hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
David Sumner
David P. Sumner is an American mathematician known for his research in graph theory. He formulated Sumner's conjecture that tournaments are universal graphs for polytrees in 1971, and showed in 1974 that all claw-free graphs with an even number of vertices have perfect matchings. He and András Gyárfás independently formulated the Gyárfás–Sumner conjecture according to which, for every tree T, the T-free graphs are χ-bounded.

Sumner earned his doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1970, under the supervision of David J. Foulis. He is a distinguished professor emeritus at the University of South Carolina.

Chi-bounded
In graph theory, a -bounded (using the Greek letter chi) family  of graphs is one for which there is some function  such that, for every integer  the graphs in  with  (clique number) can be colored with at most  colors. The function  is called a -binding function for . These concepts and their notations were formulated by András Gyárfás. The use of the Greek letter chi in the term -bounded is based on the fact that the chromatic number of a graph  is commonly denoted . An overview of the area can be found in a survey of Alex Scott and Paul Seymour.
Lung Lough Gara Way
The Lung Lough Gara Way is a long-distance trail in Ireland. It is a 58-kilometre (36-mile) hiking trail that begins in Castlerea, County Roscommon. It is typically completed in three days. It forms part of the Beara-Breifne Way and shares part of its route with the Suck Valley Way. The trail follows quiet local roads, pasture and bog land to link in with the Miners Way. It has received funding for its development from the Irish government.

Long-distance trail
A long-distance trail (or long-distance footpath, way, greenway) is a longer recreational trail mainly through rural areas used for hiking, backpacking, cycling, equestrianism or cross-country skiing. They exist on all continents except Antarctica.

Many trails are marked on maps. Typically, a long-distance route will be at least 50 km (30 mi) long, but many run for several hundred miles, or longer.

Many routes are waymarked and may cross public or private land and/or follow existing rights of way. Generally, the surface is not specially prepared, and the ground can be rough and uneven in areas, except in places such as converted rail tracks or popular walking routes where stone-pitching and slabs have been laid to prevent erosion. In some places, official trails will have the surface specially prepared to make the going easier.
Bhavanga
Bhavaṅga (Pali, "ground of becoming", "condition for existence"), also bhavanga-sota and bhavanga-citta is a passive mode of intentional consciousness (citta) described in the Abhidhamma of Theravada Buddhism. It is also a mental process which conditions the next mental process at the moment of death and rebirth. It is an exclusively Theravada doctrine that differs from Sarvastivadin and Sautrantika theories of mind, and has been compared to the Mahayana concept of store-consciousness.

Buddhaghosa
Buddhaghosa was a 5th-century Sinhalese Theravādin Buddhist commentator, translator, and philosopher. He worked in the great monastery (mahāvihāra) at Anurādhapura, Sri Lanka and saw himself as being part of the Vibhajyavāda school and in the lineage of the Sinhalese mahāvihāra.

His best-known work is the Visuddhimagga ("Path of Purification"), a comprehensive summary of older Sinhala commentaries on the scriptural canon of the Theravāda school. According to Sarah Shaw, in Theravāda Buddhism this systematic work is "the principal text on the subject of meditation." The interpretations provided by Buddhaghosa have generally constituted the orthodox understanding of Theravādin scriptures since at least the 12th century CE.

Buddhaghosa is generally recognized by both Western scholars and Theravādin Buddhists as the most important philosopher and commentator of the Theravāda school.
Wola Jedlińska
Wola Jedlińska [ˈvɔla jɛdˈliɲska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ładzice, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Ładzice, 11 km (7 mi) west of Radomsko, and 79 km (49 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Radomsko
Radomsko (pronounced [raˈdɔmskɔ] ⓘ) is a city in south-central Poland with 44,700 inhabitants (2021). It is situated on the Radomka river in the Łódź Voivodeship. It is the county seat of Radomsko County.

