hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carta Mercatoria
The Carta Mercatoria, meaning 'the charter of the merchants', was a 1303 charter granted by Edward I to foreign merchants in England, in exchange for the foreign merchants paying a new tax on imports. It guaranteed them freedom to trade, protection under the law, and exemption from tolls on bridges, roads and cities. It also guaranteed no increase in the duty rates they paid.  Additionally, the Carta Mercatoria gave foreigners (or 'aliens' in the parlance of the charter) the official right to be tried by a jury which was at least partially composed of other foreigners.

The charter was revoked by Edward II, owing to complaints by English merchants.  In practice however, foreign merchants retained most of their rights.

In 1334, in exchange for financial assistance, Edward III replaced the general grant of rights to foreign merchants with a particular charter granted to the Hanseatic League.

Duty (tax)
In economics, a duty is a target-specific form of tax levied by a state or other political entity. It is often associated with customs, in which context they are also known as tariffs or dues. The term is often used to describe a tax on certain items purchased abroad.

A duty is levied on specific commodities, financial transactions, estates, etc. rather than being a direct imposition on individuals or corporations such income or property taxes.  Examples include customs duty, excise duty, stamp duty, estate duty, and gift duty.
Broadway (San Francisco)
Broadway is an east–west street in San Francisco that runs from The Embarcadero to the Pacific Heights neighborhood. The neon-lined stretch of Broadway through North Beach was historically the city's red-light district, home to strip clubs and other adult businesses, as well as many nightclubs and bars, and has been featured in several films and television shows. The street is home to several notable venues, such as the Showgirls theater, Convent of the Sacred Heart High School, and the City Lights Bookstore. West of the Broadway Tunnel, Broadway becomes more and more residential, moving from multiple dwelling units into two of the city's wealthier neighborhoods, Cow Hollow and Pacific Heights. It ends at Lyon Street and the Presidio which is gated to vehicular traffic.

Convent of the Sacred Heart High School (California)
Convent of the Sacred Heart High School is a private, independent Catholic girls high school in San Francisco, California. It operates in partnership with the boys Stuart Hall High School as Convent & Stuart Hall.
Mont Saint Michel (painting)
Mont Saint Michel is an 1848 landscape painting by the Scottish artist David Roberts. It portrays the tidal island of Mont-Saint-Michel in Normandy. Roberts was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1841 and was particularly known for his Orientalist depictions of the Middle East, although he also painted widely in Britain and Continental Europe.

The painting was displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1848 held at the National Gallery in London. Today it is in the collection of the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh, having been acquired in 2008.

Scottish National Gallery
The National (formerly the Scottish National Gallery) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by William Henry Playfair, and first opened to the public in 1859.

The gallery houses Scotland's national collection of fine art, spanning Scottish and international art from the beginning of the Renaissance up to the start of the 20th century.

The National is run by National Galleries Scotland, a public body that also owns the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art and the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. Because of its architectural similarity, the National is frequently confused by visitors with the neighbouring Royal Scottish Academy Building (RSA), a separate institution which works closely with the National.
Radó's theorem (harmonic functions)
See also Rado's theorem (Ramsey theory)

In mathematics, Radó's theorem is a result about harmonic functions, named after Tibor Radó. Informally, it says that any "nice looking" shape without holes can be smoothly deformed into a disk.

Suppose Ω is an open, connected and convex subset of the Euclidean space R2 with smooth boundary ∂Ω and suppose that D is the unit disk. Then, given any homeomorphism
μ : ∂D → ∂Ω, there exists a unique harmonic function u : D → Ω such that u = μ on ∂D and u is a diffeomorphism.

Harmonic function
In mathematics, mathematical physics and the theory of stochastic processes, a harmonic function is a twice continuously differentiable function  where U is an open subset of ⁠⁠ that satisfies Laplace's equation, that is,

everywhere on U. This is usually written as

or
Secale africanum
Secale africanum, the African rye, is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae. It is native to the Cape Provinces. An annual or perennial tufted grass reaching 1 m (3 ft), it is found only in the Roggeveld (the ryefield) at elevations from 1,400 to 1,900 m (4,600 to 6,200 ft). Highly palatable to livestock, it has been assessed as Critically Endangered due to overgrazing.

