hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galakata Mosque
The Galakata Mosque (Bengali: গলাকাটা মসজিদ)  is a historical Sultanate period mosque located 100 meters east of Jorbangla Mosque at the village of Barobazar, in Jhenaidah District. The name (Bengali: গলাকাটা, romanized: galakata, lit. 'beheaded') might have been derived from the mosque's earlier ruined state. The ruins was excavated in 1992-1993 and completely rebuilt with six domes in Khan Jahan style. Arabic and Persian remainings date the mosque to c. 800 AH, during Mahmud Shah's reign.

Jhenaidah District
Jhenaidah District (Bengali: ঝিনাইদহ জেলা) is a district in southwestern Bangladesh. Part of the Khulna Division, the district has an area of 1,964.77 km2 (758.60 sq mi). It is bordered by Kushtia District to the north, Jessore District and West Bengal to the south, Rajbari District and Magura District to the east, and Chuadanga District and West Bengal to the west. The largest city and headquarters of this district is Jhenaidah. At the beginning of the British rule, Jhenaidah was a police outpost and was turned into a thana in 1793. The Jhenaidah sub-division was established in 1862. It became a district in 1984.
Mongolian literature
Mongolian literature is literature written in Mongolia and/or in the Mongolian language. It was greatly influenced by and evolved from its nomadic oral storytelling traditions, and it originated in the 13th century. The "three peaks" of Mongol literature, The Secret History of the Mongols, Epic of King Gesar and Epic of Jangar, all reflect the age-long tradition of heroic epics on the Eurasian Steppe. Mongol literature has also been a reflection of the society of the given time, its level of political, economic and social development as well as leading intellectual trends.

Epic of Jangar
The epic of Jangar or Jangar epic (Kalmyk: Җаңһр, romanized: Cañhr, [d͡ʒaŋɣər]; Mongolian: ᠵᠢᠩᠭᠠᠷ, Жангар, romanized: Jangar, [d͡ʒɑŋɢər]) is a traditional oral epic poem (tuuli) of the Mongols. It was long thought to be particular to the Kalmyks, but is now known to also be widely told among the Oirats in Mongolia, China and Russia. The story is recited by singers called Jangarchi (Kalmyk: Җаңһрч, romanized: Cañhrç, [d͡ʒaŋɣərt͡ʃə]). The Jangar has approximately 25 or 26 chapters, though certain versions may have more than 100 chapters.
Mulab-e Olya
Mulab-e Olya (Persian: مولاب عليا, also Romanized as Mūlāb-e ‘Olyā; also known as Kelāt, Mūlāb, Mūlāb-e Bālā, and Ţāqeh Mūlāb) is a village in Murmuri Rural District, Kalat District, Abdanan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 112, in 25 families. The village is populated by Lurs.

Ilam province
Ilam Province (Persian: استان ایلام) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ilam.

The province is in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2 (7,785.41 mi2). It shares 425 km (264 mi) of the border with Iraq, and also borders on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan.
North Eastern (General Electors Communal Constituency, Fiji)
North Eastern General Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 3 communal constituencies reserved for General Electors, an omnibus category including Caucasians, Chinese, and all others whose ethnicity was neither indigenous Fijian nor Indo-Fijian. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 68 seats, 43 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage).

The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.

1999 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji between 8 and 15 May 1999. They were the first election held under the revised Constitution of 1997, which instituted a new electoral system and resulted in Mahendra Chaudhry taking office as Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, following a landslide victory for the Fiji Labour Party. It was also a wipeout loss for the incumbent Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) government of Sitiveni Rabuka, which lost all but eight seats and won less seats than the Fijian Association Party (FAP).
Africa Source
Africa Source was a set of events, held in 2004 and 2006 in Namibia and Uganda respectively, to promote the use of Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) among non-profit and non-governmental organisations. Africa Source was part of the wider "Source Camps" organised by Tactical Technology Collective (Tacticaltech.org) and its partners, and was also linked to the Asia Source and other parallel events held elsewhere.

Alternative terms for free software
Alternative terms for free software, such as OSS, FOSS, and FLOSS, have been a recurring issue among free and open-source software users from the late 1990s onwards. These terms share almost identical licence criteria and development practices.

In 1983 Richard Stallman launched the free software movement and founded the Free Software Foundation to promote the movement and to publish its own definition. Others have published alternative definitions of free software, notably the Debian Free Software Guidelines. In 1998, Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond began a campaign to market open-source software and founded the Open Source Initiative, which espoused different goals and a different philosophy from Stallman's.
Sautens
Sautens is a municipality in the Imst district located 9 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Imst on the lower course of the Ötztaler Ache. The village is located to catch the sun but is protected from the wind, which makes for an especially mild climate. The main source of income is agriculture.  Fruit is especially important with a good part of the harvest used to make Schnapps.

