hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sterkfontein
Sterkfontein (Afrikaans for Strong Spring) is a set of limestone caves of special interest in paleoanthropology located in Gauteng province, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, in the Muldersdrift area close to the town of Krugersdorp. The archaeological sites of Swartkrans and Kromdraai are in the same area. Sterkfontein is a South African National Heritage Site and was also declared a World Heritage Site in 2000. The area in which it is situated is known as the Cradle of Humankind. The Sterkfontein Caves are also home to numerous wild African species including Belonogaster petiolata, a wasp species of which there is a large nesting presence.

Numerous early hominin remains have been found at the site over the last few decades. These have been attributed to Australopithecus, early Homo and Paranthropus.

In 2024 the cave was closed to visitors by its owner due to flooding. The caves reopened to the public on 15 April 2025.

Uranium–lead dating
Uranium–lead dating, abbreviated U–Pb dating, is one of the oldest and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes. It can be used to date rocks that formed and crystallised from about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years ago with routine precisions in the 0.1–1 percent range.

The method is usually applied to zircon. This mineral incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystal structure, but strongly rejects lead when forming. As a result, newly-formed zircon crystals will contain no lead, meaning that any lead found in the mineral is radiogenic. Since the exact rate at which uranium decays into lead is known, the current ratio of lead to uranium in a sample of the mineral can be used to reliably determine its age.

The method relies on two separate decay chains, the uranium series from 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of 710 million years.
Gregory number
In mathematics, a Gregory number, named after James Gregory, is a real number of the form:

where x is any rational number greater or equal to 1.  Considering the power series expansion for arctangent, we have

Setting x = 1 gives the well-known Leibniz formula for pi. Thus, in particular,

is a Gregory number.

Inverse trigonometric functions
In mathematics, the inverse trigonometric functions (occasionally also called antitrigonometric, cyclometric, or arcus functions) are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions, under suitably restricted domains. Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions, and are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's trigonometric ratios. Inverse trigonometric functions are widely used in engineering, navigation, physics, and geometry.
Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros
Louis Ducros (Moudon, 21 July 1748 – Lausanne, 18 February 1810), also known as Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros or Du Cros, as appears on his birth certificate, was a Swiss painter, water-colourist and engraver, and was a main figure in the 'pre-Romantic' movement.

Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet
Sir Richard Colt Hoare, 2nd Baronet FRS (9 December 1758 – 19 May 1838) was an English antiquarian, archaeologist, artist, and traveller of the 18th and 19th centuries, the first major figure in the detailed study of the history of his home county of Wiltshire.
Frank Buck (Tennessee politician)
Frank Forrest Buck (September 26, 1943 – January 24, 2024) was an American politician who was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1973 to 2009. He represented the 40th district, which is composed of DeKalb, Smith, and Macon counties.

Smith County, Tennessee
Smith County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,904. Smith County is located in the region of the state known as Middle Tennessee. Its county seat is Carthage. The county was organized in 1799 and is named for Daniel Smith, a Revolutionary War veteran who made the first map of Tennessee and served as a United States senator.

Smith County is part of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Battle Hill
Battle Hill may mean:

Places

Battle Hill (Brooklyn), New York City

Battle Hill Farm Forest Park, New Zealand

Battle Hill, Georgia, now the Westview neighborhood of Atlanta

Battle Hill, White Plains, New York

Battle Hill Township, McPherson County, Kansas

Gitwangak Battle Hill National Historic Site in Canada

Battle Hill, an area of North Tyneside in England

Events

Battle of Battle Hill, New Zealand

Kitwanga
Kitwanga /ˈkɪtwəŋɡə/ or Gitwangak is in the Skeena region of west central British Columbia. Among the Hazelton and Bulkley Mountain Ranges, the place is on the north shore of the Skeena River, east of the Kitwanga River confluence. On BC Highway 37, northeast of the junction with BC Highway 16, the locality is by road about 115 kilometres (71 mi) northwest of Smithers, 99 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Terrace, and 212 kilometres (132 mi) southeast of Stewart.

