hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Overcrowding
Overcrowding or crowding is the condition where more people are located within a given space than is considered tolerable from a safety and health perspective.  Safety and health perspectives depend on current environments and on local cultural norms. Overcrowding may arise temporarily or regularly, in the home, in public spaces or on public transport. Overcrowding in the home can cause particular concern, since the home is an individual's place of shelter.

Effects on quality of life due to crowding may include increased physical contact, lack of sleep, lack of privacy and poor hygiene practices.
While population density offers an objective measure of the number of people living per unit area, overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density. However, definitions of crowding used in statistical reporting and for administrative purposes depend on density measures and do not usually incorporate people's perceptions of crowding.

Shelter
A shelter is an architectural structure or natural formation (or a combination of the two) providing protection from the local environment. A shelter can serve as a home or be provided by a residential institution. It can be understood as both a temporary and a permanent structure. In the American Counterculture of the 1960s, the concept of "Shelter" intervenes as one of the key concepts of the Whole Earth Catalog, and expresses an alternative to the modes of teaching architecture practiced in American academies.

In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, shelter holds a crucial position as one of the fundamental human necessities, complementing other physiological imperatives such as the need for "air, water, food, rest, clothing, and reproduction."
Tim F. Hayes
Timothy F. Hayes (1946 – 6 April 2021) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played for club side Clonakilty, at inter-county level with the Cork senior football team and with Munster. His Hurling Club was Ballinhassig where he won many honours. He lined out on both attack and defence.

Cork county football team
The Cork county football team represents Cork in men's Gaelic football and is governed by Cork GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions; the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the Munster Senior Football Championship and the National Football League.

Cork's home ground is Páirc Uí Chaoimh, Cork. The current manager is John Cleary.

Cork was the third Munster county both to win an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), as well as to appear in the final, following Limerick and Tipperary. The team last won the Munster Senior Championship in 2012, the All-Ireland Senior Championship in 2010 and the National League in 2012.
Wenzhou city walls
Wenzhou city walls were the defensive walls of Wenzhou. First established after 323 AD, when the southern bank at the confluence of the Ou and Nanxi rivers became the seat of prefectural administration under successive dynasties, including Yongjia Commandery, Wenzhou Prefecture, Rui’an Fu, Wenzhou Circuit, and later Wenzhou Fu, the walls were repeatedly repaired and rebuilt to defend these administrative centres, the walled city defined the historic core of Wenzhou for centuries. Although most sections were dismantled during the 1920s and 1930s, the former walled city continues to constitute the urban core of Wenzhou.

Zhou (administrative division)
Zhou (Chinese: 州; pinyin: zhōu; lit. 'land') were historical administrative and political divisions of China. Formally established during the Han dynasty, zhou existed continuously for over 2000 years until the 1912 establishment of the Republic of China. Zhou were also once used in Korea (주, ju), Vietnam (Vietnamese: châu) and Japan (Hepburn: shū).
Kirwan House (Maryland)
The James E. Kirwan House and Store is a living museum located south of the village of Chester on Kent Island in Queen Anne's County, Maryland, United States.  It served as a general store,  lumber mill, cooper's mill, and blacksmith shop between 1889 and 1955 and facilitated local trade as a port on Kirwan Creek.  The estate was donated to the Kent Island Heritage Society in 1998 to be run as a museum.

Cooper (profession)
A cooper is a craftsman who produces wooden casks, barrels, vats, buckets, tubs, troughs, and other similar containers from timber staves that were usually heated or steamed to make them pliable.

Journeymen coopers also traditionally made wooden implements, such as rakes and wooden-bladed shovels. In addition to wood, other materials, such as iron, were used in the manufacturing process. The trade is the origin of the surname Cooper.
Abitibi Canyon
Abitibi Canyon was a community on the Abitibi River in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It was part of Northern Unorganized Cochrane District, in Cochrane District. It was located 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) northeast of Fraserdale. Abitibi Canyon was established in 1930 by the Ontario Power Service Corporation to house workers building the Abitibi Canyon Generating Station.

