hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zenithal hourly rate
In astronomy, the zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) of a meteor shower is the number of meteors a single observer would see in an hour of peak activity if the radiant was at the zenith, assuming the seeing conditions are perfect (when and where stars with apparent magnitudes up to 6.5 are visible to the naked eye). The rate that can effectively be seen is nearly always lower and decreases the closer the radiant is to the horizon.

Zenith
The zenith (UK: /ˈzɛnɪθ/, US: /ˈziː-/) is the imaginary point on the celestial sphere directly "above" a particular location. "Above" means in the vertical direction (plumb line) opposite to the gravity direction at that location (nadir). The zenith is the "highest" point on the celestial sphere. The direction opposite of the zenith is the nadir.
Moedomo Soedigdomarto
Moedomo Soedigdomarto, also spelled Mudomo Sudigdomarto, (29 November 1927, Magetan – 5 November 2005, Bandung) was an Indonesian mathematician, educator and professor at the Bandung Institute of Technology, of which he was rector.

Soedigdomarto was one of the first Indonesians to obtain a Ph.D. in mathematics, which he earned from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, with a dissertation titled "A Representation Theory for the Laplace Transform of Vector-Valued Functions", in 1959 at the age of 32, under the orientation of Robert Gardner Bartle.

Soedigdomarto was the first Indonesian to have a paper recorded in Mathematical Reviews (Moedomo and J. J. Uhl, Jr. "Radon-Nikodym theorems for the Bochner and Pettis integrals" published in the Pacific Journal of Mathematics in 1971).

Robert G. Bartle
Robert Gardner Bartle (November 20, 1927 – September 18, 2003) was an American mathematician specializing in real analysis. He is known for writing the popular textbooks The Elements of Real Analysis (1964), The Elements of Integration (1966), and Introduction to Real Analysis (2011) with Donald R. Sherbert, published by John Wiley & Sons.

Bartle was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and was the son of Glenn G. Bartle and Wanda M. Bartle.
He was married to Doris Sponenberg Bartle (born 1927) from 1952 to 1982 and they had two sons, James A. Bartle (born 1955) and John R. Bartle (born 1958). He was on the faculty of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Illinois from 1955 to 1990.

Bartle was Executive Editor of Mathematical Reviews from 1976 to 1978 and from 1986 to 1990. From 1990 to 1999 he taught at Eastern Michigan University. In 1997, he earned a writing award from the Mathematical Association of America for his paper "Return to the Riemann Integral".
2013 Open 88 Contrexéville – Singles
Aravane Rezaï was the defending champion, having won the event in 2012, but she chose not to defend her title.

Timea Bacsinszky won the tournament, defeating Beatriz García Vidagany in the final, 6–1, 6–1.

Beatriz García Vidagany
Beatriz García Vidagany (born 17 November 1988) is a retired Spanish tennis player.

She reached career-high WTA rankings of 146 in singles on 5 July 2010, and 148 in doubles on 23 March 2015. In her career, García Vidagany won two singles titles and four doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Music for the Mabinogi
Music for the Mabinogi is a folk soundtrack album released in 1983 by Robin Williamson. The soundtrack was created for a 1983 bi-lingual theatrical production of the Mabinogion which, during live performance runs in both Caernafon Castle and Cardiff Castle, was filmed and subsequently broadcast on the Welsh language television channel S4C and on Channel 4. The play was produced by the Cardiff based Moving Being theatre company.

Robin Williamson
Robin Duncan Harry Williamson (born 24 November 1943) is a Scottish multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, and storyteller who was a founding member of the Incredible String Band, as well as having a solo career.
Widgiry
Widgiry [vidˈɡirɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Banie Mazurskie, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) north of Banie Mazurskie, 15 km (9 mi) west of Gołdap, and 120 km (75 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Gołdap County
Gołdap County (Polish: powiat gołdapski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its administrative seat and only town is Gołdap, which lies 133 kilometres (83 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

When powiats were re-introduced in the Polish local government reforms of 1999, the present Gołdap and Olecko Counties made up a single entity (called powiat olecko-gołdapski or Olecko-Gołdap County). This was divided into two in 2002.

The county covers an area of 771.93 square kilometres (298.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 26,825, out of which the population of Gołdap is 13,716 and the rural population is 13,109.
Carnegie Hall (film)
Carnegie Hall is a 1947 American musical drama film directed by Edgar G. Ulmer and starring Marsha Hunt and William Prince.  The film was produced by Federal Films and released by United Artists.

