hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
J. D. Trout
J. D. Trout (born 1959) is an American philosopher of science, cognitive scientist, lecturer and nonfiction author who holds the Calamos Endowed Chair in Philosophy at Illinois Institute of Technology. His research centers on the nature of scientific progress, and its influence on human understanding and well-being.

Progress
Progress is movement towards a perceived refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. It is central to the philosophy of progressivism, which interprets progress as the set of advancements in technology, science, and social organization – the latter being generally achieved through direct societal action, as in social enterprise or through activism, but being also attainable through natural sociocultural evolution – that progressivism holds all human societies should strive towards.

The concept of progress was introduced in the early-19th-century social theories, especially social evolution as described by Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer. It was present in the Enlightenment's philosophies of history. As a goal, social progress has been advocated by varying realms of political ideologies with different theories on how it is to be achieved.
Sampson H. Butler
Sampson Hale Butler (January 3, 1803 – March 16, 1848) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina.

Born near Ninety Six, Edgefield District, South Carolina, Butler attended the country schools and South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) at Columbia.  He studied law.  He was admitted to the bar in 1825 and commenced practice in Edgefield, South Carolina.

He moved to Barnwell, South Carolina, and continued the practice of law.  Sheriff of Barnwell County 1832–1839, he then served as member of the State house of representatives from 1832 to 1835.

Butler was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses and served from March 4, 1839, until September 27, 1842, when he resigned.

He resumed the practice of law.  He moved to Florida and died in Tallahassee, Florida, March 16, 1848.  He was interred in a cemetery in that city.

Edgefield, South Carolina
Edgefield is a town in and the county seat of Edgefield County, South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Edgefield had a population of 2,322.

Edgefield is part of the Augusta Metropolitan Area.
Abu Belal Muhammad Shafiul Haque
Abu Belal Muhammad Shafiul Haque  
(born 1 December 1958) is a retired four star general of the Bangladesh Army. He was the chief of army staff of the Bangladesh Army from 25 June 2015 to 25 June 2018. Before becoming the army head, he served as the principal staff officer of Prime Minister's Office of the Armed Forces Division. He has also served as an aide-de-camp to the President of Bangladesh. He was commissioned into the armoured corps of the Bangladesh Army from 6th SSC (Short Service Commission) course in June 1978.

Armed Forces Division
The Armed Forces Division (AFD) is the principal national command authority for national defense of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The command and control of the Bangladesh Armed Forces is exercised in this division, under direct control and supervision by the Prime Minister, who is also in charge of Ministry of Defence. The headquarters is located in Dhaka Cantonment.
The Varangian Way
The Varangian Way is the second full-length album by the Finnish folk metal band Turisas, released on 27 May 2007 through Century Media.  It is a concept album that tells the story of a group of Scandinavians traveling the river routes of medieval Kievan Rus' (territory of modern Belarus, Ukraine and Russia), through Ladoga, Novgorod and Kyiv, down to the Eastern Roman Empire.

A special director's cut edition was released with the "Rasputin" single.

Century Media Records
Century Media Records is a German heavy metal record label with offices in Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom. In August 2015, Century Media was acquired by Sony Music for US$17 million.
William R. Catton Jr.
William Robert Catton Jr. (January 15, 1926 – January 5, 2015) was an American sociologist known for his scholarly work in environmental sociology and human ecology. More broadly, Catton is known for his 1980 book, Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change, which is credited by younger generations of environmental scholars and activists as foundational for their own works in calling attention to humanity's role in expanding ecological overshoot to the global level.

Human ecology
Human ecology is the interdisciplinary study of the relationships between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. Emerging from ecology and the social sciences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it integrates perspectives from biology, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, public health, and related fields.

The discipline examines how human populations adapt to environmental conditions, how cultural and social structures influence ecological interactions, and how technological and economic systems shape sustainability.

