hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dimanche v. Brown
Dimanche v. Brown is a significant United States appellate court case concerning the rights of incarcerated individuals under the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Decided by the United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit, in 2015, the case established important precedent regarding the duty of prison officials to protect inmates from harm and to provide adequate medical care. The case has been widely cited in cases involving adherence to exhaustion of administrative remedies, taking judicial notice of agency records,
 deliberate indifference to medical needs and civil rights.

Judicial notice
Judicial notice is a rule in the law of evidence that allows a fact to be introduced into evidence if the truth of that fact is so notorious or well-known, or so authoritatively attested, that it cannot reasonably be doubted. This is done upon the request of the party seeking to rely on the fact at issue. Facts and materials admitted under judicial notice are accepted without being formally introduced by a witness or other rule of evidence, even if one party wishes to plead evidence to the contrary.

Judicial notice is frequently used for the simplest, most obvious common sense facts, such as which day of the week corresponded to a particular calendar date or the approximate time at sunset. However, it could even be used within one jurisdiction to notice a law of another jurisdiction.
Vokesimurex dentifer
Vokesimurex dentifer is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Subspecies

Vokesimurex dentifer coriolis (Houart, 1990) (occurs off the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia)

Vokesimurex dentifer dentifer (R. B. Watson, 1883)

Loyalty Islands Province
Loyalty Islands Province (French: Province des îles Loyauté, pronounced [pʁɔvɛ̃s dez‿il lwajote]) is one of the three top-level administrative subdivisions of New Caledonia. It encompasses the Loyalty Islands (French: Îles Loyauté) archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, located northeast of the New Caledonian mainland of Grande Terre.

The provincial government seat is at Lifou. The Loyalty Islands are a collectivité territoriale of France. The province's 2019 population was approximately 18,353 inhabitants living on almost 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). The native inhabitants are Melanesians who speak various Kanak languages and Polynesians who speak the Fagauvea language.
Johann Tschopp
Johann Tschopp (born 1 July 1982 in Sierre) is a Swiss professional mountain bike racer. He previously competed as a professional road bicycle racer between 2004 and 2014, competing with the Phonak, Bouygues Télécom, BMC Racing Team and IAM Cycling squads. He is noted as an especially good climber since he is lightweight (1.75 m, 60 kg) and his training environment is mainly mountainous. He has already a quite important record in cyclo-cross and mountain bike marathon.

Marathon mountain bike race
Marathon mountain bike races, often referred to as cross-country marathon (XCM), are a very demanding form of mountain bike racing covering at least 40 kilometres (25 miles) usually in mountainous terrain. Events held in Europe are typically just a little longer than the average cross country mountain bike race.  Marathon events in the USA and Canada are typically longer than 100 kilometres (62 miles) and are very different from cross country races.
Nathaniel Rogers House
Nathaniel Rogers House is a historic home located at Bridgehampton in Suffolk County, New York. It is a Greek Revival–style residence that significantly expanded and altered in about 1840.  It is a 2+1⁄2-story temple front and flanking 1-story wings. The entire facade portico has four Ionic order columns supporting a full entablature with no pediment. It once had a cupola and balustrade, but they were removed after the New England Hurricane of 1938. For many years it was operated as a hotel and restaurant named "Hampton House."

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The house was purchased by the Bridgehampton Historical Society (now The Bridgehampton Museum) and donated to the town of Southampton, New York.  The Society plans to renovate the house and use it as its headquarters and for exhibits. The property is named for Nathaniel Rogers, a one time owner of the property.

Southampton, New York
Southampton, officially the Town of Southampton, is a town in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, partly on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the town had a population of 69,036. Southampton is included in the stretch of shoreline prominently known as the Hamptons.

Stony Brook University has a campus in Southampton.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), also referred to as photodynamic inactivation (PDI), photodisinfection (PD), or photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), is a photochemical antimicrobial method that has been studied for over a century. Supported by in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, aPDT offers a treatment option for broad-spectrum infections, particularly in the context of rising antimicrobial resistance. Its multi-target mode of action allows aPDT to be a viable therapeutic strategy against drug-resistant microorganisms. The procedure involves the application of photosensitizing compounds, also called photoantimicrobials, which, upon activation by light, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS lead to the oxidation of cellular components of a wide array of microbes, including pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.

Irradiance
In radiometry, irradiance is the radiant flux received by a surface per unit area.  The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (symbol W⋅m−2 or W/m2). The CGS unit erg per square centimetre per second (erg⋅cm−2⋅s−1) is often used in astronomy. Irradiance is often called intensity, but this term is avoided in radiometry where such usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity. In astrophysics, irradiance is called radiant flux.

