hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fringe theories about the Shroud of Turin
The Shroud of Turin is a length of linen cloth bearing the imprint of the image of a man, and is believed by some to be the burial shroud of Jesus. Despite conclusive scientific evidence from three radiocarbon dating tests performed in 1988 which resulted in the shroud being dated to 1260–1390 AD, some researchers have challenged the dating based on various theories, including the provenance of the samples used for testing, biological or chemical contamination, incorrect assessment of carbon dating data, as well as other theories. However, the alternative theories challenging the radiocarbon dating have been disproved by scientists using actual shroud material, and are thus considered to be fringe theories.

The Holy See received custody of the shroud in 1983, and as with other relics, makes no claims about its authenticity. After the 1988 round of tests, no further dating tests have been allowed.

Joe Nickell
Joe Herman Nickell (December 1, 1944 – March 4, 2025) was an American skeptic and investigator of the paranormal.

Nickell was a senior research fellow for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and wrote regularly for their journal, Skeptical Inquirer. He was also an associate dean of the Center for Inquiry Institute. He was the author or editor of over 30 books.

Among his career highlights, Nickell helped expose the James Maybrick "Jack the Ripper Diary" as a hoax. In 2002, Nickell was one of a number of experts asked by scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. to evaluate the authenticity of the manuscript of Hannah Crafts' The Bondwoman's Narrative (1853–1860), possibly the first novel by an African-American woman. At the request of document dealer and historian Seth Keller, Nickell analyzed documentation in the dispute over the authorship of "The Night Before Christmas", ultimately supporting the Clement Clarke Moore claim.
2009 Price LeBlanc Lexus Pro Tennis Classic – Singles
Bobby Reynolds was the defending champion. He was first-seeded player in the main draw, but he lost to José de Armas 4–6, 6–2, 2–6 in first round.
Benjamin Becker became the new champion, after he won 6–2, 3–6, 6–4, against Rajeev Ram in final.

Bobby Reynolds
Robert Thomas "Bobby" Reynolds (born July 17, 1982) is an American retired professional tennis player who resides in Auburn, Alabama. He was named head men's tennis coach at Auburn University in June 2016.
Argentina national rugby sevens team
The Argentina national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series, in the Rugby World Cup Sevens, and, beginning in 2016, in the Summer Olympics.

The Argentine rugby sevens team has had some success in the World Rugby Sevens Series, finishing third in 2003–04, and finishing among the top six teams in five out of six seasons from 2003–04 to 2008–09. Argentina won the USA Sevens tournament in 2004 and again in 2009. During its peak, the Argentine team was led by Santiago Gómez Cora, who is ranked all-time first in tries (230), fifth in points (1,178), and third in appearances (61).

Argentina's best finish at the Rugby World Cup Sevens came in 2009, when the team reached the finals and finished as runners up.

Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics
Rugby sevens was played at the Olympics for the first time at the 2016 Summer Olympics, with both men's and women's contests. It was added to the Olympics following the decision of the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen in October 2009. The champions for the inaugural rugby sevens tournament in 2016 were Fiji for the men and Australia for the women. Prior to 2016, 15-a-side matches were played in 1900, 1908, 1920, and 1924.
Persico (surname)
Persico  is an Italian surname, which means Persian as in "Golfo Persico" (Italian for Persian Gulf). Notable people with the surname include:

Aaron Persico, Italian rugby player

Alphonse Persico, American mobster nicknamed "Allie Boy"

Carmine Persico, American mobster

Daniel Pérsico, politician

Enrico Persico, Italian physicist

Ignatius Persico, Italian Cardinal

Joseph E. Persico, author

Lawrence T. Persico, Bishop of Erie, Pennsylvania

Salvatore Persico, birth name of baseball catcher Joe Smith

Silvia Persico, Italian cyclist

Tomer Persico

Ignatius Persico
Ignazio Camillo Guglielmo Maria Pietro Persico (30 January 1823 – 7 December 1895) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

He served multiple assignments, including as vicar apostolic, bishop, apostolic delegate to Ireland, and vicar of the Roman Colleges. He briefly served as the bishop of the Diocese of Savannah in Georgia in the United States from 1870 to 1873.
Tengujo
Tengujo or tengucho paper (典具帖紙, tenguchōshi) is a specialist Japanese paper. It is an extremely thin kōzo paper that is almost transparent. One of its uses is for archival conservation. It has also been used for lighting design.

