hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Amaravati Seed Capital Road
Amaravati Seed Capital Road (E3) is an ongoing arterial flyover road project and a part of Amaravati Seed Access Road Network to connect the city of Vijayawada with Amaravati. It is built by the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA) with an estimated cost of ₹2.3 billion (US$27 million) and has a total length of 21 km (13 mi).

Overpass
An overpass, called an overbridge or flyover (for a road only) in the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure that is over another road or railway. An overpass and underpass together form a grade separation. Stack interchanges are made up of several overpasses.
Arnaud De Greef
Arnaud Y. De Greef (born 12 April 1992) is a Belgian footballer who plays for KFC Voorde-Appelterre in the fifth-tier Belgian Division 3. He formerly played for Anderlecht, Westerlo and Eendracht Aalst.

Belgian Division 3
The Belgian Division 3, commonly referred to as simply Derde Afdeling (in Dutch) or Division 3 (in French) is the fifth-highest division in the Belgian football league system, one level below the Belgian Division 2. It was created by the Royal Belgian Football Association in 2016 as a new layer at the fifth level of the league system, at that time named Belgian Third Amateur Division. From the 2020–21 season on it was renamed to Belgian Division 3, due to the negative connotation of the word amateur. The division consists of four separate leagues with 16 teams each, two of these leagues consist of teams playing with a license from the Voetbalfederatie Vlaanderen (VFV, the Dutch-speaking wing of the RBFA) and two with teams with a license from the Association des Clubs Francophones de Football (ACFF, the French-speaking wing of the RBFA).
HMS Juniper
Two vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named Juniper for the juniper:

HMS Juniper (1809) was a Shamrock-class schooner launched at Bermuda. She participated in one campaign for which her crew was awarded the Naval General Service Medal (1847) with clasp "San Sebastian". She also participated in the capture of several merchant ships. The  Navy sold her in 1814.

HMT Juniper (T123) was a Tree-class minesweeping trawler launched in 1939. The German  heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper sank her on 8 June 1940 in the Norwegian Sea.

Juniper
Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Juniperus (/dʒuːˈnɪpərəs/ joo-NIP-ər-əs) of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on the taxonomy, between 50 and 67 species of junipers are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere as far south as tropical Africa, as far north as the Arctic, and parts of Asia and Central America. The highest-known juniper forest occurs at an altitude of 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) in southeastern Tibet and the northern Himalayas, creating one of the highest tree lines on earth.
Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight is an 18th-century ballad of the death of Robin Hood.  The song, written in Modern English, was included in the popular "garlands" (collections) of Robin Hood stories and songs published in the 18th and early 19th centuries, generally at the end as a suitable close to the garland.  It was later published by Francis James Child as Child ballad #153 in his influential collection of popular ballads.

The ballad is influenced by the story Robin Hood's Death, which was generally the older and more popular of the versions.  Still, Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight was used either on its own in the late 18th century, or as the penultimate story set up to precede Robin Hood's Death in the early 19th century.

The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood
The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Great Renown in Nottinghamshire is an 1883 novel by the American illustrator and writer Howard Pyle. Pyle compiled the traditional Robin Hood ballads as a series of episodes of a coherent narrative. For his characters' dialog, Pyle adapted the late Middle English of the ballads into a dialect suitable for children.

The novel is notable for taking the subject of Robin Hood, which had been increasingly popular through the 19th century, in a new direction that influenced later writers, artists, and filmmakers through the next century.
Feedwater heater
A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.  This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the steam cycle.

In a steam power plant (usually modeled as a modified Rankine cycle), feedwater heaters allow the feedwater to be brought up to the saturation temperature very gradually.  This minimizes the inevitable irreversibilities associated with heat transfer to the working fluid (water). See the article on the second law of thermodynamics for a further discussion of such irreversibilities.

Thermal shock
Thermal shock is a type of thermal stress caused by a sudden change in temperature. It is a common mode of failure when a hot meets cold, such as pouring boiling water in a cold glass, causing it to shatter. Large temperature differentials act as type of mechanical load, producing strain across the material. The load is caused by the different parts of the material expanding differently at their respective temperatures, resulting in internal strain. When the strain exceeds the tensile strength of the material, it causes mechanical failure of the material, resulting in fracture and potential structural failure.
IROC XIII
IROC XIII was the thirteenth year of IROC competition, which took place in 1989. it saw the use of the Chevrolet Camaro in all races for the final year, and continued the format introduced in IROC VIII. Race one took place on the Daytona International Speedway, race two took place at Nazareth Speedway, race three ran at Michigan International Speedway, and race four concluded the year at Watkins Glen International. Terry Labonte won the series championship and $204,900.

