hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2003 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival
The 2003 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival (French: Festival olympique de la jeunesse européenne 2003) was the seventh edition of multi-sport event for European youths between the ages of 12 and 18. It was held in Paris, France, from 27 July to 3 August, with the opening and closing ceremonies at the Charléty Stadium. A total of ten sports were contested, featuring around 2000 athletes from 48 nations.

The hosting of the competition formed part of the buildup for the Paris bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Stade Sébastien Charléty
Stade Sébastien-Charléty (French pronunciation: [stad sebastjɛ̃ ʃaʁleti]; lit. 'Stadium of Sébastien Charléty'), also known as Stade Charléty or Charléty, is a multi-purpose stadium located in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, France. Comprising a running track and a football field, the stadium is a 20,000-seat state-owned venue used for numerous sports and events. It is also the current home ground of the rugby union team of Paris Université Club, who operate the venue.
Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine
The Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin) was a research institute of the Max Planck Society, located in  Göttingen, Germany. On January 1, 2022, the institute merged with the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen to form the Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences.

It was founded in 1947 as the Medical Research Institution of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (German: Medizinische Forschungsanstalt der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft), and was integrated into the Max Planck Society in 1948. It retained its original name until 1965. The research focus of the institute was on neuroscience: its research activities were organized into the Department of Neurogenetics, the Department of Molecular Neurobiology, and the Department of Molecular Biology of Neuron Signals.

Research institute
A research institute, research centre, or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.
Eric Ferguson (politician)
Eric W. Ferguson (31 December 1930 – 23 September 2006) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Tangier, Nova Scotia and became a police officer and consultant by career.

He represented the Saint John electoral district since winning that seat in the 1979 federal election. After serving in the 31st Canadian Parliament, Ferguson was defeated in the 1980 election by Mike Landers of the Liberal party.

1980 Canadian federal election
The 1980 Canadian federal election was held on February 18, 1980, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 32nd Parliament of Canada. It was called when the budget of the minority Progressive Conservative government led by Prime Minister Joe Clark was defeated in the Commons. As of 2025, it remains the most recent election triggered by the defeat of a government budget in the Commons. The Liberal Party under former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau won a narrow majority, returning Trudeau to the Premiership for a fourth and ultimately final term. This is the most recent election – and the first since 1935 – in which a sitting government was defeated at the polls after only one elected term. This is also the most recent election in which the Liberals  won more seats in Quebec than in the rest of Canada – since this election, no party has ever bested the Liberals' 74-seat showing in Quebec.
Basketball Champions League Top Scorer
The Basketball Champions League Top Scorer, or FIBA Champions League Top Scorer, is the annual award of the professional club basketball league, the Basketball Champions League (BCL), that is given to the league's Top Scorer throughout the Champions League season. The Basketball Champions League is, along with the EuroCup, one of the two secondary level European-wide professional club basketball leagues in Europe. The award is given by FIBA.

European professional club basketball system
Professional men's basketball clubs in Europe can compete in a number of different competitions, including national leagues, regional (multi-national) leagues, and continental competitions. It is therefore possible for clubs from some countries to take part in several levels of competition in the same season. Clubs usually qualify for European competitions through performance in their national or regional leagues, with the exception of wild cards.
Kalbuse
Kalbuse is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Kalbus is located 19 km (11.8 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi, 5.5 km (3.4 miles) northwest of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Neighboring villages include Vanausse, Mõnnaste, Koidu and Väluste. As of 2011, Kalbuse had a population of 18, a steep decline from 59 in the 2000 census.

Viljandi Parish
Viljandi Parish (Estonian: Viljandi vald) is a rural municipality of Viljandi County, Estonia. It is located around the town of Viljandi, but does not include it.

Viljandi Parish was established by merging four municipalities: Paistu, Pärsti, Saarepeedi and Viiratsi parishes. This took place after the municipal elections held on 20 October 2013.

Between 1939 and 1950, Viljandi Parish existed with different borders.
Polarity item
In grammar and linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An  affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated PPI or AFF. A negation is a negative polarity item, abbreviated NPI or NEG.

The linguistic environment in which a polarity item appears is a licensing context. In the simplest case, an affirmative statement provides a licensing context for a PPI, while negation provides a licensing context for an NPI. However, there are many complications, and not all polarity items of a particular type have the same licensing contexts.

