hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bastide
Bastides (Occitan: Bastidas) are fortified new towns built in medieval Languedoc, Gascony, Aquitaine, England and Wales during the 13th and 14th centuries, although some authorities count Mont-de-Marsan and Montauban, which was founded in 1144, as the first bastides.

Some of the first bastides were built under Raymond VII of Toulouse to replace villages destroyed in the Albigensian Crusade. He encouraged the construction of others to colonize the wilderness, especially of southwest France. Almost 700 bastides were built between 1222 (Cordes-sur-Ciel, Tarn) and 1372 (La Bastide d'Anjou, Tarn).

Aquitaine
Aquitaine (UK: /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/, US: /ˈækwɪteɪn/; French: [akitɛn] ⓘ; Occitan: Aquitània [akiˈtanjɔ]; Basque: Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region. Since 1 January 2016 it has been part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is situated in the southwest corner of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of five departments: Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes, and Gironde. The Romans established Gallia Aquitania as a province. In the Middle Ages, Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy whose boundaries fluctuated considerably. For most of Aquitaine's written history, Bordeaux has been a vital port and administrative centre.
Kvinnliga IK Sport
Kvinnliga IK Sport is a sports club in Gothenburg, Sweden, which just as the name says only runs women's activity. Since the late 1970s, men are however allowed to be board members. While nowadays only running handball activity, winning 14 Swedish national indoor championship titles between 1951 and 1972 (1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1969, 1971 and 1972), it earlier even ran cycling, gymnastics, track and field athletics, speedskating and orienteering.

Orienteering
Orienteering is a group of sports in which participants use a map and compass to navigate from point to point in unfamiliar terrain as quickly as possible.

The sport originated from military land-navigation training in the late 19th century. It has since evolved into several competitive forms where participants race against the clock and other competitors while navigating through checkpoints. Variants include automobile, underwater, mountain bike, ski, and trail orienteering. The most common form is foot orienteering, also known as FootO.

In formal foot-orienteering competitions, participants are given a specially prepared orienteering map, usually topographical, which they use to locate control points.

Orienteering is part of the World Games and the World Police and Fire Games.
2010 VMI Keydets football team
The 2010 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. It was VMI's 120th football season, which dates back to 1891. In his 3rd year at VMI, the Keydets were led by head coach Sparky Woods, who became the VMI's 30th all-time football coach in 2008. VMI plays its home games at Alumni Memorial Field, as they have since 1962.

After defeating Division-II Lock Haven 48–6, VMI was beat by William & Mary (45–0) and Virginia (48–6), and the following week defeated conference foe Presbyterian College 24–13 in the Big South Conference opener. They were defeated heavily by Stony Brook and Liberty in the next two weeks. The Keydets next defeated Charleston Southern 34–16, but ended the year on a 4-game losing streak, falling to Army, Coastal Carolina, Old Dominion, and Gardner-Webb. They finished the year 3–8 overall and 2–4 in the Big South. The program has not had a winning season since 1981.

2010 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team
The 2010 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team represented Presbyterian College as a member of the Big South Conference during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season Led by second-year head coach Harold Nichols, the Blue Hose finished the season with an overall record of 2–9 and a mark of 1–5 in conference play, tying for sixth place in the Big South. Presbyterian was later vacated both wins from the season because the team has used an ineligible player. The Blue Hose played home games at Bailey Memorial Stadium in Clinton, South Carolina.
Oh Sang-uk
Oh Sang-uk (Korean: 오상욱; born 30 September 1996) is a South Korean right-handed sabre fencer.

Oh is a five-time team Asian champion, 2019 and 2024 individual Asian champion, three-time team world champion, and 2019 individual world champion.

A two-time Olympian, Oh is a two-time team Olympic champion in 2020 and 2024 and 2024 individual Olympic champion.

Sabre (fencing)
The sabre (US English: saber, both pronounced /ˈseɪbər/) is one of the three disciplines of modern fencing alongside foil & epee. The sabre weapon is for thrusting and cutting with both the cutting edge and the back of the blade (unlike the other modern fencing weapons, the épée and foil, where a touch is scored only using the point of the blade).

The informal term sabre fencer refers to sabre fencers of both genders.
Steve Crosbie
Steve Crosbie (born 10 February 1993) is an Irish former rugby union player. He primarily played as a fly-half, but has also played at centre. A former student at St. Gerard's School in Bray, Crosbie came through the academy of his native province, Leinster, and has played at amateur level for Old Belvedere and New Zealand provincial side Wanganui.