The Gitwangak Band Council governs the First Nations portion. Adjacent to the northeast, the freehold part is an unincorporated community.
Suga (EP)
Suga is the third extended play by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. It was released on March 6, 2020, by 1501 Certified Entertainment and 300 Entertainment. It features guest appearances from Kehlani and Gunna. The project's release was preceded by legal troubles between the rapper and the label, following a contract renegotiation attempt, which led to the filing of a temporary restraining order towards the label. Megan had initially intended for it to be her debut studio album, but instead released it as an EP as a result.

The EP features the single "B.I.T.C.H.", released on January 24, 2020, that charted at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album's second single, "Captain Hook", was released on March 10, 2020, and charted at number 74 in the US. The third and final single "Savage", was sent to top 40 radio formats on April 7, 2020, and has since become Megan Thee Stallion's first chart-topper in the United States, aided by a Beyoncé remix.

300 Entertainment
Theory Entertainment LLC, doing business as 300 Entertainment, is an American record label founded by Lyor Cohen, Kevin Liles, Todd Moscowitz, and Roger Gold. The label's roster includes acts across multiple genres such as hip hop, rock, pop, electronic, alternative, and country. Current artists include Young Thug, Fetty Wap, Mary J. Blige, No Savage, Rejjie Snow, Cheat Codes, Tee Grizzley, Famous Dex, Shy Glizzy, Cobi, Meg Mac, Dae Dae, the Hunna, Bailey Bryan, OMB Peezy, Ice Prince, Snot and Des Rocs. It is based in New York City. The label also acts as distributor for Young Thug's record label YSL Records, whose roster includes rappers such as the late Lil Keed.

In 2021, Warner Music Group acquired 300 for $400 million. In June 2022, 300 Entertainment was merged with Elektra Music Group to create the umbrella label 300 Elektra Entertainment (3EE), though both Elektra and 300 continued to maintain their separate identities as labels.
Arturo Zúñiga
Arturo Zúñiga Jory (born 1 December 1982, Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean commercial engineer and politician affiliated with the Independent Democratic Union (UDI). He served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of Chile representing District 9 of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago.

He previously served as Undersecretary of Healthcare Networks at the Ministry of Health between 2019 and 2020, during the second administration of President Sebastián Piñera.

Ministry of Health (Chile)
The Ministry of Health of Chile (Spanish: Ministerio de Salud de Chile), also known as MINSAL, is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated by the President of Chile. Notably, all employees pay 7% of their monthly income to FONASA, the funding branch of the Chilean Ministry of Health.

The current Minister of Health is Ximena Aguilera. The minister has two adjuncts: the Undersecretary of Public Health (Spanish: Subsecretaria de Salud Pública) and the Undersecretary of Assistance Networks (Spanish: Subsecretaria de Redes Asistenciales).
Selections from Lerner and Loewe's...
Selections from Lerner and Loewe's... is an album by drummer Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers recorded in 1957 and released on the RCA Victor subsidiary label Vik. The album features the band's jazz interpretations of show tunes from Lerner and Loewe's musicals My Fair Lady, Brigadoon, and Paint Your Wagon.

Brigadoon
Brigadoon is a musical with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and score by Frederick Loewe. The plot features two American tourists who stumble upon Brigadoon, a mysterious Scottish village that appears for only one day every 100 years; one tourist soon falls in love with a young woman from Brigadoon. The show's song "Almost Like Being in Love" subsequently became a standard.

