hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sherman County, Texas
Sherman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,782. Its county seat is Stratford. The county was created in 1876 and organized in 1889. It is named for Sidney Sherman, who fought in the Texas Revolution. Though both Sherman County and Sherman, Texas, are named for the same person, the city of Sherman is located in Grayson County, about 430 miles to the southeast.

Texas Revolution
The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion by Anglo-American immigrants as well as Hispanic Texans (known as Texians and Tejanos respectively) against the centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. The uprising was part of a larger revolt against the Centralist Republic of Mexico that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States about a decade later.
Vladimir Levenshtein
Vladimir Iosifovich Levenshtein (Russian: Влади́мир Ио́сифович Левенште́йн, IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɨˈosʲɪfəvʲɪtɕ lʲɪvʲɪnˈʂtʲejn] ⓘ; 20 May 1935 – 6 September 2017) was a Russian and Soviet scientist who did research in information theory,  error-correcting codes, and combinatorial design. Among other contributions, he is known for the Levenshtein distance and a Levenshtein algorithm, which he developed in 1965.

He graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics of Moscow State University in 1958 and worked at the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics in Moscow ever since. He was a fellow of the IEEE Information Theory Society.

He received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal in 2006, for "contributions to the theory of error-correcting codes and information theory, including the Levenshtein distance".

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Information Theory Society. It covers information theory and the mathematics of communications. It was established in 1953 as IRE Transactions on Information Theory. The editor-in-chief is Venugopal V. Veeravalli (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign). As of 2007, the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv.

According to Jack van Lint, it is the leading research journal in the whole field of coding theory. A 2006 study using the PageRank network analysis algorithm found that, among hundreds of computer science-related journals, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory had the highest ranking and was thus deemed the most prestigious. ACM Computing Surveys, with the highest impact factor, was deemed the most popular.
Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
The Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art (German: Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst) was first established on 28 November 1853 by King Maximilian II von Bayern. It is awarded to acknowledge and reward excellent and outstanding achievements in the field of science and art. From 1933 onwards (with the beginning of the Nazi regime) the order was no longer awarded, until 1980 when it was reinstated by the then Minister-President of the Free State of Bavaria Franz Josef Strauß. Munich jewellers Hemmerle have been responsible for making the medal since 1905.

Franz Josef Strauss
Franz Josef Strauss (German: Strauß [fʁants ˈjoːzɛf ˈʃtʁaʊs]; 6 September 1915 – 3 October 1988) was a German politician. He was the long-time chairman of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) from 1961 until 1988, member of the federal cabinet in different positions between 1953 and 1969 and minister-president of Bavaria from 1978 until 1988. Strauss is also credited as a co-founder of European aerospace conglomerate Airbus.

After the 1969 federal elections, West Germany's CDU/CSU alliance found itself out of power for the first time since the founding of the Federal Republic. At this time, Strauss became more identified with the regional politics of Bavaria. While he ran for the chancellorship as the candidate of the CDU/CSU in 1980, for the rest of his life Strauss never again held federal office. From 1978 until his death in 1988, he was the head of the Bavarian government. His last two decades were marked by a fierce rivalry with CDU chairman Helmut Kohl.
Counter Smuggling Unit
The Counter Smuggling Unit (Malay: Unit Pencegah Penyeludupan, UPP) is a unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs, whose membership consists of various agencies. The main objective of UPP is to combat and prevent any smuggling activities along the 646.4 km international border between Malaysia and Thailand.

UPP consists of three main agencies:

Royal Malaysia Police (RMP)

Royal Malaysian Customs Department

Immigration Department of Malaysia (JIM)

Royal Malaysian Customs Department
The Royal Malaysian Customs Department (Abbr.; RMCD; Malay: Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia – JKDM; Jawi: جابتن كستم دراج مليسيا‎); is a government department body under the  Ministry of Finance. RMCD functions as the country's main indirect tax collector, facilitating trade and enforcing laws.

RMCD facilitates trade by making sure that all imported and exported goods follow national and international rules. This involves inspecting and clearing goods at various entry and exit points, such as ports and airports. The department also works to prevent smuggling and other illegal activities through strict enforcement measures.
PEN America (journal)
PEN America: A Journal for Writers and Readers is an annual literary journal that features fiction, poetry, conversation, criticism, and memoir. It is published by PEN America in New York City. Contributors include Yousef Al-Mohaimeed, Paul Auster, Michael Cunningham, Lydia Davis, Petina Gappah, Nikki Giovanni, Rawi Hage, Shahriar Mandanipour, Colum McCann, Michael Ondaatje, Marilynne Robinson, Salman Rushdie, Susan Sontag, John Edgar Wideman, and many others.

