinrich Messner of Austria. Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the overall winners for the first two seasons.
Jerry Golsteyn
Jerry Mark Golsteyn (born August 6, 1954) is an American former professional football player. Golsteyn played college football as quarterback at Northern Illinois University and was selected by the New York Giants in the 12th round of the 1976 NFL draft. He played in eight National Football League (NFL) seasons, from 1977 to 1984 for five different teams, the Giants, the Baltimore Colts, the Detroit Lions, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and the Los Angeles Raiders. Golsteyn  also played a brief stint for the Orlando Americans in the American Football Association in 1981, becoming one of the few NFL-caliber players to play in that league. The fact that Golsteyn was a star in the league was occasionally used as a joke regarding the AFA's inability to sign marquee talent. He then played for the Orlando Renegades of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1985.

Los Angeles Raiders
The Los Angeles Raiders were a professional American football team of the National Football League (NFL). The Raiders played in Los Angeles from 1982 to 1994 before moving back to Oakland, California, where the team played from its inaugural 1960 season through 1981, and then again from 1995 to 2019.

The team's first home game in Los Angeles was at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on November 22, 1982, after a 57-day player strike. They played their last game as a Los Angeles–based team on December 24, 1994. During their tenure in Los Angeles, the Raiders won four Division titles (AFC West), and one Super Bowl championship: 1983 (XVIII).

After both the Raiders and the Rams left Los Angeles after the 1994 season, Los Angeles was left without an NFL team until the 2016 season.
Northfield (village), Vermont
Northfield is a former village in the town of Northfield in Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 3,757 at the 2020 census. In 2014, the village and surrounding town of Northfield merged to form a single municipal government; the village and its neighbors Northfield Center and South Northfield are now included in the Northfield census-designated place for population statistics purposes.

Washington County, Vermont
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. Named after George Washington, its county seat is the city of Montpelier (the least populous state capital in the United States) and the most populous city is the city of Barre. As of the 2020 census, the population was 59,807, making it the third-most populous county in Vermont, but the third-least populous capital county in the United States after Hughes County, South Dakota and Franklin County, Kentucky; in 2023, the estimated population was 60,142. Washington County comprises the Barre, Vermont micropolitan statistical area. In 2010, the center of population of Vermont was located in Washington County, in the town of Warren.
Mark Taylor (drummer)
Mark Anthony Taylor (born 7 November 1962, London) is an English jazz drummer.

Taylor started to play drums at the age of five, and played with Eddie Thompson and Al Cohn as a teenager. He worked with Kenny Barron, George Coleman, Johnny Griffin, Pharoah Sanders, and Bobby Watson early in his career. His other associations include work with Alan Barnes, Gordon Beck, Mike Carr, Geoff Castle, Alec Dankworth, John Dankworth, Kenny Drew, Chris Flory, Herb Geller, Dick Morrissey, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Pizza Express All Stars, Lew Tabackin, Uncle John Renshaw, Ken Colyer and John Taylor.

Eddie Thompson (businessman)
Edward Henry Thompson OBE (16 July 1940 – 15 October 2008) was a Scottish businessman. A well-known figure in the Scottish retail industry, he founded the convenience store chain Morning, Noon and Night in 1991, which he later sold for £30 million in 2004. He was awarded the OBE for services to the Scottish grocery industry in 2005.

A long-time supporter of Dundee United F.C., Thompson bought the club in 2002 and remained chairman until his death in 2008.
Hägglund
Hägglund is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alvar Hägglund, Swedish cross-country skier

Bengt Hägglund, Swedish theologian

Göran Hägglund, Swedish politician

Gustav Hägglund, Finnish general

Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, birth name of Swedish-born American labor organiser Joe Hill

Jenna Hagglund (born 1989), American volleyball player

Johan Hägglund (1866–1956), Swedish furniture maker and founder of the Hägglund & Söner engineering company

Jöran Hägglund, Swedish politician

Martin Hägglund, Swedish literary theorist and philosopher

Roger Hägglund, Swedish hockey player

Woldemar Hägglund, Finnish general

Göran Hägglund
Bo Göran Hägglund (born 27 January 1959) is a Swedish politician of the Christian Democrats. He was the leader of the Christian Democrats from 2004 to 2015, Member of the Riksdag from 1991 to 2015, and served as Minister for Social Affairs from 2006 to 2014.
Ella in Japan: 'S Wonderful
Ella in Japan: 'S Wonderful is a 1964 live album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald, recorded in Tokyo, Japan. Norman Granz sold the Verve label to MGM Records in 1961, but continued to manage her career and produce Ella Fitzgerald's recordings. Granz supervised frequently live concert tours, planning several live projects for release on record. In late January 1964 work began on an album called Ella In Nippon; the album did not reach past the post-production stage, remaining uncompleted and unreleased for 47 years. Tracks 1 to 12 on this 2011 release are the tracks Norman Granz mixed for the unreleased album Ella In Nippon.

MGM Records
MGM Records was a record label founded by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio in 1946 for the purpose of releasing soundtrack recordings (later LP albums) of their musical films. It transitioned into a pop music label that continued into the 1970s. The company also released soundtrack albums of the music for some of their non-musical films as well, and on rare occasions, cast albums of off-Broadway musicals such as The Fantasticks and the 1954 revival of The Threepenny Opera. In one instance, MGM Records released the highly successful soundtrack album of a film made by another studio, Columbia Pictures's Born Free (1966).
Stupid Girl (Only in Hollywood)
"Stupid Girl (Only in Hollywood)" is a single by Saving Abel from their second album Miss America. The song was inspired by Keith Urban's song "Stupid Boy", which Null heard while traveling to Nashville to record, and thought "Stupid Girl" would be a great song title.