The original production opened at the Ziegfeld Theatre on Broadway in 1947 and ran for 581 performances, starring David Brooks,  Marion Bell, Pamela Britton, and Lee Sullivan. Brigadoon opened at Her Majesty's Theatre in the West End in 1949 and ran for 685 performances; many revivals have followed. The  1954 film adaptation starred Gene Kelly and Cyd Charisse, while the 1966 television version starred Robert Goulet, Sally Ann Howes, and Peter Falk.
The U
"The U" is a nickname often given to a university. Specifically, it has been used to refer to:

The University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida
Miami Hurricanes, the University of Miami's athletic program and teams

The U (film), a 2009 documentary about the University of Miami football team

The University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah

Coral Gables, Florida
Coral Gables is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The city is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida and is located 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Downtown Miami. As of the 2020 U.S. census, it had a population of 49,248.

The city is a Mediterranean-themed planned community known for its historic and affluent character reinforced by its strict zoning, popular landmarks, and tourist sights.

The University of Miami is located in Coral Gables. With 16,479 faculty and staff as of 2021, the university is the largest employer in Coral Gables and second-largest employer in all of Miami-Dade County.
Elizabeth Currer
Elizabeth Currer was an Irish stage actress of the Restoration Era. She was a member of the Duke's Company during the 1670s and subsequently part of the merged United Company from 1682. Although she was likely acting in London several years earlier than this, her first known role was in The Conquest of China in 1675. Due to the irregular spelling of the time her surname is sometimes written as Carrier, Corer and Currier amongst other variants.

John Crowne
John Crowne (6 April 1641 – 1712) was a British dramatist.

His father "Colonel" William Crowne, accompanied the earl of Arundel on a diplomatic mission to Vienna in 1637, and wrote an account of his journey. He emigrated to Nova Scotia where he received a grant of land from Cromwell, but the French took possession of his property, and the home government did nothing to uphold his rights.
Chris Martin (cricketer)
Christopher Stewart Martin (born 10 December 1974) is a former New Zealand cricketer. A right-arm fast-medium bowler, Martin played provincial cricket for Auckland, having formerly played for the Canterbury Wizards.

He also signed for the English county cricket side, Warwickshire, for their 2008 domestic campaign and played one first-class match for Essex in 2010. In 1999 he played a season of club cricket in Scotland for Heriots FP Cricket Club.

He retired from all cricket in late 2013.

Canterbury cricket team
Canterbury is a first-class cricket team based in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is one of six teams that compete in senior New Zealand Cricket competitions and has been the second most successful domestic team in New Zealand history. They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition and The Ford Trophy one day competition as well as in the Men's Super Smash competition as the Canterbury Kings.
Regonyl
Regonyl (developmental code name TX-380), also known as 17α-ethynyl-5α-androst-2-en-17β-ol 17β-acetate, is a steroidal drug described as an antiprogestogen and "antiprolactin" (prolactin inhibitor). It was studied for lactation inhibition in bitches. It has minimal to no androgenic, estrogenic, or progestogenic activity but is said to strongly inhibit the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis at central and peripheral levels and to markedly oppose the action of progesterone. However, the antiprogestogenic effects of regonyl do not appear to be due to direct interaction with the progesterone receptor. The actions of regonyl result in estrus cycle disturbances and impaired ovulation. Regonyl was proposed for use in humans, for instance in the treatment of gynecological disorders like endometriosis and benign breast disease, and in hormonal contraception.

Fibrocystic breast changes
Fibrocystic breast changes is a condition of the breasts where there may be pain, breast cysts, and breast masses. The breasts may be described as "lumpy" or "doughy". Symptoms may worsen during certain parts of the menstrual cycle due to hormonal stimulation. These are normal breast changes, not associated with cancer.

Risk factors include an early age at first menstrual period and either having children at a late age or not at all. It is not a disease but represents normal breast changes. Diagnosis involves ruling out breast cancer. Fibrocystic changes include fibroadenomas, fibrosis, papillomas of the breast, and apocrine-type metaplasia.

Management may involve education about the condition, using a well fitting bra, and pain medication, if needed. Occasionally danazol or tamoxifen may be used for pain. It is estimated that up to 60% of women are affected, most commonly between the ages of 30 and 50 years.
USS Birgit
USS Birgit (AKA-24) was an Artemis-class attack cargo ship named after the minor planet 960 Birgit, which in turn was named after a daughter of Swedish astronomer Bror Ansgar Asplind. USS Birgit served as a commissioned ship for 16 months.

Birgit (AKA 24) was laid down on 22 February 1944 at Providence, R.I., by Walsh-Kaiser Co., Inc., under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1885); launched on 18 July 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Ella A. Cunard; and commissioned on 28 October 1944.

U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay
Naval Base Subic Bay was a major ship-repair, supply, and rest and recreation facility of the Spanish Navy and subsequently the United States Navy located in Zambales, Philippines. The base was 262 square miles (680 km2), about the size of Singapore. The Navy Exchange had the largest volume of sales of any exchange in the world, and the Naval Supply Depot handled the largest volume of fuel oil of any navy facility in the world. The naval base was the largest overseas military installation of the United States Armed Forces, after Clark Air Base in Angeles City was closed in 1991. Following its closure in 1992, it was transformed into the Subic Bay Freeport Zone by the Philippine government.

In late 2022, plans to reopen the base under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement emerged after the Philippine Navy reoccupied a portion of the base and a U.S. investment firm, Cerberus Capital Management, purchased the remainder of the port.
Mass flow rate
In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the rate at which mass of a substance changes over time.  Its unit is kilogram per second (kg/s) in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units.  The common symbol is  (pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes  (Greek lowercase mu) is used.

Sometimes, mass flow rate as defined here is termed "mass flux" or "mass current".
Confusingly, "mass flow" is also a term for mass flux, the rate of mass flow per unit of area.

Second
The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day, first into hours, then into minutes, and lastly into seconds, for a total of 24 × 60 × 60 = 86,400 seconds per day. The definition that is based on 1⁄86400 of a rotation of the earth is still used by the Universal Time 1 (UT1) system.

The current and formal definition in the International System of Units (SI) is more precise:

The second [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency, ΔνCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.

This current definition was adopted in 1967 when it became feasible to define the second based on fundamental properties of nature with caesium clocks. As the speed of Earth's rotation varies and is slowing ever so slightly, a leap second is added at irregular intervals to civil time to keep clocks in sync with Earth's rotation.
Thomas Bewes
Thomas Beaumont Bewes (18 December 1777 – 18 November 1857) was a British politician.

The son of John Bewes, Mayor of Plymouth, Thomas first stood for Parliament in Plymouth at the 1806 UK general election, but failed to win the seat.  His wife died three years later, and he moved to Tothill House with his sister-in-law, who brought up his children.  He later moved to a property which he renamed Beaumont House, and served a term as High Sheriff of Devon.

Bewes was a strong advocate of the Reform Act 1832.  At the 1832 UK general election, he stood for the constituency of Plymouth, and won a seat as a Whig.  On the radical wing of the party, he argued for removing bishops from the House of Lords.  He held his seat at the 1835 and 1837 UK general elections, and stood down in 1841.

He was high sheriff of Devon in 1823.

1806 United Kingdom general election
The 1806 United Kingdom general election was the second general election after the Acts of Union 1800, held from 29 October 1806 to 17 December 1806, to elect members of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament.

The general election took place in a situation of considerable uncertainty about the future of British politics, following the sudden death of William Pitt the Younger and the formation of the Ministry of all the Talents.

Parliament was dissolved on 24 October 1806. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 13 December 1806, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.
1964 SCCA National Championship Runoffs
The 1964 American Road Race of Champions was the first running of the SCCA National Championship Runoffs. It took place on 14 and 15 November 1964 at the Riverside International Raceway. The ARRC was held as the non-championship final round of the SCCA National Sports Car Championship and the SCCA Divisional Championships. Most competitive drivers from SCCA's six divisions were invited to the event. No championships were contested that year as part of the Runoffs, and therefore, ARRC champions were not SCCA National Champions.

Riverside International Raceway
Riverside International Raceway (sometimes known as Riverside, RIR, or Riverside Raceway) was a motorsports race track and road course established in the Edgemont area of Riverside County, California, just east of the city limits of Riverside and 50 mi (80 km) east of Los Angeles, in 1957. In 1984, the raceway became part of the newly incorporated city of Moreno Valley. Riverside was noted for its hot, dusty environment, which was a dangerous challenge for drivers. It was also considered one of the finest tracks in the United States. The track was in operation from September 22, 1957, to July 2, 1989, with the last race, The Budweiser 400, won by Rusty Wallace, held in 1988. After that final race, a shortened version of the circuit was kept open for car clubs and special events until 1989.
Nan Brooks
Nan Brooks (January 15, 1935 – February 25, 2018), also known as Nancy Florence Earl-Brooks, was an American children's book illustrator who illustrated numerous books from the 1970s onwards.
Brooks grew up in Cape May, New Jersey, and studied advertising design in Philadelphia. After graduation, she soon moved on to freelance illustration. Her colorful style was partly influenced by her interest in the Eastern religions. Her most successful work is her contribution to the Little Golden Books, The Princess and the Pea. Two of her later successful works are As I Kneel by Bonnie Knopf, and Making Minestrone by Stella Blackstone. Brooks died on February 25, 2018, at the age of 83.

The Princess and the Pea
"The Princess and the Pea" (Danish: Prinsessen på Ærten, lit. 'The Princess on the Pea') is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a princess who is tested to become the wife to a lonely prince. The tale was first published with three others by Andersen in a cheap booklet on 8 May 1835 in Copenhagen by C. A. Reitzel.

The tale is classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as ATU 704, "The Princess and the Pea".
Richard A. Tapia
Richard Alfred Tapia (born March 25, 1939) is an American mathematician and University Professor at Rice University in Houston, Texas, the university's highest academic title. In 1996, President Bill Clinton awarded Tapia with the Presidential Award for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering Mentoring. In 2011, President Obama awarded Tapia the National Medal of Science. He is currently the Maxfield and Oshman Professor of Engineering; Associate Director of Graduate Studies, Office of Research and Graduate Studies; and Director of the Center for Excellence and Equity in Education at Rice University.

Tapia's mathematical research is centered on mathematical optimization and iterative methods for nonlinear problems, with his current work focused on algorithms for constrained optimization and interior point methods for linear and nonlinear programming.

Interior-point method
Interior-point methods (also referred to as barrier methods or IPMs) are algorithms for solving linear and non-linear convex optimization problems. IPMs combine two advantages of previously-known algorithms:

Theoretically, their run-time is polynomial—in contrast to the simplex method, which has exponential run-time in the worst case.

Practically, they run as fast as the simplex method—in contrast to the ellipsoid method, which has polynomial run-time in theory but is very slow in practice.

In contrast to the simplex method which traverses the boundary of the feasible region, and the ellipsoid method which bounds the feasible region from outside, an IPM reaches a best solution by traversing the interior of the feasible region—hence the name.
Wilson Washington
Wilson Washington Jr. (born August 3, 1955) is an American former basketball player and a former assistant coach at Norfolk State University.  Washington was an All-American player at Old Dominion University and played for two seasons in the National Basketball Association.

Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University (ODU) is a public research university in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. Established in 1930 as the two-year Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary, the school became an independent college in 1962 and attained university status in 1969. In 2023, it had an enrollment of 23,494 students, and its main campus covers 250 acres.

The university's name is derived from one of Virginia's state nicknames, "The Old Dominion", given by King Charles II of England in recognition of its loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War. ODU offers 175 undergraduate and graduate degree programs from seven colleges and three schools. It has a Carnegie Classification of "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" with "Higher Access, Medium Earnings". Old Dominion has approximately 165,000 alumni in all 50 US states and 67 countries.