hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Economy of Chicago
Chicago and its suburbs is home to 35 Fortune 500 companies and is a transportation and distribution center. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, insurance, transportation, financial trading and services, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. The total economic output of Chicago in gross metropolitan product totaled US$770.7 billion in 2020, surpassing the total economic output of Switzerland and making Chicago's gross metropolitan product (GMP) the third largest in the United States. 
The city is home to several Fortune 500 companies, including Archer Daniels Midland, Conagra Brands, Exelon, JLL, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Motorola Solutions, Sears, and United Airlines Holdings, although Chicago has experienced an exodus of large corporations since 2020, including Boeing; Citadel LLC; Caterpillar; and Tyson Foods. Three Fortune 500 companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.

Gross metropolitan product
Gross metropolitan product (GMP) is a monetary measure that calculates the total economic output of a statistical metropolitan unit during a specific time period. It represents the market value of all final goods and services produced within the unit, similar to how GDP measures national economic output.
Ron Foster
Ron Foster is the name of:

Ron Foster (actor) (1930–2015), American actor

Ron Foster (footballer) (1938–2017), English footballer

Ron Foster (musician)

Ronnie Foster (born 1950), American funk and soul-jazz organist

Ronald M. Foster (1896–1998), Bell Labs mathematician and filter researcher

Ronald M. Foster
Ronald Martin Foster (3 October 1896 – 2 February 1998), was an American mathematician at Bell Labs whose work was of significance regarding electronic filters for use on telephone lines.  He published an important paper, A Reactance Theorem, (see Foster's reactance theorem) which quickly inspired Wilhelm Cauer to begin his program of network synthesis filters which put the design of filters on a firm mathematical footing. He is also known for the Foster census of cubic, symmetric graphs and the 90-vertex cubic symmetric Foster graph.
National Collegiate Rugby
National Collegiate Rugby (NCR) formerly the "National Small College Rugby Organization" ("NSCRO") is a rugby union governing body in the United States. Headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware, NCR was created in 2007 by Chip Auscavitch and Steve Cohen to support and encourage the development and organization of small college rugby in the country.

In 2020, NSCRO re-branded as "National Collegiate Rugby" as the organization saw massive growth in competition with teams leaving their USA Rugby based leagues for the NCR. As of 2022, NCR competitions include men's and women's championships.

Women's rugby union
Women's rugby union is a full contact team sport based on running with the ball in hand. The same laws are used in men's rugby union with the same sized pitch and same equipment. Women's rugby has become popular recently. These days, women's rugby is gaining a higher profile thanks to international tournaments' exposure and financial investment.
Little Inge and Her Three Fathers
Little Inge and Her Three Fathers (German: Die kleine Inge und ihre drei Väter) is a 1926 German silent comedy film directed by Franz Osten and starring Dorothea Wieck, Oscar Marion and Harry Hardt. It was made at the Emelka Studios in Munich.

The film's sets were designed by Ludwig Reiber and Willy Reiber

Harry Hardt
Harry Hardt (born Hermann Karl Viktor Klimbacher Edler von Reichswahr, Pula, 4 August 1899 – Vienna, 14 November 1980) was an Austrian actor. The son of a military officer, he initially planned a military career for himself, studying at a military academy and serving during World War I. He later turned to acting, having a long career both in films and on television.
Monas Hieroglyphica
Monas Hieroglyphica (or The Hieroglyphic Monad) is a book by John Dee, the Elizabethan magus and court astrologer of Elizabeth I of England, published in Antwerp in 1564. It is an exposition of the meaning of an esoteric symbol that he invented.

Dee's Monas Hieroglyphica presents a complex emblem constructed from various astrological symbols, with elements of Latin wordplay, capitalization, spacing, and diacritics, rendering its interpretation challenging. The symbol is intended to embody a profound concept, representing the unity of all creation influenced by celestial forces. Dee believed that this symbol contained the essence of alchemical transformation and spiritual evolution, and by meditating upon it, he aimed to access hidden knowledge transcending linguistic barriers. In merging astrology, alchemy, mysticism, and metaphysics, the Hieroglyphic Monad serves as a visual manifestation of Dee's interconnected worldview.

Symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, relationship, or mathematical formula. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise different concepts and experiences. All communication is achieved through the use of symbols: for example, a red octagon is a common symbol for "STOP"; on maps, blue lines often represent rivers; and a red rose often symbolizes love and compassion. Numerals are symbols for numbers; letters of an alphabet may be symbols for certain phonemes; and personal names are symbols representing individuals. The academic study of symbols is called semiotics.

In the arts, symbolism is the use of a concrete element to represent a more abstract idea. In cartography, an organized collection of symbols forms a legend for a map.
Guðmundur Jörundsson
Guðmundur Jörundsson (born 1987 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic fashion designer. Jörundsson graduated from the Iceland Academy of the Arts in 2011. Prior to graduation in 2010, he was commissioned to design a new master collection for fashion shop GK Reykjavík. Also and had co-founded alongside Kormákur Geirharðsson and Skjöldur Sigurjónsson the Icelandic Kormákur & Skjöldur brand; he is the creative director and head designer of this Icelandic fashion brand.

In October 2012, Jörundsson announced he would launch his own label JÖR by GUÐMUNDUR JÖRUNDSSON while remaining as creative director for Kormákur & Skjöldur.

Iceland University of the Arts
Iceland University of the Arts (Icelandic: Listaháskóli Íslands [ˈlɪstaˌhauːˌskouːlɪ ˈistlan(t)s]) is an Icelandic institution of higher art education, located in Reykjavík, which offers the only university-level degrees in the arts in Iceland. The institution was founded on 21 September 1998 by consolidating the Iceland Drama School and the Reykjavík Arts School, and classes began in autumn 1999.
Sporgery
Sporgery is the disruptive act of posting a flood of articles to a Usenet newsgroup, with the article headers falsified so that they appear to have been posted by others. The word is a portmanteau of spam and forgery, coined by German software developer, and critic of Scientology, Tilman Hausherr.

Sporgery resembles IRC flooding, which is also intended to disrupt a forum. However, sporgery is not merely disruptive but also deceptive or libellous because it involves falsifying the headers of objectionable posts so they appear to originate from newsgroup regulars. The purpose is not merely to jam the forum, but also to sully the reputations of its regular users by falsely signing their names to offensive posts.: 139

According to internet security company ESET, sporgery was one of the vulnerabilities of the Usenet model which "probably contributed to a decline in [its] general use".

ESET
ESET is a software company specializing in cybersecurity, founded in 1992 in Bratislava, Slovakia. ESET's security products are made in Europe and provides security software in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. Its software is localized into more than 30 languages.

The origins of the company date back to 1987, when two of the company's founders, Miroslav Trnka and Peter Paško, developed their first antivirus program called NOD. This sparked an idea between friends to help protect PC users and soon grew into an antivirus software company. At present, ESET is recognized as Europe's biggest privately held cybersecurity company.
Statue of Liberty in popular culture
After its unveiling in 1886, the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World), by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, quickly became iconic, and began to be featured on posters, postcards, pictures and books. The statue's likeness has also appeared in films, television programs, music videos, and video games, and has been used in logos, on postage stamps and coins, and in theatrical productions. Liberty Enlightening the World remains a popular local, national, and international political symbol of freedom.

How Few Remain
How Few Remain is a 1997 alternate history novel by Harry Turtledove. It is the first part of the Southern Victory saga, which depicts a world in which the Confederate States of America won the American Civil War. It is similar to his earlier novel The Guns of the South, but unlike the latter, it is a purely historical novel with no fantastical or science fiction elements. The book received the Sidewise Award for Alternate History in 1997, and was also nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1998. It covers the Southern Victory Series period of history from 1862 and from 1881 to 1882.
Riker Danzig
Riker Danzig LLP is a law firm in the state of New Jersey. Founded in 1882, it is among the state's oldest firms. The firm is based in Madison, New Jersey and also has offices in Trenton, New Jersey, and New York City.

In 2018, Law360 ranked the firm as the 301st largest in the United States by headcount.

