hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
In enzymology, an aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] (EC 1.2.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O  an acid + NAD(P)H + H+

The 4 substrates of this enzyme are aldehyde, NAD+, NADP+, and H2O, whereas its 4 products are acid, NADH, NADPH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+], and ALDH.  This enzyme participates in 5 metabolic pathways: glycolysis / gluconeogenesis, histidine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome p450.

Hydrogen ion
A hydrogen ion is an ion created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. 
Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions (hydrons) and negatively charged (hydride) ions.
American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association
The American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association (AFRMA), formed in 1983, is a California-based club of rodent enthusiasts that organizes shows, establishes breed standards, and promotes both the fancy rat and the fancy mouse as appealing pets.  Their scope and intent is similar to the American Kennel Club in its association with dogs.

The AFRMA's self described purpose is to "promote and encourage the breeding and exhibition of fancy rats and mice for show and pets."  The club prefers not to take any official stance on the ethics of culling, reptile feeding, or animal rights.  Instead, it accepts the individuality of its members and their interests.

American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association has an Annual Show in California every year.

Culling
Culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics. In animal breeding, it is removing or segregating animals from a breeding stock based on a specific trait. This is done to exaggerate desirable characteristics, or to remove undesirable characteristics by altering the genetic makeup of the population. For livestock and wildlife, culling often refers to killing removed animals based on their characteristics, such as their sex or species membership, or as a means of preventing infectious disease transmission.

In fruits and vegetables, culling is the sorting or segregation of fresh harvested produce into marketable lots, with the non-marketable lots being discarded or diverted into food processing or non-food processing activities. This usually happens at collection centres located at, or close to farms.
Chuck Graham
Charles Graham (February 24, 1965 – May 19, 2020) was an American politician in the Democratic Party who represented the 19th Senate District in the Missouri General Assembly, which includes the city of Columbia, Missouri, where he lived.

Missouri General Assembly
The Missouri General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Missouri. The bicameral General Assembly is composed of a 34-member Senate and a 163-member House of Representatives. Elections are conducted using first-past-the-post voting in single-member districts of roughly equal population. Members of both houses of the General Assembly are subject to term limits. Senators are limited to two four-year terms and representatives to four two-year terms, a total of 8 years for members of both houses. The General Assembly meets at the Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City.

Polling from Saint Louis University showed that the General Assembly enjoyed a 45% approval rating in 2024, which was considered "relatively high" compared to other government institutions.
Car alarm
A car alarm is an electronic device installed in a vehicle in an attempt to discourage theft of the vehicle itself, its contents, or both.  Car alarms work by emitting high-volume sound (often a vehicle-mounted siren, klaxon, pre-recorded verbal warning, the vehicle's own horn, or a combination of these) when the conditions necessary for triggering it are met.  Such alarms may also cause the vehicle's headlights to flash, may notify the car's owner of the incident via a paging system, and may interrupt one or more electrical circuits necessary for the car to start.  Although inexpensive to acquire and install, the effectiveness of such devices in deterring vehicle burglary or theft when their only effect is to emit sound appears to be negligible.

Vehicle horn
A horn is a sound-making device installed on motor vehicles, trains, boats, and other types of vehicles. The sound it makes usually resembles a “honk” (older vehicles) or a “beep” (modern vehicles). The driver uses the horn to warn others of the vehicle's presence or approach, or to call others’ attention to a hazard. Motor vehicles, ships and trains are required by law in some countries to have horns. Public transit vehicles and even bicycles are also legally required to have an audible warning device in many areas.
Hangman's Tree
Hangman's Tree was a tree in Placerville, California. The site of the tree is a California Historical Landmark No. 141, in El Dorado County, California. The stump of the tree is now under the building at 305 Main Street. During the California Gold Rush, the city was called Dry Diggins after the gold mining camp, but was known as Hangtown, as vigilantes ("Judge Lynch") hung many men for different types of crimes. During the Gold Rush, the site was Elstner's Hay Yard, next to the Jackass Inn. Hangtown was later renamed Placerville.

Old Dry Higgins-Old gold mining camp in Hangtown is a California Historical Landmark No. 475.

Overland Pony Express Route in Placerville is a California Historical Landmark No. 701.

Studebaker's Shop in Placerville is a California Historical Landmark No. 142.

John Studebaker
John Mohler Studebaker (10 October 1833 – 16 March 1917) was the Pennsylvania Dutch co-founder and later executive of what would become the Studebaker Corporation automobile company. He was the third son of the founding Studebaker family, and played a key role in the growth of the company during his years as president, from 1868 until his death in 1917.
Indian Institute of Management Ranchi
The Indian Institute of Management Ranchi (IIM Ranchi) is a public business school located in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Established on 15 December 2009, it became India's ninth Indian Institute of Management. It commenced classes on 6 July 2010, marking the inception of the institute under the 11th Five Year Plan.