Founded in the 11th century, Radomsko is a former royal city located within the Sieradz Land, which prospered as a trade center due to its location at the intersection of important trade routes. In the 14th century, it was the site of congresses at which Princess Jadwiga of Poland was chosen as Queen of Poland as the country's first female monarch. Due to particularly strong partisan resistance against German occupiers during World War II, it was dubbed Banditenstadt ("City of Bandits") by the Germans.

It is located on the main railway line connecting Warsaw and Katowice, the country's two largest metropolitan areas, and on the main highway connecting Gdańsk and Łódź with Katowice, part of the European route E75.
Kempadoo
Kempadoo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kamala Kempadoo, British-Guyanese author and sociologist

Oonya Kempadoo (born 1966), British-Guyanese novelist

Peter Kempadoo (1926–2019), Guyanese writer and broadcaster

Roshini Kempadoo (born 1959), British photographer, artist, and academic

Peter Kempadoo
Peter "Lauchmonen" Kempadoo (1926 – 24 August 2019) was a writer and broadcaster from Guyana. He also worked as a development worker in the Caribbean, Africa and Asia. He moved in 1953 to the UK, where he built a career in print journalism as well as radio and television broadcasting, and published two novels, Guiana Boy in 1960 — the first novel by a Guyanese of Indian descent — and Old Thom's Harvest in 1965, before returning to Guyana in 1970. He died in London, England, aged 92.
Haimen, Nantong
Haimen (simplified Chinese: 海门; traditional Chinese: 海門; pinyin: Hǎimén; lit. 'sea gate', Qihai dialect: [haɪ.məŋ], Shanghai: [hɛ̝.məŋ]) is a district of Nantong, Jiangsu province. Located on the northern bank of the Yangtze River estuary, it faces Shanghai across the river. Renowned as the "Gateway to the Yangtze River and the Yellow Sea" and "Little-Pudong", the district covers about 1,149 square kilometers and had a permanent population nearly 1 million in 2025. With its coastline along the Yangtze and the Yellow Sea, Haimen has historically been famous for fishing and salt production, and in modern times has developed into an important port-based industrial hub.

Pudong
Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center.  It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.

The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.
Gold Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role
Gold Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role is an award given by Zee TV as part of its annual Gold Awards for Indian television series and artists, to recognize a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role.

The award was first awarded in 2007 and since has been separated in two categories, Critics Award and Popular Award. Critics Award is given by the chosen jury of critics assigned to the function while Popular Award is given on the basis of public voting.

Mohit Malik
Mohit Malik (born 11 January 1983) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi television and films. He is best known for his role of Samrat Singh Rathore in Doli Armaano Ki and Sikandar Singh Gill in Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala.
Buddy Fogelson
Elijah E. "Buddy" Fogelson (February 16, 1900 – December 1, 1987) was an American lawyer, Army colonel, businessman, horse and cattle breeder, and philanthropist. Although born in Lincoln, Nebraska, he spent a large part of his life in Texas, where he attended Texas Christian University in 1919 and 1920. He went on to make a fortune as a wildcatter in the oil industry.

In 1941, Buddy Fogelson acquired the Forked Lightning Ranch along the Pecos River about 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico on which he raised Santa Gertrudis cattle. Over time, he acquired adjacent parcels of land to swell the size of his ranch to 13,000 acres (53 km2). He married actress Greer Garson in 1949, and their marriage lasted almost 40 years until his death.

Santa Gertrudis cattle
The Santa Gertrudis is an American breed of beef cattle. It is a taurine-indicine hybrid breed, descended from both zebu and European cattle. It was bred in the early twentieth century in Texas, and received official recognition in 1940. It has been exported to many countries including Australia, Brazil and South Africa, and has contributed to the development of a number of modern breeds, among them the Barzona: 290  and the Droughtmaster.: 171 : 721
2023 12 Hours of Mugello
The 2023 12 Hours of Mugello (formally known as the Hankook 12 Hours of Mugello) was the ninth running of the 12 Hours of Mugello. It was also the second round of the 2023 24H GT Series and 2023 24H TCE Series. The race was won by Mathieu Detry, Stephane Perrin and Frédéric Vervisch in the #21 HAAS RT Audi R8 LMS GT3 Evo II.

