hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Assa Singh v Menteri Besar of Johore
Assa Singh v. Menteri Besar of Johore (1969) 2 MLJ 30 was a case heard in the Federal Court of Malaysia concerning the applicability of the Restricted Residence Enactment 1933 (RRE) after Malaysian independence in 1957. The Federal Court held that although the application of the RRE had resulted in the violation of Singh's rights under Articles 5 and 9  of the Constitution, these violations were Constitutional because Article 162  permitted the grandfathering of pre-independence laws.

Grandfather clause
A grandfather clause, also known as grandfather policy, grandfathering, or being grandfathered in, is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in. Frequently, the exemption is limited, as it may extend for a set time, or it may be lost under certain circumstances; for example, a grandfathered power plant might be exempt from new, more restrictive pollution laws, but the exception may be revoked and the new rules would apply if the plant were expanded. Often, such a provision is used as a compromise or out of practicality, to allow new rules to be enacted without upsetting a well-established logistical or political situation. This extends the idea of a rule not being retroactively applied.

A gender-neutral version of the term would be a legacy clause or legacied.
Bharat Lake
Bharat Lake or Bharat Taal (Nepali: भरत ताल) is the second-largest man-made lake in Nepal. It is located in Sarlahi District of Madhesh Province. It covers an area of more than 50 bighas or 35 hectares, and is 35 feet deep. It has become a tourist attraction after motorboat and jet boat rides were introduced in 2021.

The lake was named after Bharat Kumar Thapa, a mayor of Bagmati Municipality.

Madhesh Province
Madhesh Province (Nepali: मधेश प्रदेश, romanized: Madhēś pradēś) is a province of Nepal in the Terai region with an area of 9,661 km2 (3,730 sq mi) covering about 6.5% of the country's total area. It has a population of 6,114,600 as per the 2021 Nepal census, making it Nepal's most densely populated province and the smallest province by area.
It borders Koshi Pradesh to the east and the north, Bagmati Province to the north, and India’s Bihar state to the south and the west.
The border between Chitwan National Park and Parsa National Park acts as the provincial boundary in the west, and the Kosi River forms the provincial border in the east. The province includes eight districts, from Parsa in the west to Saptari in the east.
It is a centre for religious and cultural tourism.
Emmental-Oberaargau
Emmental-Oberaargau is one of five administrative divisions (regions) of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It comprises two precincts, Emmental and Oberaargau. It has a population of 168,000 (2005 estimate) in 89 municipalities, comprising 1021.32 km2.

Subdivisions of the canton of Bern
On 1 January 2010, the 26 districts (German: Amtsbezirke, French: districts) of the Canton of Bern were combined into 10 new precincts (German: Verwaltungskreise, French: arrondissement administratif).

They are grouped into five regions (German: Verwaltungsregionen).

The existence of the 26 districts remains through the laws and Constitution of the Canton of Berne (Art.3 al.2 Cst) and coexists with the new 10 precincts (German: Verwaltungskreise, French: arrondissement administratif). Although the original districts no longer serve any purpose.

As of 2024 there were 334 municipalities of the canton of Bern.
Jane Mwai
Jane Mwai  (born (1970-08-08)8 August 1970) is a retired Kenyan female volleyball player. She was part of the Kenya women's national volleyball team.

She participated in the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. On club level she played with Kenya Pipeline.

Kenya women's national volleyball team
The Kenya women's national volleyball team, the Malkia Strikers, represents Kenya in international volleyball competitions. Kenya has dominated the African continent since the 1990s, winning the Women's African Volleyball Championship a record of ten times. They have qualified four times for the Olympics; in 2000, 2004, 2020 and 2024.

