hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hallgeir H. Langeland
Hallgeir H. Langeland (born 14 November 1955 in Strand) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Rogaland in 1997 and served to 2013 when he lost his seat in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election.

He sat on the Stavanger municipal council from 1991 to 1997.

Rogaland
Rogaland (Norwegian: [ˈrûːɡɑlɑn] ⓘ) is a county in Western Norway, bordering the North Sea to the west and the counties of Vestland to the north, Telemark to the east and Agder to the east and southeast. As of 1 January 2024, it had a population of 499,417 people.

The administrative centre of the county is the city of Stavanger, which is the third largest city in Norway.
Positive-definite kernel
In operator theory, a branch of mathematics, a positive-definite kernel is a generalization of a positive-definite function or a positive-definite matrix. It was first introduced by James Mercer in the early 20th century, in the context of solving integral operator equations. Since then, positive-definite functions and their various analogues and generalizations have arisen in diverse parts of mathematics. They occur naturally in Fourier analysis, probability theory, operator theory, complex function-theory, moment problems, integral equations, boundary-value problems for partial differential equations, machine learning, embedding problem, information theory, and other areas.

Meshfree methods
In the field of numerical analysis, meshfree methods are those that do not require connection between nodes of the simulation domain, i.e. a mesh, but are rather based on interaction of each node with all its neighbors. As a consequence, original extensive properties such as mass or kinetic energy are no longer assigned to mesh elements but rather to the single nodes. Meshfree methods enable the simulation of some otherwise difficult types of problems, at the cost of extra computing time and programming effort. The absence of a mesh allows Lagrangian simulations, in which the nodes can move according to the velocity field.
Potato peeling
In computational geometry, the potato peeling or convex skull problem is a problem of finding the convex polygon of the largest possible area that lies within a given non-convex simple polygon. It was posed independently by Goodman and Woo, and solved in polynomial time by Chang and Yap. The exponent of the polynomial time bound is high, but the same problem can also be accurately approximated in near-linear time.

Convex polygon
In geometry, a convex polygon is a polygon that is the boundary of a convex set. This means that the line segment between two points of the polygon is contained in the union of the interior and the boundary of the polygon. In particular, it is a simple polygon (not self-intersecting).  Equivalently, a polygon is convex if every line that does not contain any edge intersects the polygon in at most two points.
All Souls' Church, Cameron Highlands
All Souls’ Church (Abbreviation: ASC) is located in the Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. Founded in 1958, the church is affiliated to the Anglican Diocese of West Malaysia and the Council of Churches, Malaysia.

Abbreviation
An abbreviation (from Latin  brevis 'short') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym), or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing full stop (period). For example, the term etc. is the usual abbreviation for the Latin phrase et cetera.
WISE J224607.57−052635.0
WISE J224607.57−052635.0 (or W2246−0526 for short) is an extremely luminous infrared galaxy (ELIRG) which, in 2015, was announced as the most luminous known galaxy in the observable universe. The brightness of this galaxy is 350 trillion times that of the Sun (349 trillionL☉). The merger of smaller nearby galaxies may be contributing to its brightness. The light is generated by a quasar 10 billion times the mass of the Sun. The high energy optical light and ultraviolet light emitted by the accretion disc around the quasar's supermassive black hole is absorbed by the galaxy's dust and re-emitted in the infrared. The galaxy releases 10,000 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, although WISE J224607.57–052635.0 is the smaller of the two. WISE J224607.57–052635.0 has a light-travel distance of 12.5 billion light years from it to Earth. The galaxy was discovered using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.

Supermassive black hole
A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest type of black hole, with its mass being on the order of hundreds of thousands, or millions to billions, of times the mass of the Sun (M☉). Black holes are a class of astronomical objects that have undergone gravitational collapse, leaving behind spheroidal regions of space that nothing, not even light, can escape. Observational evidence indicates that almost every large galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center. For example, the Milky Way galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center, corresponding to the radio source Sagittarius A*. Accretion of interstellar gas onto supermassive black holes is the process responsible for powering active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasars.

