hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Speculum (journal)
Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies is a quarterly academic journal published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America. It was established in 1926 by Edward Kennard Rand. The journal's primary focus is on the time period from 500 to 1500 in Western Europe, but also on related subjects such as Byzantine, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian and Slavic studies. As of 2025, the editor is Barbara Newman.

The organization and its journal were first proposed in 1921 at a meeting of the Modern Language Association, and the journal's focus was interdisciplinary from its beginning, with one reviewer noting a specific interest in Medieval Latin.

Armenian studies
Armenian studies or Armenology (Armenian: հայագիտություն, pronounced [hɑjɑɡituˈtʰjun]) is a field of humanities covering Armenian history, language and culture. The emergence of modern Armenian studies is associated with the foundation of the Catholic Mechitarist order in the early 18th century. Until the early 20th century, Armenian studies were largely conducted by individual scholars in the Armenian communities of the Russian Empire (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, New Nakhichevan, Tiflis), Europe (Venice, Vienna, Paris, London, Berlin, Leipzig), Constantinople and Vagharshapat in Armenia. After the establishment of Soviet rule, Armenian studies, and sciences in general, were institutionalized in Armenia and put under direct control of the Academy of Sciences. Today, numerous  research centers in many parts of the world specialize in Armenian studies.
Allen Walker Read
Allen Walker Read (June 2, 1906 – October 16, 2002) was an American etymologist and lexicographer. Born in Minnesota, he spent much of his career as a professor at Columbia University in New York. Read's work Classic American Graffiti is well regarded in the study of latrinalia and obscenity. His etymological career included his discovery of the origin of the word "OK", a longtime puzzle, and his scholarly study of the history and use of the common English vulgarity "fuck."

Fuck
Fuck (/fʌk/) is a profanity in the English language that often refers to the act of sexual intercourse, but is also commonly used as an intensifier or to convey disdain. While its origin is obscure, it is usually considered to be first attested to around 1475. In modern usage, the term fuck and its derivatives (such as fucker and fucking) are used as a noun, a verb, an adjective, an infix, an interjection or an adverb. There are many common phrases that employ the word as well as compounds that incorporate it, such as motherfucker and fuck off.
Enemy of the people
The terms enemy of the people and enemy of the nation are designations for the political opponents and the social-class opponents of the power group within a larger social unit, who, thus identified, can be subjected to political repression.

Like the term enemy of the state, the term enemy of the people originated and derives from the Latin: hostis publicus, a public enemy of the Roman Empire. In literature, the term enemy of the people features in the title of the stageplay An Enemy of the People (1882), by Henrik Ibsen, and is a theme in the stageplay Coriolanus (1605), by William Shakespeare.

Coriolanus
Coriolanus (/kɒriəˈleɪnəs/ or /-ˈlɑː-/) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1605 and 1608. The play is based on the life of the legendary Roman leader Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus. Shakespeare worked on it during the same years he wrote Antony and Cleopatra, making them his last two tragedies.

Coriolanus is the name given to a Roman general after his military feats against the Volscians at Corioli. Following his success, others encourage Coriolanus to pursue the consulship, but his disdain for the plebeians and mutual hostility with the tribunes lead to his banishment from Rome. In exile, he presents himself to the Volscians, then leads them against Rome. After he relents and agrees to a peace with Rome, he is killed by his previous Volscian allies.
Fritz von Opel
Fritz Adam Hermann von Opel (4 May 1899 – 8 April 1971), known as Fritz Adam Hermann Opel until his father was ennobled in 1917, was the only son of Wilhelm von Opel and a grandson of Adam Opel, founder of the Opel company. He is remembered mostly for his Opel RAK demonstrations of the world's first crewed rocket-powered ground and air vehicles that earned him the nickname "Rocket Fritz" and which were also highly effective as publicity stunts for his family's automotive business.

