hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
European Youth Olympic Festival
The European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF) is a biennial multi-sport event for youth (14 to 18 years old) athletes from the 50 member countries of the association of European Olympic Committees. The festival has a summer edition, held for the first time in Brussels in 1991, and a winter edition, which began two years later in Aosta. It was known as the European Youth Olympic Days from 1991 to 1999.

Aosta
Aosta (official French: Aoste; Valdôtain: Aoûta) is the principal city of the Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Alps, 110 km (68 mi) north-northwest of Turin, Italy. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel and the Great St Bernard Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great and Little St Bernard Pass routes.
Dominion (angel)
In Christian angelology, dominions or dominations (lat. dominatio, plural dominationes, also translated from the Greek term kyriotētes, pl. of kyriotēs, as "Lordships") are a class of angels. They are mentioned in the Bible, as stated in Colossians 1:16:

"For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him."

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite ranks dominions as 4th in his angelic hierarchy.

Dominions are seen in the Seventh Heaven by Enoch according to the Second Book of Enoch.

Seven heavens
In ancient Near Eastern cosmology, the seven heavens refer to seven firmaments or physical layers located above the open sky. The concept can be found in ancient Mesopotamian religion, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Some traditions complement the seven heavens with an idea of the seven earths or seven underworlds. These heavens or underworlds have been conceived of as realms with deities or celestial bodies (such as the classical planets and fixed stars).

Variants of the seven heavens tradition existed. Ancient Near Eastern cosmology more often described the number of heavens and earths as three, instead of seven. Seven as the number of heavens was the most popular value for Jewish cosmology, but depending on the text, the number ranged from 3 to 365.
Nitsana Darshan-Leitner
Nitsana Darshan-Leitner (Hebrew: ניצנה דרשן-לייטנר) is an Israeli attorney, human rights activist, and the founder of Shurat HaDin – Israeli Law Center. As the president of the Shurat HaDin, she has represented hundreds of terror victims in legal actions against terror organizations and their supporters. Darshan-Leitner initiated a legal campaign to deprive terrorists of social media resources such as Facebook and Twitter. Darshan-Leitner assisted in blocking the Gaza Freedom Flotilla.

Darshan-Leitner was chosen as one of the 50 most influential Jews in the world by The Jerusalem Post, and by Forbes Israel as one of the 50 most influential Israeli women.

2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
The 2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla was a small fleet of ships by the Free Gaza Movement and the Turkish Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief (İHH). The Flotilla mission to Gaza had the explicit goal of carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials with the intention of breaking the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip. In typical circumstances, aid is first brought to Israel to be inspected and then transferred to Gaza.

On 31 May 2010, Israeli forces boarded the ships in a raid from speedboats and helicopters. Following resistance on one of the boats, nine activists were killed by Israeli forces. Widespread international condemnation of and reaction to the raid followed, Israel–Turkey relations were strained, and Israel subsequently eased its blockade on the Gaza Strip.
Bhringesvara Siva Temple
The Bhringeswara Shiva temple is an 8th century Hindu temple situated on the foothills of Dhauli and the left bank of the Daya River, in the southeastern outskirts of Bhubaneswar(India) in the village Khatuapada. The temple is facing towards west and the presiding deity is a circular yoni pitha with a hole at the centre. The temple is made of light grey sandstone. The temple is renovated one from bottom to the top by employing the earlier materials. This temple is now under the protection of Odisha State Archaeology.

Daya River
The Daya River starts as a branch of the Kuakhai River at Saradeipur (near Badahati) in Odisha state in India. It is joined by the Malaguni River below Golabai and flows through Khordha and Puri districts before emptying into the north-eastern corner of Chilika Lake, 37 kilometres (23 mi) from its origin.

The historically important Dhauli hill is located on the banks of the Daya River, 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Bhubaneswar. It is a hill with vast open space adjoining it, and has major edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock, by the side of the road leading to the summit of the hill. Dhauli hill is presumed to be the area where Kalinga War was fought.
Four Right Exertions
The Four Right Exertions (also known as, Four Proper Exertions, Four Right Efforts, Four Great Efforts, Four Right Endeavors or Four Right Strivings) (Pali: sammappadhāna; Skt.: samyak-pradhāna or samyakprahāṇa) are an integral part of the Buddhist path to Enlightenment (understanding). Built on the insightful recognition of the arising and non-arising of various mental qualities over time and of our ability to mindfully intervene in these ephemeral qualities, the Four Right Exertions encourage the relinquishment of harmful mental qualities and the nurturing of beneficial mental qualities.

The Four Right Exertions are associated with the Noble Eightfold Path's factor of "right effort" (sammā-vāyāma) and the Five Spiritual Faculties' faculty of "energy" (viriya); and, are one of the seven sets of Bodhipakkhiyadhamma, factors related to bodhi.