Two supermassive black holes have been directly imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope; these are Sagittarius A, at the center of the Milky Way, and the black hole at the center of Messier 87, a giant elliptical galaxy.
ARM7
ARM7 is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Holdings for microcontroller use. The ARM7 core family consists of ARM700, ARM710, ARM7DI, ARM710a, ARM720T, ARM740T, ARM710T, ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM7EJ-S. The ARM7TDMI and ARM7TDMI-S were the most popular cores of the family.  ARM7 cores were released from 1993 to 2001 and no longer recommended for new IC designs; newer alternatives are ARM Cortex-M cores.

Nokia 6110
The Nokia 6110 is a GSM mobile phone from Nokia announced on 18 December 1997 and released in 1998. It was a hugely popular follower of the Nokia 2110 (1994), and the first of the many Nokia 6xxx series business-targeted phones. Main improvements over the 2110 were reduced size and improved talk time. It was built on the new third generation, Nokia DCT3 hardware platform, and was the first GSM phone to use an ARM processor and the first running on Nokia's Series 20 user interface.

The phone shared the same platform as the Nokia 5110 targeted at the consumer market; unlike the 5110, however, it had the advanced user interface with menu icons (it was the first phone with this new interface that would become the future standard), and featured an infra-red port (once again being Nokia's first phone with it). It was also the first phone from Nokia to have the popular Snake game pre-installed.

It was succeeded/complemented by the similar but enhanced 6150.
Rakity, Mikhaylovsky District, Altai Krai
Rakity (Russian: Ракиты) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Rakitovsky Selsoviet, located in Mikhaylovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. As of 2016, its population was 2,185. The locality contains 15 streets.

Mikhaylovsky District, Altai Krai
Mikhaylovsky District (Russian: Миха́йловский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is 3,100 square kilometers (1,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Mikhaylovskoye. Population:  21,211 (2010 census); 23,797 (2002 census); 24,044 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Mikhaylovskoye accounts for 52.0% of the district's total population.
Radomir Putnik
Radomir Putnik GOLH, KCMG (Serbian: Радомир Путник; pronounced [rǎdɔmiːr pûːtniːk]; 24 January 1847 – 17 May 1917) was a Serbian military leader and the first Field Marshal of Serbia. Serving as Chief of the General Staff, he played a pivotal role in the Balkan Wars and in the First World War, commanding Serbian forces in some of their most significant victories. His career, spanning every major conflict involving Serbia from 1876 to 1917, left a lasting impact on Serbian military strategy and national identity.

Serbian General Staff
The General Staff of the Serbian Armed Forces (Serbian: Генералштаб Војске Србије, romanized: Generalštab Vojske Srbije) is the highest authority within the Serbian Armed Forces and a significant command entity with numerous organizational units under its direct command.
Smela (surname)
Smela is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bolesław Smela (1919–1987), Polish actor

Elisabeth Smela, American mechanical engineer

Jan Smela (1910–1986), Polish Army officer

Krzysztof Smela (born 1959), Polish politician

Elisabeth Smela
Elisabeth Smela is an American mechanical engineer and polymer scientist known for her research on electroactive polymers with applications including micro-electromechanical systems, biomedical devices, and controlled folding on a microscopic scale. Her research has also included the development of a "nose on a chip" based on insect cells. She is a professor of mechanical engineering in the A. James Clark School of Engineering of the University of Maryland, College Park.
Technivorm
Technivorm is a family-owned Dutch manufacturer founded by Gerard-Clement Smit in Amerongen, The Netherlands. It produces Moccamaster, a drip coffee maker designed in 1968 and first released in 1969. In 2017, the 10-millionth Moccamaster was sold. As of 2019, Technivorm and Moccamaster have approximately 200 employees.

All Moccamaster coffee machines are made in Amerongen, The Netherlands.

