hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vozzhayevka air base
Vozzhayevka (also Vozzhayevka Northeast (US)) is an air base in Amur Oblast, Russia located about 100 km southeast of Blagoveshchensk.  It is a medium-sized air base located near an SS-11 missile field at Svobodnyy.  During the 1980s it was one of 17 airfields hosting the Soviet Union's tactical reconnaissance aircraft regiments.

Units stationed at Vozzhayevka included the 293rd Independent Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (293 ORAP) and the 56th Aviation Regiment of Fighter-Bombers (56 APIB) flying Sukhoi Su-17M3R (ASCC: Fitter) aircraft in the late 1980s and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 (NATO: Foxbat) until 1987. The regiment was part of the 1st Air Army in the Far East Military District.

1st Air Army
The 1st Air Army (Russian: 1-я воздушная армия) was an Air Army in the Soviet Air Force which served during World War II. It was formed on May 10, 1942, within the Soviet Western Front, and renamed the 26th Air Army on January 10, 1949, in the Belorussian Military District.

After the war, it was reformed on July 1, 1957, and was active until 1998.
Percy Amoils
Selig Percy Amoils OMS FRCS, born 1933, is a South African ophthalmologist and biomedical engineering inventor. In 1965, Amoils refined the cryoextraction method of cataract surgery by developing a cryoprobe that was cooled through the Joule-Thomson effect of gas expansion. His system is still widely used in the fields of ophthalmology and gynaecology.

Amoils was also awarded a patent for his "rotary epithelial scrubber", an improvement on the brush first developed by Ioannis Pallikaris that removes corneal epithelial cells in preparation for photorefractive keratectomy. 
Another development of his in 1970, was the diamond vitrectomy cutter, various instruments enabling micro-control of blade depth in radial keratotomy, as well as the oval comparator, or astigmometer, to control astigmatism after cataract surgery.

Demographics of South Africa
According to the 2022 census, the population of South Africa is about 62 million people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions, with a majority being Black Africans. The South African National Census of 2022 was the most recent census held; the next will be in 2032.

In 2011, Statistics South Africa counted 2.1 million foreigners in total. Reports suggest that is an underestimation. The real figure may be as high as five million, including some three million Zimbabweans.
Arthur Burton Gahan
Arthur Burton Gahan (9 December 1880 — 23 May 1960) was an American entomologist who was a specialist on parasitic Hymenoptera particularly the Chalcidoidea.

Gahan was born in Kansas and went to Kansas State College where he graduated in 1903. He then studied entomology at the Maryland Agricultural College and received an M.S. in 1906 and then worked there as an entomologist. In 1913 he moved to the US Department of Agriculture and worked at the US National Museum and became a specialist on the Chalcidoidea. He was also a coach for the University of Maryland basketball team.

Chalcid wasp
Chalcid wasps (/ˈkælsɪd/, from Greek  khalkos 'copper', for their metallic colour) are insects within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, part of the order Hymenoptera. The superfamily contains some 22,500 known species, and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species, meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described. The name "chalcid" is often confused with the name "chalcidid", though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family, the Chalcididae, rather than the superfamily as a whole; accordingly, most recent publications (e.g.,) use the name "chalcidoid" when referring to members of the superfamily.

Most chalcid wasps are parasitoids of other insects, though other life styles are known, with the herbivorous fig wasps acting as pollinators. Various species are used as biological pest control agents or in scientific research.
Ketilidian orogeny
The Ketilidian orogeny was a late Paleoproterozoic mountain-building event that affected southern Greenland during the period 1.85 to 1.72 Ga. The orogenic belt formed during this event, sometimes known as the Ketilidian mobile belt, forms the southern boundary to the mainly Archaean North Atlantic Craton. The belt is 250–350 km wide, much of it covered by ice. It is correlated with the Makkovik Province in Labrador, Canada, which has a similar history.

Paleoproterozoic
The Paleoproterozoic Era (also spelled Palaeoproterozoic) is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic eon, and also the longest era of the Earth's geological history, spanning from 2,500 to 1,600 million years ago (2.5–1.6 Ga). It is further subdivided into four geologic periods, namely the Siderian, Rhyacian, Orosirian and Statherian.

Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth's rotational rate ~1.8 billion years ago equated to 20-hour days, implying a total of ~450 days per year. It was during this era that the continents first stabilized.
Cayley Illingworth
Cayley Illingworth FRS  (11 April 1759, in Nottingham – 23 August 1823, in Scampton) was Archdeacon of Stow from 1808 until his death.

Illingworth was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge  and ordained in 1782. He held livings at Barrow upon Humber, Epworth and Scampton. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity (DD).

Epworth, Lincolnshire
Epworth is a market town and civil parish on the Isle of Axholme, in North Lincolnshire, England. The town lies on the A161, about halfway between Goole and Gainsborough. As the birthplace of John Wesley and Charles Wesley, it has given its name to multiple institutions associated with Methodism. Their father, Samuel Wesley, was the rector from 1695 to 1735.
Navajo Mountain
Navajo Mountain (Navajo: Naatsisʼáán meaning "Earth Head") is a peak in San Juan County, Utah, with its southern flank extending into Coconino County, Arizona, in the United States. It holds an important place in the traditions of three local Native American tribes. The summit is the highest point on the Navajo Nation.

Coconino County, Arizona
Coconino County is a county in the  North-Central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. Its population was 145,101 at the 2020 census. The county seat is Flagstaff. The county takes its name from Cohonino, a name applied to the Havasupai people. It is the second-largest county by area in the contiguous United States, behind San Bernardino County, California. It has 18,661 sq mi (48,332 km2), or 16.4% of Arizona's total area, and is larger than the nine smallest states in the U.S.

Coconino County comprises the Flagstaff metropolitan statistical area, Grand Canyon National Park, the federally recognized Havasupai Nation, and parts of the federally recognized Navajo, Hualapai, and Hopi nations. As a result, its relatively large Native American population makes up nearly 30% of the county's total population; it is mostly Navajo, with smaller numbers of other tribes.

The county was the setting for George Herriman's early 20th-century Krazy Kat comic strip.
Słupsk Bank
The Słupsk Bank, formerly known as the Stolpe Bank (after the former German name Stolp of the now Polish city of Słupsk) is a bank in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Poland at about 54°58′N 16°36′E﻿ / ﻿54.967°N 16.600°E﻿ / 54.967; 16.600.

According to the 1917 Baltic Pilot, the bank is "situated 16 miles northward of Stolpmünde, is about 24 miles long east and west and 10 miles broad. It has on the greater part of it general depths of 5.5 to 10 fathoms [10 to 18 m], sand; the shoalest part is the northwestern, where there are several patches with from 4.25 to 5 fathoms [8 to 9 m] water, and at the western end, where there is a depth of 5.5  fathoms [10 m]. On the southeastern edge of the bank the water deepens suddenly to 16 and 18 fathoms [29 and 33 m] and on the other edges gradually."

It lies within the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone and is best known for its gravel deposits, yielding nearly 3,000,000 m3 (3,900,000 cu yd) of gravel during 1985–2003.

Fathom
A fathom is a unit of length in the imperial and U.S. customary systems equal to 6 feet (1.8288 m), used especially for measuring the depth of water. The fathom is neither an international standard (SI) unit, nor an internationally accepted non-SI unit. Historically, it was the maritime measure of depth in the English-speaking world but, apart from within the US, charts now use metres.

There are two yards (6 feet) in an imperial fathom. Originally the span of a man's outstretched arms, the size of a fathom has varied slightly depending on whether it was defined as a thousandth of an (Admiralty) nautical mile or as a multiple of the imperial yard. Formerly, the term was used for any of several units of length varying around 5–5+1⁄2 feet (1.5–1.7 m).
Juhan Kalm
Juhan Kalm (1884–1953) was an Estonian farmer, agronomist and politician.

