hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
BTLA
B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator or BTLA (also known as cluster of differentiation 272 or CD272) is a protein that belongs to the CD28 immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) which is encoded by the BTLA gene located on the 3rd human chromosome. BTLA was first discovered in 2003 as an inhibitor of Th1 expansion and it became the 3rd member of the CD28 IgSF. However, its discovered ligand herpes virus entry mediator or HVEM (also known as tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 or TNFRSF14) belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). This finding was surprising because until the discovery of HVEM it was believed that receptors and ligands always belong to the same family.

Herpesvirus entry mediator
Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14), is a human cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF14 gene.
Neville Langford-Smith
Neville Langford-Smith (born Sydney 1910, died Castle Hill 1993) was an Anglican bishop in Kenya.

Langford-Smith was educated at Trinity Grammar School and the University of Sydney. In 1932 he went as a volunteer to Central Tanganyika. In 1937 he became a missionary with the CMS. After ordination he became headmaster of the Boys School in Dodoma. He was then in charge of the Teachers Training College in Marangu. In 1949 he went to Kenya as supervisor of schools in tKikuyu. He became an Archdeacon in 1955; and in 1961 he was appointed the first Bishop of Nakuru.

He retired in 1975, subsequently returning to Sydney, where he served at Christ Church, St Ives.

He died on 26 October 1993.

Marangu
Marangu is a town in the Moshi District of the Kilimanjaro Region, divided into Marangu East and Marangu West, each comprising its own village. It is one of the main access points for climbing Mount Kilimanjaro and is also known as the birthplace of the Chagga paramount chief Thomas Lenana Marreale, born on 15 June 1915.
Raffles Christian School
Raffles Christian School is an international school in Kelapa Gading, Pondok Indah, and Kebon Jeruk in Jakarta, Indonesia.
The school grew from 136 students in 2007 to 3000 in 2018, across three campuses including pre-school, primary, secondary, and junior college.

Kebon Jeruk
Kebon Jeruk (Indonesian for "orange garden") is a district (kecamatan) of West Jakarta Administrative City, Indonesia. Kebon Jeruk is roughly bounded by Kali Pesanggrahan creek to the west, Kebayoran Lama Road to the south, Daan Mogot Road to the north, and Rawa Belong - Batu Sari Road to the east. The area is approximately 17.54 square km, and the official estimate of population as at mid 2023 was 370,282.

The Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road passes through the district, connecting Jakarta to Merak in Banten Province. 
The major streets in Kebon Jeruk are Panjang Road, Arjuna Utara (North Arjuna) and Arjuna Selatan (South Arjuna) Roads, and Perjuangan Road.
Torch Song (short story)
"Torch Song" is a short story by John Cheever which first appeared in The New Yorker on October 4, 1947. The work was included in the short fiction collection The Enormous Radio and Other Stories (1953), published by Funk and Wagnalls. "Torch Song" is included in The Stories of John Cheever (1978).

A work often anthologized, the story is a modern rendering of the mythological Angel of Death.

Angel of mercy (criminology)
An angel of mercy or angel of death is a type of criminal offender (often a type of serial killer) who is usually employed as a medical practitioner or a caregiver and intentionally harms or kills people under their care. The angel of mercy is often in a position of power and may decide the victim would be better off if they no longer suffered from whatever severe illness is plaguing them. This person then uses their knowledge to kill the victim. In some cases, as time goes on, this behavior escalates to encompass the healthy and the easily treated.
Pedro Clar
Pedro Clar Rosselló (born 23 January 1986) is a Spanish tennis coach and former professional player.

Clar, born in Llucmajor, was at a time the second ranked Mallorcan player on tour behind Rafael Nadal. He reached a best world ranking of 237 in 2010, appearing in all four Grand Slam qualifying draws that year. During his career, he won 11 ITF Futures singles titles.

A member of the Rafa Nadal Academy, Clar is on the coaching team of Norwegian player Casper Ruud and helped the Norwegian reach two Grand Slam finals in 2022.

