hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Afrobatrachia
Afrobatrachia is clade of frogs in the suborder Neobatrachia, all of which are restricted to Africa, including some species in Madagascar and the Seychelles. It is the sister group to the clade Natatanura, which contains all other members of Ranoidea aside from Microhylidae

The diversity of the clade represents more than half the frog diversity found in Africa. Some can grow up to 66 mm in length.  Species of the clade in lowland and montane forests display ecologies such as arboreality and fossoriality. The frogs show direct development, the most terrestrial of which is shown the family Brevicipitidae.

Direct development
Direct development is a concept in biology.  It refers to forms of growth to adulthood that do not involve metamorphosis.  An animal undergoes direct development if the immature organism resembles a small adult rather than having a distinct larval form.  A frog that hatches out of its egg as a small frog undergoes direct development.  A frog that hatches out of its egg as a tadpole does not.

Direct development is the opposite of complete metamorphosis.  An animal undergoes complete metamorphosis if it becomes a non-moving thing, for example a pupa in a cocoon, between its larval and adult stages.
Meliton (Ivan Bunin)
Meliton is a novella by Nobel Prize-winning Russian author Ivan Bunin. Dated as "1900-1930" in The Complete Bunin (Petropolis, Berlin, 1935; Moscow, 1965), it was first published in the 1901 No.7 (July) issue of Saint Petersburg magazine Zhurnal Dlya Vsekh (Journal For Everyone), originally under the title "Skete" (Скит). While working upon the Primal Love (Начальная любовь) compilation, Bunin changed the story's title into "Meliton" (after its main character's first name). In its final version the novella appeared in the July 6, 1930, No.3392 issue of the Paris-based Poslednye Novosti newspaper.

Ivan Bunin
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (/ˈbuːniːn/ BOO-neen or /ˈbuːnɪn/ BOO-nin; Russian: Ива́н Алексе́евич Бу́нин, IPA: [ɪˈvan ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪdʑ ˈbunʲɪn] ⓘ; 22 October [O.S. 10 October] 1870 – 8 November 1953) was the first Russian writer awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1933.  He was noted for the strict artistry with which he carried on the classical Russian traditions in the writing of prose and poetry. The texture of his poems and stories, sometimes referred to as "Bunin brocade", is considered to be one of the richest in the language.

Best known for his short novels The Village (1910) and Dry Valley (1912), autobiographical novel The Life of Arseniev (1933, 1939), short stories collection Dark Avenues (1946) and 1917–1918 diary Cursed Days (1926), Bunin was a revered figure among white emigres, European critics, and many of his fellow writers, who viewed him as a true heir to the tradition of realism in Russian literature established by Tolstoy and Chekhov.
Ritsuo Horimoto
Ritsuo Horimoto (堀本律雄, Horimoto Ritsuo; January 20, 1935 – January 14, 2012) was a Japanese baseball pitcher.

He played for the Yomiuri Giants from 1960 to 1962, winning both the Central League Rookie of the Year Award and the Eiji Sawamura Award in his first season. The Giants won the Japan Series the next year, and traded him for Toshio Yanagida at the end of the 1962 season. Horimoto closed his playing career with the Orions franchise, and coached the Yokohama Taiyo Whales in two stints from 1977 to 1978 and 1991 to 1992. He then joined the Nippon Ham Fighters coaching staff for two seasons, 1993 and 1994, followed by a return to coaching in 1997 with the Uni-President Lions, a Chinese Professional Baseball League team.

Horimoto died of pneumonia in Yokohama on January 14, 2012, at the age of 76.

Eiji Sawamura Award
The Eiji Sawamura Award (沢村栄治賞, Sawamura Eiji-shō), commonly known as the Sawamura Award, is an honor bestowed upon the top starting pitcher in Nippon Professional Baseball each year, when deemed necessary.

