hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jens Braage Halvorsen
Jens Braage Halvorsen (7 March 1845 – 22 February 1900) was a Norwegian librarian, magazine editor and literary historian.

Halvorsen was born in Bergen, Norway. In 1866, he relocated to Christiania (now Oslo). He edited the magazine Ny Illustreret Tidende from 1880 to 1883. He is particularly known for his principal work, the encyclopedia of Norwegian writers, Norsk forfatterlexikon, which was issued from 1881 until his death. The encyclopedia was finished in 1908 by  Halvdan Koht. Halvorsen was Norwegian editor for the first edition of the encyclopedia  Salmonsens Konversations-Lexikon.

He was decorated Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1896.

Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav (Norwegian: Den Kongelige Norske Sankt Olavs Orden; or Sanct Olafs Orden, the old Norwegian name) is a Norwegian order of chivalry instituted by King Oscar I on 21 August 1847. It is named after King Olav II, known to posterity as St. Olav.

Just before the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, the Order of the Norwegian Lion was instituted in 1904 by King Oscar II, but no appointments were awarded by his successor, King Haakon VII. The Order of St. Olav thus became the kingdom's only order of chivalry for the next 80 years. The Grand Master of the order is the reigning monarch of Norway. It is used to reward individuals for remarkable accomplishments on behalf of the country and humanity. Since 1985, appointments to the order have only been conferred upon Norwegian citizens, though foreign heads of state and royalty may be appointed as a matter of courtesy.
Houston Dynamo records and statistics
This article is a list of statistics and records relating to Houston Dynamo. The Houston Dynamo is an American professional soccer club based in Houston, Texas. The club was founded in 2006 and plays in Major League Soccer.

This list encompasses the major honors won by Houston Dynamo and records set by the club, their coaches, and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goal scorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Houston Dynamo players on the international stage. The club's attendance records at Robertson Stadium are also included in the list.

Philadelphia Union
The Philadelphia Union are an American professional soccer club based in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The club competes in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Eastern Conference. Founded on February 28, 2008, the Union began playing in 2010 as an expansion team. The club's home stadium is Subaru Park, a soccer-specific stadium located in Chester, Pennsylvania, on the banks of the Delaware River.

The Union are currently owned by Keystone Sports & Entertainment, with Jay Sugarman serving as majority owner and chairman of the club. Professional basketball player Kevin Durant serves as a minority owner. The Union finished as runners-up in the 2014, 2015 and 2018 U.S. Open Cup tournaments and the 2022 MLS Cup final. In 2025, Philadelphia secured the Supporters' Shield with their regular season performance, the second in the club's history.
Traugott Bernhard Zwar
Traugott Bernhard Zwar (20 June 1876 – 16 January 1947) was an Australian academic, army medical officer and surgeon. He was born in Stockwell, South Australia, Australia and died in Malvern, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He was a founder of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.

Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) is the leading advocate for surgical standards, professionalism and surgical education in Australia and New Zealand.

Known by its common acronym RACS, it is a not-for-profit organisation, supports the ongoing development and maintenance of expertise during the lifelong learning that accompanies surgical practice of more than 7,000 surgeons and 1,300 surgical trainees and International Medical Graduates. In conjunction with the Australian Government, RACS also provides global surgery outreach by supporting healthcare and surgical education in the Asia-Pacific region and is a substantial funder of surgical research.
Boué–Dupuis formula
In stochastic calculus, the Boué–Dupuis formula is variational representation for Wiener functionals. The representation has application in finding large deviation asymptotics.

The theorem was proven in 1998 by Michelle Boué and Paul Dupuis. In 2000 the result was generalized to infinite-dimensional Brownian motions and in 2009 extended to abstract Wiener spaces.

Large deviations theory
In probability theory, the theory of large deviations concerns the asymptotic behaviour of remote tails of sequences of probability distributions. While some basic ideas of the theory can be traced to Laplace, the formalization started with insurance mathematics, namely ruin theory with Cramér and Lundberg. A unified formalization of large deviation theory was developed in 1966, in a paper by Varadhan. Large deviations theory formalizes the heuristic ideas of concentration of measures and widely generalizes the notion of convergence of probability measures.

