hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Isa of Aydin
Isa Bey ruled the Aydınid principality from 1360 to 1390, succeeding his brother Khidr. He was the fifth and youngest son of Mehmed Bey (r. 1308–1334). During his reign, the town of Ayasuluk was relatively prosperous economy wise, and held good mercantile relations with the towns of Venice, Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik), and Genoa.

His reign ended in 1390 when Ottoman ruler Bayezid I annexed the principality together with other Turkmen principalities that were located in western Rum. Bayezid shortly after married Isa Bey's daughter Hafsa Khatun.

Isa Bey held interests in scholarship and learning, and was able to read Arabic, Persian and Old Anatolian Turkish. His undated tomb is located in Birgi. The precise date of his death remains unknown.

Selçuk
Selçuk is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 317 km2, and its population is 38,151 (2022). The town Selçuk is located 2 kilometres (1 mile) northeast of the ancient city of Ephesus, that was once home to the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Selçuk is one of the most visited tourist destinations within Turkey, known for its closeness to the ancient city of Ephesus, House of the Virgin Mary, and Seljuk works of art. The 6th century Basilica of St. John the Apostle, which, some claim, is built on the site of the Apostle's tomb, is also inside the town. Procopius said that the basilica was a most sacred and honoured place in Ephesus. It was severely damaged in the invasion of Selçuk Turks in 1090. The place was excavated in 1927, and Pope Paul VI paid it a visit and prayed there.
Classical albedo features on Mars
The classical albedo features of Mars are the light and dark features that can be seen on the planet Mars through an Earth-based telescope. Before the age of space probes, several astronomers created maps of Mars on which they gave names to the features they could see. The most popular system of nomenclature was devised by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who used names from classical antiquity. Today, the improved understanding of Mars enabled by space probes has rendered many of the classical names obsolete for the purposes of cartography; however, some of the old names are still used to describe geographical features on the planet.

Mariner 9
Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars '71 / Mariner-I) was a robotic spacecraft that contributed greatly to the exploration of Mars and was part of the NASA Mariner program. Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971, from LC-36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, and reached the planet on November 14 of the same year, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet – only narrowly beating the Soviet probes Mars 2 (launched May 19) and Mars 3 (launched May 28), both of which arrived at Mars only weeks later.

After the occurrence of dust storms on the planet for several months following its arrival, the orbiter managed to send back clear pictures of the surface. Mariner 9 successfully returned 7,329 images, covering 85% of Mars's surface, over the course of its mission, which concluded in October 1972.
Luya River
Luya River (Chinese: 鹿野溪), located in southeastern Taiwan, is a tributary of the Beinan River. Its watershed is distributed in the central and western parts of Taitung County, including most of Yanping Township, the northern end of Beinan Township, the southern end of Luye Township, and the southwestern end of Haiduan Township. The main stream originates from the southeast side of the main peak of Beinan Mountain at an elevation of 3,293 meters. It flows southeastward, then turns eastward near Fengshan, passes through Qingshui, Hongye, and Yanping, and finally joins the Beinan River near Rongshan.

Beinan, Taitung
22°47′N 121°07′E﻿ / ﻿22.783°N 121.117°E﻿ / 22.783; 121.117

Beinan Township or Peinan Township (Chinese: 卑南鄕; pinyin: Bēinán Xiāng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pi-lâm) is a rural township in Taitung County, Taiwan. It has a population of 16,798 as of February 2023. It is home to the Puyuma and Rukai peoples.
The Doubt Factory
The Doubt Factory is a novel by Paolo Bacigalupi, published on October 14, 2014, by Little, Brown for Young Readers. The novel chronicles the adventures of youths and young adults intent on exposing corporate malfeasance. The title describes the efforts of corporate public relations efforts to cast doubt on scientific findings in order to prolong the life of a product. The book has been characterized as didactic, "backed up with references to actual front groups, lawsuits, warning labels, and literature on the subject". In another review, Cory Doctorow praises the work as both a polemic and a novel.