Roggeveld
The Roggeveld (Afrikaans for "rye field") is a plateau in the Karoo region of the Northern Cape, South Africa. Its name comes from the wild rye once plentiful in the area. The Roggeveld Mountains, west of the plateau in the Northern Cape, are named after it.

32°12′S 20°43′E﻿ / ﻿32.200°S 20.717°E﻿ / -32.200; 20.717
Nftables
nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network packets/datagrams/frames. It has been available since Linux kernel 3.13 released on 19 January 2014.

nftables replaces the legacy iptables component of Netfilter. Among the advantages of nftables over iptables is less code duplication and easier extension to new protocols. Among the disadvantages of nftables is that DPI that was provided by "iptables string match" like SNI filtering is not supported.

nftables is configured via the user-space utility nft, while legacy tools are configured via the utilities iptables, ip6tables, arptables and ebtables frameworks.

nftables utilizes the building blocks of the Netfilter infrastructure, such as the existing hooks into the networking stack, connection tracking system, userspace queueing component, and logging subsystem.

Network packet
In telecommunications and computer networking, a network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network. A packet consists of control information and user data; the latter is also known as the payload. Control information provides data for delivering the payload (e.g., source and destination network addresses, error detection codes, or sequencing information). Typically, control information is found in packet headers and trailers.

In packet switching, the bandwidth of the transmission medium is shared between multiple communication sessions, in contrast to circuit switching, in which circuits are preallocated for the duration of one session and data is typically transmitted as a continuous bit stream.
Vakhtang (son of David IV)
Vakhtang (Georgian: ვახტანგ) or Tsuata (Georgian: ცუატა) (c. 1118 – 1138) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili) of the Bagrationi dynasty. He was the son of King David IV the Builder and the Cuman-Kipchak princess Gurandukht, daughter of Khan Otrok. Vakhtang was involved in an attempted coup against Demetrius I of Georgia, his half-brother and heir apparent. Vakhtang was captured, blinded and cast in prison where he apparently died shortly afterwards.

Kipchaks
The Kipchaks, also spelled Qipchaqs, known as Polovtsians (Polovtsy) in Russian sources, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe.

First mentioned in the eighth century as part of the Second Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation and later as part of a confederation with the Cumans. There were groups of Kipchaks in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, China, Syr Darya, and Siberia. Cumania was conquered by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century and integrated into the Golden Horde, which also went on to become known as Kipchak Khanate and the start of a massive Mongolisation of culture, in which when the Kipchak identity was codified permanently when they started to blur the line of Mongols and Turks to become the modern formation of Turco-Mongol identity.
Global Alliance
Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women

Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

Global Alliance for EcoMobility

Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH)

Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition

Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development

Global Alliance for Preserving the History of WWII in Asia

Global Alliance for Project Performance Standards

Global Alliance for Rabies Control

Global Alliance for TB Drug Development

Global Alliance in Management Education

Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals

Global Alliance of Leading-Edge Schools

Global Alliance on Accessible Technologies and Environments

Global ATM Alliance

Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women
Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) is a network of more than 80 non-governmental organizations from all regions of the world that fight against trafficking in persons. GAATW is committed to work for changes in the political, economic, social, and legal systems and structures which contribute to the persistence of trafficking in persons and other human rights violations in the context of migratory movements for diverse purposes, including security of labour and livelihood. It was founded in 1994 by several activists.
MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actress
Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? Award for Favourite Supporting Actress is given by Zee Talkies as part of its annual Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? ceremony for Marathi films,  to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role. Although the awards started in 2009, awards for the Best Supporting Actress category started in 2011.