Drip coffee
Drip coffee is made by pouring hot water onto ground coffee beans, allowing it to brew while seeping through. There are several methods for doing this, including using a filter. Terms used for the resulting coffee often reflect the method used, such as drip-brewed coffee, or, somewhat inaccurately, filtered coffee in general. Manually brewed drip coffee is typically referred to as pour-over coffee. Water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its constituent chemical compounds, and then passes through a filter. The used coffee grounds are retained in the filter, while the brewed coffee is collected in a vessel such as a carafe or pot.
Dvuhyurtochnoe Lake
Dvuhyurtochnoe Lake (Russian: о́зеро Двухюрточное) is a freshwater lake in the Ust-Kamchatka region of the Kamchatka Territory, Russia. Its area is 11.9 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi), its length is 6.3 kilometres (3.9 mi), and its maximum width is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). The lake has a glacial-barren origin. It resulted from the lowering of a small section of the river valley.

The lake is in the eastern spurs of the Median ridge, east of the Gora Alney volcano, at an altitude of 266 metres (873 ft) above sea level. The lake is a widening of the Dvukhyurtochnaya River, which flows through it from west to east. To the north of the confluence of the Dvukhyurtochnaya River, two thermal springs flow into it. This lake is one of the spawning reservoirs of the peninsula. Above the northern shore of the lake stands the  1,081-metre (3,547 ft) Olney Volcano.

Ust-Kamchatsky District
Ust-Kamchatsky District (Russian: Усть-Камча́тский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion) of Kamchatka Krai, Russia, one of the eleven in the krai. It is located in the east of the krai. The area of the district is 40,837 square kilometers (15,767 sq mi).  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Ust-Kamchatsk. Population:  11,744 (2010 Census); 15,084 (2002 Census); 28,867 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Ust-Kamchatsk accounts for 37.1% of the district's total population.
George Boba
George Boba was a painter and engraver of the 16th century, known by the name of Maître Georges. He was a native of Rheims, and is said by Karel van Mander to have been a disciple of Frans Floris, and by others of Titian. His name in full, or included in a monogram very small, is found on some etchings of landscapes with historical subjects, after Primaticcio; Bartsch gives an account of six of them.

Karel van Mander
Karel van Mander (I) or Carel van Mander I (May 1548 – 2 September 1606) was a Flemish painter, playwright, poet, art historian and art theoretician, who established himself in the Dutch Republic in the latter part of his life.  He is mainly remembered as a biographer of Early Netherlandish painters and Northern Renaissance artists in his Schilder-boeck.  As an artist and art theoretician he played a significant role in the spread and development of Northern Mannerism in the Dutch Republic.
131st Ohio General Assembly
The One Hundred Thirty-first Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives.  It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 5, 2015 and is scheduled to adjourn January 2, 2017.  The apportionment of legislative districts is based on the 2010 United States census and 2011 redistricting plan.  Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party.

Ohio Republican Party
The Ohio Republican Party is the Ohio affiliate of the Republican Party. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1854.

It currently holds the bulk of the state's political power, controlling 10 of Ohio's 15 U.S. House seats, both of its U.S. Senate seats, all statewide executive offices,  supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature, and a majority on Ohio's State Supreme Court.
2011 CQ1
2011 CQ1 is a meteoroid discovered on 4 February 2011 by Richard A. Kowalski, at the Catalina Sky Survey. On the same day the meteoroid passed within 0.85 Earth radii (5,480 kilometers (3,410 mi) of Earth's surface, and was perturbed from the Apollo class to the Aten class of near-Earth objects. With a relative velocity of only 9.7 km/s, had the asteroid passed less than 0.5 Earth radii from Earth's surface, it would have fallen as a brilliant fireball. The meteoroid is between 80 centimeters (31 in) and 2.6 meters (100 in) wide. The meteoroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 5 February 2011.

It was not until 2020 QG on 16 August 2020 that a non-impacting closer approach to Earth was observed.

