hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Causes of the Great Recession
Many factors directly and indirectly serve as the causes of the Great Recession that started in 2008 with the US subprime mortgage crisis. The major causes of the initial subprime mortgage crisis and the following recession include lax lending standards contributing to the real-estate bubbles that have since burst; U.S. government housing policies; and limited regulation of non-depository financial institutions. Once the recession began, various responses were attempted with different degrees of success. These included fiscal policies of governments; monetary policies of central banks; measures designed to help indebted consumers refinance their mortgage debt; and inconsistent approaches used by nations to bail out troubled banking industries and private bondholders, assuming private debt burdens or socializing losses.

Financial innovation
Financial innovation is the act of creating new financial instruments as well as new financial technologies, institutions, and markets. Recent financial innovations include hedge funds, private equity, weather derivatives, retail-structured products, exchange-traded funds, multi-family offices, and Islamic bonds (Sukuk). The shadow banking system has spawned an array of financial innovations including mortgage-backed securities products and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).

There are three categories of innovation: institutional, product, and process. Institutional innovations relate to the creation of new types of financial firms such as specialist credit card firms, investment consulting firms and related services, and direct banks. Product innovation relates to new products such as derivatives, securitization, and foreign currency mortgages. Process innovations relate to new ways of doing financial business, including online banking and telephone banking.
True North: Symphonic Ballet
True North: Symphonic Ballet is a pièce d'occasion commissioned by the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra to celebrate Canada's 150th birthday.

The work was co-ordinated by composer and artistic director Vincent Ho, who brought together four more Canadian composers, Dinuk Wijeratne from Halifax, Montreal's Maxime McKinley, Dorothy Chang of Vancouver, and Derek Charke of Wolfville, along with pow-wow musician Hal Eagletail.

Each composer contributed a movement: Eagletail performed the prelude and postlude; the first movement was Wijeratne's "First Winter". McKinley created the second movement, which was followed by Charke's contribution, "Industrial".  Chang composed the fourth movement, "Northern Star", and  the fifth movement, by Ho, was titled "Earthbeat".

The dance was choreographed by Yukichi Hattori. The combined music and dance was premiered at the True North Festival in 2017, with Gary Kulesha conducting the Calgary Philharmonic.

Dinuk Wijeratne
Dinuk Wijeratne /ˈdɪnʊk ˌwɪdʒəˈrʌtnə/ (born 1978) is a conductor, composer and pianist, living and working in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. His work Two Pop Songs on Antique Poems won both the 2016 Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year and the 2016 East Coast Music Award for Classical Composition of the Year. His boundary-crossing musical collaborations include ground-breaking combinations of symphony orchestra and tabla, and string quartet and DJ.
Betta cracens
Betta cracens is a species of gourami endemic to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia.  It is an inhabitant of freshwater swamp forest.  This species grows to a length of 5.7 cm (2.2 in), typically inhabits blackwaters that have very soft and very acidic water and is a bubble nest brooder.  The Latin term cracens means "slender" or "elegant" and is so named because of the fish's slender body. It was first described in 1996 by Heok Hui Tan and Peter K. L. Ng in The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology.

The Betta Cracens have a Labyrinth Organ, a morpho-physiological adaptation that allows them to respirate in air. The Labyrinth Organ is a folded suprabranchial accessory breathing organ and a defining characteristic of fish in the suborder Anabantoidei. It is formed by vascularized expansion of the epibranchial bone of the first gill arch. This adaptation allows these fish to thrive in their harsh habitats.

Heok Hui Tan
Heok Hui Tan is a Singaporean ichthyologist at the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum of the National University of Singapore. Dr. Tan's main interest lies in the systematics of Southeast Asian freshwater fishes, encompassing taxonomy, ecology and biogeography. His primary areas of research focus on neglected and de novo habitats such as peat swamp forests, swamp forests, and rapids.