Kalm was born on 19 March 1884 in Saadjärve in Tartu County and worked as a farmer and agronomist. He was elected to the Estonian Provincial Assembly, which governed the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia between 1917 and 1919; he served for the whole term, but did not sit in the newly formed Republic of Estonia's Asutav Kogu (Constituent Assembly) or Riigikogu (Parliament). Kalm died in Canada on 17 July 1953.

Estonian Provincial Assembly
The Estonian Provincial Assembly or Estonian State Diet, also known by its Estonian language name Maapäev, was elected in May–June 1917 during the Russian Revolution as the provincial parliament (diet) of the autonomous Governorate of Estonia. On 28 November 1917, after the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd (then Saint Petersburg, capital of Russia), the Assembly declared itself the sole sovereign power in the governorate of Estonia and called for the elections of Estonian Constituent Assembly. On the eve of the German occupation of Estonia during World War I the council of elders the Maapäev elected the Estonian Salvation Committee, who went on to issue the Estonian Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918.
Neumeister
Neumeister is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Neumeister (born 1941), German industrial designer

Ed Neumeister (born 1952), American jazz composer and trombonist

Erdmann Neumeister (1671–1756), German Lutheran pastor and hymnologist

Frank Neumeister, German coxswain

Otto C. Neumeister (1866–1938), American businessman, pharmacist and politician

Johann Gottfried Neumeister (1757–1840), author of the so-called Neumeister Collection, a compilation of chorale preludes  composed, among others, by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Alexander Neumeister
Alexander Neumeister (born 17 December 1941) is a German industrial designer from Berlin. He studied at the Ulm School of Design. He gained recognition for his designs of the ICE and Transrapid for which he received the German Design Award. The brand ICE has 100% recognition in Germany.
He also designed Japanese Shinkansen trains including the 500 Series Shinkansen, the German DMU "Talent" and the "C-Wagen" of the Munich subway.

In 1970, he founded N+P Industrial Design. He left the company in 2012.
Dejan Vukčević
Dejan Vukčević (Serbian: Дејан Вукчевић, born 9 December 1982) is a Montenegrin martial artist who represents his native country Montenegro in sport jujitsu and at the amateur level in judo.

He is by profession a member of a Special Anti-terrorist Unit. On 11 December 2018, upon winning the 2018 World Seniors Championship in Malmo, Sweden, he was awarded the gold medal by the then sports minister Nikola Janović.

Nicknamed Golijat for his huge frame, he began with judo as a child. However, he has never reached the highest international level in this Olympic sport.

In 2009, his home city Podgorica hosted the European championships in sport jujitsu, and he was part of the Montenegrin ju-jitsu team for the first time at age 27. Under coach Miloš Ašanin he soon became one of the best jutsukas in the heavyweight category.

He is a three-time individual world champion – 2015, 2017, and 2018 in discipline fighting system, +94 kg weight category.

Olympic sports
Olympic sports are sports that are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2024 Summer Olympics included 32 sports; the 2022 Winter Olympics included seven sports. Each Olympic sport is represented at the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by an international governing body called an International Federation (IF).

The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo saw the introduction of four new sports, with karate, skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing making their Olympic debuts. Breakdancing made its debut at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, and ski mountaineering made its debut at the 2026 Winter Olympics in Italy. Flag football and squash will make their debuts at the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, while cricket and lacrosse will return after long absences.
Ribeira Julião
Ribeira Julião is a village in the central part of the island of Sao Vicente, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 611. It is situated in the valley of the stream Ribeira de Julião, south of the island capital Mindelo, 3.5 km from the city centre. An adjacent neighbourhood of Mindelo is named Ribeira de Julião (population 1,247 at the 2010 census).

Mindelo
Mindelo is a port city in the northern part of the island of São Vicente in Cape Verde. Mindelo is also the seat of the parish of Nossa Senhora da Luz, and the municipality of São Vicente. The city is home to 93% of the entire island's population and is Cape Verde's second most populous city and largest city in Barlavento Islands. Mindelo is also considered the cultural capital of Cape Verde, known for its colourful and animated carnival celebrations, with roots in Portuguese traditions later influenced by the Brazilian culture.
Kashiwagi Castle
Kashiwagi Castle (柏木城, Kashiwagi-jō)  was a yamajiro-style Japanese castle located in the village of  Kitashiobara, Yama District, Fukushima Prefecture, in the southern part of the Tōhoku region of Japan. The ruins were designated a National Historic Site in 2022.