Lexical item
In lexicography, a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word,  or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (≈ vocabulary). Examples are cat, traffic light, take care of, by the way, and it's raining cats and dogs. Lexical items can be generally understood to convey a single meaning, much as a lexeme, but are not limited to single words. Lexical items are like semes in that they are "natural units" translating between languages, or in learning a new language. In this last sense, it is sometimes said that language consists of grammaticalized lexis, and not lexicalized grammar. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis.

Lexical items composed of more than one word are also sometimes called  lexical chunks, gambits, lexical phrases, lexicalized stems, or speech formulae. The term polyword listemes is also sometimes used.
Bus Gamer
Bus Gamer (stylized as BUS GAMER) is a Japanese manga series created by Kazuya Minekura. It only exists as a single volume 'Pilot Edition' due to difficulties in serialization. The manga has been licensed for North American distribution by Tokyopop. The series follows the story of three young men hired by a mysterious company to participate in a business game, in which companies gamble against each other for corporate secrets. It has also produced a drama CD featuring the voices of Kenichi Suzumura, Junichi Suwabe, and Hiroki Takahashi. An anime adaptation of the manga premiered on the Japanese television network KBS Kyoto between March 14 and March 28, 2008, airing a total of three episodes. It is directed by Naoyuki Kuzuya, produced by Frontier Works, and animated by Anpro. The characters are voiced by the same voice actors in the drama CD.

Tokyopop
Tokyopop (styled TOKYOPOP; formerly known as Mixx Entertainment) is an American distributor, licensor and publisher of anime, manga, manhwa and Western manga-style works. The German publishing division produces German translations of licensed Japanese properties and original English-language manga, as well as original German-language manga. Tokyopop's US publishing division publishes works in English. Tokyopop has its US headquarters near Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California.

It is owned by POP Media Holdings. Tokyopop's parent company's offices are in Tokyo, Japan and its sister company's office is in Hamburg, Germany.
Norwegian County Road 44
County Road 44 (Norwegian: Fylkesvei 44) is a county road which runs from the town of Flekkefjord in Agder county to the city of Stavanger in Rogaland county. The section of the road between Søyland and Ogna in the municipality of Hå has, together with almost all of County Road 507, been designated as National Tourist Routes for the landscape of Jæren. The route follows the North Sea coastline of south-western Norway, and passes mile long beaches, some of Norway's best tended farmlands with its typical dry stone walls, some notable lighthouses and other buildings of cultural significance.

Rogaland
Rogaland (Norwegian: [ˈrûːɡɑlɑn] ⓘ) is a county in Western Norway, bordering the North Sea to the west and the counties of Vestland to the north, Telemark to the east and Agder to the east and southeast. As of 1 January 2024, it had a population of 499,417 people.

The administrative centre of the county is the city of Stavanger, which is the third largest city in Norway.
Surface acoustic wave
A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave traveling along the surface of a material exhibiting elasticity, with an amplitude that typically decays exponentially with depth into the material, such that they are confined to a depth of about one wavelength.

Qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit (/ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information; a binary qudit – the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two spin states (left-handed and the right-handed circular polarization) can also be measured as horizontal and vertical linear polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of multiple states simultaneously, a property that is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.
Budovar
The Budovar (Serbian Cyrillic: Будовар) is a river in northern Serbia, a 52 km-long right tributary to the Danube in the Srem region of the Vojvodina province.

The Budovar is a system of natural and channeled water flow of Patka-Budovar. It originates from the eastern slopes of the Fruška Gora mountain, near the village of Čortanovci as the Patka (Cyrillic: Патка) at an altitude of 215 m. The river flows to the southeast, through the village of Beška, where it is crossed by the Belgrade-Novi Sad highway. After it receives the smaller stream from the left near the village of Krčedin, the river is known as the Budovar. The river turns south and flows parallel to the highway, next to the village of Novi Karlovci, before it empties into the Danube at the village of Stari Banovci.

The Budovar belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin and it is not navigable.

Beška
Beška (Serbian Cyrillic: Бешка) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in the region of Syrmia (Syrmia District), in Inđija municipality. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and a population numbering 6,239 people (2002 census).
Markku Takala
Markku Takala (born May 2, 1972) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey centre.