Old Belvedere R.F.C.
Old Belvedere R.F.C. is a senior Irish rugby union club based on Anglesea Road in Ballsbridge, Dublin, Ireland. Old Belvedere was originally founded in 1918–19 by former pupils of Belvedere College. Old Belvedere enters senior men's teams in the All-Ireland League, the Leinster Senior League and the Leinster Senior Cup. In 2010–11 they were All-Ireland League champions. Between 1940 and 1946 the club won the Leinster Senior Cup seven times in a row. This remains a competition record. Old Belvedere also enters men's and women's teams in various senior, junior and youth leagues.
Khmer royal cuisine
Khmer royal cuisine or Cambodian royal cuisine (Khmer: ម្ហូបព្រះបរមរាជវាំង Mahob Preah Barom Reacheaveang lit. 'Royal palace cuisine' or simply ម្ហូបវាំង Mahob Veang lit. 'Palace cuisine') is one of the three main types of Khmer cuisine, the other two being elite and rural cuisine. Khmer royal cuisine has evolved over the centuries with influences from India, China, Thailand, Vietnam and France.

The distinctions between the three culinary styles are not as pronounced as in the case of Thailand or Laos, and the main characteristics that set Khmer royal cuisine apart from the other two culinary styles are the higher quality ingredients and more elaborate cooking techniques. There has never been a special corpus of Khmer royal cuisine with specific codes, ingredients and decorum like in the case of Japanese yūsoku ryōri or Thai chaowang.

Monarchy of Cambodia
The monarchy of Cambodia is the constitutional monarchy of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The king of Cambodia (Khmer: ព្រះមហាក្សត្រកម្ពុជា) is the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of Norodom. In the contemporary period, the king's power has been limited to that of a symbolic figurehead. The monarchy had been in existence since at least 50 AD except during its abolition from 1970 to 1993. Since 1993, the king of Cambodia has been an elected monarch, making Cambodia one of the few elective monarchies of the world. The king is elected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne, which consists of several senior political and religious figures. Candidates are chosen from among male descendants of King Ang Duong who are at least 30 years old, from the two royal houses of Cambodia (the House of Norodom and the House of Sisowath).
MAMA Award for Best Rap & Hip Hop Performance
The MAMA Award for Best Rap & Hip Hop Performance (베스트 랩 퍼포먼스) is an award presented annually by CJ E&M Pictures (Mnet). It was first awarded at the 1st Mnet Asian Music Awards ceremony held in 1999; the band Honey Family won the award for their song "Man's Story – My Way", and it is given in honor for the band with the most artistic achievement in rap or hip hop performances in the music industry.

The category was formerly named Best Hip Hop Performance from 1999 to 2009, Best Rap Performance from 2010 to 2016, and Best Hip Hop & Urban Music from 2017 to 2022.

CJ ENM Films & Television
CJ ENM Films & Television, formerly CJ Entertainment, (Korean: CJ 엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean entertainment, film production and distribution company, founded in 1995 under the CJ ENM Entertainment Division. The company operates as a film production company, film publishing house, investment and exhibition.
Baden 9 Kreuzer error
The Baden 9 Kreuzer Error (German: Baden-Fehldruck 9 Kreuzer) is a postage stamp error produced by the historical German state of Baden in 1851.

Baden's first postage stamps were issued on 1 May 1851. The "9 Kreuzer Green" stamp was a color misprint of the 9 Kreuzer denomination that was printed in green instead of pink. The green color was intended for the 6 Kreuzer value, but apparently, the paper sheets were mismatched. Only three cancelled copies and one unused copy of this error are known, but more sheets of paper may have been printed. The cancellations recorded have the numbers "4" for Achern, "41" for Ettenheim, and "106" for Orschweier (today Mahlberg). Two of the known copies are on letters.

Baden
Baden (/ˈbɑːdən/; German: [ˈbaːdn̩]) is a historical territory in southern Germany. In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine, but since the Napoleonic Wars, it has been considered only East of the Rhine.
Palmer, Cameron County, Texas
Palmer is a colonia and census-designated place (CDP) in Cameron County, Texas, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

It is in the southern part of the county, bordered to the west by San Benito, to the northeast by Brownsville, to the east by Rice Tracts, to the south by Encantada-Ranchito-El Calaboz, and to the southwest by La Paloma. It is 5 miles (8 km) south of the center of San Benito and 18 miles (29 km) northwest of downtown Brownsville.

The Resaca del Rancho Viejo, a southeast-flowing tributary of the Rio Grande, flows through the northern part of the community.

San Benito, Texas
San Benito is a city in Cameron County, in the U.S. state of Texas, United States. Its population was 24,861 at the 2020 census. On April 3, 2007, San Benito celebrated the 100th anniversary of its naming.

The post office was named "Diaz" from April to May 1907. The San Benito Museum, Freddy Fender Museum, and Conjunto Music Museum opened in the same building on November 17, 2007.

On October 25, 1975, on the television show Hee Haw, Freddy Fender saluted his hometown of San Benito, population 15,177.

