hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of the Islamic State (2015)
This article contains a timeline of events from January 2015 to December 2015 related to the Islamic State (IS). This article contains information about events committed by or on behalf of the Islamic State, as well as events performed by groups who oppose them.

Khan al Baghdadi
Khan al-Baghdadi (Arabic: خان البغدادي Ḫān al-Baġdādī) or al-Baghdadi is an Iraqi city on the Euphrates River in al-Anbar province (Hīt District). Its inhabitants are mostly Sunni Arabs.

It is the closest village to the U.S. Military's Al Asad Airbase, (formerly known as Qadisiyah Airbase under Saddam Hussein's rule). It was the site of a major battle with the Islamic State in February 2015. IS captured most of the town by 14 February 2015. On 6 March 2015, Iraqi forces managed to recapture the town from IS.

33°51′N 42°33′E﻿ / ﻿33.850°N 42.550°E﻿ / 33.850; 42.550
Miss Earth México 2015
The 14th annual Miss Earth México pageant was held at the Hacienda Doña Isabel of Bahía Príncipe Riviera Maya Resorts, Tulum, Quintana Roo on September 19, 2015. Thirty-two contestants of the Mexican Republic competed for the national title, which was won by Gladys Flores from Puebla who later competed in Miss Earth 2015 in Austria. Flores was crowned by outgoing Miss Earth México titleholder Yareli Carrillo and Miss Earth 2014 Jamie Herrell. She is the first Poblana to win this title.

Tulum
Tulum (Spanish pronunciation: [tuˈlun]; Yucatec Maya: Tulu'um) is the site of a pre-Columbian Mayan walled city which served as a major port for Coba, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. The ruins are situated on 12-meter-tall (39 ft) cliffs along the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Caribbean Sea. Tulum was one of the last cities built and inhabited by the Maya and achieved its greatest prominence between the 13th and 15th centuries. Maya continued to occupy Tulum for about 70 years after the Spanish began exploring Mexico, but the city was abandoned by the end of the 16th century. Tulum is one of the best-preserved coastal Maya sites, and today it is a popular site for tourists.
Cherry Grove Baptist Church Schoolhouse
Cherry Grove Baptist Church Schoolhouse built c. 1910, is a rural African American school building in the vicinity of Washington, a city in Wilkes County, Georgia. This building is a rare surviving example of this genre of 20th century architecture, and it has importance to African American heritage. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 23, 2020.

Wilkes County, Georgia
Wilkes County is a county located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,565. The county seat is the city of Washington.

Referred to as "Washington-Wilkes", the county seat and county are commonly treated as a single entity by locals, including the area's historical society and the Chamber of Commerce. It is part of the Central Savannah River Area (CSRA).
Jim Stasheff
James Dillon Stasheff (born January 15, 1936, New York City) is an American mathematician, a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He works in algebraic topology and algebra as well as their applications to physics.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
Iron Menace
Iron Menace is a steel roller coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Dorneyville, Pennsylvania. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Dive Coaster model opened on May 10, 2024. The ride is themed to an old steel mill that closed in the early 1900s following the mysterious disappearance of its owner. Iron Menace reaches a height of 160 feet (49 m), a maximum speed of 64 mph (103 km/h), and features four inversions.

Bolliger & Mabillard
Bolliger & Mabillard, officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers, Inc. and often abbreviated B&M, is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by engineers Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, both of whom had worked for Giovanola.

B&M has pioneered several new ride technologies, most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track. In 2016, the company completed its 100th roller coaster. B&M currently produces ten types of coaster models: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Giga Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster, Family Coaster, and most recently, the Surf Coaster.
Maquis de l'Oisans
During the Second World War, the Oisans maquis was an important center for the French Resistance, in the Oisans region between the Belledonne range and Grenoble to the north, the Grandes Rousses massif of the Alps and the Croix de Fer pass to the east, the Drac valley to the west and the Barre des Écrins and the Provencal Alps to the south.

