hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foiled carbene
A foiled carbene in organic chemistry is a special type of stabilized carbene due to the proximity of a double bond. This type of reactive intermediate is implicated in certain organic reactions. The positive interaction between carbene and double bond is only present in the singlet type and based on through-space electron transfer between the empty carbene p-orbital (LUMO) and filled alkene double bond p-orbitals (HOMO). The result is a three-center two-electron bond akin to certain non-classical ions.

The increased stabilization blocks certain otherwise ordinary reaction modes for the carbene, hence the term foiled. An example is norbornen-7-ylidene, which is norbornene with a carbenic carbon atom at the bridge position. In silico experiments reveal that the bridge in this molecule is actually bending towards the double bond with an optimum angle of around 90° vs 130° for norbornene.

Three-center two-electron bond
A three-center two-electron (3c–2e) bond is an electron-deficient chemical bond where three atoms share two electrons. The combination of three atomic orbitals form three molecular orbitals: one bonding, one non-bonding, and one anti-bonding. The two electrons go into the bonding orbital, resulting in a net bonding effect and constituting a chemical bond among all three atoms. In many common bonds of this type, the bonding orbital is shifted towards two of the three atoms instead of being spread equally among all three. Example molecules with 3c–2e bonds are the trihydrogen cation (H+3) and diborane (B2H6). In these two structures, the three atoms in each 3c–2e bond form an angular geometry, leading to a bent bond.
Brian Hughes
Brian or Bryan Hughes is the name of:

Brian Hughes (footballer, born 1937) (1937–2018), Welsh international footballer

Brian Hughes (footballer, born 1962), former Swindon Town and Cheltenham Town footballer

Brian Hughes (jockey) (born 1985), Irish jockey

Bryan Hughes (born 1976), English footballer

Brian Hughes (musician) (born 1955), smooth jazz guitarist

Bryan Hughes (politician) (born 1969), Republican member of the Texas Senate from Mineola, Texas

Bryan Desmond Hughes (1888–1918), Australian soldier and rugby union player

Brian G. Hughes (1849–1924), US businessman and practical joker

Bryan Tewell Hughes (born 1966), electronic music composer and producer of AeTopus

Brian Hughes (footballer, born 1937)
Brian Hughes (22 November 1937 – 7 October 2018) was a Welsh professional footballer. He played U23 for Wales then joined Swansea City of the 2nd Division in July 1956. He made his professional debut in a 1–1 draw against Grimsby Town in 1958. Brian was a key asset to the team that went to the FA Cup semi final in the 1963–64 season. Brian played two years (1967 and 1968) in the fledgling North American Soccer League with the Atlanta Chiefs.

Hughes moved to Victoria, British Columbia, where he was a player coach of the London Boxing Club. He later coached the University of Victoria Vikings soccer team, winning the CIAU championships in 1975 and 1987. The 1975 team won UVic's first ever CIAU Championship. The team knocked off Dalhousie and then Concordia to claim the national title after earlier Canada West victories over Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Hughes also coached in the Canada national team soccer system. He died in Victoria on 7 October 2018.
Madame Thénard
Marie-Magdeleine-Claudine Chevalier-Perrin (1767–1849), stage name Madame Thénard, was a French stage actress.

Perrin was a singer for the Opéra Comique of Marseille, where she was discovered by the actor Préville. She then joined the Comédie Française in 1781 at the age of 24. She was imprisoned during the French Reign of Terror, but was not executed due to a pregnancy. After the Thermidorian Reaction, she was freed. She later traveled to Germany as an actress in Napoleon's Comédiens de l'Empereur.

In 1837, she donated a portrait Adèle Romany had painted of her in the role of Hermione from Andromaque to the Comédie Française.

Andromaque
Andromaque is a tragedy in five acts by the French playwright Jean Racine written in alexandrine verse. It was first performed on 17 November 1667 before the court of Louis XIV in the Louvre in the private chambers of the Queen, Marie Thérèse, by the royal company of actors, called "les Grands Comédiens", with Thérèse Du Parc in the title role. The company gave the first public performance two days later in the Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris. Andromaque, the third of Racine's plays, written at the age of 27, established its author's reputation as one of the great playwrights in France.
Agustín Muñoz y Borbón, 1st Duke of Tarancón
Don Agustín Maria Muñoz y de Borbon, 1st Duke of Tarancón, Grandee of Spain (es: Don Agustín Maria Muñoz, Duque de Tarancón) (15 March 1837 – 15 July 1855) was the eldest son of Maria Christina, Queen mother and Regent of Spain, and of her morganatic second husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares (made duke in 1844 by his step-daughter, Isabella II of Spain).

