hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Desertification and land restoration rate in Ghana
The majority of Ghana's income and jobs are produced directly and indirectly by the land, which is a vital resource for our nation's prosperity. It sustains the provision of ecosystem services as well as the agricultural, forestry, and fishing livelihoods of the vast majority of people, particularly those living in rural areas. Despite these advantages, there are a number of temporal and spatial factors contributing to the degradation of our land resources, such as deforestation, erosion, declining soil fertility and productivity, deterioration of rangelands, desertification, and deterioration of water bodies (quantity and quality).

Ghana's drylands in the northern Sudanese and Guinea savannah regions are especially at risk from erosion; in these areas, land deterioration is known as "desertification." The risk of desertification is present on about 35% of Ghana's land. An estimated $1.4 billion, or 6% of Ghana's GDP, is lost to land degradation each year in the country.

Guinean forest–savanna mosaic
The Guinean forest-savanna, also known as the Guinean forest-savanna transition, is a distinctive ecological region located in West Africa. It stretches across several countries including Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon. This region is characterized by a unique blend of forested areas and savannas, creating a diverse and dynamic landscape.

It is an ecoregion of West Africa, a band of interlaced forest, savanna, and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior.
Johann von Leuchselring
Johann von Leuchselring was Chancellor for the Free Imperial City of Augsburg from 1636 () through 1645 () and a leading Catholic negotiator in the Peace of Westphalia.

In the peace congress in Münster, starting in 1645, Johann von Leuchselring acted an envoy for the Catholic Council of the city of Augsburg and for the cities of Überlingen, Dinkelsbühl, Biberach, Ravensburg, Kaufbeuren, Buchhorn, Buchau, Rottweil, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Offenburg, Pfullendorf, Gengenbach, and Zell am Harmersbach.

In the second half of 1646 war returned to Augsburg. Johann von Leuchselring was the official representative of the council of the Catholic imperial estates including committee of the Protestant citizenship, in which the patrician Johann David Herwart played a leading role ensuring a balance in negotiations between Catholics and Protestants at the Peace of Westphalia.

Rottweil
Rottweil (German: [ˈʁɔtvaɪl] ⓘ; Alemannic: Rautweil) is a town in southwest Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Rottweil was a free imperial city for nearly 600 years.

Located between the Black Forest and the Swabian Alps, Rottweil has over 25,000 inhabitants as of 2022. The town is famous for its medieval center and for its traditional carnival (called "Fasnet" in the local Swabian dialect). It is the oldest town in Baden-Württemberg, and its appearance has changed very little since the 16th century.

The town gives its name to the Rottweiler dog breed.
Hleb Harbuz
Hleb Harbuz (born 17 March 1994) is a Belarusian handball player for TSV St. Otmar St. Gallen and the Belarusian national team.

He participated at the 2018 European Men's Handball Championship, where Belarus finished 10th.

2018 European Men's Handball Championship
The 2018 EHF European Men's Handball Championship was the 14th edition of the tournament, hosted for the second time in Croatia from 12 to 28 January 2018. Croatia was awarded hosting the tournament during the EHF congress in Dublin on 20 September 2014. This was the last edition to feature 16 teams, with the 2020 edition expanding to 24 teams and six preliminary groups format.

Spain won their first title after defeating Sweden 29–23 in the final. France captured the bronze medal after defeating Denmark 32–29. Defending champions Germany finished 9th while the hosts Croatia broke the streak of playing 7 semifinals in a row by finishing 5th.
Graham Hart
Graham Lloyd Hart (6 January 1906 – 18 April 1974) was an Australian politician, and judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland from 1963 to his death in 1974. He was the Liberal member for Mount Gravatt in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1957 to 1963.

Electoral district of Mount Gravatt
Mount Gravatt was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1950 to 2009.

The district was based in the southern suburbs of Brisbane. Prior to its abolition, it included the suburbs of Mount Gravatt, Mount Gravatt East, Eight Mile Plains, Robertson and Sunnybank.