Human ecology has informed urban planning, epidemiology, resource management, and environmental policy, while also drawing on traditional and indigenous knowledge of human–environment relations. Today, it serves as a framework for understanding global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and social resilience.
Archdiocese of Niterói
The Archdiocese of Niteroi (Nictheroy) (Latin: Archidioecesis Nictheroyensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the city of Niterói in Rio de Janeiro state, southeast Brazil. It is a metropolitan see.

Its archiepiscopal see is the Metropolitan Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, in downtown Niterói. The city also has the Minor Basilica of Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora, dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help, and is set to complete a future cathedral by Guanabara Bay: the Nova Catedral São João Batista (New Cathedral of Saint Hohn the Baptist).

Guanabara Bay
Guanabara Bay (Portuguese: baía de Guanabara, baía da Guanabara, IPA: [baˈi.ɐ da ɡwɐnaˈbaɾɐ]) is an oceanic bay in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lie the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias, and on its eastern shore are the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo. Four other municipalities surround the bay's shores. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints' Bay), at 412 square kilometres (159 sq mi), with a perimeter of 143 kilometres (89 mi).

Guanabara Bay is 31 kilometres (19 mi) long and 28 kilometres (17 mi) wide at its maximum. Its 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot's Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf).

The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language, goanã-pará, from gwa "bay", plus nã "similar to" and ba'ra "sea". Other glosses include hidden water, lagoon of the sea, and bosom of the sea.
Channel-Port aux Basques
Channel-Port aux Basques is a town at the extreme southwestern tip of Newfoundland fronting on the western end of the Cabot Strait.  A Marine Atlantic ferry terminal is located in the town which is the primary entry point onto the island of Newfoundland and the western terminus of the Newfoundland and Labrador Route 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) in the province.  The town was incorporated in 1945 and its population in the 2021 census was 3,547.

Port aux Basques is the oldest of the collection of villages that make up the present-day town, which consists of Port aux Basques, Channel, Grand Bay and Mouse Island. The town is called "Siinalk" in the Miꞌkmaq language.

Mi'kmaq language
Miꞌkmaq (/ˈmɪɡmɑː/ MIG-mah; Mi'kmaq: [miːɡmax]) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 11,000 Miꞌkmaq in Canada and the United States; the total ethnic Miꞌkmaq population is roughly 20,000.

The native name of the language is Lnuismk, Miꞌkmawiꞌsimk or Miꞌkmwei (in some dialects). The word Miꞌkmaq is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular miꞌkm); the adjectival form is Miꞌkmaw.
Miꞌkmaq has historically been spelled and pronounced Micmac /ˈmɪkmæk/ in English. Contemporary spellings include Migmaw and Mikmaw in English, and Míkmaq, Míkmaw and Mìgmao in Miꞌkmaq.
2008 Washington Mystics season
The 2008 WNBA season was the 11th season for the Washington Mystics women's professional basketball team. Despite a 10–16 record before the WNBA break for the Beijing Olympics, Mystics officials said that attendance at Verizon Center had risen from nearly 1,200 fans a game over the previous season, with total ticket revenue up 17 percent, and season-ticket sales for the 2008 season were up 20 percent from last season, bringing the team's base to nearly 3,000.

2008 WNBA season
The 2008 WNBA season was the 12th season of the Women's National Basketball Association. It was the first WNBA season with a franchise in Atlanta as the Dream were announced in late 2007.

No WNBA All-Star Game was held due to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. The regular season began with a televised (ABC) meeting between the defending champion Phoenix Mercury and the Los Angeles Sparks in Phoenix, Arizona, on May 17.
Kitsuki Castle
Kitsuki Castle (杵築城, Kitsuki-jō) is an Edo period yamajiro-style Japanese castle located in the city of Kitsuki, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 2020. The current castle, a replica tenshu built in 1970, is considered to be the smallest castle in Japan.

Ōita Prefecture
Ōita Prefecture (大分県, Ōita-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [oꜜː.i.ta, oː-, oː.i.taꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Ōita Prefecture has a population of 1,081,646 (1 February 2025) and has a geographic area of 6,340 km2 (2,450 sq mi)). Ōita Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the northwest, Kumamoto Prefecture to the southwest, and Miyazaki Prefecture to the south.