Don (honorific)
The terms Don (in Spanish and Italian), Dom (in Portuguese), and Domn (in Romanian), are honorific prefixes derived from the Latin Dominus, meaning "lord" or "owner". The honorific is commonly used in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as well as in the Spanish-speaking world and Portuguese-speaking world, as well as some other places formerly colonized by Spain or Portugal. The feminine equivalents are Doña (Spanish: [ˈdoɲa]), Donna (Italian: [ˈdɔnna]), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona (Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ]), meaning "lady".

The term is derived from the Latin dominus: a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity. With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages, traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles, in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction.
Koala Island
Koala Island is an island located west of Pinn Island and just north of the eastern end of McKinnon Island, off the coast of Enderby Land, Antarctica. It was plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956. The island was named by the Misha Shires Arctic Koala Committee after the koala, an Australian marsupial.

Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE /ænˈɑːri/ ann-AR-ee) is the historical name for the Australian Antarctic Program (AAP) administered for Australia by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD).
Dębiany, Bartoszyce County
Dębiany [dɛmˈbʲanɨ] (German: Dombehnen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

Gmina Bartoszyce
Gmina Bartoszyce is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its seat is the town of Bartoszyce, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 427.82 square kilometres (165.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,769.
2025 Emilia-Romagna Open – Men's doubles
Marco Bortolotti and Matthew Romios were the defending champions but chose to defend their title with different partners. Bortolotti partnered Cristian Rodríguez but lost in the first round to Romain Arneodo and Manuel Guinard. Romios partnered Ryan Seggerman and successfully defended his title after defeating Alexander Erler and Constantin Frantzen 7–6(7–4), 3–6, [10–7] in the final.

Marco Bortolotti
Marco Bortolotti (born 21 January 1991) is an Italian tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 85 achieved on 9 September 2024 and a career-high singles ranking of No. 355 achieved on 25 April 2016. 
Bortolotti has won nine ATP Challenger doubles titles.
Protelytroptera
Protelytroptera is an extinct order of insects thought to be a stem group from which the modern  Dermaptera evolved. These insects, which resemble modern Blattodea, or cockroaches, are known from the Permian of North America, Europe and Australia, from the fossils of their shell-like forewings and the large, unequal anal fan. None of their fossils are known from the Triassic, when the morphological changes from Protelytroptera to Dermaptera presumably took place.

Crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants.

The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten",
and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen.
George W. Lucas (politician)
George Washington Lucas (9 December 1807 – 30 December 1881) was an American politician.

Lucas was born on 9 December 1807 in Scioto County, Ohio. He moved to Greene County, Illinois, where he met and married Jane Spalding on 19 December 1833. The couple had eight children, and later moved to Fremont County, Iowa. While living in Fremont County, Lucas was elected to the Iowa Senate between 1852 and 1856, as a Democratic legislator for District 11. At the time, the district included the counties of Fremont, Mills, Montgomery, Adams, Union, Ringgold, Taylor, and Page. Lucas was the state senator responsible for introducing the bill that moved Iowa's capital from Iowa City to Des Moines. Lucas died on 30 December 1881 in Holt County, Missouri.

Montgomery County, Iowa
Montgomery County is a county located in the southwestern area of the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 10,330, and was estimated to be 10,063 in 2024. Its population has declined since a peak in 1900, since urbanization and decline of family farms. The county seat is Red Oak. The county was founded by European-American migrants from eastern areas in 1851. It was named in honor of Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 while trying to capture Quebec City, Canada.

The county has been largely rural and devoted to agriculture. The county was first surveyed in 1852. It is famous as the location of the unsolved Villisca axe murders committed in 1912. Clyde Cessna, the founder of the Cessna Aircraft Company was born here.
HSwMS Eugenie
HSwMS Eugenie was a Swedish frigate, armed with 40 cannons. Between 1851 and 1853, the Eugenie was captained by Christian Adolf Virgin as the first Swedish warship to circumnavigate the globe, on a voyage intended to promote Swedish trade. Naval officer Carl Skogman subsequently released an itinerary of the journey.

The vessel was classified as a corvette from 1877 until 1888, when it was converted into an accommodation ship at Skeppsholmen. She was taken out of service completely in 1919 and was sold to a Norwegian shipping company in Moss to be used as a floating residence for workers. In 1926, she was sold to a scrap dealer in Halmstad for scrapping.

The ship is named after Princess Eugenie, daughter of Oscar I of Sweden.

Circumnavigation
Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical body (e.g. a planet or moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth.

The first circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan Expedition, which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in the mid 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and less conventional methods.
Jamshed Ansari
Jamshed Ansari (Urdu: جمشید انصاری) (31 December 1942 in Saharanpur – 24 August 2005 in Karachi) was a Pakistani film, television and radio actor.