12 Hours of Mugello
The 12 Hours of Mugello (known as the Michelin 12 Hours of Mugello for sponsorship reasons) is an endurance motor race held annually in March at Mugello Circuit since 2014. The event is organized by Creventic as part of the 24H Series.
1972 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1972 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 78th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The championship ran from 1 October to 10 December 1972.

Claughaun entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by South Liberties in a semi-final replay.

The final was played on 10 December 1972 at the Gaelic Grounds in Limerick, between South Liberties and Patrickswell, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. South Liberties won the match by 4–08 to 1–05 to claim their fourth championship title overall and a first title in 82 years.

Patrickswell's Richie Bennis was the championship's top scorer with 3–10.

Gaelic Grounds
The Gaelic Grounds, known for sponsorship reasons as the TUS Gaelic Grounds, is the principal GAA stadium in the city of Limerick in Ireland. Home to the Limerick hurling and football teams, it has a capacity of 44,023.
52nd Berlin International Film Festival
The 52nd annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from February 6 to 17, 2002. The festival opened with Heaven by Tom Tykwer. The new print of Charlie Chaplin's 1940 American satirical dramedy film The Great Dictator was the closing film of the festival.

The Golden Bear was jointly awarded to Bloody Sunday, directed by Paul Greengrass, and Spirited Away, by Hayao Miyazaki.

The Retrospective section was dedicated to European films from the 1960s. Dieter Kosslick became the director of the festival, taking over from Moritz de Hadeln.

Tom Tykwer
Tom Tykwer (German: [ˈtɪkvɐ]; born 23 May 1965) is a German film director, producer, screenwriter, and composer. He is best known internationally for directing the thriller films Run Lola Run (1998), Heaven (2002), Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), and The International (2009). He collaborated with The Wachowskis as co-director for the science fiction film Cloud Atlas (2012) and the Netflix series Sense8 (2015–2018), and worked on the score for Lana Wachowski's The Matrix Resurrections (2021). Tykwer is also well known as the co-creator of the internationally acclaimed German television series Babylon Berlin (2017–).
Nick Goepper
Nicholas Charles Goepper (born March 14, 1994) is an American Olympic freestyle skier. Representing the United States, Goepper won a bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, and won a silver medal at both the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. He has also won five gold medals and two silver medals at the Winter X Games. His sponsors include PowerBar, Red Bull, Kulkea, and Völkl.

Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's slopestyle
The men's slopestyle event in freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia took place on 13 February 2014. In July 2011 freestyle slopestyle was added to the Olympic program, meaning the event would make its debut.
Project Rebirth
Project Rebirth, Inc. is a U.S. 501(c)(3) non-profit organization created to support victims and early responders to catastrophic events through documentary footage recording the rebuilding at the site of World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks and seven years in the lives of people directly affected by the event. It also intends to create a Project Rebirth Center to help educate responders and the public about dealing with such events. The organization was created in honor of the victims of the September 11 attacks and those who responded to the attacks. Founded by producer Jim Whitaker, the organization is supported by dozens of corporate donors, including Aon Foundation, OppenheimerFunds Inc., and Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. All profits from its documentary film Rebirth, officially released in January 2011, go to the support of the Project Rebirth Center.

Lower Manhattan Development Corporation
The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation was formed in November 2001, following the September 11 attacks, to plan the reconstruction of Lower Manhattan and distribute nearly $10 billion in federal funds aimed at rebuilding downtown Manhattan. It is a subsidiary of the Empire State Development Corporation, which is a New York state public-benefit corporation.
Albert Evans (footballer, born 1874)
Albert James Evans (18 March 1874 – 24 March 1966) was an English professional football left back who made over 170 appearances in the Football League for Aston Villa. After his retirement as a player he managed Coventry City and coached Aston Villa and Sarpsborg FK.

