hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Demonyms for the United States
People from the United States of America are known as and refer to themselves as Americans. Different languages use different terms for citizens of the United States. All forms of English refer to US citizens as Americans, a term deriving from the United States of America, the country's official name. In the English context, it came to refer to inhabitants of British America, and then the United States. There is some linguistic ambiguity over this use due to the other senses of the word American, which can also refer to people from the Americas in general. Other languages, including French, Japanese, and Russian, use cognates of American to refer to people from the United States. In contrast, others, particularly, Spanish and Portuguese, primarily use terms derived from United States or North America. There are various other local and colloquial names for Americans. The name America came from the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci.

Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate.  It can also happen that words which appear similar, or identical, in different languages, are not cognate.

Cognates are distinguished from loanwords, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
Caspar Monigatti
Caspar Monigatti (born 1913; date of death unknown) was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel. He played as midfielder.

Monigatti joined Basel's first team in 1934. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 25 November 1934 as Basel won 2–1 against Biel-Bienne.

Between the years 1934 and 1938 Monigatti played a total of 73 games for Basel scoring one goal. 52 of these games were in the Nationalliga, six in the Swiss Cup and 15 were friendly games. He scored his only goal for his club in a test match on 13 March 1938 away from home against St. Gallen as Basel suffered a 2–3 defeat.

FC St. Gallen
Fussballclub St. Gallen 1879, commonly known as St. Gallen, is a Swiss professional football club based in the city of St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen. It is the second oldest football club in continental Europe, after Kjøbenhavns Boldklub. The team competes in the Swiss Super League, the top tier of Swiss football.
Yannick Michiels
Yannick Michiels (born 29 July 1991) is a Belgian orienteer. He is the first Belgian orienteer to receive a medal at the World Orienteering Championships, receiving a bronze medal in the sprint discipline at the 2022 World Orienteering Championships in Denmark.

2022 World Orienteering Championships
The 2022 World Orienteering Championships were held from 26 to 30 June 2022 in the Triangle Region, Denmark. This was the first World Orienteering Championships with only sprint races, and the first to include a knock-out sprint event.
You Got F'd in the A
"You Got F'd in the A"  (often retitled "You Got..." or "You Got Served" on television listings) is the fourth episode of the eighth season of the Comedy Central series South Park, and the 115th episode overall. Going by production order, it is the fifth episode of Season 8 instead of the fourth. Initially broadcast on April 7, 2004, the episode is a parody of high school dance-off movies such as Bring It On and You Got Served. 8 Mile is also alluded to.

In the episode, Stan has been challenged to a dance-off, and it is up to him to put together a team of South Park's best dancers to compete against a troupe from Orange County, California. While Butters has won awards for his dancing, he refuses to help Stan. Butters has not been able to dance since the tragic death of eight (conditionally as high as 11) audience members at his last competition two years prior.

You Got Served
You Got Served is a 2004 American dance drama film written and directed by Chris Stokes, who was also the business manager of the performers who were the film's main characters: recording artist Marques Houston and the boy band B2K.

The plot follows a group of dancers who take part in a street dancing competition. Filming took place Between May 1, 2003, and June 25, 2003.

You Got Served was released on January 30, 2004 by Screen Gems. The film received negative reviews from critics, and grossed $51 million against an $8 million budget. It was followed by a sequel, You Got Served: Beat the World (2011).
Barry Islands
The uninhabited Barry Islands are members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut. They are located in Bathurst Inlet, southeast of Wollaston Point.

Its two major islands are Algak Island and Kanuyak Island.

Bathurst Inlet
Bathurst Inlet, officially Kiluhiqtuq, is a deep inlet located along the northern coast of the Canadian mainland, at the east end of Coronation Gulf,  into which the Burnside and Western rivers empty. The name, or its native equivalent Kingoak (Qingaut, nose mountain), is also used to identify the community of Bathurst Inlet located on the shore. Melville Sound opens into the eastern side of the inlet at Cape Croker, west of the Hurd Islands.
Valley Head, West Virginia
Valley Head is a census-designated place (CDP) in Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. Valley Head is located on U.S. Route 219, 12 miles (19 km) south-southwest of Huttonsville. Valley Head has a post office with ZIP code 26294. As of the 2020 census, its population was 207 (down from 267 at the 2010 census).