Kenya also has a beach volleyball team, who were the only women's team at the Tokyo Olympics. Kenya's women's sitting volleyball team did not qualify for Tokyo.
Shefford
Shefford can mean the following:

Shefford, Bedfordshire, a town in Bedfordshire, England
Shefford Town F.C., the football (soccer) club based in that town

Great Shefford, a village in Berkshire, England

Shefford, Quebec, a township in Eastern Quebec, Canada

Shefford County, Quebec, a historic county in Quebec

Shefford (federal electoral district), a federal electoral district in Southern Quebec

Shefford (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district also in Southern Quebec

Great Shefford
Great Shefford (or West Shefford) is an English village and civil parish on the River Lambourn in the West Berkshire district of Berkshire. The present civil parish includes the historical parish of Little or East Shefford, a small, reduced community downstream. It also covers the village of Shefford Woodlands, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south-west of Great Shefford, near Junction 14 on the M4 motorway.
Cesidio Guazzaroni
Cesidio Guazzaroni (5 January 1911 in Loreto Aprutino – 2 October 2004 in Rome) was an Italian diplomat who served as a European Commissioner  from 1976 to 1977.

When Altiero Spinelli resigned from the Ortoli Commission in 1976, Guazzaroni was appointed to replace him as Commissioner for Industry and Technology.  He held office from 1976 to 6 January 1977.

He later served as the Italian ambassador to Switzerland.

European commissioner
A European commissioner is a member of the 27-member European Commission, the executive cabinet of the European Union. Their role is broadly equivalent to ministers at the national level, with each holding responsibility for a specific Directorate-General or group of them. The commission is led by the President of the European Commission, who serves as head of government for the European Union.
Shipwreck on the Coast
Shipwreck on the Coast is an 1862 maritime painting by the French artist Eugène Delacroix. It drew inspiration from the works of Giovanni Battista Piranesi. Viewed from a rocky coastline it shows a completely dismasted vessel. It was part of a thriving tradition in nineteenth century art depicting shipwrecks. Today the painting is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, having been acquired in 2004.

Dismasting
Dismasting, also called demasting,  occurs to a sailing ship when one or more of the masts responsible for hoisting the sails that propel the vessel breaks. Dismasting usually occurs as the result of high winds during a storm acting upon masts, sails, rigging, and spars.

Over-compression of the mast due to the rigger being over-tightened, as well as g-forces caused by wave action and the boat swinging back and forth, can also result in a dismasting. Dismasting does not necessarily impair the vessel's ability to stay afloat, but rather its ability to move under sail power. Frequently, the hull of the vessel remains intact, upright and seaworthy.

Modern masts are usually made of aluminum, carbon fibre, or other high-strength materials. These masts are subject to huge forces and tensions during high wind, large seas, or racing situations, and it is not uncommon even today for modern masts to be lost.
Ludicra
Ludicra is an American heavy metal band from San Francisco. They originally formed in 1998 as a quartet and later expanded to five members. In 2011, the band announced on their official website that they had disbanded, but they reunited in 2022.

Ludicra's sound has been described as black metal and avant-garde metal. Influences include bands such as Darkthrone, Gorgoroth, Dødheimsgard and Bethlehem, and genres like thrash metal, doom metal, punk and folk.

The group included current and former members of other San Francisco-based bands such as Impaled, Hammers of Misfortune, Tallow, Missile Command, Ominum and punk band Hickey. They shared the stage with Impaled, Total Shutdown, the Fucking Champs and Krallice.

The band reunited in 2022, and performed at the Northwest Terror Fest in Seattle and at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco.

Dødheimsgard
Dødheimsgard (also known as DHG) is a Norwegian extreme metal band formed in 1994. Dødheimsgard originally played black metal, but 1999's 666 International saw them change their style into experimental and avant-garde/industrial metal. In 2000, they shortened their name to DHG.

Their name,"Dødheimsgard" is a contraction of three words: Død which means 'death', heim which means 'home' and gard which means (at least in this context) 'realm'. A natural translation into English would be "Realm of Death".
Paula Patiño
Paula Andrea Patiño Bedoya (born 29 March 1997) is a Colombian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam Movistar Team. She rode in the women's road race event at the 2018 UCI Road World Championships.

Patiño won Stage 2 of the Vuelta a Colombia Femenina in 2018.

She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Movistar Team (women's team)
Movistar Team is a Spanish professional road bicycle racing women's team which participates in elite women's races. The title sponsor is the Spanish mobile telephone company Telefónica, with the team riding under the name of the company's brand Movistar.
Japhet Amador
Japhet Isidro Amador Hernandez (born January 19, 1987), nicknamed "El Gigante de Mulegé", is a Mexican professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter for the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League. He has previously played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles.