In 2008, Mount Gravatt was abolished—with effect at the 2009 state election—as a result of the redistribution undertaken by the Electoral Commission of Queensland. Its former territory and voters were divided between the districts of Chatsworth, Greenslopes, Mansfield, Yeerongpilly and the new seat of Sunnybank.
EAF family
In molecular biology, the EAF family of proteins act as transcriptional transactivators of ELL and ELL2 RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional elongation factors. EAF proteins form a stable heterodimer complex with ELL proteins to facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase II to activate transcription elongation. ELL and EAF1 are components of Cajal bodies, which have a role in leukemogenesis. EAF1 also has the capacity to interact with ELL1 and ELL2. The N terminus of approx 120 of EAF1 has a region of high serine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid residues.

Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.

Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries.
Nico Meerholz
Nico Meerholz (born 23 October 1959) is a South African badminton player. He competed in both men's singles and men's doubles at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He is one of the first South African players to win gold in men's doubles at the African Badminton Championships.

Badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's singles
The badminton men's singles tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics took place from 28 July to 4 August at Pavelló de la Mar Bella. The men's singles resulted in the only non-Asian medallist, Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen of Denmark.  56 players from 32 nations competed in men's singles.
The Empty Day
"The Empty Day" is the 22nd television play episode of the first season of the Australian anthology television series Australian Playhouse. "The Empty Day" was written by Pat Flower and produced by John Croyston and originally aired on ABC on 12 September 1966 in Sydney and Melbourne, and on 17 October 1966 in Brisbane.

John Croyston
John Croyston (7 March 1933 – 23 May 2007) was an Australian writer, radio producer and director.

Born in the Sydney suburb of Enfield on 7 March 1933, Croyston moved with his family to the Georges River following the outbreak of WWII. He completed his secondary education at Hurlstone Agricultural High School, then studied at the University of Sydney. He worked as a teacher before going on to work at the ABC. He was a radio producer at the ABC from 1958 to 1964. He then moved into television.

Croyston died in Greenwich, New South Wales on 23 May 2007.
Mercedes Chilla
Mercedes Chilla López (born January 19, 1980, in Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz) is a javelin thrower from Spain. She has represented Spain at two Summer Olympics (2004 and 2008) and has also competed at the World Championships in Athletics. Chilla is the Spanish record holder for the event, with a best mark of 64.07 metres, and has won medals at the Mediterranean Games and the Ibero-American Championships.

Mediterranean Games
The Mediterranean Games is a multi-sport event organised by the International Committee of Mediterranean Games (CIJM). It is held every four years among athletes from countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea in Africa, Asia and Europe. The first Mediterranean Games were held in 1951 in Alexandria, Egypt, while the most recent games were held in 2022 in Oran, Algeria.
Cryptothecia austrocoreana
Cryptothecia austrocoreana is a species of crustose and corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in South Korea, it was formally described as a new species in 2017 by Jung-Jae Woo, László Lőkös, Edit Farkas, and Jae-Seoun Hur. The type specimen was collected by the first author near Seonamsa (Suncheon, Jeollanam Province) at an altitude of 160 m (520 ft); here it was found growing on the bark of Meliosma myriantha. It also grows on the bark of Carpinus tschonoskii. The lichen is only known to occur at the type locality. The specific epithet austrocoreana refers to the southern part of South Korea.

Lichen products found in Cryptothecia austrocoreana include barbatic acid as a major constituent, minor amounts of atranorin, and trace amounts of chloroatranorin. Only six other species of genus Cryptothecia contain barbatic acid.

Arthoniaceae
The Arthoniaceae are a family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi in the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of Arthoniales, with around 800 species. Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in Arthonia which is the largest genus with 500 species. The second and third largest genus is Arthothelium with 80 species, and Cryptothecia with 60 species.
X-Scape
X-Scape, known as X-Returns in Japan and as 3D Space Tank in the PAL region, is a first-person combat simulation game developed by Q-Games and Nintendo released on the Nintendo DSi's DSiWare download service. It is a sequel to the 1992 Japan-exclusive Game Boy title X.

PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I and K. The articles on analogue broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation.

