hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Indonesians in Saudi Arabia
Indonesians in Saudi Arabia consist largely of female domestic workers, with a minority of other types of labour migrants. As of 2018, an estimated 600,000 Indonesians (excluding Indonesian ancestry) were believed to be working in Saudi Arabia, comparable to the numbers of migrants are the groups from Bangladesh, India, Philippines and Pakistan, which number between 1 and 4 million people each.

A large number of Indonesian expatriates in Saudi Arabia also work in diplomatic sectors or are employees to local or foreign companies located in various provinces of Saudi Arabia such as Saudia Airlines, SABIC, Schlumberger, Halliburton, or Indomie. Many Indonesians are also employees of the world's biggest oil company Saudi Aramco with their families located in the Dhahran area. Most Indonesians in Saudi Arabia reside in Riyadh, Jeddah, Mecca, Medina, and all around Dammam area.

Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia
Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia are either Pakistani people who live in Saudi Arabia after having been born elsewhere, or are Saudi Arabian-born but have Pakistani roots. By Pakistani roots, this could mean roots linking back to Pakistan or Pakistani diaspora or South Asia. Many Pakistani army officers and soldiers also serve in Saudi Arabia and train the Saudi military cadets. According to a 2023 estimate, 2.64 million Pakistanis live and work in Saudi Arabia. The total number of Pakistanis who have migrated to Saudi Arabia since 1972 is approximately 7.69 million, most of them having returned after work.
Bosing (archaeology)
Bosing is an unsophisticated method for the discovery of buried archaeological features such as pits and ditches dug into a thin substratum of rock, such as limestone or chalk. The technique involves hitting a block of wood laid over the ground surface with a weighty hammer and assessing the sound given out. For example, if the wood gave out a heavy thudding sound, then this would indicate that the underlying bedrock had been disturbed while undisturbed bedrock would emit a thinner and sharper tone.  Methodically repeating the process across an area and noting the sound pattern will reveal the extent of the underground features.

Bedrock
In geology, bedrock is the solid rock that lies under weathered rock and unconsolidated or loose superficial deposits (together known as regolith) in the near surface part of Earth's crust or the crust of another terrestrial planet. The top of the bedrock is known as rockhead.
2017 New Year Honours
The 2017 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours were awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and were announced on 30 December 2016.

The honours list reflected the United Kingdom's success at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, with sports stars dominating the list.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades (i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander, etc.), and then by divisions (i.e. Civil, Diplomatic, and Military, as appropriate).

Territorial Decoration
The Territorial Decoration (TD) was a military medal of the United Kingdom awarded for long service in the Territorial Force and its successor, the Territorial Army.

This award superseded the Volunteer Officer's Decoration when the Territorial Force was formed on 1 April 1908, following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, (7 Edw.7, c.9) which was a large reorganisation of the old Volunteer Army and the remaining units of militia and Yeomanry.  However, the Militia were transferred to the Special Reserve rather than becoming part of the Territorial Force. Recipients of this award are entitled to use the letters "TD" after their name (post-nominal).
Penglang
Penglang (Chinese: 蓬朗) is a Chinese town in the eastern edge of Kunshan. It is associated with the southern suburbs of Taicang  and the Jiading District of Shanghai. Penglang occupies 35 square kilometers.  It is composed of three administrative villages and four communities. The resident population is 22,049 and the shack population is 67,045.

Taicang
Taicang  is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China. The city located in the south of the Yangtze River estuary opposite Nantong, being bordered by Shanghai proper to the south, while the river also delineates much of its northeastern boundary along Chongming Island.
Joseph Browne (politician)
Joseph Alexander Browne KC (25 February 1876 – 11 November 1946) was an Australian politician and judge.