Saṃyutta Nikāya
The Saṃyutta Nikāya ("Connected Discourses" or "Kindred Sayings") is a Buddhist scriptures collection, the third of the five Nikāyas, or collections, in the Sutta Piṭaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that compose the Pāli Tipiṭaka of Theravāda Buddhism.  Because of the abbreviated way parts of the text are written, the total number of suttas/sūtras is unclear. The editor of the Pali Text Society edition of the text made it 2889, Bodhi in his translation has 2904, while the commentaries give 7762. A study by Rupert Gethin gives the totals for the Burmese and Sinhalese editions as 2854 and 7656, respectively, and his own calculation as 6696; he also says the total in the Thai edition is unclear. The suttas/sūtras are grouped into five vaggas/vargas, or sections. Each vagga/varga is further divided into saṃyuttas/saṃyuktas, or chapters, each of which in turn contains a group of suttas/sūtras on a related topic.
Melanie Easter
Melanie Easter is a British paralympic swimmer, runner and more recently a cyclist. She represented the United Kingdom as a swimmer at the 1996 and 2000 Paralympic games. She won a gold and silver for events at the 1996 games in Atlanta, and gold, silver and bronze medals for at the Sydney Paralympics in 2000. Additionally an accomplished runner, Easter took up cycling competitively in 2007, and the following year competed in the World Triathlon Championships in Vancouver where she attained a gold.

Easter grew up in the Warwickshire town of Kenilworth and attended Exhall Grange School, a school for visually impaired students near Coventry. Easter; the pink house at the school is named after her. She has a degree from the University of Birmingham.

Kenilworth
Kenilworth (/ˈkɛnɪlwərθ/ KEN-il-wərth) is a market town and civil parish in the Warwick District of Warwickshire, England, 5.5 miles (9 km) southwest of Coventry and 4.5 miles (7 km) north of both Warwick and Leamington Spa. Situated at the centre of the county, the town lies on Finham Brook, a tributary of the River Sowe, which joins the River Avon 2 miles (3 km) north-east of the town. At the 2021 Census, its population was 22,538. The town is home to the ruins of Kenilworth Castle and Kenilworth Abbey.
Grootspruit Solar Power Station
The Grootspruit Solar Power Station, is a 75 megawatts solar power plant under construction in South Africa. The solar farm is under development and is owned by a consortium comprising Engie, the French multinational utility company and Pele Green Energy, a South African independent power producer. The off-taker of the power generated here is  Eskom Holdings, the public electricity utility parastatal company of South Africa. A long-term power purchase agreement between Engie and Eskom, governs the sale and purchase of electricity between the power station and the electric utility company.

Consortium
A consortium (pl. consortiums or consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations, or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal. Consortia are generally nonprofit with a goal to help its members improve their competitiveness in the specific field.

Consortium is a Latin word meaning "partnership", "association", or "society", and derives from consors ("shared in property"), itself from con- ("together") and sors ("fate").
Jim MacGregor
James McGregor (1887 – 20 April 1950) was a South African boxer who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. McGregor was born in Ladybrand.  In 1920, he was eliminated in the first round of the light heavyweight class after losing his fight to Edwin Schell of the United States.

McGregor died, aged 62, in Benoni, Gauteng.

Benoni, South Africa
Benoni is a town on the East Rand, Gauteng, South Africa, some 26 kilometres (16 mi) east of Johannesburg, within the City of Ekurhuleni municipality.

Benoni was also the setting for the MTV-inspired movie Crazy Monkey: Straight Outta Benoni, released internationally in 2005.
Vacuum deposition
Vacuum deposition is a group of processes used to deposit layers of material atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule on a solid surface. These processes operate at pressures well below atmospheric pressure (i.e., vacuum). The deposited layers can range from a thickness of one atom up to millimeters, forming freestanding structures. Multiple layers of different materials can be used, for example to form optical coatings. The process can be qualified based on the vapor source; physical vapor deposition uses a liquid or solid source and chemical vapor deposition uses a chemical vapor.

Diffusion barrier
A diffusion barrier is a thin layer (usually micrometres thick) of metal usually placed between two other metals. It is done to act as a barrier to protect either one of the metals from corrupting the other.

Adhesion of a plated metal layer to its substrate requires a physical interlocking, inter-diffusion of the deposit or a chemical bonding between plate and substrate in order to work. The role of a diffusion barrier is to prevent or to retard the inter-diffusion of the two superposed metals. Therefore, to be effective, a good diffusion barrier requires inertness with respect to adjacent materials. To obtain good adhesion and a diffusion barrier simultaneously, the bonding between layers needs to come from a chemical reaction of limited range at both boundaries.  Materials providing good adhesion are not necessarily good diffusion barriers and vice versa. Consequently, there are cases where two or more separate layers must be used to provide a proper interface between substrates.
Laser coagulation
Laser coagulation or laser photocoagulation surgery is used to treat a number of eye diseases and has become widely used in recent decades. During the procedure, a laser is used to finely cauterize ocular blood vessels to attempt to bring about various therapeutic benefits. The ruby laser was first used in the 1960s but its red wavelength was less effective than green, which appeared in argon-ion lasers in 1969, but was ultimately replaced by the diode-pumped solid-state green laser.

