hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2MASS
The Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) was an astronomical survey of the whole sky in infrared light. It took place between 1997 and 2001, in two different locations: at the U.S. Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins, Arizona, and at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, each using a 1.3-meter telescope for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. It was conducted in the short-wavelength infrared at three distinct frequency bands (J, H, and K) near 2 micrometres, from which the photometric survey with its HgCdTe detectors derives its name.

2MASS produced an astronomical catalog with over 300 million observed objects, including minor planets of the Solar System, brown dwarfs, low-mass stars, nebulae,  star clusters and galaxies. In addition, 1 million objects were cataloged in the 2MASS Extended Source Catalog (2MASX). The cataloged objects are designated with a "2MASS" and "2MASX" prefix, respectively.

K band (infrared)
In infrared astronomy, the K band is an atmospheric transmission window centered on 2.2 μm (in the near-infrared 136 THz range). HgCdTe-based detectors are typically preferred for observing in this band.

Photometric systems used in astronomy are sets of filters or detectors that have well-defined windows of absorption, based around a central peak detection frequency and where the edges of the detection window are typically reported where sensitivity drops below 50% of peak. Various organizations have defined systems with various peak frequencies and cutoffs in the K band, including K′, and KS, and Kdark.
M1903
M1903, meaning Model of 1903, can refer to a number of different pieces of equipment

M1903 Springfield rifle

FN Model 1903

Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer

Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

3-inch gun M1903

6-inch gun M1903

Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless
The Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless is a .32 ACP (7.65mm Browning) caliber, self-loading, semi-automatic pistol designed by John Browning and built by Colt Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut.

The Colt Model 1908 Pocket Hammerless is a variant introduced five years later in .380 ACP (9mm Short) caliber. Despite the title "hammerless", the Model 1908 does have a hammer. The hammer is covered and hidden from view under the rear of the slide, which allows the pistol to be carried in and withdrawn from a pocket quickly and smoothly without snagging.
Furusato (Morning Musume song)
"Furusato" (ふるさと, Hometown) is the sixth single of the J-pop idol group Morning Musume, released on July 14, 1999 as an 8 cm CD. It has sold over 170,670 copies and reached number five on the Oricon Charts. In 2004 it was re-released as part of the Early Single Box and again in 2005 as a 12 cm CD. The lead vocalist of this single was Natsumi Abe.

Furusato has since become a Morning Musume/Hello! Project standard, with many Morning Musume members having sung their own solo versions. As of September 2005, versions by Nozomi Tsuji, Mari Yaguchi, Ai Takahashi and Risa Niigaki were released to fan club members, while Yuko Nakazawa has done an acoustic version on her second solo album, Natsumi Abe has re-recorded it for her 2004 solo album Hitoribocchi and Junjun sang it as her graduation song on December 15, 2010.

Hello! Project
Hello! Project (Japanese: ハロー!プロジェクト, Hepburn: Harō! Purojekuto) is a Japanese musical collective consisting of all female recording artists and groups under Up-Front Promotion, a subsidiary of Up-Front Group. The name was initially used as Michiyo Heike and Morning Musume's fan club name in 1999, but has since then been used to represent all female recording artists at Up-Front Promotion. Until 2014, their songs were primarily produced by Tsunku.

Hello! Project's main acts consist of Morning Musume, Angerme, Juice=Juice, Camellia Factory, Beyooooonds, Ocha Norma and Rosy Chronicle. Notable acts in the past associated with Hello! Project include Aya Matsuura, Maki Goto, Mini-Moni, W, Melon Kinenbi, Berryz Kobo, Cute, Country Girls and Magnolia Factory.
Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler is a researcher and an academic. She is a senior professor in the Department of Genetics at the Federal University of Paraná.

Petzl-Erler's research on human genetic diversity is focused on population genetics, microevolution, and complex diseases. She is most known for her work in the field of pemphigus genetics and immunogenetics. She collaborated with other scientists to investigate the arrival and migration of humans on the American continent during pre-historic times and participated in pharmacogenetic studies.