He is remembered for his numerous performances on both radio and television, including as Safdar in the radio programme Hamid Mian Kay Haan and Hasnat Bhai in the PTV drama Uncle Urfi.

Hamid Mian Ke Haan
Hamid Mian Ke Haan (Urdu: حامد میاں کے ہاں) was a popular weekly radio program on Radio Pakistan. The program began in 1950 and was aired on Sunday mornings, though it was later moved to Friday mornings and renamed Hamid Manzil.

Hamid Mian Ke Haan had one of the longest-runs of any Pakistani radio show. Several Pakistani artistes gained greater public recognition through their performances on the show, such as Mahmood Ali (who played the role of Ehsaan Mian, the younger brother of the main protagonist, Hamid Mian).
Ayeneh taudani
Ayeneh taudani, or mirror-throwing, is one of the Nowruz traditions in northern regions of Iran. In the last days of Esfand, the last month in the Jalali calendar, a host of the youth gather together and contribute in making a double-face square mirror decorated and framed by primroses, violets, and green sticks of Shamshad. The party waits for the night to come and after dinner time they the mirror to a long piece of rope. Then all of the party goes to the neighborhood and throws the mirror, which is very well-cushioned by flowers and plants, through the intendedly left-ajar door into the middle of the house with a bunch of flowers. A member of the house brings back the mirror to the party and gifts them with comfits, halva and other food stuff especially prepared for Nowruz.

Viola (plant)
Viola, commonly known as the violets, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Violaceae. It is the largest genus in the family, containing over 680 species. Most species are found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere; however, some are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes.

Some Viola species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture, the term pansy is normally used for those multi-colored large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in bedding.
Missing (Alvtegen novel)
Missing (Swedish: Saknad ) is a 2000 crime fiction novel by Swedish author Karin Alvtegen. The psychological thriller is set in Alvtegen's native Sweden. It received the 2001 Glass Key award, the Nordic literature award for best crime fiction. The story was translated into English in 2003. It was adapted for television as the 2006 miniseries Missing, directed by Ian Madden and starring Joanne Frogatt and Gregor Fisher.

Missing was nominated for the 2009 Edgar Award for best novel by the Mystery Writers of America.

Gregor Fisher
Gregor Fisher (born 22 December 1953) is a Scottish comedian and actor. He is best known for his portrayal of the title character in the comedy series Rab C. Nesbitt (1988–2014), a role he had played since the show's first episode. He has also had roles in films such as Without a Clue (1988), Love Actually (2003), The Merchant of Venice (2004) and Whisky Galore! (2016). In 2024, Fisher was cast as Ken Pritchard in the BBC Scotland sitcom Only Child (2024–present).
Butter (song)
"Butter" is a song recorded by South Korean boy band BTS. It was released as a digital single on May 21, 2021, through Big Hit Music and Sony Music Entertainment, as the band's second English-language single. A disco-pop, dance-pop, and EDM track, the song was written by Jenna Andrews, RM, Alex Bilowitz, Sebastian Garcia, Robert Grimaldi, Stephen Kirk, and Ron Perry, with production handled by the last three.

Upon release, "Butter" received positive reviews from music critics, with praise towards its catchiness. It was a commercial success, topping charts in Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, the United States, and Vietnam, as well as Billboard's Global 200 chart. The song also reached the top 10 in over 30 other countries worldwide. A remix featuring American rapper-songwriter Megan Thee Stallion was also released on August 27, 2021, which peaked at number three on the Global 200.

Catchiness
Catchiness is how easy it is for a song, tune, or phrase to be recalled. It is often taken into account when writing songs, catchphrases, advertising slogans, jingles etc.  Alternatively, it can be defined as how difficult it is for one to forget it. Songs that embody high levels of remembrance or catchiness are referred to as "catchy songs" or "earworms". While it is hard to scientifically explain what makes a song catchy, there are many documented techniques that recur throughout catchy music, such as repetition, hooks and alliteration. Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in American Music says that "although there was no definition for what made a song catchy, all the songwriting guides agreed that simplicity and familiarity were vital".

The physical symptoms of listening to a catchy song include "running [it] over in our heads or tapping a foot". According to Todd Tremlin, catchy music "spread[s] because [it] resonates similarly from one mind to the next".
John Smith & Son
John Smith & Son is a British academic bookseller based in Ringwood, Hampshire, England.

Founded in 1751, it is the oldest bookselling company in the English-speaking world. It was based for many years at 57–61 St. Vincent Street in Glasgow, Scotland, which was also its principal retail outlet. A circulating library (established by Smith as Glasgow's first circulating library and Scotland's second overall) ultimately evolved into the academic bookselling arm of the business. From 1751 its chairmen have been three Smiths, three Knoxes and Robert Clow (1934–2022), who became the first chairman in 2000 of the continuing John Smith Group.