Ulmer directed Carnegie Hall with the help of conductor Fritz Reiner, godfather of Ulmer's daughter Arianné. The New York City concert venue Carnegie Hall serves as the film's setting for the plot and performances. A tribute to classical music and Carnegie Hall, the film features appearances by some of the prominent music figures of the 20th century. Based on a story by silent movie actress Seena Owen, Carnegie Hall follows the life of Irish immigrant Nora Ryan who arrives in the U.S. just as the grand concert hall is opened in 1891, and her life is intertwined with the performers, conductors, aspiring artists and employees who work there. The plot serves as a thread to connect the music performances.

Walter Damrosch
Walter Johannes Damrosch (January 30, 1862 – December 22, 1950) was a Prussian-born American conductor and composer. He was the director of the New York Symphony Orchestra and conducted the world premiere performances of various works, including Aaron Copland's Symphony for Organ and Orchestra, George Gershwin's Piano Concerto in F and An American in Paris, and Jean Sibelius' Tapiola. Damrosch was also instrumental in the founding of Carnegie Hall. He also conducted the first performance of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 with the composer himself as soloist.
Rockline
Rockline was a nationally syndicated radio interview program hosted by Bob Coburn that was broadcast live via satellite every Monday and Wednesday night from 8:30pm-10pm PT to radio stations in the United States and Canada. Founded in 1981, it was considered to be the longest running, uninterrupted program in rock history. The main guests interviewed on the program were various musical artists of the rock genre, including both active rock artists (on Mondays) and classic rock artists (on Wednesdays). The primary feature of the program was the ability for listeners to call live and ask questions to the guests. Several of the shows were also live performances.

Active rock
Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada. Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites, normally with an emphasis on the harder edge of mainstream rock and album-oriented rock.
Celeste Barbitta
Sabrina Celeste Barbitta Nuño (born 22 May 1979), known as Celeste Barbitta, is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defender. She was a member of the Argentina women's national team at two editions of the FIFA Women's World Cup (2003 and 2007).

2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
The 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup was the fourth edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial championship of women's national soccer teams organized by FIFA. It was held in the United States from September 20 to October 12, 2003, at six venues in six cities across the country. The tournament was won by Germany, who became the first country to win both the men's and women's World Cup.

China was originally awarded the right to host the tournament, which would have taken place from September 23 to October 11 in four cities. A severe outbreak of SARS in early 2003 affected Guangdong in southern China and prompted FIFA to move the Women's World Cup to the United States, who had hosted the previous edition in 1999. China was instead granted hosting rights for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup and financial compensation while the United States Soccer Federation made new arrangements to host at smaller stadiums.
Croat (coin)
The croat was a silver coin of Catalonia introduced by the king Peter III in 1285 and minted at Barcelona, Perpignan and Tortosa. The term "croat" derives from the Latin grossus denarius, great coin, a common term for silver coins of higher value than pennies. Peter III was inspired by the gros introduced by Louis IX of France.

The croat was originally worth twelve terns of 25% silver billon. In 1340 the gold florín was introduced at a value of eleven croats. The purity of the florín was fixed at eighteen carats (75% gold) in 1365. As the popularity of the florín and the croat grew, the Aragonese empire settled into bimetallism. The Catalan croat was equivalent in value to the Aragonese ral (which went by many names: grosso, real, alfonsino, anfusinus). It was the most stable of all the Aragonese coinage and widely used in the Mediterranean trade.

Billon (alloy)
Billon (/ˈbɪlən/) is an alloy of a precious metal (most commonly silver, but also gold) with a majority base metal content (such as copper). It is used chiefly for making coins, medals, and token coins.

The word comes from the French bille, which means 'log'.
Richard Martin Meredith
Richard Martin Meredith QC (27 March 1847 – 20 May 1934) was a co-founder and the first Chancellor of The University of Western Ontario; vice-chancellor of Ontario; President of the High Court of the Supreme Court of Ontario and Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Common Pleas.

Supreme Court of Ontario
The Supreme Court of Ontario was a superior court of the Canadian province of Ontario. Created in 1881 pursuant to the Ontario Judicature Act (1881), the Supreme Court of Ontario had two branches: the High Court of Justice Division and the Appellate Division. The Supreme Court of Ontario was a Section 96 court with inherent jurisdiction.

The Appellate Division was later transformed into the Court of Appeal for Ontario.

In 1989 the Courts of Justice Amendment Act, 1989 was enacted by the Government to create one large superior trial court for Ontario. This Act came into force in 1990 and resulted in the merger of the Supreme Court (or High Court), the District Court and the Surrogate Court into the Ontario Court of Justice (General Division).

The Ontario Court (General Division) was later replaced by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice.

