hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frequency addition source of optical radiation
Frequency addition source of optical radiation (acronym FASOR) is used for a certain type of guide star laser deployed at US Air Force Research Laboratory facilities SOR and AMOS. The laser light is produced in a sum-frequency generation process from two solid-state laser sources that operate at different wavelengths. The frequencies of the sources add directly to a summed frequency. Thus, if the source wavelengths are  and , the resulting wavelength is

Sum-frequency generation
Sum-frequency generation (SFG) is a second order nonlinear optical process based on the mixing of two input photons at frequencies  and  to generate a third photon at frequency . As with any  optical phenomenon in nonlinear optics, this can only occur under conditions where:
the light is interacting with matter, that lacks centrosymmetry (for example, surfaces and interfaces);
the light has a very high intensity (typically from a pulsed laser).
Sum-frequency generation is a "parametric process", meaning that the photons satisfy energy conservation, leaving the matter unchanged:
Tagliapietra
Tagliapietra (pronounced [taʎʎaˈpjɛːtra]) is an Italian surname, literally translating to 'stone-cutter'. People with the surname include:

Aldo Tagliapietra (born 1945), Italian pop musician

Alvise Tagliapietra (1670–1747), Italian baroque sculptor

Gino Tagliapietra (1887–1954), Italian pianist and composer, editor of works by Ferruccio Busoni

Guia Maria Tagliapietra (born 1998), Italian figure skater

Lino Tagliapietra (born 1934), Italian glass artist

Lucas Tagliapietra (born 1990), Brazilian football player

Robert Tagliapietra, American fashion designer, co-founder of the fashion house Costello Tagliapietra

Sergio Tagliapietra (1935–2022), Italian rower

Guia Maria Tagliapietra
Guia Maria Tagliapietra (born 11 August 1998) is an Italian figure skater. She has won three senior international medals and the 2014 Italian national junior title. She placed 15th at the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, Estonia.
Serie A Elite (women's rugby union)
Serie A Elite is the highest tier of the national women's rugby union competition in Italy. It was organized by UISP from 1985–86 to 1990–91, the following season it came under the jurisdiction of the Italian Rugby Federation with the name of Serie A, held until the 2021–22 season. It was renamed Eccellenza for 2022–23 before adopting its current name, Serie A Elite for the upcoming season.

Italian Rugby Federation
The Italian Rugby Federation (Italian: Federazione Italiana Rugby) or FIR is the governing body for the sport of rugby union in Italy. The FIR has one seat on the 28-member World Rugby Council, the governing body of World Rugby. (All other members of the Six Nations have two seats on the council.)

There are two fully professional Italian clubs that play in the United Rugby Championship, in the European Rugby Champions Cup and in the European Rugby Challenge Cup — Benetton and Zebre. There are twelve semi-professional Italian clubs that play in the Top12, four of which qualify to play in the European Rugby Challenge Cup Qualifying Competition to qualify to the European Rugby Challenge Cup.
Schwinger function
In quantum field theory, the Wightman distributions can be analytically continued to analytic functions in Euclidean space with the domain restricted to ordered n-tuples in  that are pairwise distinct. These functions are called the Schwinger functions (named after Julian Schwinger) and they are real-analytic, symmetric under the permutation of arguments (antisymmetric for fermionic fields), Euclidean covariant and satisfy a property known as reflection positivity. Properties of Schwinger functions are known as Osterwalder–Schrader axioms (named after Konrad Osterwalder and Robert Schrader). Schwinger functions are also referred to as Euclidean correlation functions.

Julian Schwinger
Julian Seymour Schwinger (/ˈʃwɪŋər/; February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with Richard Feynman and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". He developed a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and renormalized QED to one loop order. Schwinger was a physics professor at several universities.

Schwinger is recognized as an important physicist, responsible for much of modern quantum field theory, including a variational approach, and the equations of motion for quantum fields. He developed the first electroweak model, and the first example of confinement in 1+1 dimensions. He is responsible for the theory of multiple neutrinos, Schwinger terms, and the theory of the spin-3/2 field. He shared the inaugural Albert Einstein Award with Kurt Gödel.
Hochgeboren
Hochgeboren (German: [ˈhoːχɡəˌboːɐ̯n̩], lit. "high-born"; Latin: illustrissimus) is a form of address for the titled members of the German and Austrian nobility, ranking just below the sovereign and mediatised dynasties.