Roughly speaking, large deviations theory concerns itself with the exponential decline of the probability measures of certain kinds of extreme or tail events.
All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship
All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (JGTC) is a grand touring car racing series that began in 1993. Originally titled as the Zen Nihon GT Senshuken (全日本GT選手権), the series was renamed to Super GT in 2005. It was the top level of sports car racing in Japan.

The series was sanctioned by the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) and ran by the GT Association (GTA). Autobacs has served as the title sponsor of the series since 1998.

Autobacs Seven
Autobacs Seven Co., Ltd. (株式会社オートバックスセブン, Kabushiki-gaisha Ōtobakkusu Sebun) (TYO: 9832) is a retailer of automotive parts and accessories based in Japan, with branches primarily in Asia and stores also located in France.
Tara Air
Tara Air Pvt. Ltd. is an airline headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal. It is a subsidiary of Yeti Airlines. Tara Air was formed in 2009 using aircraft from the Yeti Airlines fleet and is based at Tribhuvan International Airport, with a secondary hub at Nepalgunj Airport. The airline operates scheduled flights and air charter services with a fleet of STOL aircraft, previously provided by Yeti Airlines. Its operations focus on serving remote and mountainous airports and airstrips. It is currently on the List of airlines banned in the European Union.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
The de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter is a Canadian STOL (short takeoff and landing) utility aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada in the mid-1960s and still in production. It was built by De Havilland Canada from 1965 to 1988. In 2022, Viking Air purchased the type certificate and restarted production in 2008, before re-adopting the name De Havilland Canada. In 2023, DHC started production of the 300-G, an upgraded version of the Series 400 with Garmin avionics.

The aircraft's fixed tricycle undercarriage, STOL capabilities, twin turboprop engines and high rate of climb have made it a successful commuter airliner, typically seating 18–20 passengers, as well as a cargo and medical evacuation aircraft. The Twin Otter has also been popular with commercial skydiving operations and is used by the United States Army Parachute Team and the 98th Flying Training Squadron of the United States Air Force.
Bill Connon
Bill Connon was a Scottish rugby union player. He became the 101st President of the Scottish Rugby Union. He was also a golf administrator in the north-east of Scotland and organised the Northern Open tournament for a number of years.

Scottish Rugby Union
The Scottish Rugby Union (SRU; Scottish Gaelic: Aonadh Rugbaidh na h-Alba) is the governing body of rugby union in Scotland. Now marketed as Scottish Rugby, it is the second-oldest Rugby Union, having been founded in 1873. The SRU oversees the national league system, known as the Scottish League Championship, and the Scottish National teams. The SRU is headed by the President (Keith Wallace) and Chairman (John McGuigan), with Mark Dodson acting as the chief executive officer. Dee Bradbury became the first female president of a Tier 1 rugby nation upon her appointment on 4 August 2018.
John C. Brimblecom
John C. Brimblecom (January 21, 1868 – December 10, 1933) was a state legislator in Massachusetts. He studied at the schools in Newton and worked as an editor. He held city offices and served in the state house from 1920 to 1924. He was a Republican.

He was born in Swampscott. He represented the Fourth Middlesex District. He authored Beautiful Newton.

Swampscott, Massachusetts
Swampscott (/ˈswɒmpskət/) is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, located 15 miles (24 km) up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore. The population was 15,111 as of the 2020 United States census. A former summer resort on Massachusetts Bay, Swampscott is today a fairly affluent residential community and includes the village of Beach Bluff, as well as part of the neighborhood of Clifton.
2018–19 Empoli FC season
The 2018–19 season was Empoli Football Club's 83rd in existence and 13th season in Serie A. It was the club's first season back in the top-flight after suffering relegation at the end of the 2016–17 season.