Didacticism
Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasises instructional and informative qualities in literature, art, and design. In art, design, architecture, and landscape, didacticism is a conceptual approach that is driven by the urgent need to explain.
Green tree skink
Green tree skink can refer to several skink species:

Lamprolepis smaragdina, widespread from East Asia to Melanesia, otherwise known as "Emerald tree skink"

Prasinohaema virens, endemic to New Guinea, otherwise known as "Green green-blooded skink"

Prasinohaema virens
The green-blooded skink (Prasinohaema virens), sometimes (ambiguously) known as green tree skink, is a scincid lizard species native to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. This small and arboreal lizard is common, but poorly known.
Alf Harbitz
Alf Harbitz (1 January 1880 – 23 December 1964) was a Norwegian journalist, writer, critic and translator.

He was born in Flekkefjord. During his career he worked in newspapers such as Verdens Gang, Aftenposten, Morgenbladet and Drammens Tidende. He also published several novels, plays and works of prose. He was a member of the board of the Riksmål Society from 1929 to 1938, and chaired the organization from 1936 to 1937.

Aftenposten
Aftenposten (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈɑ̂ftn̩ˌpɔstn̩]; transl. "The Evening Post"; stylized as Aftenpoſten in the masthead) is Norway's largest printed newspaper by circulation as well as Norway's newspaper of record. It is based in Oslo. It sold 211,769 daily copies in 2015 (172,029 printed copies according to University of Bergen) and estimated 1.2 million readers. It converted from broadsheet to compact format in March 2005. Aftenposten's online edition is at Aftenposten.no.

Aftenposten is a private company wholly owned by the public company Schibsted ASA. Norway's second largest newspaper, VG, is also owned by Schibsted. Norwegian owners held a 42% of the shares in Schibsted at the end of 2015.

The paper has around 240 employees. Trine Eilertsen was appointed editor-in-chief in 2020.

Aftenposten has correspondents based in Kyiv, Brussels, Washington D.C, Moscow and Istanbul (2025).
Paul Clinch
Paul Daniel Clinch (born 25 March 1961) is an Irish former international rugby union player.

Clinch, a Belvedere College product, is the grand grandson of 1890s Ireland forward Andrew Clinch and grandson of 30-times capped Ireland flanker Jammie Clinch, both of whom also toured with the British Lions.

A centre, Clinch was a varsity captain at Trinity College, led Lansdowne in the 1988/89 season and captained Leinster against the touring 1989 All Blacks. He won Ireland selection for their uncapped 1988 tour of France and then 1989 tour of North America, where he featured in international matches against Canada and the United States, for which in 2023 he was retrospectively awarded caps.

Clinch coached Lansdowne to a Leinster Senior Cup title in 1997.

Leinster Senior Cup (rugby union)
The Leinster Senior Cup is a major rugby competition in Ireland, involving all senior rugby clubs in Leinster, i.e., clubs from Leinster competing in the All-Ireland League.  From 2006 until 2016 it was known as the Leinster Senior League Cup during the period when the Leinster Senior League had been discontinued, but reverted to its traditional name for the 2016–17 season upon the revival of the Senior League. From 2011 to 2016 only the top senior teams competed and those in the lower divisions of the All-Ireland League competed for the Leinster Senior League Shield.
Joseph Clayton Love
Joseph Clayton Love (14 February 1872 – 1925) was an Irish politician. He was a Cumann na nGaedheal member of Seanad Éireann from 1922 to 1925. He was defeated at the 1925 Seanad election. Love was a fishmonger and fruit merchant in Cobh.