He was born at Adelong to farmers Edward and Eliza Jane Browne. He was educated at Grenfell and then at Fort Street High School, then working as a teacher from 1891 to 1903. He worked as a clerk while studying at night, graduating from the University of Sydney in 1904 whereupon he was called to the bar. On 21 January 1909 he married Laura Hannah Amos, with whom he had four children. He specialised in industrial law, and in 1912 was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council by the Labor government, although he was not a party member and was not always a reliable Labor vote. Appointed King's Counsel in 1926, he resigned from the Council in 1932 to become Chief Industrial Commissioner. He resigned from this position in 1942 due to failing health and died at Potts Point in 1946.

Grenfell, New South Wales
Grenfell is a  town in Weddin Shire in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia.  It is 370 km (230 mi) west of Sydney.  It is close to Forbes, Cowra and Young.  At the 2011 census, Grenfell had a population of 1,996. The town is served daily by connecting NSW TrainLink services from Sydney via Bathurst and Lithgow. Grenfell is approximately  4+3⁄4 hours from Sydney and 2+1⁄2 hours from Canberra.
Dennis Zachariasson
Dennis Zachariasson (born 25 June 1974) is a Danish former cricketer.  Zachariasson was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium. He was born in Copenhagen, Copenhagen County.

Zachariasson made his List A debut for Denmark in the 1999 NatWest Trophy against the Kent Cricket Board. He represented Denmark in 2 further List A matches, both of which came in the English domestic one-day competition, against the Durham Cricket Board in the 2000 NatWest Trophy and the Leicestershire Cricket Board in the 1st round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2002.  In his 3 List A matches for Denmark, he scored 20 runs in two unbeaten innings, with a top score of 16*.  With the ball, he took a single wicket at a bowling average of 65.00, with best figures of 1/22.

1999 NatWest Trophy
The 1999 NatWest Trophy was the 19th NatWest Trophy.  It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 4 May and 29 August 1999. The tournament was won by Gloucestershire who defeated Somerset by 50 runs in the final at Lord's.
El Nombre
El Nombre is a children's educational programme about an anthropomorphic Mexican gerbil character, originally from a series of educational sketches on Numbertime, the BBC schools programme about mathematics. He was also the only character to appear in all Numbertime episodes. His voice was provided by Steve Steen, while the other characters' voices were provided by Sophie Aldred, Kate Robbins, and (from 1999) former Blue Peter host Janet Ellis. For the ninth (and final) series of Numbertime in 2001, Michael Fenton-Stevens also provided voices of certain other characters in the El Nombre sketches.

The character's name means "The Name" in Spanish, not "The Number", which would be "El Número", but El Nombre does mean "The Number" in Catalan.

Kate Robbins
Kate Elizabeth Robbins (born 21 August 1958) is an English actress, director, singer, and songwriter. She scored a top ten single on the UK Official Charts with "More Than in Love", while she was appearing in the television soap opera Crossroads (1980–1981). She represented the UK in the 1980 Eurovision Song Contest as a member of the group Prima Donna; they finished third singing "Love Enough for Two". She went on to become a prolific voice comedy actress, most notably for ten years with the satirical show Spitting Image (1986–1996).
William B. Fleming
William Bennett Fleming (October 29, 1803 – August 19, 1886) was a U.S. Representative from Georgia.

Born on a plantation near Flemington, Georgia, Fleming attended the common schools and was graduated from Yale College in 1825.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Savannah, Georgia.
He served as judge of the superior court of Chatham County, Georgia from 1847 to 1849 and 1853–1868.
He resumed the practice of law in Savannah.
Recorder of the city of Savannah from 1868 until the office was abolished.

Fleming was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Julian Hartridge and served from February 10, 1879, to March 3, 1879.
He was not a candidate for renomination.
He served as again judge of the superior court from 1879 until 1881, when he resigned on account of ill health.
He retired to Walthourville, Georgia, and died there August 19, 1886.
He was interred in Laurel Grove Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia.

Laurel Grove Cemetery
Laurel Grove Cemetery is a cemetery located in midtown Savannah, Georgia. It includes the original cemetery for white people (now known as Laurel Grove North) and a companion burial ground (called Laurel Grove South) that was reserved for slaves and free people of color. The original cemetery has countless graves of many of Savannah's Confederate veterans of the American Civil War. The cemetery was dedicated in 1852. The lawyer and poet Henry Rootes Jackson delivered the dedication address.

