hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shadow
A shadow is a dark area on a surface where light from a light source is blocked by an object. In contrast, shade occupies the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. The cross-section of a shadow is a two-dimensional silhouette, or a reverse projection of the object blocking the light.

Shadowgraphy (performing art)
Shadowgraphy or ombromanie is the art of performing a story or show using images made by hand shadows. It can be called "cinema in silhouette". Performers are titled as a shadowgraphist or shadowgrapher.

The art has declined since the late 19th century when electricity became available to homes because light bulbs and electric lamps do not give off good shadows and because cinema and television were becoming a new form of entertainment. Shadows are greatly defined by candlelight; therefore hand shadows were common in earlier centuries.

The modern art of hand shadows was made popular by the French entertainer Félicien Trewey in the 19th century. He popularized the art by making silhouettes of famous personalities.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 28
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 28 (P. Oxy. 28) is a manuscript consisting of fragments of the third book of Hellenica (chapter 1) by Xenophon, written in Greek. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The fragment is dated to the second century. It is housed in the library of the University of St Andrews. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a roll. Three consecutive columns have survived. The measurements of a single column are 122 by 125 mm. The text is written in a nearly upright square uncial hand. In the upper margin are some semi-cursive scholia, written in a more formal hand than the text. Iota adscript is commonly written. Grenfell and Hunt collated the text of the manuscript on the basis of Keller's edition (1890).

Uncial script
Uncial is a majuscule script (written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters were used to write Greek and Latin, as well as Gothic, and are the current style for Coptic and Nobiin.
Sikyonioi
Sikyonios or Sikyonioi (Greek: Σικυώνιος/Σικυώνιοι), translated as The Sicyonian(s) or The Man from Sicyon, is an Ancient Greek comedy by Menander. About half of the play has survived in fragments of papyrus used to stuff several mummies in the cemetery of Medinet-el-Ghoran in the Faiyum, where they were discovered in 1901 by Pierre Jouguet. The first acts are almost completely lost, but the rest, although the manuscript is often corrupt, lacunose and hard to read, allows a fair reconstruction of the plot.

Elefsina
Elefsina (Greek: Ελευσίνα, romanized: Elefsína) or Eleusis (/ɛˈljuːsɪs/ eh-LEW-siss; Ancient Greek: Ἐλευσίς, romanized: Eleusís) is a suburban city and a municipality within the Athens metropolitan area in Attica, Greece. It is located in the Thriasio Plain, at the northernmost end of the Saronic Gulf, in the regional unit of West Attica. North of Elefsina are the towns of Mandra and Magoula, while Aspropyrgos is to the northeast.

It is the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries and the birthplace of Aeschylus.  Today, Elefsina is a major industrial centre, with the largest oil refinery in Greece as well as the home of the Aeschylia Festival, the longest-lived arts event in the Attica Region. On 11 November 2016, Elefsina was named the European Capital of Culture for 2021, which became effective in 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic postponement.
October 2025 Mexican floods and landslides
In October 2025, severe floods and landslides caused by heavy rains and attributed to remnants of storms occurred in several Mexican states. These weather events affected over 150 cities and municipalities, killing at least 76 people, leaving more than 320,000 others without power, about 100,000 houses destroyed, 75 missing and nearly 1,000 km (620 mi) of roads damaged.

Julio Menchaca
Julio Ramón Menchaca Salazar (born 27 December 1959) is a Mexican politician currently serving as Governor of Hidalgo.
Previously affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), he aligned himself with the National Regeneration Movement (Morena) in 2017. He previously served as a deputy in the Congress of Hidalgo and as a senator for Hidalgo in 2018–2022.
1982 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
The 1982 congressional elections in Tennessee was held on November 2, 1982, to determine who will represent the state of Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives.

Following the 1982 elections, Tennessee’s congressional delegation changed in size due to reapportionment after the 1980 United States census. The state regained the 9th congressional district that it had lost after the 1970 census, increasing its delegation from eight to nine members. The newly 4th congressional district, an open seat won by Democrat Jim Cooper, combined territory from several previous districts. Although the "4th district" designation had existed previously, the configuration used in 1982 was substantially different and had no incumbent. Cooper’s victory was considered a Democratic gain, resulting in a net increase of one seat for the Democratic Party and leaving the Tennessee delegation with a 6–3 Democratic majority.