ITF Men's World Tennis Tour
The ITF Men's World Tennis Tour (formerly ITF Men's Circuit) is a series of professional tennis tournaments held around the world that are organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  The tour represents the lowest rung of the men's professional tennis ladder.  ITF tournaments are incorporated into the ATP rankings, enabling young professionals to progress on to the ATP Challenger Tour and ultimately the full ATP Tour.  Nearly every professional male player has spent some time on the ITF Men's World Tennis Tour.
Victor Solowij
Victor Sylvestrovych Solowij (29 November 1891 – 31 January 1966), later known as Archbishop Varlaam, was an archbishop of the Ukrainian Autocephalic Orthodox Church known for his public-political and church activism. He was born in the village of Kyriivka, in the Sosnycia District of Chernihiv Province, Ukraine.

Chernihiv Oblast
Chernihiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Чернігівська область, romanized: Chernihivska oblast), also referred to as Chernihivshchyna (Ukrainian: Чернігівщина), is an oblast (province) in northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Chernihiv. There are 1,511 settlements in the oblast, with a total population of 959,315 (2022 estimate).
Shdum
In Mandaeism, Shdum (Šdum) (Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡃࡅࡌ) or Ashdum (Ašdum) is a demon in the World of Darkness (alma ḏ-hšuka) or underworld. Hibil Ziwa encounters Shdum during his descent to the World of Darkness in Chapter 1 of Book 5 in the Right Ginza, where he is described as the "King of Darkness" and also as the "Grandson of Darkness" (br brḥ ḏ-hšuka).

He is also referred to as Šdum-Daiwa in The Thousand and Twelve Questions.: 163

World of Darkness (Mandaeism)
In Mandaeism, the World of Darkness (Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡄࡔࡅࡊࡀ, romanized: alma ḏ-hšuka) is the underworld located below Tibil (Earth). It is ruled by its king Ur the Leviathan and its queen Ruha, mother of the seven planets and twelve constellations.
NGC 2808
NGC 2808 is a globular cluster  in the constellation Carina. The cluster currently belongs to the Milky Way, although it was likely stolen from a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way. NGC 2808 is one of the Milky Way's most massive clusters, containing more than a million stars. It is estimated to be 12.5 billion years old.

The cluster is being disrupted by the galactic tide, trailing a long tidal tail.

Tidal tail
A tidal tail is a thin, elongated region of stars and interstellar gas that extends into space from a galaxy. Tidal tails occur as a result of galactic tide forces between interacting galaxies. Examples of galaxies with tidal tails include the Tadpole Galaxy and the Mice Galaxies. Tidal forces can eject a significant amount of a galaxy's gas into the tail; within the Antennae Galaxies, for example, nearly half of the observed gaseous matter is found within the tail structures.
Taxation in Wales
Taxation in Wales (Welsh: Trethi yng Nghymru) typically comprises payments to one or more of the three different levels of government: the UK government (Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs), the Welsh Government, and local government.

In the fiscal year 2017–18, total Welsh government revenue was forecast to be £27.1 billion, or 38.3 per cent of GDP, with net VAT, income tax, and National Insurance contributions standing at £15.8 billion.

The Welsh Government acquired the power to vary income tax on the 10% share it collects in 2019, however it has not opted to do so.

Stamp duty
Stamp duty is a tax that is levied on single property purchases or documents (including, historically, the majority of legal documents such as cheques, receipts, military commissions, marriage licences and land transactions). Historically, a physical revenue stamp had to be attached to or impressed upon the document to show that stamp duty had been paid before the document was legally effective. More modern versions of the tax no longer require an actual stamp.

The duty is thought to have originated in Venice in 1604, being introduced (or re-invented) in Spain in the 1610s, the Spanish Netherlands in the 1620s, France in 1651, and England in 1694.