With lush plantings and beautifully carved stones, both sections of Laurel Grove Cemetery resemble more famous Victorian-era graveyards such as Green-Wood in New York City and Père Lachaise in Paris. The south section of the cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1978 and the north section was added to the NRHP in 1983.
Seto Building
The Seto Building at 4-1435 Kuhio Highway in Kapaʻa, Kauaʻi, was earlier known as the Quality Market and then the Big Save Building. It was built in 1929 to serve as the first general food market on the island of Kauaʻi, with the latest refrigeration methods to store a variety of fresh meat and produce. Its owner, Ah Doi Seto, had immigrated from China in 1888 to work on a sugarcane plantation, but later left the plantation to open a business in bustling Kapaʻa. The building is significant as an unusual example of modern commercial architecture with Chinese design elements, but also as a forerunner of contemporary supermarkets. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Kapaʻa, Hawaii
Kapaʻa (Kauaʻi dialect: Tapaʻa) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Kauaʻi County, Hawaiʻi, United States. It is the most populous town in the island of Kauai, with a population of 11,652 as of the 2020 census, up from 9,471 at the 2000 census.

Kapaʻa is a Hawaiian word meaning "the solid one". It is formed from ka (the) and pa'a (solid). Notable people from Kapaʻa include Lokalia Montgomery.
Linguistic purism in Icelandic
Linguistic purism in Icelandic is the policy of discouraging new loanwords from entering the Icelandic language by instead creating new words from Old Icelandic roots or, when that is not possible, from Old Norse roots.

The effort began during the early 19th century Icelandic national movement, aiming at replacing older loanwords, especially from Danish; it continues today, targeting English words. It is widely upheld as the dominant language ideology in Iceland, being fully supported by the Icelandic government through the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, the Icelandic Language Council, the Icelandic Language Fund, and the national holiday Icelandic Language Day.

Konráð Gíslason
Konráð Gíslason (3 July 1808 – 4 January 1891) was an Icelandic grammarian and philologist, and one of the Fjölnismenn, a group of Icelandic intellectuals who spearheaded the revival of Icelandic national consciousness in the 19th century. He was by royal appointment member of the 1849 Danish Constituent Assembly.
Carola Wenk
Carola Wenk (born 1973) is a German-American computer scientist known for her research on algorithms for finding similarities between geometric shapes, such as matching vehicle trajectories to road networks, comparing trajectories with each other using Fréchet distance, or testing similarity for gel electrophoresis data. Her work has also involved biomedical applications of geometric algorithms, including the use of virtual reality to diagnose glaucoma. She is a professor of computer science at Tulane University.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, abbreviated as 2-DE or 2-D electrophoresis, is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to analyze proteins. Mixtures of proteins are separated by two properties in two dimensions on 2D gels. 2-DE was independently introduced in 1969 by Macko and Stegemann (working with potato proteins) and Dale and Latner (working with serum).
Premier House
Premier House (Māori: Te Whare Pirimia) is the official residence of the prime minister of New Zealand, located at 260 Tinakori Road, Thorndon, Wellington, New Zealand.

A private house purchased for the prime minister's official residence when government shifted its base to Wellington in 1865, it was first greatly expanded and then, as its wooden structure deteriorated, shunned in the 1930s by the more modest political leaders on learning the cost of repairs.

It was leased to private individuals for six years in the late 1890s, then returned to use as an official residence for the prime minister until the Great Depression, when a new government in 1935 wished to avoid "show". For more than half a century, the building was used as a dental clinic for children until it was renovated and recommissioned as Premier House in 1990.