Oisans contains and follows the Romanche valley from its source to its confluence with the Drac.

Fréjus
Fréjus (French: [fʁeʒys] ⓘ; Occitan: Frejús [fɾeˈdʒys]) is a commune and resort town in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France.

It neighbours Saint-Raphaël, effectively forming one urban agglomeration. The north of the commune forms part of the Massif de l'Esterel. On 2 December 1959, the Malpasset Dam, on the Reyran River above the city of Fréjus, ruptured, killing over 400 people.
Jess Oliver
Jess Oliver (born Oliver Jespersen) (January 20, 1926 – June 30, 2011) was a musician, an inventor, electrician and amplifier repairman best known as the vice-president of Ampeg and patent holder for many of Ampeg's most successful products, most notably the Portaflex B-15.

Electrician
An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, transmission lines,  stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair of existing electrical infrastructure. Electricians may also specialize in wiring ships, airplanes, and other mobile platforms, as well as data and cable lines.
2022 Challenger Banque Nationale de Saguenay – Doubles
Mélodie Collard and Leylah Fernandez were the defending champions but both players chose not to participate.

Arianne Hartono and Olivia Tjandramulia won the title, defeating Catherine Harrison and Yanina Wickmayer in the final, 5–7, 7–6(7–3), [10–8].

Olivia Tjandramulia
Olivia Tjandramulia (born 11 May 1997) is an Indonesian-born Australian former tennis player.

Tjandramulia reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 350 on 11 June 2018. On 12 June 2023, she peaked at No. 100 in the WTA doubles rankings.

On the ITF Junior Circuit, she achieved a career-high ranking of 39, on 31 August 2015. She was an Australian under-18 girls champion.
Mohammadpur Government High School
Mohammadpur Government High School (Bengali: মোহাম্মদপুর সরকারি উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়, also known as MGHS) is one of the oldest public schools located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The institution offers primary and secondary education for boys.

Junior School Certificate
The Junior School Certificate (JSC) was a public examination taken by students in Bangladesh after successful completion of eight years of schooling. It was introduced in 2010. It is followed by the Secondary School Certificate (SSC).

Before the introduction of the JSC, a similar examination known as Madhyamik Britti (Junior Scholarship) was held. This was a voluntary vocational exam and not mandatory, which were later made mandatory and renamed as junior school certificate.
In 2019, last JSC exam was held
Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the exams could not be held in 2020 and 2021. The government also decided not to hold the Junior School Certificate (JSC) and Junior Dakhil Certificate (JDC) examinations in 2022. In 2023, The ministry of education of Bangladesh stated that there will be no JSC-JDC examination in the new curriculum. From 2024, class VIII and class IX exams was planned to be held under the new syllabus.
Chino Pacas
Cristian Humberto Ávila Vega (born 18 October 2006), better known by his stage name Chino Pacas, is a Mexican singer and songwriter. Specializing in the urban sierreño subgenre, his international fame began in 2023 when he signed with the Street Mob record company and released his debut single "El Gordo Trae El Mando". The song was met with immediate virality on TikTok before debuting at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100, making him the youngest Mexican artist — at age 16 — to enter the chart. Ávila is considered one of the artists modernizing the genre for younger generations. He signed with Geffen Records to release his debut studio album, Que Sigan Llegando las Pacas (2024).

Geffen Records
Geffen Records (formerly The David Geffen Company from 1980 to 1992 and Geffen Records Inc. from 1993 to 2004) is an American record label owned by Interscope Geffen A&M (IGA), a division of the Interscope Capitol Labels Group, which is owned by Universal Music Group. It was founded in 1980 by David Geffen, as a music subsidiary of his then film company Geffen Pictures, with financial and distribution support from Warner Bros. Records.