The actual address is "Euer" Hochgeboren. It is the proper form of address for counts (Grafen) that are neither heirs to mediatised families of the Holy Roman Empire (counts of the Holy Roman Empire or Reichsgrafen) nor families who have been bequeathed higher predicate by the Emperor. By courtesy, barons (Freiherr) belonging to old houses of the Uradel are also addressed in the same way.

The correct term for immediate counts (Reichsgrafen) is Erlaucht ("Illustrious Highness"), while the proper form of address for princes (Fürsten) and dukes (Herzöge) is Durchlaucht ("Serene Highness").

In the Netherlands, Hooggeboren ("High-born") is used to address Dukes, Margraves, Counts or Viscounts. In Belgium, Hooggeboren is used in Dutch and Messire ("Sir") in French.

Margrave
In the German nobility, margrave was a rank equivalent to marquess. It originated as the medieval title for the military commander assigned to maintain the defence of one of the border provinces of the Holy Roman Empire or a kingdom. That position became hereditary in certain feudal families in the Empire and the title came to be borne by rulers of some Imperial principalities until the abolition of the Empire in 1806 (e.g., Margrave of Brandenburg, Margrave of Baden). Thereafter, those domains (originally known as marks or marches, later as margraviates or margravates) were absorbed into larger realms or the titleholders adopted titles indicative of full sovereignty.
Sandusky, Illinois
Sandusky is an unincorporated community in Alexander County, Illinois, United States. Sandusky is located along Illinois Route 127, south of Tamms. Its elevation is 341 feet and is in the Central Time Zone.

Tamms, Illinois
Tamms is a village in Tamms Precinct, Alexander County, Illinois, United States. The population was 430 at the 2020 census, down from 632 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cape Girardeau–Jackson, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Ryosei Akazawa
Ryōsei Akazawa (赤沢 亮正, Akazawa Ryōsei; born 18 December 1960) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party and member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature), representing the Tottori 2nd district in Tottori Prefecture.

Tottori 2nd district
Tottori 2nd district (鳥取県第2区, Tottori-ken dai-niku  or simply 鳥取2区, Tottori-niku ) is a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives in the national Diet of Japan located in Tottori Prefecture.
Rancho Buena Vista
Rancho Buena Vista was a 2,288-acre (9.26 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day San Diego County, California, given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to Felipe, an Indian. The name means "good view" in Spanish. The grant was south of San Luis Rey River and Rancho Monserate and encompassed present day Vista.

Pío Pico
Don Pío de Jesús Pico IV (May 5, 1801 – September 11, 1894) was a Californio politician, ranchero, and entrepreneur, famous for serving as the last governor of Alta California under Mexican rule from 1845 to 1846. He briefly held the governorship during a disputed period in 1832. A member of the prominent Pico family of California, he was one of the wealthiest men in California at the time and a hugely influential figure in Californian society, continuing as a citizen of the nascent U.S. state of California.

His legacy can be seen in the numerous places named after him, such as the city of Pico Rivera, Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, Pio Pico State Historic Park, and numerous schools that bear his name.
Léon Raymond
Léon-Joseph Raymond OBE, (30 July 1901 – 24 August 1993) was a Canadian politician, serving as mayor of Maniwaki, Quebec in 1941 and 1942 and as a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1945 to 1949.

Raymond was born at Napierville, Quebec and was educated at Saint-Remi College, the Joliette Seminary and at the University of Montreal where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree. He became a notary and from 1941 to 1945 served as vice-president of the Chambers of Commerce Unionm and from 1938 to 1945 as President of the school commission of Maniwaki.

He married Clementine Péclet on 1 July 1930.

He was first elected to Parliament at the Wright riding in the 1945 general election. With riding boundary changes, Raymond entered the 1949 federal election at the new Gatineau riding and won the seat. He was appointed Clerk of the House of Commons on 5 August 1949 and resigned his seat in Parliament.