The St. Vincent Street shop, along with the general retail part of the business, closed in 2000. However, as part of the JS Group it continues to trade as an academic bookseller, with campus outlets including Glasgow University, Strathclyde University, and the University of London as well as overseas.

University of Strathclyde
The University of Strathclyde (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Shrath Chluaidh) is a public research university located in Glasgow, Scotland. Founded in 1796 as the Andersonian Institute, it is Glasgow's second-oldest university, having received its royal charter in 1964 as the first technological university in the United Kingdom. Taking its name from the historic Kingdom of Strathclyde, its combined enrolment of 25,000 undergraduate and graduate students ranks it Scotland's third-largest university, drawn with its staff from over 100 countries.

The annual income of the institution for 2024–25 was £430.6 million of which £119.5 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £440.1 million.
WOGR (AM)
WOGR (1540 AM) is a radio station in Charlotte, North Carolina.  The station has an urban gospel radio format with some Christian talk and teaching programs.  It is owned by Victory Christian Center, a charismatic megachurch in Charlotte.
Programming is simulcast on WOGR-FM (93.3) in Salisbury, WGAS (1420 AM) in South Gastonia and FM translator W202BW (88.3 MHz) in Harrisburg. VCC also owns low-powered Christian television station WGTB-CD. Together, these stations are branded as the "Word of God Broadcasting Network" (WordNet), airing from studios at the church's middle school in northwest Charlotte.

WOGR is a daytimer, powered at 2,400 watts, using a directional antenna.  Because AM 1540 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A stations KXEL in Waterloo, Iowa and ZNS-1 in Nassau, Bahamas, WOGR must sign-off the air at sunset.

South Gastonia, North Carolina
South Gastonia is a neighborhood of Gastonia in Gaston County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 5,433 at the 2000 census, at which time it was erroneously listed as a census-designated place. The majority of the community has now been annexed into the city of Gastonia and is now considered to be a neighborhood on the southside of Gastonia.
2014 New South Wales Waratahs season
The 2014 New South Wales Waratahs season was the club's 18th season since the inception of Super Rugby in 1996. The Waratahs defeated the Crusaders in the final at ANZ Stadium, Sydney to be crowned champions for the very first time.

2014 Super Rugby final
The 2014 Super Rugby Final, was played between the New South Wales Waratahs from Australia and the Crusaders from New Zealand on 2 August 2014. It was the 19th final in the Super Rugby competition's history and the fourth under the expanded 15-team format. The Waratahs had qualified in first place during the regular season, while the Crusaders had qualified in second place. Both teams hosted semi-final matches, with the Waratahs defeating fellow Australian team the Brumbies in Sydney and the Crusaders defeating South African team the Sharks in Christchurch.

As the Waratahs had qualified higher, the final was held in Sydney, it was the third time that the Waratahs, and the Crusaders had met in a Grand Final, the Crusaders had defeated the Waratahs in the 2008, and 2005 Grand Finals.

The final attracted the Super Rugby record attendance of 61,823 to the ANZ Stadium.
SB Xylonite
Xylonite is one of seven Thames barges built between 1925 and 1930 for F W Horlock, Mistley. She was sold by the Horlocks in 1958 and cut down to a motor barge in 1958. Xylonite was re-rigged in the 1970s by Tim Eliff and replated on the 1980s. She has been used for sail training since 1983.

Celluloid
Celluloids are a class of materials produced by mixing nitrocellulose and camphor, often with added dyes and other agents. Once much more common for its use as photographic film before the advent of safer methods, celluloid's common present-day uses are for manufacturing table tennis balls, musical instruments, combs, office equipment, fountain pen bodies, and guitar picks.
Jihan al-Mosli
Jihan al-Mosli (Arabic: جهان الموصلي, 1908–1996) was a Syrian educator and politician. In 1960, she and Widad Haroun were appointed to the National Assembly of the United Arab Republic, becoming the first Syrian women to enter parliament.

United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR; Arabic: الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, romanized: al-Jumhūriyya al-ʿArabiyya al-Muttaḥida) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 to 1971. It was initially a short-lived political union between Egypt (including Egyptian-governed Gaza) and Syria from 1958 until Syria seceded from the union following the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until it was formally dissolved by Anwar Sadat in September 1971.

The republic was led by Gamal Abdel Nasser as the Egyptian president. The UAR was a member of the United Arab States, a loose confederation with the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, which was dissolved in 1961. It was a brief pan-Arab union.