The award was originally established by Japanese magazine "Nekkyū" in 1947 to honor the career of Eiji Sawamura, a power pitcher who enjoyed an illustrious career for the Tokyo Giants before being killed in combat during World War II. It is a special award that is independent of the official Most Valuable Pitcher award that is presented to one pitcher in each league (Central and Pacific) each year.
Ogiwara
Ogiwara (written: 荻原, lit. "miscanthus weed field") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chiharu Ogiwara (荻原 千春; born 1957), Japanese boxer

Kenji Ogiwara (荻原 健司; born 1969), Japanese Nordic combined skier and politician

Noriko Ogiwara (荻原 規子; born 1959), Japanese writer

Rokuzan Ogiwara (荻原 碌山; 1879–1910), Japanese sculptor

Ogiwara Seisensui (荻原 井泉水; 1884–1976), pen-name of Ogiwara Tōkichi, Japanese poet

Takuya Ogiwara (荻原 拓也; born 1999), Japanese footballer

Tsugiharu Ogiwara (荻原 次晴; born 1969), Japanese Nordic combined skier

Rokuzan Ogiwara
Rokuzan Ogiwara (荻原 碌山, Ogiwara Rokuzan, 1 December 1879 – 22 April 1910) was a sculptor active in Meiji period Japan. His real name was Morie Ogiwara (荻原 守衛, Ogiwara Morie). He is regarded as one of the pioneers of modern western-style bronze sculpture in Japan.
Arch Allies: Live at Riverport
Arch Allies is a live album recorded by REO Speedwagon and Styx at Riverport Amphitheatre (now Hollywood Casino Amphitheater) in Maryland Heights, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. It was released on September 26, 2000, by Sanctuary Records, and a single DVD was also released on November 7, 2000.

Each band also released single live albums containing only their own tracks from this album. This includes songs cut from the combined release. The Styx songs were released alone as At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis (also including the songs "Everything Is Cool" and "Lorelei") and the REO Speedwagon songs (including "Keep Pushin'", "Tough Guys" and "That Ain't Love") were released as Live Plus and Extended Versions.

Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre (Maryland Heights, Missouri)
Hollywood Casino Amphitheater (originally Riverport Amphitheatre and formerly the UMB Bank Pavilion and Verizon Wireless Amphitheater) is an outdoor concert venue in Maryland Heights, Missouri, near St. Louis.
Osthe
Osthe (Tamil pronunciation: [ost̪i] transl. Pinnacle) is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed and co-written by Dharani. A remake of the 2010 Hindi film Dabangg, it stars Silambarasan, Richa Gangopadhyay, Santhanam, Jithan Ramesh and Sonu Sood. The film follows a police officer, Osthe Velan and his troubled relationship with his stepfather and half-brother. He seeks to take down a corrupt politician, who exploits the hostility between Velan and his stepfamily for his personal gain.

Produced by Balaji Real Media, the film began production in June 2011 and ended that November. It was shot mainly in Mysore, with sporadic schedules in Chennai. The music was composed by Thaman S, with cinematography by Gopinath and editing by V. T. Vijayan. The film was released in theatres on 8 December 2011.

Karthik Srinivasan
Karthik Srinivasan (/kɑːrθɪk sriːnɪvɑːsən/) is an Indian communications strategy consultant, music critic and blogger. He is the founder of the website ItwoFS, which tracks plagiarism in Indian film music, and Milliblog, where he reviews music albums.
Inclusion (cell)
In cellular biology, inclusions are diverse intracellular non-living substances (ergastic substances) that are not bound by membranes. Inclusions are stored nutrients/deutoplasmic substances, secretory products, and pigment granules. Examples of inclusions are glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells, lipid droplets in fat cells, pigment granules in certain cells of skin and hair, and crystals of various types.  Cytoplasmic inclusions are an example of a biomolecular condensate arising by liquid-solid, liquid-gel or liquid-liquid phase separation. They are different from inclusion bodies.

