hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Historism
Historism (Italian: storicismo) is a philosophical and historiographical theory, founded in 19th-century Germany (as Historismus) and especially influential in 19th- and 20th-century Europe. In those times there was not a single natural, humanistic or philosophical science that would not reflect, in one way or another, the historical type of thought (cf. comparative historical linguistics etc.). It pronounces the historicity of humanity and its binding to tradition.

Historist historiography rejects historical teleology and bases its explanations of historical phenomena on sympathy and understanding for the events, acting persons, and historical periods. The historist approach takes to its extreme limits the common observation that human institutions (language, Art, religion, law, State) are subject to perpetual change.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.

Jurisdiction (area)
A jurisdiction is the legal authority of a court, government, or other entity to make and enforce laws within a defined area.

Each state in a federation—such as Australia, Germany, and the United States—forms a separate jurisdiction. Certain laws, however, may be uniform across the constituent states and enforced by federal courts, resulting in a single jurisdiction for those purposes.

A jurisdiction may also prosecute individuals for crimes committed outside its territory if the perpetrator returns. Citizens from other jurisdictions can sometimes be extradited to a jurisdiction where the act is illegal, even if it occurred elsewhere.

Unitary states usually constitute a single jurisdiction. Notable exceptions include the United Kingdom, which has three separate legal systems: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. China also has separate jurisdictions for Hong Kong and Macao.
Nicolò Arrighetti
Nicolò Arrighetti (17 March 1709 – 31 January 1767) was an Italian professor of natural philosophy. He was born in Florence, Italy in 1709.  On 21 October 1724 he became a member of the Society of Jesus; he taught natural philosophy in Spoleto, Prato and Siena. He died in 1767.

His surviving works include treatises on theories of light, heat and electricity and on the causes of the movement of mercury in barometers.

Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. Nevertheless, the term is also often used to refer to the thermal energy contained in a system as a component of its internal energy and that is reflected in the temperature of the system.

Calorimetry is measurement of heat by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or by change in temperature of a body.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement for heat is the joule (J).
College of Emporia Fighting Presbies football, 1893–1899
The College of Emporia Fighting Presbies football program from 1893 to 1899 represented the College of Emporia—in its first decade of college football competition. The school did not field a team in 1897.

Emporia, Kansas
Emporia is a city in and the county seat of Lyon County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 24,139.  Emporia lies between Topeka and Wichita at the intersection of highways K-99, U.S. Route 50, Interstates 335 and 35 (Kansas Turnpike).  It is home to Emporia State University and Flint Hills Technical College, and two annual sporting events: Unbound Gravel (gravel bicycle race) and Dynamic Discs Open (disc golf tournament).
1991–92 NSL Cup
The 1991–92 NSL Cup was the 16th edition of the NSL Cup, which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia.

Melita Eagles were the defending champions, having defeated Preston Makedonia to win their first title in the previous year's final, but they were eliminated in the first round by Sydney Croatia.

Adelaide City defeated Marconi Fairfield 2–1 in the final to win their third NSL Cup title.

Parramatta FC
Parramatta Football Club, commonly known as Parramatta Melita Eagles or just Melita, are a semi-professional Australian soccer club based in South Granville, New South Wales. The club was established by Maltese migrants in 1956 and played several seasons in the National Soccer League, winning the NSL Cup twice. Later they were in the New South Wales Premier League, which the club won on six occasions. The club currently competes in the NSW League Two (formerly National Premier Leagues NSW 3).
Mannington Township School District
The Mannington Township School District is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Mannington Township, in Salem County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 163 students and 19.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.6:1.

Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Salem High School in Salem City, together with students from Elsinboro Township, Lower Alloways Creek Township and Quinton Township, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Salem City School District. As of the 2023–24 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 387 students and 40.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.7:1.

Lower Alloways Creek Township, New Jersey
Lower Alloways Creek Township is a township in Salem County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 1,717, a decrease of 53 (−3.0%) from the 2010 census count of 1,770, which in turn reflected a decline of 81 (−4.4%) from the 1,851 counted in the 2000 census.

PSE&G operates three nuclear reactors in Lower Alloways Creek Township. Salem 1 and Salem 2 are pressurized water reactors at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant and the Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station has one boiling water reactor. Lower Alloways Creek Township is a dry town where alcohol cannot be sold legally.
William Sherwen
William Sherwen was Archdeacon of Westmorland from 1901 until his death on 1 March 1915.

He was educated at The Queen's College, Oxford; and was ordained in 1860. He served curacies in Cold Brayfield, Bishopwearmouth, Sedgefield and Dean. He was Rural Dean of Cockermouth and Workington from 1882 to 1901.

