hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wave packet
In physics, a wave packet (also known as a wave train or wave group) is a short burst of localized wave action that travels as a unit, outlined by an envelope. A wave packet can be analyzed into, or can be synthesized from, a potentially-infinite set of component sinusoidal waves of different wavenumbers, with phases and amplitudes such that they interfere constructively only over a small region of space, and destructively elsewhere. Any signal of a limited width in time or space requires many frequency components around a center frequency within a bandwidth inversely proportional to that width; even a Gaussian function is considered a wave packet because its Fourier transform is a "packet" of waves of frequencies clustered around a central frequency. Each component wave function, and hence the wave packet, are solutions of a wave equation. Depending on the wave equation, the wave packet's profile may remain constant (no dispersion) or it may change (dispersion) while propagating.

Dirac delta function
In mathematical analysis, the Dirac delta function (or  distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one. Thus it can be represented heuristically as

such that

Since there is no function having this property, modelling the delta "function" rigorously involves the use of limits or, as is common in mathematics, measure theory and the theory of distributions.

The delta function is named after physicist Paul Dirac, and has been applied routinely in physics and engineering to model point masses and concentrated loads. It is called the delta function because it is a continuous analogue of the Kronecker delta function. The mathematical rigor of the delta function was disputed until Laurent Schwartz developed the theory of distributions, where it is defined as a linear form acting on functions.
The Jim Irsay Collection
The Jim Irsay Collection is a collection of musical instruments, American history artifacts, and popular culture items collected by former Indianapolis Colts owner Jim Irsay. The collection is heavily focused on guitars associated with rock music, but also contains items such as historic manuscripts, film artifacts, and sports memorabilia. Since 2021, the collection has been touring the United States as part of an ongoing traveling exhibit and concert series.

Although the collection does not have a permanent exhibit location, its contents have been displayed in museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the British Library, the American Writers Museum, Lowell National Historical Park, the Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art, and the Indiana State Museum, among others.

Lowell National Historical Park
Lowell National Historical Park is a National Historical Park of the United States located in Lowell, Massachusetts. Established in 1978 a few years after Lowell Heritage State Park, it is operated by the National Park Service and comprises a group of different sites in and around the city of Lowell related to the era of textile manufacturing in the city during the Industrial Revolution.  In 2019, the park was included as Massachusetts' representative in the America the Beautiful Quarters series.
Kalpalayam
Kalpalayam is a village located in the Manachanallur taluk of the Tiruchirappalli district of the Indian state Tamil Nadu. It is situated 5 km away from taluk headquarter Manachanallur and 20 km away from district headquarter Tiruchirappalli.

According to the 2011 Census information, the total geographical area of the village is 454.41 hectares, and the total population is 3,865. According to the constitution of India and the Panchayat Raj ActKalpalayaage of Ayyampalayam is administered by the elected village representative Sarpanch (Head of Village).

The village of C.Ayyampalayam has a higher literacy rate than that of Tamil Nadu state. As per 2011 census, Kalpalayam village's literacy rate was 86.78 percent compared to Tamil Nadu's 80.09 percent.

Tiruchirappalli district
Tiruchirappalli district is one of the 38 districts, located along the Kaveri River, in Tamil Nadu, India. The headquarters of the district is the city of Tiruchirappalli.

During the British Raj, the district was referred to as Trichinopoly, and was a district of the Madras Presidency; it was renamed upon India's declaration of independence in 1947. The district is spread over an area of 4,404 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi) and had a population of 2,722,290 in 2011.
Gorenskiye Vyselki
Gorenskiye Vyselki (Russian: Горенские Выселки) is a rural locality (a selo) in Timiryazevskoye Rural Settlement, Novousmansky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 557 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.

Novousmansky District
Novousmansky District (Russian: Новоу́сманский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,247 square kilometers (481 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Novaya Usman. Population: 786,930 (2021 Census); 73,034 (2010 Census); 64,275 (2002 Census); 64,182 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Novaya Usman accounts for 42.0% of the district's total population.
Turkistani
Turkistani is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abdul Haq al-Turkistani, Uyghur Islamic militant

Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani, emir of the Turkistan Islamic Party

Abu Omar al-Turkistani

Abdul Baqi Turkistani, Afghan politician

Sadik Ahmad Turkistani, ethnic Uyghur born and raised in Taif, Saudi Arabia and an opponent of the Taliban

Abdul Haq al-Turkistani
Memtimin Memet (Uyghur: مۇھەممەتئىمىن مەمەت, born (1971-10-10)October 10, 1971), also known in his nom de guerre Abdul Haq al-Turkistani (Arabic: عبد الحق التركستاني), is a Uyghur Islamic militant who leads the Turkistan Islamic Party. The United States Treasury reported he took over leadership of the organization in 2003, following the death of its previous leader, and took a seat on al-Qaeda's shura (central committee) in 2005.
Julio García Agapito
Don Julio Gualberto García Agapito (c. February 1, 1964 – February 26, 2008) was a Peruvian environmentalist who was murdered on February 26, 2008 after reporting a shipment of illegally harvested mahogany in Peru. Don Julio was Lieutenant Governor of the town of Alerta in the Tahuamanu Province of Madre de Dios, Peru.