Microevolution
Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population. This change is due to four different processes: mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow and genetic drift. This change happens over a relatively short (in evolutionary terms) amount of time compared to the changes termed macroevolution.

Population genetics is the branch of biology that provides the mathematical structure for the study of the process of microevolution. Ecological genetics concerns itself with observing microevolution in the wild. Typically, observable instances of evolution are examples of microevolution; for example, bacterial strains that have antibiotic resistance.

Microevolution provides the raw material for macroevolution.
Roch Lanctôt
Roch Lanctôt (January 30, 1866 – May 30, 1929) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Saint-Constant, Canada East, Lanctôt was educated at the University of Ottawa. A farmer by occupation, he was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Laprairie—Napierville in the general elections of 1904. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1908, 1911, 1917, 1921, 1925, and 1926. He died in office in 1929.

1911 Canadian federal election
The 1911 Canadian federal election was held on September 21, 1911, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 12th Parliament of Canada.

The central issue was Liberal support for a proposed agreement with the United States president William Howard Taft to lower tariffs. The Conservative Party denounced it with claims it would weaken ties with Britain, hurt the Canadian economy and Canadian identity, and lead to American annexation of Canada. The idea of a Canadian Navy was also an issue.

The Conservatives won, and Robert Borden became the eighth prime minister. The election ended 15 years of government by the Liberal Party of Wilfrid Laurier.
Gade (surname)
Gade is a famous surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexandra Gade (born 1974), nuclear physicist

Fredrik Georg Gade (businessman) (1830–1905), Norwegian businessman

Fredrik Georg Gade (1855–1933), Norwegian physician

Fredrik Herman Gade (1871–1943), Norwegian diplomat

Herman Gerhard Gade (1870–1953), Norwegian physician

John Allyne Gade (1875–1955), American architect, naval officer, diplomat and author

Ludvig Gade (1823–1897), Danish dancer and mime

Niels Wilhelm Gade (1817–1890), Danish composer and musician

Jacob Gade (1879–1963), Danish violinist and composer of Tango Jalousie

Peter Gade (born 1976), Danish badminton player

Per Gade (born 1977), Danish footballer

Mary Gade, director of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency from 1991 to 1999, and plaintiff in Gade v. National Solid Wastes Mgt. Ass'n

Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Ass'n
Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Association, 505 U.S. 88 (1992), is a United States labor law case of the United States Supreme Court. The Court determined that federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations preempted various Illinois provisions for licensing workers who handled hazardous waste materials.
Daniel Langre
Daniel Langre (born 7 March 1981) is a Mexican former professional tennis player.

Born and raised in Mexico City, Langre was national junior champion in multiple age groups and as a doubles player was a world number six ITF Junior. He played collegiate tennis for the USC Trojans and was a member of the 2002 NCAA Division I championship team. On the professional tour, he won one singles and three doubles titles at the ITF Futures level. In 2004, he represented Mexico in a Davis Cup tie against Jamaica, winning both his singles and doubles rubbers. He made the doubles semi-finals of a 2005 Challenger in Mexico City with his 37-year-old coach Leonardo Lavalle.

ITF Men's World Tennis Tour
The ITF Men's World Tennis Tour (formerly ITF Men's Circuit) is a series of professional tennis tournaments held around the world that are organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  The tour represents the lowest rung of the men's professional tennis ladder.  ITF tournaments are incorporated into the ATP rankings, enabling young professionals to progress on to the ATP Challenger Tour and ultimately the full ATP Tour.  Nearly every professional male player has spent some time on the ITF Men's World Tennis Tour.
IBM Laboratory Vienna
IBM Laboratory Vienna was an IBM research laboratory based in Vienna, Austria.