Spectral irradiance is the irradiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. The two forms have different dimensions and units: spectral irradiance of a frequency spectrum is measured in watts per square metre per hertz (W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1), while spectral irradiance of a wavelength spectrum is measured in watts per square metre per metre (W⋅m−3), or more commonly watts per square metre per nanometre (W⋅m−2⋅nm−1).
Filippo Strozzi the Younger
Filippo Strozzi the Younger (4 January 1489 – 18 December 1538) was a Florentine banker, and the most famous member of the Strozzi family in the Renaissance. He is best remembered as a tragic hero and defender of the lost Florentine republic against the Medici dukes – yet this is almost entirely a nineteenth-century fiction of nationalist historians and dramatists. He had been one of the staunchest supporters of the House of Medici in Florence and Rome.

Duke of the Florentine Republic
The Duca della Repubblica Fiorentina, rendered in English as Duke of the Florentine Republic or Duke of the Republic of Florence, was a title created in 1532 by Pope Clement VII for the Medici family (his own family), which ruled the Republic of Florence. There were effectively only two dukes of the Republic of Florence, Alessandro de' Medici and Cosimo de' Medici, the second duke being elevated to Grand Duke of Tuscany, causing the Florentine title to become subordinate to the greater Tuscan title.
Isabel Reid
Isabel Reid (née Hampton; 1932), known in her later years as Aunty Isabel,  is an Aboriginal Australian advocate for the  Stolen Generations  and other issues. She is a former resident of the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls.

Charles Sturt University
Charles Sturt University is an Australian multi-campus public university located in New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. Established in 1989, it was named in honour of Captain Charles Sturt, a British explorer who made expeditions into regional New South Wales and South Australia.

It is the largest regional university in Australia, offering a multidisciplinary spectrum of courses in collaboration with various partners across the country.
Kirk Bovill
Kirk Bovill (born January 17, 1961) is an American actor, writer, voice-over artist and producer. His film credits include Vice, 20th Century Women, Free State of Jones, Get On Up, Contraband, Texas Killing Fields, White Lightnin', The Butterfly Circus, and God Bless America.

Perfect Harmony (TV series)
Perfect Harmony is an American musical comedy television series created by Lesley Wake Webster that aired on NBC from September 26, 2019 to January 23, 2020. The series stars Bradley Whitford as Dr. Arthur Cochran, a music director at a small church in the fictional town of Conley Fork, Kentucky, and Anna Camp as Ginny, a single mother and waitress who leads the choir.

The series also stars Will Greenberg, Tymberlee Hill, Geno Segers, Rizwan Manji and Spencer Allport. In June 2020, the series was canceled after one season.
Trekking sarl
Trekking sarl is a French aircraft manufacturer based in Lambesc. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of paragliders and paramotor wings in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft. The company also produces four-wheel drive truck tents and travel luggage, as well as photo and video accessories.

The company was founded in 1976 by Axel de Neufville in Marseille. It is organized as a société à responsabilité limitée (sarl), a French private limited company.

Aerospace manufacturer
An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft. Aerospace is a high technology industry.

The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance.  This includes aircraft and parts used for civil aviation and military aviation. Most production is done pursuant to type certificates and Defense Standards issued by a government body. This term has been largely subsumed by the more encompassing term: "aerospace industry".
Fichter
Fichter is a surname of German origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Friedrich Fichter (1869–1952), Swiss professor of chemistry

Hermann Fichter (1845–1912), American soldier during the Apache Wars

Jennifer Fichter (born 1984), high school teacher convicted of sexual battery

John Fichter (1935–2014), Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives

Mike Fichter (born 1974), former Major League Baseball umpire

Robert W. Fichter (born 1939), American photographer

Friedrich Fichter
Friedrich Fichter (6 July 1869 – 1952) was a professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of Basel. His main field of interest was electrochemistry. He initiated the founding of the scientific journal Helvetica Chimica Acta.
2005 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby
The 2005 Century 21 Home Run Derby was a 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game event held at Comerica Park, the home field of the Detroit Tigers on July 11, 2005. The competition had eight competitors as usual and seven were eliminated over the course of three rounds. In honor of the inaugural World Baseball Classic, all the competitors represented their home countries, each representing a different country. Bobby Abreu won the derby with 41 home runs over the three rounds, a record at the time.