As of 2018, Tan has authored two species of Osphronemidae (Luciocephalus aura and Betta pi).
Blackall (surname)
Blackall is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Clarence H. Blackall (1857–1942), American architect

Emily Lucas Blackall (1832–1892), American writer and philanthropist

Frederick Steele Blackall Jr. (1896–1963), American engineer

Graham Blackall, American blogger

Henry Blackall (1889–1981), Irish lawyer and judge

Jasper Blackall (1920–2020), British sailor

John Blackall (1771–1860), English physician

Ofspring Blackall (1655–1716), English Anglican bishop and theologian

Samuel Blackall (1809–1871), Irish soldier and politician

Sophie Blackall, Australian artist and illustrator of children's books

William Blackall (1876–1941), Australian botanist

William Blackall
William E. Blackall (1876–1941) was a Western Australia medical doctor who made a substantial contribution to that state's botany.

Born in Folkestone, Kent, England, he emigrated to Perth in 1905. His occupation was in medicine, but he is now best known for his amateur botany. He compiled a personal herbarium of around 5,000 specimens, and was the collector of the type specimen from which Acacia daviesioides was published. He also began production of an illustrated key to the flora of Western Australia in the 1920s, but died before it was complete.

On his death in Perth in 1941, his herbarium was deposited at the Western Australian Museum, and eventually ended up at the Western Australian Herbarium. His manuscript was neglected until 1947, when his  family asked the University of Western Australia to complete it. This work was taken up by Professor Brian Grieve, and resulted in the well-known series How to know Western Australian wildflowers.
Kristin Uffelman White
Kristin Uffelman White is an Episcopal bishop who is serving as the tenth Bishop of the Diocese of Southern Ohio. She is the first woman to serve that position. Prior to her consecration, she served as the Canon to the Ordinary for Congregational Leadership and Development in the Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis from 2018 to 2023.

Before ordained ministry, White worked as a high school English teacher in Oregon. She has served congregations in Chicago and Indianapolis. She was born in Anchorage, Alaska and raised in Prineville, Oregon where her father was also an Episcopal priest.

Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis
The Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis, formerly known as the Episcopal Diocese of Indiana, is a diocese in Province V (for the Midwest region) of the Episcopal Church. It encompasses the southern two-thirds of the state of Indiana. Its see is in Indianapolis, Indiana, at Christ Church Cathedral. According to the diocesan newsletter, the diocese has 10,137 communicants in 49 parishes. The current bishop is Jennifer Baskerville-Burrows, the first African-American woman to serve as diocesan bishop in the Episcopal Church and the first woman to succeed another woman as a diocesan bishop in the Episcopal Church; Catherine Waynick served as bishop of the diocese from 1997 to 2017.

The diocese reported 9,336 members in 2015 and 7,711 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 parochial reports. Plate and pledge income for the 47 filing congregations of the diocese in 2024 was $8,767,134. Average Sunday attendance (ASA) was 2,869 persons.
Dia Chakravarty
Dia Sudeshna Chakravarty (Bengali: দিয়া সুদেষ্ণা চক্রবর্তী; born 1984) is a Bangladeshi-born British political activist, former political director of the TaxPayers' Alliance, singer, and Brexit Editor of The Daily Telegraph.

Sufia Kamal
Begum Sufia Kamal (20 June 1911 – 20 November 1999) was a Bangladeshi poet, feminist leader, and political activist. She took part in the Bengali nationalist movement of the 1950s and civil society leader in independent Bangladesh. She led feminist activism and was a president of Bangladesh Mahila Parishad. She died in 1999 and was the first woman to be given a state funeral in Bangladesh.
Who's to Bless and Who's to Blame
Who's to Bless and Who's to Blame is the sixth solo album by Kris Kristofferson, released in 1975 on Monument Records. Its title track is quoted in the Johnny Cash song "The Man Comes Around" from the 2002 album of the same name. The song "Stranger" was covered as a duet by Johnny Duncan and Janie Fricke, and their version reached #4 on the U.S. country chart in 1976.

The Man Comes Around
"The Man Comes Around" is the title track from Johnny Cash's American IV: The Man Comes Around, released in 2002. It was written several years prior to the release of the album; however, Cash updated it for the album. It is one of the last songs Cash wrote before his death. Both sung and spoken, the song makes numerous Biblical references, especially to the Book of Revelation.
WLBT Tower
The WLBT Tower was a 610-metre-high (2,000 ft) guy-wired aerial mast for the transmission of FM radio and TV-programs in Raymond, Mississippi, United States, for the Jackson metro area. The mast was constructed in 1966. On October 23, 1997, the mast, which was property of Cosmos Broadcasting (WLBT a local NBC affiliate), collapsed during the renovation of its guy wires. Three workers of LeBlanc & Royle were killed. The tower was rebuilt in 1999.