German economist Silvio Gesell proposed in 1891 that demurrage currency could be enabled by stamp duties, which would in turn stimulate economic growth. Gesell referred to this monetary policy as Freigeld.
Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta, San Gimignano
The Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta or Duomo di San Gimignano is a Roman Catholic collegiate church and minor basilica in San Gimignano, in Tuscany in central Italy. It contains important cycles of Renaissance frescoes by artists including Domenico Ghirlandaio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Taddeo di Bartolo, Lippo Memmi and Bartolo di Fredi. It falls within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the "Historic Centre of San Gimignano", with its frescoes being described by UNESCO as "works of outstanding beauty".

Flight into Egypt
The flight into Egypt is a story recounted in the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 2:13–23) and in New Testament apocrypha.  Soon after the visit by the Magi, an angel appeared to Joseph in a dream telling him to flee to Egypt with Mary and the infant Jesus since King Herod would seek the child to kill him. The episode is frequently shown in art, as the final episode of the Nativity of Jesus in art, and was a common component in cycles of the Life of the Virgin as well as the Life of Christ. Within the narrative tradition, iconic representation of the "Rest on the Flight into Egypt" developed after the 14th century.
Roko Tui Bau
In Fiji, Turaga na Roko Tui Bau is a vassal chief of the Vunivalu of Bau (the chief of the post-Cakobau enclaves of the Kubuna confederacy). From his seat at the residence of Naicobocobo, the Roko Tui Bau rules the Vusaratu chiefs (including the Roko Tui Viwa, Roko Tui Kiuva, and Rokodurucoko) and has relationships with the Roko Tui Dreketi, Ratu Mai Verata, Roko Tui Namata, Roko Tui Veikau, Tui Vuya and other members of Fiji's House of Chiefs.

The title is not received by primogeniture, but the candidate must be a high-ranking member of the Vusaratu clan. The Roko Tui Bau is a subordinate chief, and the selection process is independent of the Vunivalu of Bau and his Tui Kaba clan.

Primogeniture
Primogeniture (/ˌpraɪməˈdʒɛnɪtʃər, -oʊ-/) is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit all or most of their parent's estate, as well as succeed their parent as the ruler of a state.

Primogeniture stands in contrast to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative. In most contexts, it means the inheritance of the firstborn son (agnatic primogeniture). It can also mean by the firstborn daughter (matrilineal primogeniture), or firstborn child (absolute primogeniture).

Research shows that authoritarian regimes that rely on primogeniture for succession were more stable than forms of authoritarian rule with alternative succession arrangements. Scholars have linked primogeniture to a decline in regicide, as clear rules of succession reduce the number of people who could (absent a coup d'état) replace a ruler, thus making it less desirable to cause the death of the monarch.
Benjamín Argumedo
Benjamín Argumedo Hernández (1874–1916) was a Mexican brigadier general. He participated in the anti-reelectionist side at the beginning of the Mexican Revolution, but in 1912 he joined the opposition against Francisco I. Madero and supported the coup d'état of Victoriano Huerta. Also known as the Lion of the Lagoon. He is considered the most tenacious adversary of Francisco Villa in the bloody battles that were carried out for the lands of Durango and Coahuila, because it was said of him that he was never afraid. During the first captured of Torreon that occurred between May 13 and 15 of 1911, Argumedo gave the order to "kill all Chinese", after which they were massacred 303 residing Chinese and Japanese in the city, who were falsely accused of having shot against the Maderista hosts that Argumedo commanded together with Sixto Ugalde, Jesús Agustín Castro and Epitacio Rea, among others.

Zacatecas
Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the 31 states of Mexico. It is divided into 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.

It is located in north-central Mexico and is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south. The state is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican Revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.
William Pearson Jr.
William Pearson (25 June 1864 – 31 March 1919) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Sale to William Pearson and Eliza Laura Travers. He became a grazier, first at Wodonga and then, on his father's death, inheriting the family property at Sale. In 1887 he married Sophie Emily Gooch, with whom he had three children. In 1896 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for Gippsland Province, serving until his retirement in 1916. Pearson died in Sale in 1919.