Comerica Park
Comerica Park is a baseball stadium in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It has been the home of the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB) since its opening in 2000. It was built in the retro-classic style, and currently has a seating capacity of 41,083.
Identification scheme
In metadata, an identification scheme is used to identify unique records in a set. If a data element is used to identify a record within a data set, the data element uses the Identifier representation term. An identification scheme should be contrasted with a classification scheme. Classification schemes are used to classify individual records into categories. Many records in a data set may be in a single category.

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.
Rogóźno, Łask County
Rogóźno [rɔˈɡuʑnɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Widawa, within Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Widawa, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Łask, and 52 km (32 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Łask County
Łask County (Polish: powiat łaski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Łask, which lies 32 kilometres (20 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 617.38 square kilometres (238.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 50,874, out of which the population of Łask is 18,684 and the rural population is 32,190.
Haman Alimardani
Haman Alimardani (Persian: هامان علیمردانی; born 28 November 1977) is an Iranian-born German fashion designer, graphic designer, and disc jockey. Hamansutra is his fashion label. He lives and works in New York City and Munich.

Munich University of Applied Sciences
The Munich University of Applied Sciences (HM) (German: Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften München) is the second largest university of applied sciences in Bavaria with about 18,000 students.

The university was established in 1971 through the merger of seven colleges of technology and higher education, some of which were founded as early as the early 19th century.

HM is also a member of the UAS7 (Seven Universities of Applied Sciences) network that forms a strategic alliance of seven leading German Universities of Applied Sciences in teaching and research.
Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express
The 22197 / 22198 Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express is a superfast express train belonging to North Central Railway zone that runs between Kolkata and Virangana Lakshmibai Jhansi Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 22197/98 train numbers on a weekly basis.

The train has given name in honour to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, It is also known as the Pratham Swatrantrata Sangram, or First war of Indian Independence.

Barrackpore railway station
Barrackpore (Station Code: BP) is a major railway station in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.It  serves Barrackpore and the surrounding areas. It lies on the Sealdah–Ranaghat line and is under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway.
2016 Winnipeg National Bank Challenger – Women's doubles
Sharon Fichman and Jovana Jakšić were the defending champions, but decided not to participate this year.

Francesca Di Lorenzo and Ronit Yurovsky won the title, defeating Marie-Alexandre Leduc and Charlotte Robillard-Millette 1–6, 7–5, [10–6] in the final.

Sharon Fichman
Sharon Fichman (/ˈfɪtʃmən/ FITCH-mən; born December 3, 1990) is a Canadian former tennis player. She achieved career-high WTA rankings of 77 in singles (May 2014) and 21 in doubles (January 2022).

In 2005, Fichman won the gold medal in women's singles at the 2005 Maccabiah Games in Israel, at the age of 14. She was ranked No. 5 on the ITF Junior Circuit in December 2006.

Fichman was inactive from May 2016 to April 2018, but returned to tennis in doubles at the 60k event in Indian Harbour Beach, reaching the quarterfinals with Jamie Loeb. She qualified for the 2021 WTA Finals with Giuliana Olmos.
Inza, Russia
Inza (Russian: И́нза) is a town and the administrative center of Inzensky District in Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Syuksyumka River (Sura's basin) 167 kilometers (104 mi) southwest of Ulyanovsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  18,803 (2010 Census); 20,288 (2002 Census); 23,509 (1989 Soviet census).

Sura (river)
The Sura (Russian: Сура́, Chuvash: Сăр, Săr) is a river in Russia, a north-flowing right tributary of the Volga. Its mouth on the Volga is about halfway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. It flows through Penza Oblast, Mordovia, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Chuvashia and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. It is 841 kilometres (523 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 67,500 square kilometres (26,100 sq mi). It is navigable for 394 km from the mouth.

The city of Penza, and smaller towns Alatyr, Shumerlya, Yadrin lie along the Sura. At the confluence with the Volga lies the settlement of Vasilsursk.

The principal tributaries of the Sura are the Penza, the Pyana, and the Alatyr.
Henry C. Gale House (495 N. 1st East, Beaver, Utah)
The Henry C. Gale House at 495 N. 1st East, Beaver, Utah was built in 1889, of pink rock. It has had three additions since its construction. It is believed to have been built by local Scots stonemason Alexander Boyter.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Originally it was a one-and-a-half-story hall and parlor plan cottage.  It has a Greek Revival-style cornice.

Hall and parlor house
A hall-and-parlor house is a type of vernacular house found in early-modern to 19th century England, as well as in colonial North America. It is presumed to have been the model on which other North American house types have been developed, such as the Cape Cod house, saltbox, and central-passage house, and in turn influenced the somewhat-later I-house. In England it had been a more modest development from the medieval hall house.
Polyphron of Pherae
Polyphron (Ancient Greek: Πολύφρων) was a tyrant of Pherae and Tagus of the Thessalian League (370-369 BC).