The community was named for the nearby headwaters of the Tygart Valley River.

U.S. Route 219 in West Virginia
U.S. Route 219 (US 219) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from Rich Creek, Virginia, to West Seneca, New York. In the U.S. state of West Virginia, the U.S. Highway travels from the Virginia state line near Peterstown to the Maryland state line near Silver Lake.
Haplogroup C-M130
Haplogroup C is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, P184, P255, and P260, which are all SNP mutations. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup CF alongside Haplogroup F. Haplogroup C is found in ancient populations on every continent except Africa and is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among males belonging to many peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, North America and Australia as well as a some populations in Europe, the Levant, and  later Japan.

The haplogroup is also found with moderate to low frequency among many present-day populations of Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia.

In addition to the basal paragroup C*, this haplogroup now has two major branches: C1 (F3393/Z1426; previously CxC3, i.e. old C1, old C2, old C4, old C5 and old C6) and C2 (M217; the former C3).

Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. Along with the X chromosome, it is part of the XY sex-determination system, in which the Y is used for sex-determining as the presence of the Y chromosome typically causes offspring produced in sexual reproduction to develop phenotypically male. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene, which usually triggers the differentiation of male gonads. The Y chromosome is typically only passed from male parents to male offspring.
Sakha Omuk (1990)
Sakha Omuk (Yakut: Саха Омук, lit. 'Sakha people' or 'Sakha nation') was a political party active in the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Sakha Republic during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and early post-Soviet Russia. Ideologically supportive of Yakut autonomy and nationalism, it brought about the Yakut ASSR's declaration of sovereignty during the parade of sovereignties.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 25 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the borough, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted December 12, 2025.

Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
Lake and Peninsula Borough is a borough in the state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,476, down from 1,631 in 2010. The borough seat of King Salmon is located in neighboring Bristol Bay Borough, although is not the seat of that borough. The most populous community in the borough is the census-designated place of Port Alsworth. With an average of 0.017 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.044 inhabitants/mi2), the Lake and Peninsula Borough is the least densely populated organized county-equivalent in the United States; only the unorganized Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area has a lower density.
Dwight Beverly
Dwight Anthony Beverly (born December 5, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a running back who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini.

Illinois Fighting Illini football
The Illinois Fighting Illini football program represents the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) level. The Fighting Illini are a founding member of the Big Ten Conference, and have played their home games at Gies Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois since 1923. The Fighting Illini are currently led by head coach Bret Bielema.

Illinois claims 15 Big Ten championships, ranking 4th-most among conference members, and 5 national championships, ranking 13th-most among NCAA Division 1 programs.  Illinois has had 27 Consensus All-Americans, and 15 former Illini have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame; in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, 6 former Illini have been inducted. Illinois has three trophy rivalries against Northwestern, Purdue, and Ohio State.
Ernest Hawkins (coach)
Ernest Ray Hawkins (January 23, 1927 – January 28, 2018) was an American football coach, basketball coach, and athletic director. He served as head football coach at East Texas State University—now known as East Texas A&M University—from 1964 to 1985, compiling a 132–92–6 record. He is the winningest head coach in East Texas A&M Lions football history and led the program to the NAIA Football National Championship in 1972.

Tim Collier
Timothy Collier Jr. (born May 31, 1954) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), where he was a member of the Kansas City Chiefs, St. Louis Cardinals, and the San Francisco 49ers, with whom he a won a Super Bowl championship with during the 1984 season. He played college football for the East Texas State Lions (now Texas A&M University-Commerce), where he was both a three-time All-American and all-conference selection, and an NAIA national champion in 1972.
Petr Martínek
Petr Martínek (born September 11, 1972) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently the head coach of Piráti Chomutov of the Maxa liga.

Martínek played 154 games in the Czech Extraliga for HC Litvínov, HC Slavia Praha and HC Znojemští Orli. He also played one season in Norway's UPC-ligaen for Lillehammer IK during the 2004–05 season.

Orli Znojmo
Orli Znojmo (in English Znojmo Eagles) is a Czech-based ice hockey team that currently plays in the 2nd Czech Republic Hockey League. The club Orli Znojmo is based in Znojmo and their home arena is Nevoga Arena.