Susan Sontag
Susan Lee Sontag (/ˈsɒntæɡ/; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer and critic. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on 'Camp' ", in 1964. Her best-known works include the critical works Against Interpretation (1966), On Photography (1977), Illness as Metaphor (1978) and Regarding the Pain of Others (2003), the short story "The Way We Live Now" (1986) and the novels The Volcano Lover (1992) and In America (1999).

Sontag was active in writing and speaking about, or traveling to, areas of conflict, including during the Vietnam War and the Siege of Sarajevo. She wrote extensively about literature, cinema, photography and media, illness, war, human rights, and left-wing politics. Her essays and speeches drew backlash and controversy, and she has been called "one of the most influential critics of her generation".
G. L. Peiris
Gamini Lakshman Peiris (Sinhala: ගාමීණි ලක්ෂ්මණ් පීරිස්, Tamil: காமினி லக்ஷ்மன் பீரிஸ்) (born 13 August 1946) is a Sri Lankan politician and academic. He was the Cabinet Minister of External Affairs and is a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from the National List. He was also the State Minister of Defense on 18 April 2022, serving until 11 July 2022. He has served as the Minister of Education, Minister of Justice in previous Sri Lankan Governments. He belongs to the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna, serving as its chairperson.

GL Peiris was interviewed and featured in a documentary titled "NEELAN: UNSILENCED" released in July 2025 which discusses the constitutional reform proposals he co-authored during his time as Constitutional Affairs Minister under the Kumaratunga government.

Minister of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)
The minister of foreign affairs is an appointment in the Cabinet of Sri Lanka who is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy of the Government of Sri Lanka. The post was first created in 1947 as the minister of external affairs and defence, in 1977 the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence separated into two ministries, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defence. Prior to the separation of the post the minister of external affairs and defence was held by the prime minister since 1947, with a parliamentary secretary for defence and external affairs who was an elected parliamentarian and was the de facto foreign minister.
Egor Koulechov
Egor Koulechov (Hebrew: איגור קולשוב, Russian: Егор Кулешов; born November 5, 1994) is an Israeli-Russian professional basketball player for Keflavík of the Icelandic basketball league. He played college basketball for Arizona State, Rice, and Florida before playing professionally in Israel. Standing at 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m), he plays at the shooting guard and the small forward positions.

Maccabi Rishon LeZion (basketball)
Maccabi Rishon LeZion (Hebrew: מכבי ראשון לציון) is a basketball club based in Rishon LeZion, Israel. The team plays in the Ligat HaAl (the top tier of Israeli basketball). The greatest achievement of the club has been winning the 2016 Israeli Basketball Premier League championship.

The club is one of the most popular basketball clubs in Israel, and has played in the Israeli Basketball Premier League since 1989. Some notable players have included Miki Berkovich, Doron Jamchi, Guy Goodes, Motti Aroesti, Kevin Magee, Moran Roth, and Hen Lippin.
Streptomyces griseochromogenes
Streptomyces griseochromogenes is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces griseochromogenes produces blasticidin A, blasticidin B, blasticidin C, blasticidin S, pentalenene and cytomycin.

Blasticidin A
Blasticidin A is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp. that has antifungal and antibacterial activity. The antibiotic function and structure of blasticidin A has been observed since 1955 by Fukunaga et al. in which the blasticidin A resembles aflastatin A.
Spassky Uyezd (Tambov Governorate)
Spassky Uyezd (Спасский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Tambov Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Spassk. In terms of present-day administrative borders, the territory of Spassky Uyezd is divided between the Spassky and Zemetchinsky districts of Penza Oblast, the Torbeyevsky and Zubovo-Polyansky districts of Mordovia and Sasovsky District of Ryazan Oblast.

Spassky District, Penza Oblast
Spassky District (Russian: Спа́сский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Penza Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 693.3 square kilometers (267.7 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Spassk. Population: 13,008 (2010 Census);  13,827 (2002 Census); 15,475 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Spassk accounts for 57.2% of the district's total population.
Craig Bingham
Craig Bingham (born 22 December 1979 in Irvine), is a Scottish footballer. He was a midfielder.

Bingham joined Clyde in the summer of 2000, signing from his hometown junior side Irvine Meadow. Bingham spent two seasons at Broadwood Stadium, but never really established himself in the first team. He made 38 appearances in total, before dropping back down to the junior ranks to sign for Glenafton Athletic in May 2002.

Irvine Meadow XI F.C.
Irvine Meadow XI Football Club is a Scottish football club, based in Irvine, North Ayrshire. They currently compete in the West of Scotland League First Division. The club's home ground is Meadow Park in central Irvine, and they play in royal blue strips.
Halopropane
Halopropane (synonym FHD-3, trade name Tebron) is a halocarbon drug which was investigated as an inhalational anesthetic but was never marketed. Its clinical development was terminated due to a high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients, similarly to the cases of teflurane and norflurane.