In 370 BC, Polyphron succeeded Jason of Pherae together with his brother Polydorus, and the brothers shared the power as co-tyrants. However this dual tyranny did not last long, as Polyphron murdered his brother the same year, effectively becoming the sole ruler.

Polyphron turned out to be a cruel tyrant, he put to death few of the best citizens of Pharsalus, among them Polydamas, and exiled many more from Larissa.

In 369 BC he was murdered by Alexander of Pherae, who became a tyrant himself.

Farsala
Farsala (Greek: Φάρσαλα), known in Antiquity as Pharsalos (Ancient Greek: Φάρσαλος, Latin: Pharsālus), is a town in southern Thessaly, in Greece. Farsala is located in the southern part of Larissa regional unit, and is one of its largest settlements. Farsala is an economic and agricultural centre of the region. Cotton and livestock are the main agricultural products, and many inhabitants are employed in the production of textile. The area is mostly famous for being the birthplace of the mythical ancient Greek hero Achilles, and the site of a major battle between Roman generals Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in 48 BC.
Torgny (village)
Torgny (French pronunciation: [tɔʁɲi]; Gaumais: Toûrgny) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Rouvroy, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

It has about 200 inhabitants and is the southernmost place of Belgium. Till 1977 Torgny was a municipality.

The river Chiers borders the municipality of Rouvroy near Torgny.

Lorrain language
Lorrain, also known as Lorrain roman, is a langue d'oïl spoken by a minority of people in the region of Lorraine in northeastern France, as well as in some parts of Alsace and Gaume in Belgium. It is often referred to as a patois.

It is a regional language of France. In Wallonia, it is known as Gaumais and enjoys official recognition as a regional language. It has been influenced by Lorraine Franconian and Luxembourgish, West Central German languages spoken in nearby or overlapping areas.
Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
The Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum was a major incident in early June 1928, in which some of the major mausoleums of the Chinese Qing dynasty in the Eastern Qing tombs were ransacked or vandalized by troops under the command of the warlord Sun Dianying.

The Amitāyus Sutra
The Amitāyus Sutra (Sanskrit), simplified Chinese: 佛说无量寿经; traditional Chinese: 佛說無量壽經; pinyin: Fóshuō Wúliàngshòu Jīng; Sutra of Immeasurable Life Spoken by Buddha; Vietnamese: Phật Thuyết  Vô Lượng Thọ Kinh; Japanese: Bussetsu Muryōju Kyō (Taisho Tripitaka no. 360), also known as the Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, is one of the two Indian Mahayana sutras which describe the pure land of Amitābha (also known as Amitāyus, "Measureless Life"). Together with the Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, this text is highly influential in East Asian Buddhism. It is one of the three central scriptures of East Asian Pure Land Buddhism, and is widely revered and chanted by Pure Land Buddhists throughout Asia.

The title is often translated in English as either the Sutra [on the Buddha] of Immeasurable Life, or simply the Immeasurable Life Sutra.
Pepita; or, the Girl with the Glass Eyes
Pepita; or, the Girl with the Glass Eyes, based on a story by E. T. A. Hoffmann, is a comic opera in three acts written by Alfred Thompson and composed by Edward Solomon. The opera was produced and directed by Thompson and Solomon and debuted at the Union Square Theatre, New York, then under the management of J. M. Hill, on March 16, 1886, and closed after a nine-week run on May 22.

Union Square Theatre
Union Square Theatre was the name of two different theatres near Union Square, Manhattan, New York City.  The first was a Broadway theatre that opened in 1870, was converted into a cinema in 1921 and closed in 1936.  The second was an Off-Broadway theatre that opened in 1985 and closed in 2016.
2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012, to elect the 27 congressional representatives from the state, one from each of the state's 27 congressional districts, a two-seat increase due to the 2010 United States census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and a U.S. Senate election. The primary elections were held on August 14, 2012.

Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) is the Democratic Hill committee for the United States House of Representatives, working to elect Democrats to that body.  The DCCC recruits candidates, raises funds and organizes races in districts  expected to yield politically notable or close elections. The committee consists of the chairperson (who according to Democratic Caucus rules is a fellow member of the caucus appointed by the party leader in the House), their staff, and other Democratic members of Congress in various executive roles.

The chairperson of the DCCC is the sixth-ranking position among House Democrats, after the speaker, the majority leader, the majority whip, the assistant Democratic leader, and the Democratic Caucus chairperson. The current chair is Suzan DelBene of Washington, who assumed the position in 2023.