hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edward Alexander (professor)
Edward Alexander (1936 – August 22, 2020) was an American essayist and professor emeritus of English at the University of Washington. He focused his research on literary figures such as John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, John Morley, John Ruskin, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Lionel Trilling, Irving Howe, and Robert B. Heilman; and authored books about Jewish history, Zionism, and antisemitism.

Isaac Bashevis Singer
Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער; November 11, 1903 – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish novelist, short-story writer, memoirist, essayist, and translator in the United States. Some of his works were adapted for the theater. He wrote and published first in Yiddish and later translated his own works into English with the help of editors and collaborators. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978. A leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, he was awarded two U.S. National Book Awards, one in Children's Literature for his memoir A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw (1970) and one in Fiction for his collection A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974).
Vasiliy Ryabchenko
Vasiliy Ryabchenko (born 23 July 1954, in Odesa, USSR) is a Ukrainian painter, photographer, and installation artist. One of the key artists in contemporary Ukrainian art, and the "New Ukrainian Wave".

Ukrainian House
The Ukrainian House International Convention Center (Ukrainian: Міжнародний конгрес-центр «Український дім», romanized: Mizhnarodnyi konhres-tsentr «Ukrainskyi dim»), is the largest  international exhibition and convention center in Kyiv, Ukraine. The five-storey building is the host venue for a variety of events from exhibitions, trade fairs and conferences to international association meetings, product launches, banquets, TV-ceremonies, sporting events, etc.
Urkarakh
Urkarakh (Russian: Уркарах, Dargin: Уркарахъ) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Dakhadayevsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population:  4,394 (2010 Census); 5,182 (2002 Census); 4,208 (1989 Soviet census).

Dargwa language
Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan. This article discusses the literary dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages. It is based on the Aqusha and Urakhi dialects of Northern Dargin.
Title 2 of the Swiss Federal Constitution
Title 2 of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999, entitled "Fundamental Rights, Civil Rights and Social Goals", contains a comprehensive and directly enforceable bill of rights, as well as a set of social goals which the state authorities are to pay heed to. A few rights, notably political ones, are explicitly reserved to Swiss citizens, while all others apply to all persons in Switzerland, including (insofar as possible) legal entities such as corporations.

While the 1874 constitution enumerated only a few civil rights, the 1999 constitution explicitly codifies the fundamental rights recognised in the case law of the Supreme Court and the European Court of Human Rights. It also incorporates the fundamental rights guaranteed in the European Convention on Human Rights, which Switzerland has ratified.

Bill of rights
A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country.  The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens.

Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched. An entrenched bill of rights cannot be amended or repealed by a country's legislature through regular procedure, instead requiring a supermajority or referendum; often it is part of a country's constitution, and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments.
Sales Pitch (short story)
"Sales Pitch" is a science fiction short story by American writer  Philip K. Dick, first published in Future Science Fiction magazine, June 1954. The premise is the omnipresent, intrusive and even aggressive advertising and marketing. At the end of the story, the protagonist is driven mad by a robot who can forcefully market himself, and refuses to take no for an answer. The subject was of concern to Dick, and features in his early works such as The Man Who Japed.

The Man Who Japed
The Man Who Japed is a science fiction novel  by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in 1956. Although one of Dick's lesser-known novels, it features several of the ideas and themes that recur throughout his later works.  The "jape[s]" or practical jokes of the novel begin with a statue's unconventional decapitation.

The Man Who Japed was first published by Ace Books as one half of Ace Double D-193, bound dos-à-dos with The Space Born by E. C. Tubb.
Pseudoeurycea longicauda
Pseudoeurycea longicauda is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.
It is endemic to Mexico.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Plethodontidae
Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders, are a family of salamanders. With over 500 species, lungless salamanders are by far the largest family of salamanders in terms of their diversity. Most species are native to the Western Hemisphere, from British Columbia to Brazil. Only two extant genera occur in the Eastern Hemisphere: Speleomantes (native to Sardinia and mainland Europe south of the Alps) and Karsenia (native to South Korea).
Thomistic theology of merit
Thomistic theology of merit is the set of beliefs developed by Thomistic thinkers regarding merit in Christianity.