The paper is produced in the Kochi prefecture of Japan by the company Hidaka Washi since 1949. The product is made with kozo (stems of mulberry trees), alkaline water and neri (a liquid from the tororo-aoi plant).

Abelmoschus manihot
Abelmoschus manihot, commonly known as aibika, is a flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is also known as the sunset muskmallow, sunset hibiscus, or hibiscus manihot. It is a tropical subshrub or shrub native to Asia, New Guinea, and Queensland. It is cultivated and eaten as a leaf vegetable, among other uses.
Botir Temirov
Botir Daminovich Temirov (born September 5, 1948, Fergana Region, Uzbek SSR, USSR) is an Uzbek engineer, mechanic of the technological workshop No. 1 of the Fergana Oil Refinery. He was awarded the title of Hero of Uzbekistan in 2005.

Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Uzbek: Oʻzbeklar; Ўзбеклар; اۉزبېکلر‎) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, being the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Tajiks and Karakalpak minorities, and also form minority groups in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Russia, and China. Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, United States, Ukraine, Pakistan, and other countries.
Abdel Mohsin Musellem
Abdel Mohsin Musellem Abdul Mohsin Bin Halit Bin Abdullah Bin Muhammad Muslim Al-Mahmadi Al-Harbi, is a Saudi poet and writer, and one of the literary elite in the Kingdom. He was born in Medina in the year 1958. He was raised by his father, the writer Sheikh Helit Muslim, who is one of the nobles in Medina, and a previous imam of the Quba Mosque.

Abdel Mohsin finished his university studies by obtaining a bachelor's degree in public administration from a university in the United States. When he returned to Saudi Arabia in the eighties, he settled in Jeddah to work in Saudi Gazette newspaper which was issued in English.

Abdel Mohsin is well known for his outspokenness and his poetry is noted for the direct expression of sentiment on current affairs. He was arrested by the Saudi authorities because of his famous poem "Spoilers On Earth" which was published on the last page of the Saudi newspaper Al-Medina on Sunday, 26 Dhul-Hijjah 1422 AH.

Saudi Gazette
Saudi Gazette is an English-language daily newspaper launched in 1976 and published in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It is only available online, as the print version was discontinued in 2019. It is the second English-language daily newspaper in Saudi Arabia.

Published by Okaz Organization for Press and Publication, Saudi Gazette is pro-government.
FIBT World Championships 1959
The FIBT World Championships 1959 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record ninth time. The Swiss city had hosted the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, and 1957.

St. Moritz
St. Moritz is a high Alpine resort town in the Engadine in Switzerland, at an elevation of about 1,800 metres (5,910 ft) above sea level. It is Upper Engadine's major town and a municipality in the administrative region of Maloja in the Swiss canton of the Grisons.

St. Moritz lies on the southern slopes of the Albula Alps below the Piz Nair (3,056 m or 10,026 ft) overlooking the flat and wide glaciated valley of the Upper Engadine and Lake St. Moritz. It hosted the Winter Olympics in 1928 and 1948.
Mugguru Kodukulu
Mugguru Kodukulu (transl. Three sons) is a 1988 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Krishna. The film stars Krishna himself alongside his real-life children, Ramesh Babu and Mahesh Babu. Radha, and Sonam play the female leads. The film was produced by Ghattamaneni Nagarathnamma under the Padmalaya Studios banner. Music was composed by Chakravarthy. The film was a box office success.

Ramesh Babu
Ghattamaneni Ramesh Babu (13 October 1965 – 8 January 2022) was an Indian actor and film producer, who was known for his work in Telugu cinema. Babu made his on screen debut with the film Alluri Seetharama Raju in 1974. He acted in over 15 films before retiring from acting in 1997. In 2004, he became a producer and established Krishna Productions Private Ltd, a film production company named after his father. He produced films like Arjun and Athidhi, both of which had his brother Mahesh Babu in leading role. One of his last roles was as a presenter for the 2011 film Dookudu.
Tzitzit
Tzitzit (Hebrew: צִיצִית‎ ṣīṣīṯ, [tsiˈtsit]; plural צִיצִיּוֹת ṣīṣiyyōṯ, Ashkenazi: tsitsis; and Samaritan: ࠑࠉࠑࠉࠕ‎ ṣeṣet) are specially knotted ritual fringes, or tassels, worn in antiquity by Israelites and also modern observant Jews and Samaritans. Tzitzit are usually attached to the four corners of the tallit gadol (prayer shawl), usually referred to simply as a tallit or tallis; and tallit katan (everyday undershirt).  Through synecdoche, a tallit katan may be referred to as tzitzit.