Cumann na nGaedheal
Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈŋeːl̪ˠ]; lit. 'Society of the Gaels') was a political party in the Irish Free State, which formed the government from 1923 to 1932. It was named after the original Cumann na nGaedheal organisation which merged with the Dungannon Clubs and the National Council to form Sinn Féin in 1905. In 1933 it merged with smaller groups to form the Fine Gael party.
Karavasta Lagoon
Karavasta Lagoon (Albanian: Laguna e Karavastasë) is the largest lagoon in Albania and one of the largest adjoining the Mediterranean Sea, spanning an area of 42 km2 (16 sq mi). Karavasta is part of the Divjakë Karavasta National Park and is separated from the Adriatic Sea by a large strip of sand. It sprawls across the Myzeqe coastal plain near Divjakë and some 20 km (12 mi) near Lushnjë.

Lushnjë
Lushnjë (Albanian pronunciation: [ˈluʃɲə]; locally Lushnje [ˈluʃɲe]; Albanian definite form: Lushnja) is a city and municipality in west-central Albania. The municipality's population is 63,135 as of the 2023 census, in a total area of 372.9 km2 (144.0 sq mi).
Piramide (Rome Metro)
Piramide is a station on Line B of the Rome Metro. It was opened on 10 February 1955 and is sited on Piazzale Ostiense (across which is the Pyramid of Cestius that gives the station its name) just outside Porta San Paolo, in the Ostiense quarter. Its atrium houses mosaics that have won the Artemetro Roma by Enrico Castellani (Italy) and Beverly Pepper (United States). The station has escalators.

Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building or structure. It consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks which keep the step tread horizontal.

Escalators are often used around the world in places where lifts would be impractical, or they can be used in conjunction with them. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems (railway/railroad stations), convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.

Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people. They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic). They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits and may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. A non-functional escalator can function as a normal staircase, whereas many other methods of transport become useless when they break down or lose power.
East Bay Hills
The East Bay Hills are a mountain range in the California Coast Ranges subdivision of the Pacific Coast Ranges in northern California, United States. They are the first range of mountains east of San Francisco Bay and stretch from the Carquinez Strait and San Pablo Bay in the north to Alameda Creek/Highway 84 in the south, crossing both Contra Costa and Alameda Counties. Although not formally recognized by United States Geological Survey (USGS) Geographic Names Information System, the East Bay Hills is included as part of the Diablo Range in the USGS list of multiple GPS coordinates for the Diablo Range.

Contra Costa County, California
Contra Costa County (/ˌkɒntrə ˈkɒstə/ ⓘ; Contra Costa, Spanish for 'Opposite Coast') is a county located in the U.S. state of California, in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,165,927. The county seat is Martinez. It occupies the northern portion of the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area and is primarily suburban. The county's name refers to its position on the other side of the bay from San Francisco. Contra Costa County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Bang Bang Lulu
"Bang Bang Lulu" is a traditional American song with many variations. It derives from older songs most commonly known as "Bang Bang Rosie" in Ireland, "Bang Away Lulu" in Appalachia, and "My Lula Gal" in the West. The form "Bang Bang Lulu" became widespread in the United States from its use as a cadence during the World Wars. The song uses the tune of "Goodnight, Ladies".

Military cadence
A military cadence or cadence call is a call-and-response work song sung by military personnel while running or marching. They are counterparts of the military march. Military cadences often take their rhythms from the work being done, much like the sea shanty. Cadences usually have a call and response structure in which one servicemember initiates a line, and the remaining servicemembers complete it, instilling teamwork and camaraderie.
Association for Equal and Fair Trade Pangaea
The Association for Equal and Fair Trade Pangaea (Spanish: Asociación para el Comercio Justo y Solidario Pangea) was a Spanish secular human development non-governmental organization best known for its work on fair trade and food sovereignty. It operated from 1995 until it was closed in 2016.

It was governed in a participative and democratic way by its members who, organized in commissions, voted and discussed its decisions. Apart from the general annual assembly, it had open and public weekly meetings in the head office. Together with the activities of social education, social action and human development it also had a public open fair trade shop.