Cochrane District
Cochrane District is a district and census division in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1921 from parts of Timiskaming and Thunder Bay districts.

In 2021, the district's population was 77,963, with a land area of 141,268.51 km2 (54,544.08 sq mi), making it slightly smaller than the US state of Michigan and the second largest district in Ontario after Kenora District. The district seat is Cochrane.

Bennet Lake Esker Kame Complex Conservation Reserve is located in Cochrane District.
Charmineh
Charmineh (Persian: چرمينه, also Romanized as Charmīneh and Charmīnah) is a village in Gandoman Rural District, Gandoman District, Borujen County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 9 families. The village is populated by Lurs.

Lurs
The Lurs, Lors or Luris (Persian: لر) are an Iranian people living in western and southern Iran. The four Luri branches are the Bakhtiari, Mamasani, Kohgiluyeh and Lur proper, who are principally linked by the Luri language.

Lorestan province is named after the Lurs, but not all Lurs live in Lorestan, nor are all the inhabitants of Lorestan ethnic Lurs. Many Lurs live in other provinces of Iran including Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Hamadan, Isfahan, Tehran southern Ilam province, and Genaveh county in Bushehr province.
Barnaul Law Institute
53°20′34″N 83°47′14″E﻿ / ﻿53.3429°N 83.7872°E﻿ / 53.3429; 83.7872

The Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Russian: Барнаульский юридический институт МВД России) is a higher institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russia located in Barnaul, Altai Territory. It is one of the leading educational organizations of the MVD.

Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (Russian: Министерство внутренних дел, МВД, romanized: Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del, MVD) is the interior ministry of Russia.

The MVD is responsible for law enforcement in Russia through its agencies the Police of Russia, Migration Affairs, Drugs Control, Traffic Safety, the Centre for Combating Extremism, and the Investigative Department. The MVD is headquartered in Zhitnaya Street 16 in Yakimanka, Moscow. Vladimir Kolokoltsev has been the Minister of Internal Affairs since 2012.
Innosight
Innosight is a strategy consultancy within Huron Consulting Group, advising global enterprises on business strategy, innovation, and growth transformation. Innosight was founded in 2000 by Harvard Business School professor Clayton M. Christensen and senior partner Mark W. Johnson. Innosight uses methods based on the concept of disruptive innovation, a theory defined by Christensen in his book The Innovator's Dilemma. The company headquarters is located in Boston, MA, with additional offices in Switzerland, Chicago, and New York. Andrew Waldeck is the practice's global managing partner.

In 2018, the company launched a new online platform called Innosight X.

The Innovator's Dilemma
The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, first published in 1997, is the best-known work of the Harvard professor and businessman Clayton Christensen. It expands on the concept of disruptive technologies, a term he coined in a 1995 article "Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave". It describes how large incumbent companies lose market share by listening to their customers and providing what appears to be the highest-value products, but new companies that serve low-value customers with poorly developed technology can improve that technology incrementally until it is good enough to quickly take market share from established business. Christensen recommends that large companies maintain small, nimble divisions that attempt to replicate this phenomenon internally to avoid being blindsided and overtaken by startup competitors.
Hostage (1974 film)
Hostage (Persian title: Gerogan - Persian: گروگان)  is a 1974 Iranian Persian-genre drama Romantic film directed by Ahmad Shirazi and starring Afrouz, Reza Beyk Imanverdi, Morteza Aghili, Shanaz Tehrani, Ali Azad, Nematollah Gorji, and Ali Miri .

