hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)
The Nasrid dynasty, also referred to as the Later Saffarids of Seistan or the Maliks of Nimruz, was an Iranian Sunni dynasty that ruled Sistan in the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Ghaznavid Empire and until the Mongol invasion of Central Asia. The Nasrids were a branch of the Saffarid dynasty, and the establishment of the Nasrid Kingdom at Nimruz in 1068 until its dissolution in 1225 represents a transient resurgence of Saffarid rule in Sistan.

The kingdom was established by Tadj al-Din I Abu l-Fadl Nasr who was the Malik of Sistan under the Ghaznavids. Nasrid maliks ruled intermittently as sovereigns or vassals of larger neighboring powers, including the Seljuks, the Ghurids, and the Khwarezmians. After the dissolution of the kingdom by Inaltigin Khwarazmi in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the region was ruled by a third dynasty of Saffarids, the Mihrabanids.

Power vacuum
In political science and political history, the term power vacuum, also known as a power void, is an analogy between a physical vacuum to the political condition "when someone in a place of power, has lost control of something and no one has replaced them." The situation can occur when a government has no identifiable central power or authority, after collapse, retreat with no successor, or inability to govern due to several factors. The term is also often used in organized crime when a crime family becomes vulnerable to competition. Hereditary or statutory order of succession or effective succession planning were common ways to resolve questions of succession to positions of power.
Nail bomb
A nail bomb is an anti-personnel improvised explosive device containing nails to increase its effectiveness at harming victims. The nails act as shrapnel, leading almost certainly to more injury in inhabited areas than the explosives alone would. A nail bomb is also a type of flechette weapon. Such weapons use bits of shrapnel (steel balls, nail heads, screws, needles, broken razors, darts and other small metal objects) to create a larger radius of destruction.

Nail bombs are often used by terrorists, including suicide bombers, since they cause larger numbers of casualties when detonated in crowded places. Nail bombs can be detected by electromagnetic sensors and standard metal detectors.

Nail (fastener)
In woodworking and construction, a nail is a small object made of metal (or wood, called a tree nail or "trunnel") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Usually, nails have a sharp point on one end and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, spikes, and cleats.

Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer or nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out.
Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Women's discus throw F54–56
The women's discus F54-56 event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics took place at the Beijing National Stadium at 09:00 on 9 September.
There was a single round of competition; after the first three throws, only the top eight had 3 further throws.
The competition was won by Marianne Buggenhagen, representing  Germany.

Beijing National Stadium
The National Stadium (国家体育场, Guójiā Tǐyùchǎng), a.k.a. the Bird's Nest (鸟巢), is a stadium at Olympic Green in Chaoyang, Beijing, China. The National Stadium, covering an area of 204,000 square meters with an 80,000 person capacity (91,000 with temporary seating), broke ground in December 2003, officially started construction in March 2004, and was completed in June 2008.

The National Stadium is owned and operated by a partnership company between Beijing Municipal State-owned Assets Management Co Ltd (58%) and CITIC Group (42%).

The stadium was designed for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. It was also used during the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.
Trevor Frischmon
Trevor John Frischmon (born August 5, 1981) is an American professional ice hockey center who is currently an unrestricted free agent  who spent a short period of time playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Columbus Blue Jackets.

Undrafted, Frischmon played within the Blue Jackets organization for 5 seasons. He featured in 3 NHL games with the Blue Jackets during the 2009–10 season. After his fifth season with the Blue Jackets American Hockey League affiliates, Frischmon left as a free agent to sign a one-year, two way contract with the New York Islanders on July 5, 2011. Frischmon never played with the Islanders, having been assigned to their AHL affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers for the duration of the 2011–12 season.

He later embarked on a European career, with the Graz 99ers, Mora IK and most recently played with the Coventry Blaze in the Elite Ice Hockey League.

Graz 99ers
The Moser Medical Graz99ers are an Austrian professional ice hockey team from Graz, Styria. The club was founded in 1999 after the previous club, EHC Graz, folded prior to the 1998–99 season due to financial difficulties. The Graz99ers started in the 1999–2000 season in the Austrian National League, Austria's second division, where they were crowned instant champions. Since the 2000–01 season they have been playing in the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL).
Mackay Stadium
Mackay Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium in the western United States, located on the campus of the University of Nevada in Reno, Nevada. The home venue for Nevada Wolf Pack football and women's soccer in the Mountain West Conference. it is named in honor of the Mackay family, particularly John William Mackay and his son Clarence H. Mackay, who donated funding to build the original stadium in 1909.