2016–17 Empoli FC season
The 2016–17 season was Empoli Football Club's third consecutive season in Serie A. The club competed in Serie A and in the Coppa Italia. The season proved to be a slow-rolling disaster for the club, as Empoli sat in 17th place for most of the season only to suffer a poor run of form at the tail end of the season at the same time as 18th-placed Crotone enjoyed a spectacular run of results; the result was Empoli dropping into 18th place on the very last day of the season, being relegated to Serie B.
Kyllakh Range
The Kyllakh Range (Russian: Кыллахский хребет; Yakut: Кыыллаах) is a range of mountains in the Russian Federation. Administratively the mountain chain belongs to the Sakha Republic. It is the smallest of the ranges which are part of the southern prolongation of the Verkhoyansk Range, East Siberian System.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Arsis and thesis
In music and prosody, arsis (/ˈɑːrsɪs/; plural arses, /ˈɑːrsiːz/) and thesis (/ˈθiːsɪs/; plural theses, /ˈθiːsiːz/) are respectively the stronger and weaker parts of a musical measure or poetic foot. However, because of contradictions in the original definitions, writers use these words in different ways. In music, arsis is an unaccented note (upbeat), while the thesis is the downbeat. However, in discussions of Latin and modern poetry the word arsis is generally used to mean the stressed syllable of the foot, that is, the ictus.

Since the words are used in contradictory ways, the authority on Greek metre Martin West recommends abandoning them and using substitutes such as ictus for the downbeat when discussing ancient poetry. However, the use of the word ictus itself is controversial.

Aristoxenus
Aristoxenus of Tarentum (Greek: Ἀριστόξενος ὁ Ταραντῖνος; born c. 375, fl. 335 BC) was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher, and a pupil of Aristotle. Most of his writings, which dealt with philosophy, ethics and music, have been lost, but one musical treatise, Elements of Harmony (Greek: Ἁρμονικὰ στοιχεῖα; Latin: Elementa harmonica), survives incomplete, as well as some fragments concerning rhythm and meter. The Elements is the chief source of our knowledge of ancient Greek music.
The Fox Sister (webcomic)
The Fox Sister is a supernatural horror webcomic written by Christina Strain and drawn by Jayd Aït-Kaci. The webcomic began in October 2011, updating once a week, before going on indefinite hiatus. Set in 1968 Seoul, The Fox Sister is inspired by the Korean folk tale The Fox Sister. Its first chapter was self-published by the creators in the form of a hardcover graphic novel in 2014.

Webcomic
Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on the internet, such as on a website or a mobile app. While many webcomics are published exclusively online, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books.
Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic. Readership levels vary widely; many are read only by the creator's immediate friends and family, while some of the most widely read have audiences of well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics, and cover many genres, styles, and subjects. They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics. Two examples of webcomic website builders are Comic Fury and Webtoon.
Milnthorpe Model
The Milnthorpe Model describes a situation where fast-growing non-indigenous trees such as eucalypts, are used to colonise ex-pasture in order to establish a forested environment where indigenous canopy species can thrive.

The expression was coined in 2010 during a nationwide MAF (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) roadshow on carbon forestry and derives from a 162-hectare (400-acre) property near Parapara Inlet in Golden Bay, New Zealand. This marginal land was progressively planted from 1973 to create what is now a scenic reserve and an arboretum. It has an abundance of understorey species, predominantly natives, and is a popular location for recreational walks.

Parapara, Tasman
Parapara is a coastal location in the Tasman District of New Zealand. It is located near Golden Bay, close to the edge of the Parapara Inlet, between Tākaka and Collingwood. The location is rich in minerals and has a history of mining, mainly for gold and limonite ore.
Nadingar Ekoue Thérèse
Nadingar Ekoue Thérèse (died 14 August 2020) was a first Chadian female lawyer and human rights activist, who was known for her work in defending orphans and vulnerable people. She was secretary general of the Chad Bar Association.

