hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2022 deaths in the United States (July–December)
The following notable deaths in the United States occurred in 2022 within the period July–December. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order as set out in WP:NAMESORT.
A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:
Name, age, country of citizenship at birth and subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, year of birth (if known), and reference.

Kenneth M. Sayre
Kenneth M. Sayre (August 13, 1928 – October 6, 2022) was an American philosopher who spent most of his career at the University of Notre Dame (ND). His early career was devoted mainly to philosophic applications of artificial intelligence, cybernetics, and information theory. Later on his main interests shifted to Plato, philosophy of mind, and environmental philosophy. His retirement in 2014 was marked by publication of a history of ND's Philosophy Department, Adventures in Philosophy at Notre Dame.
Pudupakkam
Pudupakkam is a village near Chennai, India. It is closer to Siruseri SIPCOT. This village comes under Vandalur taluk of Chengalpattu district in Tamil Nadu. t has reputed Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College. The opening of an IT park in Siruseri, has led to an increase in apartments and villas in the region.

In the area, there is a Sri Veera Anjaneyar temple.

Pudupakkam is 16 km (9.9 mi) from Tambaram and 3 km (1.9 mi) from Kelambakkam.

Chengalpattu district
Chengalpattu district is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu, in India. The district headquarters is located at Chengalpattu. Chengalpattu district came into existence on 29 November 2019 when it was carved out of Kanchipuram district after the announcement about the bifurcation of districts on 18 July 2019.
Bedford railway station
Bedford railway station (formerly Bedford Midland Road and historically referred to on some signage as Bedford Midland) is the larger of two railway stations in the town of Bedford, in Bedfordshire, England. It is on the Midland Main Line, which connects London St Pancras with the East Midlands, and is the terminus of the Marston Vale line between Bletchley and Bedford St Johns.

East Midlands
The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England. It comprises the eastern half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. It consists of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire (except for North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire), Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, and Rutland. The region has a land area of 15,623 km2 (6,032 sq mi), with an estimated population 5,063,164 in 2024. With a sufficiency-level world city ranking, Nottingham is the only settlement in the region to be classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

The main cities in the region are Derby, Leicester, Lincoln and Nottingham. The largest towns in these counties are Boston, Chesterfield, Coalville, Corby, Glossop, Grantham, Kettering, Loughborough, Newark-on-Trent, Northampton, Mansfield, Oakham, Swadlincote and Wellingborough.
Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant (provincial electoral district)
Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant was a provincial electoral district in central Ontario, Canada that elected one Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. It was created in 1999 from Norfolk and Brant—Haldimand. It was abolished in 2004. It was split into Haldimand—Norfolk and Brant.

The riding included all of Norfolk County, plus the town of Haldimand, the townships of Burford, Oakland and Onondaga plus the Indian reserves of New Credit and Six Nations.

Norfolk (federal electoral district)
Norfolk was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1925. It was located in the province of Ontario. This riding was first created in 1903 from Norfolk North and Norfolk South ridings.

It consisted of the county of Norfolk.

The electoral district was abolished in 1924 when it was merged into Norfolk—Elgin riding.

It was recreated in 1933, again consisting of the county of Norfolk.

The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was merged into Norfolk—Haldimand riding.
Andiorrhinus kuru
Andiorrhinus kuru of the family Glossoscolecidae in the class Oligochaeta is a species of earthworm found in the Alto Orinoco of Amazonas state in Venezuela. Worms of the genus Andiorrhinus are believed to create the Surales landscapes of Venezuela and Colombia, composed of green mounds which form intricate patterns in the floodplains of the Orinoco River of South America.

This earthworm features in the diet of the Makiritare Indians together with another species Andiorrhinus motto (Righi and Araujo, 1999). Andiorrhinus kuru is large, terrestrial and occurs in the upland forest of the Padamo River, being found under 10–20 cm of soil near the root mat of the trees.

Oligochaeta
Oligochaeta is a subclass of soft-bodied animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms.  Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial megadrile earthworms (some of which are semiaquatic or fully aquatic), and freshwater or semiterrestrial microdrile forms, including the tubificids, pot worms and ice worms (Enchytraeidae), blackworms (Lumbriculidae) and several interstitial marine worms.

With around 10,000 known species, the Oligochaeta make up about half of the phylum Annelida. These worms usually have few setae (chaetae) or "bristles" on their outer body surfaces, and lack parapodia, unlike polychaeta.
Contact type
In mathematics, more precisely in symplectic geometry, a hypersurface  of a symplectic manifold  is said to be of contact type if there is 1-form  such that  and  is a contact manifold, where  is the natural inclusion. The terminology was first coined by Alan Weinstein.