Walter J. Boyne
Walter J. Boyne (February 2, 1929 – January 9, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer, Command Pilot, combat veteran, aviation historian, and author of more than 50 books and over 1,000 magazine articles. He was a director of the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution and a Chairman of the National Aeronautic Association.
Aafir
Aafir or Afir (Arabic: أعفير, Kabyle: Aɛfir) is a town and commune located on the Mediterranean Sea within Dellys District, Boumerdès Province, northern Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of approximately 12,613. Aafir is one of three communes in the Dellys district, the others being Ben Choud and Dellys itself.

The commune includes the western part of the forest of Mizrana, where the zawiya of Sidi Mhand Saadi is located.  This zawiya was abandoned during the 1990s but is currently being renovated.

Zawiya (institution)
A zawiya or zaouia (Arabic: زاوية, romanized: zāwiyah, lit. 'corner'; Turkish: zaviye; also spelled zawiyah or zawiyya) is a building and institution associated with Sufis in the Islamic world. It can serve a variety of functions such a place of worship, school, monastery and/or mausoleum. In some regions the term is interchangeable with the term khanqah, which serves a similar purpose. In the Maghreb, the term is often used for a place where the founder of a Sufi order or a local saint or holy man (e.g. a wali) lived and was buried. In the Maghreb the word can also be used to refer to the wider tariqa (Sufi order or brotherhood) and its membership.
Dolly Martin
Dolly Martin (née Read; 13 September 1944) is an English pinup model and actress. She is best remembered for her appearance in Playboy magazine and as the lead character in Beyond the Valley of the Dolls. She sometimes is credited as Margaret Read, Dolly Read Martin or Dolly Martin.

Pin-up model
A pin-up model is a model whose mass-produced pictures and photographs have wide appeal within the popular culture of a society. Pin-up models are usually glamour, actresses, or fashion models whose pictures are intended for informal and aesthetic display, known for being pinned onto a wall. From the 1940s, pictures of pin-up girls were also known as cheesecake in the U.S.

The term pin-up refers to drawings, paintings, and photographs of semi-nude women and was first attested to in English in 1941. Images of pin-up girls were published in magazines and newspapers. They were also displayed on postcards, lithographs, and calendars. The counterpart of the pin-up girl is the male pin-up, also known as beefcake, including celebrated actors and athletes such as the actor James Dean, the singer Jim Morrison, and the model Fabio.
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is an elevated level of phosphate in the blood. Most people have no symptoms while others develop calcium deposits in the soft tissue. The disorder is often accompanied by low calcium blood levels, which can result in muscle spasms.

Causes include kidney failure, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis, tumor lysis syndrome, and rhabdomyolysis. Diagnosis is generally based on a blood phosphate level exceeding 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL).  Levels may appear falsely elevated with high blood lipid levels, high blood protein levels, or high blood bilirubin levels.

Treatment may include a phosphate low diet and antacids like calcium carbonate that bind phosphate. Occasionally, intravenous normal saline or kidney dialysis may be used. How commonly it occurs is unclear.

Bilirubin
Bilirubin (BR) (adopted from German, originally bili, for bile, plus ruber, Latin for red) is a red-orange compound that occurs  as the reduction product of biliverdin, a breakdown product of heme.

It is further broken down in the colon to urobilinogen, most of which becomes stercobilin, causing the brown color of feces. Some unconverted urobilinogen, metabolised to urobilin, provides the straw-yellow color in urine.

Although bilirubin is usually found in animals rather than plants, at least one plant species, Strelitzia nicolai, is known to contain the pigment.
Maybe Man
"Maybe Man" is a song by American pop band AJR from their fifth studio album The Maybe Man, appearing as the opening track. The song was released alongside a music video on November 10, 2023, the day of the album's release.