Zee Marathi
Zee Marathi is an Indian  Marathi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The channel was launched on 15 August 1999 and was known as Alpha TV Marathi until 28 March 2005, when it was renamed as Zee Marathi. It is the first Marathi GEC channel. A HD version of this channel, Zee Marathi HD, was launched on 20 November 2016.
Helga Steudel
Helga Heinrich-Steudel (née Steudel, born 4 May 1939 in Görschnitz) is a former motorcyclist and car racer of the DDR. She is the only female motorcyclist to have won (under her maiden name Steudel) at the Sachsenring. She ended her career in 1967 but made a comeback in 1970 with her Melkus RS 1000 at the Lückendorfer Bergrennen.

Motorcycling
Motorcycling is the act of riding a motorcycle. For some people, motorcycling may be the only affordable form of individual motorized transportation, and small-displacement motorcycles are the most common motor vehicle in the most populous countries, including India, China and Indonesia.

In developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all motorcycles, 58% are in the Asia Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, excluding car-centric Japan.

Motorcycles are mainly a luxury good in developed nations, where they are used mostly for recreation, as a lifestyle accessory or a symbol of personal identity. Beyond being a mode of motor transportation or sport, motorcycling has become a subculture and lifestyle. Although mainly a solo activity, motorcycling can be social and motorcyclists  tend to have a sense of community with each other.
Fauzia Gailani
Fauzia Gailani is an Afghan politician. She was elected to represent Herat Province in Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its National Legislature, in 2005.
She won almost 16,885 votes, more than any other candidate in Herat.

Prior to her election Fauzia, a mother of six, had established a chain of fitness centers. She belongs to the Gailani ethnic Pashtun family of Afghanistan.
Fauzia has spoken out against violence against women, and has spoken out against forced marriages for girls. She herself was forced to marry, at thirteen years of age. She was widely quoted following the murder of Nadia Anjuman, a young Afghan poet whose husband was arrested for her death after admitting hitting her following an argument.

The Congressional Research Service described Fauzia as one of the independent representatives whose support the Hamid Karzai administration was struggling to win.

Health club
A health club (also known as a fitness club, fitness center, health spa, weight room and commonly referred to as a gym) is a place that houses exercise equipment for the purpose of physical exercise.

In recent years, the number of fitness and health services have increased, expanding the interest among the population. Today, health clubs and fitness centers are a reference of health services, rising the adherence to physical activity.
Melissa Sue Glynn
Melissa Sue Glynn is an American consultant and government official who served between 2018 and 2021 as the Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Enterprise Integration. Prior to assuming her current role, she led Alvarez and Marsal's public sector practice focused on improving the delivery of government programs and K-12 and higher education. Previously, she was a principal with PricewaterhouseCoopers, where she was responsible for the firm's work with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.

Glynn holds a Bachelor of Arts from Rutgers University and an Master of Arts and PhD from the University of Arizona. While working toward her doctorate, she served as co-director of the Center for the Management of Information at the University of Arizona. She was also a principal investigator on a cooperative grant from the National Science Foundation and several programs funded by defense research laboratories.

Alvarez and Marsal
Alvarez & Marsal Holdings, LLC (A&M) is a global professional services firm notable for its work in turnaround management and performance improvement of a number of large, high-profile businesses both in the US and abroad such as Lehman Brothers, HealthSouth, Tribune Company, Warnaco, Interstate Bakeries, Target, Darden Restaurants, Arthur Andersen and FTX.
Sikorsky Raider X
The Sikorsky Raider X (stylized in all-caps as RAIDER X) (Sikorsky S-102) is a compound helicopter concept with two coaxial rotors and a single pusher propeller, designed by the Sikorsky Aircraft division of Lockheed Martin for the United States Army Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) program. The Raider X concept was announced in October 2019. In March 2020, the Army selected the Raider X and the Bell 360 Invictus from a field of five design concept candidates. The Raider X and 360 Invictus concepts were to be built as flying prototypes for a competition scheduled for 2023. The FARA program was canceled in 2024.