Harry Atkinson
Sir Harry Albert Atkinson KCMG (1 November 1831 – 28 June 1892) served as the tenth premier of New Zealand on four occasions in the late 19th century, and was Colonial Treasurer for a total of ten years. He was responsible for guiding the country during a time of economic depression, and was known as a cautious and prudent manager of government finances, though distrusted for some policies such as his 1882 National Insurance (welfare) scheme and leasehold land schemes. He also participated in the formation of voluntary military units to fight in the New Zealand Wars, and was noted for his strong belief in the need for seizure of Māori land.
Brian Jenkins (American football)
Brian O'Neal Jenkins (born March 4, 1971) is an American football coach. He is the head football coach at Edward Waters University, a position he has held since 2025. Jenkins served as the head football coach at Bethune–Cookman University from 2010 to 2014 and as the head football coach at Alabama State University from 2015 to 2017.  His team completed the 2010 season with a record of 10 wins and 2 losses.  In his first year, his team was declared the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference co-champions and the team qualified for the 2010 NCAA Division I Football Championship Series playoffs.

Bethune–Cookman University
Bethune–Cookman University (B–CU or Bethune–Cookman) is a private historically black university in Daytona Beach, Florida. Bethune–Cookman University is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The primary administration building, White Hall, and the Mary McLeod Bethune Home are historic venues.
Darevskia sapphirina
Darevskia sapphirina is a lizard species in the family Lacertidae. It is endemic to eastern Turkey north of Lake Van. It is a rare species with a restricted range. It occurs on rocky and stony open slopes and high steppe habitats at about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level.

Lake Van
Lake Van (Turkish: Van Gölü; Armenian: Վանա լիճ, romanized: Vana lič; Kurdish: Gola Wanê) is the largest lake in Turkey. It lies in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in the provinces of Van and Bitlis, in the Armenian highlands. It is a saline soda lake, receiving water from many small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains. It is one of the world's few endorheic lakes (a lake having no outlet) of size greater than 3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) and has 38% of the country's surface water (including rivers). A volcanic eruption blocked its original outlet in prehistoric times. It is situated at 1,640 m (5,380 ft) above sea level. Despite the high altitude and winter averages below 0 °C (32 °F), high salinity usually prevents it from freezing; the shallow northern section can freeze, but rarely.
Sultan Muzaffar Khan
Sultan Muzaffar Khan (Urdu: سلطان مظفر خان) was a chief of the Bomba Tribe. He is the namesake and founder of the city of Muzaffarabad in present-day Azad Kashmir. Khan united various hill tribes near the Kashmir–Hazara border region and convinced them to settle near the site of two rivers: the Jhelum River and Neelum River.

Muzaffarabad was founded in 1646 by Sultan Muzaffar Khan, chief of the Bomba tribe who ruled Kashmir. Khan also constructed the Red Fort that same year for the purpose of warding off incursions from the Mughal Empire.

Neelum River
The Neelum River, also known as Kishanganga River, is a river in the Kashmir region in the Indian subcontinent. It originates in the Ganderbal district of Indian-administered Kashmir, flows through the Neelam Valley into Pakistani-administered Kashmir, where parts of its course fall along the Line of Control, before merging with the Jhelum River near the city of Muzaffarabad.
Troy (CDP), Vermont
Troy is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Troy, Orleans County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 261, out of 1,722 in the entire town of Troy.

The CDP is in northwestern Orleans County, in the west-central part of the town. Its western border is the town line with Westfield. Vermont Routes 100 and 101 meet in the center of the village. Route 100 leads northeast 7 miles (11 km) to its northern terminus at Route 105 in Newport Center, and south 8 miles (13 km) to Lowell, while Route 101 leads north 6 miles (10 km) to North Troy next to the Canadian border.

Troy village is in the valley of the Missisquoi River, which flows northwards along the east side of the village. The river flows north into Quebec, then turns west, passes the north end of the Green Mountains, and reenters Vermont, where it continues to Lake Champlain.

