hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Economic imperialism
Economic imperialism is the foreign control of assets and decisions, even when such control exists in practice but not in law.
It can occur in both informal, postcolonial settings as well as formal, colonial ones, and involves the one-sided transfer of capital, labour, or natural resources from one nation to another.

In 1921, French Professor Achille Viallate (1866-1943) discussed economic imperialism as a trade and finance phenomenon in terms of "imperialist expansion [...] dictated by the desire of 'the great industrial nations' to find 'outlets both for the utilization of their available capital and for the surplus of their production'."

Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is the academic study of the cultural, political and economic consequences of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing an analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of imperial power. It is part of the critical theory framework in broader sense, and more narrowly, critical race theory.
Germany in Autumn
Germany in Autumn (German: Deutschland im Herbst) is a 1978 West German anthology film about the period of 1977 known as the German Autumn, which was dominated by incidents of terrorism. The film is composed of contributions from different filmmakers, including Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Alexander Kluge, Edgar Reitz, Bernhard Sinkel, Alf Brustellin, Hans Peter Cloos, Katja Rupé, Peter Schubert and Volker Schlöndorff. It was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Special Recognition award.

Armin Meier (actor)
Armin Meier (1943 – 31 May 1978) was a German actor, best known for his performances in films of Rainer Werner Fassbinder.

According to the documentary film Fassbinder: To Love Without Demands (2015) directed by Christian Braad Thomsen, Meier was one of Fassbinder's many lovers. He killed himself hours after Fassbinder's 33rd birthday party. Meier's body later was found in Fassbinder's apartment.
Cauchon
Cauchon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Pierre Cauchon (1371–1442), bishop of Beauvais

Joseph-Édouard Cauchon (1816–1885), Canadian politician, physics textbook author, and railroad investor

Martin Cauchon (born 1962), Canadian lawyer and politician

Robert Cauchon (1900–1980), Canadian politician

Pierre Cauchon
Pierre Cauchon (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ koʃɔ̃]; 1371 – 18 December 1442) was a French Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Beauvais from 1420 to 1432. He was a partisan of Burgundian and English interests in France during the latter years of the Hundred Years' War. In 1431, he served as judge in the trial of Joan of Arc, which found her guilty of heresy, and played a key role in her execution. In 1432, he was appointed as the Bishop of Lisieux, serving until his death in 1442. He was buried in Lisieux Cathedral.  The Catholic Church overturned the verdict of Joan of Arc's trial in 1456.
Rex Mortimer
Rex Alfred Mortimer (11 February 1926 – 31 December 1979) was an Australian academic and expert on communism.

Mortimer attended Melbourne High School and received a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Melbourne in 1947. He became a member of the Communist Party of Australia at the university and remained active until 1969. He completed a doctorate dissertation on the Communist Party of Indonesia at Monash University in 1971 under the guidance of Herbert Feith. Mortimer went on to become a faculty member of the University of Sydney before dying of cancer at Royal North Shore Hospital on New Year's Eve 1979. Peter Singer cites his death as an assisted suicide case in Rethinking Life & Death, reporting that Mortimer died from sleeping pills that he had his wife smuggle to him in the hospital.

He was married to Mary Eleanor Johnston, and the couple had one son and one daughter.

Melbourne High School
Melbourne High School is a government-funded single-sex academically selective secondary day school in the Melbourne suburb of South Yarra, Victoria, Australia. The school caters for boys from Year 9 to Year 12.
Oreta singapura
Oreta singapura is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1892. It is found in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Seram) and New Guinea.

Adults are fawn coloured, the wings with a few brown irrorations (sprinkles) and some pure white scales at the end of the cell of the forewings. There is a brown straight line across both wings, from the apex of the forewings to the abdominal margin of the hindwings one-third from the base, indistinctly marked with white on the forewings on the outer side and with a blackish spot with some white scales in it on the hindmargin of the forewings near the angle, the space outside the transverse line rather darker than the rest of the wings and on the hindwings there is a whitish space on the basal of the costa.

Seram Island
Seram (formerly spelled Ceram; also Seran or Serang) is the largest and main island of Maluku province of Indonesia, despite Ambon Island's historical importance. It is located just north of the smaller Ambon Island and a few other adjacent islands, such as Saparua, Haruku, Nusa Laut and the Banda Islands.
Lahontan State Recreation Area
Lahontan State Recreation Area is a public recreation area surrounding Lake Lahontan, a 17-mile-long (27 km) impoundment of the Carson River, located approximately 18 miles (29 km) west of Fallon, Nevada. The reservoir features 69 miles (111 km) of shoreline and 11,200 acres (4,500 ha) of water when full. Much of the park lies below 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in elevation and is dominated by high desert sagebrush. Wooded areas of native cottonwoods and willow trees can be found along the shore of the lake. Primary access points to the park are along U.S. Route 50 near the Lahontan Dam and off U.S. Route 95 in the town of Silver Springs. A corridor known as Carson River Ranches connects Lahontan with Fort Churchill State Historic Park.

