hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Royal Standard of Thailand
The Royal Standard of Thailand (Thai: ธงมหาราช; BGN/PCGN: Thong Maharat) is the official flag of the King of Thailand. The present form was adopted in 1910 under Vajiravudh (Rama VI), superseding the first Royal Standard created by Mongkut (Rama IV) in 1855. In 1979, the designs were codified by law; specifically in Article 2 of the Flag Act of 1979 (พระราชบัญญัติธง พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๒), which also regulated Thailand's other flags. The standard is currently used by Maha Vajiralongkorn, also known as Rama X, since 2016.

Vajiralongkorn
Vajiralongkorn (born 28 July 1952), also known by his regnal name Rama X, is King of Thailand, reigning since 2016. He is the 10th monarch of the Chakri dynasty, the reigning dynasty of Thailand since 1782.

The only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) and Queen Sirikit, he was made crown prince by his father in 1972, at age 20. After his father's death on 13 October 2016, he requested that his formal accession ceremony be delayed to allow time to mourn his father. On 1 December 2016, he formally accepted the throne and, at age 64, the oldest to ascend to the throne. The government retroactively declared his reign to have begun at his father's death on 13 October 2016. His coronation took place from 4 to 6 May 2019.

Vajiralongkorn is the wealthiest monarch in the world, with an estimated net worth between US$30 billion and US$70 billion.
Clelland
Clelland is a surname and Scottish clan. It is the surname of:

David Clelland (born 1943), British Labour Party politician

Eugene Clelland, fictional character on British television soap opera Coronation Street

Jeanne N. Clelland, American mathematician

James Clelland, Scottish labor activist, participant in the 1820 Battle of Bonnymuir

John Clelland (1863–1944), Scottish international footballer

John Clelland, founder in 1883 of Globe Store, Scranton, Pennsylvania

Lana Clelland (born 1993), Scottish footballer

Mike Clelland (born 1963), American Democratic Party politician

Sarah Clelland (born 1997), Scottish footballer

Scott Clelland, manager of Scottish football club Darvel F.C.

Jeanne N. Clelland
Jeanne A. Nielsen Clelland (born 1970) is an American mathematician specializing in differential geometry and its applications to differential equations. She is a professor of mathematics at the University of Colorado Boulder, and the author of a textbook on moving frames, From Frenet to Cartan: The Method of Moving Frames (Graduate Studies in Mathematics 178, American Mathematical Society, 2017).
Mélodie Lesueur
Mélodie Lesueur (born 12 March 1990) is a French road racing cyclist, who currently rides for French amateur team CSM Puteaux. Lesueur won the French National Road Race Championships in 2010 and became European champion in the under-23 individual time trial at the 2011 European Road Championships.

2011 European Road Championships
The 2011 European Road Championships were held in Offida, Italy, from 14 to 17 July 2011. The event consisted of a road race and a time trial for men and women under 23, as well as for juniors. The championships were regulated by the European Cycling Union.
Regression testing
Regression testing (rarely, non-regression testing) is re-running functional and non-functional tests to ensure that previously developed and tested software still performs as expected after a change. If not, that would be called a regression.

Changes that may require regression testing include bug fixes, software enhancements, configuration changes, and even substitution of electronic components (hardware). As regression test suites tend to grow with each found defect, test automation is frequently involved. Sometimes a change impact analysis is performed to determine an appropriate subset of tests (non-regression analysis).

Computer hardware
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the central processing unit (CPU), random-access memory (RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and speakers.

By contrast, software is a set of written  instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware derived its name from the fact it is hard or rigid with respect to changes, whereas software is soft because it is easy to change.

Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware.
Federigo Pedulli
Federigo Pedulli (February 15, 1860 – after 1938) was an Italian painter, mainly of watercolor vedute of exterior and interior scenes.

He was born in Brisighella. He began his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Ravenna under Moradei, but then moved to study at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. Among a topic he often repeated was the interior of the Choir of the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. He also repeatedly painted the courtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio, of the Bargello, and the stairwells of these palaces. Among other works, are an interior of Santa Croce; the cloister of the church of San Marco, the interior of the church of the Annunziata and Santa Maria Novella. Pedulli also has completed various portraits, landscapes, and decorative frescoes.

Bargello
The Bargello, also known as the Palazzo del Bargello or Palazzo del Popolo ("Palace of the People"), is a former public building and police headquarters, later a prison, in Florence, Italy.  Mostly built in the 13th century, since 1865 it has housed the Museo Nazionale del Bargello, a national art museum.