Vermont Route 105
Vermont Route 105 (VT 105) is a 98.135-mile-long (157.933 km) state highway located in northern Vermont in the United States. The route runs from U.S. Route 7 (US 7) in St. Albans in the west to the New Hampshire state line in Bloomfield in the east. The road continues across the state line as Bridge Street, a short unnumbered  New Hampshire state route to US 3 in North Stratford, New Hampshire. As it is not a New Hampshire state highway, the connection is signed with Vermont state highway signage, similar to how connections to Vermont state routes are indicated elsewhere in New Hampshire.

Moose are most often encountered on four roads in Vermont, of which this is one. They are seen from Island Pond to Bloomfield.
Andreas Demetriou
Andreas Demetriou (Greek: Ανδρέας Δημητρίου; born Andreas Panteli Demetriou on 15 August 1950) is a Greek Cypriot developmental psychologist and former Minister of Education and Culture of Cyprus. He is a founding fellow and former president of The Cyprus Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts.

University of Nicosia
University of Nicosia (UNIC) is a private university in Nicosia, Cyprus.

In September 2007, Intercollege became the University of Nicosia, Cyprus. It later split from the rest of the University of Nicosia.

Through scholarship, students were given the opportunity to continue their education at this institution with financial support.

University of Nicosia's campus is greater than 100.000 square meters.

The university houses the largest medical school in the country and offers multiple medical programmes: 1) A 6-year undergraduate entry Doctor of Medicine (GEMD) programme; 2) a 5-year Graduate Entry Medical Degree (GEMD); 3) a master's degree in Family Medicine (MScFM); 4) a master's degree in Public Health (MPH) and 5) a PhD in medical sciences.
2012 Open d'Orléans – Doubles
Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Renavand are the defending champions, but lost in the first round this year.
Lukáš Dlouhý and Gilles Müller won the title, defeating Xavier Malisse and Ken Skupski 6–2, 6–7(5–7), [10–7] in the final.

Nicolas Renavand
Nicolas Renavand (born 25 June 1982) is a French tennis player playing on the ATP Challenger Tour. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 225 achieved on 15 April 2013 and a doubles ranking of No. 128 was reached on 8 July 2013.
Lost Echo Lake
Lost Echo Lake is a lake in the east-central part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan in Narrow Hills Provincial Park. It is situated in a glacier-formed valley in the Cub Hills and the boreal forest ecozone of Canada. It is south of Summit Lake and is accessed from secondary roads that branch off of Highway 913. While there are no communities nor settlements on the lake, there is the Lost Echo Wilderness Campsite on the western shore.

Ecozones of Canada
Canada has 20 major ecosystems—ecozones, comprising 15 terrestrial units and 5 marine units. These ecozones are further subdivided into 53 ecoprovinces, 194 ecoregions, and 1,027 ecodistricts. These form the country's  ecological land classification within the Ecological Land Classification framework adopted in 2017. They represent areas of the Earth's surface representative of large and very generalized ecological units characterized by interactive and adjusting biotic and abiotic factors.
Schwarzenberg, Saxony
Schwarzenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈʃvaʁtsn̩ˌbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony’s Ore Mountains, near the German–Czech border. The town lies roughly 15 km southeast of Aue, and 35 km southwest of Chemnitz.

Founded in the 12th century to protect a trade road, the small mountain town became the centre of a territory known as Herrschaft Schwarzenberg and later Amt Schwarzenberg. During the division of Germany, Schwarzenberg was part of East Germany and became the greatest producer of washing machines in Eastern Europe. Schwarzenberg became more widely known in 1987, when Stefan Heym coined the term Free Republic of Schwarzenberg for a small gap between the Soviet and American occupation zones in May/June 1945.

Washing machine
A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or washer) is a machine designed to launder clothing. The term is mostly applied to machines that use water. Other ways of doing laundry include dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids and is performed by specialist businesses) and ultrasonic cleaning.

Modern-day home appliances use electric power to automatically clean clothes. The user adds laundry detergent, which is sold in liquid, powder, or dehydrated sheet form, to the wash water. The machines are also found in commercial laundromats where customers pay-per-use.