U.S. Route 95 in Nevada
U.S. Route 95 (US 95) is a major U.S. highway traversing the U.S. state of Nevada from north to south directly through Las Vegas and providing connections to both Carson City (via US 50 in Silver Springs, Nevada area only) and Reno (via Interstate 80 in Fernley, Nevada only or U.S. 95A north to U.S. 50 west to I-580/U.S. 395 north in Carson City, Nevada area only). US 95 is cosigned with Interstate 80 for 95 miles (153 km) between Winnemucca and a junction 32 miles north of Fallon before heading north into Oregon at McDermitt. At 646.71 miles (1,040.78 km), it is the longest highway in Nevada.

Along much of its course through Nevada, US 95 has signs designating it as the Veterans Memorial Highway. A portion of the route in Las Vegas northwest of downtown is also called the Oran K. Gragson Freeway, named for Las Vegas mayor Oran K. Gragson who advocated for construction of that portion of freeway in the 1960s.
Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Bowbazar and Sealdah (Baithakkhana) neighbourhoods in central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the local government of the Indian city of Kolkata, the state capital of West Bengal. This civic administrative body administers an area of 206.08 square kilometres (79.57 sq mi). Its motto, Puroshri Bibardhan, is inscribed on its emblem in Bengali script. It is headed by a mayor, who presides over 144 councillors, each of whom represents one of the 144 wards of the city.
Würzburg Baskets
Fitness First Würzburg Baskets (formerly known as Würzburg Baskets and s.Oliver Baskets) is a German professional basketball club located in Würzburg. After one year of absence from the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL), the club returned to the first division of German basketball in the 2015–16 season.

It was founded in 2007, with the aim to substitute the original club of the city, who was known as DJK Würzburg, which stood for "Deutsche Jugendkraft" (German youth power), and was affiliated to the DJK-Sportverband (Sport Association), which is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. The club has gained fame through its basketball department, in which NBA players Dirk Nowitzki and Maxi Kleber got their starts.

FIBA Europe Cup
The FIBA Europe Cup (FEC) is an annual professional club basketball competition organised by FIBA for eligible European clubs. It is FIBA Europe's second level competition, but it is usually regarded as the 4th-tier Pan-European competition overall. Clubs mainly qualify based on their performance in national leagues and cup competitions, although this is not the sole deciding factor. The winner is decided by a two-legged final.

The league was founded in 2015 as a replacement of the FIBA EuroChallenge.
German submarine U-559
German submarine U-559 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.

Laid down on 1 February 1940 at the Blohm & Voss shipyards in Hamburg as "Baunummer 535" ("Yard number 535"), she was launched on 8 January 1941 and commissioned on 27 February under Kapitänleutnant Hans Heidtmann.

She began her service career with the 1st U-boat Flotilla, undergoing training before being declared operational on 1 June 1941. She moved to the 29th U-boat Flotilla on 15 April 1942. She sank five ships but is perhaps best remembered for an incident during her sinking in the Mediterranean Sea in 1942, in which British sailors seized cryptographic material from her. This material was extremely valuable in breaking the U-boat Enigma machine cipher.

Kapitänleutnant
Kapitänleutnant, short: KptLt/in lists: KL, (English: captain lieutenant or lieutenant captain) is an officer grade of the captains' military hierarchy group (German: Hauptleute) of the modern German Bundeswehr. The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO, and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe. It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence.

The rank first appeared in the German Empire and continued in use through the Weimar Republic and into the Third Reich.
Chaim Hames
Chaim (Harvey) J. Hames (Hebrew: חיים היימס; born 8 July 1966) is a professor of history at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), in Beer-Sheva, Israel, and the incumbent of the David Berg and Family Chair in European History. On August 1, 2018, he assumed office as Rector of BGU. Hames' research focuses on medieval history, with a particular interest in inter-religious encounters, particularly between Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. He also works on religious conversion, inter-religious polemics, mysticism, philosophy, apocalypticism, and magic.

Apocalypticism
Apocalypticism is the religious belief that the end of the world is imminent, even within one's own lifetime. This belief is usually accompanied by the idea that civilization will soon come to a tumultuous end due to some sort of catastrophic global event.