Hypersurface
In geometry, a hypersurface is a generalization of the concepts of hyperplane, plane curve, and surface. A hypersurface is a manifold or an algebraic variety of dimension n − 1, which is embedded in an ambient space of dimension n, generally a Euclidean space, an affine space or a projective space.
Hypersurfaces share, with surfaces in a three-dimensional space, the property of being defined by a single implicit equation, at least locally (near every point), and sometimes globally.

A hypersurface in a (Euclidean, affine, or projective) space of dimension two is a plane curve. In a space of dimension three, it is a surface.

For example, the equation

defines an algebraic hypersurface of dimension n − 1 in the Euclidean space of dimension n. This hypersurface is also a smooth manifold, and is  called a hypersphere or an (n – 1)-sphere.
Sophus Nielsen
Sophus Erhard "Krølben" Nielsen (15 March 1888 – 6 August 1963) was a Danish amateur football player and manager, and the first player in history to score ten goals in a full national team match. Nielsen scored a total 16 goals in 20 games for the Denmark national team, and won silver medals at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. He was named Denmark national team manager in 1940, and he was a pioneer in educating Danish coaches. His nickname Krølben (literally: curl-leg) is slang for him being bandy-legged.

Genu varum
Genu varum  (also called bow-leggedness, bandiness, bandy-leg, and tibia vara) is a varus deformity marked by (outward) bowing at the knee, which means that the lower leg is angled inward (medially) in relation to the thigh's axis, giving the limb overall the appearance of an archer's bow.  Usually medial angulation of both lower limb bones (fibula and tibia) is involved.
Shelat
Shelat is a last name or a surname belonging to the Gujarati Baj Khedawal Brahmin caste. The total population with the surname is roughly 2000–3000 in the world. All individuals with this last name have ancestors who originated from Umreth, a village in Anand district of Gujarat. 
Notable people with the surname include:

Himanshi Shelat (born 1947), Indian author

Jaishanker Manilal Shelat (1908–1985), Indian Supreme Court judge

Kirit Shelat (born 1946), Indian public administrator (IAS)

Amit M. Shelat (born 1956), Chairman, New York State Board for Medicine, NYSED

Jaishanker Manilal Shelat
Jaishanker Manilal Shelat (16 July 1908 – 1 November 1985) was a judge of the Supreme Court of India from February 1966 to April 1973. Before that, he served as the third Chief Justice of the High Court of Gujarat from May 1963 till his elevation to the Supreme Court.
Caucasian Front
Caucaus Front (or Caucasian Front) may have one of the following meanings

Caucasus Front (Russian Republic), the designation for the main army of the Russian Republic (successor to the Caucasus Army of the Imperial Russian Army) in the Caucasus in World War I from April 1917 until its dissolution

Caucasian Front (RSFSR) (1920-1921), a front of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War

Caucasus Front (Soviet Union), Soviet army group of World War II

Caucasian Front (militant group), Islamist separatist unit during the Second Chechen War, active in 2005–2007

Caucasian Front (militant group)
The Caucasian Front (Russian: Кавказский фронт), also known as Caucasus Front or the Caucasian Mujahideen,  established in May 2005 as an Islamic structural unit of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria's armed forces by the decree of the fourth president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Abdul-Halim Sadulayev. In September 2006, Ali Taziev was appointed as the emir and commander-in-chief of the Caucasian Front by Dokka Umarov. The group eventually reorganized as "Vilayat Nokhchicho" in 2007 and became a part of the Caucasus Emirate.
Anisotes pubinervius
Anisotes pubinervius is an Afrotropical plant species in the acanthus family, which is native to forest understorey in the Afromontane archipelago. It is widespread in eastern Africa, with isolated populations in southern Africa and Nigeria. The species is named for the fine down (pubi -) that covers the main leaf veins (-nervia).

Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.
Ketapangia regulifera
Ketapangia regulifera is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia (Sarawak, West Malaysia, Kedah and Pahang), the Philippines (Luzon) and Taiwan.

The wingspan is 6.8–8.4 mm.

The larvae feed on Terminalia catappa. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Terminalia catappa
Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the leadwood tree family, Combretaceae, native to Asia, Australia, the Pacific, Madagascar and Seychelles. Common names in English include country almond, Indian almond, Malabar almond, sea almond, tropical almond, beach almond and false kamani.

The species epithet is based on its Malay name ketapang.
2008 Libertarian National Convention
The 2008 Libertarian National Convention was held from May 22 to May 26, 2008, at the Sheraton Hotel (formerly the Adam's Mark Hotel) in Denver, Colorado. The delegates at the convention, on behalf of the U.S. Libertarian Party, nominated Bob Barr for president and Wayne Allyn Root for vice president in the 2008 presidential election. The convention was televised nationally on C-SPAN.