Alerta
Alerta is a city in the Madre de Dios Region of Peru. It is located very close to the border with Bolivia. It is located 696 km (435 mi) from the region's capital, Pucallpa.

It is served by the Alerta Airport.
Thomas Solstad
Thomas Solstad (born 26 February 1997) is a Norwegian handball player for Bjerringbro-Silkeborg Håndbold and the Norwegian national team.

He represented Norway at the 2021 World Men's Handball Championship.

2021 World Men's Handball Championship
The 2021 IHF World Men's Handball Championship was the 27th event hosted by the International Handball Federation and held in Egypt from 13 to 31 January 2021.

Starting with this edition, the World Championship was expanded from 24 teams to 32. It was also the third World Championship hosted in Africa, the second in Egypt, and the first to be hosted outside of Europe since 2015.

Denmark were the defending champions, having won their first World Championship title in 2019 on home soil. They defended the title by beating Sweden in the final, the second final between two Scandinavian countries in a row. On the way, Denmark defeated hosts Egypt in the quarter-finals, and the reigning European champions Spain in the semi-finals. The latter secured the bronze medal after defeating France in the third place game.

The tournament was played behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Scammell (surname)
Scammell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Scammell (1742–1781), officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War

Arthur Scammell (1913–1995), Newfoundland and Labrador writer

Jack Henry Scammell (1894–1940), Newfoundland educator, journalist and politician

Michael Scammell (born 1935), English author, biographer and translator of Slavic literature

Pat Scammell (born 1961), Australian runner

Roy Scammell (1932–2021), British stunt actor

Terrence Scammell (British actor), born 1937

Terrence Scammell (Canadian actor), born 1958

Vanessa Scammell, Australian pianist and conductor

William Scammell (1939–2000), British poet

Alexander Scammell
Alexander Scammell (March 22, 1747 – October 6, 1781) was an American military officer and attorney who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded on September 30, 1781, near Yorktown and subsequently died on October 6 in Williamsburg, Virginia, making him, a colonel, the highest ranking American officer killed during the Siege of Yorktown.
Transylvanian invasion of Hungary (1644–1645)
The Transylvanian invasion of Hungary (1644–1645) was the intervention of George I Rákóczi into the Thirty Years War in alliance with France and Sweden. Rákóczi successfully took over parts of Upper Hungary in 1644, but Imperial counter-attacks forced him to play defense for the rest of the year. In 1645, Sweden advanced deep into Bohemia and Moravia, urging Rákóczi to resume his advance. Transylvanians successfully linked up with the Swedes at the Siege of Brno. However, due to Ottoman pressure, Rákóczi was forced to end his campaign and agree to a separate peace with the Habsburgs. Despite their mixed military performance, in the concluding Peace of Linz Transylvania received favorable concessions. The 7 counties of Hungary previously ceded to Gábor Bethlen were ceded to Transylvania once more, and the rights of protestants in Hungary were guaranteed.

Gabriel Bethlen
Gabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor; 1580 – 15 November 1629) was Prince of Transylvania from 1613 to 1629 and Duke of Opole from 1622 to 1625. He was also King-elect of Hungary from 1620 to 1621, but he never took control of the whole kingdom. Bethlen, supported by the Ottomans, led his Calvinist principality against the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies.
Ducal hat of Styria
The ducal hat (German: Herzogshut) of the Duchy of Styria is a jagged crown made out of silver-gilt. It was refashioned with pearls and enameled in 1766.

It was kept in Vienna until 1790, when the Styrian Estates asked for it to be returned. In the 19th century, it was refitted again. The ducal hat is about 20.5 cm high, and has a diameter of 20 cm. It is kept today at the Landesmuseum Joanneum (Joanneum National Museum) in Graz, Styria, Austria.

The ducal hat is also featured on top of the coat of arms of the federal state of Styria (Steiermark).