WLBT
WLBT (channel 3) is a television station in Jackson, Mississippi, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is owned by Gray Media, which also operates American Spirit Media–owned Fox affiliate WDBD (channel 40) and Vicksburg-licensed MyNetworkTV outlet WLOO (channel 35) under shared services agreements (SSAs). WLOO's license is owned by Tougaloo College, with American Spirit actually operating the station through a separate joint sales agreement (JSA); in turn, Gray provides WLOO with limited engineering support. The three stations share studios on South Jefferson Street in downtown Jackson; WLBT's transmitter is located on Thigpen Road southeast of Raymond, Mississippi.

Originally a pro-segregationist station, in 1969, it became the first station stripped of its right to broadcast for failing to serve the public interest. It was then relaunched under different ownership, becoming a pioneer in racial equality among Southern broadcasters.
Växjö HF
Växjö HF is a handball club in Växjö, Sweden, established 1972 out of Växjö BK. The men's team played three seasons in the Swedish top division during the early 1990s.

The men's junior team won the Swedish national championship in the year 2000, while the girls' team won the Swedish national championship of 2003. It is the mother club of Swedish player Jonas Källman.

Handbollsligan
Handbollsligan (literally, "The Handball league") is the highest league in the league system of Swedish handball, and comprises the top 14 Swedish handball teams. The first season began in 1931–32. The season ends with a playoff.
CCCB Publications
CCCB Publications is the official publishing arm of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops.

Its official goal is to assist the bishops in proclaiming the gospel of Jesus Christ and to share the teachings of the Church. It also serves as the official source of papal and curial documents in Canada.

It is sometimes compared to USCCB Publishing, which does related work for the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

USCCB Publishing
USCCB Publishing is a publisher that participates in the mission of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops as a professional publishing resource in the areas of print and electronic media and intellectual property management. It seeks to effectively use resources and technology to assist the bishops in proclaiming the Good News of Jesus and sharing the teachings of the Catholic Church.

In May 2022, the USCCB announced that its new agency, Catholic News Service, would close domestic operations at the end of the year; however the Rome Bureau and Office of Public Affairs would continue. The remaining stock of books was liquidated by Ascension Press.
Marcus Curius Dentatus refuses the gifts of the Samnites
Marcus (sic: Manius) Curius Dentatus refuses the gifts of the Samnites is a 1656 painting by Govert Flinck. It shows the Roman consul Marcus Curius Dentatus, preferring turnips to an offer of gold and silver objects, including the Memorial Guild Cup by Adam van Vianen. It hangs in the same spot for which it was painted, in the former mayors' rooms of the Royal Palace of Amsterdam.

Adam van Vianen
Adam van Vianen (1568– 1627) was a leading silversmith of the early Dutch Golden Age, who trained as an engraver and was also a medallist.  Unlike his brother Paul van Vianen, he spent little time away from his native Utrecht.  Together they developed the auricular style which bridges the gap between Northern Mannerist and Baroque ornament.
Thyrsis (poem)
"Thyrsis" (from the title of Theocritus's poem "Θύρσις") is a poem written by Matthew Arnold in December 1865 to commemorate his friend, the poet Arthur Hugh Clough, who had died in November 1861 aged only 42.

Theocritus
Theocritus (/θiːˈɒkrɪtəs/; Ancient Greek: Θεόκριτος, Theokritos; Sicilian: Tiòcritu, Teocritu; born c. 300 BC, died after 260 BC) was a Greek poet from Sicily, Magna Graecia, and the creator of Ancient Greek pastoral poetry.
Francesco Negri (photographer)
Francesco Negri (18 December 1841 – 21 December 1924) was an Italian photographer known not only as a pictorialist but for his innovative work in photomicroscopy, in the development of the telephoto lens, and for his early experiments in Louis Ducos du Hauron’s techniques of colour photography. His scientific and cultural pursuits included botany and local history: in both fields, his publications remain significant. He served as Mayor of Casale Monferrato. In the meantime, by profession, he was a lawyer.