The name of the village appears to originate from Roman times. Sautens was once connected with Oetz but became its own community in 1836. Recently the village has experienced increasing tourism.

Schnapps
Schnaps (/ʃnɑːps/ ⓘ or /ʃnæps/) or schnapps is a type of alcoholic beverage that may take several forms, including distilled fruit brandies, herbal liqueurs, infusions, and "flavored liqueurs" made by adding fruit syrups, spices, or artificial flavorings to neutral grain spirits.

The English loanword "schnapps" is derived from the colloquial German word Schnaps [ʃnaps] ⓘ (plural: Schnäpse), which is used in reference to spirit drinks.
The word Schnaps stems from Low German and is related to the German term "schnappen", meaning "snap", which refers to the spirit usually being consumed in a quick slug from a small glass (i.e., a shot glass).
R-loop
An R-loop is a three-stranded nucleic acid structure, composed of a DNA:RNA hybrid and the associated non-template single-stranded DNA. R-loops may be formed in a variety of circumstances and may be tolerated or cleared by cellular components.  The term "R-loop" was given to reflect the similarity of these structures to D-loops; the "R" in this case represents the involvement of an RNA moiety.

In the laboratory, R-loops can be created by transcription of DNA sequences (for example those that have a high GC content) that favor annealing of the RNA behind the progressing RNA polymerase. At least 100bp of DNA:RNA hybrid is required to form a stable R-loop structure. R-loops may also be created by the hybridization of mature mRNA with double-stranded DNA under conditions favoring the formation of a DNA-RNA hybrid; in this case, the intron regions (which have been spliced out of the mRNA) form single-stranded DNA loops, as they cannot hybridize with complementary sequence in the mRNA.

Immunoglobulin class switching
Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. During this process, the constant-region portion of the antibody heavy chain is changed, but the variable region of the heavy chain stays the same (the terms variable and constant refer to changes or lack thereof between antibodies that target different epitopes). Since the variable region does not change, class switching does not affect antigen specificity. Instead, the antibody retains affinity for the same antigens, but can interact with different effector molecules.
Saturday Night Live season 39
The thirty-ninth season of Saturday Night Live, an American sketch comedy series, originally aired in the United States on NBC from September 28, 2013, with host Tina Fey and musical guest Arcade Fire and concluded on May 17, 2014, with host Andy Samberg and musical guest St. Vincent with 21 episodes.

Tim Robinson
Tim Robinson (born May 23, 1981) is an American comedian, actor, and screenwriter. He first became known as a writer and performer on Saturday Night Live (2012–2016) before gaining wider recognition as the co-creator, co-writer, and star of the comedy series Detroiters (2017–2018), I Think You Should Leave with Tim Robinson (2019–2023) and The Chair Company (2025). He also starred in the A24 comedy film Friendship (2024).
X̅ and R chart
In statistical process control (SPC), the  and R chart, also known as an averages and range chart is a type of scheme, popularly known as control chart,  used to monitor the mean and range of a normally distributed variables simultaneously, when samples are collected at regular intervals from a business or industrial process. It is often used to monitor the variables data but the performance of the  and R chart may suffer when the normality assumption is not valid.

Industrial processes
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical, or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry.
Somersham Local Nature Reserve
Somersham Local Nature Reserve is an 8.9 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Somersham in Cambridgeshire. It is owned and managed by Cambridgeshire County Council and Somersham Parish Council.

Habitats in this reserve are a lake, wetland, grassland and woodland. Invertebrates include grass snakes and common lizards, there are birds such as great crested grebes, and flora such as red bartsia and purple loosestrife.

There is access from Station Approach, named after the former Somersham railway station. The nature reserve includes a section of disused railway land, part of the March branch of the former Great Eastern Railway.

Somersham
Somersham is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Somersham lies approximately 9 miles (14 km) east of Huntingdon and 4 miles (6 km) north of St Ives. Somersham is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England.

There has been a settlement in this corner of the country for at least 2,500 years and probably much longer than that. The village may not be full of ancient buildings, but it possesses a rich heritage of recorded history. Somersham lies on the Greenwich meridian line. There is a marker on the pavement in the High Street denoting the location of the October 1884 Greenwich Prime Zero meridian line.

There was once a railway station at Somersham connecting it to the towns of March and St Ives, as well as a short branch to Ramsey.
Wüstenrot
Wüstenrot is a municipality in the Mainhardt Forest with about 6,800 inhabitants, more than half of them in small incorporated villages. The village is the birthplace of the Wüstenrot Bausparkasse (Wüstenrot Building Society).