The laboratory started with a group led by Heinz Zemanek that moved from the Technische Hochschule (now the Technical University of Vienna). Initially, the group worked on computer hardware projects. Later a compiler for the ALGOL 60 programming language was produced. The group built on ideas of Calvin C. Elgot, Peter Landin, and John McCarthy, to create an operational semantics that could define the whole of IBM's PL/I programming language. The meta-language used for this was dubbed by people outside the laboratory as the Vienna Definition Language (VDL). These descriptions were used for compiler design research into compiler design during 1968–70.

The formal method VDM (Vienna Development Method) was a result of research at the laboratory by Dines Bjørner, Cliff Jones, Peter Lucas, and others.

John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. He was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence, and part of just a small group of artificial intelligence researchers in the 1950s and 1960s. He co-authored the proposal for the Dartmouth workshop which coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI), led the development of the symbolic programming language family Lisp and had a large influence in the language ALGOL, popularized time-sharing, and created garbage collection.

McCarthy spent most of his career at Stanford University. He received many accolades and honors, such as the 1971 Turing Award for his contributions to the topic of AI, the United States National Medal of Science, and the Kyoto Prize.
Export Control Reform Act of 2018
The Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA) authorizes the American President to control exports for national security and foreign policy purposes. ECRA is the statutory basis for the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), which are administered by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) in the Department of Commerce.

The act replaced the Export Administration Act of 1979, which expired in 2001. Between 2001 and 2018, the EAR were maintained using the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. Unlike its predecessors, ECRA does not contain a sunset provision and will remain in effect until amended or repealed.

ECRA reversed the decades-long trend toward the liberalization of U.S. export control policy. Whereas the Export Administration Act of 1969 and Export Administration Act of 1979 placed additional limits and introduced new procedural hurdles on the use of controls, ECRA encouraged the expansion of the U.S. export control regime.

Sunset provision
In public policy, a sunset provision or sunset clause is a measure within a statute, regulation, or other law that provides for the law to cease to be effective after a specified date, unless further legislative action is taken to extend it. Unlike most laws that remain in force indefinitely unless they are amended or repealed, sunset provisions have a specified expiration date. Desuetude renders a law invalid after long non-use.
Anil Khandelwal
Anil Khandelwal (born March 16, 1948) is an author, speaker, corporate advisor and a board member. He is currently on the board of Gail (India) Limited and serves as senior advisor at KPMG, a Maharatna company in the public sector.  As an advisor to Corporates, he is also a board member of Centre for Micro Finance, a company promoted by Sir Ratan Tata Trust, and serves on the governing board of National Institute Securities Market (SEBI).

His past experiences include chairman and managing director of Bank of Baroda, a leading public sector bank which he has since retired from, thereafter occupying the position of chairman at Baroda Pioneer Asset Management Company (2008–2011).

KPMG
KPMG International Limited is a British multinational professional services network, headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is one of the Big Four accounting firms, along with Ernst & Young (EY), Deloitte, and PwC. As of December 2024, KPMG comprised 46 firms.

The name "KPMG" stands for "Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler". The initialism was chosen when KMG (Klynveld Main Goerdeler) merged with Peat Marwick in 1987.

KPMG has three divisions: financial audit, tax, and consulting. Its tax and advisory services are further divided into various service groups. In the 21st century, various parts of the firm's global network of affiliates have been involved in regulatory actions as well as lawsuits.
Ingunn Bollerud
Ingunn Bollerud (born 16 November 1972) is a Norwegian former cyclist. She was born in Nes municipality in Akershus. She won the Norwegian National Road Race Championship in 1996.

She competed at the 1992, 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics.

Norwegian National Road Race Championships
The Norwegian National Road Race Championships, have been held annually with an event for each category of rider; Men, Women, junior riders & under 23 riders, since 1946. The event also includes the Norwegian National Time Trial Championships and the Norwegian National Criterium Championships.

