hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Habersham
James Habersham (26 January 1712 – 28 August 1775) was an English-born American merchant, planter, missionary, teacher and politician who lived the majority of his life in the Province of Georgia. Habersham is credited with opening the first direct trade between Savannah, Georgia, and London. He was an influential advocate for slavery in the Thirteen Colonies and served as Secretary of Georgia and as President of the Georgia General Assembly's Upper House. In opposition to his adult sons, Habersham remained loyal to the Crown during the American Revolution.

All three of Habersham's sons became actively involved in the Patriot cause. Joseph Habersham became a zealous revolutionary in 1774. After July 1776, both he and brother John enlisted in the Georgia Line of the Continental Army, while James Jr. contributed to the revolution through political and financial service. The senior Habersham's death in 1775 prevented the painful family division from extending into the war years.

Proslavery thought
To be proslavery is to support slavery. 
It is sometimes found in the thought of ancient philosophers, religious texts, and in American and British writings especially before the American Civil War, but also later through the 20th century.

In the Muslim world, slavery was traditionally sanctioned by religious scripture until the abolition of slavery in the 20th century, when new intepretations were made that prohibited slavery; however traditional intepretation were still argued by religious extremists in the 21st century.

Arguments in favor of slavery include deference to religious scripture, some people being natural slaves in need of supervision, slaves often being better off than the poorest non-slaves, practical social benefit for the society as a whole, and slavery being a time-proven practice by multiple great civilizations.
Charles Carr (bishop of Killaloe)
Charles Carr (1672–1739) was an Irish Anglican clergyman: he was Bishop of Killaloe from 1716 to 1739.

He was born in Donore, County Kildare and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. The Chaplain of The King's Hospital, he became Vicar of Kilkea in 1701. Served in St. Paul's Church Smithfield, Dublin as curate (1705–08) and Rector (1708-1716). He was also Chaplain of the Irish House of Commons. He was consecrated Bishop of Killaloe in June 1716. He died in Dublin on 26 December 1739 and was buried at St Patrick's Cathedral in that city.

The King's Hospital
The Hospital and Free School of King Charles II, Oxmantown, also called The King's Hospital (KH; Irish: Scoil Ospidéal an Rí) is a Church of Ireland co-educational independent day and boarding school situated in Palmerstown, County Dublin, Ireland. It is on an 80-acre campus beside the River Liffey, called Brooklawn, named after the country houses situated on the site and in which the headmaster and his family reside. The school is also a member of the HMC Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the BSA.

Founded in 1669, it is one of the oldest schools in Ireland and was also known as the Blue Coat School. Although priority is given to those of the main Protestant denominations, as a Christian school, it is attended by students of other Christian denominations and other faiths. The school's colours are navy and gold. The school crest is three burning castles with the date "1669", almost identical to the crest for Dublin city. The current headmaster is Mark Wallace.
Snow Creek (ski resort)
Snow Creek is a ski resort on the bluffs above the Missouri River in Marshall Township, Platte County, northwest of Kansas City, Missouri, near the village of Iatan. it opened in 1986 and was the second resort to be developed in the Peak Resorts chain.

Overlooking Kansas across the river, the resort plays on its Midwest heritage including a tornado alley tubing trail. A tornado touched ground at the resort at 7:30 p.m. on April 30, 2003 in part of the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence. The tornado did minimal damage and nobody was injured.

The lift elevation is 1,099 feet (335 m) and the vertical drop is 300 feet (91 m). It has 3 chair lifts and 3 surface lifts, 11 trails including 1 advanced and 2 easy.  It comprises 25 acres (100,000 m2) and its mailing address is Weston, Missouri.

in 2019, Snow Creek was purchased by Colorado based Vail Resorts as a part of a $263 million deal.

Platte County, Missouri
Platte County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,718. Its county seat is Platte City. The county was organized December 31, 1838, from the Platte Purchase, named for the Platte River. (Platte is derived from the French word for a low, shallow, or intermittent stream.) The Kansas City International Airport is located in the county, approximately one mile west of Interstate 29 between mile markers 12 and 15. The land for the airport was originally in an unincorporated portion of Platte County before being annexed by Platte City, and eventually Kansas City.
Baraeus tridentatus
Baraeus tridentatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1801. It is known from Nigeria, the Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, and Togo.

Johan Christian Fabricius
Johann Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in the "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is considered one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis for the modern insect classification.
Otorohanga railway station
Otorohanga railway station serves the town of Ōtorohanga, on the North Island Main Trunk in New Zealand. The current station dates from 1924.