Sale, Victoria
Sale is a city situated in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia and the council capital of the Shire of Wellington. It had an estimated population of 15,305 in 2022 according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The total population including the immediate area around the town is approximately 19,000 according to shire website.
Georges Dorget
Georges Dorget (born 22 August 1949), also known as Titi Dorget, was a French footballer and manager who oversaw Blénod for 32 years, from 1981 until 2013, which is one of the longest managerial reigns in football history.

Lorraine Football League
The Lorraine Football League (French: Ligue lorraine de football, LLF) was a federal body under the auspices of the French Football Federation (FFF), which was in charge of organizing football competitions for the FFF-affiliated clubs in Lorraine, currently located in the administrative region of Grand Est.
Central Railway Metro station
The Metro station Central Railway (Bulgarian: Метростанция „Централна жп гара“) serves Sofia Central Station on the Sofia Metro in Bulgaria. It opened on 31 August 2012. Bulgaria's PM Boyko Borisov and  the President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso inaugurated the new section of the Sofia Metro, which was funded with EU money.

José Manuel Barroso
José Manuel Durão Barroso (European Portuguese: [ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈnwɛl duˈɾɐ̃w bɐˈʁozu]; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician and law professor. He served as the prime minister of Portugal from 2002 to 2004 and as the president of the European Commission from 2004 to 2014.

He has been one of the revolving door cases at the EU, which received the most media attention because only two months after the cooling off period, Barroso accepted a position as "senior adviser" and "non-executive chairman" of Goldman Sachs International and became subject of an ethics inquiry.
Vectisuchus
Vectisuchus is a genus of goniopholidid mesoeucrocodylian, known from the Early Cretaceous-age Wealden Group of the Isle of Wight, England.  It was a small, piscivorous crocodylomorph with a narrow, elongate snout, and relatively long forearms.  The type specimen, SMNS 50984, was found in 1977.  When discovered, it was complete and right-side-up, but the posterior portion was lost during excavation.  Vectisuchus was described in 1980.  The type species is V. leptognathus.

1980 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1980.
Argonne (automobile)
The Argonne was an American automobile manufactured from 1919 to 1920 by the Jersey City Machine Co. of Jersey City, New Jersey.

Only 24 were produced before the company folded. The prototype car was a sports roadster with an aluminum body crafted by the Schutte Body Co. of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It was powered by an inline-four Buda engine. A Rochester-Duesenberg power plant was also available. Production models included a roadster on a 118-inch (3,000 mm) wheelbase, and some sources list an open Tourer model on a 132-inch (3,400 mm) wheelbase.

The marque featured a sharply pointed radiator similar to that found on the Austro-Daimler.

Sports car
A sports car is a type of automobile that is designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as handling, acceleration, top speed, the thrill of driving, and racing capability. Sports cars originated in Europe in the early 1910s and are currently produced by many manufacturers around the world.
Ales Leonardis
Aleš Leonardis is professor of computer and information science at the University of Birmingham and at the University of Ljubljana. He is also an adjunct professor at the Faculty of Computer Science of the Graz University of Technology and a former visiting researcher of the Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, postdoc of TU Wien and visiting professor at ETH Zurich.

His research concerns computer vision, including object recognition, tracking, and image segmentation. He has also been one of the organizers of an annual series of Visual Object Tracking challenges.

TU Wien
TU Wien (German: Technische Universität Wien) is a public research university in Vienna, Austria.