The winners of each event are awarded with a symbolic cycling jersey featuring the Norwegian flag on the chest, which can be worn by the rider at other road racing events in the country to show their status as national champion. The champion's stripes can be combined into a sponsored rider's team kit design for this purpose.
Joseph Clemens
Joseph Clemens (December 9, 1862 – January 21, 1936) was an American Methodist Episcopalian chaplain, missionary and plant collector who served and worked in South East Asia and elsewhere. He was born in the rugged western English county of Cornwall. Later, his family migrated to Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and then moved to Eichelsburg, Pennsylvania. His father was a Cornish iron miner, Charles Clemens, and his mother, Mary Jane James Clemens. Joe was the only one of five brothers who did not follow the family tradition and become a miner. He also had a sister.

Dickinson College
Dickinson College is a private liberal arts college in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1773 as Carlisle Grammar School, Dickinson was chartered on September 9, 1783, making it the first college to be founded after the formation of the United States. Dickinson was founded by Benjamin Rush, a Founding Father and signer of the Declaration of Independence. The college is named in honor of John Dickinson, a Founding Father who voted to ratify the Constitution and later served as governor of Pennsylvania, and his wife Mary Norris Dickinson, who donated much of their extensive personal libraries to the new college.
Michael Foster (agent)
Michael Adam Foster (born March 1958) is a British former talent agent and politician. He was Chris Evans' agent and has run several talent agencies. He was a Labour donor and Parliamentary candidate, but he left the party after a series of disputes with leader Jeremy Corbyn.

Ross Kemp
Ross James Kemp  (born 21 July 1964) is an English actor, author, reporter and television presenter. He rose to prominence in the role of Grant Mitchell in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. His other roles include Graham Lodsworth in Emmerdale and Detective Inspector Monk in Birds of a Feather. Kemp presented the BAFTA Award–winning documentary television series Ross Kemp on Gangs (2004–2009).
Mittel Site
The Mittel Site (41SL15) is a Late Prehistoric archaeological site located near Eldorado in rural Schleicher County, Texas, on the Edwards Plateau. It includes six rock middens that show evidence of burning, as well as several graves inside a natural sinkhole. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to doline, enclosed depressions that are also known as shakeholes, and to openings where surface water enters into underground passages known as ponor, swallow hole or swallet. A cenote is a type of sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath. Sink and stream sink are more general terms for sites which drain surface water, possibly by infiltration into sediment or crumbled rock.

Most sinkholes are caused by karst processes – the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks, collapse or suffosion processes. Sinkholes are usually circular and vary in size from tens to hundreds of meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
Susan Abulhawa
Susan Abulhawa (Arabic: سوزان أبو الهوى; born 1970) is a Palestinian-American scientist, writer, and activist. She is best known for her novels Mornings in Jenin, The Blue Between Sky and Water (2015), and Against the Loveless World (2020). She is a human rights activist and animal rights advocate, and founded the children's organization Playgrounds for Palestine.

Palestinian Americans
Palestinian Americans (Arabic: فلسطينيو أمريكا, romanized: Filasṭīnīyū Amrīkā) are Americans who are of full or partial Palestinian descent.

There are around 160,000 Palestinian Americans according to the 2023 American Community Survey, making up around 0.05% of the U.S. population.

The Palestinian community is concentrated in the Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Houston, and Detroit metropolitan areas, with other populations in the Los Angeles and San Francisco metropolitan areas. Some Palestinians have emigrated to smaller metropolitan or micropolitan/rural areas, such as Gallup, New Mexico, in the late 20th and 21st century.
Mundig
Mundig (1832–1852) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted from May 1835 to October 1836 he ran ten times and won four races. In May 1835 he recorded his most important success on his racecourse debut when he won The Derby. Mundig was the first Derby winner to be trained in the North of England and the first of five trained at Malton, North Yorkshire by John Scott. Mundig was given a very hard race at Epsom and never reproduced his Derby-winning form: his subsequent successes came in relatively unimportant races. After his retirement he was exported to stand as a stallion in Prussia.