Libertarians hold a national convention every two years to vote on party bylaws, platform and resolutions and elect national party officers and a judicial committee. Every four years it nominates presidential and vice presidential candidates.

The theme of this convention was A Better Choice for America.

Two non-binding primaries preceded the convention.

Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts is an American international hotel chain owned by Marriott International. As of December 2024, Sheraton operates 431 hotels with 150,640 rooms globally, including locations in North America, Africa, Asia-Pacific, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East and the Caribbean.
Naruto Itano Kofun Cluster
The Naruto Itano Kofun cluster (鳴門板野古墳群, Naruto Itano kofun-gun) is a group of nine kofun burial mounds located between the city of Naruto and Itano, Tokushima Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku, Japan. The tumuli were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 2016.

Tokushima Prefecture
Tokushima Prefecture (徳島県, Tokushima-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [to.kɯ̥ꜜ.ɕi.ma, tokɯ̥.ɕiꜜ.ma, to.kɯ̥.ɕi.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Tokushima Prefecture has a population of 682,439 (1 February 2025) and has a geographic area of 4,146 km2 (1,601 sq mi). Tokushima Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the north, Ehime Prefecture to the west, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southwest.

Tokushima is the capital and largest city of Tokushima Prefecture, with other major cities including Anan, Naruto, and Yoshinogawa. Tokushima Prefecture is located on the Kii Channel, connecting the Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea, across from Wakayama Prefecture on the Kii Peninsula of the island of Honshu. Tokushima Prefecture is connected to Awaji Island across the Naruto Strait by the Ōnaruto Bridge as part of the Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway, connecting the prefecture to the city of Kobe and the San'yō Expressway on Honshu.
Vassilis Mytilinaios
Vassilis Mytilinaios (Greek: Βασίλης Μυτιληναίος; born 7 March 1982, in Genk, Belgium) is a Greek football goalkeeper.

He played for Akratitos, Apollon Smyrnis, Ionikos, Alki Larnaca, ENTHOI Lakatamia and since 2006 has played for Enosis Neon Paralimni in Cyprus.

Mytilinaios made one appearance for Apollon Smyrnis during the 2002–03 Beta Ethniki season.

Apollon Smyrnis F.C.
Apollon Smyrnis Football Club (Greek: Απόλλων Σμύρνης) is a professional football club based in Athens, Greece, which competes in the Athens FCA first division.

It is part of GS Apollon Smyrnis (Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Απόλλων Σμύρνης), a sports society that was founded in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire, by Anatolian Greeks in 1891 and is one of the oldest Hellenic sports clubs. Following the compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey the club was re-established in Athens in 1923 and is also known as Apollon Athens.

Apollon Smyrnis has also departments basketball, volleyball, water polo and other sports.
Ian Lake
Ian Lake (26 January 1935 in Quorn, Leicestershire – 12 August 2004 in London, England) was a pianist and composer who taught for many years at the Royal College of Music in London.

The son of working-class parents, he was educated at Trent College after winning a scholarship. After leaving school, he joined the army to undertake his National Service, playing the clarinet and viola in an army band. He subsequently entered the Royal College of Music on another scholarship. He began teaching at the college in 1966, eventually becoming a professor of piano.

In 1995, he was convicted of sexually abusing children and in the same year his teaching career at the Royal College of Music came to an end. Despite this, his career as a concert performer and recording artist continued. Since then several former pupils, both male and female, have come forward and described abuse they suffered from him.

Royal College of Music
The Royal College of Music (RCM) is a conservatoire established by royal charter in 1882, located in South Kensington, London, UK. It offers training from the undergraduate to the doctoral level in all aspects of Western Music including performance, composition, conducting, music theory and history, and has trained some of the most important figures in international music life. The RCM also conducts research in performance practice and performance science.

The RCM has over 900 students from more than 50 countries, with professors who include many who are musicians with worldwide reputations.

The college is one of the four conservatories of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music and a member of Conservatoires UK. Its buildings are directly opposite the Royal Albert Hall on Prince Consort Road, next to Imperial College and among the museums and cultural centres of Albertopolis.
Galata (horse)
Galata (1829–1848) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won two British Classic Races in 1831 and the Ascot Gold Cup a year later. In a racing career which lasted from April 1832 until June 1834 the filly ran ten times and won seven races. As a three-year-old in 1832 she won her first four races including the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse and the Oaks Stakes at Epsom Downs Racecourse. In the following year she was unbeaten in two races, winning the Port Stakes at Newmarket and the Gold Cup at Ascot. She was retired to stud after two unsuccessful starts in 1834.

Epsom Downs Racecourse
Epsom Downs is a Grade 1 racecourse in a hilly area near Epsom in Surrey, England which is used for thoroughbred horse racing. The "Downs" referred to in the name are part of the North Downs.