Mexican Pacific League
The Mexican Pacific League (Spanish: Liga Mexicana del Pacífico, or LMP), also known as the Liga ARCO Mexicana del Pacífico for sponsorship reasons, is a professional baseball winter league based in Northwestern Mexico. The league comprises 10 teams. It was founded in 1945. The league's champion takes part in the Caribbean Series each year.

The sixty-eight game regular season is split in two halves. After each half, the teams are awarded points. The first place team earns ten points, while the last place team earns three and a half points. At the end of the regular season the total number of points are added up from both halves to determine playoff positioning. The top eight teams advance. There are no divisions.
Defcon 5 (1995 video game)
Defcon 5 is a 1995 action-adventure video game developed by Millennium Interactive for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn, MS-DOS and 3DO. The title refers to the condition used to designate normal peacetime military readiness under the DEFCON system, which is commonly misused in popular fiction to indicate a state of emergency as the highest (DEFCON 1) and lowest (DEFCON 5) levels of preparedness on the scale are conflated. The game was originally announced under the title Incoming.

Guerrilla Cambridge
Guerrilla Cambridge (formerly SCEE Cambridge Studio and Cambridge Studio) was a British video game developer based in Cambridge, England. The studio was founded under Sony Computer Entertainment in July 1997 through the buyout of the game development division of CyberLife Technology. In 2010, SCEE Cambridge Studio was restructured as a sister studio to Guerrilla Games under the name Guerrilla Cambridge and shut down in 2017. The studio is best known for developing the MediEvil series.
2016 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles
Daniel Nestor and Édouard Roger-Vasselin were the defending champions, but chose not to compete together. Nestor played alongside Vasek Pospisil, but lost in the semifinals to Ivan Dodig and Marcelo Melo. Roger-Vasselin teamed up with Julien Benneteau, but lost in the first round to Milos Raonic and Nenad Zimonjić.

Dodig and Melo won the title, defeating Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tecău in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(5–7), [10–6].

Vasek Pospisil
Vasek Pospisil (/ˈvæʃɪk ˈpɒspɪsɪl/ VASH-ik POS-pih-sil; Czech: Vašek Pospíšil, pronounced [ˈvaʃɛk ˈpospiːʃɪl]; born June 23, 1990) is a Canadian former professional tennis player. Pospisil has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 25, and No. 4 in doubles. Along with partner Jack Sock, he won the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and the 2015 Indian Wells Masters men's doubles titles. He also reached the quarterfinals in singles at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships.
Yuan Mu
Yuan Mu (Chinese: 袁木; January 1928 – December 13, 2018) was a Chinese politician and journalist. During his tenure at the State Council, he acted as its spokesperson and headed the State Council Research Office.

State Council Research Office
The State Council Research Office (SCRO) is the administrative office within the State Council of China in charge of formulating policy, conducting research, policy recommendations and consultation on strategic, organizational, services related to the State Council. It aims to improve the functions and governance of the State Council.
Forum of Mathematics
Forum of Mathematics, Pi and Forum of Mathematics, Sigma are open-access peer-reviewed journals for mathematics published under a creative commons license by Cambridge University Press. 
The founding managing editor was Rob Kirby. He was succeeded by Robert Guralnick, who is currently the managing editor of both journals.

Forum of Mathematics, Pi publishes articles of interest to a wide audience of mathematicians, while Forum of Mathematics, Sigma is intended for more specialized articles, with clusters of editors in different areas of mathematics.

Robion Kirby
Robion Cromwell Kirby (born February 25, 1938) is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley who specializes in low-dimensional topology. Together with Laurent C. Siebenmann he developed the Kirby–Siebenmann invariant for classifying the piecewise linear structures on a topological manifold. He also proved the fundamental result on the Kirby calculus, a method for describing 3-manifolds and smooth 4-manifolds by surgery on framed links. Along with his significant mathematical contributions, he has over 50 doctoral students and is the editor of an influential problem list.
Yasmeen Sami Alamiri
Yasmeen Sami Alamiri is an Iraqi American award-winning journalist. She currently serves as the senior news editor for PBS NewsHour.