John William Mackay
John William Mackay (November 28, 1831 – July 20, 1902) was an Irish-American industrialist who rose from rags to riches. Born into abject poverty and raised in the slums of New York City, Mackay joined in the California gold rush in 1851.  He did not find gold but moved to Nevada in 1859 and found silver.  He became one of the four Bonanza Kings, a San Francisco partnership which capitalized on the wealth generated by the silver mines at the Comstock Lode in Nevada. He was one of the richest Americans in his time. He also headed a telegraph business that laid transatlantic cables, and he helped finance the New York, Texas and Mexican Railway Company.
Nero (comic book character)
Nero is a Flemish comic book character and the main protagonist in Marc Sleen's long running comic book strip series The Adventures of Nero (1947–2002). He is one of the most recognizable comic book characters in Belgium and comparable to Lambik from the Suske en Wiske series by Willy Vandersteen.

Nero is a middle aged, fairly obese man who is bald except for two long hairs on his head. Furthermore, he wears a huge red bow tie and has laurel leaves behind his ears, in reference to the Roman emperor Nero after whom he was named.

Nero is an anti hero. He is a complex character with many good character traits, but also many human fallities. He is sometimes stupid, lazy, naïve, egotistical and vain, but in other situations he proves himself to be clever, friendly, determined and melancholic.

Willy Vandersteen
Willebrord Jan Frans Maria "Willy" Vandersteen (15 February 1913 – 28 August 1990) was a Belgian creator of comic books. In a career spanning 50 years, he created a large studio and published more than 1,000 comic albums in over 25 series, selling more than 200 million copies worldwide.

Considered together with Marc Sleen the founding father of Flemish comics, he is mainly popular in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. Hergé called him "The Brueghel of the comic strip", while the creation of his own studio and the mass production and commercialization of his work turned him into "the Walt Disney of the Low Countries".

Vandersteen is best known for Suske en Wiske (published in English as Spike and Suzy, Luke and Lucy, Willy and Wanda or Bob and Bobette), which in 2008 sold 3.5 million books. His other major series are De Rode Ridder with over 200 albums and Bessy with almost 1,000 albums published in Germany.
Mark–Houwink equation
The Mark–Houwink equation, also known as the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Landau–Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Mark-Chrystian equation gives a relation between intrinsic viscosity  and molecular weight :

From this equation the molecular weight of a polymer can be determined from data on the intrinsic viscosity and vice versa.

The values of the Mark–Houwink parameters,  and , depend on the particular polymer-solvent system as well as temperature. For solvents, a value of  is indicative of a theta solvent. A value of  is typical for good solvents. For most flexible polymers, . For semi-flexible polymers, . For polymers with an absolute rigid rod, such as Tobacco mosaic virus, .

It is named after Herman F. Mark and Roelof Houwink.

Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.  The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves (hence the name). TMV was the first virus to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was crystallised by Wendell Meredith Stanley. It has a similar size to the largest synthetic molecule, known as PG5 with comparable length and diameter.
2017 CECAFA Cup
The 2017 CECAFA Cup was the 39th edition of the annual CECAFA Cup, an international football competition consisting of the national teams of member nations of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA). It took place in Kenya in December 2017.

Football Kenya Federation
The Football Kenya Federation (abbreviated as Football Kenya or FKF) is the governing body of football in Kenya. The FKF organizes the Kenyan Premier League, the Kenyan Women's Premier League, FKF Division One, FKF Women Division One and Kenya national football teams. It is headed by Hussein Mohammed.
Comp Air 12
The Comp Air CA12 is a turboprop-powered civil utility aircraft, currently under development. Comp Air is seeking certification. It is configured as a conventional, low-wing monoplane with tricycle undercarriage.  The first flight was on April 14, 2007.

Turboprop
A turboprop is a gas-turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.

A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction gearbox, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle. Air enters the intake and is compressed by the compressor. Jet fuel is then added to the compressed air in the combustor, where the fuel-air mixture then combusts. The hot combustion gases expand through the turbine stages, generating power at the point of exhaust. Some of the power generated by the turbine is used to drive the compressor and electric generator. The gases are then exhausted from the turbine. In contrast to a turbojet or turbofan, the engine's exhaust gases do not provide enough power to create a major portion of the total thrust, since almost all of the engine's power is used to drive the propeller.
Motorola i455
The Motorola i455 was an iDEN mobile phone. It replaced the discontinued i450. The i455 is usually black. It has a 600 entry phonebook, push-to-talk service, polyphonic ringtones, speakerphone and messaging.