United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (in case citations, D.N.J.) is a federal court in the Third Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The Judiciary Act of 1789 established New Jersey as a single District on September 24, 1789.  On February 13, 1801 the Judiciary Act of 1801 reorganized the federal court system, resulting in the state being divided into Eastern and Western districts.  The Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed on March 8, 1802 and New Jersey was re-established as a single district court.

The United States Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of March 24, 2025 the acting United States attorney for the District of New Jersey is Alina Habba.
2006 Queensland Cup
The 2006 Queensland Cup season was the 11th season of Queensland's top-level statewide rugby league competition run by the Queensland Rugby League. The competition, known as the Queensland Wizard Cup due to sponsorship from Wizard Home Loans featured 11 teams playing a 26-week long season (including finals) from March to September.

The Redcliffe Dolphins won their fifth premiership, defeating the Toowoomba Clydesdales 27–6 at Suncorp Stadium. Souths Logan Magpies five-eighth Brandon Costin was named the competition's Player of the Year, winning the Courier Mail Medal.

Mick Roberts
Michael Roberts (born 1 June 1979) is a former professional rugby league footballer who last played for the Villeneuve Leopards in the Elite One Championship in France. He played for the Brisbane Broncos in 2007 and trained with the full time squad in the same year until 2008. He played 241 first grade games for the Redcliffe Dolphins. Currently, he is a sports teacher and a certified Top G.
David Schuller
David Schuller (born September 6, 1980) is an Austrian ice hockey player who is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played for HC TWK Innsbruck of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). On June 13, 2015, he joined Innsbruck after spending the majority of his career with EC KAC, agreeing to a one-year deal.

Schuller competed in the 2013 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Austria men's national ice hockey team.

Austria men's national ice hockey team
The Austrian men's national hockey team is the national ice hockey team for Austria. The team is controlled by Österreichischer Eishockeyverband. As of 2022 the Austrian team is ranked 18th in the IIHF World Rankings. Austria has not won a medal in a major tournament since 1947. Austria currently has 8,799 registered players (0.1% of the total population).
MV Sorrento
A number of merchant vessels have carried the name Sorrento, after the Italian city.

MV Sorrento (1925), in service 1925–26

MV Sorrento (2001), in active service as of 2010

MV Sorrento (2003), an Italian ferry which caught fire in 2015

MV Sorrento (2001)
MV Sorrento is a double-ended roll-on/roll-off vehicle ferry owned by Peninsula Searoad Transport of Victoria, Australia. It has operated between the heads of Port Phillip Bay between the towns of Queenscliff and Sorrento since 2000. It is the sister ship of Queenscliff, and on entering service enabled a doubling in the service frequency across the bay. The ferry can carry approximately 80 vehicles and 700 passengers. This ship is commonly referred to as "HMAS Mornpen"
Laakajärvi
Laakajärvi is medium-sized lake in the Vuoksi main catchment area. It is located in Sonkajärvi, Sotkamo and Kajaani municipalities, in the regions of Northern Savonia and Kainuu in Finland. The lake is just over 20 km long and relatively narrow. It is the biggest lake in Sonkajärvi municipality.

The lake is situated only a few kilometers from nickel mines of the Talvivaara Mining Company. The nature protection movements are worried that the mining can damage the lake.

Kainuu
Kainuu (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkɑi̯nuː]; Swedish: Kajanaland) is one of the 19 regions of Finland (Finnish: maakunta; Swedish: landskap). Kainuu borders the regions of North Ostrobothnia, North Savo and North Karelia. In the east, it also borders Russia (Republic of Karelia).

Culturally, Kainuu is part of the larger Eastern-Finnish cultural heritage. The dialect of Kainuu resembles Savonian and Karelian dialects.
Mike Matheson
Michael Matheson (born February 27, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who is a defenceman and alternate captain for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected in the first round, 23rd overall, by the Florida Panthers in the 2012 NHL entry draft. Matheson has also previously played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

2012 NHL entry draft
The 2012 NHL entry draft was the 50th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 22–23, 2012, at Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the first time that Pittsburgh hosted the draft since the 1997 NHL entry draft. The top three selections were Nail Yakupov by the Edmonton Oilers, Ryan Murray by the Columbus Blue Jackets, and Alex Galchenyuk by the Montreal Canadiens.