Apocalypticism is one aspect of eschatology in certain religions, the part of theology concerned with the final events of human history, or the ultimate destiny of humanity (societal collapse, human extinction, and so on).
Communes of the Ariège department
The following is a list of the 325 communes of the Ariège department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2025):

Communauté d'agglomération Pays Foix-Varilhes

Communauté de communes Arize Lèze

Communauté de communes Couserans-Pyrénées

Communauté de communes de la Haute-Ariège

Communauté de communes du Pays de Mirepoix

Communauté de communes du Pays d'Olmes

Communauté de communes du Pays de Tarascon

Communauté de communes des Portes d'Ariège Pyrénées

Communauté d'agglomération Pays Foix-Varilhes
Communauté d'agglomération Pays Foix-Varilhes is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the town of Foix. It is located in the Ariège department, in the Occitania region, southern France. Created in 2017, its seat is in Foix. Its area is 443.8 km2. Its population was 31,947 in 2019, of which 9,493 in Foix proper.
Diocese of Gaylord
The Diocese of Gaylord (Latin: Diœcesis Gaylordensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the northern region of Michigan in the United States. The diocese is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Detroit.

Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
The Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State (Latin: Pontificia Commissio pro Civitate Vaticana, Italian: Pontificia Commissione per lo Stato della Città del Vaticano) is the legislative body of Vatican City. It consists of a president, who also holds the title of President of the Governorate and deputizes as the head of government of Vatican City, as well as six cardinals appointed by the Pope, the head of state of Vatican City, for five-year terms.

The Pontifical Commission was created in 1939 by Pius XII. Laws and regulations proposed by the Commission must be submitted to the Pope through the Secretariat of State prior to being made public and taking effect. Laws, regulations, and instructions enacted by the Commission are published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis.
Żabin, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Żabin [ˈʐabin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Banie Mazurskie, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It is located in Masuria. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) north of Banie Mazurskie, 17 km (11 mi) west of Gołdap, and 119 km (74 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Polish, Lithuanian and German-language services were held in the church, as of the 18th century. The first three pastors of the local parish were from the Polish noble family of Wierciński, all appointed in the 16th century.

There are two cemeteries—one German, one Russian—from World War I located in the town.

Masuria
Masuria (Polish: Mazury [maˈzurɨ] ⓘ; Masurian: Mazurÿ; German: Masuren [maˈzuːʁən] ⓘ) is an ethnographic and geographic region in northern and northeastern Poland, known for its 2,000 lakes. Masuria occupies much of the Masurian Lake District. Administratively, it is part of the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship (administrative area/province). Its biggest city, often regarded as its capital, is Ełk. The region covers a territory of some 10,000 km2 which approximately 500,000 people inhabit.

Masuria is bordered by Warmia, Powiśle and Chełmno Land in the west, Mazovia in the south, Podlachia and Suwałki Region in the east, and Lithuania Minor in the north.
With Love (Bobby Vinton album)
With Love is Bobby Vinton's twenty-fourth and final studio album for Epic Records and his twenty-fifth album overall. It was released in 1974, two years after Epic released Vinton from his contract with them and immediately after the release of Melodies of Love (Vinton's first album for ABC Records). The purpose of this release was to take advantage of the success of the aforementioned Melodies of Love and his biggest hit at the time "My Melody of Love". Two of the ten songs had previously been released on other albums, including "And I Love You So", a new version of the song originally recorded for Ev'ry Day of Life, this time produced by Billy Sherrill and arranged by Cam Mullins.

Bobby Vinton
Stanley Robert Vinton (born April 16, 1935) is an American singer and actor, who hosted his own self-titled TV show in the late 1970s. As a teen idol, he became known as "The Polish Prince", as his music paid tribute to his Polish heritage. One of his most popular songs is "Blue Velvet" (a cover of the 1951 song recorded by Tony Bennett) which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1963, No. 1 in Canada (5 weeks), and number 2 in the UK in 1990.
Alan Grafen
Alan Grafen FRS is a Scottish ethologist and evolutionary biologist. He currently teaches and undertakes research at St John's College, Oxford. Along with regular contributions to scientific journals, Grafen is known publicly for his work as co-editor (with Mark Ridley) of the 2006 festschrift Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think, honouring the achievements of his colleague and former academic advisor. He has worked extensively in the field of biological game theory, and, in 1990, devised a model showing that Zahavi's well-known handicap principle could theoretically exist in natural populations.

He also published a seminal paper in the field of phylogenetic comparative methods, in which he demonstrated how the tools of generalized least squares could be applied to perform phylogenetically informed statistical analyses.

Grafen was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2011.

Amotz Zahavi
Amotz Zahavi (Hebrew: אמוץ זהבי; August 14, 1928 – May 12, 2017) was an Israeli evolutionary biologist, a Professor in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, and one of the founders of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel. His main work concerned the evolution of signals, particularly those signals that are indicative of fitness, and their selection for "honesty".
Pont y Werin
Pont y Werin (Welsh for The People's Bridge) is a pedestrian and cyclist bridge spanning the River Ely between Cardiff Bay and Penarth, Wales.