Orphan
An orphan is a child whose parents have died, are unknown, or have permanently abandoned them. It can also refer to a child who has lost only one parent, as the Hebrew translation, for example, is "fatherless". In some languages, such as Swedish, the term is "parentless" and more ambiguous about whether the parents are dead, unknown or absconded, but typically refers to a child or younger adult.

In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents due to death is called an orphan. When referring to animals, only the mother's condition is usually relevant (i.e., if the female parent has gone, the offspring is an orphan, regardless of the father's condition).
2018 Tasmanian local elections
The 2018 Tasmanian local elections were held in October 2018 to elect the councils of the 29 local government areas (LGAs) in Tasmania, Australia. Councils also held mayoral and deputy mayoral elections.

This was the last time voting in Tasmanian local elections was voluntary, with compulsory voting introduced in 2022. Polls opened on 8 October and closed on Tuesday, 30 October.

Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting, also called universal civic duty voting or mandatory voting, is the requirement that registered voters participate in an election. As of January 2026, 21 countries have compulsory voting laws. Law enforcement in those countries varies considerably, and the penalty for not casting a ballot without a proper justification ranges from severe to non-existent.
Robert Kirkpatrick Simpson
Robert Kirkpatrick Simpson (1837 – 5 August 1921) was a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 14 July 1914 to 13 July 1921, when his term ended. He was appointed by the Reform Government.

He was from Marton, and he died at his home there on 5 August 1921.

Reform Government of New Zealand
The Reform Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 1912 to 1928, led by the conservative Reform Party.

It is probably best remembered for its anti-trade union stance in the Waihi miners' strike of 1912 and a dockworkers' strike the following year. It governed during World War I, during which a temporary coalition was formed with the Liberal Party.
Kunduru
Kunduru (Telugu: కుందూరు) is a Telugu surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kunduru Jana Reddy (born 1982), Indian politician

Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy (born 1980), Indian politician

Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy (born 1981), Indian politician

Kunduru Raghuveer (born 1946), Indian politician

Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy
Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy (born 1981) is an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. He is an MLA of YSR Congress Party from Markapuram Assembly constituency in Prakasam district. He won the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He shifted to Telugu Desam Party and won the Markapuram seat in the 2024 Assembly election.
Avi Issacharoff
Avi Issacharoff (Hebrew: אבי יששכרוף; born 1973) is an Israeli journalist, known for his focus on Palestinian affairs. He is a Middle East commentator for The Times of Israel and its sister news outlet Walla!, and the Palestinian and Arab Affairs Correspondent for Haaretz. Issacharoff is known as one of the creators of the TV-series Fauda.

Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)
The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) is an independent think tank affiliated with Tel Aviv University in Israel that conducts research and analysis of national security matters such as military and strategic affairs, terrorism and low intensity conflict, military balance in the Middle East, and cyber warfare.

It is considered Israel's leading security think tank.
Ökürgön-Köl
Ökürgön-Köl (Kyrgyz: Өкүргөн-Көл) is a mountain lake in Inner Tien-Shan. It is located at an elevation of 3,628 m (11,903 ft) in the Ökürgön basin on the southern slope of the Jetim-Bel Range, along the right tributary of the Taragay River. The lake covers an area of 1.15 km2 (0.44 sq mi), with an estimated volume of 0.006 cubic kilometres (0.0014 cu mi). Its catchment area is reported as 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi) according to the Atlas of Kyrgyz Republic  while other sources give a value of 33.7 square kilometres (13.0 sq mi). The depth of the lake is 5–6 m (16–20 ft) It is fed by the Sarytör River, which forms from four small glaciers in the upper valley.

The lake basin was formed by glacial activity and lies in a depression dammed by moraines. The outflowing stream joins the Sarytör River and together they form the Ökürgön River.

Tian Shan
The Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia. The highest peak is Jengish Chokusu at 7,439 metres (24,406 ft) high and located in Kyrgyzstan. Its lowest point is at the Turpan Depression, which is 154 m (505 ft) below sea level.