1980 United States census
The 1980 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 226,545,805, an increase of 11.4% over the 203,184,772 persons enumerated during the 1970 census. It was the first census in which a state—California—recorded a population of 20 million people, as well as the first in which all states recorded populations of over 400,000. This was the first census to count Hispanic and Latino Americans as an ethnicity.
Lemon Express
The Lemon Express (also known as the Limón Express /liˈmoʊn-/ lee-MOHN; Spanish: Limón Exprés) was a Spanish tourist train, which ran from Benidorm to Gata de Gorgos on the Alicante-Dénia railroad line from June 1, 1971 to May 27, 2005. The train was created by an agreement between FEVE and the British tourist promoter David A. G. Simpson, who would run the trains. FEVE owned the railroad line from 1971 to 1987, and the trains consisted of FEVE 1200 series Batignolles locomotives with yellow carriages. In 1987, the railroad line transferred from FEVE to the FGV, and Rudy Meyers—who originally worked as a guide and bartender—ran the trains. From 1988 to 2005, the trains consisted of FEVE 1000 series Alstom locomotives with green-white and brown-white carriages. In 2005, the train ceased its operations.

Altea
Altea (Valencian: [alˈtea], Spanish: [alˈtea]) is a city and municipality located in the Valencian Community, Spain, on the section of Mediterranean coast called the Costa Blanca.

At present, the economy of Altea is based on tourism, which started to grow in the 1950s because of its good weather, beaches and the labyrinthine streets with whitewashed house-fronts that characterize the town. Altea is protected on the north by the bluffs of the Serra de Bèrnia, creating an especially mild microclimate. Its seafront esplanade is planted with palms.

The city is notable for being residence of a number of affluent Russian migrants.
Richárd Bodor
Richárd Bodor (born 10 March 1979 in Pécs, Baranya) is a breaststroke swimmer from Hungary, who won three bronze medals at the 2004 European Championships in Madrid, Spain. He represented his native country at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, where he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the men's 100 m breaststroke.

Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary. It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century. Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II. Its county seat and largest city is Pécs.

As of 2025, it has a population of 351,158. Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th, both in terms of geographic area and population.
Cedar Grove, Shreveport, Louisiana
Cedar Grove (French: Bosquet de Cèdre) is a neighborhood within the confines of Shreveport, Louisiana. It is located to the southwest of the downtown district, an area bordered by Hollywood Avenue on the north side to 85th Street on the south side; from Line Avenue in the east to Linwood Road on the west. It developed a recent reputation as an inner city neighborhood, especially during the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s.

Cedar Grove has a much longer distinction as home to working class gin joints, brothels, and illegal gambling as far back as the 1930s. One such club, the Woodlawn Club, was notorious for such activities and is reported to have hosted such big band names as Tommy Dorsey and Rudy Vallée during its heyday. In May 2007, rapper Hurricane Chris shot a music video for his song "A Bay Bay" there. Cedar Grove is also home to Lava House Records, which hosts many of Shreveport's musical artists.

Tommy Dorsey
Thomas Francis Dorsey Jr. (November 19, 1905 – November 26, 1956) was an American jazz trombonist, composer, conductor and bandleader of the big band era. He was known as the "Sentimental Gentleman of Swing" because of his smooth-toned trombone playing. His theme song was "I'm Getting Sentimental Over You". His technical skill on the trombone gave him renown among other musicians. He was the younger brother of bandleader Jimmy Dorsey. After Dorsey broke with his brother in the mid-1930s, he led an extremely successful band from the late 1930s into the 1950s. He is best remembered for standards such as "Opus One", "This Love of Mine" (no. 3 in 1941) featuring Frank Sinatra on vocals, "Song of India", "Marie", "On Treasure Island", and his biggest hit single, "I'll Never Smile Again" (no. 1 for 12 weeks in 1940).
Canton of Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët
The canton of Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët is an administrative division of the Manche department, northwestern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët.

It consists of the following communes:

Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët
Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿ilɛʁ dy aʁkwɛ]) is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, the former communes of Saint-Martin-de-Landelles and Virey were merged into Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët.

It is approximately 50 miles (80 km) east of St. Malo and a similar distance northeast of Rennes. A medieval tower in the town centre, the only remainder of the old church, contains frescos by painter Marthe Flandrin.
Spiritus Domini (Pope Francis)
Spiritus Domini is an apostolic letter in the form of a motu proprio by Pope Francis signed on 10 January 2021 and released the next day. It changed the 1983 Code of Canon Law to allow women to be admitted to the instituted ministries of acolyte and lector (reader), which had until then been exclusively available to men.

Ecclesiastical letter
Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of the organs of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical authority, e.g. the synods, but more particularly of pope and bishops, addressed to the faithful in the form of letters.
George W. Lane Jr.
George W. Lane Jr. (November 15, 1880 – April 9, 1963) was an American banker and political candidate. Lane was a well-known businessperson in Lewiston, Maine as head of the Lewiston Trust Company. In 1942, Lane was the Maine Democratic Party's candidate for Governor of Maine against incumbent Sumner Sewall. Lane lost in a two-way race with 33.16% of the vote. He was also a member of the first City Council of Auburn, Maine in 1924 as well as on the board of the Auburn Water District.