Yama District, Fukushima
Yama (Japanese: 耶麻郡, Yama-gun) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2008, the district has an estimated population of 31,175 and a density of 31.6 persons per km2. The total area is 986.763 km2.
Jay Kumar Rai
Jay Kumar Rai (also Jaya Kumar Rai) is a Nepali communist politician and a member of the House of Representatives of the federal parliament of Nepal. He won his seat from Sunsari-1 constituency representing CPN UML of the left alliance. This is the first time he has been elected to parliament. He defeated his nearest rival Ashok Kumar Rai, acquiring more than double the votes received by the latter. He received 44,528 votes to Ashok Rai's 22,123.

He is a member of the House Finance Committee and represents Nepal Communist Party in the parliament.

Sunsari District
Sunsari District is one of 14 districts in Koshi province of eastern Nepal. The district is located in the eastern part of the Outer Terai and covers an area of 1,257 km2 (485 sq mi).
According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population was 753,328. The district headquarters is located in Inaruwa.

The area was originally part of Morang District but became its own district in 1962 when Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts.
Major cities in Sunsari district are Inaruwa, Itahari, Jhumka, Dharan, and Duhabi. Some religious places of this district are Budha Subba Temple, Ramdhuni, Chataradham, Baraha, Bishnupaduka, Dantakali, and Pindeshor Babadham.

The lowlands of Limbuwan, present day Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa Districts was collectively known as Morang District since the time of King Mung Mawrong Hang of the 7th century.
Yicheng Road station
Yicheng Road (simplified Chinese: 驿城路; traditional Chinese: 驛城路) is a metro station of Line 19 of the Hangzhou Metro in China. It is located in Shangcheng District of Hangzhou. The station was opened on 30 November 2023. It will be an interchange station of Line 18 and Line 19, which Line 18 is under construction and hoped to be opened on 2028.

Hangzhou Metro
The Hangzhou Metro (Chinese: 杭州地铁) is a rapid transit system that serves Hangzhou, the capital city of Zhejiang province, China. The system opened on November 24, 2012. It is the 17th city in China to operate a rapid transit system.
Eslanda Goode Robeson
Eslanda "Essie" Cardozo Goode Robeson (December 15, 1895 – December 13, 1965) was an American anthropologist, author, actress, and civil rights activist. She was the wife and business manager of performer Paul Robeson.

Council on African Affairs
The Council on African Affairs (CAA), until 1941 called the International Committee on African Affairs (ICAA), was a volunteer organization founded in 1937 in the United States. It emerged as the leading voice of anti-colonialism and Pan-Africanism in the United States and internationally before Cold War anti-communism and liberalism created too much strife among members; the organization split in 1955. The split was also precipitated by co-founder Max Yergan's abandonment of left-wing politics; he advocated colonial rule in Africa.
Integral linear operator
In mathematical analysis, an integral linear operator is a linear operator T given by integration; i.e.,

where  is called an integration kernel.

More generally, an integral bilinear form is a bilinear functional that belongs to the continuous dual space of , the injective tensor product of the locally convex topological vector spaces (TVSs) X and Y. An integral linear operator is a continuous linear operator that arises in a canonical way from an integral bilinear form.

These maps play an important role in the theory of nuclear spaces and nuclear maps.

Transpose
In linear algebra, transposition is an operation that flips a matrix over its diagonal; that is, transposition switches the row and column indices of the matrix A to produce another matrix, called the transpose of A and often denoted AT (among other notations).

The transpose of a matrix was introduced in 1858 by the British mathematician Arthur Cayley.
Douglas Dalton
Douglas Dalton QSO OStJ (18 January 1913 – 28 July 1995) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He was educated at Nelson Park Primary School and then Napier Technical College. A prop and hooker, Dalton represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1935 to 1938. He played 21 matches for the All Blacks including nine internationals. He later served as the Hawke's Bay selector between 1946 and 1948, and was also a North Island selector.