Synecdoche
Synecdoche (/sɪˈnɛkdəki/ sih-NECK-də-kee) is a type of metonymy; it is a figure of speech that uses a term for a part of something to refer to the whole (pars pro toto), or vice versa (totum pro parte). The term is derived from Ancient Greek  συνεκδοχή (sunekdokhḗ) 'simultaneous understanding'. Common English synecdoches include suits for businessmen, wheels for automobile, and boots for soldiers.
Chi Leonis
Chi Leonis, Latinized from χ Leonis, is a double star in the constellation Leo. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.63. The distance to this star, as determined using parallax measurements, is around 95 light years. It has an annual proper motion of 346 mas.

This is most likely a binary star system. The primary component has a stellar classification of F2III-IVv, which at first would classify it as a F-type star between the giant and subgiant evolutionary stages, but evolutionary models suggest the star is instead in the main sequence. It has an estimated 162% of the Sun's mass and nearly twice the Sun's radius. The companion is a magnitude 11.0 star at an angular separation of 4.1″ along a position angle of 264°, as of 1990.

Angular distance
Angular distance or angular separation is the measure of the angle between the orientation of two straight lines, rays, or vectors in three-dimensional space, or the central angle subtended by the radii through two points on a sphere. When the rays are lines of sight from an observer to two points in space, it is known as the apparent distance or apparent separation.

Angular distance appears in mathematics (in particular geometry and trigonometry) and all natural sciences (e.g., kinematics, astronomy, and geophysics). In the classical mechanics of rotating objects, it appears alongside angular velocity, angular acceleration, angular momentum, moment of inertia and torque.
Ben Bowman (politician)
Benjamin William Bowman (born January 23, 1992) is an American Democratic politician who is the Majority Leader of the Oregon House of Representatives. He represents 25th district, which includes Tigard and parts of Durham and south Beaverton.

Durham, Oregon
Durham is a city in Washington County, Oregon, United States. Incorporated in 1966, the city is surrounded by Tigard and Tualatin and is adjacent to the Bridgeport Village shopping complex. As of the 2020 census, Durham had a population of 1,944.
Reader (surname)
Reader is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include the following:

D. J. Reader (born 1984), American football defensive tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League

Brian Reader (born 1989), Arena football quarterback

Brian Reader (1939–2023), British criminal

Colin Reader (born ?), English geologist

Dickie Reader (1890–1974), English footballer

Eddi Reader (born 1959), Scottish singer

Felix Reader (1850–1911), German-born Australian chemist and amateur botanist

Francis Reader (born 1965), Scottish musician, band-member of "The Trash Can Sinatras"

Ralph Reader (1903–1982), British director and producer

Richard Reader Harris (KC) (1847–1909), English barrister and Pentecostal Christian

Richard Reader Harris (politician) (1913–2009), MP, English politician

Ted Reader, Canadian chef

D. J. Reader
David Vernon "D. J." Reader Jr. (born July 1, 1994) is an American professional football nose tackle for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Clemson Tigers and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fifth round of the 2016 NFL draft. Reader has also played for the Cincinnati Bengals.
Mike Keeney
Mike Keeney (born March 18, 1974) is an American soccer coach who is currently a first team coach of HIFK Fotboll in Helsinki. A native of California, Keeney has previously coached clubs in Finland and Slovakia, and worked with the Oceania Football Confederation. Prior to coaching professionally, Keeney coached collegiate soccer with the University of Kentucky, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Louisville, and Bellarmine College.