San Benito is part of the Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville and the Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan areas.
Ramiro de Maeztu
Ramiro de Maeztu y Whitney, 1st Count of Maeztu (4 May 1875 – 29 October 1936) was a Spanish essayist, journalist and publicist.

Maeztu's early literary work ascribes him to the Generation of '98. Adept of Nietzschean and Social Darwinist ideas in his youth, he became close to Fabian socialism and later to distributism and social corporatism during his spell as correspondent in London from where he chronicled the Great War. During the years of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship he served as Ambassador to Argentina. A staunch militarist, he became at the end of his ideological path one of the most prominent far-right theorists against the Spanish Republic, leading the reactionary voices calling for a military coup. A member of the cultural group Acción Española, he spread the concept of "Hispanidad" (Spanishness). Imprisoned by Republican authorities after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he was killed by leftist militiamen during a saca in the midst of the conflict.

Militarism
Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the "predominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state" (see also: stratocracy and military junta).
Andrew Gilfillan
Andrew Douglas Gilfillan (born 21 August 1959) is a South African former first-class cricketer.

Gilfillan was born at Johannesburg in August 1959. He later studied in England at Worcester College at the University of Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1982, making three appearances against Kent, Gloucestershire and Hampshire. He scored 40 runs in his three matches, with a high score of 33, while with his leg break bowling he took 2 wickets, with both coming against Kent with Gilfillan taking the wickets of Neil Taylor and Chris Cowdrey.

Chris Cowdrey
Christopher Stuart Cowdrey (born 20 October 1957) is an English former cricketer. Cowdrey played for Kent, Glamorgan and England as an all-rounder. He is the eldest son of the cricketer and life peer, Colin Cowdrey, Baron Cowdrey of Tonbridge. He was educated at Tonbridge School.
1989 Stella Artois Championships – Doubles
Ken Flach and Robert Seguso were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Tim Pawsat and Laurie Warder.

Darren Cahill and Mark Kratzmann won in the final 7–6, 6–3 against Pawsat and Warder.

Darren Cahill
Darren Cahill (born 2 October 1965) is an Australian tennis coach and former professional tennis player. In addition, Cahill is a tennis analyst for the Grand Slam events on the US sports network ESPN and a coach with the Adidas Player Development Program and at ProTennisCoach.com.
Nanchang Yaohu Airport
Nanchang Yaohu Airport (Chinese: 南昌瑶湖机场) is an airport in Nanchang, Jiangxi, China, mainly used by Hongdu Aviation Industry Group Ltd., a major Chinese aircraft manufacturer, for test flights. It also serves as a general aviation airport.

Nanchang
Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi, China. Located in the north-central part of the province and in the hinterland of Poyang Lake Plain, it is bounded on the west by the Jiuling Mountains, and on the east by Poyang Lake. Because of its strategic location connecting the prosperous East and South China, it has become a major railway hub in Southern China in recent decades.

As the Nanchang Uprising in 1927 is distinctively recognized by the ruling Communist Party as "firing the first gunshot against the Nationalists", the current government has therefore named the city since 1949 "the place where the People's Liberation Army was born", and the most widely known "place where the military banner of the People's Liberation Army was first raised".

Nanchang is also a major city, appearing among the top 100 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index and home to Nanchang University.
Pervanadyl
Pervanadyl is jargon that has two meanings.

Pervanadyl can refer to aquo complexes containing (VO+2).  This pale yellow oxycation of vanadium(V) is the predominant vanadium(V) species in acidic solutions with pH between 0 and 2.  Like permanganate, pervanadate features the metal in its highest oxidation state.

Pervanadyl also can refer to peroxo derivatives of vanadium(V) which are often abbreviated VO(O2)+.  Several vanadium(V) peroxides have been characterized.

The former are formed by protonation of vanadium(V) oxide in such solutions:

V2O5 + 2 H+  →  2 VO+2 + H2O (K = 3.42×10−2)

The ion can form a complex with a single aminopolycarboxylate ligand, or with tridentate Schiff base ligands.

The VO+2/VO2+ redox couple is used at the cathode of the vanadium redox battery. The standard reduction potential of this couple is +1.00 V.

Reduction potential
Redox potential (also known as oxidation / reduction potential, ORP, pe, , or ) is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons from or lose electrons to an electrode and thereby be reduced or oxidised respectively. Redox potential is expressed in volts (V). Each species has its own intrinsic redox potential; for example, the more positive the reduction potential (reduction potential is more often used due to general formalism in electrochemistry), the greater the species' affinity for electrons and tendency to be reduced.
Peñico
Peñico was an ancient Caral city located in the Peruvian province of Huaura in the northern Lima Region. The city is thought to have been founded between 1800 and 1500 BC.  The Peruvian Ministry of Culture announced opening the site to the public in July 2025 following eight years of research and restorations.  Numerous ancient towns found in the Supe and adjacent valleys are readily apparent and visible in satellite imagery, only a few have developed visitation facilities.