As of 2025 there are 54 active NHL players from this draft.
Barontius and Desiderius
"Barontius" is also the name of a martyr associated with Saint Crispoldus.

Barontius (Barontus) (French: Baronce, Italian: Baronto, Baronzio) and Desiderius (French: Dizier, Italian: Desiderio) were two 8th century hermits who are venerated as saints by the Catholic Church.  They were hermits near Pistoia, in Italy.

Barontius had been a Frankish nobleman of Berry who had, with his son, been a monk at Saint-Pierre de Longoret (Longoreto, Longoretum, Lonrey) (diocese of Bourges), now the monastery of Saint-Cyran-du-Jambot.  Barontius was a former member of the court of Theuderic II.

Berry, France
The Duchy of Berry (French pronunciation: [beʁi] ⓘ; Occitan: Barric; Latin: Bituria) was a former province located in central France. It was a province of France until departments replaced the provinces on 4 March 1790, when Berry became divided between the départements of Cher (Upper Berry) and Indre (Lower Berry).
Archdiocese of Florence
The Archdiocese of Florence (Latin: Archidioecesis Florentina) is a Latin Church metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Italy. It was traditionally founded in the 1st century, according to the 14th century chronicler Giovanni Villani. The diocese was directly subordinate to the Holy See (Papacy) until 1420.

Florence was elevated to the dignity of an archdiocese on 10 May 1419, by Pope Martin V. The ecclesiastical province of Florence, of which the Archbishop of Florence in the metropolitan, includes the suffragan dioceses of Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro, Fiesole, Pistoia, Prato, and San Miniato.

The seat of the Archbishop of Florence is Florence Cathedral, otherwise the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore. Since 24th June 2024 Archbishop Gherardo Gambelli has been the Archbishop of Florence.

Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V (Latin: Martinus V; Italian: Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Oddone Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism of 1378–1417. As of 2026, he remains the last pope to have taken the pontifical name "Martin".
Madurai–Mysore Wars
The Mysore-Madurai Wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the Madurai Nayakas, primarily in the 17th and early 18th centuries, as both sought to expand their territories in Southern India. The wars were driven by the strategic interests of both kingdoms, with the Madurai Nayaks aiming to maintain their dominance over the Tamil-speaking regions, while the Kingdom of Mysore, under its ambitious rulers, sought to extend its influence and control.

Chokkanatha Nayak
Chokkanatha Nayak (1646–1682) was the Nayak of Madurai from 1662 until his death in 1682. He succeeded his father Muttu Alkadri Nayak, as the ruler of the Madurai Nayak dynasty, when he was sixteen years old.
Yapp
Yapp is an old English surname, derived from an Old English word meaning "crooked, bent; deceitful; shrewd, smart". Notable people with the surname include:

Charlotte Seymour Yapp (1879–1934), British nurse

Jake Yapp, British comedian, composer, and writer

John Yapp (born 1983), Welsh international rugby union player

Malcolm Yapp (1931–2025), British historian

Richard Henry Yapp (1871–1929), English botanist

Stan Yapp (1933–2012), first leader of West Midlands County Council

William Brunsdon Yapp (1909–1990), zoologist

Yapp Hung Fai, footballer

There is also a type of binding known as "yapp"; this is a limp leather binding with the covers overlapping the edges of the book; it is named after a bookseller called Yapp.

William Brunsdon Yapp
William Brunsdon Yapp OBE (8 February 1909 – 12 March 1990) was an English zoologist and author who worked as a senior lecturer in zoology at the University of Birmingham. Among his major works was a study of the birds illustrated in medieval English works including the Bayeux Tapestry.
Khujomli
Khujomli (Persian: خوجملي, also Romanized as Khūjomlī and Khoojamli; also known as Khojom Bardī-ye Aqdasī and Kojun) is a village in Soltanali Rural District, in the Central District of Gonbad-e Qabus County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 353, in 72 families.

Golestan province
Golestan province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country and southeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Gorgan, formerly called Esterabad until 1937. Golestan was split off from Mazandaran Province in 1997.