Mainhardt Forest
The Mainhardt Forest is a hill range up to 586.4 m above sea level (NHN) in the counties of Schwäbisch Hall and Heilbronn, Hohenlohekreis and Rems-Murr-Kreis in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is named after the municipality of Mainhardt that lies at its centre.
James DeSano
James DeSano is a retired orchestral trombonist. He served as associate principal trombone of the Cleveland Orchestra from 1970 to 1989 and as principal trombone from 1989 to his retirement in 2003. As a soloist with the Cleveland Orchestra, he performed Henri Tomasi's Trombone Concerto. Prior to his tenure in Cleveland, DeSano was principal trombone of the Syracuse Symphony Orchestra from 1964 to 1970.

Syracuse Symphony Orchestra
The Syracuse Symphony Orchestra (SSO) was a 79-member orchestra located in Syracuse, New York.  In its time it was the 43rd largest orchestra in the United States and performed a variety of programs including the Post-Standard Classics Series and M&T Bank Pops Series. The orchestra also operated two youth orchestras in the Syracuse area: the Syracuse Symphony Youth Orchestra and the Syracuse Symphony Youth String Orchestra.
South Peninsula High School
South Peninsula High School is a secondary school in Diep River, a suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. The school celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2010, after opening in 1950.

South Peninsula High School accepts many students from historically disadvantaged areas in Cape Town including Mitchells Plain, Grassy Park, Lotus River, Heathfield, Strandfontein and Retreat. The school is twinned with Great Sankey High School, in Warrington, England, and used to run an exchange programme for staff and students.

Strandfontein, Cape Town
Strandfontein is a seaside resort 8 km east of Muizenberg and just west of Michells Plain, on the northern shore of False Bay in the City of Cape Town municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

It was laid out in 1962. The name is Afrikaans for 'beach fountain'.
Kazim Ali
Kazim Ali (born April 5, 1971) is an American poet, novelist, essayist, and professor. His most recent books are Inquisition (Wesleyan University Press, 2018) and
All One's Blue (Harper Collins India, 2016). His honors include an Individual Excellence Award from the Ohio Arts Council. His poetry and essays have appeared in literary journals and magazines including The American Poetry Review, Boston Review, Barrow Street, Jubilat, The Iowa Review, West Branch and Massachusetts Review, and in The Best American Poetry 2007.

The American Poetry Review
The American Poetry Review (APR) is an American poetry magazine printed every other month on tabloid-sized newsprint. It was founded in 1972 by Stephen Berg and Stephen Parker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The magazine's editor is Elizabeth Scanlon.
Rødberg
Rødberg is the administrative centre of Nore og Uvdal municipality in Buskerud, Norway.

Rødberg is located in the Norwegian traditional district and valley of Numedal.  Its population (2005) is 498, and it is located on the Rødberg dam (Norwegian: Rødbergdammen) on the Numedalslågen River.

The local power stations, Rødberg Nore 1 in operation 1928 and 
Nore 2 in operation since 1946,  utilize waterflow from the Rødberg Dam. The plants are affiliated with Statkraft, the Norwegian state owned electricity company.

Rødberg was once a railway station, being the terminal station of the now-defunct Numedal railway line (Numedalsbanen) which ran up the Numedal valley between Kongsberg and Rødberg.  The final passenger service ended in 1988. The rail line north of Rollag was closed in 1989. With that being said, it is still possible to travel to Rødberg by rail via Draisine rentals from the nearby town of Veggli.

Buskerud
Buskerud (Urban East Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈbʉ̂skərʉː] ⓘ) is a county in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Innlandet, Vestland, Telemark and Vestfold. It extends from Oslofjord and Drammensfjord in the southeast to the Hardangervidda mountain range in the northwest. The administrative centre of the county is Drammen.

Buskerud was one of the three counties merged into Viken on 1 January 2020. On 23 February 2022, the Viken County Council voted 49-38 to submit an application to the Norwegian government for a demerger of itself. Due to this, Buskerud (except the area forming the defunct municipalities of Røyken and Hurum) was re-established in 2024.
Ann and Amelia (1816 ship)
Ann and Amelia was launched in 1816 at Chittagong. She was sold at Calcutta in August 1823 for a "Free Trader". She transported convicts from Britain to Port Jackson, New South Wales, in 1825. She then made three voyages for the British East India Company (EIC) and was lost in gale on the coast of France in 1835 as she was finishing her third voyage.

Convict
A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". Convicts are often also known as "prisoners" or "inmates" or by the slang term "con", while a common label for former convicts, especially those recently released from prison, is "ex-con" ("ex-convict"). Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as "convicts".