Ōita is the capital and largest city of Ōita Prefecture, with other major cities including Beppu, Nakatsu, and Saiki. Ōita Prefecture is located in the northeast of Kyūshū on the Bungo Channel, connecting the Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea, across from Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. Ōita Prefecture is famous for its hot springs and is a popular tourist destination in Japan for its onsen and ryokan, particularly in and around the city of Beppu. It has more onsen than any other Japanese prefecture.
Eau Claire station (Wisconsin)
The Eau Claire station, otherwise known as the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad Depot was a historic railroad station located at 324 Putnam Street in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. The station was built in 1893 for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad, a subsidiary of the Chicago and North Western Railway. The depot was designed by Charles Sumner Frost in the Richardsonian Romanesque style utilizing Lake Superior brownstone. Passenger service on the line was ceased in 1963.

The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 24, 1985. However, despite the depot being demolished in 1987, it continues to be listed on the NRHP.

Charles Sumner Frost
Charles Sumner Frost (May 31, 1856 – December 11, 1931) was an American architect. He is best known as the architect of Navy Pier and for designing over 100 buildings for the Chicago and North Western Railway.
Seven Sisters (Neath Port Talbot ward)
Seven Sisters was an electoral ward of the Welsh principal area of Neath Port Talbot county borough. The ward, which included, as well as Seven Sisters proper, the lesser settlements of Bryndulais and Nant-y-cafn, was coterminous with the area served by the Seven Sisters Community Council.

Lying in the upper Dulais Valley – in which coalmine workings are still very evident (the village is named after Seven Sisters Colliery which closed in the early 1960s) – the area is characterized by extensive forestry to the north, east and south, and open moorland in the northwest and central areas.

Following a 2020 boundary review by the Local Democracy and Boundary Commission for Wales, Seven Sisters was joined by the neighbouring communities of Crynant and Onllwyn to become 'Crynant, Onllwyn and Seven Sisters', effective from the 2022 local elections.

Community council
A community council is a public representative body in Great Britain.

In England they may be statutory parish councils by another name, under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007, or they may be non-statutory bodies. In Scotland and Wales they are statutory bodies.

Scottish community councils were first created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, many years after Scottish parish councils were abolished by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929.

Welsh community councils – which may, if they wish, style themselves town councils – are a direct replacement, under the Local Government Act 1972, for the previously existing parish councils and are identical to English parish councils in terms of their powers and the way in which they operate.
You're a Part of Me
"You're a Part of Me" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Kim Carnes. It was produced by Mentor Williams and features on her self-titled album, released in 1975. It became Carnes’ first chart hit as a solo artist, reaching number 25 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart. In 1978, Carnes re-recorded the song as a duet with Gene Cotton. Their version reached number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.

"You're a Part of Me" was first released by Susan Jacks, whose version reached number 41 on the Canadian Singles Chart, number 11 on the AC chart, and number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Mentor Williams
Mentor Ralph Williams (June 11, 1946 – November 16, 2016) was an American songwriter and producer.  He is best known for writing "Drift Away", a popular song first performed by Mike Berry in 1972 and popularized by Dobie Gray the following year, and has since been covered by multiple artists.  He also co-wrote the chart-topping song "When We Make Love", recorded by the American country music band Alabama in 1984. He was the brother of songwriter and actor Paul Williams.
Ellicott R. Stillman
Ellicott Roger Stillman (March 6, 1844 – February 13, 1911) was an American politician and businessman.

Born in Rochester, New York, Stillman served in the 85th New York Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War. In 1886, Stillman moved to Michigan and, then, in 1887, settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was involved with the manufacturing of lumber and cooperage. In 1895, Stillman served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Republican. He served as postmaster of Milwaukee. In 1910, Stillman moved to Waukesha, Wisconsin and was involved with the mineral water business. He died at his home in Waukesha, Wisconsin after suffering a stroke.