Sarpsborg FK
Sarpsborg Fotballklubb is a Norwegian football club from Sarpsborg, Østfold. It was founded on 8 May 1903. Sarpsborg is one of the most successful teams in the Norwegian Football Cup, with six titles and twelve finals in total. In 2007, the club merged into the club that is now called Sarpsborg 08, and today Sarpsborg FK is an amateur club playing in the 4. divisjon, the fifth tier of Norwegian league system.
Helianthus praecox
Helianthus praecox is a North American species of sunflower known by the common name Texas sunflower. It is endemic to Texas. Most of the populations are either along the Gulf Coast or in the Río Grande Valley.

Helianthus praecox grows on sandy soils and coastal prairies. It is an annual herb up to 150 cm (60 inches or 5 feet) tall. One plant usually produces 1-3 flower heads, each containing 11-16 yellow ray florets surrounding 35 or more red or purple disc florets.

Subspecies

Helianthus praecox subsp. hirtus (Heiser) Heiser - near Carrizo Springs in Dimmit County

Helianthus praecox subsp. praecox - sandy soils along the coast in Galveston County + Brazoria County

Helianthus praecox subsp. runyonii (Heiser) Heiser - Coastal prairies (from Calhoun County to Cameron County)  and Río Grande Valley (from Webb County to Cameron County)

Galveston County, Texas
Galveston County (/ˈɡælvɪstən/ GAL-vis-tən) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas, located along the Gulf Coast adjacent to Galveston Bay. As of the 2020 census, its population was 350,682. The county was founded in 1838. The county seat is the City of Galveston, founded the following year, and located on Galveston Island. The most-populous municipality in the county is League City, a suburb of Houston at the northern end of the county, which surpassed Galveston in population during the early 2000s.

Galveston County is part of the nine-county Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land (Greater Houston) metropolitan statistical area.
Nissos Samos
Nissos Samos (Νήσος Σάμος , Nísos Sámos ) is a ferry operated by the Greek company Hellenic Seaways. Built in 1988 at the IHI shipyard in Kure for the Japanese company Shin Nihonkai Ferry, it originally operated between the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido under the name New Akashia (ニューあかしあ, Nyū Akashia ) . Sold in 2004 to the Greek company Endeavor Lines, it was initially renamed Ionian Glory and then finally Ionian Queen, sailing on routes between Greece and Italy until 2012, when its owner went bankrupt. Laid up for approximately three years in Patras, it was eventually bought by the Hellenic Seaways company, which renamed it Nissos Samos. It currently sails in the Aegean Sea and serves the North Aegean.

North Aegean
The North Aegean Region (Greek: Περιφέρεια Βορείου Αιγαίου, romanized: Periféreia Voreíou Aigaíou [periˈferia voˈriu eˈʝeu]) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece, and the smallest of the thirteen by population. It comprises the islands of the north-eastern Aegean Sea, called the North Aegean islands, except for Thasos and Samothrace, which belong to the Greek region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, and Imbros and Tenedos, which belong to Turkey.
Alex the Astronaut
Alexandra Frances Lynn (born 3 March 1995), known professionally as Alex the Astronaut, is an Australian folk-pop singer-songwriter.

Her debut album The Theory of Absolutely Nothing was released on 21 August 2020, and peaked at number 22 on the ARIA Album's Chart. Her second studio album How to Grow a Sunflower Underwater was released on 22 July 2022.

Lynn has her own record label, Minkowski Records, which was named after the Minkowski diagram.