These structures were first observed by O. F. Müller in 1786.

Biological membrane
A biological membrane or biomembrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membranes, consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded, integral and peripheral proteins used in communication and transportation of chemicals and ions. The bulk of lipids in a cell membrane provides a fluid matrix for proteins to rotate and laterally diffuse for physiological functioning. Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of the lipid bilayer with the presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to the surface of integral membrane proteins. The cell membranes are different from the isolating tissues formed by layers of cells, such as mucous membranes, basement membranes, and serous membranes.
Paul Fox (music producer)
Paul Robert Fox (May 22, 1954 – December 25, 2022) was an American music producer, who was best known for producing recording artists such as Faker, The Green Children, Gene Loves Jezebel, 10,000 Maniacs, XTC, Phish, Texas, Sunfall Festival, Robyn Hitchcock and the Egyptians, The Sugarcubes, Too Much Joy, They Might Be Giants, Edwin McCain, Semisonic, and Grant Lee Buffalo.

Fox also played as a session player with the Pointer Sisters, Rod Stewart, Patti LaBelle, Mötley Crüe, DeBarge, and Natalie Cole among others.

Gene Loves Jezebel
Gene Loves Jezebel are a British rock band formed in the early 1980s by twin brothers Michael Aston and Jay Aston. Initially associated with gothic rock and post-punk, their 1983 debut album Promise reached no.8 on the UK Indie Chart. The band's popularity peaked a few years later with their 1986 album Discover reaching the top 40 on the UK Albums Chart and five singles entering the UK Singles Chart in 1986-1987, including "Heartache", "Desire (Come and Get It)" and "The Motion of Love", and also gaining success in the US. The Aston brothers later parted ways and formed two different band versions of Gene Loves Jezebel.
1972 Giro d'Italia
The 1972 Giro d'Italia was the 55th running of the Giro, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It started in Venice on 21 May, with a 5.2 km (3.2 mi) prologue and concluded with a 197 km (122 mi) mass-start stage, on 11 June. A total of 100 riders from ten teams entered the 20-stage race, that was won by Belgian Eddy Merckx of the Molteni team. The second and third places were taken by Spaniards José Manuel Fuente and Francisco Galdós, respectively.

Mountains classification in the Giro d'Italia
The Mountains classification in the Giro d'Italia is a secondary classification that is a part of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tour races. In this classification, points are awarded to the leading riders over designated climbs. The climbs are put into different classifications based on difficulty and their position on that day's stage. Bonus points are given to mountain top finishes and to the first riders over the Cima Coppi, traditionally adjudged as the highest point of the entire Giro.

The classification was first calculated in 1933; from 1974 to 2011, the leader of the mountains classification in the Giro d'Italia wore the maglia verde (from Italian: "green jersey"): in 2012, as part of a sponsorship deal, the jersey color was changed to blue (maglia azzurra).
Arsames II
Arsames II was the King of Armenian kingdom of Sophene, the son of Arsames I.

Arsames II reigned from 230–220 BCE and offered asylum to Antiochus Hierax, the rebellious brother of the Seleucid king, Seleucus II.

Cyril Toumanoff considered Arsames II to be the same person as Arsames I.

Cyril Toumanoff
Cyril Leo Toumanoff (Georgian: კირილ თუმანოვი; Russian: Кирилл Львович Туманов; 10 October 1913 – 4 February 1997) was a Georgian-American historian, and academic genealogist who mostly specialized in the history and genealogies of medieval Georgia, Armenia, Iran, and the Byzantine Empire. Born in the Russian Empire into a princely family, Toumanoff escaped to the United States after the Russian Revolution. His works have significantly influenced the Western scholarship of the medieval Caucasus.
United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division
The United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division is the division of the United States Department of Justice that enforces U.S. antitrust law. It has exclusive jurisdiction over federal criminal antitrust enforcement, and enforces civil antitrust law under the Sherman Act and Clayton Act. It shares civil antitrust jurisdiction with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

Criminal law of the United States
The criminal law of the United States is a manifold system of laws and practices that connects crimes and consequences. In comparison, civil law addresses non-criminal disputes. The system varies considerably by jurisdiction, but conforms to the US Constitution.  Generally there are two systems of criminal law to which a person maybe subject; the most frequent is state criminal law, and the other is federal law.