Thomas Aquinas discussed merit extensively in his early Commentary on the Sentences and in his mature Summa Theologica. In both texts, Aquinas views human life as a "journey" which starts with the conversion from sin to grace and ends in the beatific vision, a process marked by the good actions which make the soul closer to God and hold the divine approval. Acknowledging the difficulties of affirming the possibility of human merit before a divine entity, Thomism develops thoroughly on the concept in order to defend the Catholic position.

Nova et Vetera
Nova et Vetera is a Thomistic theological journal that focuses on contemporary issues facing the Catholic Church. Published in the Swiss region of Romandy, the main language of the journal is French.  It is also published in a distinct English edition founded by Matthew Levering in 2003. Its current co-editors are Levering, a professor at Mundelein Seminary, and Fr Thomas Joseph White of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas. The English edition is currently published by the St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology.
Chávez High School (Delano, California)
Cesar E. Chavez High School opened in Delano, California in 2003 and serves 1,650 students in grades nine through twelve.

Located at the southern part of the Central San Joaquin Valley, Delano is an agricultural community which straddles the southern end of Tulare County and northern Kern County.  Cesar E. Chavez High School serves students residing in Delano as well as the surrounding rural communities and/or districts.  These feeder districts include, Earlimart, Pond, Allensworth, Richgrove and Columbine. The School was named after Cesar E. Chavez in his honor. In Houston, Texas has a high school named after the activist also, Chávez High School (Houston).

Chávez High School (Houston)
César E. Chávez High School is a secondary school located at 8501 Howard Drive in the Allendale neighborhood in Houston, Texas, United States.

The school is part of the Houston Independent School District, and serves grades nine through twelve. Chavez serves several areas outside the 610 Loop in southeast Houston, including the neighborhoods of Glenbrook Valley, Gulf Freeway Oaks, and Park Place.

Chavez High School serves a mainly Hispanic population located near Hobby Airport. The school is named for civil rights activist Cesar E. Chavez.

HISD's Environmental Science magnet program is offered at Chavez. The school's principal (as of June 2019) is Dr. Luis Landa. The "Lobo" (Spanish for "wolf") is the school's official mascot.

The school became an International Baccalaureate school which started offering Diploma Programme classes in 2017-2018.
English Valleys Community School District
41°30′48″N 92°04′50″W﻿ / ﻿41.513454°N 92.080467°W﻿ / 41.513454; -92.080467

The English Valleys Community School District – sometimes abbreviated "EV" –  is a rural public school district headquartered in North English, Iowa. The district spans areas of southern Iowa, southeastern Poweshiek and northern Keokuk counties, encompassing the communities of North English, Millersburg, South English, Kinross, and a portion of Deep River.

The district's elementary and junior-senior high school campuses are located in North English, with administrative offices located at the elementary building. The district is governed by a five-member board of directors, with all board members voted at-large and meeting monthly. The school district is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the Iowa Department of Education.

Poweshiek County, Iowa
Poweshiek County is a county in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 18,662. The county seat is Montezuma. The county is named for the chief of the Meskwaki who signed the treaty ending the Black Hawk War. It lies along Interstate 80 between Des Moines and Iowa City. Poweshiek County's largest city is Grinnell.
Avila-Gonzague Bourbonnais
Avila-Gonzague Bourbonnais (October 17, 1859 – April 4, 1902) was a civil servant and political figure in Quebec. He represented Soulanges in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1886 to 1892 as a Parti national member and from 1892 to 1902 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Saint-Clet, Canada East, the son of Michel Bourbonnais and Angèle Houle, and was educated at the Séminaire de Sainte-Thérèse and the Université Laval. Bourbonnais was the registrar for the Ministry of Public Works and Agriculture. In 1884, he married Marie-Rose-Délia Lefebvre. He died in office in Quebec City at the age of 42 and was buried in the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

His brother Augustin served in the Canadian House of Commons.