OK Orchestra
OK Orchestra (stylized in all uppercase), often abbreviated as OKO, is the fourth studio album by American pop band AJR. It was released on March 26, 2021 under BMG and the band's own label, AJR Productions. The album was supported by five singles, "Bang!", "Bummerland", "My Play", "Way Less Sad", and "World's Smallest Violin". The album was produced by group member Ryan Met.
Keying (official)
Keying (21 March 1787 – 29 June 1858), also known by his romanized Mandarin Chinese name Qiying or Ch'i-ying (Wade–Giles) and his Manchu name Kiyeng, was a Manchu statesman during the Qing dynasty of China. An imperial clansman of the house of Aisin Gioro, he began his career in the Imperial Clan Court. He conducted several peace treaties with Western powers, beginning with the Treaty of Nanking, which ended the First Opium War with Britain in 1842. Keying was sent to negotiate again in 1858 to settle the Arrow War with Britain and France, but the settlement was repudiated by the Xianfeng Emperor and he was forced to commit suicide.

Forced suicide
Forced suicide is a method of execution where the victim is coerced into committing suicide to avoid facing an alternative option they perceive as much worse, such as being tortured to death, suffering public humiliation, or having friends or family members punished.
Akiva Ettinger
Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר‎; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.

Kiryat Anavim
Kiryat Anavim (Hebrew: קריית ענבים, lit. 'City of Grapes') is a kibbutz in the Judean Hills of Israel. It was the first kibbutz established in the Judean Hills. It is located west of Jerusalem, and falls under the jurisdiction of the Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 388.
Sir George Chute, 1st Baronet
Sir George Chute, 1st Baronet (10 February 1665 – 4 February 1722), of Hinxhill Place, in the County of Kent, was an English politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Winchelsea from 1696 to 1698.  He was made a baronet, of Hinxhill Place in the County of Kent, on 17 September 1684. The title became extinct on his death in February 1722, aged 56.

Wye with Hinxhill
Wye with Hinxhill is a hillside civil parish in the borough of Ashford northeast of Ashford, Kent itself, centred 3.7 miles (6.0 km) NNE of the town centre. The North Downs range of hills has a high escarpment on the east and west borders of the village, flanking a gap caused by the River Great Stour in the centre of the parish.

The combined village has a relatively low population and a large geographical area. The civil parish council meets monthly to administer local government resources, funding, and planning community events and facilities. It contains the main village of Wye and the much smaller Hinxhill and had a combined population of 2,300 in 2001. By the time of the 2011 Census, the population had reduced to 2,282.
Iwabuchi
Iwabuchi (written: 岩渕 or 岩淵) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Isao Iwabuchi (岩淵 功, born 1933), Japanese tennis player

Kensuke Iwabuchi (岩渕 健輔, born 1975), Japanese rugby union player and coach

Mana Iwabuchi (岩渕 真奈, born 1993), Japanese women's footballer

Reira Iwabuchi (岩渕 麗楽, born 2001), Japanese snowboarder

Ryota Iwabuchi (岩渕 良太, born 1990), Japanese footballer

Sanji Iwabuchi (岩淵 三次, 1895–1945), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral

Satoshi Iwabuchi (岩渕 聡, born 1975), Japanese tennis player

Yumi Iwabuchi (岩渕 有美, born 1979), Japanese softball player

Satoshi Iwabuchi
Satoshi Iwabuchi (岩渕 聡, Iwabuchi Satoshi; born October 7, 1975) is a retired professional tennis player from Japan.

Iwabuchi won one ATP Tour doubles title in his career, the 2005 Japan Open, where he and Takao Suzuki defeated Simon Aspelin and Todd Perry in straight sets 5–4(3), 5–4(13).

As of May 17, 2009, Iwabuchi's highest singles ranking was world number 223, which he reached on October 20, 2003.
Oleśnica, Poddębice County
Oleśnica (Polish pronunciation: [ɔlɛˈɕɲit͡sa]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dalików, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south of Dalików, 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Poddębice, and 28 km (17 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Sean Carlson
Sean Carlson (born June 13, 1985) is an American music promoter from Torrance, California. He is the founder of FYF Fest and the "F Yeah Fest" music tour. The first Fuck Yeah Fest was held in 2004 at the Echo, a club in Echo Park, Los Angeles, California.

As of 2009, the festival officially changed its name to "FYF Fest" after moving the festival from the Echoplex to the L.A. Historic State Park.