Sikorsky Aircraft
Sikorsky Aircraft is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Stratford, Connecticut. It was established by the Russian-American aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky in 1923, and was among the first companies to manufacture helicopters for civilian and military use. It also produced seaplanes for passenger transport and surface vehicles such as trains and boats.

Sikorsky was owned by United Technologies Corporation until November 2015, when it was sold to Lockheed Martin.
2009 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg
The Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg was the opening round of the 2009 IndyCar Series on April 5, 2009. It was the first time in IndyCar Series history that the season begins on a road course and not an oval. The race saw 4 drivers make their debuts in the championship: Stanton Barrett, Mike Conway, Robert Doornbos and Raphael Matos. The race was contested over 100 laps of the 1.80 mile street course.

Graham Rahal started from the pole but a poor start meant that he dropped back and out of contention for the victory. Defending champion Scott Dixon crashed out on lap 80, a poor start to his defence of the title, which left Penske's Ryan Briscoe to take the chequered flag from Ryan Hunter-Reay who finished 2nd and Justin Wilson who came home 3rd.

Mike Conway
Michael Robert Conway (born 19 August 1983) is a British professional racing driver. He lives in Sevenoaks, Kent and is currently competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship with Toyota Gazoo Racing.
Josh Kotelnicki
Josh Kotelnicki is an American former football coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Mary in Bismarck, North Dakota from 2014 to 2017, compiling a record of 8–36. Kotelnicki was fired after three consecutive 1–10 seasons and replaced by Craig Bagnell. A native of Litchfield, Minnesota,  Kotelnicki played college football at the University of North Dakota, where he was a starting outside linebacker on the 2001 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team, which won the NCAA Division II Football Championship.

University of Mary
The University of Mary (UMary or simply Mary) is a private, Benedictine university near Bismarck, North Dakota. It was established in 1959 as Mary College.

The university is the largest degree-granting institution in western North Dakota. It has a study-abroad campus in Rome and also operates academic programs at satellite locations in North Dakota (Fargo, downtown Bismarck, Williston, Watford City, Grand Forks), Minnesota, Montana, and Kansas. The University also has a satellite location in Tempe, Arizona, operating as Mary College at ASU, in partnership with Arizona State University as a domestic exchange program. Through Mary College at ASU, the University of Mary offers all academic programs for Nazareth Seminary of the Diocese of Phoenix.
2016–17 Süper Lig
The 2016–17 Süper Lig (known as the Spor Toto Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons) was the 59th season of the Süper Lig, the highest tier football league of Turkey.

The season was named after Turgay Şeren, a legendary goalkeeper of the Turkey national team who also played for and coached Galatasaray.

Beşiktaş clinched their 15th league title on May 28, 2017 with a 4-0 win against Gaziantepspor away with 1 week to spare. With this championship, Beşiktaş was entitled to wear the third star on its logo.

Gaziantepspor
Gaziantepspor was a Turkish football club located in the city of Gaziantep. Formed in 1969 and dissolved in 2020, Gaziantepspor were nicknamed the Şahinler (The Falcons). The club colours were black and red, and they played their home matches at New Gaziantep Stadium.
Utva Trojka
The Utva C-3 Trojka (Trey) was a light aircraft built in Yugoslavia shortly after World War II as a result of a government competition to develop a new, domestically built aircraft with which to equip the country's flying clubs. The winning design was submitted by Boris Cijan and Djordje T. Petković and the prototype was built by Ikarus as the Ikarus 251. Series production took place at Utva as the C-3. It was a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The pilot and instructor sat side by side under an expansive canopy. The type remained in production until the mid-1950s with later examples powered by the more powerful Walter Mikron 4.

Ikarbus
Ikarbus a.d. (full legal name: Ikarbus – Fabrika autobusa i specijalnih vozila a.d.) is a Serbian bus manufacturer based in Zemun, Belgrade.