Canada East
Canada East (French: Canada-Est) was the northeastern portion of the Province of Canada. Lord Durham's Report investigating the causes of the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions recommended merging those two colonies. The new colony, known as the Province of Canada, was created by the Act of Union 1840 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, having effect in 1841. For administrative purposes, the new Province was subdivided into Canada West and Canada East.  The former name of "Lower Canada" came back into official use in 1849, and as of Canadian Confederation of 1867 it formed the newly created province of Quebec.

An estimated 890,000 people lived in Canada East in 1851.
Thornton Lakes
Thornton Lakes are located in North Cascades National Park, in the U. S. state of Washington. These paternoster lakes consist of three lakes located 1 to 1.75 mi (1.61 to 2.82 km) southeast of Mount Triumph. Thornton Lakes can be accessed on foot from a trailhead in Ross Lake National Recreation Area. The hike of 5.2 mi (8.4 km) includes a 2,400-foot (730 m) altitude gain and a 500-foot (150 m) descent to Lower Thornton Lake. Two other lakes lie above the first one, unofficially named Middle and Upper Thornton Lakes. A designated backcountry camping zone is located at Lower Thornton Lake.

Ross Lake National Recreation Area
Ross Lake National Recreation Area is a US national recreation area in north central Washington just south of the Canada–US border. It is the most accessible part of the North Cascades National Park Complex which also includes North Cascades National Park and Lake Chelan National Recreation Area. Ross Lake NRA follows the Skagit River corridor from the Canada–US border to the western foothills of the Cascades. The NRA contains a portion of scenic Washington State Route 20, the North Cascades Highway, and includes three reservoirs: 12,000-acre (4,900 ha) Ross Lake, 910-acre (370 ha) Diablo Lake, and 210-acre (85 ha) Gorge Lake. These reservoirs make up the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project operated by Seattle City Light. Nestled in the "American Alps" the Ross Lake NRA bisects the north and south units of North Cascades National Park.
John Hoffman (Minnesota politician)
John A. Hoffman (born January 17, 1965) is an American politician and member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), he represents District 34, which includes parts of Anoka and Hennepin County in the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Hoffman and his wife, along with fellow Minnesota lawmaker Melissa Hortman and her husband, were shot in a 2025 spree shooting. Hoffman and his wife were hospitalized; neither Hortman nor her husband survived.

Minnesota Senate
The Minnesota Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. At 67 members, half as many as the Minnesota House of Representatives, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the State Capitol in Saint Paul. Committee hearings, as well as offices for senators and staff, are located north of the State Capitol in the Minnesota Senate Building. Each member of the Minnesota Senate represents approximately 85,000 constituents.
Tatiana Štefanovičová
Tatiana Štefanovičová (10 March 1934 – 3 January 2021) was a Slovak archaeologist and historian, one of leading experts in early history of Slovakia. Along with other research activities, she worked on excavations unearthing the oldest archeological remains of Bratislava at most Bratislava Castle.

Bratislava Castle
Bratislava Castle (Slovak: Bratislavský hrad, IPA: [ˈbracislawskiː ˈɦrat] ⓘ; German: Pressburger Burg; Hungarian: Pozsonyi vár) is the main castle of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The massive rectangular building with four corner towers stands on an isolated rocky hill of the Little Carpathians, directly above the Danube river, in the middle of Bratislava. Because of its size and location, it has been a dominant feature of the city for centuries.