Telephoto lens
A telephoto lens, also known as telelens, is a specific type of a long-focus lens used in photography and cinematography, in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length.: 93  This is achieved by incorporating a special lens group known as a telephoto group that extends the light path to create a long-focus lens in a much shorter overall design. The angle of view and other effects of long-focus lenses are the same for telephoto lenses of the same specified focal length. Long-focal-length lenses are often informally referred to as telephoto lenses, although this is technically incorrect: a telephoto lens specifically incorporates the telephoto group.: 207
Nikita season 3
The third season of Nikita, an American drama/espionage television series based on the French film La Femme Nikita (1990), the remake Point of No Return (1993), and a previous series La Femme Nikita (1997), was announced in May 2012 and premiered on October 19, 2012.

La Femme Nikita (TV series)
La Femme Nikita (French pronunciation: [la fam nikita], literally "The Woman Nikita"; called Nikita in Canada) is a Canadian action-drama television series based on the French film of the same name by Luc Besson. The series stars Peta Wilson as the titular character. It was co-produced by Jay Firestone of Fireworks Entertainment and Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution. It was created and adapted for television by Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran. The series was telecast in the United States on the USA Network cable channel on Monday, January 13, 1997 at 10pm, and ran for five seasons until March 4, 2001. The series was also aired in Canada on the over-the-air CTV Television Network. La Femme Nikita was the highest-rated drama on American basic cable during its first two seasons. It was also distributed in some other countries.
Claudia Kristofics-Binder
Claudia Kristofics-Binder (born 5 October 1961) is an Austrian former figure skater. She is a two-time World bronze medalist (1981, 1982) and the 1982 European champion. She represented Austria at the 1976 and 1980 Winter Olympics. She was coached by Carlo Fassi.

She is the younger sister of Austrian figure skater Helmut Kristofics-Binder.

1982 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1982 World Figure Skating Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark from March 9 to 14. At the event, sanctioned by the International Skating Union, medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

The ISU Representative was Olaf Poulsen and the ISU Technical Delegate was Josef Dědič. It was the first worlds with different judging panels for compulsory figures, short programs, and compulsory dance on one side and for the free skatings and free dance on the other.
Les Levine
Les Levine (born 1935) is an Irish-born American artist known as a pioneer of video art and as a conceptual artist working with communication media. In 1967, Levine won first prize for sculpture in the Canadian Sculpture Biennial. He collaborated with artists, critics, and poets, including Peter Schjeldahl, Jill Johnston, and Gregory Battcock, on artworks and publications in the 1960s and 1970s.

Jill Johnston
Jill Johnston (born Jill Crowe; May 17, 1929 – September 18, 2010) was a British-born American feminist author and cultural critic. She is most famous for her radical lesbian feminism book, Lesbian Nation and was a longtime writer for The Village Voice. She was also a leader of the lesbian separatist movement of the 1970s. Johnston also wrote under the pen name F. J. Crowe.
Detective Investigation Files IV
Detective Investigation Files IV (Chinese: 刑事偵緝檔案IV) is the 4th and final installment of the Detective Investigation Files TV franchised by TVB in Hong Kong. It won two TVB Anniversary Awards, including Best Actor for Louis Koo and Best Actress for Jessica Hsuan.

The series focuses on the lives of two detectives, Tsui Fei (Louis Koo) and Kong Chi Shan (Sunny Chan), and the murder cases they deal with.

TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor
The TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role is one of the TVB Anniversary Awards presented annually by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in Hong Kong television dramas throughout the designated year. This award is usually reserved to be one of the last awards presented, and is one of the most premier and publicized awards of the ceremony. An actor who wins Best Actor is referred to as the TV King (視帝).