Trains calling at Ōtorohanga included The Overlander, Blue Streak, Scenic Daylight, Daylight Limited, Northerner, Northern Explorer, and Night Limited. By 2012, passenger numbers had dropped to an average of two per train, which brought about a brief closure from 24 June. Initially the reinstatement was for summer only from 10 December. Scheduled services to Otorohanga were suspended from December 2021 to 25 September 2022. Currently passengers need to pre-book services to and from the station

Overlander (train)
The Overlander was a long-distance rail passenger train between Auckland and Wellington in the North Island of New Zealand, along the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT). It was operated by Tranz Scenic. The service was replaced from Sunday 24 June 2012, by the Northern Explorer.

The Overlander replaced a previous service operated by RM class Silver Fern railcars on Monday 2 December 1991. Following the withdrawal of the overnight Northerner, it was the only regular passenger train on the NIMT between Pukekohe and Palmerston North. After being threatened with cessation itself in 2006, it gained significantly in popularity, partly because of increased tourism promotion for the service.

It was called one of the best-value scenic rail trips in the world by the British Guardian. It is also acknowledged as one of the world's classic scenic rail journeys.
Charles Joseph (athlete)
Charles Joseph (born March 25, 1952, on Trinidad) is a retired athlete from Trinidad and Tobago who specialized in the 400 metres and 4 x 400 metres relay.

He attended the Seton Hall University, New Jersey, US.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
Nyzhnia Yablunka
Nyzhnia Yablunka (Ukrainian: Нижня Яблунька; Polish: Jabłonka Niżna) is a village (selo) in Sambir Raion, Lviv Oblast, in south-west Ukraine. It belongs to Borynia settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

The village was established in 1522 on a tributary of the Yablunka River. An Orthodox church was mentioned in 1589. The currently standing Orthodox church was built in 1820.

The Lviv-Sambir-Uzhhorod railway passes through the village.

262 villagers took part in the German-Soviet war on the side of the USSR. 59 of them died. In 1970, a memorial obelisk was erected in the village in honor of those killed by the Nazis.

Until 18 July 2020, Nyzhnia Yablunka belonged to Turka Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Turka Raion was merged into Sambir Raion.

Turka Raion
Turka Raion (Ukrainian: Турківський район) was a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was the city of Turka. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Turka Raion was merged into Sambir Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 48,933 (2020 est.).

It was established in 1939.

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of two hromadas:

Borynia settlement hromada with the administration in the urban-type settlement of Borynia;

Turka urban hromada with the administration in Turka.
Charles Brandes
Charles H. Brandes is an American investor, businessman, and philanthropist. He is a disciple of the Benjamin Graham school of value investing. Brandes Investment Partners, which was started in 1974, currently has over $39.8 billion under management (down from over $111 billion in 2007) and is based in San Diego, California. In the Forbes 400 Richest Americans publication for 2007, Brandes ranked 165.

According to Forbes, Brandes was worth over $1 billion as of January 2018.

Forbes 400
The Forbes 400 or 400 Richest Americans is a list published by Forbes magazine of the wealthiest 400 American citizens who own assets in the U.S., ranked by net worth. The 400 was started by Malcolm Forbes in 1982 and the list is published annually around September. Peter W. Bernstein and Annalyn Swan describe the Forbes 400 as capturing "a period of extraordinary individual and entrepreneurial energy, a time unlike the extended postwar years, from 1945 to 1982, when American society emphasized the power of corporations." Bernstein and Swan also describe it as representing "a powerful argument – and sometimes a dream – about the social value of wealth in contemporary America."

Since 2014, Forbes has published a "self-made score" alongside the list, indicating the degree to which each Forbes 400 member is responsible for their own wealth.
John B. Nowell
John Blackwelder Nowell Jr. (born 1962) is a retired vice admiral in the United States Navy. Nowell assumed duties as the navy's 59th Chief of Naval Personnel on May 24, 2019. Nowell is a distinguished graduate of the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science in Ocean Engineering and holds a Master of Science in Weapons Systems Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Vice admiral (United States)
Vice admiral (abbreviated as VADM) is a three-star commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, and the United States Maritime Service, with the pay grade of O-9. Vice admiral ranks above rear admiral and below admiral. Vice admiral is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant general in the other uniformed services.
Loppi (village)
Lopen kirkonkylä (lit. 'Loppi church village') is the administrative center of the Loppi municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland, and also its largest urban area with a population of more than 2,000. It is located on the northern shore of Loppijärvi, along the main road 54 between Forssa and Riihimäki. The distance to Riihimäki is 19 kilometres (12 mi). To the east is the regional road 132, which starts from the main road and runs south in the direction of Helsinki, along which the Läyliäinen village is located about 12 kilometers from the Kirkonkylä.

There are two churches in the area: the old wooden church of Saint Birgitta (Santa Pirjo), located one kilometer away from the Kirkonkylä on the shores of Loppijärvi, and the newer red brick church of Loppi, located near the center of Kirkonkylä. Other main services include a municipal health center, two grocery stores (K-market and S-market), a library founded in 1852, and a primary school founded in 1921, as well as a high school.