From 1999 to 2009, the club competed in the Czech Extraliga. Their biggest success in that league was a third-place finish in 2005–06. National Hockey League players Patrik Eliáš, Martin Havlát and Tomáš Vokoun played for this club during the 2004–05 NHL lockout. On 1 April 2009, Orli sold its Czech Extraliga license to another South Moravian club, HC Kometa Brno.

After two seasons in the Czech First League, the club announced on 31 May 2011 that they were joining the Austrian-based Erste Bank Hockey League.
Alcohol by volume
Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as alc/vol or ABV) is a common measure of the amount of alcohol contained in a given alcoholic beverage. It is defined as the volume the ethanol in the liquid would take if separated from the rest of the solution, divided by the volume of the solution, both at 20 °C (68 °F). Pure ethanol is lighter than water, with a density of 0.78945 g/mL (0.82353 oz/US fl oz; 0.79122 oz/imp fl oz; 0.45633 oz/cu in). The alc/vol standard is used worldwide. The International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures.

In some countries, e.g. France, alcohol by volume is often referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac (after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac), although there is a slight difference since the Gay-Lussac convention uses the International Standard Atmosphere value for temperature, 15 °C (59 °F).

International Standard Atmosphere
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes the ISA as an international standard, ISO 2533:1975. Other standards organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the United States Government, publish extensions or subsets of the same atmospheric model under their own standards-making authority.
Max Pettini
Max Pettini FRS (born 15 June 1949) is a Professor of observational astronomy at the Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge.

Pettini was born in Rome but studied for a BSc in Physics then a PhD in Astrophysics at University College London. Aside from four years at the Anglo-Australian Observatory in Epping, New South Wales from 1987 to 1991, his academic career has been based in the United Kingdom, and he holds British citizenship.

His early research obtained observational evidence that verified a prediction that the Milky Way is surrounded by a halo of hot ionised gas.

Pettini was awarded the Herschel Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2008. In May 2010, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Together with Ryan Cooke, he was awarded the 2025 Gruber Prize in Cosmology. Pettini had previously supervised Cooke from 2008 to 2011, when the latter was completing his doctorate at Cambridge.

Herschel Medal
The Herschel Medal is awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) for "investigations of outstanding merit in observational astrophysics". It is awarded for a single piece of work so that younger scientists can be candidates for the award. It is named after the RAS's first president, William Herschel. The medal was first awarded in 1974. From 1974 to 2004 the Herschel Medal was only awarded every three years. From 2004 the frequency was shortened to two years and from 2012 it was awarded annually. The medal has been shared twice, in 1977 and 1986. It has been awarded 28 times to a total of 30 people (28 men, two women), mostly from the UK.
Salair Ridge
Salair Ridge (pronounced sah-lah-EER; Russian: Салаирский кряж is a plateau-type highland in Altai Krai, Kemerovo Oblast and Novosibirsk Oblast, Russian Federation.

There are ski resorts in the mountains. The Salair National Park is a protected area in the western slopes.

Highland
Highlands or uplands are areas of high elevation such as a mountainous region, elevated mountainous plateau or high hills. Generally, upland refers to a range of hills, typically from 300 m (980 ft) up to 600 m (2,000 ft), while highland is usually reserved for ranges of low mountains. However, the two terms are interchangeable and also include regions that are transitional between hilly and mountainous terrain.
S. W. D. Ratnayake
Sepala William Daineris Rathnayke (5 December 1901 - 26 January 1986) was a Sri Lankan politician.

Ratnayke was elected to the Parliament of Ceylon at the 3rd parliamentary election in 1956, representing the Deniyaya electorate, defeating the sitting member, V. G. W. Ratnayake, by 5,460 votes.

1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Ceylon  in 1956. They were a watershed in the country's political history, and were the first elections fought to realistically challenge the ruling United National Party. Former Leader of the House S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike crossed over to the opposition to form the Sri Lanka Freedom Party to launch his bid for Prime Minister. The party won the election with 51 seats, winning a majority in the house.
Histomonas
Histomonas meleagridis is a species of parasitic protozoan that infects a wide range of birds including chickens, turkeys, peafowl, quail and pheasants, causing infectious enterohepatitis, or histomoniasis (blackhead diseases). H. meleagridis can infect many birds, but it is most deadly in turkeys. It inhabits the lumen of cecum and parenchyma of liver, where it causes extensive necrosis. It is transmitted by another cecal parasite, the nematode Heterakis gallinarum.