He was the Treasurer of Bates College, in Lewiston, Maine.  The administration building there was named after him.

Sumner Sewall
Sumner Sewall (June 17, 1897 – January 25, 1965) was an American Republican politician and airline executive who served as the 58th governor of Maine from 1941 to 1945. He began his aviation career during World War I as a fighter ace.

Sewall was a candidate for the United States Senate in 1948, losing to Margaret Chase Smith in the Republican primary. His wife, Helen, was infamous for saying “Why send a woman to Washington when you can get a man?”
Rhodes House (Brighton, Tennessee)
The Rhodes House is a historic house near Brighton, Tennessee, U.S. It was built in 1860 for Soloman A. Rhodes, a planter who inherited the land from his parents. Rhodes was married twice, and he had ten children.

The house is two stories, with a one-story ell, and is basically Greek Revival in style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 30, 1980.

Ell (architecture)
In architecture, an ell is a wing of a building perpendicular (at a right angle) to the length of the main portion (main range).

It takes its name from the shape of the letter L.  Ells are often additions to a building.  Unless sub-wings or a non-rectangular outline floor plan exists such a wing makes the building L-shaped or T-shaped "in plan" (shape from above/below), though if not central nor at one end of the building the T-shape will be an offset T.  Where a building is aligned closely to cardinal compass points, such a wing may be more informatively described by its related side of the building (such as "south wing of the building").
Platige Image
Platige Image S.A. is a Polish-based company specializing in the creation of computer graphics, 3D animation, and digital special effects for various fields, including advertising, film, art, education, and entertainment. The studio employs a team of over 320 artists, comprising directors, art directors, graphic designers, and producers. The company has won approximately 280 awards and honors. Its animated shorts have garnered top prizes at SIGGRAPH four times and earned two British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) awards. Additionally, the studio has been nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and the Golden Lions at the Venice Film Festival, as well as receiving an Oscar nomination.

SIGGRAPH
SIGGRAPH is an annual conference centered around computer graphics organized by ACM, starting in 1974 in Boulder, CO. The main conference has always been held in North America; SIGGRAPH Asia, a second conference held annually, has been held since 2008 in countries throughout Asia, as well as twice in Australia.
Lotte Peeters
Lotte Peeters (born 9 July 1993, in Sint-Niklaas) is a Belgian politician of the New Flemish Alliance party who has served as a member of the Member of the Chamber of Representatives since 2024 representing the East Flanders constituency.

East Flanders
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] ⓘ; French: Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal] ⓘ; German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn] ⓘ; West Flemish: Ôost-Vloandern) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of over 1.57 million as of January 2024. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent.
Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life
Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life is a 1913 American silent comedy short film, directed and produced by Mack Sennett. It stars Sennett, Mabel Normand, Ford Sterling, The Keystone Cops and Barney Oldfield as himself, in his film debut. It was distributed by the Keystone Film Company, and released in the United States on June 3, 1913. The film is preserved and was released as part of a DVD box set, titled Slapstick Encyclopedia, and is frequently featured in silent film festivals.

The film is notable for being one of the earliest films to include the plot of a villain tying a young damsel to the tracks of an oncoming locomotive; a holdover from the Gaslight era of Victorian stage melodrama. It's also considered one of the first films to put a camera into a car to give the audience a driver's eye viewpoint. The famous film still of Normand tied to the railroad tracks has been part of a museum exhibit, and featured in books chronicling the history of notable silent films.

Under the Gaslight
Under the Gaslight is an 1867 play by Augustin Daly.  It was his first successful play, and is a primary example of a melodrama, best known for its suspense scene where a person is tied to railroad tracks as a train approaches, only to be saved from death at the last possible moment.
First National Bank (Terre Haute, Indiana)
The First National Bank is a historic bank building located at Terre Haute, Indiana. It was built in 1892 and remodeled in 1928, and is a two-story, Classical Revival style limestone building.  It features a central pedimented pavilion supported by Corinthian order columns.: Part 1, p. 22

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Terre Haute, Indiana
Terre Haute (/ˈtɛrə ˈhoʊt/ TERR-ə HOHT) is a city in Vigo County, Indiana, United States, and its county seat. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 58,389 and its metropolitan area had a population of 168,716.

Located along the Wabash River about 5 miles (8 km) east of the state border with Illinois, Terre Haute is one of the largest cities in the Wabash Valley; it is known as the Queen City of the Wabash. The city is home to multiple higher-education institutions, including Indiana State University, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, and Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana. It also contains the United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, which houses the US federal death row.
Crew-served weapon
A crew-served weapon is any weapon system that is issued to a crew of two or more individuals performing the same or separate tasks to run at maximum operational efficiency, as opposed to an individual-service weapon, which only requires one person to run at maximum operational efficiency. The weight and bulk of the system often also requires multiple people for transportation.