It is the primary national collection for Italian Renaissance sculpture, of which its collection of Florentine works is unequalled, and for the decorative arts of Florence, especially from the Renaissance period. There are also works from earlier and later periods.

The medieval building is relatively well preserved, and includes the Cappella della Maddalena (Magdalen Chapel) with extensive but damaged frescos by Giotto, including a full-length portrait of Dante.

In 2023 it was the 12th most visited museum in Italy, with 610,203 visitors; it generally lacks the long queues to enter the Uffizi.
Pseudolikelihood
In statistical theory, a pseudolikelihood is an approximation to the  joint probability distribution of a collection of random variables. The practical use of this is that it can provide an approximation to the likelihood function of a set of observed data which may either provide a computationally simpler problem for estimation, or may provide a way of obtaining explicit estimates of model parameters.

The pseudolikelihood approach was introduced by Julian Besag in the context of analysing data having spatial dependence.

Estimation theory
Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component.  The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that their value affects the distribution of the measured data. An estimator attempts to approximate the unknown parameters using the measurements.
In estimation theory, two approaches are generally considered:

The probabilistic approach (described in this article) assumes that the measured data is random with a probability distribution dependent on the parameters of interest

The set-membership approach assumes that the measured data vector belongs to a set which depends on the parameter vector.
Mederma
Mederma is a topical product used to improve scar appearance. It is a gel based on an onion extract. Mederma is product of HRA Pharma, a division of Perrigo. A Mederma marketing claim is that the product can make scars "softer, smoother, and less noticeable".

Advertising slogan
Advertising slogans are short phrases used in advertising campaigns to generate publicity and unify a company's marketing strategy. The phrases may be used to attract attention to a distinctive product feature or reinforce a company's brand.
1999 America East Conference baseball tournament
The 1999 America East Conference baseball tournament was held from May 21 through 23 at Frawley Stadium in Wilmington, Delaware.  The top four regular season finishers of the league's eight teams qualified for the double-elimination tournament.  In the championship game, second-seeded Delaware defeated first-seeded Towson, 6-3, to win its second consecutive and fourth overall tournament championship.  As a result, Delaware received the America East's automatic bid to the 1999 NCAA tournament.

Daniel S. Frawley Stadium
Daniel S. Frawley Stadium is a stadium in Wilmington, Delaware. It is primarily used for baseball, and is the home field of the Wilmington Blue Rocks minor league baseball team. The park was originally known as Legends Stadium when it was built in 1993. It was renamed in 1994 for Wilmington mayor Daniel S. Frawley, who had pushed for a return of the Blue Rocks. The field is named separately for Judy Johnson, a local Negro league baseball star.
Carrie White (hairdresser)
Carole Enwright White (née Enwright; August 25, 1943 – May 3, 2022) was an American hairdresser, author, and spokesperson. She was known as the "First Lady of Hairdressing," who styled Jennifer Jones, Betsy Bloomingdale, Elizabeth Taylor, Goldie Hawn, Camille Cosby, Ann-Margret, Elvis Presley, Sharon Tate, Brad Pitt, and Sandra Bullock, among others.

White collaborated with Richard Avedon on shoots for Vogue, and her work appeared in Harper's Bazaar, InStyle, Allure, Vanity Fair, Ladies' Home Journal, Mademoiselle, and Glamour. She was credited as technical advisor on the 1975 film Shampoo and, in 2011, she published her internationally bestselling autobiography, Upper Cut: Highlights of My Hollywood Life. In 2021 Upper Cut began development as a feature film starring Julia Fox.

Ann-Margret
Ann-Margret Olsson (born 28 April 1941), credited as Ann-Margret, is an American actress, dancer, and singer with a career spanning seven decades. Her many screen roles include Pocketful of Miracles (1961), State Fair (1962), Bye Bye Birdie (1963), Viva Las Vegas (1964),  Carnal Knowledge (1971), The Train Robbers (1973), Tommy (1975), The Return of the Soldier (1982), 52 Pick-Up (1986), Newsies (1992), Grumpy Old Men (1993), Grumpier Old Men (1995), Any Given Sunday (1999), Taxi (2004), and Going in Style (2017). Her accolades include five Golden Globe Awards, an Emmy Award, two Academy Award nominations and two Grammy nominations.
Alessandro Geraldini
Alessandro Geraldini (also Gerardini or Gueraldini; 1455 – March 8, 1524) was a Renaissance humanist scholar at the Spanish court of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He is known for his support of Christopher Columbus.  He served as tutor to the royal children and later accompanied the Infanta Catharine of Aragon to England, as her confessor. He served as Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino (1496-1516); and in 1519, at 64 years of age, he traveled to the Spanish settlements in the New World, and became Bishop of Santo Domingo (1516-1524).

Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Catholic-Hierarchy.org is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches that are in full communion with Rome. The website, not officially sanctioned by the Church, is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City.
President of Republika Srpska
The president of Republika Srpska (Serbian Cyrillic: Предсједник Републике Српске, Serbian Latin: Predsjednik Republike Srpske) is the highest executive authority in Republika Srpska, an entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the executive authorities, along with the Government of Republika Srpska. The president of Republika Srpska is directly elected for a term of four years, along with two vice presidents from different constituent nations (Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats). None of them can be from a same constituent nation at the same time. The president's residence is in Banja Luka.

The first president was Radovan Karadžić of the Serb Democratic Party, elected to the post in 1992, who led Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War and who was later sentenced to 40 years in prison for Srebrenica genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Siniša Karan of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats took office in 2026.

Confederal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The confederal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina – the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS) – were created by the Dayton Agreement in December 1995. The condominium of the two entities, the Brčko District, was established in 1999.

The vast majority of the population in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Bosniaks and Croats. In contrast, in Republika Srpska, the vast majority are Serbs. Due to the entities' significant power and political differences, Bosnia and Herzegovina is described as a confederation.
Hardwar Gap
18°08′53″N 76°42′57″W﻿ / ﻿18.1481°N 76.7158°W﻿ / 18.1481; -76.7158

Hardwar Gap is a natural gap located in the Blue Mountains, on the border between Saint Andrew Parish and Portland Parish. It lies at an elevation of 1,220 metres (4,000 ft), and was named for Captain Hardwar, a British army captain who was supervising the construction of the road that cuts from this gap to Buff Bay.

Buff Bay, Jamaica
Buff Bay is a settlement in Portland, Jamaica. This settlement is adjoined by the districts of Windsor Castle and Hart Hill.

The town has many buildings dating from the early 19th century. On the seaside of the town stands the Anglican church known as St. George's Parish Church. It dates from the time when Buff Bay was the capital of the parish of the same name. This parish was later divided into the present parishes of St. Mary and Portland.
James Manahan
James Manahan (March 12, 1866 – January 8, 1932) was a U.S. representative from Minnesota.

Manahan was born near Chatfield in Fillmore County, Minnesota, to Irish immigrant parents. He graduated from the Normal School of Winona, Minnesota, in 1886. For two years, he worked as a school teacher in Graceville. He later attended the University of Wisconsin Law School, and eventually earned his law degree from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1889. Having been admitted to the bar the same year, he began practicing law in St. Paul, later relocating his practice to Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1895. He moved back to Minneapolis in 1905, and practiced law there until 1912, when he was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third Congress (March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915). He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1914, and resumed his law practice. He became involved with the Nonpartisan League and served as a legal advisor. He died in St. Paul in 1932.

Nonpartisan League
The Nonpartisan League (NPL) was a left-wing political party founded in 1915 in North Dakota by Arthur C. Townley, a former organizer for the Socialist Party of America. On behalf of small farmers and merchants, the Nonpartisan League advocated state control of mills, grain elevators, banks, and other farm-related industries in order to reduce the power of corporate and political interests from Minneapolis and Chicago.

The League adopted the goat as a mascot; it was known as "The Goat that Can't be Got".
Atrévete a soñar
Atrévete a soñar (transl. Dare to Dream) is a Mexican children's and teen comedy telenovela produced by Luis de Llano for Televisa, under license from Ideas del Sur. It premiered on El Canal de las Estrellas on March 8, 2009, becoming the first telenovela in Mexico to debut on a Sunday. Following its success, particularly among younger audiences, the series concluded on March 7, 2010, also a Sunday.

The telenovela is an adaptation of the Argentine Patito Feo (2007–08). It stars Danna Paola as Patito and Eleazar Gómez as Mateo, with Violeta Isfel and Cynthia Klitbo portraying the antagonists Antonella and Bianca. It also features adult protagonists René Strickler and Vanessa Guzmán.

Eleazar Gómez
José Eleazar Gómez Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation: [eleˈasaɾ ˈɣomes]; better known as Eleazar Gómez born May 29, 1986, in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Mexican actor. He is noted for his performance in Mexican telenovelas. Gómez is the brother of actress Zoraida Gómez, Alizair Gomez and actor Jairo Gómez. He is a member of the Mexican pop band Eme 15.
Calvados's 5th constituency
The 5th constituency of Calvados is a French legislative constituency in the Calvados département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.