The American Model Penal Code defines the purpose of criminal law as: to prevent any conduct that cause or may cause harm to people or society, to enact public order, to define what acts are criminal, to inform the public what acts constitute crimes, and to distinguish a minor from a serious offense.
2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 4 – Men's 500 metres
The men's 500 metres races of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 4, arranged in the Thialf arena in Heerenveen, Netherlands, were held on the weekend of 12–14 December 2014.

Race one was won by Pavel Kulizhnikov of Russia, while Artur Waś of Poland came second, and Laurent Dubreuil of France came third. Pim Schipper of the Netherlands won Division B of race one, and was thus, under the rules, automatically promoted to Division A for race two. Christian Oberbichler of Austria set a new national record for the second straight weekend.

Kulizhnikov and Waś also took the first two places in race two, while Jan Smeekens of the Netherlands came third. Yūya Oikawa of Japan won Division B of race two.

Heerenveen
Heerenveen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦeːrə(ɱ)ˈveːn] ⓘ, West Frisian: It Hearrenfean [ət ˌjɛrn̩ˈfɪən] ⓘ, Stellingwerfs: et Vene) is a town and municipality in the province of Friesland (Fryslân), in the Northern Netherlands. In 2021, the town had a population of 29,790 (1 January) while the municipality had a population of 50,859 (1 July).

The town itself is located southeast of Sneek and southwest of Drachten. Heerenveen is the oldest peat canal village in the Netherlands. Heerenveen is the fourth-largest place in Friesland in terms of population, but is not one of the eleven Frisian cities.

The municipality was formed on 1 July 1934, from parts of former municipalities Aengwirden and Schoterland, and a portion of the municipality of Haskerland. Boarnsterhim also merged into Heerenveen on 1 January 2014.
John Stanford II
John Stanford (died 1603) was an English lawyer and politician.

He was the son of John Stanford I (d. 1603), Mayor of Leicester and twice MP for Leicester (UK Parliament constituency). He trained as a lawyer, entering Gray's Inn in 1586.

He sat as Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Leicester in 1597. By 1600 he was retained as counsel for Leicester, becoming recorder in the summer of 1603.

He succeeded his father to the manor and rectory of Barkby in March 1603, but less than 9 months later at the beginning of December. He was buried Barkby.

Barkby
Barkby is a village and civil parish in the Charnwood district of Leicestershire, England.  It is situated north-east of Leicester, and only a short way from Leicester's urban sprawl in Thurmaston and Syston.  Nearby villages are Beeby and Barkby Thorpe. Barkby Brook is the main watercourse which flows through Barkby. The parish has a population of around 300.

In the 1870s John Marius Wilson stated that Barkby,

"lies on an affluent of the river Wreak, 1½ mile S by E of Syston r. station, and 4½ NE of Leicester; and it includes the hamlet of Hambleton."
Type II cytokine receptor
Type II cytokine receptors, also commonly known as class II cytokine receptors, are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells. They bind and respond to a select group of cytokines including interferon type I, interferon type II, interferon type III. and members of the interleukin-10 family  These receptors are characterized by the lack of a WSXWS motif which differentiates them from type I cytokine receptors.

IL-10 family
The IL-10 family is a family of interleukins.

In addition to IL-10, it includes IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26.

Some sources also include the interferons IL-28 and IL-29.