The roster of drivers and final points standings were as follows:

Chevrolet Camaro
The Chevrolet Camaro is a mid-size American automobile manufactured by Chevrolet, classified as a pony car. It first went on sale on September 29, 1966, for the 1967 model year and was designed to compete with the Ford Mustang. The Camaro shared its platform and major components with the Firebird, produced by General Motors' Pontiac division that was also introduced for the 1967 model year.

Four distinct generations of the Camaro were developed before production ended in 2002. The nameplate was revived on a concept car that evolved into the fifth-generation Camaro; production started on March 16, 2009.

Production of the sixth generation of the Camaro ended in December 2023, for the 2024 model year.
Neil Shen
Neil Shen (Chinese: 沈南鹏; pinyin: Shěn Nánpéng) is a Chinese billionaire venture capitalist and entrepreneur. He is the founding and managing partner of HongShan (HSG), formerly Sequoia Capital China, which became independent from Sequoia Capital in 2023. He previously co-founded Ctrip.com (now Trip.com Group) and Home Inn.

He is the most successful venture capital investor in China, according to Forbes and the Financial Times.

As of September 2025, Forbes estimated his net worth at $3.8 billion.

Douglas Leone
Douglas M. Leone (born July 4, 1957) is an American billionaire venture capitalist and former managing partner of Sequoia Capital, from which role he stepped aside in 2022 while remaining a general partner. As of December 2025, his net worth was estimated at US$10.8 billion.
Shitai Expressway
The Shitai Expressway (Chinese: 石太高速公路) links Shijiazhuang, capital of China's Hebei province, to Taiyuan in the west, capital of Shanxi province.

Spanning a distance of over 150 kilometres, it passes through Jiuguan, Niangzi Pass, Pingding, Yangquan, Shouyang and Jinzhong before arriving at Taiyuan.

It is also known in Shanxi as the Taijiu Expressway (from Taiyuan to Jiuguan).

It links with the ring road expressway near Taiyuan, ultimately linking north to the Dayun Expressway heading toward Datong, and southwest toward the Jiaofen Expressway and the Dayun Expressway heading south toward Yuncheng.

Yangquan
Yangquan (simplified Chinese: 阳泉; traditional Chinese: 陽泉; pinyin: Yángquán [jǎŋtɕʰyǎn]) is a prefecture-level city in the east of Shanxi province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hebei province to the east. Known as "Rippling Spring" in ancient times, it lies on the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau and the western side of the Taihang Mountains. Yangquan occupies a total area of 4,452 square kilometres (1,719 sq mi). According to the 2020 census, Yangquan had a population of 1,318,505, of which 1,037,456 lived in the built-up (or metro) area consists of 3 urban districts plus Pingding County. Yangquan is a new industrial city in Shanxi province. It belongs to the warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate zone. Yangquan City covers two counties and three districts.
The King – Jari Litmanen
The King – Jari Litmanen (also known as King Litmanen, Finnish: Kuningas Litmanen) is a 2012 Finnish documentary film about the football player Jari Litmanen. He is considered to be Finland's greatest footballer of all time.

The film was shot in Finland, Amsterdam, Barcelona and Liverpool. It features comments of Litmanen's former teammates Danny Blind, Edwin van der Sar, Marc Overmars, Carles Puyol and Xavi, in addition to former Ajax manager Louis van Gaal. The title of the film refers to Litmanen's nickname, "The King", used by Finnish football fans.

The Dutch premier of The King – Jari Litmanen was at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam in November 2012.

Carles Puyol
Carles Puyol Saforcada (Catalan: [ˈkaɾləs puˈjɔl səfuɾˈkaðə], Spanish: [ˈkaɾles puˈʝol safoɾˈkaða]; born 13 April 1978) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played his entire career for Barcelona. Considered one of the best defenders ever and one of the sport's greatest captains, he mainly played as a centre-back, but could also play in either full-back position, mostly as a right-back.

Known for his defensive qualities and leadership, Puyol earned the nickname of "El Tiburón" ("The Shark") by teammates and fans. He was Barcelona's captain from August 2004 until his retirement in 2014 and appeared in 593 competitive matches for the club. He won 18 major club titles, including six La Liga trophies and three Champions Leagues.

Puyol won 100 caps for Spain, and was part of the squads that won Euro 2008 and the 2010 World Cup. In the 2010 World Cup semi-final, he scored the only goal of the game against Germany.
Punctelia neutralis
Punctelia neutralis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described in 1971 by American lichenologist Mason Hale, as Parmelia neutralis. The type specimen was collected by Dutch mycologist Rudolf Arnold Maas Geesteranus from the Diepwalle Forest Reserve in Cape Province, South Africa. Hildur Krog transferred it to the Punctelia in 1982, when she promoted that taxon to generic status. In addition to several countries in Africa (Uganda, Congo, South Africa), the lichen has also been reported from India (Northwestern Himalayas and Tamil Nadu) and from Taiwan.