The location provides excellent views of Bratislava, Austria and, in clear weather, parts of Hungary. Many legends are connected with the history of the castle.
Kōfuku-ji
Kōfuku-ji (興福寺; Japanese pronunciation: [koꜜː.ɸɯ̥.kɯ.dʑi]) is a Buddhist temple in Japan that was once one of the powerful Nanto Shichi Daiji 'Seven Great Temples' in the city of Nara. The temple is the national headquarters of the East Asian Yogācāra school. It is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara, a World Heritage Site.

Buddhist temples in Japan
Buddhist temples or monasteries are (along with Shinto shrines) the most numerous, famous, and important religious buildings in Japan. The shogunates or leaders of Japan have made it a priority to update and rebuild Buddhist temples since the Momoyama period (late 16th century). The Japanese word for a Buddhist monastery is tera (寺) (kun reading), and the same kanji also has the pronunciation ji (on reading), so temple names frequently end in -dera (voiced) or -ji. Another ending, -in (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. Examples of temple names that have these suffixes are Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji and Kōtoku-in.
Navarro Discount Pharmacies
Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Inc., frequently referred to as  Navarro is a pharmacy chain, photo service, and pharmacy benefit manager in the United States.  The company was acquired by CVS Health in September 2014 and is operated as a separate brand and business of CVS, headquartered in Miami, Florida. The company mainly operates in Miami-Dade and Broward Counties and currently has 28 stores. Navarro Discount Pharmacies has a 17% market share in South Florida, ahead of Walgreens and CVS/pharmacy. The company has more than 2,000 employees and annual sales of more than $350 million. Navarro leads the industry in terms of sales per store, sales per square foot, and prescriptions filled per store.

Broward County, Florida
Broward County (/ˈbraʊ.ərd/ BROURD) is a county in Florida, United States, located in the Miami metropolitan area. It is Florida's second-most populous county after Miami-Dade County and the 17th-most populous in the United States, with 1,944,375 residents as of the 2020 census. Its county seat and most populous city is Fort Lauderdale, which had a population of 182,760 as of 2020. The county is part of the South Florida region of the state.

Broward County is one of the three counties that make up the Miami metropolitan area, which is home to 6.14 million people as of 2020. It is also one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the entire country. As of 2022, Broward County has a gross domestic product of $124.8 billion, the second-largest GDP of Florida's 67 counties and the 25th-largest for the nation's 3,033 counties.
Paul Wells (musician)
Paul Wells (July 22, 1888 – May 1927) was an American pianist, composer, music educator, and writer on music. Born in Carthage, Missouri, he was educated at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University. After solo appearances with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra and the Minnesota Orchestra, he pursued further studies in Europe with Leopold Godowsky and Josef Lhévinne. He toured Europe in 1912 and 1913, during which time he made multiple appearances with the Berlin Philharmonic.

In fall 1913, Wells joined the faculty of the Toronto Conservatory of Music, where he taught until his death 14 years later. His pupils at the TCM included Gordon Hallett and Muriel Kerr. In Toronto he performed in numerous concerts and recitals, including as soloist with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, as a member of the Conservatory Trio, and in concerts with the Toronto String Quartette. He died at the age of 38 in Jacksonville, Florida.

Peabody Institute
The Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University is a private music and dance conservatory and preparatory school in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1857, it became affiliated with Johns Hopkins in 1977.
Lawrence Martin (musician)
Lawrence Martin (born January 1956 in Moose Factory, Ontario) is a Canadian musician and politician. He has used the name Wapistan, derived from the Cree language word for the marten, in his musical work.

Cree language
Cree (/kriː/ KREE; also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador. If considered one language, it is the aboriginal language with the highest number of speakers in Canada. The only region where Cree has any official status is in the Northwest Territories, alongside eight other aboriginal languages. There, Cree is spoken mainly in Fort Smith and Hay River.
John Raymond Wilton
John Raymond Wilton (2 May 1884 – 12 April 1944), invariably referred to as J. R. Wilton, was an Australian-born mathematician. In the period of 1926–1934 Wilton published 26 research papers on analysis and number theory. For which he gained the Doctorate in science from the University of Cambridge in 1930 and in 1935 he was the first person to receive the Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal from the Australian National Research Council.