Community health center
A healthcare center, health center, or community health center is one of a network of clinics staffed by a group of general practitioners and nurses providing healthcare services to people in a certain area. Typical services covered are family practice and dental care, but some clinics have expanded greatly and can include internal medicine, pediatric, women's care, family planning, pharmacy, optometry, laboratory testing, and more. In countries with universal healthcare, most people use the healthcare centers. In countries without universal healthcare, the clients include the uninsured, underinsured, low-income or those living in areas where little access to primary health care is available. In Central and Eastern Europe, bigger health centers are commonly called policlinics (not to be confused with polyclinics).
The Jacksonville Advocate
The Jacksonville Advocate was a weekly newspaper for African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida established in 1891.

It was succeeded by The Jacksonville Advocate-Free Press from 1987 to 1990 and the Jacksonville Free Press.

The University of Florida has a May 30, 1896 edition in its collection posted online.

Ike Williams III served as an editor of the paper.

A Ku Klux Klan member invoked the 5th Amendment but evidence showed he was involved in the bombing of Donal Godfrey's home, a child who had enrolled in the previously all-white Lackawanna Elementary School, and worked to defeat congressman Charles E. Bennett who he sought to replace with a "real white man". Bennett wrote a column that ran in the Advocate.

Charles E. Bennett (politician)
Charles Edward Bennett (December 2, 1910 – September 6, 2003) was an American politician serving as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida from 1949 to 1993. He was a Democrat who resided in Jacksonville, Florida.  He is the longest-serving member of either house of Congress in Florida's history.
Alaparma Baldo
The Alaparma Baldo was an unusual two-seat light monoplane produced in Italy shortly after World War II. Designed by Adriano Mantelli, it featured an egg-shaped fuselage with cabin doors that hinged upwards and to the back. The conventional tailplane with single fin and rudder was carried on twin booms, either side of a pusher engine installation.  The undercarriage consisted of a single mainwheel under the fuselage pod, a small tailwheel not far behind it, and outrigger wheels on the wingtips.

Praga D
The Praga Hostivař D was a four-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally opposed aircraft engine first produced in Czechoslovakia in 1936 but which enjoyed its greatest success after World War II due to the explosion in popularity of sports flying. A version for helicopters was produced post World War II as the Praga DH
Uda Makuruppe
Uda Makuruppe is a village in the Nuwara Eliya District of Central Province, Sri Lanka. Listed as Uda Makuruppa grama niladhari division in the Hanguranketha Divisional Secretariat, the 2011 Sri Lanka census gives its population as 748.

Grama Niladhari
Grama Niladhari (English: village officer, Sinhala: ග්‍රාම නිලධාරී, romanized: grāma niladhārī, Tamil: கிராம உத்தியோகத்தர், romanized: Kirāma uttiyōkattar) is a Sri Lankan public official appointed by the central government by
the act No.2 of 1993. Grama Niladhari (GN) are entrusted with multifaceted duties and responsibilities under as 46 legislative enactments of Sri Lanka.
Mineral redox buffer
In geology, a redox buffer is an assemblage of minerals or compounds that constrains oxygen fugacity as a function of temperature. Knowledge of the redox conditions (or equivalently, oxygen fugacities) at which a rock forms and evolves can be important for interpreting the rock history. Iron, sulfur, and manganese are three of the relatively abundant elements in the Earth's crust that occur in more than one oxidation state. For instance, iron, the fourth most abundant element in the crust, exists as native iron,  ferrous iron (Fe2+), and ferric iron (Fe3+). The redox state of a rock affects the relative proportions of the oxidation states of these elements and hence may determine both the minerals present and their compositions. If a rock contains pure minerals that constitute a redox buffer, then the oxygen fugacity of equilibration is defined by one of the curves in the accompanying fugacity-temperature diagram.

Ferric
In chemistry, iron(III) or ferric refers to the element iron in its +3 oxidation state.  Ferric chloride is an alternative name for iron(III) chloride (FeCl3). The adjective ferrous is used instead for iron(II) salts, containing the cation Fe2+. The word ferric is derived from the Latin word ferrum, meaning "iron".

Although often abbreviated as Fe3+, that naked ion does not exist except under extreme conditions. Iron(III) centres are found in many compounds and coordination complexes, where Fe(III) is bonded to several ligands. A molecular ferric complex is the anion ferrioxalate, [Fe(C2O4)3]3−, with three bidentate oxalate ions surrounding the Fe core.  Relative to lower oxidation states, ferric is less common in organoiron chemistry, but the ferrocenium cation [Fe(C5H5)2]+ is well known.
Cufré
Cufré is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Braian Cufré (born 1996), Argentine footballer

Julio César Cufre (born 1951), Argentine field hockey player

Leandro Cufré (born 1978), Argentine football coach and former player

Leandro Cufré
Leandro Damián Cufré (born 9 May 1978) is an Argentine football coach and former player who played as a defender. As of 2021, he has been the assistant coach of the Venezuela national football team.

