hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exponential stability
In control theory, a continuous linear time-invariant system (LTI) is exponentially stable if and only if the system has eigenvalues (i.e., the poles of input-to-output systems) with strictly negative real parts (i.e., in the left half of the complex plane). A discrete-time input-to-output LTI system is exponentially stable if and only if the poles of its transfer function lie strictly within the unit circle centered on the origin of the complex plane. Systems that are not LTI are exponentially stable if their convergence is bounded by exponential decay.
Exponential stability is a form of asymptotic stability, valid for more general dynamical systems.

Bounded function
In mathematics, a function  defined on some set  with real or complex values is called bounded if the set of its values (its image) is bounded. In other words, there exists a real number  such that

for all  in . A function that is not bounded is said to be unbounded.

If  is real-valued and  for all  in , then the function is said to be bounded (from) above by . If  for all  in , then the function is said to be bounded (from) below by . A real-valued function is bounded if and only if it is bounded from above and below.

An important special case is a bounded sequence, where  is taken to be the set  of natural numbers. Thus a sequence  is bounded if there exists a real number  such that

for every natural number . The set of all bounded sequences forms the sequence space .

The definition of boundedness can be generalized to functions  taking values in a more general space  by requiring that the image  is a bounded set in .
Flat-billed vireo
The flat-billed vireo (Vireo nanus) is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae, the vireos, greenlets, and shrike-babblers. It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Vireo
The vireos /ˈvɪrioʊz/ make up a family, Vireonidae, of small to medium-sized passerine birds found in the New World (Canada to Argentina, including Bermuda and the West Indies) and Southeast Asia.  The family contains 62 species and is divided into eight genera. "Vireo" is a Latin word referring to a green migratory bird, perhaps the female golden oriole, possibly the European greenfinch.

They are typically dull-plumaged and greenish in color, the smaller species resembling wood warblers apart from their heavier bills. They range in size from the Chocó vireo, dwarf vireo and lesser greenlet, all at around 10 cm and 8g, to the peppershrikes and shrike-vireos at up to 17 cm and 40g.
Jaison Peters
Rohel Jaison Peters (born 22 November 1989) is a Montserratian cricketer who plays for the Leeward Islands in West Indian domestic cricket. He plays as a wicket-keeper.

Peters was born in Guyana, but raised on Montserrat, playing for the Montserrat national team in inter-island matches. He made his first-class debut for the Leeward Islands during the 2010–11 Regional Four Day Competition, against Trinidad and Tobago on 11 March 2011, scoring one run in the first innings and 33 in the second as the Leeward Islands won by 29 runs. His only List A appearance came in a Regional Super50 match against the Combined Campuses and Colleges on 24 October 2011; he scored 40 runs and made two dismissals (one catch, one stumping) as the Combined Campuses and Colleges won by four wickets. Peters has made only sporadic appearances for the Leewards since his debut, with Jahmar Hamilton generally being preferred as wicket-keeper.

Combined Campuses and Colleges cricket team
Combined Campuses and Colleges (CCC) is a first-class and List A cricket team composed of West Indian collegiate and university students. The team competes in the Regional Four Day Competition and the Regional Super50. The CCC won the 2018–19 Regional Super50, their only major title so far.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 13
United Nations Security Council Resolution 13 was adopted unanimously on 12 December 1946.  The Council recommended that the General Assembly admit Siam as a member state.

Prince Wan Waithayakon became the first United Nations ambassador from the country.

Member states of the United Nations
The United Nations comprise 193 sovereign states and the world's largest intergovernmental organization. All members have equal representation in the United Nations General Assembly.

The Charter of the United Nations defines the rules for admission of member states. Membership is open to all states which accept certain terms of the charter and are able to carry them out. New members must be recommended by the United Nations Security Council. In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states to be observer states at the UN General Assembly. A member state that has persistently violated the principles of the United Nations Charter can be expelled from the United Nations.
Lisa Nåbo
Lisa Maria Lucia Johansson Nåbo, (born 27 November 1994) is a Swedish politician for the Social Democrat Party. She has been the leader of the party's youth branch SSU since 1 August 2021, and was a member of the municipality council in Linköping between 2018 and 2021.  In 2016, Nåbo spent two months in Yangoon, Myanmar, while volunteering at a school.