The IL-10 family are helical cytokines categorized based on their specific similarities and can be classified as class 2 cytokines.
August 1962 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Wednesday, August 15, 1962, with an umbral magnitude of −0.3615. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 1.6 days before perigee (on August 17, 1962, at 9:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

Magnitude of eclipse
The magnitude of eclipse is the fraction of the angular diameter of a celestial body being eclipsed. This applies to all celestial eclipses. The magnitude of a partial or annular solar eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while the magnitude of a total solar eclipse is always greater than or equal to 1.0, and has a theoretically maximum value of around 1.12.

This measure is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with the covered fraction of the apparent area (disk) of the eclipsed body. Neither should it be confused with the astronomical magnitude scale of apparent brightness.
Ruda (Žďár nad Sázavou District)
Ruda is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

Ruda lies approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) south-east of Žďár nad Sázavou, 40 km (25 mi) east of Jihlava, and 149 km (93 mi) south-east of Prague.

Žďár nad Sázavou
Žďár nad Sázavou (Czech pronunciation: [ˈʒɟaːr ˈnat saːzavou]; German: Saar) is a town in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The town is an industrial and tourist centre. It is known for the Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Byron Hamburgers
Byron (legally incorporated as Famously Proper Limited) is a British restaurant chain offering a casual dining service with a focus on hamburgers.  The chain was founded in 2007 by Tom Byng. In July 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the chain closed outlets as part of a deal transferring 21 remaining sites and 551 staff to a new owner, Calveton UK.

Hamburger
A hamburger, often known as a burger, consists of fillings—usually a patty of ground meat, typically beef—placed inside a sliced bun, sesame seed bun, or bread roll. These patties are often served with lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chilis. The filling of the burger can be topped with condiments such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish or a "special sauce", often a variation of Thousand Island dressing. A burger with the patty topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger. Under some definitions, a hamburger is considered a sandwich.

Hamburgers are typically associated with fast-food restaurants and diners but are also sold at other restaurants, including high-end establishments. There are many international and regional variations of hamburgers. Some of the largest multinational fast-food chains feature burgers as one of their core products: McDonald's Big Mac and Burger King's Whopper have become global icons of American culture.
WebScaleSQL
WebScaleSQL was an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) created as a software branch of the production-ready community releases of MySQL.  By joining efforts of a few companies and incorporating various changes and new features into MySQL, WebScaleSQL aimed toward fulfilling various needs arising from the deployment of MySQL in large-scale environments, which involve large amounts of data and numerous database servers.

The source code of WebScaleSQL is hosted on GitHub and licensed under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License.

The project website announced in December 2016 that the companies involved would no longer contribute to the project.

Relational database
A relational database (RDB) is a database  based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970.

A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns.

Many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and updating the database.
His Life's Match
His Life's Match (Swedish: Hans livs match) is a 1932 Swedish comedy film directed by Per-Axel Branner and starring Georg Blomstedt, Björn Berglund and Sigurd Wallén.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Arne Åkermark.

Arne Åkermark
Arne Åkermark (1902–1962) was a Swedish art director who worked on around a hundred and eighty films during a thirty-year career.

In 1948 Åkermark was employed in Britain for Ealing Studios epic Scott of the Antarctic.
Connecticut's 34th State Senate district
Connecticut's 34th State Senate district elects one member of the Connecticut State Senate. It consists of the towns of Wallingford, North Haven, and parts of East Haven, Durham, and North Branford. It has been represented by Republican Paul Cicarella since 2021.

Connecticut State Senate
The Connecticut State Senate is the upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The state senate comprises 36 members, each representing a district with around 99,280 inhabitants. Senators are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The Connecticut State Senate is one of 14 state legislative upper houses whose members serve two-year terms; four-year terms are more common.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Senate is vested with special functions such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to the state's executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions and boards. Unlike a majority of U.S. state legislatures, both the Connecticut House of Representatives and the State Senate vote on the composition of the Connecticut Supreme Court.

The Senate meets within the State Capitol in Hartford.