In 2017, multiple women came forward to accuse Carlson of sexual harassment and assault. Spin magazine reported that Carlson's sexual misconduct was considered an "open secret" within the Los Angeles music scene. As a result of the allegations, his relationship with Goldenvoice (the parent company of FYF Fest) was terminated.

Torrance, California
Torrance is a city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States, neighboring Redondo Beach, Rolling Hills Estates, Palos Verdes Estates, and Lomita. The city is part of what is known as the South Bay region. Torrance has a moderate year-round climate with average rainfall of 12 inches (300 mm) per year. Torrance has one and a half miles (2.4 km) of beachfront abutting Santa Monica Bay and 30 parks. It is the birthplace of the American Youth Soccer Organization (AYSO). The population was 147,067 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 139,576 in 2024.
Motyka (surname)
Motyka is a Polish surname meaning "hoe". Notable people with the surname include:

Józef Motyka (1900–1984), Polish botanist and lichenologist

Grzegorz Motyka (born 1967), Polish historian

Grzegorz Motyka (born 1972), Polish footballer

Marek Motyka (born 1958), Polish footballer

Stanisław Motyka (1906–1941), Polish skier

Tomasz Motyka (born 1972), Polish footballer

Tomasz Motyka (born 1981), Polish fencer

Zdzisław Motyka (1907–1969), Polish skier

Hoe (tool)
A hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural and horticultural hand tool used to shape soil, remove weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops. Shaping the soil includes piling soil around the base of plants (hilling), digging narrow furrows (drills) and shallow trenches for planting seeds or bulbs. Weeding with a hoe includes agitating the surface of the soil or cutting foliage from roots, and clearing the soil of old roots and crop residues. Hoes for digging and moving soil are used to harvest root crops such as potatoes.
Pottawattamie County Sub Courthouse
The Pottawattamie County Sub Courthouse is located in Avoca, Iowa, United States.  Because Pottawattamie County is wide geographically, and the county seat in Council Bluffs is located at its western edge, this sub courthouse was located in the eastern portion of the county.  It is Iowa's only branch county courthouse.  Built in 1885 and refurbished in 1998, the building is simple, compact, and functional.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. As of 2011, the building was used to house several county offices and the local historical society.

Council Bluffs, Iowa
Council Bluffs is a city in and the county seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States. Located on the east bank of the Missouri River, it sits across from Omaha, Nebraska. The city had a population of 62,799 at the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous city in Iowa and the largest in Southwest Iowa. Council Bluffs is also a principal city in the Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area.

Until about 1853, Council Bluffs was known as Kanesville. Kanesville was the historic starting point of the Mormon Trail. Kanesville is also the northernmost anchor town of the other emigrant trails because there was a steam-powered boat which ferried the settlers' wagons and cattle across the Missouri River. In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad to California was connected to the existing U.S. rail network at Council Bluffs.
Cypress dome
A cypress dome is a type of freshwater forested wetland, or a swamp, found in the southeastern part of the United States. They are dominated by the Taxodium spp., either the bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), or pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens). The name comes from the dome-like shape of treetops, formed by smaller trees growing on the edge where the water is shallow while taller trees grow at the center in deeper water. They usually appear as circular, but if the center is too deep, they form a “doughnut” shape when viewed from above. Cypress domes are characteristically small compared to other swamps, however they can occur at a range of sizes, dependent on the depth.

Cypress domes form when pond cypress grow in shallow standing water. The ground level in the center of the dome may be several inches to a few feet lower than at the edge of the dome, but tree growth is more vigorous at the center of the dome. Thus, the treetops are higher at the center than at the edge of the dome.

Funastrum clausum
Funastrum clausum, commonly known as white twinevine, is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It is native to southern Florida and Texas in the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and South America as far south as Paraguay.
Ghost Shark (submarine)
The Ghost Shark (also known as Ghost Shark XL-AUV) is a long-range, extra-large autonomous underwater vehicle being jointly developed by Anduril Industries and the Australian Department of Defence (DoD) for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Three prototypes were ordered for the Royal Australian Navy and one for the United States Navy. The first of the submarines was publicly revealed in April 2024, and full-rate production for the RAN was announced in September 2025.