The Tian Shan is sacred in Tengrism. Its second-highest peak is known as Khan Tengri, which can be translated as "Lord of the Spirits". At the 2013 Conference on World Heritage, the eastern portion of Tian Shan in western China's Xinjiang Region was listed as a World Heritage Site. The western portion in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan was then listed in 2016.
Pizzo delle Pecore
Pizzo delle Pecore (2,381 m) is a mountain of the Swiss Lepontine Alps, located east of Cevio in the canton of Ticino. It lies just south of the slightly higher Cima di Broglio, on the range between the Valle Maggia and the Valle Verzasca.

Valle Maggia
Valle Maggia (English, "Maggia Valley") is an alpine valley in the Vallemaggia district of canton of Ticino, the Italian-speaking canton of Switzerland. The valley is formed by the river Maggia and is situated between the Centovalli and Lago Maggiore as well as the Valle Verzasca in the East.
Fabian Birkowski
Fabian Birkowski (1566 in Lwów – 9 December 1636 in Kraków, Poland) was a Polish writer and preacher.

Fabian was educated at the Kraków Academy in 1585 where he later 1587 lectured on Latin and Greek literature and taught philosophy. In 1596 he entered the Dominican order. He became known as an excellent orator. He made several speeches at burial ceremonies of outstanding personalities like King Sigismund III Vasa, his wife Konstancja, Krzysztof Zbaraski, Piotr Skarga, Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, and Hetman Jan Zamoyski.

From 1611 until 1634 he served as preacher on the court of King Wladyslaw IV of Poland, and in 1622 as "Camp preacher" (kaznodzieja obozowy) during wars with Turkey, Muscovy and Walachia.

Jan Zamoyski
Jan Sariusz Zamoyski (Latin: Ioannes Zamoyski de Zamoscie; 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, statesman and the 1st ordynat of Zamość. He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565, Deputy Chancellor from 1576, Grand Chancellor of the Crown from 1578, and Great Hetman of the Crown from 1581.

Zamoyski was the General Starost of the city of Kraków from 1580 to 1585, Starost of Bełz, Międzyrzecz, Krzeszów, Knyszyn and Tartu. An important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen Báthory, he was one of the major opponents of Bathory's successor, Sigismund III Vasa, and one of the most skilled diplomats, politicians and statesmen of his time, standing as a major figure in the politics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life.
Power "Kosa Leka"
Power "Kosa Leka" (Lingala for "lie and walk past") is the third studio album by Congolese singer-songwriter Fally Ipupa, released on 8 April 2013. The album contains 26 tracks and marks his final collaboration with producer David Monsoh. Power "Kosa Leka" is a blend of Congolese rumba, ndombolo, hip hop, and contemporary R&B, and was supported by singles "Emeraude", "1000% Mawa", "Anissa", "Skype", "Ndoki", "La vie est belle", "Amour Assassin", "Double Clic", "Kosa Leka", "Service", "Hustler Is Back", "Nourrisson", and "Stop à la Guerre". Though not as commercially dominant as his earlier releases, it sold 30,000 copies in its debut month.

On 14 May, Ipupa was awarded Best African Artist at the inaugural Trace Urban Music Awards.

David Monsoh
David Amako Monsoh (born June 26, 1973) is an Ivorian record producer and the founder of Obouo Productions, as well as the co-founder of Black in France and Africa. He has been involved in the production of works by various African musicians, including Nayanka Bell.
Fuzzy Warbles
The Fuzzy Warbles series brings together demos, rarities and side projects from XTC founding member Andy Partridge. There are eight Fuzzy Warbles volumes,  issued between 2002 and 2006 featuring designs inspired by postage stamps. In addition, the Collector's Album packaging makes a nod to the philatelic theme which it affirms by featuring an exclusive ninth disc called Hinges. The large volume of material dates back to 1979. Tracks include mastered versions of long-circulated bootlegs.

Terry Chambers
Terry Peter Chambers (born 18 July 1955) is an English drummer who was a member of the band XTC from 1972 to 1982 and the Australian–New Zealand group Dragon between 1983 and 1985. He appears on all of XTC's albums between White Music (1978) and Mummer (1983).