hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Time reversibility
In mathematics and physics, time-reversibility is the property of a process whose governing rules remain unchanged when the direction of its sequence of actions is reversed.

A deterministic process is time-reversible if the time-reversed process satisfies the same dynamic equations as the original process; in other words, the equations are invariant or symmetrical under a change in the sign of time. A stochastic process is reversible if the statistical properties of the process are the same as the statistical properties for time-reversed data from the same process.

Glossary of mathematical jargon
The language of mathematics has a wide vocabulary of specialist and technical terms. It also has a certain amount of jargon: commonly used phrases which are part of the culture of mathematics, rather than of the subject. Jargon often appears in lectures, and sometimes in print, as informal shorthand for rigorous arguments or precise ideas. Much of this uses common English words, but with a specific non-obvious meaning when used in a mathematical sense.

Some phrases, like "in general",  appear below in more than one section.
Kusice
Kusice [kuˈɕit͡sɛ] (German Kuhtz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Malechowo, within Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south of Malechowo, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Sławno, and 156 km (97 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 340.

Sławno
Sławno [ˈswavnɔ] (Kashubian: Słôwno, German: Schlawe) is a town on the Wieprza river in Middle Pomerania region, north-western Poland, with 12,511 inhabitants (2019). It is the administrative seat of Gmina Sławno, though not part of it. The town is also the capital of Sławno County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Last Night (2017 film)
Last Night is a 2017 Philippine psychological drama romance film directed by Joyce Bernal, starring Piolo Pascual and Toni Gonzaga. The film follows the story of Mark and Carmina, both hopeless in their lives, intertwined by one fateful night on Jones Bridge when both of them fail to commit suicide. This film is a co-production between Star Cinema, Pascual's Spring Films, and Bernal's film production company, N2 Productions.

Star Cinema
ABS-CBN Film Productions, Inc., doing business as Star Cinema, is a Filipino film studio based in Quezon City. Star Cinema is owned by the Filipino media and entertainment conglomerate ABS-CBN Corporation and was incorporated on May 8, 1993, as Star Cinema Productions, Inc. with the help of Lily Monteverde and Regal Films. Since its inception, Star Cinema has produced some of the highest-grossing Filipino films of all time. Star Cinema has also been involved in the production of some TV series shown on ABS-CBN television network with Pangako Sa 'Yo in 2000 as its initial production.
Johann Fugger the Elder
Johann Fugger the Elder or Hans Fugger (1 June 1583 - 28 April 1633, Telfs) was a German businessman, landowner and noble of the Fugger family. He was Lord of Schloss Babenhausen and Boos.

He was one of the sons of Jakob III. Fugger and his wife Anna Ilsung. After his father's death in 1598, he managed the lordships of Babenhausen and Boos among others. The Fugger lordships were divided up in 1620 and exchanged among the family shortly afterwards. Johann became lord of Boos whilst his brother Maximilian (1587–1629) became lord of Babenhausen, Johann Herr zu Boos.

Boos, Bavaria
Boos (German pronunciation: [boːs]) is a municipality in the district of Unterallgäu in Bavaria in Germany. The town is the seat of the municipal association with Fellheim, Heimertingen, Niederrieden and Pleß.
Koty, Pisz County
Koty (pronounced [ˈkɔtɨ], German: Kotten) was a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biała Piska, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. The town no longer exists, as the region was converted into a military training ground, the Poligon Orzysz. It lay about a kilometer southwest of Zdedy, and about 112 km (70 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Historically belonging to the Masurian cultural region, Koty was established in the mid-15th Century, and its population was entirely Lutheran by the 20th Century. Its name is the Polish word for "cats."

During World War I, 52 soldiers were buried in the town's cemetery, Of them, 45 were German, 3 were Russian, and 4 were unidentified.

Pisz County
Pisz County (Polish: powiat piski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pisz, which lies 88 kilometres (55 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn. The county contains three other towns: Orzysz, 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Pisz, Ruciane-Nida, 17 km (11 mi) west of Pisz, and Biała Piska, 18 km (11 mi) east of Pisz.