In 1990, the label was sold to MCA Music Entertainment, which later became part of Universal Music Group (UMG) through acquisitions by Panasonic and Seagram. Since its merger into the Interscope Geffen A&M group in 1999, Geffen has served as a syndicate label within Interscope Records, expanding its catalog through the absorption of other imprints. It has operated as a key platform for new releases, especially following its 2003 expansion and 2017 relaunch. As of 2024, Geffen is part of Universal Music Group's Interscope Capitol Labels Group.
Roberto Abbondanzieri
Roberto Carlos Abbondanzieri (also spelled Abbondancieri, born 19 August 1972), nicknamed El Pato (The Duck), is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

He spent most of his career for the Boca Juniors in his homeland, as well as Getafe of La Liga. After his retirement, he took up coaching.

Abbondanzieri earned 49 caps for the Argentina national football team from 2004 to 2008, playing at two Copa America tournaments and the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

1998–99 Argentine Primera División
The 1998–99 Argentine Primera División was the 108th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season ran from August 7, 1998, to June 21, 1999. Both main clubs from Córdoba, Talleres (champion of 1997–98 Primera B Nacional) and Belgrano (winner of "Torneo Reducido", after beating Aldosivi in a two-legged series) were promoted from Primera B Nacional.

Boca Juniors won both, Apertura and Clausura championships (a total of 24 league titles to date), while Platense and Huracán were relegated with the worst points averages.
Myrmecia athertonensis
Myrmecia athertonensis is an Australian ant which belongs to the genus Myrmecia. This species is endemic to Australia. They are commonly spotted in the north of Queensland, between the coastal cities of Cairns and Townsville. It was described by Forel in 1915.

The average lengths is around 14.6-22 millimetres long, and the males are 14.5-15.5 millimetres long. The body is covered with sparse, very fine, long, yellowish hairs. Most of the body of the species is black. The mandibles are however yellow, and the thorax is in a goldish-yellow colour.

Auguste Forel
Auguste-Henri Forel (French pronunciation: [oɡyst ɑ̃ʁi fɔʁɛl]; 1 September 1848 – 27 July 1931) was a Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and former eugenicist, notable for his investigations into the structure of the human brain and that of ants. He is considered a co-founder of the neuron theory. Forel is also known for his early contributions to sexology and psychology. From 1978 until 2000 Forel's image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote.
Chemin de fer des Chanteraines
The Chemin de fer des Chanteraines (Railway of Chanteraines) or CFC is a 600 mm narrow gauge tourist railway with six stations and 4.5 kilometers length in the Parc de Chanteraines in the French villages of Gennevilliers and Villeneuve-la-Garenne west of Paris. It  opened in 1981 and its purpose is to link the different parts of the park.

Villeneuve-la-Garenne
Villeneuve-la-Garenne (French pronunciation: [vilnœv la ɡaʁɛn] ⓘ) is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.2 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris in the Hauts-de-Seine department in the Île-de-France region.
Bluebell Luas stop
Bluebell (Irish: An Cloigín Gorm) is a stop on the Luas light-rail tram system in Dublin, Ireland.  It opened in 2004 as a stop on the Red Line.  The stop is located on a section of reserved track in a wide central reservation on the Naas Road dual carriageway in the Bluebell area of Dublin.  It provides access to Drimnagh Castle and Lansdowne Valley Park.  
The stop is also served by Dublin Bus routes 13, 68, and 69.

Lansdowne Valley Park
Lansdowne Valley Park, or sometimes Landsdowne Valley Park (Irish: Páirc Ghleann Lansdún), is a linear public park in Drimnagh, Dublin. The River Camac flows through it, and it is part of the Green Loop Trail. There is a municipal pitch and putt course in the park.
Rpath
In computer science, rpath designates the run-time search path hard-coded in an executable file or library. Dynamic linking loaders use the rpath to find required libraries.

Specifically, it encodes a path to shared libraries into the header of an executable (or another shared library).  This RPATH header value (so named in the Executable and Linkable Format header standards) may either override or supplement the system default dynamic linking search paths.