Australian Academy of Science
The Australian Academy of Science is a scientific academy. It was founded in 1954 by a group of distinguished Australians, including Australian Fellows of the Royal Society of London, after its forerunner, the Australian National Research Council had been dissolved.  The Academy Secretariat is in Canberra, at the Shine Dome.
Fikru Deguefu
Fikru Deguefu (born 28 February 1937) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics, ranking 8th in the final. He also competed in the men's 10,000 metres, ranking 14th in the final.

Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres
The official results of the Men's 10,000 metres Race at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico held on Sunday October 13, 1968. There were a total number of 37 competitors from 23 nations.  The winning margin was 0.6 seconds.

While Abebe Bikila had won the Marathon in the two previous Olympics to show Ethiopia's ability, this was Kenya's first ever gold medal, with Naftali Temu outsprinting leader Mamo Wolde on the home straight.
Extension Ensemble
Extension Ensemble is an American five piece Brass Quintet, based in New York City, composed of Ralph Alessi (trumpet), Sycil Mathai (trumpet), Theo Primis (horn), Mike Boschen (trombone) and Andrew Bove (tuba). They have worked with composers such as Ralph Alessi, Kenji Bunch and Becca Schack and in 2004 released their first album "New York Presence" featuring compositions by artists like Elliot Goldenthal, Moondog (Louis Thomas Hardin) and David Loeb, performed and recorded by the Ensemble.

Kenji Bunch
Kenji Bunch (born July 27, 1973) is an American composer and violist based in Portland, Oregon. Bunch currently serves as the artistic director of Fear No Music and teaches at Portland State University, Reed College, and for the Portland Youth Philharmonic. He is also the director of MYSfits, the most advanced string ensemble of the Metropolitan Youth Symphony.

Known for "amalgamating traditional American musical forms... and European-based classical music," Bunch's work for chamber ensemble, orchestra and ballet often incorporates elements of hip hop, jazz, bluegrass and funk to critical acclaim.  Over sixty American orchestras have performed his music. His film credits include The Bellman Equation and The Argentum Prophecies. His discography includes recordings on Sony/BMG, EMI Classics, Koch, Kleos Classics, RCA, Naxos, Pony Canyon, GENUIN, Capstone, MSR Classics, Innova, ARS, and Crystal labels.
Polur Assembly constituency
Polur is a state assembly constituency in Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, India. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 66. It comprises portions of the Chetpet, Pernamallur, Kalambur and Polur towns and unions. Polur is a part of Arani Lok Sabha constituency for national elections to the Parliament of India. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

Chetpet
Chetpet is a major town panchayat in Tiruvannamalai district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Chetpet's major economical activity is processing paddy and the town is home to one of the largest organised paddy exchange markets of the state. Chetpet is one of the very few places of German colonisation in Indian history. A village called Nedungunam nearby has one of the Famous temples of Lord Rama. The temple is very famous and called Sri Yoga Rama temple.
Amendolara
Amendolara (Lucano: Minnuàre) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.

The city is at an altitude of 200 meters above sea level and overlooks the Ionian Sea.

Province of Cosenza
The province of Cosenza (Italian: provincia di Cosenza) is a province in the region of Calabria in Italy. Its capital is the city of Cosenza. It has a population of 669,239 across its 150 municipalities.

The province of Cosenza contains a community of Occitan language (also known as Langue d'oc) speakers in Guardia Piemontese: it was formed by Vaudoi or Waldensian movement members, who moved to Cosenza to avoid religious persecution, in the 13th and 14th centuries. Many of the Arbëreshë Albanians of Italy live in the province, since arriving in the 16th century to flee the religious persecution undertaken by the Ottoman Empire.