HIFK Fotboll
HIFK Fotboll or IFK Helsingfors is the association football section of HIFK, a sports club based in Helsinki, Finland. The men's football team currently competes in the Kolmonen whereas the women's first team is in Naisten Kakkonen. Both teams use Väinämöisen kenttä in Töölö as their home ground.
Sadao Hasegawa
Sadao Hasegawa (長谷川 サダオ, Hasegawa Sadao; 1945 – November 20, 1999) was a Japanese graphic artist known for creating homoerotic fetish art. His works are noted for their extensive detail, elaborate fantasy settings, and for their juxtaposition of elements from Japanese, Balinese, Thai, Tibetan Buddhist, African, and Indian art. While Hasegawa focused primarily on depictions of muscular male physique, he often incorporated extreme sexual themes in his works, including bondage and sadomasochism. His art is noted for strong mystical and spiritual overtones.

Barazoku
Barazoku (薔薇族) was Japan's first commercially circulated gay men's magazine. It began publication in July 1971 by Daini Shobō's owner's son and editor Bungaku Itō (伊藤 文學, Itō Bungaku), although before that, there had been Adonis and Apollo, its extra issue, around 1960 serving as a members-only magazine. Barazoku was Japan's oldest and longest-running monthly magazine for gay men. However, it halted publication three times due to the publisher's financial hardships. In 2008, Itō announced that the 400th issue would be the final one. The title means "the rose tribe" in Japanese, hinted from King Laius' homosexual episodes in Greek mythology. The magazine was printed in Japanese only. Barazoku's Bungaku Itō coined the term for the Japanese lesbian community as ("lily tribe") which the slang term for lesbian yuri comes from.
Leaf expansion
Leaf expansion is a process by which plants make efficient use of the space around them by causing their leaves to enlarge, or wither. This process enables a plant to maximize its own biomass, whether it be due to increased surface area; which enables more sunlight to be absorbed by chloroplasts, driving the rate of photosynthesis upward, or it enables more stomata to be created on the leaf surface, allowing the plant to increase its carbon dioxide intake.

Biomass
Biomass is material produced by the growth of microorganisms, plants or animals. Beyond this general definition, there are differences in how the term is used and applied depending on industry or subject-matter norms. For example, it may be more narrowly defined as just plant matter, or as a combination of plant and animal matter.
Murder of Ofir Rahum
The murder of Ofir Rahum (Hebrew: אופיר רחום) was a shooting attack which occurred on 17 January 2001, in which Palestinian militants from the Tanzim faction of Fatah killed 16-year-old Israeli high school student Ofir Rahum on the outskirts of Ramallah.

The murder was planned and initiated by 24-year-old Mona Jaud Awana from Bir Nabala. After many weeks in which Mona conducted long private conversations in English with Rahum through the instant messenger program ICQ, during which she masqueraded as a Jewish immigrant from Morocco named Sally, Mona managed to gain his confidence and get him to meet with her in Jerusalem, supposedly for romantic purposes. When he arrived for the meeting, she drove him through the border control into the Palestinian-controlled territory and towards a secluded area on the outskirts of Ramallah where Palestinian terrorists shot him at close range, with Mona standing aside and watching.

Tanzim
Tanzim (Arabic: التنظيم Al-Tanẓīm, "The Organization") was a militant faction of the Palestinian Fatah movement.

Formerly led by Marwan Barghouti, who is serving life sentences for murder in Israel, it had gained prominence during the Second Intifada. Tanzim operateed at the community level and had significantly pulled Palestinian support from Islamist groups. It had participated in violent acts against both military and civilian targets, and some of its members had even conducted suicide bombings.
My Place (TV series)
My Place is an Australian children's television drama series based on the award-winning picture book of the same name by Nadia Wheatley and Donna Rawlins. The series first screened on ABC3 on weeknights at 8pm from 4 December 2009 and aired in the United States on Vibrant TV Network.

My Place is produced by Penny Chapman and directed by Jessica Hobbs, Samantha Lang, Catriona McKenzie, Michael James Rowland and Shawn Seet. The series was accompanied by an interactive website for children that allowed them to explore the house that is the series' main setting. It won the 2010 Logie Award for Best Children's Program.

On 23 March 2010 Screen Australia announced they approved funding for a second series which would focus on the lives of children and their families from the time period of 1878 to before the White Settlement. The first of thirteen episodes aired on 26 June 2011.

ABC Me
ABC Me was an Australian children's free-to-air television channel owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. It was launched by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on 4 December 2009 as ABC3, to become Australia's first dedicated children’s channel on free-to-air. It also aimed to broadcast 50% local programming. In ratings recorded in 2015, ABC3 held a high average audience of 562,000 among its target audience of 5–12-year-old children.