James and Oliver Phelps
James Andrew Eric Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) are English actors, podcasters and identical twin brothers. They are known for playing Fred and George Weasley, respectively, in the Harry Potter film series from 2001 to 2011 and have continued to work together as a duo on other projects.
Votkinsk Hydroelectric Station
The Votkinsk Hydroelectric Station (Russian: Воткинская ГЭС) is a dam and hydroelectric power station on the Kama River along the border of Perm Krai and Udmurtia, Russia. It is 30 km (19 mi) south of Votkinsk and its main purpose is power generation and navigation. The power station has a 1,120 MW installed capacity and the dam also supports a ship lift. Construction on the dam began in 1955, the first generator was operational in 1961 and the last in 1963. The entire project was complete in 1965.

Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, romanized: Permskiy kray, IPA: [ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj]; Komi-Permyak: Перем ладор, romanized: Perem lador) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Census).

The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.

The final period of the Paleozoic era, the Permian, is named after the Perm region.
Gautam Kalita
Gautam Kalita is an Indian bodybuilder from Panigaon in Nagaon, Assam. He won the Mr World  title in the Bantam class during ESPN-Musclemania World, a bodybuilding championship held in Los Angeles on 16–17 November 2007. He was born to Late Golok Kalita and Sabitry Kalita in Nagaon.

Gautam Kalita took to bodybuilding at the age of 20 with no formal training. He runs a gym named Nagaon Health Club in his home town.

Nagaon
Nagaon is a city and a municipal board in Nagaon district in the Indian state of Assam. It is situated 122.6 kilometres (76 mi) east of Guwahati. With a population of 116,355 as per 2011 census it is an AMRUT City and 4th biggest city of Assam.
Keiho Soga
Yasutaro (Keiho) Soga (相賀安太郎 渓芳, March 18, 1873 Tokyo - March 7, 1957) was a Hawaiian Issei journalist, poet and activist. He was a community leader among Hawaii's Japanese residents, serving as chief editor of the Nippu Jiji, then the largest Japanese-language newspaper in Hawaii and the mainland United States, and organizing efforts to foster positive Japan-U.S. relations and address discriminatory legislation, labor rights and other issues facing Japanese Americans. An accomplished news writer and tanka poet before the war, during his time in camp Soga authored one of the earliest memoirs of the wartime detention of Japanese Americans, Tessaku Seikatsu or Life Behind Barbed Wire.

Issei
Issei (一世, "first generation") are Japanese immigrants to countries in North America and South America. The term is used mostly by ethnic Japanese. Issei are born in Japan; their children born in the new country are nisei (ni, "two", plus sei, "generation"); and their grandchildren are sansei (san, "three", plus sei, "generation").

The character and uniqueness of the issei is recognized in their social history.
1977 Seattle Mariners season
The 1977 Seattle Mariners season was the first season in franchise history, which was established via the 1977 Major League Baseball expansion. The creation of the Mariners brought baseball back to Seattle, which had been without a major league team since the Seattle Pilots left for Milwaukee to become the Brewers in April 1970.

The Mariners ended the 1977 season by narrowly avoiding last place (held by the Oakland Athletics), finishing sixth in the American League West with a record of 64–98 (.395), 38 games behind the AL West champion Kansas City Royals.

1977 Major League Baseball season
The 1977 Major League Baseball season saw the American League (AL) having its third expansion, as the Seattle Mariners and Toronto Blue Jays began play, with Seattle returning to the MLB fold after a seven-year absence when the Pilots relocated to Milwaukee to become the Brewers. However, the National League (NL) did not expand, remaining at 12 teams compared to the AL's 14, until the Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins joined the NL in 1993.

The season ended with the New York Yankees winning their 21st World Series title (and first since 1962) over the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Delturus carinotus
Delturus carinotus is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Loricariidae, the armoured suckermouth catfishes, and the subfamily Delturinae, the primitive suckermouth catfishes. This catfish is endemic to Brazil where it is restricted to the Doce River basin in the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. This species attains a maximum standard length of 23.5 cm (9.3 in).

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.