Stud (animal)
A stud animal is a registered animal retained for breeding. The terms for the male of a given animal species (stallion, bull, rooster, etc.) usually imply that the animal is intact—that is, not castrated—and therefore capable of siring offspring. A specialized vocabulary exists for de-sexed animals (gelding, steer, etc.) and those animals used in grading up to a purebred status.

Stud females are generally used to breed further stud animals, but stud males may be used in crossbreeding programs. Both sexes of stud animals are regularly used in artificial breeding programs.

A stud farm, in animal husbandry, is an establishment for selective breeding using stud animals. This results in artificial selection.
1991 Virginia Slims of Florida – Doubles
The defending champions were Jana Novotná and Helena Suková, but chose not to participate. Larisa Neiland and Natasha Zvereva won the title, defeating Meredith McGrath and Anne Smith in the final, 6–4, 7–6(7–3).

Jana Novotná
Jana Novotná (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjana ˈnovotnaː]; 2 October 1968 – 19 November 2017) was a Czech professional tennis player. She was ranked world No. 2 in women's singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) in 1997, and as the world No. 1 in women's doubles for 67 weeks. Novotná won the women's singles title at Wimbledon in 1998, and was runner-up in three other singles majors. She also won twelve major women's doubles titles (completing a double career Grand Slam), four major mixed doubles titles, and three Olympic medals. Novotná played a serve and volley game, an increasingly rare style of play among women during her career.
Golden shiner virus
The golden shiner virus is an aquatic virus that infects a bait fish known as the golden shiner and to a lesser extent, aquatic animals like crustaceans and molluscs. It causes death through a hemorrhagic shock. Symptoms include bleeding from the back eyes and the head. The virus is 70 nm in diameter and replicates best at 20-30 degrees Celsius. The virus has properties similar to those of the pancreatic necrosis virus. This could mean that golden shiners are more susceptible in the summer.

Nanometre
The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) or one thousand millionth (long scale) of a metre (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres. One nanometre can be expressed in scientific notation as 1 × 10−9 m and as ⁠1/1000000000⁠ m.
Billy Mayfair
William Fred Mayfair (born August 6, 1966) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour Champions. He was previously a member of the PGA Tour, where he won five times, including at the 1995 Tour Championship.

U.S. Amateur
The United States Amateur Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Amateur, is the leading annual golf tournament in the United States for amateur golfers. It is organized by the United States Golf Association and is currently held each August over a 7-day period.
Kimsa Chata (Sabaya)
Kimsa Chata (Aymara and Quechua kimsa three, Pukina chata mountain, "three mountains", Hispanicized spelling Quimsa Chata) is a  5,245-metre-high (17,208 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Oruro Department, Sabaya Province, Sabaya Municipality, Negrillos Canton. It lies south-east of the mountain Qillwiri, east of Lliscaya, north-east of Taypi Qullu and  north-west of the Laram Pukara, near the border with Chile.

Oruro Department
Oruro (Spanish pronunciation: [oˈɾuɾo]; Quechua: Uru Uru; Aymara: Ururu) is a department of Bolivia, with an area of 53,588 km2 (20,690 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Oruro. According to the 2012 census, the Oruro department had a population of 494,178.
Sullivan Bay, Victoria
Sullivan Bay lies 60 km (37 mi) due south of Melbourne on Port Phillip, one kilometre (0.6 mi) east of Sorrento, Victoria. It was established as a short-lived convict settlement in 1803 by Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins, who named the bay after the Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, John Sullivan.

The site was chosen because of its strategic location near the entrance of Port Phillip Bay. The settlement is significant because it was the first attempt to settle Europeans permanently in what is now Victoria and was a key link in the expansion of the colony of New South Wales into Tasmania and Victoria, and the control of Bass Strait as a trade route.

Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
The Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was a junior Ministerial post in the United Kingdom government, subordinate to the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.

In 1801 the offices of Under-Secretary of State for War and Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies were merged to create the new office. They were separated again in 1854.