Perturbation (astronomy)
In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subjected to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body. The other forces can include a third (fourth, fifth, etc.) body, resistance, as from an atmosphere, and the off-center attraction of an oblate or otherwise misshapen body.
Poker Players Alliance
The Poker Players Alliance (PPA) is an American nonprofit Interest group formed to emphasize the rights of poker players, and to protect the players' liberties." The PPA formed to serve as an advocacy group to Washington to establish rights and protections for U.S. poker players.  Within the first year of its existence, the PPA garnered over 600,000 members. In April 2008, the PPA claimed to have signed up its one millionth member.  Membership growth has been due in part to promotional activities by online poker cardrooms like Party Poker.

This organization unsuccessfully lobbied against the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006, which prohibited financial institutions from making payments to internet gambling sites.  A number of online poker sites suspended U.S. operations.  Other sites have continued to serve U.S. customers, citing legal opinions that UIGEA does not apply to poker.

Cereus Poker Network
Cereus Poker Network was an online poker network comprising Absolute Poker and Ultimate Bet. The site is now insolvent and not processing player withdrawals.  Cereus is owned by a private company, Blanca Games.  Blanca Games bought all Network assets in August 2010 from Tokwiro Enterprises.  The Cereus network was one of the world's ten largest online poker cardrooms prior to losing the majority of its player base in the wake of the April 15, 2011 online poker indictments.
ELM Denmark
ELM Denmark was an environmental and sustainable development committee formed in August 1991 by a group of Danish corporations. The formation of the committee was led by Brødrene Hartmann A/S and involved the Danish National Railways, InvestMiljø, Danapak, and other key Danish companies.

DSB (railway company)
DSB, an abbreviation of Danske Statsbaner (pronounced [ˈtænskə ˈstɛˀtsˌpɛːnɐ], Danish State Railways), is the largest Danish train operating company. It's also the largest train operating company in Scandinavia. While DSB is responsible for passenger train operation on most of the Danish railways, goods transport and railway maintenance are outside its scope. DSB runs a commuter rail system, called the S-train, in the area around the Danish capital, Copenhagen, that connects the different areas and suburbs in the greater metropolitan area. Between 2010 and 2017, DSB operated trains in Sweden.

DSB was founded in 1885, when the state-owned companies De jysk-fynske Statsbaner and De sjællandske Statsbaner merged. DSB was established in 1885, after the state in 1867 under the name De Jutland-Fynske Statsbaner took over the private company Det Danske Jernbanedriftselskab and in 1880 they also took over the privately owned Zealand Railway Company.
Abd Allah ibn Mughaffal
Abu Ziyad Abd Allah ibn Mughaffal (Arabic: عبد الله بن مغفّل) (died 60 AH) was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He was one of the companions who attended the Pledge of the Tree where he pledged allegiance to the Prophet. He initially resided in Medina before moving to Basra, where he built a house near the main mosque.

He was also known as Abu Ziyad, Abu Abdul Rahman, or Abu Saeed. He had several children, including Saeed and Ziyad, who were among the notable companions.

He died in Basra in the year 60 or 61 AH and requested that Abu Barza al-Aslami lead his funeral prayer.

Pledge of the Tree
The Pledge of the Tree (Arabic: بيعة الشَّجَرَة, romanized: bayʿat ash-shajara) was a pledge that was sworn to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by his companions prior to the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya (6 AH/628 CE). The pledge, sworn under a tree, was to avenge the rumoured death of Uthman.
Edd Ashe
Edd Ashe, born Edmund Marion Ashe Jr., (August 11, 1908 – September 4, 1986) was a creator of comic strips and a comic book artist in the United States. He wrote the strip Guy Fortune that ran in the Pittsburgh Courier from August 19, 1950, until October 22, 1955. He also illustrated The American Weekly.

He was born in Norwalk, Connecticut. His father was an artist and head of Carnegie Tech's art department.

He was a white Golden Age comic book artist. He and Nathaniel Nitkin created Bomber Burns.

His second marriage was to Beatrice Bishop in 1941. She was the daughter of a prominent hotelier on Long Island and died February 8, 1983.