Golestan province borders Turkmenistan to the north. One of the key border points between the two countries is Incheh Borun, which serves as a vital crossing point.

The province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions, solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014. The majority of its population are Shia Muslims.
Teitur Lassen
Teitur Lassen (Faroese pronunciation: [ˈtaitʊɹ], 4 January 1977) is a Faroese musician, composer, singer-songwriter and producer. He is a winner of multiple Danish Music Awards and has toured globally since his debut release, Poetry & Aeroplanes, in 2003.

Teitur was born in Hoyvík. Since 2001 he has dedicated himself to playing and writing music in English full-time, and has released six studio albums as a solo artist. He has additionally produced, written for, or worked with multiple international artists including Seal, Corinne Bailey Rae, Netherlands Wind Ensemble, Emilie Simon, International Contemporary Ensemble (ICE), Holland Baroque Society, Nolwenn Leroy, Nico Muhly, and Ane Brun. His songs have appeared on major motion picture soundtracks and numerous compilations.

Netherlands Wind Ensemble
The Netherlands Wind Ensemble (Dutch: Nederlands Blazers Ensemble, NBE) is a wind ensemble composed of musicians from major Dutch symphony orchestras.

The NBE performs concert series at Amsterdam’s major venues: the Concertgebouw, Paradiso and the new Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ, and tours abroad twice per season. The artistic leader of the ensemble is oboist Bart Schneemann.
Rheidol
Rheidol can refer to:

Afon Rheidol, a river in Mid-Wales

Vale of Rheidol Railway, a narrow-gauge railway in Mid-Wales

Rheidol power station, a hydroelectric scheme on the Afon Rheidol

Rheidol (locomotive), a former locomotive on the Vale of Rheidol Railway

Rheidol Falls railway station, a station on the Vale of Rheidol Railway

Rheidol (locomotive)
Rheidol, formerly named Treze de Maio and Talybont,  was a one-off 2-4-0T steam locomotive built by W.G. Bagnall in Staffordshire, England, in 1896. Originally built to a gauge of 2 ft 5+1⁄2 in (750 mm), it was for a Brazilian sugar plantation, however the order was cancelled before it was exported. The locomotive was then regauged and renamed for the 2 ft 3 in (686 mm)-gauge Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway, in Wales, where it worked from August 1897 until 1899. It was then regauged and renamed a second time for 1 ft 11+3⁄4 in (603 mm)-gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway, in 1900. It worked on the Vale of Rheidol until 1924, when it was scrapped.
Chalcocite
Chalcocite (/ˈkælkəˌsaɪt/), copper(I) sulfide (Cu2S), is an important copper ore mineral. It is opaque and dark gray to black, with a metallic luster. It has a hardness of 2.5–3 on the Mohs scale.  It is a sulfide with a monoclinic crystal system.

The term chalcocite from the Greek khalkos, meaning "copper". It is also known as redruthite, vitreous copper, or copper-glance.

Sulfide
Sulfide (also sulphide in British English) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.  Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. Sulfide also refers to large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e.g. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and bisulfide (HS−) are the conjugate acids of sulfide.
Zakaria Chol Gideon Gakmar
Zakaria Chol Gideon Gakmar (1957 – 29 July 2010) was a Sudanese politician, belonging to the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM). He was elected to the Lakes State Legislative Assembly in the 2010 election as a candidate on the SPLM party list.

Following his death, Zakaria Chol was lauded as a hero in the governor's speech at the 2010 Martyrs' Day celebrations in Rumbek.

Lakes State Legislative Assembly
The Lakes State Legislative Assembly (LSLA) is the legislative assembly of Lakes state in South Sudan. The body is composed of 48 Members of Parliament; 29 representing geographic constituencies, 12 elected from women's list and 7 elected from party list. The assembly is based in the state capital Rumbek. Elections to LSLA was held in 2010, in which 46 Sudan People's Liberation Movement candidates were elected and two independents.

As of February 2012, John Marik Makur is the speaker of the Lakes State Legislative Assembly. As of March 2012, Enock Nhail Cahoc serves as the deputy speaker of LSLA.