The course has a crowd capacity of 130,000 including people watching from the Epsom Downs, an area freely open to the public. The course is best known for hosting the Derby Stakes, which has come to be widely referred to as The Derby or as the Cazoo Derby for sponsorship reasons, the United Kingdom's premier thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old colts and fillies, over a mile and a half (2400 m). It also hosts the Oaks Stakes (also widely referred to as The Oaks) for three-year-old fillies, and the Coronation Cup for horses aged four years and upwards. All three races are Group 1 races and run over the same course and distance.

The Chairman of the course since 2022 is Brian Finch.  The course is operated by the Jockey Club.  Queen Elizabeth II attended the Derby in most years of her reign.
Coupling
A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement or both. In a more general context, a coupling can also be a mechanical device that serves to connect the ends of adjacent parts or objects. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there are torque-limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded. Selection, installation and maintenance of couplings can lead to reduced maintenance time and maintenance cost.

Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force, or simply the moment. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen axis. For example, driving a screw uses torque to force it into an object. The torque is applied by the screwdriver, rotating around its axis, to the drive on the head of the screw.

Torque is generally referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study, with torque generally being associated with physics and moment being associated with engineering. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque.

Torque is typically represented mathematically using  the lowercase Greek letter tau (). When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
Second cabinet of Nokrashy Pasha
The second cabinet formed by Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha lasted between December 1946 and December 1948. It succeeded the cabinet led by Ismail Sidky who resigned from the premiership on 8 December 1946. Next day King Farouk asked Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha, head of the Saadist Institutional Party, to form the cabinet which was announced on 10 December. The cabinet was a coalition government comprising members of the Saadist Institutional Party and the Liberal Constitutional Party and was confirmed by the Parliament on 16 December with 150 confidence against 21 objection votes.

One of the significant tasks carried out by the government was the continuation of the negotiations with the British authorities to finalize the independence of Sudan as proposed by the British. As his predecessor, Ismail Sidky, Nokrashy Pasha could not settle the issue. On 28 December 1948 Prime Minister Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha was assassinated, and Ibrahim Abdel Hady Pasha was appointed prime minister.

Farouk of Egypt
Farouk I (/fəˈruːk/; Arabic: فاروق الأول, romanized: Fārūq al-Awwal; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936 and reigning until his overthrow in a military coup in 1952.

His full title was "His Majesty Farouk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and the Sudan". As king, Farouk was known for his extravagant playboy lifestyle. While initially popular, his reputation eroded due to the corruption and incompetence of his government. He was overthrown in the 1952 coup d'état and forced to abdicate in favour of his infant son, Ahmed Fuad, who succeeded him as Fuad II. Farouk died in exile in Italy in 1965.

His sister, Princess Fawzia bint Fuad, was the first wife and consort of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Alexander Kukush
Alexander Kukush is a Ukrainian mathematician and statistician. He is a professor at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. His work focuses on stochastic processes, errors-in-variables models and applications of probability and statistics in finance and insurance.

He has contributed to the development of actuarial and financial mathematics education in Ukraine.

Errors-in-variables model
In statistics, an errors-in-variables model or a measurement error model is a regression model that accounts for measurement errors in the independent variables. In contrast, standard regression models assume that those regressors have been measured exactly, or observed without error; as such, those models account only for errors in the dependent variables, or responses.

In the case when some regressors have been measured with errors, estimation based on the standard assumption leads to inconsistent estimates, meaning that the parameter estimates do not tend to the true values even in very large samples. For simple linear regression the effect is an underestimate of the coefficient, known as the attenuation bias. In non-linear models the direction of the bias is likely to be more complicated.
La Cresta, Riverside County, California
La Cresta is an unincorporated community in the Santa Rosa Plateau region in Riverside County, California, United States. It is situated west of Murrieta, north of Temecula and the San Diego County Border, and east of Orange County. It is centrally located approximately 55 miles from downtown San Diego, 65 miles from downtown Los Angeles, and 15 miles from the Pacific Ocean. The population of La Cresta is approximately 2,860.

Murrieta, California
Murrieta /mjʊəriˈɛtə/ is a city in southwestern Riverside County, California, United States. The population of Murrieta was 110,949 as of the 2020 census. Murrieta experienced a 133.7% population increase between 2000 and 2010, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the state during that period. Largely residential, Murrieta is typically characterized as a bedroom community. Murrieta is bordered by the city of Temecula to the south, the cities of Menifee and Wildomar to the north, and the unincorporated community of French Valley to the east. Murrieta is at the center of the Los Angeles-San Diego mega-region. Murrieta is named for Juan Murrieta, a Californio ranchero who founded the town.