Push-to-talk
Push-to-talk (PTT), also known as press-to-transmit, is a method of having conversations or talking on half-duplex communication lines, including two-way radio, using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode.
Viekšniai
Viekšniai (pronunciationⓘ Samogitian: Vėikšnē, Yiddish: וועקשנע Vekshne, Polish: Wieksznie) is a town in the Mažeikiai district municipality, Lithuania. It is located 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Mažeikiai. The etymology of the town's name probably comes from a former lake near Viekšniai.

Samogitian language
Samogitian (endonym: žemaitiu kalba or sometimes žemaitiu rokunda, žemaitiu šnekta or žemaitiu ruoda; Lithuanian: žemaičių tarmė, žemaičių kalba) is an Eastern Baltic language spoken primarily in Samogitia, that is often considered a dialect of Lithuanian.

It has preserved many features of the extinct Curonian language, such as specific phonological traits and vocabulary. Samogitian differs significantly from standard Lithuanian in phonetics, morphology, syntax, and lexis, with unique archaic features not found in other Lithuanian dialects. This difference often causes speakers of Aukštaitian dialects to not be able to understand speakers of Samogitian. The use of Samogitian is currently in decline, with limited presence in media and education. Efforts are being made to preserve the language, including local initiatives and cultural societies.
John Gidding
John Gidding (born January 7, 1977) is a Turkish-American designer, television personality, and former fashion model.

Gidding started modeling in 2000 as a graduate student, performing runway shows for Armani, Gucci, and Hugo Boss before being represented by Wilhelmina Models in New York City. Before entering the design profession, Gidding was the spokesmodel for Jhane Barnes in 2004 and 2005. He has also been on the covers of numerous romance novels.

He was voted one of "Yale's 50 Most Beautiful People" in 1999 by Rumpus Magazine, one of "Boston's 50 Most Eligible Bachelors" by The Improper Bostonian in 2002, one of "Atlanta's 50 Most Beautiful People" by Jezebel Magazine and as one of Atlanta Homes and Lifestyles's "Emerging Talent: Twenty Under 40" in 2008.

Gucci
Gucci officially Guccio Gucci S.p.A. is an Italian luxury fashion house based in Florence, Tuscany. Its product lines include handbags, ready-to-wear, footwear, accessories, and home decoration; and it licenses its name and branding to Coty for fragrance and cosmetics under the name Gucci Beauty.

Gucci was founded in 1921 by Guccio Gucci (1881–1953) in Florence. Under the direction of Aldo Gucci (son of Guccio), Gucci became a global brand, and was considered emblematic of the Italian economic miracle. Following family feuds during the 1980s, the Gucci family was entirely ousted from the capital of the company by 1993. After this crisis, the brand was revived and in 1999 Gucci became a subsidiary of the French conglomerate PPR, which later renamed itself to Kering.

In 2024, Gucci operated 529 stores with 20,032 employees, and generated €7.65 billion in sales. Stefano Cantino has been CEO of Gucci since October 2024 and Demna creative director since March 2025.
Alfred Starr Hamilton
Alfred Starr Hamilton (June 14, 1914 – 2005) was an American poet, who contributed to many small presses, including Epoch, New Directions, Foxfire, New Letters, Archive, Poetry Now, American Poetry Review and Greenfield Review.  His work has been championed by Jonathan Williams and Ron Silliman and his poetry was included in the first issue of Thomas Merton's Monk's Pond.

The first full-length collection of his poetry (and the only one to appear in Hamilton's lifetime) was The Poems of Alfred Starr Hamilton, was published in 1970 by The Jargon Society as Jargon 49.

A lifelong resident of Montclair, New Jersey, Hamilton attended but never graduated from Montclair High School, and in later years sent frequent and unusual letters to the Montclair Police Department.

Ron Silliman
Ron Silliman (born August 5, 1946) is an American poet. He has written and edited over 30 books, and has had his poetry and criticism translated into 12 languages. He is often associated with language poetry. Between 1979 and 2004, Silliman wrote a single poem, The Alphabet.
Ukrainian Association of Professional Photographers
The Ukrainian Association of Professional Photographers (UAPP, Ukrainian: Українська асоціація професійних фотографів, УАПФ) is a public organization that unites professional Ukrainian photographers. The association was founded in 2013 and implements educational, social, research, and cultural projects, as well as book publishing.

UAPP is the official representative of Ukraine in the Federation of European Professional Photographers.

The association supports photographers during the war through various programs and protects their rights.

The founder and director of the organization is Mstyslav Chernov — a Ukrainian photojournalist, war correspondent for the Associated Press, Oscar, BAFTA and Pulitzer Prize winner, author of numerous documentary projects about the war in Ukraine, and a member of the PEN Ukraine.