Social Democratic Party
The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology.
Antônio Leme
Antônio Leme (born 30 June 1968) is a Brazilian Paralympic boccia player.

Leme competed in the 2015 Parapan American Games in the Pairs BC3 and Individual BC3 events, winning a bronze medal in both of them. He won a gold medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the bocce BC3 mixed doubles, with Evelyn de Oliveira and Evani Soares da Silva. He competed in Individual BC3 but finished in last place in Pool D and did not advance.

Boccia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Pairs BC3
The  mixed pairs BC3 boccia event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics was contested from 10 September to 13 September at Sambodromo in Rio de Janeiro. 8 teams of competitors took part.

The event structure was amended from the 2012 event, with pool stages added. The top two teams from each of two pools then entered into a quarterfinal single-elimination stage, with the losing semifinalists playing off for bronze.
Alaa Al Aswany
Alaa Al Aswany (Arabic: علاء الأسواني, romanized: ʿAlāʾ al-Aswānī, IPA: [ʕæˈlæːʔ elɑsˈwɑːni]; born 26 May 1957) is an Egyptian writer, novelist, dentist and a founding member of the political movement Kefaya. He is based in Paris and New York, where he lives and teaches creative writing.

Al-Masry Al-Youm
Al-Masry Al-Youm (Arabic: المصري اليوم, romanized: al-Maṣrī l-Yawm, IPA: [elˈmɑsˤɾi lˈjoːm],  meaning The Egyptian Today) is an Egyptian privately owned daily newspaper that was first published in June 2004. It is published in Arabic as is its website, almasryalyoum.com. An English version of the website was introduced in 2009 as the Al-masry Al-youm English Edition, which later evolved into Egypt Independent. It strives to be a full-service multimedia news organization for Egypt.
IIEST, Shibpur
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur(pronunciationⓘ) (abbr. IIEST Shibpur) is a public technologicalresearch university located at Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India. Founded in 1856, it is one of the Institutes of National Importance funded by the Ministry of Education of the Government of India. It is regulated by the Council of NITSER. It is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India. In October 2010, the Union Cabinet approved the proposal for the conversion of the Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) at Shibpur to India's first Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST). IIEST is a member of the Association of Indian Universities.

Institute of technology
An institute of technology (also referred to as technological/technology university/college, technical university/college, university/college of technology, polytechnic university) is an institution of tertiary education that specializes in engineering, technology, applied science, and natural sciences.
Francis A. Thomas
Francis A. Thomas (1826 – September 28, 1899) was a prominent physician and Republican politician in New York City's 19th ward.

Born in Lewis County, New York, Thomas graduated from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1853. In 1854, he was appointed as house physician for Blackwell's Island, serving for one year.

Thomas was a prominent Republican, helping to found the Sons of Freedom during the Civil War. The Sons of Freedom later merged into the Union League Club.

Elected in 1865, Thomas served as a councilman from the Seventh District from 1866 to 1867. In 1868, Thomas ran on the Republican ticket for the United States House of Representatives against Democrat Fernando Wood, losing in a close and bitterly contested election.a He subsequently was made Police Surgeon, and held that office for ten years.

On September 26, 1899, Thomas was struck by a Lexington Avenue cable car while crossing 85th Street near his home and died two days later at Presbyterian Hospital.

Union League Club
The Union League Club is a private social club in New York City that was founded in 1863 in affiliation with the Union League. Its fourth and current clubhouse is located at 38 East 37th Street on the corner of Park Avenue, in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan. It was designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris and opened on February 2, 1931.  The building was designated a New York City landmark on October 25, 2011. The club is one of the most prestigious in New York City.