Halocarbon
Halocarbon compounds are chemical compounds in which one or more carbon atoms are linked by covalent bonds with one or more halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine – group 17) resulting in the formation of organofluorine compounds, organochlorine compounds, organobromine compounds, organoiodine compounds, and organoastatine compounds. Chlorine halocarbons are the most common and are called organochlorides.

Many synthetic organic compounds such as plastic polymers, and a few natural ones, contain halogen atoms; they are known as halogenated compounds or organohalogens. Organochlorides are the most common industrially used organohalides, although the other organohalides are used commonly in organic synthesis. Except for extremely rare cases, organohalides are not produced biologically, but many pharmaceuticals are organohalides. Notably, many pharmaceuticals such as Prozac have trifluoromethyl groups.

For information on inorganic halide chemistry, see halide.
Paudie Sheehy
Paudie Sheehy (1932–1967) was an Irish amateur sportsman and business executive. He played Gaelic football with John Mitchels and the Kerry county team from 1953 to 1962. He captained Kerry on two occasions. He was also a senior executive with the state-owned Irish Sugar and its affiliates, Erin Foods and Heinz-Erin Foods.

Valeo Foods
Valeo Foods is an Irish multinational producer of branded food and beverage products. The company has a portfolio of over 50 international food brands which are sold across 90 countries globally, including Rowse Honey, Odlums, Batchelors canned food, Jacob's, Dolciaria Balconi, and Kelkin. The business combines food production, brand development, distribution and sales.
Kinston Expos
The Kinston Expos were a Minor League Baseball team of the Carolina League (CL), and the High-A affiliate of the Montreal Expos. They were located in Kinston, North Carolina, and were named for their parent club. The team played its home games at Grainger Stadium, which opened in 1949 and holds 4,100 fans.

Established in 1962, the Expos played through the 1974 season. The franchise folded following that season.

Kinston has served as a farm club for eleven different major league franchises and one minor league club. Professional baseball dates back to a 1908 squad in the Eastern Carolina League. Despite having one of the smallest markets in professional baseball, Kinston has proved its viability for over a century.

The franchise won a league title as the Kinston Eagles in 1962 as an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Hundreds of men played for the franchise including Ron Guidry.

Kinston is served today by the Down East Wood Ducks, an affiliate of the Texas Rangers.

Kinston, North Carolina
Kinston is a city in Lenoir County, North Carolina, United States, with a population of 19,900 as of the 2020 census. It has been the county seat of Lenoir County since its formation in 1791. Kinston is located in the coastal plains region of eastern North Carolina.

In 2009, Kinston won the All-America City Award. This marks the second time in 21 years the city has won the title.
New York Breakers
NY Breakers is a professional swimming club and one of the original eight clubs of the global International Swimming League (ISL) based in New York City led by general manager, Tim Teeter and head coach, Martin Truijens. The ISL is owned by Konstantin Grigorishin and had its inaugural season in 2019. The original eight clubs were:  DC Trident, the New York Breakers, the LA Current, and the Cali Condors in the United States of America, and the Aqua Centurions, Energy Standard, the London Roar, and IRON in Europe. In 2020 ISL added the Toronto Titans (Canada) and a Tokyo team (Japan) for a total of ten teams.

During the inaugural season in 2019, NY Breakers ended 4th in Lewisville, Budapest and College Park, MD in the preliminary rounds and failed to advance to the finale in Las Vegas.

Konstantin Grigorishin
Konstantin Ivanovich Grigorishin (born 16 November 1965) is a Russian-Ukrainian businessman and billionaire. Business assets of Grigorishin, including energy, shipping and industrial machine-building companies, are mainly located in Ukraine. Grigorishin heads Energy Standard Group, which controls a number of enterprises in Zaporizhzhia and Ukrrichflot, as well as eight Ukrainian regional energy-distribution companies. He previously owned Sumy NPO, named after M.V. Frunze.
Kingdon
Kingdon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

John Abernethy Kingdon (1828–1906), English historian and surgeon

Tully Kingdon (1835–1907), English Anglican bishop

William Kingdon Clifford FRS (1845–1879), English mathematician and philosopher

Edith Kingdon (1864–1921), American actress

Frank Kingdon-Ward (1885–1958), English botanist, explorer, plant collector and author