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany, with important input from Gerhard Mahler. The format was patented by Telefunken in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch", the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage").
Fields of sorrow
The Fields of sorrow or Fields of mourning (Latin: Lugentes campi) are an afterlife location that is mentioned by Virgil during Aeneas' trip to the underworld. In his Aeneid, Virgil locates the fields of sorrow close to the rough waters of the river Styx and describes them as having gloomy paths and dark myrtle groves. He refers to them as a place where souls recall their earthly griefs and mourn for unfulfilled love.

Aeneas
In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (/ɪˈniːəs/ in-EE-əs; Classical Latin: [ae̯ˈneːaːs]; from Ancient Greek: Αἰνείας, romanized: Aineías) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons of Ilus, founder of Troy), making Aeneas a second cousin to Priam's children (such as Hector and Paris). He is a minor character in Greek mythology and is mentioned in Homer's Iliad. Aeneas receives full treatment in Roman mythology, most extensively in Virgil's Aeneid, where he is cast as an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. He became the first true hero of Rome. Snorri Sturluson identifies him with the Norse god Víðarr of the Æsir.
Barbara Wagner
Barbara Aileen Wagner (born May 5, 1938) is a Canadian former pair skater. She teamed up with Robert Paul in 1952. They became the 1960 Olympic champions, four-time World champions, and five-time Canadian national champions. After retiring from competition, the pair toured with Ice Capades.

Wagner was formerly married to U.S. figure skater James Grogan. She resides in Alpharetta, Georgia, coaching figure skating at the Alpharetta Family Skate Center, the Cooler, and is a member of the Atlanta Figure Skating Club.

Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics took place at the Blyth Arena in Squaw Valley, California, United States. Three figure skating events were contested: men's singles, ladies' singles and pair skating. It was the final time that figure skating at the Winter Olympics was conducted in a covered, but not enclosed, rink.

On February 15, 1961, the entire United States figure skating team and several family members, coaches, and officials were killed when Sabena Flight 548 crashed in Brussels, Belgium, en route to the World Championships in Prague. The accident caused the cancellation of the 1961 World Championships and necessitated the building of a new American skating program.
Gareth Owen (rugby union)
Gareth Owen (born 5 November 1988 in Bridgend, Wales) is a Welsh rugby union player who plays at Centre, Fullback and Flyhalf.  He currently plays for Newcastle Falcons in England's second division, the RFU Championship.

Champ Rugby
Champ Rugby (formerly the RFU Championship) is an English rugby union competition among fourteen clubs. It is the second level of men's English rugby and is played by both professional and semi-professional players. The competition has existed since 1987, when English clubs were first organised into leagues. Historically the competition provided automatic promotion to the top-flight PREM Rugby, but following a vote by the RFU Council on 27 February 2026, automatic promotion and relegation between the two tiers was abolished from the 2026–27 season. Champ Rugby remains a required pathway to the PREM under the new criteria-based expansion model, under which any club seeking admission to the PREM must first have played at least one season in the Champ.
Steinitz Memorial
The Steinitz Memorial was a blitz chess tournament held from May 15 to May 17, 2020, in honor of the first recognized world chess champion Wilhelm Steinitz. The prize pool was €30,000.

Grandmasters participated in the tournament, among men Magnus Carlsen, Alexander Grischuk, Bu Xiangzhi, Peter Svidler, Jeffery Xiong, Daniil Dubov, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Lê Quang Liêm, Anton Korobov, David Antón Guijarro; among women are Ekaterina Lagno, Lei Tingjie, Alexandra Kosteniuk, Tan Zhongyi, Antoaneta Stefanova, Marie Sebag, Zhansaya Abdumalik, Elisabeth Pähtz, Deysi Cori.

The tournament was held on the technical site of Chess24.com. The winner among men was then-world chess champion Magnus Carlsen, among women — Ekaterina Lagno.

Kateryna Lagno
Kateryna Oleksandrivna Lagno (born 27 December 1989) is a Russian (formerly Ukrainian) chess grandmaster. A chess prodigy, she earned the title Woman Grandmaster (WGM) at the age of 12 years, four months and two days. In 2007, she was awarded the grandmaster title.