According to the official website, UAPP has organized over 250 exhibitions and 5 educational projects, provided 18 grants to Ukrainian photographers, and published 8 books.

Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film
The Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film is an award for documentary films. In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Special Awards to Kukan and Target for Tonight. They have since been bestowed competitively each year, with the exception of 1946. Copies of every winning film (along with copies of most nominees) are held by the Academy Film Archive.
Walter E. Garrey
Walter Eugene Garrey (April 7, 1874 – June 15, 1951) was an American physiologist and department head of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. He was known especially for his studies of the heart. He served as president of the American Physiological Society in 1938 and 1939.

Garrey graduated from Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin in 1894 and subsequently attended the University of Chicago for his graduate work, where he played as an end on the 1894 Chicago Maroons football team. He served as the head football coach at Stevens Point Normal School—now known as University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point—in 1899.

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine (VUSM) is the graduate medical school of Vanderbilt University, a private research university located in Nashville, Tennessee. The School of Medicine is primarily housed within the Eskind Biomedical Library which sits at the intersection of the Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) campuses and claims several Nobel laureates in the field of medicine. Through the Vanderbilt Health Affiliated Network, VUSM is affiliated with over 60 hospitals and 5,000 clinicians across Tennessee and five neighboring states which manage more than 2 million patient visits each year. As the home hospital of the medical school, VUMC is considered one of the largest academic medical centers in the United States and is the primary resource for specialty and primary care in hundreds of adult and pediatric specialties for patients throughout the Mid-South.
Mercy San Juan Medical Center
Mercy San Juan Medical Center is a not-for-profit hospital located in Carmichael, California serving the areas of north Sacramento County and south Placer County. It is home to Sacramento's first Comprehensive Stroke Center.

Sacramento County, California
Sacramento County (/ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ ⓘ) is located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,585,055. Its county seat is Sacramento, which has been the state capital of California since 1854.

Sacramento County is the central county of the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area. The county covers about 1,026 square miles (2,660 km2) in the northern portion of the Central Valley, on into Gold Country. Sacramento County extends from the low delta lands between the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River, including Suisun Bay, north to about ten miles (16 km) beyond the State Capitol and east into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The southernmost portion of Sacramento County has direct access to San Francisco Bay. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained Sacramento County's water security.
Zentner (surname)
Zentner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexi Zentner (born 1973), Canadian novelist

Ellen Zentner, American economist

Eric Zentner (1981–2011), American fashion model

Jorge Zentner (born 1953), Argentine comic writer

Nick Zentner (born 1962), American geologist

Robin Zentner (born 1994), German football player

Si Zentner (1917–2000), American trombonist

Ty Zentner (born 1998), American football player

Ellen Zentner
Ellen Beeson Zentner is a managing director and the Chief US Economist at Morgan Stanley. Zentner previously worked as a Senior Economist for the Texas State government, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd., and Nomura Securities International.
Eliezer ben Hurcanus
Eliezer ben Hurcanus (or Hyrcanus) (Hebrew: אליעזר בן הורקנוס) was one of the most prominent Judean tannaitic sages of 1st- and 2nd-century Judaism, a disciple of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, and a colleague of Gamaliel II (whose sister, Ima Shalom, he married) and Joshua ben Hananiah. He is the fifth most frequently mentioned sage in the Mishnah.

Nasi (Hebrew title)
Nasi (Hebrew: נָשִׂיא, romanized: nāśī) is a title meaning "prince" in Biblical Hebrew, "Prince [of the Sanhedrin]" in Mishnaic Hebrew. Certain great figures from Jewish history have the title, including Judah ha-Nasi, who was the chief redactor of the Mishnah as well as nasi of the Sanhedrin.

In Modern Hebrew, its meaning has changed to "president".
Al-Suwaydah, Masyaf
As-Suwayda (Arabic: السويدة, also spelled Soweideh or Sweideh or Swaida) is a Syrian village located in the Masyaf Subdistrict in Masyaf District, located west of Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), As-Suwayda had a population of 2,703 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

Hama
Hama (Arabic: حَمَاة Ḥamāh, [ħaˈmaː]) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 kilometres (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 km (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate, which is the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries. With a population of 996,000 (2023 census), Hama is one of the four largest cities in Syria, with Damascus, Aleppo and Homs. Hama is known for its cheese-making tradition, notably reflected in a signature local dessert Halawet el Jibn.

The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for irrigation, the norias are used purely for show today and currently serve no direct purpose, being used as a tourist attraction and a symbol of the city, also this city is popular in protest during the assad regime (ex: Yalla Erhal Ya Bashar (song)