Union League clubs, which are legally separate but share similar histories and maintain reciprocal links with one another, are also located in Chicago and Philadelphia. Additional Union League clubs were formerly located in Brooklyn, New York, and New Haven, Connecticut.
Aphaostracon asthenes
The Blue Spring aphaostracon or Blue Spring hydrobe, scientific name Aphaostracon asthenes, is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Cochliopidae.

Cochliopidae
Cochliopidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks.

Paludestrina d'Orbigny, 1840 is an archaic  synonym, and has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names by ICZN Opinion 2202.

This family is in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and in the order Littorinimorpha (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Trevor Barry
Trevor George Barry (born 14 June 1983) is a high jumper from the Bahamas whose personal best was 2.32 metres, achieved in the final of the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea, on 1 September 2011.

Barry competed in college for Dickinson State University where he helped lead his team to three consecutive national championships.

At the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games, Barry won the silver medal in high jump and finished sixth in the long jump.

Athletics at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
The athletics competition at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games took place at the Estadio Pedro de Heredia in Cartagena, Colombia and lasted from July 25 to July 29. There were 23 events for men and 21 for women. A total of ten Games records were broken at the competition, in addition to a number of national records.

The events were dominated by Cuban athletes, whereas teams like Jamaica did not send their strongest athletes. With 21 gold medals, Cuba won nearly half of the events and 45 medals were won by the country's athletes. Mexico was the next most successful nation, winning eight golds and fourteen medals overall. The hosts Colombia took third place on the medal tally, having won four golds, but also had the second greatest medal haul with nineteen in total. Jamaica, the Netherlands Antilles and Panama were the only other nations at the competition to win two golds or more.
David Magang
David N. Magang (born 1938) is a Botswana lawyer, businessman and politician. Trained at the University of London, he was the first Botswana native to open a private law practice in the nation. A member of the ruling Botswana Democratic Party Magang was Member of Parliament for Kweneng East/Lentsweletau Constituency from 1979 to 2002.

Magang was also Governor of the African Development Bank from 1989 to 1992.  After leaving government Magang became a successful property developer, creating the upper class Gaborone suburb of Phakalane. He wrote a successful and controversial 2008 autobiography The Magic of Perseverance.

In 2012, American journalist, Peter Musurlian of Globalist Films, completed an Emmy-winning documentary on Botswana, which he shot in December 2002. David Magang was instrumental in many of the shoots in Botswana and he was featured throughout the film, which aired in Burbank, California and is available on YouTube.

Phakalane
Phakalane is a suburb of Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana.

It is 12.5 km north of the city center via the A1 road. It is a commercial and residential area.

The suburb is only 16.3 km from the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport via the A1 road and Airport Road.

Phakalane is part of Gaborone North parliamentary constituency.
Paul-Marie Yembit
Paul-Marie Yembit (22 December 1917 – 21 January 1978) was the first vice president of Gabon under Léon M'ba.

A member of the Bapounou people, he was born in the village of Moussambou and educated in local Catholic schools, then at the public secondary school of Lambaréné. He was a businessman in Mouila from 1943 to 1952, then was elected to the Territorial Assembly, representing Ngounié Province. In March 1957, he was re-elected to the Legislative Assembly. A member of the Gabonese Democratic Bloc, he also became Minister of Agriculture and Livestock in March 1957, later holding ministerial posts until becoming vice president in February 1961. He also held the portfolio of Minister of Justice. M'ba replaced Yembit with Omar Bongo in November 1966, and had elections held the following year to confirm Bongo's position.

Yembit died in Libreville on 21 January 1978, aged 60.

Lambaréné
Lambaréné is a town and the capital of Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. It has a population of 38,775 as of 2013, and is located 75 kilometres south of the equator.

Lambaréné is based in the Central African Rainforest at the river Ogooué. This river divides the city into 3 districts: Rive Gauche, Ile Lambaréné and Rive Droite. The Albert Schweitzer Hospital and the districts Adouma and Abongo are located on Rive Droite. The districts Atongowanga, Sahoty, Dakar, Grand Village, Château, Lalala and Bordamur build the Ile Lambaréné. The majority of the people in Lambaréné live in the district Isaac located on Rive Gauche. This district hosts the Lambaréné Airport.