She is a twice European Women's Champion and won two team gold medals at the Women's Chess Olympiad, in 2006 and 2014, playing for Ukraine and Russia respectively. She also won team gold at the Women's World Team Championship in 2013 playing for the Ukrainian team and in 2017 and 2021 playing for the Russian team. Lagno won the Women's European Team Championship in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, playing for the Ukrainian team in 2013 and for the Russian team in all following championships. Lagno was the Women's Vice World Champion in 2018,  Women's World Rapid Champion in 2014 and Women's World Blitz Champion in 2010, 2018 and 2019.
Shihlun
Shihlun (Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡉࡄࡋࡅࡍ, romanized: Šihlun, lit. 'he sent me'; also spelled Shehlon) is an uthra (angel or guardian) in the World of Light. In the Mandaean Book of John, he is noted for his opposition to the creation of the material universe by Ptahil and his assistant uthras.

World of Light
In Mandaeism, the World of Light or Lightworld (Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡍࡄࡅࡓࡀ, romanized: alma ḏ-nhūra), also the Worlds of Light (Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡋࡌࡉࡀ ࡖࡍࡄࡅࡓࡀ, romanized: almia ḏ-nhūra, Modern Mandaic pronunciation: [ˈalmi dənˈhura]), is the primeval, transcendental world from which Tibil and the World of Darkness emerged.
Sri Chand Ram
Sri Chand Ram (born 1934) is an Indian hurdler. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1956 Summer Olympics. His personal best was 110H-14.4 in 1960. Chand Ram also served in the Rajputana Rifles in the Indian Army.

Rajputana Rifles
The Rajputana Rifles is the oldest rifle regiment of the Indian Army, having been founded in 1775. It traces its origins to the British Indian Army, when six previously existing regiments were amalgamated to form six battalions of the 6th Rajputana Rifles. The regiment won several gallantry awards during World War I and World War II. In 1945, the numeral designation was dropped from the title. The regiment was transferred to the newly independent Indian Army in 1947.

Since India's independence, the regiment has been involved in a number of conflicts against Pakistan, as well as contributing to the Custodian Force (India) in Korea under the aegis of the United Nations in 1953–54 and to the UN Mission to the Congo in 1962. As a rifle regiment, it uses a bugle horn as its insignia, the same as the British Light Division, but unlike its British counterparts, the Rajputana Rifles march at the same march pace used in the Indian Army as a whole.
Ocean Park pier fire
Ocean Park pier fire refers to fires that occurred on or near amusement piers of Ocean Park, Los Angeles County, California, United States.

1912 Ocean Park pier fire

1915 Ocean Park pier fire

1924 Ocean Park pier fire

Multiple 1970s Ocean Park pier fires (after closure but before demolition of Pacific Ocean Park)

Fraser's Million Dollar Pier
Fraser's Million Dollar Pier was a 20th-century amusement park in Ocean Park, California in the United States. The pier was located between Pier Avenue and Marine Street, in a community situated between Santa Monica and Venice in Los Angeles County. Developed by Alexander R. Fraser, a booster in Ocean Park who had formerly been business partners with Abbot Kinney of Venice, the pier opened to the public on June 17, 1911 and was destroyed September 3, 1912 in a catastrophic fire that spread into the adjacent neighborhood and destroyed six to eight square blocks.

The pier was also known as the Fraser Pier and the Ocean Park Pier; both names were also applied to a second pier built on the same site that stood from 1913 to 1924.
Hans Peter Duerr
Hans Peter Duerr (born 6 June 1943) is a German anthropologist and author of ten books on anthropology. Duerr studied at both the University of Vienna and the University of Heidelberg, eventually gaining his doctorate in 1971 with a dissertation on consciousness theory in philosophy. From 1975 through to 1980 he worked as a lecturer and visiting professor of ethnology and cultural history at the University of Zurich, University of Kassel and University of Bern, before settling down permanently at Kassel. From 1992 to 1999 he taught as a professor of anthropology and cultural history at the University of Bremen, before moving back to Heidelberg.