Golden Age of Comic Books
The Golden Age of Comic Books describes an era in the history of American comic books from 1938 to 1956. During this time, modern comic books were first published and rapidly increased in popularity. The superhero archetype was created and many well-known characters were introduced, including Superman, Batman, Robin, Captain Marvel, Captain America, and Wonder Woman.
Alfred Christy
Alfred Christy (17 January 1818 – 23 March 1876) was an English cricketer who played for Surrey. He was born in Southwark and died in "Aperfield Court", Sevenoaks, Kent.

Christy made a single first-class appearance, in 1857, against Cambridgeshire. Batting as a tailender, he scored a duck in each innings in which he batted.

Christy's brother Frederick played three first-class matches in the 1840s.

Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club
Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Cambridgeshire including the Isle of Ely.

The original Cambridgeshire club, established in 1844, is classified as important from 1857 to 1863, and as first-class from 1864 to 1871.

The present club, founded in 1891, has always had minor status. It did play List A matches occasionally from 1964 until 2004, but it is not classified as a List A team per se. The club is based at The Avenue Sports Club Ground, March, though they have played a number of matches at Fenner's, Cambridge University's ground, and occasionally play games there still. In recent years, matches have also been held at Wisbech and Saffron Walden (in northeastern Essex).
Six Secret Teachings
The Six Secret Teachings (Chinese: 六韜), is a treatise on civil and military strategy traditionally attributed to Lü Shang (aka Jiang Ziya), a top general of King Wen of Zhou, founder of the Zhou dynasty, at around the eleventh century BC. Modern historians nominally date its final composition to the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC), but some scholars believe that it preserves at least vestiges of ancient Qi political and military thought.  Because it is written from the perspective of a statesman attempting to overthrow the ruling Shang dynasty, it is the only one of the Seven Military Classics explicitly written from a revolutionary perspective.

King Wen of Zhou
King Wen of Zhou (Chinese: 周文王, Zhōu Wén Wáng; 1152–1050 BC) was the posthumous title given to Ji Chang (Xiahou) (姬昌), the patriarch of the Zhou state during the final years of Shang dynasty in ancient China. Ji Chang himself died before the end of the Zhou–Shang war. His second son Ji Fa completed the conquest of Shang following the Battle of Muye and posthumously honored him as the founder of the Zhou dynasty. Many of the hymns of the Classic of Poetry are paeans of praise to King Wen. Some consider him the first epic hero of Chinese history.
Carson Airport
Carson Airport (IATA: CSN, ICAO: KCXP, FAA LID: CXP) (Carson City Airport) is three miles northeast of Carson City, the capital of Nevada, United States. It is operated by the Carson City Airport Authority. The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013 categorized it as a reliever airport.

Many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but this airport is CXP to the FAA and CSN to the IATA (which assigned CXP to Tunggul Wulung Airport in Java, Indonesia).

Relief airport
A relief airport or reliever airport is an airport that is built or designated to provide relief or additional capacity to an area when the primary commercial airport(s) requires additional capacity, on a long-term or temporary basis.
Meaningful learning
Meaningful learning refers to the act of higher order thinking and development through intellectual engagement that uses pattern recognition and concept association. It can include—but is not limited to—critical and creative thinking, inquiry, problem solving, critical discourse, and metacognitive skills. The concept and theory of meaningful learning is that learned information is completely understood and can now be used to make connections with other previously known knowledge aiding in further understanding. Since information is stored in a network of connections, it can be accessed from multiple starting points depending on the context of recall. Meaningful learning is often contrasted with rote learning, a method in which information is memorized sometimes without elements of understanding or relation to other objects or situations. A real-world example of a concept the learner has learned is an instance of meaningful learning.

Neural network
A neural network is a group of interconnected units called neurons that send signals to one another. Neurons can be either biological cells or mathematical models. While individual neurons are simple, many of them together in a network can perform complex tasks. There are two main types of neural networks.

In neuroscience, a biological neural network is a physical structure found in brains and complex nervous systems – a population of nerve cells connected by synapses.

In machine learning, an artificial neural network is a mathematical model used to approximate nonlinear functions. Artificial neural networks are used to solve artificial intelligence problems.