Dean, Cumbria
Dean is a village and civil parish in the county of Cumbria, England. Dean has a Church of England school, a church called St Oswald's. Nearby settlements include the towns of Workington and Cockermouth.
Kris Porter (basketball)
Kristoffer James Porter (born September 2, 1994) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He was selected 16th overall in the 2018 PBA draft.

Rain or Shine Elasto Painters
The Rain or Shine Elasto Painters (colloquially known as the E-Painters) are a professional basketball team in the Philippine Basketball Association owned by Asian Coatings Philippines, Inc. It debuted in the league in the 2006–07 PBA season after acquiring the franchise rights of the Shell Turbo Chargers in 2006, which disbanded after the 2004–05 PBA season.

From 1996 to 2006, the franchise played in the Philippine Basketball League, carrying the name Welcoat House Paints, Welcoat Paintmasters and the St. Benilde-Rain or Shine Elasto Painters, winning a total of six championships.
Pražské schody
Pražské schody (Prague Stairs) is a specific cycling race held every year since 1994 in capital city of Czech Republic, Prague. The race specificity is the fact that cyclists riding down stairs (190 stairs) in Prague Castle and then climb back of cobblestones to the top. They do this for 1 hour + last circle.

Many top cyclists took part in this popular race Miguel Martinez, Julien Absalon, Daniele Pontoni, Thomas Frischknecht, Jaroslav Kulhavý etc.

Miguel Martinez (cyclist)
Miguel Martinez (born 17 January 1976 in Fourchambault, Nièvre) is a French road cyclist and cross-country mountain biker, who most recently rode for UCI Continental team Amore & Vita–Prodir. He won the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia after having finished in third place in the inaugural event at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He also rode in the 2002 Tour de France, finishing 44th. His brother Yannick, father Mariano and uncle Martin were also professional cyclists. He is also the father of racing cyclist Lenny Martinez.
Figure skating at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Figure skating at the 2003 Asian Winter Games took place in the Aomori Prefectural Skating Rink located in Aomori City, Japan with four events contested.

The competition took place from 2 to 4 February 2003.

2003 Asian Winter Games
The 5th Asian Winter Games (Japanese: 第5回アジア冬季競技大会, romanized: Dai 5-kai Ajia tōkikyōgitaikai), also known as Aomori 2003 (Japanese: 青森2003), took place from February 1 to 8, 2003 in Aomori Prefecture, Japan.
Robert G. Dillenback
Robert G. Dillenback (died March 12, 2003) was an American politician from Maine. Dillenback, a Republican from Cumberland, served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1981 to 1986. In November 1986, he was elected to the Maine Senate, where served two terms. During his first term in the Senate, Dillenback served on the Economic Development Committee. He left the Senate in 1990 and died on March 12, 2003.

Maine Senate
44°18′26″N 69°46′54″W﻿ / ﻿44.307138°N 69.781586°W﻿ / 44.307138; -69.781586

The Maine Senate is the upper house of the Maine Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maine. The Senate currently consists of 35 members representing an equal number of districts across the state, though the Maine Constitution allows for "an odd number of Senators, not less than 31 nor more than 35". Unlike the lower House, the Senate does not set aside nonvoting seats for Native tribes.  Because it is a part-time position, members of the Maine Senate usually have outside employment as well.

The Senate meets at the Maine State House in Augusta. Members are limited to four consecutive terms with each term being two years but may run again after a two-year wait.
Console Wars (book)
Console Wars: Sega, Nintendo, and the Battle That Defined a Generation is a 2014 non-fiction novel written by Blake J. Harris. It follows businessman Tom Kalinske in his venture as CEO of video game company Sega of America from 1990 to 1996, and details the history of the fierce business competition between Sega and Nintendo throughout the 1990s as well as the internal conflicts that took place between Sega of America and its Japanese parent company, Sega Enterprise. Harris wrote the book in the style of a novel by compiling several interviews with people who were involved with the events, using the information gathered to create a dramatic interpretation of the events. A documentary of the book directed by Harris and Jonah Tulis was released on CBS All Access on September 23, 2020.  A miniseries adaptation is in development with Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg executive producing with Jordan Vogt-Roberts directing.

Polygon (website)
Polygon is an American entertainment website created by Vox Media covering video games, movies, television, comics, and other popular culture. At its October 2012 launch as Vox Media's third property, Polygon sought to distinguish itself by focusing on the stories of the people behind video games and long-form magazine-style feature articles.