Stupid Boy
"Stupid Boy" is a song written by Dave Berg, Deanna Bryant, and Sarah Buxton. Originally recorded by Buxton, the song was later recorded by Australian country music singer Keith Urban on his 2006 album Love, Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing. Urban's version was released as that album's second single in December 2006 and peaked at number 3 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. A year after its release, Urban won a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance of the song.
Ana Martínez (handballer)
Ana Isabel Martínez Martínez (born 7 December 1991) is a Spanish handball player for Club Balonmano Elche and on Spanish national team.

She participated at the 2018 European Women's Handball Championship.

Spain women's national handball team
The Spain women's national handball team is governed by the Royal Spanish Handball Federation. Spain has been world and twice continental finalist. They also have won medals in the three main international competitions: one Olympic in 2012, two World Championship (2011, 2019) and two European Championship (2008, 2014).
Orford Express
The Orford Express was a tourist train between Magog and Sherbrooke, Quebec, operating seasonally on the former Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway line through Quebec's Eastern Townships. A dinner train which operated from early May to end-December, it was owned and operated separately from the underlying tracks.

Magog, Quebec
Magog (locally /ˈmeɪɡɔːɡ/ MAY-gawg, French: [maɡɔɡ]) is a city in southeastern Quebec, Canada, about 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Montreal at the confluence of Lake Memphremagog—after which the city was named—with the Rivière aux Cerises and the Magog River. It is a major centre and industrial city in the Regional County Municipality of Memphremagog. The city lies in the Eastern Townships tourist region.

In 2002, the City of Magog was merged with the Township of Magog and the Village of Omerville as part of the municipal reorganization in Quebec.
Wayne Pretty
Donald Wayne Pretty (born June 11, 1936) is a Canadian rower who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

In 1956 he was a crew member of the Canadian boat, winning the silver medal in the eights event. He was inducted to the British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame along with the rest of the 1956 UBC VRC Eights team in 1976.

Eight years later he finished ninth with the Canadian boat in the eight competition.

BC Sports Hall of Fame
The BC Sports Hall of Fame is a museum located in the BC Place stadium, at Gate A, the main entrance to the stadium, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It collects, preserves, studies and interprets materials that relate to British Columbia's sport history, and allows researchers, writers, media members and sport historians to gain access to and appreciate BC's sporting heritage.

The organization has amassed an extensive artifact and archival collection of artifacts and archival documents related to sports. The museum features galleries on BC sportspeople Terry Fox, Rick Hansen and Greg Moore. It also has several multi-sport galleries including a gallery on Aboriginal sport, the BC professional sports teams, the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, and "In Her Footsteps", a gallery focused on women in sport.
The Female Quixote
The Female Quixote; or, The Adventures of Arabella is a comedic novel by Scottish writer Charlotte Lennox imitating and parodying the ideas of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote. Published in 1752, two years after she wrote her first novel, The Life of Harriot Stuart, it was her best-known and most-celebrated work. It was approved by both Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson, applauded by Samuel Johnson, and used as a model by Jane Austen for Northanger Abbey. It has been called a burlesque, "satirical harlequinade", and a depiction of the real power of females. While some dismissed its protagonist Arabella as a coquette who simply used romance as a tool, Scott Paul Gordon said that she "exercises immense power without any consciousness of doing so". Norma Clarke has ranked it with Clarissa, Tom Jones and Roderick Random as one of the "defining texts in the development of the novel in the eighteenth century".

The Adventures of Roderick Random
The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) is a picaresque novel by Scottish author Tobias Smollett, notable for its episodic structure, satirical tone, and realistic portrayal of eighteenth-century British society. It is partially based on Smollett's experience as a naval-surgeon's mate in the Royal Navy, especially during the Battle of Cartagena de Indias in 1741. In the preface, Smollett acknowledges the connections of his novel to the two satirical picaresque works he translated into English: Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote (1605–15) and Alain-René Lesage's Gil Blas (1715–47)
United Kingdom First Party
The United Kingdom First Party was a small short-lived populist, Eurosceptic British political party, founded in 2009.  It fielded candidates in three English regions for the 2009 European parliamentary elections: the East Midlands, the East of England and the South East.

The party agreed to work with the Popular Alliance during the election, in order to achieve the two parties' goals, with each party saying it had similar backgrounds and goals.

It disbanded in 2010 after its failure in the European parliamentary elections. It was voluntarily deregistered in April 2010.

East of England (European Parliament constituency)
East of England was a constituency of the European Parliament that was coterminous with the East of England region. It returned 7 MEPs using the D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation, until the UK exit from the European Union on 31 January 2020.
Paul Shanahan
Paul Gerard Shanahan (18 October 1948 – 15 February 2011) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Shanahan, a Northcote recruit, played 21 games for Fitzroy, with 12 of his appearances coming in the 1970 VFL season. He left Fitzroy after the 1972 season and played with West Perth, followed by a stint in South Australia playing for West Torrens.

He was also a bowler for the Northcote Cricket Club in district cricket; and, at the age of 17, he played in Northcote's 1st XI premiership winning side in 1965–66, which was captained by Test opener Bill Lawry. He played 20 first XI matches for Northcote between 1965 and 1971, and took 21 wickets at 44.7.

Northcote Cricket Club
Northcote Cricket Club, nicknamed the Dragons, is an Australian cricket team competing in the Victorian Premier Cricket competition. The club was formed in the mid-1870s and joined the Premier Cricket competition in 1907. They have won 5 1st XI premierships in 1911/12, 1965-66, 1973/74, 1986/87 and 1996/97. The Dragons play home games at Bill Lawry Oval in Northcote.