The rpath of an executable or shared library is an optional entry in the .dynamic section of the ELF executable or shared libraries, with the type DT_RPATH, called the DT_RPATH attribute. It can be stored there at link time by the linker. Tools such as chrpath and patchelf can create or modify the entry later.

Execution (computing)
In computing, execution is the process by which a computer program is processed to perform the actions that it encodes. As the processor follows the program instructions, effects are produced in accordance with the semantics of those instructions. The term run is generally synonymous. The act of starting execution is often called launching or invoking in addition to executing and running.

An execution processor comes in many forms. A machine code program may be executed via the programmable interface of a computer where execution involves repeatedly following a fetch–decode–execute cycle for each program instruction executed by the control unit. Source code may be executed by interpreter software. A program may be executed in a batch process without human interaction or a user may type commands in an interactive session.
Zhu Wenquan
Zhu Wenquan (Chinese: 朱文泉; pinyin: Zhū Wénquán; born October 1942) is a general (shangjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). He was an alternate of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 9th National People's Congress and a member of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress.

9th National People's Congress
The 9th National People's Congress (NPC) was in session from 1998 to 2003 across five plenary sessions. It followed the final session of the 8th National People's Congress. There were 2,979 deputies to this Congress.
Karla González Cruz
Karla Verónica González Cruz (born 11 July 1976) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. From 2010 to 2012 she served as Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Veracruz.

LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LXI Legislature of the Congress of the Union, the 61st session of the Congress of Mexico, met from 1 September 2009 to 31 August 2012. Members of the upper house of the Congress were selected in the elections of July 2006 while members of the lower house of the Congress were selected in the elections of July 2009.
Hattestad
Hattestad is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ola Vigen Hattestad (born 1982), Norwegian cross-country skier

Stine Lise Hattestad (born 1966), Norwegian freestyle skier

Trine Hattestad (born 1966), Norwegian javelin thrower

Ola Vigen Hattestad
Ola Vigen Hattestad (born 19 April 1982) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed from 2002 through 2018. Competing in three Winter Olympics, he became Olympic champion in the individual sprint event at Sochi in 2014.
2002 Tunisian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Tunisia on 26 May 2002. The amendments to the constitution would abolish the three-term limit for incumbent presidents and raise the age limit of a sitting president from 70 to 75. A second parliamentary chamber (Chamber of Advisors) was introduced.

The changes were reportedly approved by 99.52% of voters, with a 95.59% voter turnout, but the results were denounced by the opposition as a masquerade.

Chamber of Advisors
The Chamber of Advisors (Arabic: مجلس المستشارين, Mejlis el-Musteshērīn), also called Chamber of Councillors, was the upper house of the Parliament of Tunisia. It was created by a 2002 amendment to the Tunisian constitution and was replaced by a unicameral Assembly of the Representatives of the People by the 2014 constitution. Members served 6 year terms. By law, it had two thirds the number of members as the Chamber of Deputies.

The initial chamber, appointed in 2005, consisted of 126 members; 71 members were chosen by the Chamber of Deputies and city councils, 14 were to be chosen by the Tunisian General Labour Union, and the other 41 were appointed by the President of Tunisia. However, the UGTT boycotted the selection, and those 14 seats remained vacant.

There were 8 women appointed by the Chamber of Deputies, and another 7 women appointed by the President.

Mekki Aloui was the last president (a.i.) of Chamber of Advisors of Tunisia, taking office on February 7, 2011.
2-C-Methylerythritol 4-phosphate
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) is an intermediate on the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is the first committed metabolite on that pathway on the route to IPP and DMAPP.

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP; or alternatively, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP); also  isoprenyl pyrophosphate) is an isoprenoid precursor. It is a product of both the mevalonate pathway and the MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and exists in virtually all life forms. The enzyme isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase catalyzes isomerization between DMAPP and IPP.

In the mevalonate pathway, DMAPP is synthesised from mevalonic acid. In contrast, DMAPP is synthesised from HMBPP in the MEP pathway.