Crew-served weapons operated by infantry include sniper rifles, anti-materiel rifles, machine guns, automatic grenade launchers, mortars, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns, recoilless rifles, shoulder-launched missile weapons, and static anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles.

Crew
A crew is a body or a group of people who work at a common activity, generally in a structured or hierarchical organization. A location in which a crew works is called a crewyard or a workyard. The word has nautical resonances: the tasks involved in operating a ship, particularly a sailing ship, providing numerous specialities within a ship's crew, often organised with a chain of command. Traditional nautical usage strongly distinguishes officers from crew, though the two groups combined form the ship's company. Members of a crew are often referred to by the titles crewmate, crewman or crew-member.
Jędrzejewicz
Jędrzejewicz is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Janusz Jędrzejewicz (1885–1951), Polish politician

Ludwika Jędrzejewicz (1807–1855), sister of Polish composer Frédéric Chopin

Wacław Jędrzejewicz, Polish diplomat

Janusz Jędrzejewicz
Janusz Jędrzejewicz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjanuʂ jɛnd.ʐɛˈjɛvit͡ʂ]; 21 June 1885 – 16  March 1951) was a Polish politician and educator, one of the leaders of the Sanacja political group, and 24th Prime Minister of Poland from 1933 to 1934.
Polly Platt (author)
Polly Platt (9 January 1927 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania – 26 December 2008) was an American author specializing in books related to Americans living or working in France. She also had a professional background working as a consultant, seminar leader, and public speaker.

Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Bryn Mawr (/brɪn ˈmɑːr/ brin MAR; from Welsh for 'big hill', IPA: [brɨn ˈmaur]) is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the Delaware County of Pennsylvania, United States. It is located just west of Philadelphia along Lancaster Avenue, also known as U.S. Route 30. As of 2020, the CDP is defined to include sections of Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, as well as portions of Haverford Township and Radnor Township.

Bryn Mawr is located toward the center of what is known as the Main Line, a group of affluent Philadelphia suburban villages stretching from the city limits to Malvern. They became home to sprawling country estates belonging to Philadelphia's wealthiest families during the Gilded Age, and over the decades became a bastion of old money. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,879. Bryn Mawr is home to Bryn Mawr College, and contains a sizable amount of student rentals, with roughly half of the community's population aged 18–24.
The Buttercup Chain
The Buttercup Chain is a 1970 British drama film directed by Robert Ellis Miller and starring Hywel Bennett, Jane Asher, and Leigh Taylor-Young. The screenplay was by Peter Draper, adapted from the 1967 novel of the same title by Janice Elliott.

Janice Elliott
Janice Elliott (13 October 1931 – 25 July 1995) was a prolific English fiction writer, journalist and children's writer. Her novels were critically successful in their time, but they are not currently in print.
Bill Irwin (footballer)
William Irwin (born 23 July 1951) is a Northern Irish former professional footballer, currently working as director of soccer at the University of Portland and head coach of the United States women's under-23 side.

City Cup (Northern Ireland)
The City Cup was a football cup competition which involved teams from Northern Ireland (and prior to 1921, teams from Ireland). The tournament ran from 1894 and ceased to exist in 1976. The physical trophy the teams played for was called the Dunville Cup and this trophy is now presented to the winners of the Northern Ireland Football League Cup, which began in 1987.
Santissima Trinità degli Spagnoli
The church of the Santissima Trinità degli Spagnoli is a religious building in Naples, Italy, found in the piazza of the same name.

The structure was first built in 1573 and was ceded to the Spanish residents of the Quartieri Spagnoli, later it passed to the Order of the Santissima Trinità della Redenzione dei Cattivi, an order dedicated to the redemption of captives held in Muslim lands. This order had been instituted by Pope Innocent III. The church was rebuilt and the interior redecorated by the Trinitarians in 1788. The portico dates from the mid-17th century.

The church and convent were suppressed during the Napoleonic occupation. At the time a seventeenth-century altarpiece of the Santissima Trinità con la Madonna del Rimedio was looted.

Trinitarians
The Trinitarians, formally known as the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives (Latin: Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et Captivorum; abbreviated OSsT), is a mendicant order of the Catholic Church for men founded in Cerfroid, outside Paris, in the late 12th century. From the very outset, a special dedication to the mystery of the Holy Trinity has been a constitutive element of the order's life.

Papal documents refer to the founder only as "Brother John", but tradition identifies him as John of Matha, whose feast day is celebrated on 17 December. The founding-intention for the order was the ransom of Christians held captive by Muslims, a consequence of crusading and of piracy along the Mediterranean coast of Europe.