The procedure is used mostly to close blood vessels in the eye, in certain kinds of diabetic retinopathy; it is no longer used in age-related macular degeneration in favor of anti-VEGF drugs.

Choroid
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is a part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye. It contains connective tissues, and lies between the retina and the sclera.  The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.  Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.

The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the retina to closest):

Haller's layer – outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels;

Sattler's layer – layer of medium diameter blood vessels;

Choriocapillaris – layer of capillaries; and

Bruch's membrane (synonyms: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) – innermost layer of the choroid.
MGWR Class 12
Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR) Classes 12, 14, 15, 16 and 19 were 36 0-4-2 locomotives acquired in 5 batches over the period 1861-1872. The first 0-4-2s were introduced by the Locomotive Superintendent Joseph Cabry, and his successor Robert Ramage in 1863 also seemed to favour the type.  After Martin Atock succeeded in 1872 there were no more orders of the type due to generally poor timekeeping.

Midland Great Western Railway
The Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR) was the third largest Irish gauge (1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)) railway company in Ireland. It was incorporated in 1845 and absorbed into the Great Southern Railways in 1924. At its peak the MGWR had a network of 538 miles (866 km), making it Ireland's third largest network after the Great Southern and Western Railway (GS&WR) and the Great Northern Railway of Ireland.

The MGWR served part of Leinster, County Cavan in Ulster and much of Connacht. Its network was entirely within what in 1922 became the Irish Free State.
Will Buttleman
William Edward Lewis Buttleman (born 20 April 2000) is an English cricketer, who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm off break. He represented Essex County Cricket Club in English domestic cricket. He completed his secondary education at Felsted School. His brother Joe Buttleman is also an English cricketer, who played for Durham MCC University.

He made his first-class debut on 3 June 2019, for Essex in the 2019 County Championship. He made his Twenty20 debut on June 11, 2021, for Essex in the 2021 T20 Blast. He made his List A debut on 22 July 2021, for Essex in the 2021 Royal London One-Day Cup. He was released by Essex at the end of the 2023 season.

2019 County Championship
The 2019 County Championship, known for sponsorship reasons as the 2019 Specsavers County Championship, was the 120th cricket County Championship season. As in 2018, Division One had eight teams and Division Two had ten teams. The first round of matches began on 5 April and the final round of matches ended on 26 September. Surrey were the defending champions. At the end of the 2019 season only one team was relegated with three promoted. Therefore, from 2020 onwards, Division One would feature ten teams and Division Two would feature eight.
Sodium tetraphenylborate
Sodium tetraphenylborate is the organic compound with the formula NaB(C6H5)4.  It is a salt, wherein the anion consists of four phenyl rings bonded to boron. This white crystalline solid is used to prepare other tetraphenylborate salts, which are often highly soluble in organic solvents. The compound is used in inorganic and organometallic chemistry as a precipitating agent for potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and caesium ions, and some organic nitrogen compounds.

Precipitation (chemistry)
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution". The solid formed is called the precipitate. In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant.

The liquid remaining above the precipitated or the centrifuged solid phase is also called the supernate or supernatant.
Mary Travers Murphy
Mary Travers Murphy (born July 31, 1958) is the executive director of the Family Justice Center of Erie County, New York. She was formerly a consumer affairs journalist and was part of the Action 7 news team on ABC affiliate WKBW-TV, based in Buffalo. She left that position in June 2004. Prior to joining WKBW, Travers was a reporter for WEBR.

In 2005 she was elected to a four-year term as town supervisor of Orchard Park, New York. In 2009, she did not seek re-election.

WDCZ
WDCZ (970 AM) is an American radio station in Buffalo, New York. The station is owned by Crawford Broadcasting.

WDCZ has not originated any programming of its own since 2012. The station went on the air in 1924 as commercial station WEBR, and operated as such until its sale to the Western New York Public Broadcasting Association in 1975. It then operated as a public radio station from 1975 to 2012, changing its call sign to WNED in 1993. In its later years, much of WNED's programming duplicated that of competing FM station WBFO, which eventually prompted the two stations to merge operations (using WBFO's frequency) in 2012. After several months of simulcasting WBFO, the 970 facility was sold off to Crawford, owners of religious-formatted WDCX-FM, who in turn switched 970 to a simulcast of WDCX as WDCZ.
Crew
A crew is a body or a group of people who work at a common activity, generally in a structured or hierarchical organization. A location in which a crew works is called a crewyard or a workyard. The word has nautical resonances: the tasks involved in operating a ship, particularly a sailing ship, providing numerous specialities within a ship's crew, often organised with a chain of command. Traditional nautical usage strongly distinguishes officers from crew, though the two groups combined form the ship's company. Members of a crew are often referred to by the titles crewmate, crewman or crew-member.