Department of Defence (Australia)
The Department of Defence is a department of the Australian Government that is responsible for supporting the Australian Defence Force (ADF), and is charged with the defence of Australia and its national interests. Along with the ADF, it forms part of the larger Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) and is accountable to the Parliament of Australia, on behalf of the Australian people, for the efficiency and effectiveness with which it carries out government policy.

The executive head of the department, who leads it on a day-to-day basis, independent of a change of government, is the Secretary of the Department of Defence (SECDEF), currently Greg Moriarty. SECDEF reports to the Minister for Defence, Richard Marles.
Rühle
Rühle is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alice Rühle-Gerstel (1894–1943), German-Jewish writer, feminist, and psychologist

August Otto Rühle von Lilienstern (1780–1847), Prussian officer

Frank Rühle (born 1944), German rower who competed for East Germany both in the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics

Günther Rühle (1924–2021), German theatre critic, author and theatre manager.

Heide Rühle (born 1948), German politician and Member of the European Parliament

Hugo Rühle (1824–1888), German physician

Otto Rühle (1874–1943), German council communist

Stephanie Ruhle (born 1975), managing editor and news anchor for Bloomberg Television and editor-at-large for Bloomberg News

Tobias Rühle (born 1991), German footballer

Vern Ruhle, (1951–2007) former American right-handed pitcher and coach in Major League Baseball

Frank Rühle
Frank Rühle (born 5 March 1944) is a German rower who competed for East Germany in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Dohna. In 1968 he was a crew member of the East German boat which won the gold medal in the coxless fours event. Four years later he won his second gold medal with the East German boat in the coxless fours event.
Weak ontology (political concept)
In political theory, weak ontology describes a pragmatic approach that seeks to avoid foundationalist commitments of the classic sort (which it calls 'strong ontology'), yet acknowledges the indispensable role of an ontological imaginary implicit in every act of political theorizing (both critical and normative). 'Weak ontology' makes explicit and affirms one's ontological commitments (and assumptions) but at the same time acknowledges their historical, contestable character. The term was first used in this context by Stephen K. White, professor of politics at the University of Virginia, who ascribes this approach to thinkers such as William E. Connolly, George Kateb, Judith Butler, and Charles Taylor.

Charles Taylor (philosopher)
Charles Margrave Taylor CC GOQ FRSC FBA (born November 5, 1931) is a Canadian philosopher from Montreal, Quebec, and professor emeritus at McGill University best known for his contributions to political philosophy, the philosophy of social science, the history of philosophy, and intellectual history. His work has earned him the Kyoto Prize, the Templeton Prize, the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy, and the John W. Kluge Prize.

In 2007, Taylor served with Gérard Bouchard on the Bouchard–Taylor Commission on reasonable accommodation with regard to cultural differences in the province of Quebec. He has also made contributions to moral philosophy, epistemology, hermeneutics, aesthetics, the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of action.
Canadian National class K-3
Canadian National Railway (CN) Class K-3 steam locomotives were of 4-6-2 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, or " 2'C1' " in UIC classification. 70 of these locomotives were built for the Grand Trunk Railway (GT) from 1910 through 1913. The class remained in passenger service until the final replacement of steam with diesel locomotives. Number 5588 was preserved in Windsor, Ontario.

Whyte notation
The Whyte notation is a classification method for steam locomotives, and some internal combustion locomotives and electric locomotives, by wheel arrangement. It was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte, and came into use in the early twentieth century following a December 1900 editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal.

The notation was adopted and remains in use in North America and the United Kingdom to describe the wheel arrangements of steam locomotives, but for modern locomotives, multiple units and trams it has been supplanted by the UIC system in Europe and by the AAR system (essentially a simplification of the UIC system) in North America. However, geared steam locomotives do not use the notation. They are classified by their model and their number of trucks.