Takala played in the SM-liiga for Kiekko-Espoo and Lukko. He also played in the British Ice Hockey Superleague for the Newcastle Cobras and the Elite Ice Hockey League for the Basingstoke Bison as well as in Norway for the Sparta Warriors and Furuset Ishockey.

Newcastle Jesters
The Newcastle Jesters were an ice hockey franchise based in Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. The team were members of the Ice Hockey Superleague and played their home games at the Telewest Arena (now the Utilita Arena).
Padi Junction
The Padi Lucas Junction is the intersection of Chennai-Thiruvallur High Road and Inner Ring Road in the city of Chennai and is one of the most important junctions in the city. It is located in Anna Nagar north of Koyambedu Junction. An elevated rotary has been constructed at this junction as part of the NHDP by NHAI to ease the traffic congestion. It was built at a cost of ₹ 1,300 million and was opened for traffic on 20 February 2009.

National Highways Authority of India
The National Highways Authority of India or NHAI (native: Bhāratīya Rāṣṭrīya Rājmārg Prādhikaraṇ) is an autonomous agency of the Government of India, set up in 1995 (Act 1988) and is responsible for management of a road network of over 50,000 km of National highways out of 1,32,499 km in India. It is a nodal agency of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). NHAI has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for satellite mapping of highways.
Cologne-Minden trunk line
The Cologne-Minden trunk line is a railway built by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, CME). The line is the westernmost part of the railway line from Berlin to the Rhine that was proposed by Friedrich List in his Concept for a railway network in Germany, published in 1833. In fact, Friedrich Harkort (“father of the Ruhr”) had proposed the construction of a railway line from Cologne to Minden in 1825.

Cologne–Minden Railway Company
The Cologne-Minden Railway Company (German, old spelling: Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, CME) was along with the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company and the Rhenish Railway Company one of the railway companies that in the mid-19th century built the first railways in the Ruhr and large parts of today's North Rhine-Westphalia.
Eni (letter)
Eni, or En (Asomtavruli: Ⴄ; Nuskhuri: ⴄ; Mkhedruli: ე; Mtavruli: Ე; Georgian: ენი, ენ) is the 5th letter of the three Georgian scripts.

In the system of Georgian numerals, it has a value of 5.
Eni commonly represents the mid front unrounded vowel /e̞/, like between the pronunciation of ⟨e⟩ in "embassy" and the pronunciation of ⟨e⟩ in "bed" (General Australian). It is typically romanized with the letter E.

Georgian numerals
The Georgian numerals are the system of number names used in Georgian, a language spoken in the country of Georgia.  The Georgian numerals from 30 to 99 are constructed using a base-20 system, similar to the scheme used in Basque, French for numbers 80 through 99, or the notion of the score in English.

The symbols for numbers in modern Georgian texts are the same Arabic numerals used in English, except that the comma is used as the decimal separator, and digits in large numbers are divided into groups of three using spaces or periods (full stops).  An older method for writing numerals exists in which most of the letters of the Georgian alphabet (including some obsolete letters) are each assigned a numeric value.
Iristel
Iristel is a Canadian provider of telecommunication services that is a competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC). The company was founded in 1999 and is headquartered in Markham, Ontario.It provides a range of communication services, including Voice-over-IP (VoIP), wireless solutions, and toll-free services. The company's network spans Canada and serves customers in over 70 countries.

Iristel has deployed multiple redundant switching facilities and points of presence (PoPs) nationally.

Toll-free telephone number
A toll-free telephone number or freephone number is a telephone number that is billed for all arriving calls. For the calling party, a call to a toll-free number is free of charge, unless air-charges apply for mobile telephone service. A toll-free number is identified by a dialing prefix similar to an area code. The specific service access varies by country.
Screenplay
A screenplay, or script, is a written work produced for a film, television show (also known as a teleplay), or video game by screenwriters (cf. stage play). Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. A screenplay is a form of narration in which the movements, actions, expressions and dialogue of the characters are described in a certain format. Visual or cinematographic cues may be given, as well as scene descriptions and scene changes.

Writers Guild of America West
The Writers Guild of America West (WGAW) is a labor union representing film, television, radio, and new media writers. It was formed in 1954 from five organizations representing writers, including the Screen Writers Guild. It has around 17,000 total members as of 2025.