Alamiri became a White House correspondent in 2007. In that capacity, Alamiri was one of the founding members of the White House foreign press pool. She has covered U.S. politics and policy for a variety of news organizations, such as Rare, BBC, WJLA-TV, Al Arabiya, and Fair Observer. She served on the Board of Directors for The Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC). Alamiri was also recognized as a member of the Poynter Leadership Academy for Women in Media 2021 cohort.

She is a graduate of James Madison University and American University.

Rare (website)
Rare is an American news and opinion website based in Washington, D.C. Rare was launched as a startup in 2013 by a team of journalists, marketers and business executives at Atlanta-based Cox Media Group. Rare's slogan is “America's News Feed", describing itself as a "news, political, and lifestyle social content hub".

The publication's first editor in chief was Brett M. Decker, formerly an editorial page writer for The Wall Street Journal and editorial page editor of The Washington Times. Will Alford, one of the site's original founders and a former newsroom director at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, became acting editor after Decker left. Betsi Fores, formerly of The Daily Caller, became Rare's managing editor, and Jack Hunter, former aide to U.S. Senator Rand Paul, became the politics editor after resigning from his Senate job.
Port Covington
Historically known as Port Covington but rebranded as Baltimore Peninsula with redevelopment efforts in the 21st century, it is a neighborhood in south Baltimore, Maryland containing 2.5 miles of shoreline.
Several 2025 articles have referred to the Baltimore Peninsula project as the "Billion Dollar Ghost Town".
It's surrounded by some of Baltimore's most vibrant, culturally rich neighborhoods: Federal Hill, Riverside, Locust Point and Pigtown but the development has no interchange on I-95 and to access those enclaves requires a frontage road to cross the interstate, railroad tracks and other impediments.

Patapsco River
The Patapsco River (/pəˈtæpˌskoʊ/ pə-TAP-skoh ⓘ) mainstem is a 39-mile (63 km) river in central Maryland that flows into Chesapeake Bay. The river's tidal portion forms the harbor for the city of Baltimore. With its South Branch, the Patapsco forms the northern border of Howard County, Maryland. The name "Patapsco" is derived from the Algonquian pota-psk-ut, which translates to "backwater" or "tide covered with froth".
Yang Feng (swimmer)
Yang Feng is a Chinese paralympic swimmer. He participated at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in the swimming competition, being awarded the silver medal in the men's 100 metres butterfly event on S8 class, scoring 1:03.20. Feng also participated at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the swimming competition, winning no medal.

Swimming at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly
The Men's 100 metre butterfly swimming events for the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place at the Tokyo Aquatics Centre from August 25 to September 3, 2021. A total of seven events were contested over this distance.
National Qualifications
National Qualifications (NQs) are qualifications studied in secondary schools and colleges of further education in Scotland. There used to be three types of National Qualification - Standard Grades, National Courses and National Units.

Lists of schools in Scotland
The lists of schools in Scotland are divided into several articles:

Private (independent) schools in Scotland

State schools in City Council Areas

State schools in Council Areas A–D

State schools in Council Areas E–H

State schools in Council Areas I–R

State schools in Council Areas S–W

Gaelic medium schools in Scotland

List of Catholic schools in Scotland
Uyo
Uyo is the capital of Akwa Ibom state located in South South, Nigeria. It became the capital on September 23, 1987 when Akwa Ibom was created from the former Cross River State. According to the 2006 Nigerian Census, the population of Uyo (including Itu) is 427,873, while the greater urban area, including Uruan, has a population of 554,906. The population of Uyo is put at 1,393,000 as at 2024.

Ibibio is the primary indigenous language. The main campus of the University of Uyo is in Nwaniba, with satellites on Ikpa Road. Ibom Air has its head office in Uyo.

Ibibio language
Ibibio (Standardized Ibibio: Ùsèm Ìbìbìò) is the native language of the Ibibio people of Nigeria, belonging to the Ibibio-Efik dialect cluster of the Cross River languages. The name Ibibio is sometimes used for the entire dialect cluster. In pre-colonial times, it was written with Nsibidi ideograms, similar to Igbo, Efik, Anaang, and Ejagham. Ibibio has also had influences on Afro-American diasporic languages such as AAVE words like buckra which come from the Ibibio word mbakara and in the Afro-Cuban tradition of abakua.
Thurston railway station
Thurston railway station serves the village of Thurston in Suffolk, England.  The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Greater Anglia.