Crown
A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself (and, by extension, the state of which said monarch is head) as distinct from the individual who inhabits it (that is, The Crown). A specific type of crown (or coronet for lower ranks of peerage) is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium.
Port Huron Patriots
The Port Huron Patriots were a professional indoor football team based in Port Huron, Michigan. The team was a member of the North Division of the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL). The Patriots joined the CIFL in 2012 as an expansion team. The Patriots were the third indoor football team to be based in Port Huron, the first being CIFL charter members and inaugural champions the Port Huron Pirates (2006–2007), and the other being the CIFL based Port Huron Predators. The Owners of the Patriots were Jude Carter, Lonnie Nichols, Lance Nichols, David Nichols, Larry Page, Matt Wuchte and Nick Kennedy-Saura. The Patriots played their home games at the McMorran Arena.

Expansion team
An expansion team is a new team in a sports league, usually from a city that has not hosted a team in that league before, formed with the intention of satisfying the demand for a local team from a population in a new area. Sporting leagues also hope that the expansion of their competition will grow the popularity of the sport generally. The term is most commonly used in reference to the North American major professional sports leagues but is applied to sports leagues in other countries with a closed franchise system of league membership. The term refers to the expansion of the sport into new areas. The addition of an expansion team sometimes results in the payment of an expansion fee to the league by the new team and an expansion draft to populate the new roster.
Comodule over a Hopf algebroid
In mathematics, at the intersection of algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, there is the notion of a Hopf algebroid which encodes the information of a presheaf of groupoids whose object sheaf and arrow sheaf are represented by algebras. Because any such presheaf will have an associated site, we can consider quasi-coherent sheaves on the site, giving a topos-theoretic notion of modules. Duallypg 2, comodules over a Hopf algebroid are the purely algebraic analogue of this construction, giving a purely algebraic description of quasi-coherent sheaves on a stack: this is one of the first motivations behind the theory.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Olav Totland
Olav Totland (11 September 1904 – 26 July 1996) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Bergen in 1969, but was not re-elected in 1973. He had previously served as a deputy representative during the term 1965–1969, but sat through half of the term as a regular representative, replacing Nils Langhelle who died in August 1967.

Born in Bergen, Totland took a cand.theol. education in 1934. He was vicar at Bruvik Church in Bruvik from 1948 to 1958, but then returned to become vicar in Bergen. He was a member of Bergen city council from 1959 to 1971. He was a member of the city school board from 1960 to 1971, chairing it from 1966 to 1967. He was also active in Blå Kors, the Norwegian member organization of the International Federation of the Blue Cross, and the Association of Norwegian Christian Socialists.

Bruvik Church
Bruvik Church (Norwegian: Bruvik kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Osterøy Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Bruvik. It is the church for the Bruvik parish which is part of the Åsane prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1867 using plans drawn up by the architect Frederik Hannibal Stockfleth. The church seats about 350 people.
2021 Big Sky Conference women's soccer tournament
The 2021 Big Sky Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Big Sky Conference held from November 3 to November 7, 2021. The five-match tournament took place at Jackson Stadium, home of the regular-season champions Northern Colorado. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The Montana Grizzlies were the defending champions and successfully defended their title by defeating Weber State in the Finals.  This was the sixth overall title for Montana, and the third title for coach Chris Citowicki.  Montana and coach Citowicki have won three of the last four Big Sky Conference Tournaments. As tournament champions, Montana earned the Big Sky's automatic berth into the 2021 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament.

Montana Lady Griz soccer
The Montana Lady Griz soccer team represents University of Montana in NCAA Division I college soccer. Montana competes in the Big Sky Conference, where the squad has won eight tournament titles to date.

The Lady Griz play their home games at South Campus Stadium, opened in 1995. The venue has hosted several Big Sky tournament finals since 1997.
Shane Rose
Shane Rose (born 24 April 1973 in Sydney) is an Australian equestrian. A three-time Olympic medallist, he started riding at the age of five at the Forest Hills Pony Club. Rose lived with his parents and three siblings in Duffys Forest, New South Wales. He was educated at Newington College Preparatory School, Lindfield (1978–83), and Pittwater House. Rose's love for horses continued to grow, and at 21 years of age he represented Australia in the Young Rider Trans-Tasman competition with Mr Joe Cool.

Duffys Forest
Duffys Forest is a suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Duffys Forest is 28 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Duffys Forest is considered to be part of the Northern Beaches region and the Forest District.
Kara-Balta (river)
The Kara-Balta (Kyrgyz: Карабалта, Russian: Кара-Балта) is a transboundary river in Jayyl District of Chüy Region in northern Kyrgyzstan and in Shu District of Jambyl Region in southern Kazakhstan. It rises on north slopes of Kyrgyz Ala-Too, passes through the Sosnovka Gorge, flowing through the Chüy Valley from south to north. The river discharge in Ak-Suu, itself a tributary of the Chu, in Kazakhstan. The Kara-Balta river is 133 kilometres (83 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 577 square kilometres (223 sq mi). Its average annual discharge is 5.25 m3/s (185 cu ft/s). The catchment area contains small glaciers covering an area of 8 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi) and small lakes with an area of 2.22 square kilometres (0.86 sq mi). It flows through the settlements Sosnovka, Kara-Balta and Stavropolovka.