Since its institution in 1997, the award has changed names several times. It was first called Best Performance by an Actor in a Drama (最佳劇中男角演繹大獎) in 1997, but was changed to Best Actor in a Leading Role (最佳男主角) in 1998. In 1999, the name was changed to My Favourite Leading Actor of the Year (本年度我最喜愛的男主角). The name was changed back to "Best Actor in a Leading Role" in 2005.
Tomoaki Kunichika
Tomoaki Kunichika (Japanese: 国近 友昭; born April 22, 1973, in Yamaguchi) is a male long-distance runner from Japan, who won the 2003 edition of the Fukuoka Marathon, clocking 2:07:52 on December 7, 2003.

Fukuoka Marathon
The Fukuoka International Marathon (福岡国際マラソン, Fukuoka Kokusai Marason) is an IAAF Gold Label international men's marathon race held in Fukuoka, Japan. It was previously known as the Fukuoka International Open Marathon Championship between 1947 and 2021, when it was announced the race would be discontinued on its 75th edition. However, due to popular support, a successor race, inheriting the tradition and course of the original marathon, was established the next year.

The course record is held by Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia, running 2:05:18 in 2009 to best his own record from the previous year. Toshihiko Seko (1978–80, '83) and Frank Shorter (1971–74) tie for most victories at the race with four each.
Tom B. David Field
Tom B. David Field (ICAO: KCZL, FAA LID: CZL) is a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) south of the central business district of Calhoun, a city in Gordon County, Georgia, United States. It is owned by the Calhoun-Gordon County Airport Authority. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this facility is assigned CZL by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned CZL to Ain el Bey Airport in Constantine, Algeria).

Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport
Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport (Arabic: مطار قسنطينة - محمد بوضياف‎, French: Aéroport de Constantine - Mohamed Boudiaf IATA: CZL, ICAO: DABC) is an airport in Algeria, located approximately 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) south of Constantine; about 320 kilometres (200 mi) east-southeast of Algiers.
Msukaligwa Local Municipality
Msukaligwa Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala wase Msukaligwa; Afrikaans: Msukaligwa Munisipaliteit) is a local municipality within the Gert Sibande District Municipality, in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. Ermelo is the seat of the municipality.

Local municipality (South Africa)
In South Africa, a local municipality (Tswana: mmasepalaselegae; Sotho: masepala wa lehae; Northern Sotho: mmasepala wa selegae; Afrikaans: plaaslike munisipaliteit; Zulu: umasipala wendawo; Southern Ndebele: umasipaladi wendawo; Xhosa: umasipala wengingqi; Swazi: masipaladi wasekhaya; Venda: masipalawapo; Tsonga: masipala wa muganga) or Category B municipality is a type of municipality that serves as the third, and most local, tier of local government. Each district municipality is divided into a number of local municipalities, and responsibility for municipal affairs is divided between the district and local municipalities. There are 205 local municipalities in South Africa.

A local municipality may include rural areas as well as one or more towns or small cities. In larger urban areas there are no district or local municipalities, and a metropolitan municipality is responsible for all municipal affairs.
Sioeli Nau
Sioeli Nau, also known as Joel Nau (1825 – 1895), was a Tongan Methodist minister. He was the son of Lu'isa Ma'ukakalafo'ou Lauaki and Filipe 'Onevela. He was also the grandson of Matapule Lauaki the Nima Tapu.

Nima tapu
Nima tapu (lit. 'sacred hands') are the royal undertakers for the Tongan royal family. It is their role to prepare the dead king's body for burial. Once the preparation is complete, they are not allowed to use their hands for any other purpose for the next hundred days. In earlier times, the nima tapu would be strangled or have their hands cut off after preparing the king's body.
IS-3
The IS-3 (also known as Object 703) is a Soviet heavy tank developed in late 1944. Its semi-hemispherical cast turret (resembling that of an upturned soup bowl) became the hallmark of post-war Soviet tanks. Its pike nose design would also be mirrored by other tanks of the IS tank family such as the IS-7 and T-10. Produced too late to see combat in World War II, the IS-3 participated in the Berlin Victory Parade of 1945, the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, and one was used during the early stages of the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Heavy tank
A heavy tank is a tank classification produced from World War I to the end of the Cold War. These tanks generally sacrificed mobility and maneuverability for better armour protection and equal or greater firepower than tanks of lighter classes.