Filmfarsi
Filmfarsi (Persian: فیلم‌فارسی, literally Persian Film), is a term used in Pre-revolutionary Iranian cinema criticism that was coined by Iranian film critic Hushang Kavusi. The term is used to describe what was perceived as low-quality films mostly copied from the Bollywood cinema and with poor plots, mostly arranged with dance and singing. Filmfarsi were suppressed after the Iranian Cultural Revolution by more strict laws on relations between men and women, as well as religious opposition to the content of the films. The suppression of the Filmfarsi genre encouraged the Iranian New Wave of modern films in Iranian cinema. Many of the Filmfarsi that survived the Iranian revolution did so thanks to the existence of illegal VHS copies.
Sepia bartletti
Sepia bartletti is a species of cuttlefish native to the western Pacific Ocean. It is known only from the type locality. Depth range is unknown. Some authorities regard S. bartletti as a nomen dubium.

S. bartletti is known from only the holotype and six other specimens (all cuttlebones) described by Tom Iredale in 1954. It is possibly a junior synonym of Sepia bandensis. The placement of S. bartletti in the genus Sepia is also questionable.

S. bartletti grows to a mantle length of 74 mm.

The type specimen was collected in the Misima and Conflict Group of the Louisiade Archipelago, to the southeast of Papua New Guinea. It is deposited at the Australian Museum in Sydney.

Mantle (mollusc)
The mantle (also known by the Latin word pallium meaning mantle, robe or cloak, adjective pallial) is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.

In many species of molluscs the epidermis of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and conchiolin, and creates a shell. In sea slugs there is a progressive loss of the shell and the mantle becomes the dorsal surface of the animal.

The words mantle and pallium both originally meant ‘cloak’ or ‘cape’; see mantle (vesture). This anatomical structure in molluscs often resembles a cloak because in many groups the edges of the mantle, usually referred to as the mantle margin, extend far beyond the main part of the body, forming flaps, double-layered structures which have been adapted for many different uses, including for example, the siphon.
Department of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development (Telangana)
Department of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development is a cabinet level ministerial post in the Government of Telangana. First held on 16 December 2014, this ministry has one of the important portfolios in the cabinet of the state. The incumbent Minister for the Department of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development for the state of Telangana is Dansari Anasuya.

Seethakka
Dansari Anasuya (born 9 July 1971), commonly known as Seethakka, is an Indian politician currently serving as a cabinet minister for Panchayati Raj & Rural Development, Rural Water Supply, Women and Child Welfare in Government of Telangana. She represents Mulug assembly constituency in the Telangana legislative assembly. She won the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election and Telangana Legislative Assembly elections in 2018 and 2023. She was appointed general secretary of All India Mahila Congress in June 2018 and in August 2019 became state in-charge of Chhattisgarh Mahila Congress. She is sometimes referred to as 'Iron Lady of Telangana'.
History of the Finnish language
The Finnish language is a Finnic language spoken mostly in Finland that descends from Proto-Finnic and in turn from Proto-Uralic. It is closely related to the Estonian language as well as less-spoken languages, such as Karelian and Veps, and is also distantly related to Hungarian.

The history of the Finnish language can be divided into multiple eras. The earliest phase, Early Finnish (varhaissuomi), lasted from its separation from the other Finnic languages sometime around the end of the first millennium AD until 1540. Around this time, the first Finnish texts of note that survive were written, marking the start of the Old Literary Finnish (vanha kirjasuomi) period. This lasted until the early 19th century, when some time around 1810–1820, the development of the Finnish language entered a new phase called Early Modern Finnish (varhaisnykysuomi). This developed into Modern Finnish (nykysuomi) around the 1870s, by 1880 at the latest.

Finnish Literature Society
The Finnish Literature Society (Finnish: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura ry or Finnish: SKS) was founded in 1831 to promote literature written in Finnish. Among its first publications was the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic.