The county covers an area of 1,776.17 square kilometres (685.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 57,553, out of which the population of Pisz is 19,332, that of Orzysz is 5,804, that of Ruciane-Nida is 4,894, that of Biała Piska is 4,006, and the rural population is 23,517.
2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Women's short race
The Women's short race at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Leopardstown Racecourse near Dublin, Ireland, on March 24, 2002.  Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Herald, and for the IAAF.

Complete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.

The Herald (Glasgow)
The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running national newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The title was simplified from The Glasgow Herald in 1992. Following the closure of the Sunday Herald, the Herald on Sunday was launched as a Sunday edition on 9 September 2018.
La leyenda patria
La leyenda patria (Spanish: [la leˈʝenda ˈpatɾja]; leyenda in Uruguayan Spanish: [leˈʒenda, -ˈʃenda]; The Fatherland Legend) is a national epic by Uruguayan poet Juan Zorrilla de San Martín written in 1879.

The poem is a late-19th century romantic chanson de geste of the Río de la Plata revolutionary group known as the Thirty-Three Orientals, whose actions culminated in the foundation of modern Uruguay. With 413 verses, it was written within a week and recited by the author at the dedication of the Villa de la Florida monument to independence. It was considered a feat and gained immediate popularity, which earned Zorrilla de San Martín the title of Poet of the Fatherland.

Verse (poetry)
A verse is formally a single metrical line in a poetic composition. However, verse has come to represent any grouping of lines in a poetic composition, with groupings traditionally having been referred to as stanzas.

Verse in the uncountable (mass noun) sense refers to poetry in contrast to prose. Where the common unit of verse is based on meter or rhyme, the common unit of prose is purely grammatical, such as a sentence or paragraph.

Verse in the second sense is also used pejoratively in contrast to poetry to suggest work that is too pedestrian or too incompetent to be classed as poetry.
Ananthavarappadu
Ananthavarappadu is a village located in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Vatticherukuru mandal of Guntur revenue division. Ananthavarappadu Village is Adopted by Galla Jayadev, Member of parliament for Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency) under the scheme of Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana on 2014.

Guntur revenue division
Guntur revenue division is an administrative division in the Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It comprises 10 mandals and is one of the two revenue divisions in the district, along with Tenali. Guntur serves as the headquarters of the division.
Geology of the Northwest Territories
The geology of the Northwest Territories has been mapped in different quadrangles by the Canadian government. The region has some of the oldest rocks in the world and among the oldest in North America, formed from several sections of stable craton continental crust, including the Slave Craton, Rae Craton and Hearne Craton. These rocks form the Archean and Proterozoic Precambrian basement rock of the region and are the subject of extensive research to understand continental crust and tectonic conditions on the early Earth.

Felsic
In geology, felsic is a modifier describing igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz. It is contrasted with mafic rocks, which are richer in magnesium and iron. Felsic refers to silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. Molten felsic magma  and lava is more viscous than molten mafic magma and lava. Felsic magmas and lavas have lower temperatures of melting and solidification than mafic magmas and lavas.

Felsic rocks are usually light in color and have specific gravities less than 3. The most common felsic rock is granite. Common felsic minerals include quartz, muscovite, orthoclase, and the sodium-rich plagioclase feldspars (albite-rich).
Saisiyat people
The Saisiyat (Saisiyat: SaySiyat; Chinese: 賽夏; pinyin: Sàixià; Wade–Giles: Sai4 Hsia4; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sai-siat (獅設); lit. 'true people'; Hakka Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Sòi-hà (賽夏)), also spelled Saisiat, are an indigenous people of Taiwan. In 2000 the Saisiyat numbered 5,311, which was approximately 1.3% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them one of the smallest aboriginal groups in the country. The Saisiyat inhabit Western Taiwan, overlapping the border between Hsinchu County and Miaoli County. They are divided into the Northern Branch (Wufong in the mountainous Hsinchu area) and the Southern Branch (Nanzhuang and Shitan in the highlands of Miaoli), each with its own dialect. Their language is also known as Saisiyat.