Costing approximately £4.5 million, Pont y Werin crosses between the Cardiff International Sports Village and Penarth, allowing the public to travel to the Sports Village via Cogan railway station.

Opened on 14 July 2010, the bascule bridge completes the 6.5 mile (10.5 km) Cardiff Bay circular walk and cycle route, and incorporates a 20-metre opening section to allow river traffic to pass.

Bascule bridge
A bascule bridge (also referred to as a drawbridge or a lifting bridge) is a moveable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or leaf, throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat traffic. It may be single- or double-leafed.

The name comes from the French term for balance scale, which employs the same principle. Bascule bridges are the most common type of movable span because they open quickly and require relatively little energy to operate, while providing the possibility for unlimited vertical clearance for marine traffic.
Michael Fanning (Gaelic footballer)
Michael "Mick" Fanning (born 1986) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who played for the Louth county team. He is a long-serving member of his local club team Naomh Máirtín.

He played in defence for the Louth senior team and lined out at centre-half back in the controversial 2010 Leinster Senior Football Championship Final against Meath. In 2011 Fanning emigrated to Australia in search of work with his county teammates John O'Brien and Brian White, missing out on a National League Division 3 winners' medal as a consequence.

He returned to inter-county action in 2012. In 2020 he captained Naomh Máirtín to a first Louth Senior Football Championship against opponents St Mary's.

Louth GAA
The Louth County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae an Lú) or Louth GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Louth.

It oversees competitions such as the Louth Senior Football Championship (SFC), Louth Intermediate Football Championship (IFC), Louth Junior Football Championship (JFC) and Louth Senior Hurling Championship (SHC), as well as numerous underage and secondary competitions.

The county board is also responsible for the Louth county teams in both football and hurling. The county football team won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) in 1910, 1912 and again in 1957.
Hatun Hirka (Huaylas-Santa)
Hatun Hirka (Quechua hatun big, hirka mountain, "big mountain", also spelled Atun Irca) is a mountain in the Cordillera Negra in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 3,400 m (11,200 ft). It is located in the Ancash Region, Huaylas Province, Pamparomas District, and in the Santa Province, Cáceres del Perú District, northwest of Pamparomas. It borders the Pacific Ocean.

Santa province
Santa is one of twenty provinces of the Ancash Region in Peru.

The province of Santa was created on February 12, 1821. Its capital, Chimbote, that long time ago became the first fishing port of the world, is the most important city of the coastal zone of Ancash.

In 1992 it was the site of a famous massacre of campesinos.
1918 Arizona gubernatorial election
The 1918 Arizona gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1918, for the post of the Governor of Arizona. Thomas Campbell, who served a partial term in 1917 and had his election overturned by the Supreme Court of Arizona, returned to contest the Governors office. Incumbent Governor Hunt declined to run again after the stress of the close elections and the year-long court battle. Despite falling to its lowest percentage in years, the sole third party challenger held the difference between the two candidates. The Democratic challenger was state senator Fred T. Colter, a pro-Hunt Democrat.

Thomas Campbell was sworn in for his first full term on January 6, 1919.

Fred Colter
Fred Tuttle Colter (February 2, 1879 – January 8, 1944) was an Arizona rancher and farmer, as well as being the state senator for Apache County beginning with Arizona's second state legislature in 1915. Colter spent six terms in the Arizona Senate. He also led the fight on Arizona's behalf to maintain control over the water from the Colorado River, coining the slogan, "Save the Colorado for Arizona". He was a close ally of the state's first governor, George W. P. Hunt. Prior to his election to the state senate, Colter had served as the state's fair commissioner.
Neil D. Jones
Neil Deaton Jones (22 March 1941 Centralia, Illinois, USA - 27 March 2023, Rungsted, Denmark) was an American computer scientist. He was a Professor Emeritus in computer science at University of Copenhagen.

His work spanned both programming languages and the theory of computation. Within programming languages he was particularly known for his work on partial evaluation and for pioneering work within both data-flow analysis, control-flow analysis and termination analysis. Within the theory of computation, he was among the pioneers of the study of Log-space reductions and P-completeness.

Neil D. Jones was a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog (since 1998) and also a member of the Academia Europaea (since 1999). He was a 1998 Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for "outstanding contributions to semantics-directed compilation, especially partial evaluation, and to the theory of computation, formal models and their practical realization".

Partial evaluation
In computing, partial evaluation is a technique for several different types of program optimization by specialization. The most straightforward application is to produce new programs that run faster than the originals while being guaranteed to behave in the same way.

A computer program  is seen as a mapping of input data into output data:

where , the static data, is the part of the input data known at compile time.

The partial evaluator transforms  into  by precomputing all static input at compile time.  is called the "residual program" and should run more efficiently than the original program. The act of partial evaluation is said to "residualize"  to .