He has published multiple books in German, one of which has been translated as Dreamtime: Concerning the Boundary between Wilderness and Civilization. From 1988 through to 2002 he published a five volume magnum opus entitled Der Mythos vom Zivilisationsprozeß.

University of Kassel
The University of Kassel (German: Universität Kassel) is a university founded in 1971 located in Kassel, Hessen, in central Germany. As of February 2022 it had about 25,000 students and about 3300 staff, including more than 300 professors.

A special unit (Studienkolleg) prepares international students for their period of study (language and academic skills). International students come from over 115 countries.

Each academic year, more than 100 visiting scholars pursue research projects in cooperation with colleagues from the University of Kassel, making a valuable contribution to the academic and cultural life. The newly established International House is located on the campus. It offers hostels for international guests and is available for meetings, conferences, and cultural events.
2012 North American Ski Mountaineering Championship
The 2012 North American Ski Mountaineering Championship was the first edition of a North American Championship of Ski Mountaineering.

The 2012 Crested Butte Ski Mountaineering Race, supported by the United States Ski Mountaineering Association (USSMA), held in Colorado from 27 to 29 January 2012 was billed as the North American Championship of the International Ski Mountaineering Federation (ISMF). Participants were competition ski mountaineers from Canada and the United States. Some competitors from other continents (italic in the ranking lists below) also participated in the Crested Butte Ski Mountaineering Race events, but appear only in the World ranking and not in the North American Championship's ranking (abbreviated NAC in the lists below).

Crested Butte
Crested Butte is a prominent mountain summit in the Elk Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 12,168-foot (3,709 m) peak is in Gunnison National Forest, 2.1 miles (3.4 km) northeast by east (bearing 59°) of the Town of Crested Butte in Gunnison County, Colorado, United States.  Ski lifts and runs of the Crested Butte Mountain Resort occupy the north side of the mountain.
Ernest Gooden
Ernest E. Gooden (February 4, 1900 – October 19, 1934), nicknamed "Pud", was an American Negro league infielder in the 1920s.

A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Gooden made his Negro leagues debut in 1921 with the Homestead Grays and Pittsburgh Keystones. He rejoined Pittsburgh again the following season. Gooden made the Chicago American Giants roster in early 1923 before splitting time with the Toledo Tigers, Cleveland Tate Stars, and Detroit Stars the rest of the season. He died in Pittsburgh in 1934 at age 34.

Cleveland Tate Stars
The Cleveland Tate Stars were a Negro league baseball team from 1919 through 1923. They played as an independent (non-affiliated) team from 1919 through 1921, and joined the Negro National League in 1922.  In their only season as a full-fledged league member, they finished last of eight clubs with a reported 17–29 record in league play.

They returned to independent ball in 1923, loosely associated with the Eastern Colored League, but in August rejoined the NNL as an associate team, finishing with a record of 13–16–1 against all opponents.

George Tate founded and owned the team, and was its namesake. Candy Jim Taylor was player-manager during the team's early years.  The Tate Stars ceased operations after 1923, and were succeeded by the Cleveland Browns in 1924.
Gorō Mutsumi
Gorō Mutsumi (睦五朗 or 睦五郎, Mutsumi Gorō, also credited as Goro Mutsu, September 11, 1934 – June 5, 2021 (claimed)) was a Japanese actor with more than 30 films to his credit. He has also appeared in numerous television shows, especially jidaigeki, in which he specializes in villains, and in tokusatsu. In addition, he is a stage and voice actor with prominent roles in narration, dubbing, and anime.

Jidaigeki
Jidaigeki (時代劇) is a genre of film, television, and theatre in Japan. Literally meaning "period dramas", it refers to stories that take place before the Meiji Restoration of 1868.

Jidaigeki show the lives of the samurai, farmers, craftsmen, and merchants of their time. Jidaigeki films are sometimes referred to as chambara movies, a word meaning "sword fight", though chambara is more accurately a subgenre of jidaigeki. Jidaigeki rely on an established set of dramatic conventions including the use of makeup, language, catchphrases, and plotlines.