Command hierarchy
A command hierarchy or chain of command is a group of people who carry out orders based on others' authority within the group. Certain aspects of a command hierarchy tend to be similar, including rank, unity of command, and strict accountability. Command hierarchies are used in the military and other organizations. Systemic biases may arise in homogenous groups of command.
The Penny Wedding
The Penny Wedding is an 1818 genre painting by the British artist David Wilkie. It depicts a traditional penny wedding in which the guests each paid a penny towards the cost.

Wilkie had toured the Scottish Highlands the previous year but the painting was intentionally vague in its geography. The participants are dressed in old-fashioned Lowland costume, suggesting it was set at least a generation earlier than it was painted possibly as much as fifty years by one estimate.

It was commissioned by the Prince Regent who wanted a companion piece for Blind-Man's Buff, an 1812 work by Wilkie which hung at Carlton House in London. Wilkie was paid 500 guineas for the work which was exhibited at the Royal Academy's 1819 Summer Exhibition at Somerset House. Today it remains in the Royal Collection.

Royal Academy Summer Exhibition
The Summer Exhibition is an open art exhibition held annually by the Royal Academy in Burlington House, Piccadilly in central London, England, during June, July, and August. The exhibition includes paintings, prints, drawings, sculpture, architectural designs and models, and is the largest and most popular open exhibition in the United Kingdom. It is also "the longest continuously staged exhibition of contemporary art in the world".

When the Royal Academy was founded in 1768, one of its key objectives was to establish an annual exhibition, open to all artists of merit, which could be visited by the public. The first Summer Exhibition took place in 1769; it has been held every year since without exception.
Thyas miniacea
Thyas miniacea is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from the Moluccas and Lesser Sundas to northern Australia, Fiji, Samoa, New Caledonia and Micronesia (Marianas, Carolines).

The larvae feed on Quisqualis and Terminalia species.

Combretum
Combretum, the bushwillows or combretums, make up the type genus of the family Combretaceae. The genus comprises about 272 species of trees and shrubs, most of which are native to tropical and southern Africa, about 5 to Madagascar, but there are others that are native to tropical Asia, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, Australia, and tropical America.

Around 17 species in the genus Quisqualis are very similar to Combretum and are now classified as species of the genus.

Though somewhat reminiscent of willows (Salix) in their habitus, they are not particularly close relatives of these.
1944 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1944 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Big Six Conference during the 1944 college football season. In their third year under head coach Mike Michalske, the Cyclones compiled a 6–1–1 record (3–1–1 against conference opponents), finished in second place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 203 to 39. The team shut out Kansas (25–0) and Kansas State (14–0), ran up 288 rushing yards in a 19–6 victory over Nebraska, and suffered its sole loss to Oklahoma. They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames, Iowa.

The team's statistical leaders included Meredith Warner with 260 rushing yards and 32 points scored (three touchdowns and 14 extra points), Joe Noble with 162 passing yards, and Dick Howard with 108 receiving yards.

1944 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1944 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska as a member of the Big Six Conference during the 1944 college football season. Led by Adolph J. Lewandowski in his second and final season as head coach, the Cornhuskers compiled an overall record of 2–6 with a mark of 2–3 in conference play, placing fourth in the Big 6. Nebraska played home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.
1872 Flintshire by-election
The 1872 Flintshire by-election was fought on 2 March 1872.  The by-election was fought due to the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Lord Richard Grosvenor, becoming Vice-Chamberlain of the Household.  He was returned unopposed.

Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baron Stalbridge
Richard de Aquila Grosvenor, 1st Baron Stalbridge, PC (28 January 1837 – 18 May 1912), styled Lord Richard Grosvenor between 1845 and 1886, was a British politician and businessman. Initially a Liberal, he served under William Ewart Gladstone as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1872 and 1874 and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between 1880 and 1885. However, he broke with Gladstone over Irish Home Rule in 1886 and joined the Liberal Unionists.
Dawn, Ohio
Dawn is an unincorporated community in northern Richland Township, Darke County, Ohio, United States.  It lies at the intersection of U.S. Route 127 with Burch Road.  It is located between the villages of Ansonia and Versailles, approximately 8 miles (12.75 km) north of Greenville, the county seat of Darke County.

Greenville, Ohio
Greenville is a city in Darke County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is near Ohio's western edge, about 33 miles (53 km) northwest of Dayton. The population was 12,786 at the 2020 census.