Huaura province
Huaura is a province of the department of Lima, Peru. From the administrative point of view of the Catholic Church in Peru, it forms part of the Diocese of Huacho. Located on the Pacific coast of the country, it has a population of about 180,000 inhabitants. It is bordered by the province of Barranca and the Ancash Region in the north, the provinces of Cajatambo and Oyón and the Pasco Region in the east, the province of Huaral in the south and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Huacho is the capital of the province as well as the Regional Government of Lima.
Wurlitzer Building (Los Angeles)
Wurlitzer Building, also known as Apparel Center Building, Anjac Fashion Building, and Hudson Building, is a historic twelve-story highrise located at 814 S. Broadway in the Broadway Theater District in the historic core of downtown Los Angeles.

Historic Core, Los Angeles
The Historic Core is a district within Downtown Los Angeles that includes the world's largest concentration of movie palaces, former large department stores, and office towers, all built chiefly between 1907 and 1931. Within it lie the Broadway Theater District and the Spring Street historic financial district, and in its west it overlaps with the Jewelry District and in its east with Skid Row.

The Historic Core falls into two business improvement districts, Historic Core (south of 4th St.) and Downtown LA (from 2nd to 4th Street). The total Historic Core is thus composed of:

Los Angeles Street from 2nd to 6th streets,

Spring Street and Main Street from 2nd to 7th streets,

Broadway from 2nd to 9th streets,

Hill Street from 2nd to 10th streets
Hersch
Hersch is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chris Hersch

Fred Hersch, jazz pianist

Jeanne Hersch, Swiss philosopher

Joseph J. Hersch, American politician

Liebmann Hersch, Bund leader and professor

Michael Hersch

Rainer Hersch, British musical comedian

Michael Hersch
Michael Nathaniel Hersch (born June 25, 1971) is an American composer and pianist. He currently serves as faculty at the Johns Hopkins Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, Maryland, where he completed his own studies in music composition. The New York Times has commented that he writes "extraordinarily communicative music" and that "Mr. Hersch's music speaks for itself eloquently".
Fire hose vacuum
A fire hose vacuum is a small pneumatic device that removes residual air from the inside of a fire hose, thus making it smaller and somewhat rigid. This allows more hose or other equipment to be stored on a fire apparatus, and makes loads or packs more easily deployable.

Firefighting apparatus
A firefighting apparatus (North American English) or firefighting appliance (UK English) is any vehicle that has been customized for use during firefighting operations. These vehicles are highly customized depending on their needs and the duty they will be performing. These duties can include firefighting, technical rescue, and emergency medical services.
The Autism Community in Action
The Autism Community in Action (TACA) (formerly known as Talk About Curing Autism)  is a nonprofit organization founded in 2000 by Lisa Ackerman and based in Irvine, California. Focused on families with autistic members,, TACA had 41 chapters in the United States as of 2023.

TACA programming includes parent education and support through chapter meetings & coffee talks, education events, autism journey guides website & support hotline, community events, parent mentoring, national conferences in california and georgia, webinars, and online parent education.

TACA has been known to support unscientific views on autism treatment and conspiracy theories. Group founder Lisa Ackerman used to attribute autism to a wide range of causes, urging parents to get rid of flame-retardant clothing or mattresses and new carpeting. She advocated for vitamin shots and hyperbaric oxygen chamber treatments.

Diving chamber
A diving chamber is a vessel for human occupation, which may have an entrance that can be sealed to hold an internal pressure significantly higher than ambient pressure, a pressurised gas system to control the internal pressure, and a supply of breathing gas for the occupants.

There are two main functions for diving chambers:

as a simple form of submersible vessel to transport divers underwater and to provide a temporary base and retrieval system in the depths;

as a land, ship or offshore platform-based hyperbaric chamber or system, to artificially reproduce the hyperbaric conditions under the sea. Internal pressures above normal atmospheric pressure are provided for diving-related applications such as saturation diving and diver decompression, and non-diving medical applications such as hyperbaric medicine. It is also known as a pressure vessel for human occupancy, or PVHO.
Gursum
Gursum is the name of several geographical points in Ethiopia:

Gursum, Oromia (woreda), one of the 180 woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia

Gursum, Somali (woreda), one of the 93 woredas in the Somali Region of Ethiopia

Fugnan Bira, a town in the Gursum woreda of Oromia also known by the name Gursum

the Gursum meteorite of 1981, which fell in Hararghe, Ethiopia (see meteorite falls)

Gursum, Somali (woreda)
Gursum is a woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia. Part of the Fafan Zone, Gursum (Somali: Dagmada Gursum) is one of the districts (woredas) in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Fafan Zone, located in the eastern part of the region.Gursum is bordered by:North: Gursum District of the Oromia Region West: Babile District East: Jijiga District South: Goljanno District in the Somali Region