IIM Ranchi offers integrated, postgraduate, doctoral, and executive programmes in management education, and Management Development Programmes (MDPs) spanning different streams of management. Admissions to the institute are based on scores obtained in the Common Admission Test (CAT) and further rounds of personal interview and written tests.

Business school
A business school is a higher education institution or professional school that teaches courses leading to degrees in business administration or management.

A business school may also be referred to as school of business, school of management, management school, school of business administration, college of business, business college, or colloquially b-school or biz school.
Yasuo Minagawa
Yasuo Minagawa (皆川 康夫, Minagawa Yasuo, November 3, 1947 – December 19, 2022) was a Japanese professional baseball pitcher. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Toei Flyers/Nittaku Home Flyers/Nippon Ham Fighters and the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.

Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
The Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (北海道日本ハムファイターズ, Hokkaidō Nippon-Hamu Faitāzu) are a Japanese professional baseball team based in Kitahiroshima, Hokkaidō, in the Sapporo metropolitan area. They compete in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball, playing the majority of their home games at ES CON Field Hokkaido. The Fighters also host a select number of regional home games in cities across Hokkaidō, including Hakodate, Asahikawa, Kushiro, and Obihiro. The team's name comes from its parent organization, Nippon Ham, a major Japanese food-processing company.

Founded in 1946, the Fighters called Tokyo home for 58 years, as co-tenants of the Tokyo Dome and Korakuen Stadium with the Central League's Yomiuri Giants near the end of their tenure in the capital city. The franchise has won three Japan Series titles, in 1962, 2006, and, most recently, 2016.
Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave
Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave, originally released as Visitor of America (Korean: 아메리카 방문객), is a 1976 Bruceploitation supernatural martial arts film starring tae kwon do instructor Jun Chong (credited as 케리・郑 Ke-li Chong in the original South Korean version and as Bruce K. L. Lea in the English-dubbed and altered American edit). The film was directed by Lee Doo-yong, though persistent misinformation claims that the movie was directed by Italian horror director Umberto Lenzi.

Umberto Lenzi
Umberto Lenzi (6 August 1931 – 19 October 2017) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, and novelist.

A fan of film since young age, Lenzi studied at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia and made his first film in 1958 which went unreleased, while his official debut happened in 1961 with Queen of the Seas. Lenzi's films of the 1960s followed popular trends of the era, which led to him directing several spy and erotic thriller films. He followed in suit in the 1970s making giallo films, crime films and making the first Italian cannibal film with Man from the Deep River. He continued making films up until the 1990s and later worked as a novelist writing a series of murder mysteries.
Local (comics)
Local is a twelve-part Oni Press comic book limited series written by Brian Wood and illustrated by Ryan Kelly.

Each issue is intended to be a stand-alone short story, taking place in a different town across North America. A recurring character, Megan, provides a thread for readers who follow the series in sequence. Megan is the main character in some issues, while in others she is a spectator or background figure.

Local resembles a previous series of Wood's, Demo (published by AiT/Planet Lar), which also spanned twelve issues, each of which was a self-contained story. As Local went on, it became more of a coming of age story for the lead character.

The first issue was released in November 2005, and the series concluded in June 2008.

Oni Press
Oni Press is an American independent comic book and graphic novel publisher based in Portland, Oregon, best known for publishing such series as Scott Pilgrim and Rick and Morty. In 2019, it became an imprint label following the company's merger with Lion Forge Comics. The merged company, Oni–Lion Forge Publishing Group (OLFPG), is owned by Polarity. Oni Press has remained the "predominant name used for publishing comics" by OLFPG.
2014 24 Hours of Spa
The 2014 Total 24 Hours of Spa was the 67th running of the 24 Hours of Spa. It was also the fourth round of the 2014 Blancpain Endurance Series season and was held on 26 and 27 July at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium. The race was won by the Belgian Laurens Vanthoor and the German duo of René Rast, and Markus Winkelhock of Belgian Audi Club Team WRT in their Audi R8 LMS ultra.

René Rast
René Rast (German pronunciation: [ʁəˈneː ˈʁast]; born 26 October 1986) is a German professional racing driver and the 2017, 2019 and 2020 DTM champion. He last competed in Formula E. He claimed overall wins at the 2012 and 2014 24 Hours of Spa, 2014 24 Hours of Nürburgring and two class wins at the 2012 and 2016 24 Hours of Daytona.
Query likelihood model
The query likelihood model is a language model used in information retrieval. A language model is constructed for each document in the collection. It is then possible to rank each document by the probability of specific documents given a query. This is interpreted as being the likelihood of a document being relevant given a query.