Wright (electoral district)
Wright was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1948.

This riding was created in 1892 from parts of the County of Ottawa riding. The electoral district was abolished in 1947 when it was merged into Gatineau riding.
Dimas Fabiano
Dimas Fabiano Toledo Junior (born 23 May 1973) is a Brazilian politician serving as a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2011. From 2003 to 2011, he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais.

Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
The Chamber of Deputies (Portuguese: Câmara dos Deputados) is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. The chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms. The current president of the chamber is the Deputy Hugo Motta (Republicanos-PB), who was elected on 1 February 2025.
Capricorn Way
The Capricorn Way is an Australian road route from Rockhampton to Barcaldine in Queensland. Using the Capricorn Way, it is 579.67 km (360.19 mi) from Rockhampton to Barcaldine. The recommended journey time, allowing for some sightseeing, food and rest (including an overnight stop) is 30 hours. It has been designated by the Queensland Government as a State Strategic Touring Route.

Barcaldine, Queensland
Barcaldine (/bɑːrˈkɔːldɪn/ bar-KAWL-din) is a rural town and locality in the Barcaldine Region in Queensland, Australia.  This is the administrative centre of the Barcaldine Region. Barcaldine played a major role in the Australian labour movement. In the 2021 census, Barcaldine had a population of 1,540.
North Brandenburg Plateaux and Upland
The North Brandenburg Plateaux and Upland (German: Nordbrandenburgische Platten- und Hügelland) is a natural region in the northwest of Brandenburg and, to a lesser extent, the southwest of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northeast of Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. It is major unit group no. 77 in the natural regional divisions of Germany.
The Brandenburg portion of the North Brandenburg Plateaux and Upland is largely coextensive with the natural region of Prignitz and Ruppin Land (Prignitz und Ruppiner Land) in the structural atlas of the state of Brandenburg.

Natural region
A natural region (landscape unit) is a basic geographic unit. Usually, it is a region which is distinguished by its common natural features of geography, geology, and climate.

From the ecological point of view, the naturally occurring flora and fauna of the region are likely to be influenced by its geographical and geological factors, such as soil and water availability, in a significant manner. Thus most natural regions are homogeneous ecosystems. Human impact can be an important factor in the shaping and destiny of a particular natural region.
Ordination
Ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is, set apart and elevated from the laity class to the clergy, who are thus then authorized (usually by the denominational hierarchy composed of other clergy) to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. The process and ceremonies of ordination may vary by religion and denomination. One who is in preparation for, or who is undergoing, the process of ordination is sometimes called an ordinand. The liturgy used at an ordination is commonly found in a book known as an Ordinal which provides the ordo (ritual and rubrics) for celebrations.

Order of Mass
Order of Mass is an outline of a Mass celebration, describing how and in what order liturgical texts and rituals are employed to constitute a Mass.

The expression Order of Mass is particularly tied to the Roman Rite where the sections under that title in the Roman Missal also contain a set of liturgical texts that recur in most or in all Eucharistic liturgies (the so-called invariable texts, or ordinary of the Mass), while the rubrics indicate the rituals, and the insertion points of the variable texts known as the proper of the Mass. Having been virtually unchanged for many centuries, the Roman Catholic Order of Mass changed decisively after the Second Vatican Council.

The term Order of Mass is used in the Lutheran Churches.

Other Christian denominations have comparable descriptions of their liturgical practices for the Eucharist, which are however usually not called Order of Mass.
Edzard Cirksena
Edzard Cirksena (born: Edzard Edzardisna; died: 1441) was an East Frisian chieftain at Greetsiel, Norden, Emden and Brokmerland.

He and his father Enno Edzardisna had married the last two heiresses of the great family of Syardsna from Berum; Edzard married Frauwa Cirksena; his father married her aunt Gela Cirksena.  Enno and Edzard adopted their wives' family name, which was also spelled Sirtzena, Syrtza, or Zyertza. Edzard was probably the first to spell the name as Cirksena; this spelling was retained by all later members of the family.

From his father he inherited the reign over almost all of East Frisia, albeit without the Harlingerland.