Chüy Valley
The Chüy Valley (Kyrgyz: Чүй өрөөнү, romanized: Chüy Öröönü; Kazakh: Шу аңғары, romanized: Şu añğary; Russian: Чуйская долина) is a large valley located in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan, in the northern part of the Tian Shan. It extends from Boom Gorge in the east to Muyunkum Desert in the west. It is 250 km (160 mi) long and has an area of about 32,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi). It borders Kyrgyz Ala-Too in the south, and Chu-Ili mountains in the north. Through the Boom Gorge in the narrow eastern part Chüy Valley is linked with Issyk-Kul Valley. The river Chu (Chüy) is the major stream of the valley.

The warm summer and availability of drinking and irrigation water makes this area one of the most fertile and most densely populated regions of Kyrgyzstan.

There are deposits of zinc ore, lead, gold, and construction materials. The 2006 World Drug Report estimated that 400,000 hectares of cannabis grow wild in the Chüy Valley.
Monte Compatri-Pantano (Rome Metro)
Monte Compatri-Pantano is the eastern terminus of Line C of the Rome Metro. It is located in Pantano (a frazione of the comune of Monte Compatri), along the Via Casilina; thus being the only Roman Metro station outside the Rome municipality border.

The station used to serve as the terminus of the Rome–Pantano railway (the urban section of which now forms the Rome–Giardinetti railway). The former railway station was closed in 2008 so as to be rebuilt into the terminus of the new Metro line; it re-opened on 9 November 2014.

Via Casilina
The Via Casilina is a medieval road in Latium and Campania. It led from Rome to Casilinum (present-day Capua), to present-day Santa Maria Capua Vetere.

It was created from the fusion of two ancient Roman roads, the Via Latina and the Via Labicana. The Via Labicana led from Rome to Labicum, while the Via Latina ended at Capua.

In the Middle Ages, Capua was depopulated and the main settlement shifted to Casilinum, formerly a mere fluvial port. This is also the location of the modern town of Capua. As a consequence, the union of the Via Latina and of the Via Labicana took on the new namesake of Via Casilina. This usage also survives for the modern road, while Via Latina is not used anymore.
Orsa Lia
Orsa Lia (born Orsalia Asteris, 1943) is a Greek-American singer from Franklin, Virginia. She is best known for her 1978 single, "I Never Said I Love You" which topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for one week.

Franklin, Virginia
Franklin is the southwesternmost independent city in Hampton Roads, Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,180. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Franklin with Southampton County for statistical purposes.
2018 European Canoe Slalom Championships
The 2018 European Canoe Slalom Championships took place in Prague, Czech Republic under the auspices of the European Canoe Association (ECA). It was the 19th edition of the competition and Prague hosted the event for the first time. The events took place at the Prague-Troja Canoeing Centre from 1 to 3 June 2018.

The men's C2 event made its last appearance at major international competitions after the ICF had decided to pull this event out of the World Cup and World Championship program.

Prague-Troja Canoeing Centre
The Prague Canoeing Centre is one of the most frequently used venues for international canoe slalom competition. Built in 1983 in Czechoslovakia, it diverts water around a 3.6 metres (12 ft) dam at Troja on the Vltava river in Prague. Its two unique features are its use of car and truck tires as flow diverters and its shallow slope, closer to 1% than the usual nearly 2% for such venues. Despite these characteristics, the Troja facility has hosted ten World Cup races and one World Championship in the 21 years 1992–2012, and the 2013 World Championships.
Jagoite
Jagoite is a hexagonal-ditrigonal, dipyramidal, yellow-green lead-silicate mineral consisting of calcium, chlorine, hydrogen, iron, lead, magnesium, oxygen, silicon, and sodium. Its discovery was first published in 1957.

Hexagonal crystal family
In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal family is one of the six crystal families, which includes two crystal systems (hexagonal and trigonal) and two lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral). While commonly confused, the trigonal crystal system and the rhombohedral lattice system are not equivalent (see section crystal systems below). In particular, there are crystals that have trigonal symmetry but belong to the hexagonal lattice (such as α-quartz).

The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice, and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system. There are 52 space groups associated with it, which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral.