hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is a highly pure and ordered form of synthetic graphite. It is characterised by a low mosaic spread angle, meaning that the individual graphite crystallites are well aligned with each other. The best HOPG samples have mosaic spreads of less than 1 degree.

Note that the term "highly ordered pyrolytic graphite" is sometimes used for this material, but IUPAC favors "highly oriented".

Mosaicity
In crystallography, mosaicity is a measure of the spread of crystal plane orientations. A mosaic crystal is an idealized model of an imperfect crystal, imagined to consist of numerous small perfect crystals (crystallites) that are to some extent randomly misoriented. Empirically, mosaicities can be determined by measuring rocking curves. Diffraction by mosaics is described by the Darwin–Hamilton equations.

The mosaic crystal model goes back to a theoretical analysis of X-ray diffraction by C. G. Darwin (1922). Currently, most studies follow Darwin in assuming a Gaussian distribution of crystallite orientations centered on some reference orientation. The mosaicity is commonly equated with the standard deviation of this distribution.
Matip
Matip is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Joël Matip (born 1991), Cameroonian footballer

Marie-Claire Matip (born 1938), Cameroonian writer

Marvin Matip (born 1985), German-born Cameroonian footballer

Marie-Claire Matip
Marie-Claire-Eléonore-Débochère Matip (born 1938) is a Cameroonian writer living in Paris. Her autobiographical novel Ngonda, published in 1958, is one of the first French-language texts to be published by a sub-Saharan African woman.
MaRin
Jang Gyeong-hwan (Korean: 장경환) better known as MaRin, is a retired League of Legends esports player who was previously the top laner for TopSports Gaming. MaRin won the 2015 League of Legends World Championship with SK Telecom T1 and was named the Most Valuable Player of the event. He also played on SK Telecom T1 S before the team was consolidated with SK Telecom T1 K.

MaRin left SK Telecom T1 shortly after winning 2015 Worlds. On December 10, 2015, it was announced that he had joined LGD Gaming of the League of Legends Pro League (LPL) in Shanghai. He was replaced on the lineup by Lee “Duke” Ho-seong. MaRin returned to Korea's League of Legends Champions Korea (LCK) on December 12, 2016, signing with the Afreeca Freecs.

MaRin's signature champions are considered to be Rumble, Maokai, and Gnar.

T1 (esports)
T1 (previously known as SK Telecom T1 or SKT T1) is a South Korean esports organization operated by T1 Entertainment & Sports, a joint venture between SK Telecom and Comcast Spectacor. The team that would become SKT T1 was originally founded in 2002 by StarCraft player Lim "BoxeR" Yo-hwan under the name Team Orion, which was later renamed to 4 Union in December 2003. In April 2004, South Korean wireless carrier SK Telecom began sponsoring the team, officially creating the team SK Telecom T1.

T1's League of Legends team has won a record six League of Legends World Championship titles (2013, 2015, 2016, 2023, 2024 and 2025) and ten League of Legends Champions Korea championships, also a record. In addition, they have won two Mid-Season Invitational titles (2016 and 2017), one Esports World Cup title (2024), and one KeSPA Cup (2025).
Ancient music
Ancient music refers to the musical cultures and practices that developed in the literate civilizations of the ancient world prior to the early medieval period (before approximately 500 CE). It follows the music of prehistoric societies and precedes the emergence of medieval music during the post-classical era.

Major centers of ancient music developed in China, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran/Persia, the Maya civilization, Mesopotamia, and Rome. Though extremely diverse, the music of ancient civilizations is frequently characterized by monophony, improvisation, and the dominance of text in musical settings.

Outline of ancient India
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:

Ancient India is the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the start of Medieval India, which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE.
Carlaw shadow cabinet
While there is no Official Opposition in Holyrood, Jackson Carlaw, as leader of the largest party not in government, acts as the Leader of the Opposition. Carlaw was elected leader of the Scottish Conservatives in February 2020 and resigned in July 2020, and was succeeded by Douglas Ross.

Carlaw had already served as acting leader of the Scottish Conservatives from August 2019 until his election win in February, following Ruth Davidson's resignation. After he was appointed leader, he appointed members to his shadow cabinet. Carlaw's cabinet dissolved on 11 August 2020 by the Shadow Cabinet of Douglas Ross.

Official Opposition frontbench
The frontbench of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom consists of the Shadow Cabinet and other official shadow ministers of the political party currently serving as the Official Opposition. The Opposition front bench provide Parliamentary opposition to the British Government frontbench and has been the Conservative Party since 5 July 2024. The current Leader of the Opposition is Kemi Badenoch, following her victory in the 2024 Conservative Party Leadership Election.
Menhartice
Menhartice (German: Meinhardsdorf) is a municipality and village in Třebíč District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

Menhartice lies approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) south-west of Třebíč, 45 km (28 mi) south of Jihlava, and 147 km (91 mi) south-east of Prague.

Třebíč
Třebíč (Czech pronunciation: [ˈtr̝̊ɛbiːtʃ] ⓘ; German: Trebitsch) is a town in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 35,000 inhabitants.

The beginnings of the town's history are connected with the establishment of a Benedictine monastery, where the castle is located today. In the age of its expansion, Třebíč was the third most important town in Moravia. The population growth started after World War II.

There are several well-known tourist sights in the town. The Jewish Quarter and the St. Procopius Basilica are listed together as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Java virtual machine
A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages, other languages referred to as JVM languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode. The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required in a JVM implementation. Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit (JDK) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform.

The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot. The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle are based on the OpenJDK runtime. Eclipse OpenJ9 is another open source JVM for OpenJDK.

Data type
In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. A data type specification in a program constrains the possible values that an expression, such as a variable or a function call, might take. On literal data, it tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data. Most programming languages support basic data types of integer numbers (of varying sizes), floating-point numbers (which approximate real numbers), characters and Booleans.
South Channel Pile Light
The South Channel Pile Light is a single-storey octagonal lighthouse in Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia.

It was built between 1872 and 1874 to guide ships through the narrow South Channel and was occupied by lighthouse keepers until 1925. The light ceased operation in 1985, having operated as a navigational beacon for 111 years, and fell into an era of neglect and vandalism. The structure was restored by Parks Victoria in 1998 in accordance with Heritage Victoria guidelines and relocated three kilometres off the coast of Rye Beach.

The site is listed in the Victorian Heritage Register.

Rye, Victoria
Rye is a seaside suburb on the Mornington Peninsula in, Victoria, Australia, approximately 94.5 km (58.7 mi) south of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Mornington Peninsula local government area. Rye recorded a population of 9,438 at the 2021 census.

Rye's beach, on the eastern side of Port Phillip, is popular with swimmers, fishermen, yachtsmen, and kitesurfers. Its ocean beach (which is not patrolled) is also popular with surfers and divers. Rye is in the traditional country of the Boon wurrung (Bunurong) people of the Kulin nation.
Kevin Clarke (footballer, born 1931)
Kevin William Clarke (25 June 1931 – 31 October 2009) was an Australian rules footballer who played for West Perth in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and Melbourne and Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

West Perth Football Club
The West Perth Football Club, nicknamed the Falcons, is an Australian rules football club located in Joondalup, Western Australia. West Perth competes in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW) and is the oldest existing Australian rules football club in Western Australia. Originally located at Leederville Oval, the team was relocated in 1994 to Arena Joondalup, a sports complex in the northern suburbs of Perth. The team's club song is "It's a Grand Old Flag" and its traditional rivals are East Perth.
Byla
Byla is an American ambient duo, formed in Brooklyn, NY in 2003 by Colin Marston (Behold... The Arctopus, Dysrhythmia, et al.) and Kevin Hufnagel (Dysrhythmia). They released their eponymous debut album in 2005.

Byla creates predominantly instrumental music, although in 2007, they released an album as a collaboration with diverse vocalist Jarboe (Swans). They also recorded an instrumental remix track—over 18 minutes in length—based on source material composed by isolationist musician Fear Falls Burning, which was released on a 5-disc LP album along with other remixes by artists such as Bass Communion and Final.

Final (band)
Final is a project of English musician Justin Broadrick, creator of the band Godflesh, which he started when he was 13 years old.  Unlike Godflesh, Final is primarily electronic in nature, taking on a space-like, dark ambient sound.
Araeosoma thetidis
Araeosoma thetidis is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae that lives in deep sea off Australia and New Zealand. A. thetidis was first scientifically described in 1909 by Hubert Lyman Clark.

Hubert Lyman Clark
Hubert Lyman Clark (January 9, 1870 – July 31, 1947) was an American zoologist. He received the Clarke Medal from the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1947. A son of UMass Amherst president William Smith Clark, he spent more than 40 years as a professor and curator at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University.
Zoltán Mucsi
Zoltán Mucsi (born 8 September 1957 in Abony) is a Hungarian actor. He has appeared in more than sixty films since his debut in 1983.

Zoltán Mucsi was born in Abony, and in his childhood, he originally wanted to be a footballer. In 1979 he joined to the Szigligeti Theatre in Szolnok as assistant actor. He tried to apply to the Academy of Dramatic Art several times, unsuccessfully. From 1995 he was a freelance actor, and since 1997 he has been a member of the Bárka Theater. Later he also joined the Krétakör Theatre in 2002. His famous movie role was in Miklós Jancsó's The Lord's Lantern in Budapest (1999) as Kapa. He also appeared in movies like Sweet Emma, Dear Böbe (1992) directed by István Szabó, Kontroll (2003) directed by Nimród Antal and Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011) directed by Tomas Alfredson.

Nimród Antal
Nimród E. Antal (Hungarian: [ˈɒntɒl ˈnimroːd]; born November 30, 1973) is a Hungarian-American filmmaker. He is best known for directing the films Vacancy (2007), Predators (2010), and Retribution (2023).
Gabrielle Shonk
Gabrielle Shonk is a Canadian singer-songwriter. She received a Juno Award nomination for Adult Alternative Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2019 for her self-titled debut album.

The daughter of an American father and a Québécois mother, Shonk was born in Providence, Rhode Island and raised in Quebec City. Although fluently bilingual, she writes songs almost entirely in English, which she attributes to having been influenced primarily by anglophone rather than francophone music. Her album does, however, include three French-language songs co-written with Patrick Sauvageau.

She was a competitor on the second season of TVA's La Voix in 2014, but was eliminated from the competition after losing a duel round to Mathieu Lavoie. She released her debut album in late 2017. During the same period, she recorded a cover of Beyoncé's "Halo" for the soundtrack to the Cirque du Soleil show Crystal.

Québécois people
Québécois (French pronunciation: [kebekwa] ⓘ; also known as Quebecers or Quebeckers in English) are people associated with Quebec. The term is most often used in reference to either descendants of the French settlers in Quebec or people of any ethnicity who live and trace their origins to the province of Quebec.

Self-identification as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as French Canadians and as Canadiens before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well. A majority in the House of Commons of Canada in 2006 approved a motion by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, which stated that the Québécois are a nation within a united Canada. Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.
Lecythis pisonis
Lecythis pisonis, the cream nut or monkey pot, is a tropical tree in the Brazil nut family Lecythidaceae. It is known in its native tropical America as sapucaia or castanha-de-sapucaia. The fruit is shaped like a cooking pot and contains edible seeds.

Lecythidaceae
The Lecythidaceae (/ˌlɛsɪθɪˈdeɪsiː/ LESS-ith-ih-DAY-see) comprise a family of about 30 genera and 250–300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America, Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and Australia.

Well known members of the family include the cannonball tree (Couroupita guianensis) and the edible Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa).
2000 Epsom Derby
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The 2000 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Saturday 10 June 2000. It was the 221st running of the Derby, and it was won by Sinndar. The winner was ridden by Johnny Murtagh and trained by John Oxx. The pre-race favourite Beat Hollow finished third.

John Oxx
John M. Oxx (born 14 July 1950) is a retired Irish trainer of thoroughbred racehorses. By the end of the 2009 season Oxx had trained 35 Group One winners over his career, including the winners of 11 Classic races. He is best known as the trainer of Sinndar and Sea The Stars.

Oxx has been widely praised for the care and undemonstrative authority with which he approaches the training and racing of his horses.
 He is particularly known for being highly selective when choosing when and where his horses will run.
Sant'Agrippino a Forcella
Sant'Agrippino a Forcella is a church located on Via Forcella in Naples, Italy.
A church at the site may have been present since the fifth century, but we have documentation of a consecration during the papacy of pope Clement IV in 1265-1268.

The church retains some Gothic architecture details in the apse, but the remainder of the church demonstrates the Baroque reconstructions (1758) by Nicola Tagliacozzi Canale. The exterior 14th century portal was designed by the Pisan Antonio di Chelino, pupil of Donatello.

Interior

Gothic portal

Pope Clement IV
Pope Clement IV (Latin: Clemens IV; c. 23 November 1190 – 29 November 1268), born Gui Foucois (Latin: Guido Falcodius; French: Guy de Foulques or Guy Foulques) and also known as Guy le Gros (French for "Guy the Fat"; Italian: Guido il Grosso), was Bishop of Le Puy (1257–1260), Archbishop of Narbonne (1259–1261), Cardinal of Sabina (1261–1265), and head of the Catholic Church from 5 February 1265 until his death. His election as pope occurred at a conclave held at Perugia that lasted four months while cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles I of Anjou, the youngest brother of Louis IX of France, to carry on the papal war against the Hohenstaufens. Pope Clement was a patron of Thomas Aquinas and of Roger Bacon, encouraging Bacon in the writing of his Opus Majus, which included important treatises on optics and the scientific method.
Soma Solar Power Station
The Soma Solar Power Station is a planned 150 megawatts solar power plant in Gambia. The two lead developers of this renewable energy infrastructure are the Government of Gambia and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The World Bank and the European Investment Bank, have jointly committed US$164 million in loans towards this development.

Banjul
Banjul (UK: /bænˈdʒuːl/, US: /ˈbɑːndʒuːl/), officially the City of Banjul, is the capital city of The Gambia. The city of Banjul is located on St Mary's Island (Banjul Island), which is in the Gambia River where it enters the Atlantic Ocean.

The population of the city proper is 26,461, with the Greater Banjul Area, which includes the City of Banjul and the Kanifing municipality, at a population of 405,809 (2024 census). The island is connected to the mainland to the west and the rest of Greater Banjul Area via bridges. There are also ferries linking Banjul to the mainland at the other side of the river.

From the 19th century until 24 April 1973, the city was known as Bathurst.
Voice (An Acoustic Collection)
Voice (An Acoustic Collection) is a 2010 acoustic album from Delerium's past singles and tracks from previous albums.

The album also includes three new tracks: "Send Me An Angel", "Too Late, Farewell" and "Vienna".

"Voice" was also released as an EP included for free and exclusively with the Sonic Seducer magazine issue 10 of 2010 in Germany.

Leigh Nash
Leigh Anne Bingham Nash (/liː/ LEE; born June 27, 1976) is an American singer and songwriter. She is best known as the lead vocalist of the Christian alternative rock band Sixpence None the Richer, and was also a member of the musical collective Fauxliage. Her debut solo album, Blue on Blue, was released in August 2006, followed by two additional solo albums in 2011 and 2015. Nash has received two Grammy Award nominations: Best Rock Gospel Album in 1998 and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1999.
Pep Rally (song)
"Pep Rally" is a song by American rapper Missy Elliott. It was released by The Goldmind Inc. and Atlantic Records on February 7, 2016, as a promotional single. The song is heard in a commercial for Amazon's Echo speaker, which features Elliott as well as actors Alec Baldwin and Jason Schwartzman. "Pep Rally" is also featured in a 2019 Gatorade commercial with Dwyane Wade and Gabrielle Union.

Gatorade
Gatorade is a brand of sports drinks owned and manufactured by PepsiCo and is distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was developed in 1965 by a team of researchers at the University of Florida led by Robert Cade. It was originally made for the school's student-athletes, the Gators, to replenish the carbohydrates that they burned and the combination of water and electrolytes that they lost in sweat during vigorous sports activities. Stokely-Van Camp acquired the rights to produce and market the Gatorade brand in 1965 before the company was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, which, in turn, was bought by PepsiCo in 2001.

As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo's fourth-largest brand, on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It competes with Coca-Cola's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide, and with Lucozade in the United Kingdom. Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 61.6% of market share in the sports drink category as of 2025.
Olga Rubin
Olga Rubin (Hebrew: אולגה רובין, Russian: Ольга Рубин; born August 18, 1989) is a Russian-born Israeli female mixed martial artist who competes in the Bantamweight and Featherweight divisions. A professional since 2016, she fought in Bellator MMA, most notably fighting for the Bellator Women's Featherweight World Championship.

Invicta Fighting Championships
Invicta Fighting Championships, also known as Invicta FC, is an American professional mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion dedicated to women's mixed martial arts  that was founded in 2012 by Janet Martin and Shannon Knapp. The promotion is currently owned by the Canadian-based Anthem Sports & Entertainment.

The company's name comes from the Latin word for "invincible and incomparable", which appears in the feminine form.
George Parsons Trophy
The George Parsons Trophy is awarded annually to the player judged to be the most sportsmanlike at the Memorial Cup tournament. It was first awarded in 1974. The trophy is named for George Parsons, a former Ontario Hockey Association player whose career was ended prematurely in 1939, due to an eye injury in a National Hockey League game. Parsons appeared in the 1933 Memorial Cup as a member of the West Toronto Nationals, and the 1934 Memorial Cup as a member of the Toronto Young Rangers. Parsons later became involved with CCM hockey, helping to develop hockey helmets and facial protection for player safety, that were approved by the Canadian Standards Association and endorsed by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association in 1976.

Canadian Amateur Hockey Association
The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA; French: Association canadienne de hockey amateur) was the national governing body of amateur ice hockey in Canada from 1914 until 1994, when it merged with Hockey Canada. Its jurisdiction included senior ice hockey leagues and the Allan Cup, junior ice hockey leagues and the Memorial Cup, amateur minor ice hockey leagues in Canada, and choosing the representative of the Canada men's national ice hockey team.
March 24 strike
On March 24, 1976, the Congolese Trade Union Confederation (CSC) organized a major strike. The strike was called in the back-drop of a helicopter accident in which the president, Marien Ngouabi, was injured. The CSC demanded the rehabilitation of the Central Committee of the Congolese Party of Labour.

The strike was violently repressed by the regime. Several key personalities, such as Pascal Lissouba (former Prime Minister), Pierre Nzé (former second-in-command in the party hierarchy), Anatole Kondo (general secretary of CSC) and Jean-Jules Okabando (leader of the Congolese Socialist Youth Union), were arrested. However, there had been no clear linkages between Lissouba and the other three arrested personalities. Once Ngouabi reassumed power from the interim leader, Jean-Pierre Thystère-Tchicaya, the four were sent for re-education in the villages and spared from imprisonment.

Congolese Party of Labour
The Congolese Party of Labour (French: Parti congolais du travail, PCT) is the ruling party of the Republic of the Congo. Founded in 1969 by Marien Ngouabi, it was originally a pro-Soviet, Marxist–Leninist vanguard party which founded the People's Republic of the Congo. It took a more moderate left-wing stance following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and adopted social democracy as its principal ideology in 2006, as well as democratic socialism and left-wing populism. Denis Sassou Nguesso is the President of the PCT Central Committee, and Pierre Moussa is the Secretary-General of the PCT.