Today Lambaréné is inhabited mainly by Bantu ethnic groups such as the Fang, Bapounou, Eshira, and Myéné; these displaced the Pygmies to the east and north of Gabon. The main economic activity in the town is the fishery and a new port is under construction.
Beniakovce
Beniakovce (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈbeɲɪɐkɔwtse]; Hungarian: Benyék) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region of Slovakia.

It arose after 1877 by a merge of the municipalities Stredná Belža, Šándorova Belža and Vyšná Belža.

Košice Region
The Košice Region (Slovak: Košický kraj, IPA: [ˈkɔʂitskiː ˈkraj]; Hungarian: Kassai kerület; Ukrainian: Кошицький край, romanized: Košyćkyj kraj) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. The region was first established in 1923 and its present borders were established in 1996. It consists of 11 districts (okresy) and 440 municipalities, 17 of which have a town status. About one third of the region's population lives in the agglomeration of Košice, which is its main economic and cultural centre.
Beast (DevilDriver album)
Beast is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band DevilDriver. It was released on February 22, 2011 in the United States. It is also their last album to feature longtime bassist Jon Miller who left in 2011 but would return to the band a decade later in 2022.

Beast sold an over 11,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to debut at number 42 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Mark Lewis (music producer)
Mark Lewis is an American hard rock/heavy metal music producer. Originally from the Southern Maryland area, he once lived in the Orlando, Florida area. Now Mark works as a producer, engineer, and mixer at his own studio in Nashville, Tennessee.

Lewis was a former producer at Audio Hammer Studios in Sanford, Florida. He has engineered productions and/or mixes for established artists such as Chimaira, Trivium, DevilDriver, The Black Dahlia Murder.
Grenfell (1912 ship)
The Grenfell, built on the Peace River, for the Peace River Trading Company, was the first commercial steamship on the Peace River that was not built for the Hudson's Bay Company.

The impassible Vermilion Chutes divides the Peace River into two navigable sections.  The Grenfell operated on the upper reach for only two years before she ran aground 15 miles (24 km) above Fort St. John.  She subsequently burned before she could be refloated.

Peace River
The Peace River (French: rivière de la Paix) is a 1,923-kilometre-long (1,195 mi) river in Canada that originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows to the northeast through northern Alberta. The Peace River joins the Athabasca River in the Peace-Athabasca Delta to form the Slave River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River. The Finlay River, the main headwater of the Peace River, is regarded as the ultimate source of the Mackenzie River. The combined Finlay–Peace–Slave–Mackenzie river system is the 13th longest river system in the world.
Eastern Illinois Railroad
The Eastern Illinois Railroad (EIRC) was a Class III, 53-mile shortline railroad that ran from Neoga, Illinois, to Metcalf, Illinois, on former Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad trackage, with headquarters in Charleston, Illinois. The railroad hauled grain and lumber. There were 4 locomotives in operation on the EIRC when operations ceased, two they owned and two that were leased. They were an EMD GP9 and GP10, along with their prized pair of GP38-2 locomotives leased from ILSX and Wells Fargo. The president of EIRC was Everett Fletcher.

In 2019, Watco's Decatur & Eastern Illinois Railroad filed in intent to acquire EIRC. According to the senior counsel for ADM (company), a majority shareholder of NRG Inc. (which owned EIRC), EIRC ceased rail switching and terminal operations December 31, 2019, and ceased being a covered employer under the Railroad Retirement and Railroad Unemployment Insurance Acts on March 1, 2020.

Archer Daniels Midland
The Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, commonly known as ADM, is an American multinational food processing and commodities trading corporation founded in 1902 and headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. The company operates more than 270 plants and 420 crop procurement facilities worldwide, where cereal grains and oilseeds are processed into products used in food, beverage, nutraceutical, industrial, and animal feed markets worldwide.

ADM ranked No. 35 in the 2023 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations.

The company also provides agricultural storage and transportation services. The American River Transportation Company along with ADM Trucking, Inc., are subsidiaries of ADM.