Cufré started his professional playing career with hometown side Gimnasia La Plata before transferring to Europe where he played with a number of European clubs, most notably Roma, Monaco and Dinamo Zagreb. In the latter part of his career, he moved to Mexico where he played with primarily Atlas.

Cufre has been capped 4 times for the Argentina national football team and was part of the country's squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
Rafael Rotter
Rafael Rotter (born June 14, 1987) is an Austrian professional ice hockey forward. He is currently playing for the Vienna Capitals of the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL). On April 30, 2015, in marking his eight year with the club, Rotter was signed to a two-year contract extension with the Capitals.

Rotter participated at the 2011 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Austria men's national ice hockey team.

2011 IIHF World Championship
The 2011 IIHF World Championship was the 75th IIHF World Championship, an annual international men's ice hockey tournament. It took place between 29 April and 15 May 2011 in Slovakia. The games were played in the Orange Arena in Bratislava, and the Steel Aréna in Košice. The Czech team was the defending champion.

This was the first time the independent Slovakia hosted the World Championships. However, this was the third time that Bratislava co-hosted the World Championships. The first two times were 1959 and 1992, each time with Prague, and while part of Czechoslovakia.

Finland won the gold medal after beating Sweden in the final 6–1. This was the second title for Finland, and the most lopsided final since the knockout playoff format was introduced in 1992.
Takamuko no Kuromaro
Takamuko no Kuromaro (高向 玄理; died 654) was a Japanese scholar and diplomat of the Asuka period.

Karumauro traveled to China with Ono no Imoko as kenzuishi representing Empress Suiko in 608. He remained in China for thirty-two years.  Following his return in 640, he was awarded the title Kuni no hakase (国博士, "National Scholar").  Karumauro helped write the Taika Reforms in 645.  He was sent again as an ambassador to China (kentōshi). Takamuko died upon his arrival in Chang'an in 654.

Japanese missions to Tang China
The Japanese missions to Tang China (遣唐使, kentōshi; qiǎntángshǐ) were Japanese efforts to learn Chinese culture and civilization from Tang China, in the 7th, 8th and 9th centuries. The nature of those contacts evolved gradually from political and ceremonial change into cultural exchanges, and the process accompanied growing commercial ties which developed over time.

From 607 to 839, Japan sent 19 missions to Sui and Tang Empires of China (a mission planned for 894 was cancelled). For each expedition, knowledge and learning were the principal objectives.  Priests from Japan studied Chinese Buddhism, officials from Japan studied Chinese government, doctors from Japan studied Chinese medicine, and painters from Japan studied Chinese painting. Approximately one third of those who embarked from Japan did not survive to return home.
HMS Marlborough (1855)
HMS Marlborough was a first-rate three-decker 131-gun screw ship built for the Royal Navy in 1855. She was begun as a sailing ship of the line (with her sister ships HMS Duke of Wellington, HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Royal Sovereign), but was completed to a modified design and converted to steam on the stocks, and launched as a wooden steam battleship.

First-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, first-rate was the designation for the largest ships of the line. Originating in the Jacobean era with the designation of Ships Royal capable of carrying at least 400 men, the size and establishment of first-rates evolved over the following 250 years to eventually denote ships of the line carrying at least 80 guns across three gundecks. By the end of the eighteenth century, a first-rate carried no fewer than 100 guns and more than 850 crew, and had a measurement (burthen) tonnage of some 2,000 tons.
History of Freiburg
The History of Freiburg im Breisgau can be traced back 900 years because of the lord William. Around 100 years after Freiburg was founded in 1120 by the Zähringer, until their family died out. The unloved Counts of Freiburg followed as the town lords, who then sold it onto the Habsburgers. At the start of the 19th century, the (catholic) Austrian ownership of the town ended, when Napoleon, after having invaded the town, decreed the town and Breisgau to be a part of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806. Until 1918, Freiburg belonged to the Grand Duchy, until 1933 to the Weimar Republic and Gau Baden in Nazi Germany. After the Second World War, the town was the state capital of (South) Baden from 1949 until 1952. Today, Freiburg is the fourth-largest city in Baden-Württemberg.

Gau Baden
The Gau Baden, renamed Gau Baden–Alsace (German: Gau Baden-Elsaß) in March 1941, was a de facto administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 in the German state of Baden and, from 1940 onward, in Alsace (German: Elsaß). Before that, from 1925 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.