Likelihood function
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) generated the observations. When evaluated on the actual data points, it becomes a function solely of the model parameters.

In maximum likelihood estimation, the model parameter(s) or argument that maximizes the likelihood function serves as a point estimate for the unknown parameter, while the Fisher information (often approximated by the likelihood's Hessian matrix at the maximum) gives an indication of the estimate's precision.

In contrast, in Bayesian statistics, the estimate of interest is the converse of the likelihood, the so-called posterior probability of the parameter given the observed data, which is calculated via Bayes' rule.
Abigail Byrne
Abigail Byrne (born 19 April 1992) is an English professional football referee from Suffolk working for Professional Game Match Officials Limited. Since 2016, she has officiated primarily in the Women's Super League, as well as for FIFA and UEFA as a FIFA international referee since 2019.

She also officiates in men's professional football on the English Football League and National League.

Professional Game Match Officials Limited
Professional Game Match Official Limited (PGMOL) is the body responsible for refereeing games in English professional association football.

Formerly known as the Professional Game Match Officials Board (PGMOB), the PGMOL was formed when English referees became professional in 2001, to provide officials for all games played in the Premier League, English Football League (EFL) and Football Association (FA) competitions. In doing so, England became the first country in the world to fully professionalise its referees. The organisation is a "not-for-profit" company limited by guarantee owned and funded by the Premier League, EFL, and the FA.
Hanamaki, Iwate
Hanamaki (花巻市, Hanamaki-shi) is a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2020, the city had an estimated population of 94,691, and a population density of 100 persons per km2, in 37,773 households. The total area of the city is 908.39 square kilometres (350.73 sq mi). Hanamaki is famous as the birthplace of the novelist and poet Kenji Miyazawa and Iwate Prefecture's local specialty, Wanko soba, as well as its hot spring resorts.

Rutland (city), Vermont
Rutland is the only city in and the seat of Rutland County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 15,807. It is located approximately 65 miles (105 km) north of the Massachusetts state line, 35 miles (56 km) west of New Hampshire state line, and 20 miles (32 km) east of the New York state line. Rutland is the third largest city in the state of Vermont after Burlington and South Burlington. Rutland City is completely surrounded by Rutland Town, which is a separate municipality. The downtown area of the city is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.
Bon Cop, Bad Cop
Bon Cop, Bad Cop is a 2006 Canadian black comedy-thriller buddy cop film about two police officers – one Ontarian and one Québécois – who reluctantly join forces to solve a murder. The dialogue is a mixture of English and French. The title is a translation word play on the phrase "good cop, bad cop".

Wordplay
Wordplay (also: play-on-words) is a literary technique and a form of wit in which words used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement. Examples of wordplay include puns, phonetic mix-ups such as spoonerisms, obscure words and meanings, clever rhetorical excursions, oddly formed sentences, double entendres, and telling character names (such as in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, Ernest being a given name that sounds exactly like the adjective earnest).

Wordplay is quite common in oral cultures as a method of reinforcing meaning. Examples of text-based (orthographic) wordplay are found in languages with or without alphabet-based scripts, such as homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese.
M. Miriam Herrera
M. Miriam Herrera (born
June 14, 1963) is an American author and poet. She teaches at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley and currently teaches Introduction to Mexican Studies as well as Composition and Rhetoric and Creative Writing. She is a Lecturer with the Department of Writing Language Studies, and a Mexican American Studies Program (MASC) Affiliate.

University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) is a public research university with its main campus in Edinburg, Texas, United States, and multiple other campuses throughout the Rio Grande Valley. It is the southernmost member of the University of Texas System. The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley was created by the Texas legislature in 2013 after the consolidation of the University of Texas at Brownsville and the University of Texas–Pan American.

In the fall of 2025, the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley enrolled 35,812 students, making it the ninth-largest university in the state of Texas and the fourth-largest (student enrollment) academic institution in the University of Texas system. In 2018, UTRGV was also one of the largest universities in the U.S. to have a majority Hispanic student population; 89.2% of its students are Hispanic, virtually all of them Mexican Americans.

It was classified in 2020 among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Arthur Schmidt (general)
Arthur Schmidt (25 October 1895 – 5 November 1987) was an officer in the German military from 1914 to 1943. He attained the rank of Generalleutnant during World War II, and is best known for his role as the Sixth Army's chief of staff in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942–43, during the final stages of which he became its de facto commander, playing a large role in executing Hitler's order that it stand firm despite being encircled by the Red Army. He was a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union for twelve years, and was released following West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer's visit to Moscow in 1955.