ADM has been the subject of significant media attention and infamy over the years with its various scandals, one inspiring a novel and subsequent film The Informant!.
Black Hole (roller coaster)
Black Hole, briefly known as Black Hole II (1988) and New Black Hole (1989), was an enclosed steel roller coaster located at Alton Towers theme park near Alton in the English shire county of Staffordshire, United Kingdom. Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf and designed by Werner Stengel, the Jet Star 2 model opened to public in 1984 and operated until 2005. The track layout was enclosed within a large tent-like structure to provide a dark ride experience. The structure was a large green and yellow PVC-covered structure (which was re-themed in 1998 and re-coloured in blue), designed by Rudi Enos.

Dark ride
A dark ride—or ghost train when horror themed—is an indoor amusement ride on which passengers aboard guided vehicles travel through specially lit scenes that typically contain animation, sound, music and special effects. Appearing as early as the 19th century, such exhibits include tunnels of love, scary themes and interactive stories. Dark rides are intended to tell stories, with thematic elements that immerse riders, which unfold throughout the course of the attraction.
St Francis Xavier College, Beaconsfield
St Francis Xavier College is a 7–12 Catholic co-educational school in Victoria, Australia. In 2024, it had over 3,000 students and 333 staff, with over 1,500 students and teachers in the Beaconsfield campus alone. It has campuses in Berwick, Beaconsfield and Officer.

Beaconsfield, Victoria
Beaconsfield (Boonwurrung: Kemgrim) is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 44 km (27 mi) south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Cardinia and City of Casey local government areas. Beaconsfield recorded a population of 7,267 at the 2021 census.
Kırha, Bolu
Kırha is a village in the Bolu District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 104 (2021).

In January, Kirha experiences an average of 10 days of rain, while their driest month, August, has only 2 days of rain on average.

Bolu Province
Bolu Province (Turkish: Bolu ili) is a province in north-western Turkey, between the capital, Ankara, and the largest city in the country, Istanbul. Its area is 8,313 square kilometres (3,210 sq mi), and its population is 320,824 (2022). The capital city of the province is Bolu.
Chunichi Shimbun Hai
The Chunichi Shimbun Hai (Japanese: 中日新聞杯) is a Grade 3 horse race for Thoroughbreds aged three and over, run in December over a distance of 2000 metres on turf at Chukyo Racecourse.

It was first run in 1965 and has held Grade 3 status since 1984. The race was usually run over 1800 metres before being moved up to its current distance in 2006. It was run at Kokura Racecourse in 1991, 1993, 1994, 2010, and 2011.

Chukyo Racecourse
Chukyo Racecourse (中京競馬場, Chūkyō-keibajō) is located in Toyoake, Aichi, Japan. It is used for horse racing. It was built in 1953. It has a capacity of 58,400. It has 8,795 seats. Unlike the JRA's nine other racecourses, it is independent of the JRA, with most of the racecourse owned and run by Nagoya Horse Racing Co., Ltd.
Layer cake
A layer cake (US English) or sandwich cake (UK English) is a cake consisting of multiple stacked sheets of cake, held together by a filling such as frosting, jam, or other preserves.  Most cake recipes can be adapted for layer cakes; butter cakes and sponge cakes are common choices. Frequently, the cake is covered with icing, but sometimes, the sides are left undecorated, so that the filling and the number of layers are visible. Popular flavor combinations include German chocolate cake, red velvet cake, Black Forest cake, and carrot cake with cream cheese icing. Many wedding cakes are decorated layer cakes.

In the mid-19th century, modern cakes were first described in English. Maria Parloa's Appledore Cook Book, published in Boston in 1872, contained one of the first layer cake recipes. Another early recipe for layer cake was published in Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book, published in London in 1894.

Butter cake
A butter cake is a cake in which one of the main ingredients is butter. It is baked with basic ingredients: butter, sugar, eggs, flour and leavening agents such as baking powder or baking soda. It is considered one of the quintessential cakes in American baking. Butter cake originated from the English pound cake, which traditionally used equal amounts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to bake a heavy, rich cake.