Shitan, Miaoli
24°31′24″N 120°55′24″E﻿ / ﻿24.523387°N 120.92337°E﻿ / 24.523387; 120.92337

Shitan Township / Shihtan Township (Chinese: 獅潭鄉; Hanyu Pinyin: Shītán Xiāng; Tongyong Pinyin: Shihtán Siang) is a rural township in Miaoli County, Taiwan. It is located in a mountainous area with a mild, sub-tropical climate.  Its rainy season is from May to September. Shitan's population was estimated to be 4,141 in January 2023.
Olympic-daero
The Olympic-daero (also called Olympic Blvd Korean: 올림픽대로; Olrimpik Daero) is 8-lane highway located in Seoul. South Korea.

This route connects Seoul to Gimpo, Hanam and Gimpo International Airport, with a total length of 40.67 km (25.27 mi)

This highway is a main route of Seoul, especially on the southern part of the Han River, and is connected directly with Gimpo Hangang Highway (West), and Seoul-Yangyang Expressway (East).

Hanam
Hanam (Korean: 하남; Korean pronunciation: [ha.nam]) is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.  Formerly a part of Gwangju County, it was designated a city in 1989.  The ancient Baekje capital of Hanam Wiryeseong may have been located there.

Lying immediately east of Seoul, Hanam is also bordered by Namyangju, Gwangju, and Seongnam.
John M. Thome
John Macon Thome (August 22, 1843 – September 27, 1908) was an American-Argentine astronomer.  Some sources say John Macom Thome. He is sometimes known as Juan M. Thome.

He was born in Palmyra, Pennsylvania, and attended Lehigh University.

He came to the Argentine National Observatory (today Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba) in 1870, working as the senior assistant of the director Benjamin A. Gould.  He succeeded Gould as director in 1885.

Under his initiative, the Cordoba Durchmusterung star catalogue began to be compiled in 1892, although he did not live to see its completion.

He won the Lalande Prize for astronomy from the French Academy of Sciences in 1901.  Thome died in Córdoba and was succeeded as director of the observatory by Charles Dillon Perrine.

Lalande Prize
The Lalande Prize (French: Prix Lalande also known as Lalande Medal) was an award for scientific advances in astronomy, given from 1802 until 1970 by the French Academy of Sciences.

The prize was endowed by astronomer Jérôme Lalande in 1801, a few years before his death in 1807, to enable the Academy of Sciences to make an annual award "to the person who makes the most unusual observation or writes the most useful paper to further the progress of Astronomy, in France or elsewhere."

The awarded amount grew in time: in 1918 the amount awarded was 1000 Francs, and by 1950, it was 10,000 francs.

It was combined with the Valz Prize (Prix Valz) in 1970 to create the Lalande-Valz Prize and then with a further 122 foundation prizes in 1997, resulting in the establishment of the Grande Médaille. The Grande Medaille is not limited to the field of astronomy.
Bomb (2025 film)
Bomb is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language magical realism  social drama film directed by Vishal Venkat and co-written by him along with Manikandan Mathavan and Abhishek Sabarigirison while the dialogues were written by Makizhnan BM. The film is produced by Sudha Sukumar and Sukumar Balakrishnan under their Gembrio Pictures banner starring Arjun Das and Shivathmika Rajashekar in the lead roles.

Bomb  released in theatres on 12 September 2025 and received positive reviews from critics.