Mason Hale
Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr. (September 23, 1929 – April 23, 1990) was one of the most prolific American lichenologists of the 20th century. Many of his scholarly articles focused on the taxonomy of the family Parmeliaceae. Hale was one of the first lichen experts to incorporate secondary chemistry and technology such as computers and scanning electron microscopy into taxonomic work. Mason Hale published approximately two hundred articles and books on various aspects of lichen biology including taxonomy, anatomy, chemistry, and ecology. Hale also wrote several books aimed at education and increasing accessibility to lichens.
Visual Studies (journal)
Visual Studies is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal of visual studies published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the International Visual Sociology Association. The journal was established in 1986 as Visual Sociology, obtaining its current name in 2002. The editor-in-chief is Darren Newbury (University of Brighton). The journal  is abstracted and indexed in the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Scopus, and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index.

International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) is a bibliography for social science and interdisciplinary research.  The database focuses on the social science disciplines of anthropology, economics, politics and sociology, and related interdisciplinary subjects, such as development studies, human geography and environment and gender studies. It was established in 1951 and prepared by the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris. Production was transferred to the London School of Economics in 1989, and then to ProQuest in 2010.
Walther Nernst
Walther Hermann Nernst ForMemRS (German pronunciation: [ˈvaltɐ ˈnɛʁnst] ⓘ; 25 June 1864 – 18 November 1941) was a German  physical chemist known for his work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid-state physics. His formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for developing the Nernst equation in 1887.

He studied physics and mathematics at the universities of Zürich, Berlin, Graz and Würzburg, where he received his doctorate 1887. In 1889, he finished his habilitation at University of Leipzig.

Grudziądz
Grudziądz ([ˈɡrud͡ʑɔnt͡s] ⓘ; Latin: Graudentum, Graudentium, German: Graudenz) is a city in northern Poland, with 92,552 inhabitants (2021). Located on the Vistula River, it lies within the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the fourth-largest city in its province.

Grudziądz is one of the oldest cities in north-central Poland, founded by King Bolesław I the Brave over 1000 years ago. The well-preserved Old Town has various Gothic and Baroque landmarks, several included on the European Route of Brick Gothic, most notably the unique Grudziądz Granaries, declared a Historic Monument of Poland. Grudziądz is a former royal city of Poland, and became known as the "City of Uhlans" being the location of the former Polish Cavalry Training Centre. Situated at the crossroads of important highways, it is a city of industry and services, and a noted centre for water sports and motorcycle speedway racing.
Hodgdon C. Buzzell
Hodgdon Charles Buzzell (1878 – September 12, 1948) was an American lawyer and politician from Maine. Buzzell, a Republican from Belfast, was elected to six terms in the Maine Legislature, including four in the Maine House of Representatives and two in the Maine Senate. Backed by the Ku Klux Klan, Buzzell unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for United States Senate in a special election in 1926.

Maine Senate
44°18′26″N 69°46′54″W﻿ / ﻿44.307138°N 69.781586°W﻿ / 44.307138; -69.781586

The Maine Senate is the upper house of the Maine Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maine. The Senate currently consists of 35 members representing an equal number of districts across the state, though the Maine Constitution allows for "an odd number of Senators, not less than 31 nor more than 35". Unlike the lower House, the Senate does not set aside nonvoting seats for Native tribes.  Because it is a part-time position, members of the Maine Senate usually have outside employment as well.

The Senate meets at the Maine State House in Augusta. Members are limited to four consecutive terms with each term being two years but may run again after a two-year wait.
Time evolution of integrals
Within differential calculus, in many applications, one needs to calculate the rate of change of a volume or surface integral whose domain of integration, as well as the integrand, are functions of a particular parameter. In physical applications, that parameter is frequently time t.

Volume integral
In mathematics (particularly multivariable calculus), a volume integral (∭) is an integral over a 3-dimensional domain; that is, it is a special case of multiple integrals. Volume integrals are especially important in physics for many applications, for example, to calculate flux densities, or to calculate mass from a corresponding density function.
Andrews Liver Salts
Andrews Liver Salts  was a laxative and antacid for mild stomach complaints. It was sold as a powder which is added to water and mixed, creating effervescence, before being swallowed.

