hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gerhard Sommer (pilot)
Gerhard Sommer (14 September 1919 – 12 May 1944) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II - for the fighter pilots, it was a quantifiable measure of skill and combat success.  Gerhard Sommer was killed on 12 May 1944 after aerial combat with P-47 fighters.  He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 July 1944. During his career he was credited with 20 aerial victories, all on the  Western Front.

Staffelkapitän
Staffelkapitän is a command appointment, rather than a military rank, in the air force units of German-speaking countries.

The rank normally held by a Staffelkapitän has changed over time. In the present-day German Luftwaffe – part of the Bundeswehr – the position is usually held by an Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) or Major.
Snipe Western Hemisphere and Asia Championship
The Snipe Western Hemisphere and Asia Championship is an international sailing regatta in the Snipe class. The fleet of winning skipper is awarded the Hayward Western Hemisphere Trophy, donated by Commodore John T. Hayward, of Tulsa, Oklahoma. 3 races shall constitute a regatta. It was named Snipe Western Hemisphere & Orient Championship until 2023.

It is sailed every two years (even years), on alternate years with the World Championship, since 1950. The Western Hemisphere & Orient Championship and the European Championship are the main competitions after the Worlds.

Five qualified teams from each county in the Western Hemisphere and Japan, the current champion, the current world champion (providing it represents a WH&O nation), the prior year North American and Orient champions (providing each represents a Western Hemisphere and Orient nation) and the current year South American champion are entitled to compete.

Open Snipe World Championship
The Open Snipe World Championship is an annual international sailing regatta for Snipe (dinghy), organized by the host club on behalf of the Internal Snipe Class Association and recognized by World Sailing, the sports IOC recognized governing body. The trophy awarded for the World Championship is Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies. The class got recognised status by World Sailing in 1958.
Richard Dien Winfield
Richard Dien Winfield (born April 7, 1950) is an American philosopher and distinguished research professor of philosophy at the University of Georgia. He has been president of the Society for Systematic Philosophy, the Hegel Society of America, and the Metaphysical Society of America. Winfield was a candidate for U.S. representative from Georgia's 10th congressional district in 2018 and for U.S. Senate during the 2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia.

2018 United States House of Representatives elections
The 2018 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 6, 2018. The 2018 House elections were midterm elections that occurred during President Donald Trump's first term in office. Early voting took place in some states in the weeks preceding Election Day. Voters chose representatives from all 435 congressional districts across each of the 50 U.S. states to serve in the 116th United States Congress. Prior to the 2018 elections, the Republican Party had held the House majority since January 2011.

Led by House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, the Democratic Party won control of the House of Representatives in the 2018 elections. The Democrats gained a net total of 41 seats. The 41-seat gain was the Democrats' largest gain of House seats since the post-Watergate 1974 elections, when they picked up 49 seats. Democrats also won the popular vote by an 8.6% margin, the largest margin of victory on record for a minority party.
Railways in Ely
52°23′28″N 0°16′00″E﻿ / ﻿52.39116°N 0.26659°E﻿ / 52.39116; 0.26659

The Railways in Ely are an important interchange point between several routes in England. There are junctions north and south of the city where rail routes from Suffolk and Norfolk connect with routes to London, the Midlands, the north of England, and Scotland. Several rail freight operating companies use these routes and four passenger train operating companies provide services through Ely.

Ipswich railway station
Ipswich railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line in the East of England, serving the town of Ipswich, Suffolk. It is 68 miles 59 chains (110.6 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street and, on the main line, it is situated between Manningtree to the south and Needham Market to the north.

Ipswich is also the terminus of the East Suffolk Line to Lowestoft, a branch line to Felixstowe and a regional cross-country route to Ely and Cambridge. Its three-letter station code is IPS.

The station is operated by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise.
Bipartite half
In graph theory, the bipartite half or half-square of a bipartite graph G = (U,V,E) is a graph whose vertex set is one of the two sides of the bipartition (without loss of generality, U) and in which there is an edge uiuj for each pair of vertices ui, uj in U that are at distance two from each other in G. That is, in a more compact notation, the bipartite half is G2[U] where the superscript 2 denotes the square of a graph and the square brackets denote an induced subgraph.

Distance (graph theory)
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the distance between two vertices in a graph is the number of edges in a shortest path (also called a graph geodesic) connecting them.  This is also known as the geodesic distance or shortest-path distance. Notice that there may be more than one shortest path between two vertices. If there is no path connecting the two vertices, i.e., if they belong to different connected components, then conventionally the distance is defined as infinite.