The site was built over the course of ten months by eight co-founding editors which included the editors-in-chief of the gaming sites Joystiq, Kotaku and The Escapist. Vox Media produced a documentary series on the founding of the site. In May 2025, Polygon was sold to Valnet.
Scaphinotus mexicanus
Scaphinotus mexicanus, Mexican snail-eating beetle, is a species of beetle of the Carabidae family. This species is found in Mexico (Durango), where it inhabits upland to mountainous areas.

Adults are brachypterous.

Durango
Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the states which make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650, the 8th lowest of Mexico's states, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
Balyakalasakhi (1967 film)
Balyakalasakhi (childhood companion) is a 1967 Malayalam film, directed by J. Sasikumar. It is an adaptation of Vaikom Muhammad Basheer's famous novel of the same name. Basheer himself wrote the screenplay and dialogues. Balyakalasakhi and Bhargavi Nilayam (1964) are the only films for which Basheer has written the screenplay. The film's story revolves around Majeed and Suhra, who have been in love with each other from childhood.

J. Sasikumar
Nambiathusseril Varkey John (14 October 1927 – 17 July 2014), better known by his screen name Sasikumar, was an Indian film director who worked in Malayalam cinema. He has directed more than 141 films in his career which began in the mid-1960s. He is often referred to as Hitmaker Sasikumar due to the commercial success of his films. In 2012, he was awarded the J. C. Daniel Award, Kerala government's highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema

Sasikumar holds record for directing most films (141) after Telugu film director Dasari Narayana Rao (151), most films having the same actor as hero Prem Nazir in 84 films and the most films directed in a year, 15 films in 1977. He died in 2014 at the age of 86.
Kierpnik
Kierpnik [ˈkʲɛrpnik] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Mirosławiec, within Wałcz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 3.

Wałcz County
Wałcz County (Polish: powiat wałecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Wałcz, which lies 127 kilometres (79 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Mirosławiec, 27 km (17 mi) west of Wałcz, Człopa, 31 km (19 mi) south-west of Wałcz, and Tuczno, 25 km (16 mi) south-west of Wałcz.

The county covers an area of 1,414.79 square kilometres (546.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 54,639, out of which the population of Wałcz is 26,140, that of Mirosławiec is 2,633, that of Człopa is 2,390, that of Tuczno is 1,965, and the rural population is 21,511.
Lucia Bronzetti
Lucia Bronzetti (born 10 December 1998) is an Italian professional tennis player. She has career-high WTA rankings of No. 46 in singles, achieved on 8 April 2024, and No. 170 in doubles. She has played three finals and won one singles title on the WTA Tour, at the 2023 Morocco Open, and has also reached nine singles finals on the ITF Women's Circuit, of which she won five. Bronzetti was a member of the Italian squad which reaching three finals in a row and won the 2024 and the 2025 Billie Jean King Cup.

In 2023, as the Italian female number two player, she took part in the first edition of the United Cup, reaching the final but losing to Madison Keys in the singles. In 2025, she was also part of the Hopman Cup pairing with Flavio Cobolli, defeating France and Croatia to reach the final with Canada and losing to Bianca Andreescu.

2025 Billie Jean King Cup
The 2025 Billie Jean King Cup was the 62nd edition of the Billie Jean King Cup, a tournament between national teams in women's tennis.
Defending champions Italy defeated United States 2-0 in the final.
John F. Kennedy High School (Iowa)
Kennedy High School is a public high school  located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Kennedy was founded in 1967. The building was dedicated by Senator Edward M. Kennedy, younger brother of the school's namesake President John F. Kennedy. The school's athletic teams are known as the Cougars. It is a part of the Cedar Rapids Community School District.

In addition to portions of Cedar Rapids, Kennedy High's boundary includes: Hiawatha, Palo, and most of Robins.

Cedar Rapids Community School District
The Cedar Rapids Community School District (CRCSD) is a public school district located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It has the second largest enrollment in the state of Iowa. The district has 21 elementary schools, 6 middle schools, 4 high schools, and 1 alternative high school.

The district is in Linn County. In addition to most of Cedar Rapids it serves Hiawatha, most of Robins, and Palo.
Thorniewood United F.C.
Thorniewood United Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in Viewpark, North Lanarkshire. Formed in 1924, they compete in the West of Scotland League First Division. Their home ground is Robertson Park and the team colours are all red.