Social film
A social film is a type of interactive film that is presented through the lens of social media. A social film is distributed digitally and integrates with a social networking service, such as Facebook or YouTube. It combines features of web video, social network games and social media.
National Route 39 (South Korea)
National Route 39 (Korean: 국도 제39호선, Gukdo Je Samsip-gu(39) Hoseon) is a national highway in South Korea. It connects Buyeo to Gongju, Asan, Hwaseong, Siheung, Bucheon, Seoul, Goyang, and Uijeongbu. National Route 39 opened on 14 March 1981

Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi Province (Korean: 경기도; RR: Gyeonggi-do, Korean pronunciation: [kjʌ̹ŋ.ɡi.do̞]) is the most populous province in South Korea.

Seoul, the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the area but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon, the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 (4,530 sq mi), with a combined population of over 26 million - amounting to over half (50.25%) of the entire population of South Korea, and a third of the population of the Korean peninsula at the 2020 census.
Lebyazhye, Kursk Oblast
Lebyazhye (Russian: Лебяжье) is a rural locality (Russian: село, lit. 'village') in Lebyazhensky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:  356 (2010 Census); 365 (2002 Census);

Kursk Oblast
Kursk Oblast (Russian: Курская область, romanized: Kurskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [ˈkurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. As of the 2021 census, Kursk Oblast had a population of 1,082,458.
Glucose tolerance test
The glucose tolerance test (GTT, not to be confused with GGT test) is a medical test in which glucose is given and blood samples taken afterward to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood. The test is usually used to test for diabetes, insulin resistance, impaired beta cell function, and sometimes reactive hypoglycemia and acromegaly, or rarer disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. In the most commonly performed version of the test, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a standard dose of glucose is ingested by mouth and blood levels are checked two hours later. Many variations of the GTT have been devised over the years for various purposes, with different standard doses of glucose, different routes of administration, different intervals and durations of sampling, and various substances measured in addition to blood glucose.

Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disorder that results in excess growth of certain parts of the human body. It is caused by excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet. There may also be an enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose. Other symptoms may include joint pain, thickened skin, deepening of the voice, headaches, and problems with vision. Complications of the disease may include type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure.
2018 Mzansi Super League
The 2018 Mzansi Super League was the inaugural edition of the Mzansi Super League (MSL) Twenty20 (T20) franchise cricket tournament in South Africa. It started on 16 November and finished on 16 December 2018. Six teams played a total of thirty-two matches. The players' draft took place on 17 October 2018, with more than 200 international players expressing their interest to take part.

On 18 October 2018, it was announced that Global Sports Commerce (GSC) is the official international commercial and broadcast partner from 2018 up to 2022. On 30 October 2018 it was announced that the Mzansi Super League 2018 champions will receive prize money of ZAR7 million and the runners up will receive R2.5 million, the player of the tournament received R100 000, and each player of the match won R15 000.

On 16 December 2018 the Jozi Stars won the first season final.

South African rand
The South African rand, or simply the rand, (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the official currency of South Africa. It is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: "c"), and a comma separates the rand and cents.

The South African rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area member states of Namibia, Lesotho, and Eswatini, with these three countries also having national currencies (the dollar, the loti, and the lilangeni respectively) pegged with the rand at parity and still widely accepted as substitutes. The rand was also legal tender in Botswana until 1976, when the pula replaced the rand at par.

The rand is legal tender in Zimbabwe as part of its multiple currency system, which also includes other currencies such as the euro, the pound sterling, the US dollar, and the Zimbabwean ZiG.
Hubbard Exempted Village School District
The Hubbard Exempted Village School District is a school district located in Hubbard, Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The school serves one high school, one middle school and one elementary school.