He died at an advanced age, of the plague, in 1441, one day after his stepmother Gela died.

East Frisia
East Frisia (/ˈfriːʒə/) or East Friesland (/ˈfriːzlənd/; German: Ostfriesland; East Frisian Low Saxon: Oostfräisland; Saterland Frisian: Aastfräislound) is a historic region in the northwest of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is primarily located on the western half of the East Frisian peninsula, to the east of West Frisia and to the west of Landkreis Friesland.

Administratively, East Frisia consists of the districts Aurich, Leer and Wittmund, and the city of Emden. It has a population of approximately 469,000 people and an area of 3,142 square kilometres (1,213 sq mi).

There is a chain of islands off the coast, called the East Frisian Islands (German: Ostfriesische Inseln). From west to east, these islands are Borkum, Juist, Norderney, Baltrum, Langeoog and Spiekeroog.
Cumulative learning
Cumulative learning is the cognitive process by which we accumulate and improve knowledge and abilities that serve as building blocks for subsequent cognitive development. A primary benefit of such is that it consolidates knowledge one has obtained through experience, and allows the facilitation of further learning through analogical knowledge transfer. This is seen through students' ability to transfer knowledge across contexts and through time.

It is a concept that has been widely written about in psychological literature, with scholars particularly drawing attention to the fact it allows for the incremental increase in scope of ability and knowledge., without damaging pre-existing skills. More meaningfully constructed knowledge can be better reserved for future use.

This theory serves as an alternative approach to maturational theories such as the model proposed by Jean Piaget concerning intellectual and learning development.

Knowledge transfer
Knowledge transfer refers to transferring an awareness of facts or practical skills from one entity to another. The particular profile of transfer processes activated for a given situation depends on the type of knowledge to be transferred, how it is represented (the source and recipient relationship with this knowledge) and the processing demands of the transfer task. From this perspective, knowledge transfer in humans encompasses expertise from different disciplines: psychology, cognitive anthropology, anthropology of knowledge, communication studies and media ecology.
Crostata
Crostata (Italian: [kroˈstaːta]) is an Italian baked tart or pie. The earliest known use of crostata in its modern sense can be traced to the cookbooks Libro de Arte Coquinaria (Book of the Art of Cooking) by Martino da Como, published c. 1465, and Cuoco napolitano (Neapolitan Cook), published in the late 15th century, containing a recipe (number 94) titled Crostata de Caso, Pane, etc..

Crostata is a "rustic free-form version of an open fruit tart" that may also be baked in a pie plate.

Historically, it also referred to an "open-faced sandwich or canapé" because of its crusted appearance, or a chewet, a type of meat pie.

Martino da Como
Martino da Como, or Martino de Rossi and Martino de Rubeis, called Maestro Martino from Como, born in the Blenio Valley (in the Italian speaking part of today's Switzerland), was a 15th-century culinary expert who was unequalled in his field at the time and could be considered the Western world's first celebrity chef. He made his career in Italy and was the chef at the Roman palazzo of the papal chamberlain ("camerlengo"), the Patriarch of Aquileia. Martino was applauded by his peers, earning him the epitaph of the prince of cooks. His book Libro de Arte Coquinaria (The Art of Cooking) (c. 1465) is considered a landmark in Italian gastronomic literature and a historical record of the transition from medieval to Renaissance cuisine.
Teixeirinha (footballer, born 1922)
Elísio dos Santos Teixeira (4 March 1922 – 17 August 1999), was a Brazilian professional footballer who played for São Paulo FC as an inside forward. Teixeirinha won the Campeonato Paulista six times playing alongside great players like Leonidas and Sastre. He scored 188 goals in 525 games, which ranks him as the fourth-highest scorer in the history of São Paulo Futebol Clube. He was called to represent the Brazil national team at the 1946 South American Championship, though he did not enter in any matches.

1946 South American Championship
The nineteenth edition of the South American Championship in football was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 12 January to 10 February. This tournament, an extra edition with no trophy handed to the winners, is considered official by CONMEBOL.