Budget cuts by the Abbott government led to a brand refresh on 19 September 2016 to ABC Me, with the network pushing online streaming. The channel also reduced its Australian content quota to 25%. On 3 June 2024, ABC Me was rebranded to ABC Entertains, which now features general entertainment programming. Children's programming mostly moved to ABC Family and ABC iview.
Marty Sammon
Martin J. Sammon (October 14, 1977 – October 15, 2022) was an American blues keyboardist. He was recognized for his energetic performances, improvisation and mastery of traditional styles (ragtime and blues), having established himself as an ambassador of Chicago blues with appearances on several commercially distributed DVDs, television shows (US and in Europe) and Grammy Award-winning albums. His book Blues Keyboard Method, with a foreword by Chuck Leavell, of the Rolling Stones, was published by Hal Leonard in 2015.

Hal Leonard
Hal Leonard LLC (formerly Hal Leonard Corporation) is an American music publishing and distribution company headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was founded in 1947 by Harold "Hal" Edstrom, his brother, Everett "Leonard" Edstrom, and musician Roger Busdicker in Winona, Minnesota. Hal Leonard is the largest sheet music publisher in the world. It has been a subsidiary of Cypriot music company Muse Group since 2023.
Lasker versus Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889
The chess game between Emanuel Lasker and Johann Bauer played in Amsterdam in 1889 is one of the most famous on account of Lasker's sacrifice of both bishops to eliminate the pawn cover around his opponent's king, winning material and the game.

The same sacrificial pattern was echoed in a number of later games, notably Nimzowitsch–Tarrasch, St Petersburg 1914; Miles–Browne, Lucerne 1982; and Polgar–Karpov, Seventh Essent 2003.

The game against Bauer was played at the beginning of Lasker's career in the first round of the 1889 Amsterdam tournament, Lasker's first high-level closed event. Lasker finished second with a 6/8 score, a point behind the winner Amos Burn, and ahead of James Mason and Isidor Gunsberg, among others. Bauer finished sixth of the nine participants with a score of 3½/8.

A similar sacrifice occurred earlier in Burn–Owen, 1884, but in this case the sacrifice by John Owen was not correct and he lost the game. Nevertheless, it may have been an inspiration for Lasker.

Siegbert Tarrasch
Siegbert Tarrasch (German pronunciation: [ˈziːɡbɐt ˈtaraʃ]; 5 March 1862 – 17 February 1934) was a German chess player, considered to have been among the strongest players and most influential theoreticians of the late 19th and early 20th century.
32nd Guangdong–Hong Kong Cup
The 32nd Guangdong–Hong Kong Cup was held in December 2009 and January 2010. The first leg was played at Siu Sai Wan Sports Ground on 29 December, with the second leg to take place at Zhaoqing Sports Center on 2 January.

Hong Kong won Guangdong 2–1 in the first leg with Julius Akosah scoring two goals in his first game for Hong Kong. However, Guangdong won the second leg 2–0 with Li Jian scoring two goals. Guangdong, with a final aggregate score of 2–3, won the Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup and denied Hong Kong the chance to win the Cup for four consecutive times.

Siu Sai Wan Sports Ground
Siu Sai Wan Sports Ground (Chinese: 小西灣運動場) is a multi-purpose stadium in Siu Sai Wan, Hong Kong. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It occupies about 43,000 square metres and its construction cost over HK $230 million. Opened in December 1996, the Sports Ground is a concrete structure built on a single level, with a permanent seating capacity of 11,981.
Black hole (networking)
In networking, a black hole refers to a place in the network where incoming or outgoing traffic is discarded (or "dropped" or sinkholed) without informing the source that the data did not reach its intended recipient.

When examining the topology of the network, the black holes themselves are invisible, and can only be detected by monitoring the lost traffic.

The name is presumed to have originated from the astronomical body called a black hole - an astronomical body so dense that its gravity prevents anything from escaping, even light.

Internet Control Message Protocol
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address. For example, an error is indicated when a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP differs from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is not typically used to exchange data between systems, nor is it regularly employed by end-user network applications (with the exception of some diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute).

A separate Internet Control Message Protocol (called ICMPv6) is used with IPv6.