Calvados (department)
Calvados (UK: /ˈkælvədɒs/, US: /-doʊs, ˌkælvəˈdoʊs, ˌkɑːlvəˈ-/; French: [kalvados] ⓘ) is a department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the Normandy coast. In 2019, it had a population of 694,905.
1596 Keichō–Fushimi earthquake
The Keichō–Fushimi earthquake (Japanese: 慶長伏見地震, Hepburn: Keicho–Fushimi Jishin) struck Japan on September 5, 1596. The earthquake measuring 7.5 ± 0.25 MJMA produced intense shaking (evaluated at Shindo 6) across the Kansai region. Devastation was recorded in Kyoto and over 1,200 people perished.

Seismic magnitude scales
Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary based on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.
Green Lane and St James
Green Lane and St James is an electoral ward in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. The ward was first used in the 2022 elections. It returns two councillors to Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council.

2022 London local elections
The 2022 London local elections took place on 5 May 2022, as part of the 2022 United Kingdom local elections. All London borough councillor seats were up for election. Mayoral elections took place in Hackney, Lewisham, Newham and Tower Hamlets, with Croydon electing a mayor for the first time following a local referendum in October 2021.

The election saw Labour gain majority control of Barnet, Wandsworth and Westminster councils whilst the Conservatives gained majority control of Harrow Council and the Aspire Party gained control of Tower Hamlets Council, both from Labour. Labour also lost Croydon Council to no overall control. Of the four existing mayoralties, Labour held three but lost the position of mayor of Tower Hamlets to Lutfur Rahman of the Aspire Party, who had previously been removed from the same office after being found guilty of "corrupt or illegal practices" by an election court. The Conservative candidate Jason Perry won the newly created Croydon mayoralty.
2008 Galway Senior Hurling Championship
The 2008 Galway Senior Hurling Championship was the 111th completed staging of the Galway Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Galway County Board in 1887.

Portumna entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 2 November 2008 at Pearse Stadium in Galway, between Portumna and Gort, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Portumna won the match by 1–18 to 2–07 to claim their fourth championship title overall and a second consecutive title.

Pearse Stadium
Pearse Stadium (Irish: Páirc an Phiarsaigh) is the principal GAA stadium in Galway, Ireland. The Galway GAA Gaelic football and hurling teams use the stadium for their home games. The stadium, amongst others in the province of Connacht, is also used for games in the Connacht Senior Football Championship
4C +71.07
4C +71.07 known as S5 0836+71, is a quasar located in the constellation Ursa Major. Based on its high redshift, the object is located 10.7 billion light-years away from Earth and such, classified as a blazar of the flat-spectrum radio quasar type, and features a radio jet.

Accretion disk
An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body. The central body is most frequently a star. Friction, uneven irradiance, magnetohydrodynamic effects, and other forces induce instabilities causing orbiting material in the disk to spiral inward toward the central body. Gravitational and frictional forces compress and raise the temperature of the material, causing the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object's mass. Accretion disks of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared; those around neutron stars and black holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum. The study of oscillation modes in accretion disks is referred to as diskoseismology.
StoneToss
StoneToss is a pseudonymous American neo-Nazi political cartoonist who publishes a webcomic of the same name. Launched in June 2017, the comic espouses racist, sexist, transphobic, homophobic, and antisemitic views, including Holocaust denial.

In March 2024, after an antifascist group published materials claiming to have revealed his identity, StoneToss sought help from Twitter's owner Elon Musk. Twitter  then suspended multiple users who included StoneToss's alleged real name in their tweets and amended its privacy policy to prohibit disclosure of others' real names. Critics took the move as evidence of Musk's preferential treatment for neo-Nazis, antisemites, and white supremacists.

Webcomic
Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on the internet, such as on a website or a mobile app. While many webcomics are published exclusively online, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books.
Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic. Readership levels vary widely; many are read only by the creator's immediate friends and family, while some of the most widely read have audiences of well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics, and cover many genres, styles, and subjects. They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics. Two examples of webcomic website builders are Comic Fury and Webtoon.
Raheem Blackshear
Raheem Blackshear (born June 5, 1998) is an American professional football running back and return specialist. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights and Virginia Tech Hokies. He was selected by the Columbus Aviators during the 2026 UFL free agent draft.

Rutgers Scarlet Knights football
The Rutgers Scarlet Knights football program represents Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Rutgers competes as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Prior to joining the Big Ten, the Scarlet Knights were a member of the American Athletic Conference (formerly the Big East Conference) from 1991 to 2013. Rutgers plays its home games at SHI Stadium, in Piscataway, New Jersey. The team is currently led by head coach Greg Schiano. The Scarlet Knights football team is also notable for playing in the first college football game in 1869, in which the Scarlet Knights won by the score 6–4.