Waukesha, Wisconsin
Waukesha (/ˈwɔːkɪʃɔː/ ⓘ WAW-ki-shaw) is a city in and the county seat of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 71,158 at the 2020 census. Located along the Fox River adjacent to the Village of Waukesha, it is the eighth-most populous city in Wisconsin. Waukesha is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area.
Letničie
Letničie (Hungarian: Letenőc) is a village and municipality in Skalica District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia.

Mayor Marián Dvorský was elected in 2010. Deputy mayor is Mgr Katarína Smolinská.

Skalica District
Skalica District (okres Skalica) is a district in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia. It lies in the northern part of Záhorská nížina, a lowland between Bratislava and Czech Republic. The district was established in 1923 and its current borders have existed from 1996. Its largest town is its seat Skalica.

The main branch of the district's economy is industry.

Important cultural sights are the historical center of the town Skalica and a church in Kopčany, one of the oldest buildings in Slovakia, originating from the Great Moravian period.
The Solitude of Prime Numbers (soundtrack)
The Solitude of Prime Numbers (2011) is a soundtrack album by Mike Patton for the film The Solitude of Prime Numbers, directed by Saverio Costanzo. The album contains all the music used in the film, along with additional pieces that the director rejected. It also includes music inspired by Patton's reading of the novel in both the original Italian and English translation.

The track "The Snow Angel" was later featured in The Place Beyond the Pines (2012), Patton's next film score. An edited, slowed-down version was also used in that film's trailer.

The Solitude of Prime Numbers (novel)
The Solitude of Prime Numbers (original title: La solitudine dei numeri primi) is a novel by the Italian author Paolo Giordano and published in Italian in 2008 by Mondadori. The book was translated from Italian to English at some point by Shaun Whiteside. The book was released in English by Doubleday in Britain in 2009, and by Pamela Dorman Books in the United States in 2010, also in English.

This book won the 2008 Strega Prize. A cinematic adaptation of the novel was directed by Saverio Costanzo and released in 2010.
Channel 40 TV stations in Canada
The following television stations broadcast on digital or analog channel 40 in Canada:

CFCN-TV-13 in Pigeon Mountain, Alberta

CHNB-TV-13 in Miramichi, New Brunswick

CHOT-DT in Gatineau, Quebec

CIVK-DT-2 in Percé, Quebec

CJCH-TV-7 in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

CJMT-DT in Toronto, Ontario

CKND-DT in Winnipeg, Manitoba

CJMT-DT
CJMT-DT (channel 40) is a television station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is one of two flagship stations of the Canadian multilingual network Omni Television, a division of Rogers Sports & Media, and is operated alongside sister Omni outlet CFMT-DT (channel 47) and Citytv flagship CITY-DT (channel 57). The three stations share studios at the Rogers Building in downtown Toronto; CJMT-DT's transmitter is located atop the CN Tower.

The station was launched on September 16, 2002, as a sister to CFMT; at the same time, Rogers launched Omni Television as a blanket brand for the stations by branding the new station as Omni.2, followed by re-branding CFMT as Omni.1 as well as the rest of Canada in subsequent years. The two stations are distinguished by their service of different cultural groups; CJMT caters primarily on Asian cultures (including programming in South Asian and Chinese languages) while CFMT focuses on European (particularly Western and Eastern) and Latin American cultures.
Differential Ability Scales
The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a nationally normed (in the US), and individually administered battery of cognitive and achievement tests. Into its second edition (DAS-II), the test can be administered to children ages 2 years 6 months to 17 years 11 months across a range of developmental levels.

The diagnostic subtests measure a variety of cognitive abilities including verbal and visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall, visual recognition and matching, processing and naming speed, phonological processing, and understanding of basic number concepts.

The original DAS was developed from the BAS British Ability Scales both by Colin D. Elliot and published by Harcourt Assessment in 1990.