The WGAW and the Writers Guild of America East (WGAE), though independent entities, jointly brand themselves together as the Writers Guild of America (WGA), and cooperate on activities such as launching coordinated strike actions, and administering both the Writers Guild of America Awards and the WGA screenwriting credit system. The WGAE is an affiliate of the International Affiliation of Writers Guilds.
Juliette Dodu
Juliette Dodu (Saint-Denis de la Réunion, June 15, 1848 – October 28, 1909) was a legendary heroine of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and the first woman to be awarded the Legion of Honor.  However, many doubts have been raised about her actions during the war, and her story remains controversial.

Marshal of France
Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was Marshal of the Empire, not Marshal of France).

Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe, and Soult.

The distinction of Admiral of France is the equivalent in the French Navy.
Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1774–86) is a six-volume work published by 18th-century British polymath Joseph Priestley which reports a series of his experiments on "airs" or gases, most notably his discovery of the oxygen gas (which he called "dephlogisticated air").

Polymath
A polymath or polyhistor is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, but some are gifted at explaining abstractly and creatively.

Embodying a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term Renaissance man, often applied to the gifted people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectually, artistically, socially, physically, and spiritually.
Vincent Cirrincione
Vincent Cirrincione (born May 31, 1947) is an American former talent manager and film producer who has been credited in shaping the careers of actresses Halle Berry and Taraji P. Henson. In 2018, his career came to an end following allegations of misconduct, which resulted in the closure of his management firm.

Lackawanna Blues (film)
Lackawanna Blues is a 2005 American biographical drama television film directed by George C. Wolfe and written by Ruben Santiago-Hudson. It aired on HBO on February 12, 2005. It is based on the play of the same name by Santiago-Hudson. Wolfe had commissioned the stage version.

For her work in the movie, S. Epatha Merkerson won a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2006.
The Young and Defenceless
The Young and Defenceless is an EP by Welsh post-hardcore band Funeral for a Friend, released on September 6, 2010. The title of the EP is sourced from a lyric in the track "Sixteen". This is the first release by Funeral for a Friend that includes bassist Richard Boucher and is also the first release to feature former bassist Gavin Burrough on guitars. The CD is limited edition, available only to those who bought it at PledgeMusic. In several European countries (not the UK), it is available for download from 7digital. On this release, the cover has been slightly changed. On October 29, 2010, the band released a music video for the song "Serpents in Solitude".

Two songs from the EP: "Sixteen" and "Damned If You Do, Dead If You Don't" were also later featured in the band's fifth full-length studio album Welcome Home Armageddon in 2011. "Sixteen," shall be the second single for their fifth studio album.

The artwork is illustrated by Rianne Rowlands

PledgeMusic
PledgeMusic was an online direct-to-fan music platform, launched in August 2009. It was started to facilitate musicians looking to pre-sell, market, and distribute projects, such as recordings and concerts. It bore similarities to other artist payment platforms as ArtistShare, Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Patreon, RocketHub and Sellaband.

The company announced it was facing bankruptcy in May 2019, after a year of artists reporting slow payment problems. The company was granted permission to wind up on 19 August 2019.
Grammy Award for Best American Roots Performance
The Grammy Award for Best American Roots Performance is an award category at the annual Grammy Awards. It was first presented in 2015.

The award was first approved by the board of trustees of the Grammy Awards in June 2014. According to NARAS, the award encompasses all of the subgenres of the American Roots category field, which include bluegrass, blues, folk and regional roots styles of music such as Cajun, Hawaiian, Indigenous, Polka, Zydeco, go-go, second line brass, swamp pop, and Conjunto music. The category is open for solo artists, duos, groups and other collaborations and is for singles or tracks only. It was joined by a sister category, Best Americana Performance, in 2023.

The Grammy is awarded to the performer(s) of the winning recording.

Zydeco
Zydeco (/ˈzaɪdɪˌkoʊ, -diː-/ ZY-dih-koh, -⁠dee-; French: zarico) is a music genre that was created in rural Southwest Louisiana by French speaking African Americans of Creole heritage. It incorporates blues and rhythm and blues with music indigenous to the Louisiana Creoles, such as la la and juré. The main instruments are accordion and rubboard (washboard) or vest frottoir.