Lethargy
Lethargy is a state of tiredness, sleepiness, weariness, fatigue, sluggishness, or lack of energy. It can be accompanied by depression, decreased motivation, or apathy. Lethargy can be a normal response to inadequate sleep, overexertion, overworking, stress, lack of exercise, improper nutrition, drug abuse, boredom, or a symptom of an underlying illness or disorder. It may also be a side effect of medication or caused by an interaction between medications and alcohol. It may also be an altered level of consciousness.

When part of a normal response, lethargy often resolves with rest, adequate sleep, decreased stress, physical exercise, and good nutrition. Its symptoms, however, can last days or even months, so it can be a sign of a recent underlying illness or infection if it does not resolve normally.
1954 BARC Aintree 200
The 1954 Aintree 200 was a Formula Libre race held on 29 May 1954. The race was held over two heats of 17 laps and a final of 34 laps. Reg Parnell won the first heat and Ron Flockhart the second, and Stirling Moss won the final in a Maserati 250F. Peter Collins set the fastest lap in the first heat and also fastest of the day in the final, with Roy Salvadori fastest in the second heat.

Formula Libre
Formula Libre, also known as Formule Libre, is a form of automobile racing allowing a wide variety of types, ages and makes of purpose-built racing cars to compete "head to head". This can make for some interesting matchups, and provides the opportunity for some compelling driving performances against superior machinery. The name translates to "Free Formula" – in Formula Libre races the only regulations typically govern basics such as safety equipment.
Geology of Iceland
The geology of Iceland is unique and so of particular interest to geologists. Iceland lies on the divergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the North American plate. It also lies above a hotspot, the Iceland plume. The plume is believed to have caused the formation of Iceland itself, the island first appearing over the ocean surface about 16 to 18 million years ago. The result is an island characterized by repeated volcanism and geothermal phenomena such as geysers.

The eruption of Laki in 1783 caused much devastation and loss of life, leading to a famine that killed about 25% of the island's population and resulted in a drop in global temperatures, as sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere. This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in India. The eruption has been estimated to have killed over six million people globally.

Between 1963 and 1967, the new island of Surtsey was created off the southwest coast by a volcanic eruption.

Hotspot (geology)
In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. Examples include the Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone hotspots. A hotspot's position on the Earth's surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries, and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them.

There are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins. One suggests that hotspots are due to mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core–mantle boundary. The alternative plate theory is that the mantle source beneath a hotspot is not anomalously hot, rather the crust above is unusually weak or thin, so that lithospheric extension permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths.
Juan Hinojosa
Juan Jesus "Chuy" Hinojosa (born March 7, 1946) is an American politician and attorney who is a member of the Texas Senate, representing the 20th district, which stretches from Corpus Christi to McAllen. A Democrat, he was first elected to the Senate in 2002 and has represented parts of South Texas in the Texas Legislature for a combined total of over 35 years.

Texas Legislature
The Texas State Legislature is the legislative branch of Texas. The Texas Legislature is a bicameral body composed of a 31-member Senate and a 150-member House of Representatives. It meets every two years in regular session, starting on the second Tuesday in January of odd-numbered years, and sessions can last up to 140 days. It’s a powerful part of the Texas government because of its control over state spending, its strong connection to the lieutenant governor, and Texas’s plural executive system.

In the 89th Legislature (2025), Republicans hold 88 of the 150 seats in the House and 20 of the 31 seats in the Senate.
Hillcrest (Lima, New York)
Hillcrest is a historic home located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. It is a two-story painted brick dwelling constructed in 1838–1840.  Stylistically, the house is a combination of Federal and Greek Revival design entrance. In 1902-1903 the semicircular three-bay portico was added to the front entrance.  Also on the property is a gazebo constructed from the remains of the privy and carriage barn.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Carriage house
A carriage house, also called a remise or coach house, is a term used in North America to describe an outbuilding that was originally built to house horse-drawn carriages and their related tack. Carriage houses were often two stories, with related staff quarters above.