The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru withdrew from the tournament.
Faulkner-Blanchard
The Faulkner-Blanchard was an American brass era automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by the Faulkner-Blanchard Motor Car Company in 1910.

A prototype was made in mid-1910. The vehicle was offered as a five-seater touring car with a six-cylinder engine at 33 hp (25 kW). The vehicle cost $2,500.

Touring car
Touring car and tourer are both terms for open cars (i.e. cars without a fixed roof). "Touring car" is a style of open car built in the United States which seats four or more people. The style was popular from the early 1900s to the 1930s. The cars used for touring car racing in various series since the 1960s, are unrelated to these early touring cars, despite sharing the same name.

"Tourer" is used in British English for any open car. The term "all-weather tourer" was used to describe convertibles (vehicles that could be fully enclosed). A popular version of the tourer was the torpedo, with the hood/bonnet line level at the car's waistline giving the car a straight line from front to back.
Mark Taylor (French horn)
Mark Thomas Taylor (born May 22, 1961, Chattanooga, Tennessee) is an American jazz French horn player and composer.

Taylor studied horn formally in his youth and took a bachelor's degree in music at the University of Tennessee, where he studied under Jerry Coker. He moved to Boston and continued his studies at the New England Conservatory of Music (1988-1990), playing during this time with Jimmy Giuffre, Max Roach, Oliver Lake, Sam Rivers, Abdullah Ibrahim, Muhal Richard Abrams, and Orange Then Blue (including for international tours). He also performed with Max Roach's brass quintet, So What Brass 5, which was active through the 1990s. In the 1990s he worked with Henry Threadgill's Very Very Circus, Lester Bowie, Ken Filiano, Matt Wilson, Lafayette Harris, Myra Melford, Fred Hopkins, and Grover Mitchell.

Ken Filiano
Ken Filiano (born 1952) is an American jazz and orchestral bassist based in Brooklyn, New York.

Since the 1970s, Filiano has played or recorded with Anthony Braxton, Fred Ho, Nels Cline, Bill Dixon, Fay Victor, and others. Filiano is on the teaching roster at the New School in New York. He teaches master classes in bass and improvisation and has a private studio in Brooklyn.
Foster Andersen
Foster Andersen (March 11, 1940 – April 26, 2004) was an American football player and coach. An accomplished athlete at UCLA, he was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in 1962 NFL draft. Andersen embarked on a long coaching tenure in the junior college, college and National Football League (NFL) ranks. He served as the head football coach at Cal State Los Angeles from 1971 to 1973, compiling a record of 9–21–1.  He also had coaching stints at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), University of Southern California (USC), and with the Los Angeles Rams.

Junior college
A junior college is a type of post-secondary institution that offers vocational and academic training that is designed to prepare students for either skilled trades and technical occupations or support roles in professions such as engineering, accountancy, business administration, nursing, medicine, architecture, and criminology. Often times, those types of colleges offer two-year associate's degrees that are intended for students that want to later transfer to a college for a four-year bachelor's degree to finish their undergraduate education, pending adequate grades. Students typically attend those types of colleges for one to three years, which is also dependent on the country.
Geraldine Connor
Geraldine Connor, PhD, MMus, LRSM, DipEd (22 March 1952 – 21 October 2011), was a British ethnomusicologist, theatre director, composer and performer, who spent significant periods of her life in Trinidad and Tobago, from where her parents had migrated to Britain in the 1940s. Her father was actor, singer and folklorist Edric Connor and her mother was theatrical agent and cultural activist Pearl Connor. Geraldine Connor is best known for having written, composed and directed Carnival Messiah, a spectacular work that "married the European classical tradition of oratorio with masquerade and musical inspiration from the African diaspora". For more than 20 years, she lived in Skelmanthorpe in Yorkshire, England, where she went in 1990 as a lecturer at the University of Leeds.

Skelmanthorpe
Skelmanthorpe, known locally as Shat, is a village in the Denby Dale civil parish, in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England. It is 9 miles (14 km) from both Huddersfield and Barnsley. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 4,549.

The village sits on the south (right) bank of the first river-like flow, from three small headwaters (uniting in the northwest corner of the parish), of the Dearne.