The powder contained sugar; an antacid, sodium bicarbonate (22.6% w/w); citric acid (to provide effervescence) (19.5% w/w); and a laxative, magnesium sulphate (17.4% w/w). The product was similar to Eno's salts although, lacking magnesium sulphate (Epsom Salts), these have no laxative effect. Kruschen salts are nearer and are a mild form of Epsom salts. The term "liver salts" or "health salts" is typically used for a laxative.

Citric acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H8O7. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.

More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as acidifier, flavoring, preservative, and chelating agent.

A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as C6H5O3−7 or C3H5O(COO)3−3.
Tunuyán River
The Tunuyán River is a river in the Argentine province of Mendoza. It is born in Mount Tupungato, in the Andes range, and flows initially to the northeast, passing by the city of Tunuyán. It is then dammed by the El Carrizal Dam, after which it turns east-southeast passing near the cities of Rivadavia, Santa Rosa and La Paz. Finally, it branches into the Tunuyán Nuevo (north) and Tunuyán Viejo (south), and empties into the Desaguadero River.

It is a popular river for white water rafters, as it boasts class III rapids.

Tupungato
Tupungato, one of the highest mountains in the Americas, is a massive Andean lava dome dating to Pleistocene times. It lies on the Argentina–Chile border, between the Chilean Metropolitan Region (near a major international highway about 80 km or 50 mi east of Santiago) and the Argentine province of Mendoza, about 100 km (60 mi) south of Aconcagua, the highest peak of both the Southern and Western hemispheres. Immediately to its southwest is the active Tupungatito volcano (literally, little Tupungato), which last erupted in 1987.

Tupungato Department, an important Argentine wine-producing region in Mendoza province, is named for the volcano. Recent Chilean mapping indicates it has a summit elevation of 6635 m.
Social Democratic Party (Taiwan)
The Social Democratic Party (SDP) is a political party in Taiwan founded in 2015. In 2015, the SDP formed a coalition with the Green Party Taiwan to contest the 2016 legislative election.

Historically, the SDP is one of Taiwan's "Third Force" (第三勢力) parties, a collection of parties that do not self-claim to either the Pan-Green or Pan-Blue Coalitions and tend to be rooted in social movements. Currently, the SDP has become part of the Pan-Green camp, with more Taiwanese nationalist positions accepted and working with the Democratic Progressive Party.

Taiwanese nationalism
Taiwanese nationalism (Chinese: 臺灣民族主義，台湾民族主义; pinyin: Táiwān Mínzú Zhǔyì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī) is a nationalist political movement that promotes the cultural identity and unity of Taiwanese people as a nation. In recent decades, it consists of cultural or political movements that seek to resolve the current political and social division on the issues of Taiwan's national identity, political status, and political dispute with China. It is closely linked to the Taiwan independence movement but distinguished from it in that the independence movement seeks to eventually establish an independent "Republic of Taiwan" in place of or out of the existing Republic of China and obtain United Nations and international recognition as a sovereign state, while nationalists seek only to establish or reinforce an independent Taiwanese identity that distinguishes Taiwanese people apart from the Chinese nation, without necessarily advocating changing the official name of the country.
Jan Økseter
Jan Økseter (born 19 February 1945 in Aurdal, Oppland) is a retired Norwegian handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Aurdal and represented the club Elverum IL. In 1972, he was part of the Norwegian team which finished ninth in the Olympic tournament. He played three matches.

Oppland
Oppland [ˈɔ̂plɑn] ⓘ is a former county in Norway which existed from 1781 until its dissolution on 1 January 2020. The old Oppland county bordered the counties of Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration was located in the town of Lillehammer.
Walnut Tree Viaduct
Walnut Tree Viaduct was a railway viaduct located above the southern edge of the village of Taffs Well, South Wales. Originally built to carry the Barry Railway across a narrow gorge through which the River Taff, Taff Vale Railway and Cardiff Railway passed, it was deconstructed in 1969, leaving only two of the support columns visible from the A470 road.

Viaduct
A viaduct is a bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide valley, road, river, or other low-lying terrain features and obstacles. The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via meaning "road", and ducere meaning "to lead". It is a 19th-century derivation from an analogy with ancient Roman aqueducts. Like the Roman aqueducts, many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length.
Mascara Airfield
Mascara Airfield is an abandoned military airfield and later civilian airport in Algeria, located in the southwestern suburbs of Mascara.

During World War II it was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps.

Afrika Korps
The German Africa Corps (German: Deutsches Afrikakorps, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʔaːfʁikaˌkoːɐ̯] ⓘ; DAK), commonly known as Afrika Korps, was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the formation fought on in Africa, under various appellations, from March 1941 until its surrender in May 1943. The unit's best known commander was Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, whose reputation as one of the ablest tank commanders of the war earned him the nickname "the Desert Fox" (der Wüstenfuchs).