In the case of a directed graph the distance d(u,v) between two vertices u and v is defined as the length of a shortest directed path from u to v consisting of arcs, provided at least one such path exists. Notice that, in contrast with the case of undirected graphs, d(u,v) does not necessarily coincide with d(v,u)—so it is just a quasi-metric, and it might be the case that one is defined while the other is not.
Cixutumumab
Cixutumumab (IMC-A12) is a human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of solid tumors.

This drug was developed by ImClone Systems, since acquired by Eli Lilly, using phage display technology from Dyax.

It is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Cixutumumab selectively binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, thereby preventing the binding of the ligand IGF-1 and subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Downregulation of the PI3K/AKT survival pathway may result in the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and may decrease cancer cellular proliferation. IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily overexpressed by many cancer cell types, stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Protein kinase B
Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, and cell migration.
2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round
The 2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round was an auto race held at the Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on 16–17 April 2010.  It served as the opening round of the 2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season, and the inaugural race of the FIA GT1 World Championship series.  It was the first sports car race designated by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) as a world championship event since the 500 km of Magny-Cours held on 18 October 1992.  Swiss driver Romain Grosjean and German driver Thomas Mutsch won the championship race for Matech Competition Ford, ahead of the two Phoenix Racing Corvettes which completed the podium.  The Phoenix Corvette of Marc Hennerici and Andreas Zuber had won the qualifying race held earlier that day.  The UAE Touring Car Championship will serve as a support series for this event.

World championship
A world championship is generally an international competition open to elite competitors from around the world, representing their nations, and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport, game, or ability.
Ernst Georg Pritzel
Ernst Georg Pritzel (15 May 1875 – 6 April 1946) was a German botanist.

He is known for his research in the fields of phytogeography and taxonomy. He contributed works on Lycopodiaceae, Psilotaceae and Pittosporaceae to Engler & Prantl’s "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien".

In 1900–02, with Ludwig Diels, he collected plants in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. They published the results of their expedition (a collection of 5700 species) in the Botanische Jahrbücher in 1904–05. Their findings included 235 new species. Pritzel issued and distributed the exsiccata-like specimen series Plantae Australiae occidentalis 1901–1902 editae.

The fungi genus Pritzeliella was named after him by Paul Christoph Hennings in 1903 and Melaleuca pritzelii (originally Melaleuca densa var. pritzelii) by Karel Domin in 1923.

Phytogeography
Phytogeography (from Greek  φυτόν, phytón 'plant' and  γεωγραφία, geographía 'geography' meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Geobotany, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.
Final Exam (novel)
Final Exam is a novel by Julio Cortázar that was initially released in Spanish under the title El examen in 1986. Alfred MacAdam's English translation was published by New Directions Publishing in 2008. Written in 1950, it was rejected by the Losada publisher and remained unpublished during the writer's lifetime and was finally published in 1986.

Fog
Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals held in the air  near the Earth's surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog affects many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare.

Fog appears when water vapor (water in its gaseous form) condenses. During condensation, molecules of water vapor combine to make tiny water droplets that hang in the air. Sea fog, which shows up near bodies of saline water, is formed as water vapor condenses on bits of salt. Fog is similar to, but less transparent than, mist.
2006 Open Gaz de France
The 2006 Open Gaz de France was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 14th edition of the Open Gaz de France and was part of Tier II of the 2006 WTA Tour. The tournament took place at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin in Paris, France from 6 February through 12 February 2006. First-seeded Amélie Mauresmo won the singles title.

WTA Tier II tournaments
The WTA Tier II tournaments were Women's Tennis Association tennis second-level tournaments held from 1990 until the end of the 2008 season. The line-up of events varied over the years, with tournaments being promoted, demoted or cancelled.

From 2009 WTA Tour, WTA changed tournament categories, so that majority of Tier I and Tier II tournaments from the previous season were in one category, the WTA Premier Tournaments.
Are You Still in Love with Me
"Are You Still in Love with Me" is a song written by Jack White, K. C. Porter, and Mark Spiro, and performed by Anne Murray. The song reached #8 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart, #10 on the Canadian Country chart, and #20 on the US Country chart in 1987. It was released in May 1987 as the first single from her album Harmony. The song was produced by White.

KC Porter
Karl Cameron Porter, known as K.C (born June 27, 1962), is an American record producer, singer-songwriter, arranger and composer, winner of six Grammy Awards and two Latin Grammy Awards. Porter has worked on more than 40 albums, including production work on Santana's album Supernatural and for producing and writing some of the most popular Spanish-language singles for Ricky Martin.