It was originally established as an aircraft manufacturer in 1923, under the name Ikarus. In 1954, it commenced bus production and since 1960 it completely shifted towards it. In 1992, it changed its name to Ikarbus. Since 2019, it is majority owned by the Chinese "Green Stone Investment Co.".
2016–17 Pakistan federal budget
The Federal budget 2016–17 is the federal budget of Pakistan for the fiscal year beginning from 1 July 2016 and ending on 30 June 2017. The budget was presented in the Parliament by the Minister of Finance, Ishaq Dar on June 3, 2015.

Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)
The Ministry of Finance is a cabinet-level ministry of the government of Pakistan that is in charge of government finance, fiscal policy, and financial regulation. A Finance Minister, an executive or cabinet position heads it.
The Minister is responsible each year for presenting the federal government's budget to the Parliament of Pakistan.
Phantoms of Happiness
Phantoms of Happiness (German: Phantome des Glücks) is a 1930 German drama film directed by Reinhold Schünzel and starring Michael Chekhov, Karina Bell and Gaston Modot. It was originally made as a silent, then re-released in 1930 with an added soundtrack. The film's art direction was by Heinz Fenchel and Jacek Rotmil. It was shot at the Marienfelde Studios in Berlin and premiered at the city's Marmorhaus.

Marmorhaus
The Marmorhaus (English: Marble House) was a cinema that used to be located on the Kurfürstendamm in Berlin. Opened in 1913, it takes its name from a large marble façade. Designed by the architect Hugo Pál, the walls of the foyer and auditorium were decorated by the expressionist artist Cesar Klein.

During the silent era it was a common venue for premieres of new films. These included The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Johannes Goth, The Woman in Heaven, The Head of Janus, Genuine, Four Around a Woman, Wandering Souls,  and The Haunted Castle.

Owned by the giant UFA company for many years, it was later developed into a multiplex.

In 2001 the cinema closed, and the property was sold to the Spanish retailer Zara, which remodeled it as a store. It has since been converted to a MUJI store.
Havrilla
Havrilla is a Rusyn surname. It is a derivate of the personal name Havrylo, Rusyn equivalent of Gabriel.  Notable people with the surname include:

Dennis Havrilla (born 1987), American football player

Jo Ann Havrilla, American actress

Jo Ann Havrilla
Jo Ann Havrilla (born May 30, 1950) is an American actress. She played Penny Pingleton's racist mother Prudence Pingleton in the original film version of Hairspray in 1988. She is also known as Joann Havrilla.
Beat This! The Best of the Beat
Beat This! The Best of the Beat (released as Beat This! The Best of the English Beat in the US) is a greatest hits album by British ska/new wave band the Beat, released on 20 November 2000 in Europe by Go-Feet Records and on 11 September 2001 in the US by London-Sire Records.

As well as a different track order, the US version is different from the European release in that the track "Whine and Grine/Stand Down Margaret" (which was from the album I Just Can’t Stop It ) has been replaced with the dub version of "Stand Down Margaret" (which was originally released as a double A-side single with "Best Friend"). The US version is also an enhanced CD that includes exclusive online content and 5 music videos, which are "Doors of Your Heart", "Drowning", "Mirror in the Bathroom", "Save It for Later" and "Too Nice to Talk To".

Save It for Later
"Save It for Later" is a 1982 song written and recorded by the English ska and new wave band the Beat (known in the United States and Canada as the English Beat). The song was released as a single from the band's third and final studio album, Special Beat Service (1982), finding moderate chart success in Britain.

Written by Beat guitarist Dave Wakeling before the band was founded, the song nearly went unreleased due to opposition from bassist David Steele. After pressure from Wakeling and the record company, it was ultimately recorded for the band's third studio album and has since become one of the band's most famous tracks. It has been featured in various soundtracks and compilation albums.

"Save It for Later" is also notable for its unique tuning, which was achieved accidentally. The track's lyrics highlight the suggestive double entendre of the song's title.