The court once sat at 145 Queen Street West in Toronto, now site of Four Seasons Centre.
Emilio Tafeng
General Emilio Tafeng (1910–19??), also Emedio Tafeng, Emedio Tafeng Odongi, was the Commander In Chief of the Anyanya movement and a military commander in the First Sudanese Civil War, fighting on the side of Southern Sudan. In 1963 he established camps across the southern borders of Sudan, in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Uganda, and waged an intermittent war of sabotage and ambush against government forces. In August 1971, Joseph Lagu captured the leadership from Tafeng and became military and political head of the new South Sudan Liberation Movement.

Joseph Lagu
Joseph Lagu (born 26 November 1929) is a South Sudanese military figure and politician. He belongs to the Madi ethnic group of Eastern Equatoria, South Sudan.

Lagu served as the second President of the High Executive Council of the autonomous region of Southern Sudan between 1978 and 1979.
Rodrigo Cunha
Rodrigo Santos Cunha (born May 11 1981), better known as Rodrigo Cunha, is a Brazilian politician and lawyer, who has served as Senator for Alagoas since 2019 for the Podemos party, which has an anti-corruption platform.

Cunha previously served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alagoas for the centrist Brazilian Social Democracy Party, before running a bid for the senate, noted by a striking independence from his party's coalition with the Alagoas politician and former president Fernando Collor de Mello, who was impeached in 1992 accused of corruption.

Cunha ran for governor in 2022 as a part of the big-tent Brazil Union party, losing in the second round to Paulo Dantas, but beating out Collor.

Legislative Assembly of Alagoas
The Legislative Assembly of Alagoas (Portuguese: Assembleia Legislativa de Alagoas) is the unicameral legislative body of the government of the state of Alagoas in Brazil.

It consists of 27 state deputies. It is located in Maceió, Alagoas.
Swimming at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle S5
The women's 50 metre freestyle S5 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 30 August, at the London Aquatics Centre.

Two heats were held, one with six swimmers and one with five swimmers. The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.

London Aquatics Centre
The London Aquatics Centre is an indoor facility with two 50-metre (164-foot) swimming pools and a 25-metre (82-foot) diving pool in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, London. The centre, designed by architect Zaha Hadid as one of the main venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, was used for the swimming, diving and synchronised swimming events. After significant modification, the centre opened to the public in March 2014.
Arthur Trebitsch
Arthur Trebitsch (1880–1927) was an Austrian writer and racial theorist, known for being an antisemite of Jewish origin. He offered his services to help the fledgling Nazis to write their antisemitic literature, and was an influence on the early development of the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party.

Austrian Nazism
Austrian Nazism or Austrian National Socialism was a pan-German movement that was formed at the beginning of the 20th century. The movement took a concrete form on 15 November 1903 when the German Worker's Party (DAP) was established in Austria with its secretariat stationed in the town of Aussig (now Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic). It was suppressed under the rule of Engelbert Dollfuss (1932–34), with its political organization, the DNSAP ("German National Socialist Workers' Party") banned in early 1933, but was revived and made part of the German Nazi Party after the German annexation of Austria in 1938.
Wilkinson Glacier
Wilkinson Glacier (66°50′S 66°20′W﻿ / ﻿66.833°S 66.333°W﻿ / -66.833; -66.333) is a glacier on the south side of Protector Heights on Pernik Peninsula, Loubet Coast in Graham Land, flowing westward into Lallemand Fjord to the south of Holdfast Point. Mapped from air photos taken by Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) (1956–57). Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Captain John V. Wilkinson, Royal Navy, captain of HMS Protector in these waters, 1955–56 and 1956–57.

Loubet Coast
Loubet Coast is the portion of the west coast of Graham Land in Antarctic Peninsula, extending 158 km between Cape Bellue to the northeast and Bourgeois Fjord to the southwest. South of Loubet Coast is Fallières Coast, north is Graham Coast.

The coast is named after Émile Loubet, President of France during the exploration of the area by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot in January 1905.
Jedle, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Jedle [ˈjɛdlɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łopuszno, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south-west of Łopuszno and 28 km (17 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.

Łopuszno
Łopuszno [wɔˈpuʂnɔ] is a town in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Łopuszno. It lies approximately 27 km (17 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.
William Somerville (physician)
William Somerville FRS FRSE FLS LRCP (1771 – 25 June 1860) was a Scottish physician and inspector of the Army Medical Board. He was the husband of eminent mathematician and scientist Mary Somerville and father of four.

Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes.

A product of the 18th-century enlightenment, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858.

The patron of the society is Anne, Princess Royal. Vice-patrons include: Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough.
WMTQ
WMTQ is a Catholic radio station broadcasting from Elmira, New York. WMTQ is located at 88.1 on the FM dial. Part of The Station of the Cross, WMTQ is owned and operated by Holy Family Communications which also owns and operates several other stations. The call letters represent Mary the Queen, to whom this station is dedicated. The Station of the Cross relies on the EWTN for the bulk of its programming.