Harcourt Assessment
Harcourt Assessment was a company that published and distributed educational and psychological assessment tools and therapy resources and provided educational assessment and data management services for national, state, district and local assessments. On January 30, 2008, Harcourt Assessment was merged into Pearson's Assessment & Information group after being acquired from Reed Elsevier for $950 million.
Ñawinpukyu (Lima)
Ñawinpuyku (Quechua ñawi button hole / eye, -n a suffix, pukyu spring of water / source / well, hispanicized spelling Ñahuinpuquio) is a lake in Peru located in the Lima Region, Yauyos Province, Tomas District.  Ñawinpukyu is situated near the eastern border of the district, southeast of the village Kimsakancha (Quimsacancha) and northwest of the village Yanamach'ay.

Buttonhole
A buttonhole (/bʌtən.hoʊl/) is a reinforced hole in fabric that a button can pass through, allowing one piece of fabric to be secured to another. The raw edges of a buttonhole are usually finished with stitching. This may be done either by hand or by a sewing machine. Some forms of button, such as a frog, use a loop of cloth or rope instead of a buttonhole.

The term buttonhole can also refer to a flower worn in the lapel buttonhole of a coat or jacket, which is referred to simply as a "buttonhole" or "boutonnière".
Bebel García
Bebel García García (1914 – 29 July 1936) was a Spanish football player and politician from Galicia.

He was executed on 29 July 1936, minutes after the Spanish coup of July 1936. He was honoured by Eduardo Galeano in his poem Espejos, una historia casi universal. His last request was to urinate on his executioners.

He played as defender for Deportivo de La Coruña from 1933 to 1936 on Segunda División and he scored 11 goals in 28 matches.

His brother France was also executed and his other brother Jaurés was incarcerated because he was underage.

Eduardo Galeano
Eduardo Germán María Hughes Galeano (Spanish: [eˈðwaɾðo ɣaleˈano]; 3 September 1940 – 13 April 2015) was a Uruguayan journalist, writer and novelist considered, among other things, "a literary giant of the Latin American left" and "global soccer's pre-eminent man of letters".

Galeano's best-known works are Las venas abiertas de América Latina (Open Veins of Latin America, 1971) and Memoria del fuego (Memory of Fire, 1982–6). "I'm a writer," the author once said of himself, "obsessed with remembering, with remembering the past of America and above all that of Latin America, intimate land condemned to amnesia."

Author Isabel Allende, who said her copy of Galeano's book was one of the few items with which she fled Chile in 1973 after the military coup of Augusto Pinochet, called Open Veins of Latin America "a mixture of meticulous detail, political conviction, poetic flair, and good storytelling."
Figwit
Figwit is a fan-created name for a then-unnamed Elf Escort in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film series, played by Bret McKenzie of the musical duo Flight of the Conchords. The name Figwit derives from an acronym for "Frodo is great...who is THAT?!?"  [sic]. The character quickly and unexpectedly became popular among the Tolkien fandom, and is perceived as an example of famous for being famous, a view shared by the character's actor himself.

Famous for being famous
Famous for being famous is a paradoxical term, often used pejoratively, for someone who attains celebrity status for no clearly identifiable reason—as opposed to fame based on achievement, skill, or talent.
Hesperolinon drymarioides
Hesperolinon drymarioides is a rare species of flowering plant in the flax family known by the common names drymary dwarf flax and drymaria-like western flax; it is named for its resemblance to genus Drymaria. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the central inland North Coast Range. Most of the few known occurrences have been noted in Lake County. It is a plant of serpentine soils in chaparral and woodland ecosystems. This is a small annual herb growing a thin branching brown stem low to the ground or erect to about 20 centimeters in height. Leaves appear in whorls of four on the lower part of the stem and are dark reddish green with plentiful glandular hairs. Its flowers have light pink-veined white petals in a corolla about a centimeter across. Protruding stamens hold large yellow or purplish-white anthers.

Drymaria
Drymaria is a genus of plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. It contains many species including these from northeastern Mexico:

Drymaria arenarioides

Drymaria coahuilana

Drymaria cordata

Drymaria lyropetala

Drymaria monticola

Drymaria pattersonii

Drymaria pratheri