Active in the St John's Ambulance Association, Dalton was appointed as a Serving Brother of the Order of St John in 1966, and promoted to Officer of the same order in 1971. He was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service in the 1976 New Year Honours.

Dalton died in Napier on 28 July 1995, and was buried at Taradale Cemetery.

1976 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1976 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were announced on 1 January 1976 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1976.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.
Philip Kassel
Philip Kassel (September 22, 1876 – May 25, 1959) was an American gymnast and track and field athlete who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. He was born in the German Empire. In 1904 he won the gold medal in the team event. He was also 6th in athletics' triathlon event, 11th in gymnastics' all-around competition and 19th in gymnastics' triathlon event.

1904 Summer Olympics
The 1904 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the III Olympiad and also known as St. Louis 1904) were an international multi-sport event held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from 1 July to 23 November 1904. Many events were conducted at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis. This was the first time that the Olympic Games were held outside Europe.

Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and difficulties in traveling to St. Louis resulted in very few top-class athletes from outside the United States and Canada taking part in the 1904 Games. Only 69–74 of the 651 athletes who competed came from outside North America, and only between 12 and 15 nations were represented in all. Some events subsequently combined the U.S. national championship with the Olympic championship. The current three-medal format of gold, silver and bronze for first, second and third place was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.
Baptist Community of the Congo River
The Baptist Community of the Congo River (French: Communauté Baptiste du Fleuve Congo) is a Baptist Christian denomination in Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is affiliated with the Church of Christ in the Congo and the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters is in Kinshasa.

Baptist World Alliance
The Baptist World Alliance (BWA) is an international communion of Baptists, with an estimated 53 million people from 283 member bodies in 138 countries and territories as of 2025. A voluntary association of Baptist churches, the BWA accounts for about half the Baptists in the world, becoming Christianity's seventh-largest communion (see list of Christian denominations by membership).

The BWA was founded in 1905 in London during an international congress of Baptist churches. Its headquarters are in Falls Church, Virginia, United States. It is led by general secretary and CEO Elijah M. Brown, Karl Johnson of the Jamaica Baptist Union, Chair of the Alliance and Lynn Green of the Baptist Union of Great Britain, Vice Chair.
Offspring
In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs, or to all offspring produced over time, as with the honeybee.  Offspring can occur after mating, artificial insemination, or as a result of cloning.

Human offspring (descendants) are referred to as children; male children are sons and female children are daughters (see Kinship).

Clutch (eggs)
A clutch of eggs is the group of eggs produced by birds, amphibians, or reptiles, often at a single time, particularly those laid in a nest.

In birds, destruction of a clutch by predators (or removal by humans, for example the California condor breeding program) results in double-clutching. The technique is used to double the production of a species' eggs, in the California condor case, specifically to increase population size.
Esther Bejarano
Esther Béjarano (née Löwy; 15 December 1924 – 10 July 2021) was one of the last survivors of the Auschwitz concentration camp. She survived because she was a player in the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz. She was active in various ways, including speeches and in music, in keeping the memory of the Holocaust alive. She was a regular speaker at the International Youth Meeting organised yearly at the Max Mannheimer Study Center in Dachau.

Dachau, Bavaria
Dachau (German pronunciation: [ˈdaxaʊ] ⓘ) is a town in the Upper Bavaria district of Bavaria, a state in the southern part of Germany.  It is a major district town—a Große Kreisstadt—of the administrative region of Upper Bavaria, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) north-west of Munich.  It is now a popular residential area for people working in Munich, with roughly 45,000 inhabitants.  The historic centre of town with its 18th-century castle is situated on an elevation and visible over a great distance.

Dachau was founded in the 9th century.  It was home to many artists during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; well-known author and editor Ludwig Thoma lived here for two years.  The town is known for its proximity to the Dachau concentration camp, operated by Nazi Germany between 1933 until 1945, in which tens of thousands of prisoners died.