Development theory
Development theory is a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social science disciplines and approaches. In this article, multiple theories are discussed, as are recent developments with regard to these theories. Depending on which theory that is being looked at, there are different explanations to the process of development and their inequalities.
Grover Gardner
Grover Gardner (b 1956) is an American narrator of audiobooks. As of May 2018, he has narrated over 1,200 books. He was the Publishers Weekly "Audiobook Narrator of the Year" (2005) and is among AudioFile magazine's "Best Voices of the Century".

Helen Hayes Award
The Helen Hayes Awards are theater awards recognizing excellence in professional theater in the Washington, D.C., area since 1983. The awards are named in tribute of Helen Hayes, who is also known as the "First Lady of American Theatre." They are presented by Theatre Washington (formerly known as the Helen Hayes Awards organization), sponsored by TodayTix, a ticketing company, and supported in part by the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities, The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation, The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, The Share Fund, Prince Charitable Trust, and Craig Pascal and Victor Shargai.
Bohumila Grögerová
Bohumila Grögerová (7 August 1921 – 22 August 2014) was a Czech poet, experimental poet and translator. She translated more than 180 writings from French and German in collaboration with her professional and life partner, Czech poet Josef Hiršal, who died in 2003. She also authored children's books and radio plays.

Experimental literature
Experimental literature is a genre of literature that is generally "difficult to define with any sort of precision." It experiments with the conventions of literature, including boundaries of genres and styles; for example, it can be written in the form of prose narratives or poetry, but the text may be set on the page in differing configurations than that of normal prose paragraphs or in the classical stanza form of verse. It may also incorporate art or photography. Furthermore, while experimental literature was traditionally handwritten, the digital age has seen an exponential use of writing experimental works with word processors.
Rod Brasfield
Rodney Leon Brasfield (August 22, 1910 – September 12, 1958) was an American comedian who was prominently featured on the Grand Ole Opry from 1947 until his death in 1958. In 1987, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, is one of the world's largest museums and research centers dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of American country music. Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world's most extensive musical collections.
Joseph Janus
Joseph Janus is an American advertising executive and businessman.  He is the chief executive officer of WESC (We Are the Superlative Conspiracy) America, a clothing company. He has been the advertising and marketing senior vice president at Calvin Klein and the Creative Director of Bodhi Bags.

Calvin Klein
Calvin Richard Klein (born November 19, 1942) is an American fashion designer. In 1968, he launched the company that later became Calvin Klein. In addition to clothing, he has also given his name to a range of perfumes, watches, and jewellery.
Giovanni Furno
Giovanni Furno (Capua, January 1, 1748 – Naples , June 20, 1837) was an Italian composer and famous music teacher. Among his students were Vincenzo Bellini and Saverio Mercadante. He was unanimously considered the best teacher in Naples. His primer on partimenti, called Easy, short, and plain method of the first and essential rules for the accompaniment of unfigured partimenti was an extremely popular textbook and was reprinted many times.

He composed two operas, a Miserere, a symphony and other works for orchestra.

Saverio Mercadante
Giuseppe Saverio Raffaele Mercadante (baptised 17 September 1795 – 17 December 1870) was an Italian composer, particularly of operas. While Mercadante may not have retained the international celebrity of Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti or Gioachino Rossini beyond his own lifetime, he composed as prolifically as any of them, and his development of operatic structures, melodic styles and orchestration contributed significantly to the foundations upon which Giuseppe Verdi built his dramatic technique.
Air Bagan Flight 011
Air Bagan Flight 011 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight of a Fokker 100 twinjet from Yangon to Heho, Myanmar. On 25 December 2012, the aircraft crash-landed short of the runway at Heho Airport in fog, coming to a stop in a paddy field and bursting into flames. One of the 71 people on board and a motorcyclist on the ground were killed and more than 10 people were injured.

The Myanmar Accident Investigation Bureau (MAIB) concluded that the pilots had not followed the proper procedure for an approach to Heho. During their landing attempt, the crew decided to continue their descent below the minimum decision altitude (MDA) even though they had not obtained visual contact with the runway. The pilots' high workload and the decision to assign the First Officer as pilot flying (PF) without sufficient judgement further contributed to the crash.