The society is the oldest Finnish publisher still in operation and publishes general non-fiction books including folklore, literature and history.
Quality Street Music
Quality Street Music is the fourth studio album by American hip hop disc jockey DJ Drama. It was released on October 2, 2012, by Entertainment One Music, Aphilliates Music Group, Embassy Entertainment, and Powerhouse Productions. The album features guest appearances from Kendrick Lamar, Childish Gambino, T-Pain, Fabolous, Jeezy, Drake, Future, Nipsey Hussle, Wiz Khalifa, T.I., Ludacris, 2 Chainz, B.o.B., Kid Ink, Jeremih, Meek Mill, Waka Flocka Flame, Tyler, the Creator, Wale, Gucci Mane, Birdman, and Rick Ross, among others.

Waka Flocka Flame
Juaquin James Malphurs (born May 31, 1986), known professionally as Waka Flocka Flame, is an American rapper. He first became known for his 2009 single "O Let's Do It", which entered the Billboard Hot 100 and led him to sign with Gucci Mane's 1017 Records, an imprint of Warner Records that same year. His 2010 follow-up single, "No Hands" (featuring Roscoe Dash and Wale), reached number 13 on the chart and received diamond certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Both songs, along with "Hard in da Paint" and "Grove St. Party" (featuring Kebo Gotti), preceded the release of his debut studio album Flockaveli (2010), which peaked at number six on the Billboard 200. His second studio album, Triple F Life: Friends, Fans & Family (2012) peaked at number ten on the chart and was supported by the singles "Round of Applause" (featuring Drake), "I Don't Really Care" (featuring Trey Songz) and "Get Low" (featuring Tyga, Nicki Minaj and Flo Rida).
Ladipo Adamolekun
Ladipo Adamolekun listenⓘ(born July 20, 1942) is a Nigerian public administration scholar, former dean of the Faculty of Administration at Obafemi Awolowo University and was a lead public sector management specialist at World Bank.

Scholar
A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate. Independent scholars and public intellectuals work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion.
Elaine Castle
Elaine Castle is a 7,431-foot-elevation (2,265-meter) summit located in the Grand Canyon, in Coconino County of northern Arizona, US. It is situated three miles north-northwest of King Arthur Castle near the head of Shinumo Creek, and immediately southwest of Lancelot Point. Topographic relief is significant as it rises 2,800 feet (850 meters) above Merlin Abyss in one mile. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Elaine Castle is located in a cold semi-arid climate zone.

Coconino County, Arizona
Coconino County is a county in the  North-Central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. Its population was 145,101 at the 2020 census. The county seat is Flagstaff. The county takes its name from Cohonino, a name applied to the Havasupai people. It is the second-largest county by area in the contiguous United States, behind San Bernardino County, California. It has 18,661 sq mi (48,332 km2), or 16.4% of Arizona's total area, and is larger than the nine smallest states in the U.S.

Coconino County comprises the Flagstaff metropolitan statistical area, Grand Canyon National Park, the federally recognized Havasupai Nation, and parts of the federally recognized Navajo, Hualapai, and Hopi nations. As a result, its relatively large Native American population makes up nearly 30% of the county's total population; it is mostly Navajo, with smaller numbers of other tribes.

The county was the setting for George Herriman's early 20th-century Krazy Kat comic strip.
Cherry Potter
Cherry Potter is a film writer, cultural commentator and psychotherapist.

She is the author of three film books:

Image, Sound and Story, the art of telling in film (Secker and Warburg, 1990), ISBN 978-0436380341

Screen Language: From writing to film making (Methuen, 2001), ISBN 978-0413752901

I Love You But…Seven Decades of Romantic Comedy (Methuen, 2002), ISBN 978-0413749901

She also writes on film, culture and relationships for The Guardian.

Methuen Publishing
Methuen Publishing Ltd (/ˈmɛθjuən/; also known as Methuen Books) is an English publishing house.

It was founded in 1889 by Sir Algernon Methuen (1856–1924) and began publishing in London in 1892. Initially, Methuen mainly published non-fiction academic works, eventually diversifying to encourage female authors and later translated works. E. V. Lucas headed the firm from 1924 to 1938.
Romano Bonagura
Romano Bonagura (15 October 1930 – 30 October 2010) was an Italian bobsledder who competed from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, born in Ravenna. He won the silver medal in the two-man event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.