The university's teaching and research are focused on engineering, computer science, and natural sciences. It currently has about 28,100 students (29% women), eight faculties, and about 5,000 staff members (3,800 academics).
Jeremiah 7
Jeremiah 7 is the seventh chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. Chapters 7 to 10 constitute an address delivered by Jeremiah at the gate of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Nevi'im
The Nevi'im (/nəviˈiːm, nəˈviːɪm/; Biblical Hebrew: נְבִיאִים, romanized: Nəviʾim, lit. 'spokespersons, prophets') is the second major division of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), lying between the first division, the Torah (lit. 'instruction') and the third division, Ketuvim (lit. 'writings'). The Nevi'im are divided into two groups. The Former Prophets (Hebrew: נביאים ראשונים Nəviʾim Rishonim) consists of the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings; while the Latter Prophets (נביאים אחרונים Nəviʾim Aḥaronim) include the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets.
Borgarting Court of Appeal
The Borgarting Court of Appeal (Norwegian: Borgarting lagmannsrett) is one of six intermediate courts of appeal in Norway. The Court is located in the city of Oslo. The court has jurisdiction over the counties of Oslo, Buskerud, and parts of Akershus and Østfold. These areas constitute the Borgarting judicial district (Norwegian: Borgarting lagdømme). This court can rule on both civil and criminal cases that are appealed from one of its subordinate district courts. Court decisions can be, to a limited extent, appealed to the Supreme Court of Norway. The court has 62 judges and 45 administrative staff. The chief judicial officer of the court (Norwegian: førstelagmann) is currently Marianne Vollan. The court is administered by the Norwegian National Courts Administration.

Norwegian National Courts Administration
The Norwegian Courts Administration (Norwegian: Domstoladministrasjonen) is a Norwegian government agency responsible for the management and operations of the Courts of Justice of Norway. It is purely an administrative organisation, and does not interfere with the judicial processes nor the appointment of judges or other judicial positions in the court system. The agency is based in Trondheim and was created on November 1, 2002, when the responsibilities were transferred from the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police.

Judges are nominated by the Judicial Appointments Board, and officially appointed by the Norwegian Council of State.
Carnival Liberty
Carnival Liberty is a Conquest-class cruise ship operated by Carnival Cruise Line.  Built by Fincantieri at its Monfalcone shipyard in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northern Italy, she was christened by actress Mira Sorvino in Civitavecchia, Italy, on July 19, 2005. Carnival Liberty was the first ship to feature Carnival's Seaside Theater—a 12-foot (3.7 m) high by 22-foot (6.7 m) wide LED screen. Located by the midship pool on the Lido deck, it is used to show movies, sporting events, concerts and other ship programming.

Conquest-class cruise ship
The Conquest class is a class of cruise ships owned by Carnival Cruise Lines, a subdivision of the Carnival Corporation. The Conquest design is an original Carnival design, based on the Destiny class. The Conquest-class design was modified from the Destiny-class design by lengthening the ship by around 59 feet which expanded most of the facilities, added a restaurant above the lido deck and increased the number of passenger cabins. The public rooms in both classes are very similar structurally but vary in décor, with room names that match the ship's theme.
Chatham Waters
Chatham Waters is a large-scale urban regeneration project on a 26-acre waterfront site in Gillingham, Kent, between the River Medway and Gillingham Gate. Formerly part of the 75-acre Chatham Docks (a commercial port distinct from the nearby Chatham Historic Dockyard), the site was acquired by Peel Land & Property in 2006.

The Peel Group
The Peel Group is a British infrastructure and property investment business, based in Manchester. In 2022, its Peel Land and Property estate extends to 13 million square feet (1.2 km2) of buildings, and over 33,000 acres (13,000 ha) of land and water. Peel retains minority stakes in its former ports business and MediaCityUK.

The Trafford Centre, which opened in 1998, is widely regarded as Peel's landmark development. It was sold in 2011 to Capital Shopping Centres for £1.6 billion, making it then the most expensive acquisition in British property history. £700 million of the consideration was in shares and Peel continued to buy shares in the purchaser that went into administration, eliminating share value, in 2020.

The Peel Group held a series of other substantial investments in listed businesses including Land Securities Group plc and Pinewood Shepperton plc, and in 2022 owns 14.1% of Harworth Group plc