Fog
Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals held in the air  near the Earth's surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog affects many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare.

Fog appears when water vapor (water in its gaseous form) condenses. During condensation, molecules of water vapor combine to make tiny water droplets that hang in the air. Sea fog, which shows up near bodies of saline water, is formed as water vapor condenses on bits of salt. Fog is similar to, but less transparent than, mist.
Jennifer Keeler-Milne
Jennifer Keeler-Milne (born 1961) is an Australian contemporary artist who is best known for her sumptuous landscape oil paintings and large-scale charcoal drawings. Keeler-Milne draws on traditional oil painting techniques to create striking contemporary works. She trained in Melbourne at Melbourne State College, the Victorian College of the Arts, and the College of Fine Arts, COFA. Keeler-Milne was awarded the Fred Williams Family Prize in 1991 by the Victorian College of the Arts. In 2015 her 48 panel drawing work "NSW desert plants" was acquired by the Art Gallery of New South Wales. In 2016, the Glasshouse Regional Gallery at Port Macquarie is exhibiting "Drawn to a cabinet of curiosities" a collection of over 175 charcoal on paper drawings.

Fred Williams (artist)
Frederick Ronald Williams (23 January 1927 – 22 April 1982) was an Australian painter and printmaker. He was one of Australia's most important artists, and one of the twentieth century's major landscapists. He had more than seventy solo exhibitions during his career in Australian galleries, as well as the exhibition Fred Williams - Landscapes of a Continent at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1977.
Simon of Ghent
Simon of Ghent (or Simon de Gandavo; died 1315) was a medieval Bishop of Salisbury in England.

Simon was a prebendary of the diocese of Salisbury and Chancellor of Oxford University, as well as Archdeacon of Oxford.

Simon was elected bishop on 2 June 1297 and consecrated on 20 October 1297 at Canterbury He died on 2 April 1315.

Prebendary
A prebendary is a member of the Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church.  When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the choir stalls, known as prebendal stalls.
Weser-Ems
The Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems was the most westerly of the four administrative regions of Lower Saxony, Germany, bordering on the Dutch provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel. It was established in 1978 by merging the former regions Osnabrück, Aurich, and Oldenburg. It was formally dissolved by the end of 2004 along with the other Regierungsbezirke of Lower Saxony as part of an effort to optimize the administrative system of the state.

The administrative centre of the Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems was located in the Staatsministerium building in Oldenburg, a representative governmental complex from the period of the Grand Duchy and later Free State of Oldenburg. The department of educational affairs was based in Osnabrück, the department for financial affairs (Regierungskasse treasurer's office) in Aurich.

Aurich
Aurich (German pronunciation: [ˈaʊʁɪç] ⓘ; East Frisian Low Saxon: Auerk; Saterland Frisian: Aurk [ˈau̯ɐk]) is a town in the East Frisian region of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.
Gwalleuk
Gwalleuk was a Korean Buddhist monk from the kingdom of Baekje who lived during the time of King Wideok. In 602, he travelled to Japan and is known for helping to spread the teachings of Taoism and Buddhism to Japan.  In particular, he brought over fangshu texts related to the likes of geomancy and onmyōdō (yinyang-based sorcery and divination), as well as a calendar, according to the Nihon Shoki. In 624, he was made a high priest (僧正 sōjō), possibly of Gangō-ji, for the rest of his life.

He is mentioned several times in Buddhist records in Japan, where he was known as Kanroku, the Japanese reading of his name.

Gangō-ji
Gangō-ji (元興寺) was one of the first Buddhist temples in Japan, and was ranked as one of the  powerful Seven Great Temples, in Nara, Japan. It was mostly destroyed in the Muromachi period and the old town of Naramachi occupies most of what was once the temple's precincts. Three small portions of the temple have survived to the present day, and each is now a separate temple.