Hubbard, Ohio
Hubbard is a city in southeastern Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. It is formed from part of Hubbard Township, which was formed from the Connecticut Western Reserve. The population was 7,636 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb in the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area.
Epoxide hydrolase
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs), also known as epoxide hydratases, are enzymes that metabolize compounds that contain an epoxide residue; they convert this residue to two hydroxyl residues through an epoxide hydrolysis reaction to form diol products. Several enzymes possess EH activity. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (epoxide hydrolase 1, EH1, or mEH), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, epoxide hydrolase 2, EH2, or cytoplasmic epoxide hydrolase), and the more recently discovered but not as yet well defined functionally, epoxide hydrolase 3 (EH3) and epoxide hydrolase 4 (EH4) are structurally closely related isozymes. Other enzymes with epoxide hydrolase activity include leukotriene A4 hydrolase, Cholesterol-5,6-oxide hydrolase, MEST (gene) (Peg1/MEST), and Hepoxilin-epoxide hydrolase. The hydrolases are distinguished from each other by their substrate preferences and, directly related to this, their functions.

Isozyme
In biochemistry, isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes or isoforms) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction.  Isozymes usually have different kinetic parameters (e.g. different KM values), or are regulated differently.  They permit the fine-tuning of metabolism to meet the particular needs of a given tissue or developmental stage.

In many cases, isozymes are encoded by homologous genes that have diverged over time.  Strictly speaking, enzymes with different amino acid sequences that catalyse the same reaction are isozymes if encoded by different genes, or allozymes if encoded by different alleles of the same gene; the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Steven Vincent
Steven Charles Vincent (December 31, 1955 – August 2, 2005) was an American author and journalist.  In 2005 he was working as a freelance journalist in Basra, Iraq, reporting for The Christian Science Monitor, National Review, Mother Jones, Reason, Front Page and American Enterprise, among other publications, when he was abducted and murdered in southern Iraq after investigating corruption by Shia militias.

National Review
National Review is an American conservative editorial magazine, focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs. The magazine was founded by William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955. National Review's editor-in-chief is Rich Lowry, and its editor is Ramesh Ponnuru.

Since its founding, the magazine has played a significant role in the development of conservatism in the United States, helping to define its boundaries and promoting fusionism while establishing itself as a leading voice on the American right. While National Review is generally supportive of Republican politicians and policy priorities, the magazine has been critical of President Donald Trump since the 2016 presidential election.
Meeting Dr. Sun
Meeting Dr. Sun (Chinese: 行動代號：孫中山) is a 2014 Taiwanese drama film written and directed by Yee Chih-yen. The film had its world premiere on 5 July 2014 at the 16th Taipei Film Festival, and theatrically released in Taiwan on 11 July 2014 by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film won Best Original Screenplay in the 51st Golden Horse Awards.

Golden Horse Award for Best Original Screenplay
The Golden Horse Award for Best Original Screenplay (Chinese: 金馬獎最佳原著劇本; pinyin: Jīnmǎ jiǎng zuì jiā yuánzhù jùběn) is presented annually at Taiwan's Golden Horse Film Awards.

It was first awarded in 1962 as Best Screenplay. Starting from the 16th Golden Horse Awards in 1979, it was split into two separate categories, the other being the Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Post-election pendulum for the 1990 Australian federal election
The Mackerras pendulum as a way of predicting the outcome of an election contested between two major parties in a Westminster style lower house legislature such as the Australian House of Representatives, which is composed of single-member electorates and which uses a preferential voting system such as a Condorcet method or instant-runoff voting.

The pendulum works by lining up all of the seats held in Parliament for the government, the opposition and the crossbenches according to the percentage point margin they are held by on a two party preferred basis. This is also known as the swing required for the seat to change hands. Given a uniform swing to the opposition or government parties, the number of seats that change hands can be predicted.

Mackerras pendulum
The Mackerras pendulum was devised by the Australian psephologist Malcolm Mackerras as a way of predicting the outcome of an election contested between two major parties in a Westminster style lower house legislature such as the Australian House of Representatives, which is composed of single-member electorates and which uses a preferential voting system such as a Condorcet method or IRV.

The pendulum works by lining up all of the seats held in Parliament for the government, the opposition and the crossbenches according to the percentage-point margin they are held by on a two-party-preferred basis. This is also known as the swing required for the seat to change hands. Given a uniform swing to the opposition or government parties, the number of seats that change hands can be predicted.