Bonagura also won six medals at the FIBT World Championships with one gold (Four-man: 1963), four silvers (Two-man: 1962, 1963; Four-man: 1959, 1962), and one bronze (Two-man: 1961).

IBSF World Championships (bobsleigh and skeleton)
The IBSF World Championships (known as the FIBT World Championships until 2015), part of the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, have taken place on an annual basis since 1930. Starting with 2002, World Championships are not being held in Winter Olympic years. A two-man event was included in 1931 with a combined championship occurring in 1947. Men's skeleton was introduced as a championship of its own in 1982 while women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were introduced in 2000. Both the women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were merged with the men's bobsleigh events at the 2004 championships. A mixed team event, consisting of one run each of men's skeleton, women's skeleton, 2-man bobsleigh, and 2-women bobsleigh, was held from 2007 to 2019. In 2020 it was replaced with skeleton mixed team event, consisting of one run each of men's and women's skeleton. Women's monobob event was included in 2021.
Oloh, Mississippi
Oloh is an unincorporated community located in Lamar County, Mississippi, United States. Oloh is approximately 12 miles (19 km) west of West Hattiesburg near U.S. Route 98 and a part of the Hattiesburg, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area.

In 1907, Oloh had two churches, a school, and a turpentine plant. A post office operated under the name Oloh from 1895 to 1920.

Oloh is served by a community center that also doubles as a voting precinct.

Community centre
A community centre, community center, or community hall is a public location where members of a community gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. They may be open for the whole community or for a specialized subgroup within the greater community. Community centres can be religious in nature, such as Christian churches, Islamic mosques, Jewish synagogues, Hindu temples, or Buddhist temples; though they can also be secular and in some cases government-run, such as youth clubs or Leisure centres.
John G. Montijo
John G. Montijo  (1891–1935) was an American aircraft engineer and instructor.

Montijo taught at the California Polytechnic State University. Montijo taught flight instruction to Amelia Earhart in a Kinner Airster after crashing with her first instructor Neta Snook.

California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) is a public university in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States, outside of the city limits of San Luis Obispo. Founded in 1901, it is the oldest of three polytechnic universities within the California State University system.  Cal Poly emphasizes a "learn by doing" philosophy, integrating hands-on, practical experiences into its curriculum. As of fall 2025, Cal Poly had approximately 22,000 undergraduate and 900 graduate students.

The university is home to several programs, including in engineering, architecture, and business.  Most of the university's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference.
Deepa Shree Niraula
Deepa Shree Niraula (दिपाश्री निरौला) is a Nepalese actress, comedian, director and radio personality. Beginning her career with supporting roles in films, she is known for her role in the Nepali television sitcom Tito Satya. One of the most popular comedian and actresses of Nepalese Cinema, she is also the Highest Grossing film director of Nepalese Cinema. She is known for directing the highest grossing franchise of the Nepali film franchise Chhakka Panja and was a permanent guest in the first season of Mundre Ko Comedy Club.

Nepal Television
Nepal Television (Nepali: नेपाल टेलिभिजन), shortened to NTV is the Nepali national public state-controlled television broadcaster. It's accessible in four languages. It is the oldest and most watched television channel in Nepal. The news broadcast at 8:00 PM is the channel's most popular show, followed by comedy programmes such as Sakkigoni, Mundre Ko Comedy Club and Meri Bassai.

It also has four sister channels, NTV PLUS, NTV News, NTV Kohalpur and NTV Itahari, all owned by the Nepali government. The network started broadcasting in HD from 31 January 2019.

Several attempts are being made by media stakeholders to convert and transform NTV into a truly public broadcasting entity. NTV, being currently owned by the government, has lost its editorial independence and is accused of being a government mouthpiece. Nir Shah was the first chairman.

The iconic logo of Nepal Television was designed by artist Deepak Kumar Joshi.