Elmira, New York
Elmira (/ɛlˈmaɪrə/) is a city in and the county seat of Chemung County, New York, United States. It is the principal city of the Elmira, New York, metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Chemung County. The population was 26,523 at the 2020 census, down from 29,200 at the 2010 census, a decline of more than 7 percent.

The City of Elmira is in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by the Town of Elmira.  It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a short distance north of the Pennsylvania state line.

The city was the site of the Elmira Prison, a prisoner-of-war camp that held over 12,000 captured Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Elmira College is located within the city.
2007 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open
The 2007 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 3rd edition for men, and 6th edition for women, of the tournament and part of the 2007 ATP Challenger Series and the 2007 ITF Women's Circuit, offering totals of $100,000 for men, and $50,000 for women, in prize money. It took place in West Vancouver, British Columbia, between July 28 and August 5, 2007.

Stéphanie Dubois
Stéphanie Dubois (born October 31, 1986) is a former tennis player from Canada. She turned professional in 2004 and achieved a career-best ranking of world No. 87 in January 2012.

Dubois was awarded Female Player of the Year by Tennis Canada two times (2005, 2007). She retired after the tournoi de Québec in September 2014.
Derrick Witherspoon
Derrick Leon Witherspoon (born February 14, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a  running back and return specialist in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and National Football League (NFL). He played in the CFL for the Shreveport Pirates and the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football for the Clemson Tigers.

Witherspoon is currently the co-founder and Vice President of the South Carolina Chapter of the NFL Alumni.

Shreveport Pirates
The Shreveport Pirates were a Canadian Football League team, playing at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States. They were established in 1994 as part of the CFL's expansion into the United States and disbanded upon the end of the CFL's American experiment after the 1995 season. Although they were based in a small market and barely competitive on the field, the Pirates enjoyed relatively strong local fan support.
David FeBland
David FeBland is an artist who paints urban landscapes. He has studios in Arizona and in New York City, in the United States. His work has elements of Social Realism, and invites comparison to that of the Ashcan School, or to the photographs of Robert Frank or Garry Winogrand.

Robert Frank
Robert Frank (Swiss Standard German: [fraŋk]; November 9, 1924 – September 9, 2019) was a Swiss American photographer and documentary filmmaker. His most notable work, the 1958 book titled The Americans, earned Frank comparisons to a modern-day de Tocqueville for his fresh and nuanced outsider's view of American society. Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian in 2014, said The Americans "changed the nature of photography, what it could say and how it could say it. [ ... ] it remains perhaps the most influential photography book of the 20th century." Frank later expanded into film and video and experimented with manipulating photographs and photomontage.
Regina v. Ring
Regina v. Ring, 17 Cox CC. 491, 66 L.T. (NS) 306 (1892), is a criminal case which held that if a pickpocket put his hand in a victim's pocket, but the pocket was empty, he was still guilty of attempted larceny, even though there was nothing to steal, so he was attempting an "impossible" crime.: 706

Larceny
Larceny is a crime involving the unlawful taking or theft of the personal property of another person or business. It was an offence under the common law of England and became an offence in jurisdictions which incorporated the common law of England into their own law (also statutory law), where in many cases it remains in force.

The crime of larceny has been abolished in England, Wales, Ireland, and Northern Ireland, broken up into the specific crimes of burglary, robbery, fraud, theft, and related crimes. However, larceny remains an offence in parts of the United States, Jersey, and in New South Wales, Australia, involving the taking (caption) and carrying away (asportation) of personal property without the owner's consent and without intending to return it.
1930 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1930 Georgia gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1930, in order to elect the governor of Georgia.

Incumbent Democratic governor Lamartine Griffin Hardman was term-limited, and ineligible to run for a third term.

As was common at the time, the Democratic candidate ran unopposed in the general election so therefore the Democratic primary was the real contest, and winning the primary was considered tantamount to election.

Governor of Georgia
The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's National Guard, when not in federal service, and State Defense Force. The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature, and the power to convene the legislature into special session. The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.
Shed My Skin
"Shed My Skin" is a song recorded by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation in collaboration with German metalcore band annisokay. It was released as a single worldwide via digital download and streaming on 25 June 2021. The song was produced by their longtime producer Daniel Gibson, with Mathijs Tieken and Within Temptation serving as additional producers.

Sharon den Adel
Sharon Janny den Adel (born 12 July 1974) is a Dutch singer who is the lead vocalist of the symphonic metal band Within Temptation. She has been performing since age 14, and co-founded Within Temptation with partner Robert Westerholt in 1996. She was also elected to be the Dutch chairperson of the jury for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018.