At present, it is believed that there is crossover between the two pathways in organisms
that use both pathways to create terpenes and terpenoids, such as in plants, and that DMAPP is the crossover product.
Makera Assada
Makera Assadapronunciationⓘ is among the areas that form the town of Sokoto state of Nigeria. The area is part of Magajin Gari Ward in the southern part of Sokoto North local government area of Sokoto state, bordered Gidan Haki in the east, Digyar Agyare in the west, Mafara in the north and Helele in the south.

Hausa language
Hausa (/ˈhaʊsə/; in Hausa: Harshen/Halshen Hausa listenⓘ /hawˈsa/; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا‎) is a Chadic language spoken primarily by the Hausa people in Niger (where it is the sole official language, having replaced French in 2025) and in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo and the southern parts of Chad. It is also spoken by a significant minority in Ivory Coast and a small number of speakers in Sudan.

Hausa is a member of the Afroasiatic language family and is the most widely spoken language within the Chadic branch of that family. Hausa is tonal, using relative pitch both to distinguish words, and mark grammatical categories. Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 58 million people and as a second language by another 36 million, bringing the total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 94 million.

In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as Kannywood.
Foil, Missouri
Foil is an unincorporated community in northern Ozark County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately sixteen miles south of Ava on county roads 953 and 955. Wasola is about four miles northeast on Missouri Route 5 and Thornfield approximately three miles southwest on Missouri Route JJ. The community is on the banks of Little Creek, a tributary of Little North Fork White River.

A post office called Foil was in operation between 1909 and 1969. It is unknown why the name "Foil" was applied to this community.

Missouri Route 5
Missouri Route 5 is the longest state highway in Missouri and the only Missouri state highway to traverse the entire state. To the north, it continues into Iowa as Iowa Highway 5 and to the south it enters Arkansas as Arkansas Highway 5 as part of a three state 650 mile highway 5. With only a few exceptions, it is mostly a two-lane for its entire length.
Le Moule 1st Canton
Le Moule 1st Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Pointe-à-Pitre on the island of Guadeloupe. It had 14,326 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It comprised part of the commune of Le Moule, which joined the new canton of Le Moule in 2015.

Arrondissement of Pointe-à-Pitre
The arrondissement of Pointe-à-Pitre is an arrondissement of France in the Guadeloupe department in the Guadeloupe region. It has 14 communes. Its population is 199,303 (2021), and its area is 774.1 km2 (298.9 sq mi).
Difference hierarchy
In set theory, a branch of mathematics, the difference hierarchy over a pointclass is a hierarchy of larger pointclasses
generated by taking differences of sets. If Γ is a pointclass, then the set of differences in Γ is . In usual notation, this set is denoted by 2-Γ. The next level of the hierarchy is denoted by 3-Γ and consists of differences of three sets:
. This definition can be extended recursively into the transfinite to α-Γ for some ordinal α.

In the Borel hierarchy, Felix Hausdorff and Kazimierz Kuratowski proved that the countable levels of the 
difference hierarchy over Π0γ give
Δ0γ+1.

Felix Hausdorff
Felix Hausdorff (/ˈhaʊsdɔːrf/ HOWS-dorf, /ˈhaʊzdɔːrf/ HOWZ-dorf; November 8, 1868 – January 26, 1942) was a German mathematician, pseudonym Paul Mongré (à mon gré (Fr.) = "according to my taste"), who is considered to be one of the founders of modern topology and who contributed significantly to set theory, descriptive set theory, measure theory, and functional analysis.

Hausdorff was Jewish, and life became difficult for him and his family after the Kristallnacht of 1938. The next year he initiated efforts to emigrate to the United States, but was unable to make arrangements to receive a research fellowship. On 26 January 1942, Hausdorff, along with his wife and his sister-in-law, died by suicide by taking an overdose of veronal, rather than comply with German orders to move to a concentration camp in Endenich.