6th Army (Wehrmacht)
The 6th Army (German: 6. Armee) was a field army of the German Army during World War II. It is widely known for its defeat by and subsequent surrender to the Red Army at the Battle of Stalingrad on 2 February 1943. It committed war crimes at Babi Yar while under the command of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau during Operation Barbarossa.

The 6th Army was reformed in March 1943, and participated in fighting in Ukraine and later Romania, before being almost completely destroyed in the Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive in August 1944. Following this it would fight in Hungary, attempting to relieve Budapest, and subsequently retreating into Austria in the Spring of 1945. 6th Army surrendered to US Army forces on 9 May 1945.
Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act, 2013
The Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act, 2013 (Bengali: নির্যাতন এবং হেফাজতে মৃত্যু (নিবারণ) আইন, ২০১৩) is an Act passed by the Jatiya Sangsad in 2013 to prohibit custodial torture in Bangladesh.

The Act stipulates that the Police, Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), Customs, Immigration Department, Criminal Investigation Department (CID), intelligence agencies, Ansar & VDP, Coast Guard, and other public officials are prohibited from extracting confessional statements through torture. The law states any custodian torturing a detainee would be liable of committing offences under the law. It states any person attempting to commit, aiding and abetting to commit, or conspiring to commit an offence must be considered an offender. The law stipulates for any death in custody, the custodian would be awarded with rigorous life imprisonment or a fine of ৳100,000. They must also compensate family members of the affected with ৳200,000.

Bangladesh Coast Guard
The Bangladesh Coast Guard (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ কোস্ট গার্ড; abbreviated as BCG) is the maritime law enforcement agency of Bangladesh, responsible for safeguarding the country’s territorial waters, exclusive economic zone, and coastal resources. Operating under the Ministry of Home Affairs and with operational control by Navy officials, the Coast Guard conducts maritime security, anti-smuggling operations, search and rescue, and environmental protection missions. Established in 1995, the Coast Guard works closely with the Bangladesh Navy and other national agencies to ensure the safety and security of the nation’s waterways.
Springfield Boulevard
Springfield Boulevard  is a major north/south roadway that runs through the eastern section of Queens, New York. It is 7.8 miles (12.6 km) long and goes from Northern Boulevard in Bayside, to 147th Avenue in Springfield Gardens. Springfield Boulevard runs through Bayside, Oakland Gardens, Hollis Hills, Queens Village, Cambria Heights, Laurelton, Springfield Gardens and along the eastern border of St. Albans. The name "Springfield," derived from the Springfield Armory, is one of several firearms-oriented street names in the area. This is the result of the National Rifle Range having been situated on the grounds of what is now Creedmoor State Hospital during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

St. Albans, Queens
St. Albans is a residential neighborhood in the southeastern portion of the New York City borough of Queens. It is bordered by Jamaica to the northwest, Hollis to the north, Queens Village to the northeast, Cambria Heights to the east, Laurelton to the southeast, Springfield Gardens to the south, and South Jamaica to the southwest. St. Albans is centered on the intersection of Linden Boulevard and Farmers Boulevard, about two miles north of John F. Kennedy International Airport.

The small western enclave of Addisleigh Park is a U.S. historic district where many notable African Americans have lived, including Jackie Robinson, W. E. B. Du Bois, Lena Horne, and many jazz musicians such as Fats Waller, Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie.

St. Albans is located in Queens Community District 12 and its ZIP Code is 11412. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 113th Precinct. Politically, St. Albans is represented by the New York City Council's 27th and 28th Districts.
Veneno (album)
Veneno (stylized as VENENO) is the second studio album by Brazilian band Banda Uó. It was released on September 4, 2015, by Deckdisc. The album has twelve tracks, besides the hit song "Catraca", featuring Mr. Catra. The lead single is "É da Rádio," with a production inspired by The Offspring's "Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)".

Super Freak
"Super Freak" is a 1981 single produced and performed by American singer Rick James. The song, co-written by James and Alonzo Miller, was first released on James' fifth album, Street Songs (1981) and became one of James' signature songs. "Freak" is a slang term for the sexually adventurous, as described in the song's lyrics, "She's a very kinky girl / The kind you don't take home to mother". Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song number 477 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004, number 481 in 2010, and number 153 in an updated list in 2021. The song was nominated for the Grammy for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance at the 1982 Grammys. The song has been sampled by MC Hammer in 1990, Jay-Z in 2006, and Nicki Minaj in 2022.