Porter is also known for his production work that includes artists such as Bon Jovi, Janet Jackson, Brian McKnight, Toni Braxton, and Scorpions; into the Spanish-speaking market and World music with artists such as Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, Laura Pausini, Khaled, Kadim Al Sahir; as well as into the international market (with artists such as Cheng Lin).

A practitioner of the Baháʼí Faith, Porter is one of the founding members of Oneness, a non-profit organization that promotes racial unity through music, the arts and education.
Wisconsin–River Falls Falcons
The University of Wisconsin–River Falls Falcons (or UWRF Falcons) compete as members of the NCAA Division III. The athletic program has men's teams in football, basketball, ice hockey, indoor and outdoor track and field, and cross country. There are women's teams in basketball, ice hockey, indoor and outdoor track and field, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis,  and volleyball. The Falcons on-campus facilities include the Falcon Center, which includes Hunt Arena and Page Arena, Ramer Field, and a new complex for both softball and women's soccer. They compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC) in all sports. The athletic director is Crystal Lanning. The Falcons team colors are red and white, and the team mascot is named "Freddy Falcon."

Wisconsin–River Falls Falcons football
The Wisconsin–River Falls Falcons football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Wisconsin–River Falls located in River Falls, Wisconsin. The team competes at the NCAA Division III level and is a member of the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC).  The school first fielded a football team in 1895. The Falcons wear red, white, and black. Ramer Field, where the Falcons play their home games, was the host of the Kansas City Chiefs' training camp from 1992 to 2008.
Soundpieces: Da Antidote
Soundpieces: Da Antidote! is the first full-length studio album by American hip hop trio Lootpack. It was released on June 29, 1999, via Stones Throw Records. The production was handled entirely by member Madlib. It features guest appearances from Medaphoar, Declaime, Godz Gift, Kazi, Oh No, Defari, Dilated Peoples and tha Alkaholiks.

Dilated Peoples
Dilated Peoples is an American Los Angeles-based hip hop trio, composed of rapper and record producer Evidence, rapper Rakaa, and Beat Junkies deejay and record producer DJ Babu. The group is better known in the UK, where they reached the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart with two tracks, "This Way" and "Worst Comes to Worst". Their songs were featured in the 2003 video games Need for Speed: Underground and NBA Street Vol. 2, as well as MLB 06: The Show.
Würzjoch
Würzjoch (Italian: Passo delle Erbe; Ladin: Ju de Börz; German: Würzjoch) (el. 2003 m.) is a mountain pass in the province of Bozen – Südtirol, Region Trentino-Südtirol in Italy.

It connects the city of Brixen in the Eisacktal with San Martin de Tor in the Val Badia.

The pass road is in good condition, but narrow and closed in winter. On the south side, the road is open during winter up to the Plose ski resort.

Ladin language
Ladin (/ləˈdiːn/ lə-DEEN, UK also /læˈdiːn/ la-DEEN; autonym: ladin; Italian: ladino; German: Ladinisch) is a Romance language of the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino, and Belluno, by the Ladin people. It exhibits similarities to Romansh, which is spoken in Switzerland, as well as to Friulian, which is spoken in northeast Italy.

The precise extent of the Ladin language area is a subject of scholarly debate. A narrower perspective includes only the dialects of the valleys around the Sella group, while wider definitions comprise the dialects of adjacent valleys in the Province of Belluno and even dialects spoken in the northwestern Trentino.

A standard variety of Ladin (Ladin Dolomitan) has been developed by the Office for Ladin Language Planning as a common communication tool across the whole Ladin-speaking region.
Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic
Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic (or Ebrehmovich) were Italian Roma sisters aged 13 and 11 who drowned in the sea at the public beach at Torregaveta in the Metropolitan City of Naples on 19 July 2008. News media circulated photographs of other beach users apparently continuing with their leisure activities indifferent to the nearby bodies of the girls partially covered by beach towels. Commentators interpreted this as symbolising widespread anti-Roma sentiment in Italy.

Metropolitan City of Naples
The Metropolitan City of Naples (Italian: città metropolitana di Napoli) is a metropolitan city in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Naples. The province was established on 1 January 2015 and contains 92 comuni (sg.: comune).
It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and established by Law 56/2014, thus replacing the province of Naples in 2015. It has 2,958,410 inhabitants as of 2025, making it the 3rd most populous metropolitan city in the country.