The label of "ex-convict" usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma or reduced opportunities for employment. The federal government of Australia, for instance, will not, in general, employ an ex-convict, while some state and territory governments may limit the time for or before which a former convict may be employed.
International Journal of Food Microbiology
The International Journal of Food Microbiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research papers, short communications, review articles, and book reviews in area of food microbiology and relates fields of mycology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and immunology. It is currently published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union of Microbiological Societies and Committee on Food Microbiology and Hygiene, and edited by L. Cocolin (Università di Torino).

Food microbiology
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage; pathogens that may cause disease (especially if food is improperly cooked or stored); microbes used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine; and microbes with other useful roles, such as producing probiotics.
Balu (film)
Balu: ABCDEFG is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language action romantic comedy film written and directed by A. Karunakaran. The film stars Pawan Kalyan, Shriya, Neha Oberoi and Gulshan Grover. The film was produced by C. Aswini Dutt under his production company Vyjayanthi Movies Its tagline ABCDEFG stands for "A Boy Can Do Everything For Girl." The film released on 6 January 2005 to mixed reviews and was an average grosser at the box office. It was the first Telugu film to have a release in South Africa.

Gulshan Grover
Gulshan Grover (born 21 September 1955) is an Indian actor and film producer who has appeared in over 100 films. He is popularly known as the "Bad Man" of Hindi cinema because of his ability to create an impact with his negative roles in films.
Antal Mally
Antal Mally (or Antal Maly; 21 September 1890 Budapest – 1958) was a Hungarian football coach.

1927 and 1935 he was the team manager of Estonian national football team. Besides Estonia, he coached also teams in Italy (US Triestina, A.C. Venezia, A.S. Siracusa, SS Catania) and Czechoslovakia (Považska Bystrica, AC Sparta, ŠK Žilina, FC Rimavska Sobota).

MŠK Považská Bystrica (football)
MŠK Považská Bystrica is a Slovak football team, based in the town of Považská Bystrica. The club was founded in 1920 as SK Považská Bystrica and played in the Czechoslovak First League four times, the last time being the 1989–90 season, but never in the Corgoň liga, the first Slovak championship.
Empire Laboratories
Empire Laboratories was a Canadian pharmaceutical company incorporated on August 21, 1959 as Empire Laboratories Limited by founder Louis Lloyd Winter in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It grew to become the largest pharmaceutical business in Canada during the 1960s, until the death of its founder on November 5, 1965.

Tetracycline
Tetracycline, sold under various brand names, is an antibiotic in the tetracyclines family of medications, used to treat a number of infections, including acne, cholera, brucellosis, plague, malaria, and syphilis. It is available in oral and topical formulations.

Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and loss of appetite. Other side effects include poor tooth development if used by children less than eight years of age, kidney problems, and sunburning easily. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. It works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria.

Tetracycline was patented in 1953 and was approved for prescription use in 1954. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Tetracycline is available as a generic medication.  Tetracycline was originally made from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. The tetracycline name comes from the 4 hydrocarbon rings.
Bombay Development Department
The Bombay Development Department (BDD) was established in 1920 by the British government with the primary objective of providing more land for housing and constructing 50,000 tenements on reclaimed lands. The Bombay Development Department (BDD) chawls were constructed by the British government between 1920 and 1925. It was established by Sir George Lloyd, the Governor of Bombay.

Chawl
A chawl (Marathi: चाळ) is a type of residential building found in western India, similar to a tenement. Typically low quality housing, chawls are generally associated with poverty. The first chawls were constructed in the early 1700s, as housing for industrial workers.
Chhota Ghallughara Memorial
The Chhota Ghallughara Memorial, also known as the Chhota Ghallughara Yaadgar, is a memorial to the Sikh massacre of 1746, known as the Chhota Ghallughara, where over 10,000 Sikhs were slain by the Mughal administration and their allies. The 10 acre memorial is located in Kahnuwan C­h­h­amb, Gurdaspur district, Punjab, India and was in-augurated by Parkash Singh Badal on 28 November 2011. The site is connected to a special pilgrimage bus service route by District Heritage Society Gurdaspur. A 15 kilowatt solar plant was in-augurated at the site in 2022. According to Vikramdeep Johal, the memorial's raising has been criticized by the Congress party as a political stunt by the joint SAD-BJP government in the run-up to the assembly elections.

Gurdaspur district
Gurdaspur district is a district in the Majha region of the state of Punjab, India. Gurdaspur is the district headquarters. It internationally borders Narowal District of Pakistani Punjab, and the districts of Amritsar, Pathankot, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur. Two main rivers Beas and Ravi passes through the district. The Mughal emperor Akbar is said to have been enthroned in a garden near Kalanaur, a historically important town in the district. The district is at the foothills of the Himalayas.

As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Punjab (out of 22), after Ludhiana and Amritsar. Batala, with 31% of the district's population, is its largest city.