North Lanarkshire
North Lanarkshire (Scots: North Lanrikshire; Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Lannraig a Tuath) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the north-east of the Glasgow City council area and contains many of Glasgow's suburbs, commuter towns, and villages. It also borders East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, Stirling, South Lanarkshire, and West Lothian. The council area covers parts of the historic counties of Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire, and Stirlingshire. The council is based in Motherwell.

The area was formed in 1996, covering the districts of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth, Motherwell, and Monklands, plus the Chryston and Auchinloch areas from Strathkelvin district, all of which had been in the Strathclyde region between 1975 and 1996. As a new single-tier authority, North Lanarkshire became responsible for all functions previously performed by both the regional council and the district councils, which were abolished.
Mount Misumi
Mount Misumi (三角山 or みすみやま) can refer to:

Mount Misumi (Tottori), a mountain within Tottori, Tottori Prefecture, Japan

Mount Misumi (Fukuoka), a mountain in Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan

Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū
Moji-ku (門司区) is a Japanese ward of the city of Kitakyushu in Fukuoka Prefecture. It is the former city of Moji which was one of five merged to create Kitakyūshū in 1963. It faces the city of Shimonoseki across the Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū.

The ward's area is 73.37 km2. It had a population of 114,754 as of 2000.
Darling Sedimentary Basin
The Darling Sedimentary Basin, or simply the Darling Basin,  is located in western New South Wales, bordered in the north by the line Broken Hill-Wilcannia -Cobar and stretching southward towards the Murray River. It is an old sedimentary basin dated by 
Late Cambrian/Silurian to Early Carboniferous.
It is an intra-cratonic depositional center, mostly filled with Devonian sedimentary rocks up to 8 km in thickness. It is overlaid by the Eromanga Basin in the north and the Murray Basin in the south. It covers the area on over 100,000 km2.

Darling and Murray basins are separated by the Lachlan Fold Belt.

Major troughs and sub-basins include Cobar Basin, Mt Hope Trough, Rast Trough and Melrose Trough.

The Moomba to Sydney Pipeline crosses the area.

Wilcannia
Wilcannia is a small town located within the Central Darling Shire in north western New South Wales, Australia. Located on the Darling River, the town was the third largest inland port in the country during the river boat era of the mid-19th century. At the 2021 census, Wilcannia had a population of 735.
Nils Schomber
Nils Schomber (born 15 March 1994) is a German cyclist, who most recently rode for UCI Continental team Rad-Net Rose Team. He rode in the individual pursuit and team pursuit at the 2014 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

2014 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 2014 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was the World Championships for track cycling in 2014. They took place in Cali, Colombia from 26 February to 2 March 2014 in the Velódromo Alcides Nieto Patiño.
Daren O'Leary
Daren O'Leary (born 27 June 1973 in Harold Wood, England) was a rugby union player who represented Saracens, Harlequins, Gloucester, Worcester and Moseley.  Now retired, he is a professional rugby union agent with Top Marque Sports.

Whilst at Gloucester he started in the 2002 Zurich Championship Final (the year before winning the play-offs constituted winning the English title) in which Gloucester defeated Bristol.

O'Leary was part of the senior England squad for the 1993 Five Nations Championship and the 1997 England rugby union tour of Argentina and Australia, but was ultimately never capped at that level.

Worcester Warriors
Worcester Warriors is a professional rugby union club based in Worcester, England. The side most recently played in Premiership Rugby, the top division of English rugby union, before being suspended by the RFU in September 2022 due to financial insolvency. Following a period of administration, the club was reformed as a new entity and will play in Champ Rugby from the 2025–26 season.
Data event
A data event is a relevant state transition defined in an event schema. Typically, event schemata are described by pre- and post condition for a single or a set of data items. In contrast to ECA (Event condition action), which considers an event to be a signal, the data event not only refers to the change (signal), but describes specific state transitions, which are referred to in ECA as conditions.

Considering data events as relevant data item state transitions allows defining complex event-reaction schemata for a database. Defining data event schemata for relational databases is limited to attribute and instance events. Object-oriented databases also support collection properties, which allows defining changes in collections as data events, too.

Object database
An object database or object-oriented database  is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-oriented. A third type, object–relational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches.
Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s.
David Niles
David K. Niles (November 23, 1888 – September 28, 1952; Boston, Massachusetts) was an American political advisor who worked in the White House from 1942 to 1951 for the administrations of Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman.  Niles was one of only two Roosevelt aides retained by Truman upon his assumption of the presidency.

Boston Latin School
The Boston Latin School is a magnet Latin grammar state school in Boston, Massachusetts. It has been in continuous operation since it was established on April 23, 1635, and is one of the oldest existing schools in the United States, the other being Collegiate School in New York City.