It is served primarily by local services between Ipswich and Cambridge.

Official Handbook of Stations
The Official Handbook of Stations was a large book (13 in × 8 in or 33 cm × 20 cm, 494 pages) listing all the passenger and goods stations, as well as private sidings, on the railways of Great Britain and Ireland. It was published in 1956 by the British Transport Commission (under the Railway Clearing House name) and provides an historical snapshot of the railways of the time.

Each station or depot was shown against its county, railway region (including its pre-grouping company), and parent station. If the station had a crane then its weight limit was also shown in tons & cwt.
Kristian Hindhede
Kristian Hindhede (surname pronounced as hin-d-her)(19 August 1891 – 8 January 1969) was a Danish civil engineer and industrialist. He was a son of the physician and nutritionist Mikkel Hindhede.

In the 1920s, Kristian Hindhede pioneered the use of ready-mix concrete trucks with a horizontal rotating drum mixer. He is described as the inventor of this vehicle in the Danish Who's Who Kraks Blå Bog. As early as 1916, Stephen Stepanian of Columbus, Ohio, developed a self-discharging motorized transit mixer that was the predecessor of the modern ready-mix concrete truck, but the patent that Stepanian filed in 1916 was rejected in 1919. The poor quality of motor trucks at the time was a problem for inventors.

Hindhede's company A/S De danske Betonfabrikker (later renamed KH Beton) evolved into Unicon A/S, Scandinavia's largest supplier of ready-mix concrete. It was acquired by Aalborg Portland in 1927.

Who's Who
A Who's Who (or Who Is Who) is a reference work consisting of biographical entries of notable people in a particular field. The oldest and best-known is the annual publication Who's Who, a reference work on contemporary prominent people in Britain published annually since 1849.

In addition to legitimate reference works, some Who's Who lists involve the selling of "memberships" in directories that are created online or through instant publishing services, and have been described as scams.
A Couple of Poor, Polish-Speaking Romanians
A Couple of Poor, Polish-Speaking Romanians (Polish: Dwoje biednych Rumunów mówiących po polsku) is a 2006 play by Dorota Masłowska. Its first staging was at TR Warszawa, and an English translation by Lisa Goldman and Paul Sirett was first performed in English at the Soho Theatre in London on February 28, 2008. In 2011, a translation of the play by Benjamin Paloff was performed in New York.

Henry Street Settlement
The Henry Street Settlement is a not-for-profit social service agency on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City that provides social services, arts programs and health care services to New Yorkers of all ages. It was founded under the name Nurses' Settlement in 1893 by progressive reformer and nurse Lillian Wald.
Indonesian Muslim Council
Indonesian Muslim Council (Indonesian: Majelis Muslimin Indonesia (MMI)) was the Muslim wing of the Indonesian Democratic Party. Formed by Suryadi, the third chairman of PDI, the movement aimed to accommodate santris and ulama within the party.

The organization comprised Islamic figures who had left Golkar and the United Development Party (PPP), particularly from Nahdlatul Ulama, due to dissatisfaction with their treatment in those parties. In late 1990, ten Nahdlatul Ulama figures from East Java defected from Golkar and PPP to join PDI, and their presence was accommodated in the Central Council of the Indonesian Muslim Council. One of them, K.H. Soerodji, an advisor of NU, admitted to leaving PPP after being denied nomination as a DPRD member at the 1987 elections. After joining MMI, he was chosen as its chairman and subsequently recruited 20,000 members of Nahdlatul Ulama who had left Golkar and PPP to join PDI.

United Development Party
The United Development Party (Indonesian: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP or P3), is one of the Islamist political parties in Indonesia. At the time of its declaration on January 5, 1973, this party was the result of a merger of four religious parties, namely the Nahdlatul Ulama Party (NU), the Islamic Education Movement (PERTI), the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), and the Indonesian Muslims' Party (PARMUSI). The first chairman at that time was Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja. The merger of the four religious parties was aimed at simplifying the party system in Indonesia in facing the first general election during the New Order in 1973. Because the party's distinctive logo was associated with Islamic religious politics, the PPP was popularly known as the Ka'bah Party.