The Metropolitan City of Naples is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (sindaco metropolitano) and the Metropolitan Council (consiglio metropolitano). Since 18 October 2021, its head has been Gaetano Manfredi, mayor of the capital city.
Wiesbaden-Heßloch
Hessloch is a borough of Wiesbaden, the capital of the state of Hessen, Germany. It is the smallest and least-populated of Wiesbaden's boroughs with 663 residents. The formerly independent village was incorporated into Wiesbaden on 1 April 1928.

The village is situated in the foothills of the Taunus and surrounded by orchards. It is near Federal Highway 455, about 5 km from Autobahn 3. Adjacent boroughs are Bierstadt, Rambach, Naurod, and Kloppenheim.

Taunus
The Taunus (German pronunciation: [ˈtaʊnʊs] ⓘ) is a mountain range in Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, located north west of Frankfurt and north of Wiesbaden. The tallest peak in the range is Großer Feldberg at 878 m; other notable peaks are Kleiner Feldberg (825 m) and Altkönig (798 m).

The range is bounded on three sides (west, north, and south) by the Rhine and its tributaries, namely the Lahn and the Main, and on the east by the plain of Wetterau. It spans the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus-Kreis, Rheingau-Taunus, Limburg-Weilburg, and Rhein-Lahn. The range is known for its geothermal springs and mineral waters that formerly attracted members of the European aristocracy to its spa towns. The car line Ford Taunus is named after it.
Battery M, 1st New York Light Artillery
Battery M, 1st New York Light Artillery Regiment was an artillery battery from New York state that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The battery was organized in October 1861. It fought at First Winchester, Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run, and Antietam in 1862. Battery M fought at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg in 1863. It took part in the Atlanta campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864 and fought at Bentonville in 1865. The battery marched in the Grand Review of the Armies and was mustered out in June 1865.

First Battle of Winchester
The First Battle of Winchester, fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County, Virginia, and Winchester, Virginia, was a major victory in Confederate Army Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley during the American Civil War. Jackson enveloped the right flank of the Union Army under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks and pursued it as it fled across the Potomac River into Maryland. Jackson's success in achieving force concentration early in the fighting allowed him to secure a more decisive victory which had escaped him in previous battles of the campaign.
Attogon
Attogon is a town and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Allada. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin in April 2014, the arrondissement had a total population of 9,500.

After June 2015 local elections, the constituency is led by Lionel Kpenou-Chobli.

Atlantique Department
Atlantique ([a.tlɑ̃.tik], "Atlantic") is one of the twelve departments in Benin. The department is located in south-central Benin along the Atlantic coast, between Mono and Kouffo Department in the west, Zou in the north, and Ouémé in the east. The department of Atlantique was bifurcated in 1999 when some of its territories was transferred to the newly formed Littoral Department.

As of 2013, the total population of the department was 1,398,229, with 686,747 males and 711,482 females. The proportion of women was 50.90%. The total rural population was 55.50%, while the urban population was 44.50%. The total labour force in the department was 433,515, of which 43.40% were women. The proportion of households with no level of education was 39.20% and the proportion of households with children attending school was 77.30%.
Lunano
Lunano is a small town and comune in the province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Marche region of central Italy.

It is located in the mountainous area of Montefeltro, in the Foglia River Valley. Resting on a hill overlooking the town is the Castle of Lunano, which dates back to before the 13th century. Just outside the centre of town is the Franciscan Convent of Monte Illuminato, which was allegedly visited by Saint Francis in 1213.

The Montefeltro area, and Lunano in particular, are known for the Chestnut Festival which takes place on the third Sunday in October every year.

Montefeltro
Montefeltro is a historical and geographical region in Central Italy. It gave its name to the Montefeltro family, who ruled in the area during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

The mountainous region includes San Marino and the upper valleys of the rivers Marecchia and Conca. It is situated at the borders of the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna, the Marche, and Tuscany.

The region has been historically considered an extension of Romagna.
AIAW women's basketball tournament
The AIAW women's basketball tournament was a national tournament for women's collegiate basketball teams in the United States, held annually from 1972 to 1982.  The winners of the AIAW tournaments from 1972 to 1981 are recognized as the national champions for those years.

West Chester University
West Chester University of Pennsylvania (WCUPA), commonly known as West Chester University (WCU), is a public research university in West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States. The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". With 17,275 undergraduate and graduate students as of 2022, WCU is the largest of the 10 state-owned universities belonging to the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) and the sixth largest university in Pennsylvania. It also maintains a Center City Philadelphia satellite campus on Market Street.