Frank Kingdon (1894–1972), American activist and educator

Billy Kingdon (1907–1977), English footballer

Edith Kingdon Gould (1920–2004), American socialite, linguist, actress, and poet

Guy Kingdon Natusch (1921–2020), New Zealand architect

Jonathan Kingdon (born 1935), Tanzanian-British zoologist

John W. Kingdon (born 1940), American political scientist

Francesca Kingdon, British actress

Mark D. Kingdon, American chief executive officer

Mark E. Kingdon, American hedge fund manager

Kingdon Gould, multiple people

Edith Kingdon
Edith Mary Kingdon Gould (August 24, 1864 – November 13, 1921) was an American actress. She married George Jay Gould, American railroad developer and speculator known as one of the ruthless robber barons of the Gilded Age.
Penn Hills Resort
Penn Hills Resort was a honeymoon resort located in Analomink, Pennsylvania, in the Pocono Mountains. Founded as a tavern in 1944, the resort grew in the 1960s, with over a hundred rooms in the hotel and a ski resort and golf course on the 500-acre site. Guest villas featured floor-to-ceiling carpeting, round beds, and heart-shaped bathtubs. Distinctive, modernist streetlights from the 1964 World's Fair were installed, as well as an ice rink and a wedding bell shaped outdoor swimming pool.

Billed as a "Paradise of Pocono Pleasure" and a place of "unbridled passion", Penn Hills catered to young couples who enjoyed archery and tennis and danced at modestly lavish New Year's Eve parties where the motto was "No balloon goes unpopped."

The resort closed in 2009. As of 2025, all of the buildings have been demolished or were destroyed by arson fire.

Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area–a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In North America, it is more common for ski areas to exist well away from towns, so ski resorts usually are destination resorts, often purpose-built and self-contained, where skiing is the main activity.
Cabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil (Portuguese: Gabinete do Brasil), also called Council of Ministers (Portuguese: Conselho de Ministros) or Council of Government (Portuguese: Conselho de Governo), is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-three Ministries, including six Ministry-level offices: the Chief of Staff, General-Secretariat of the Presidency, Secretariat of Institutional Relations, Secretariat of Social Communication, Personal Office of the President of the Republic and the Institutional Security Office. Other institutions also assists the Presidency.

Senior advisor
In some countries, a senior advisor (also spelt senior adviser, especially in the UK) is an appointed position by the head of state to advise on the highest levels of national and government policy. Sometimes a junior position to this is called a national policy advisor. In some instances, these advisors form a council of state or a state council. Senior Advisor is also a title for senior civil servants or partisan advisors in several countries and is also used in nonprofit organisations.
Robert M. A. Hawk
Robert Moffett Allison Hawk (April 23, 1839 – June 29, 1882) was a U.S. representative from Illinois.

Born near Rushville, Indiana, Hawk moved with his parents to Freedom Township, Carroll County, Illinois, in 1844.
He attended the common and select schools of Carroll County, Illinois, and Eureka College.
He studied law but never practiced.
He entered the Union Army during the Civil War as first lieutenant September 4, 1862.
He was promoted to captain on January 1, 1863.
Brevetted major April 10, 1865.
He moved to Mount Carroll, Illinois, in 1865 and engaged in agricultural pursuits.
He served as clerk of the court of Carroll County, Illinois, from December 13, 1865, to February 27, 1879.

Hawk was elected as a Republican to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses and served from March 4, 1879, until his death in Washington, D.C., June 29, 1882.
He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery, Mount Carroll, Illinois.

46th United States Congress
The 46th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1879, to March 4, 1881, during the last two years of Rutherford Hayes's presidency.

The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1870 United States census. The Senate had a Democratic majority, while the House of Representatives had a Democratic plurality.  The Democrats were still able to control the House, however, with the help of the Independent politicians who caucused with them.
Augusto Napoleone Berlese
Augusto Napoleone Berlese (21 October 1864, in Padua – 26 January 1903, in Milan) was an Italian botanist and mycologist. He was the brother of entomologist Antonio Berlese 1863–1927, with whom he founded the journal Rivista di patologia vegetale in 1892. Together with Francesco Saccardo and Casimir Roumeguère he edited the exsiccata Fungi Lusitanici a Cl. Moller lecti. Contributiones ad Floram Mycologicam Lusitaniae.

He studied natural sciences at the University of Padua, where following graduation, he worked for several years as a botanical assistant (1885–1889). Later on, he taught classes at the viticulture school in Avellino (from 1892), and at the universities of Camerino (from 1895) and Sassari (from 1899). In 1901 he was appointed professor of phytopathology at the agricultural college in Milan.

The mycological genus Berlesiella (family Herpotrichiellaceae) was named in his honor by Pier Andrea Saccardo.

Casimir Roumeguère
Casimir Roumeguère (15 August 1828 in Toulouse – 29 February 1892 in Toulouse) was a French botanist and mycologist.

He served as director of the journal Revue mycologique. His collections of fungi are included in several exsiccatae, including "Fungi (selecti) Gallici exsiccati" and "Fungi selecti exsiccati" with publications. His collection of algae is part of the exsiccatae series: "Algues de France", which he co-edited since 1883.

In addition to his botanical and mycological research, he published a few works in the fields of geology, conchology and archaeology.