hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
La Revue du Monde Noir
La Revue Du Monde Noir was a periodical created and edited by Paulette and Jane Nardal in 1931, France.  The publication ran for a course of six months and contained a wide variety of content including essays, short stories, and poems.  A great deal of the articles were situated in the anti-imperialist, negritude, and Harlem Renaissance movements.  As such, some of the primary focuses included anti-colonial politics and promoting black consciousness.  This ultimately was a source of controversy which led to a loss of funding and the end of the periodical.  Including a wide variety of prominent thinkers from around the world La Revue Du Monde Noir concerns itself with a wide range of issues such as economics and farming (Senateur Price-Mars), art (Louis Th. Achille), eugenics (Georges Gregory) and more.

René Ménil
René Ménil (1907, Gros-Morne, Martinique – 29 August 2004, Sainte-Luce, Martinique) was a French surrealist writer and philosopher who lived on the island of Martinique.

Born and raised on the island of Martinique, Ménil was one of several of the island's natives who studied in France and returned to influence the independence movement with the ideas of Marxism, and Surrealism. He was involved in helping to publish a literary journal in 1932 with Étienne Léro called Légitime Défense. He also began the Antillanité movement.

In the early 1940s Ménil started a journal called Tropiques along with other notable Martinique writers such as Suzanne Césaire and Aimé Césaire. The publication spoke very strongly against French colonialism in its essays. To avoid retaliation from their powerful critics, they portrayed the magazine as a journal of West Indian folklore.

A professor and writer throughout his life, in 1981 Ménil published a book of essays entitled Tracées (ISBN 978-22-2100-633-7).
Chirality (mathematics)
In geometry, a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality) if it is not identical to its mirror image, or, more precisely, if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone. An object that is not chiral is said to be achiral.

A chiral object and its mirror image are said to be enantiomorphs. The word chirality is derived from the Greek χείρ (cheir), the hand, the most familiar chiral object; the word enantiomorph stems from the Greek ἐναντίος (enantios) 'opposite' + μορφή (morphe) 'form'.

Isometry
In mathematics, an isometry (or congruence, or congruent transformation) is a distance-preserving transformation between metric spaces, usually assumed to be bijective. The word isometry is derived from the Ancient Greek: ἴσος isos meaning "equal", and μέτρον metron meaning "measure". If the transformation is from a metric space to itself, it is a kind of geometric transformation known as a motion.
1911 Michoacán earthquake
The 1911 Michoacán earthquake occurred on June 7 at 04:26 local time (11:02 UTC). The epicenter was located near the coast of Michoacán, Mexico. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale. 45 people were reported dead. In Mexico City, 119 houses were destroyed. Cracks were reported in Palacio Nacional, Escuela Normal para Maestros, Escuela Preparatoria, Inspección de Policía, and Instituto Geológico. Ciudad Guzmán, the seat of Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, suffered great damage.

The earthquake occurred hours before the revolutionary Francisco I. Madero entered Mexico City on the same day, and it was also known as "temblor maderista".

On June 7, 2011, a ceremony was held in Ciudad Guzmán commemorating the centenary of this earthquake.

This earthquake was a megathrust earthquake along the Middle America Trench, a major subduction zone.

Epicenter
The epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
Marlborough Brook Filter Beds
The Marlborough Brook Filter Beds are a series of water filtration beds near the mouth of Marlborough Brook, where it enters Sudbury Reservoir near the town line between Marlborough and Southborough, Massachusetts.  The filter beds were constructed in 1895 as part of the reservoir construction to improve the water quality of Marlborough and Walker Brooks, and are the best-preserved of two such facilities built as part of the public water supply serving Boston and surrounding communities.  The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Southborough, Massachusetts
Southborough is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. It incorporates the villages of Cordaville, Fayville, and Southville. Its name is often informally shortened to Southboro, a usage seen on many area signs and maps. At the 2020 census, its population was 10,450 in 3,542 households.

As of 2021, 43% of land use was residential, with 35% open space, including one-tenth of the town's area that is flooded by the Sudbury Reservoir. Light industrial land use is concentrated along main roads, primarily Massachusetts Route 9, and there are several small business districts in the villages and along Route 9.
2014 Kazakhstan Cup final
The 2014 Kazakhstan Cup final was the 23rd final of the Kazakhstan Cup. The match was contested by Kairat and Aktobe at Astana Arena in Astana. The match was played on 22 November 2014 and was the final match of the competition.

Astana Arena
The Astana Arena (Kazakh: Астана Арена) is a football stadium in Astana, Kazakhstan. The stadium holds 30,000 and has a retractable roof. It serves as the national stadium for the Kazakhstan national football team. Astana Arena is the largest stadium in the country and it was built from 2006 to 2009 at a cost of $185 million USD, and was officially opened on 3 July 2009. It is also a home ground for FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League and FC Bayterek of the Kazakhstan First Division. The stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 7th Asian Winter Games on 31 January 2011. Astana Arena was one of the venues to bid to host UEFA Euro 2020 matches.
Willie Callaghan (footballer, born 1967)
William Thomas Callaghan (23 March 1967 – 13 April 2023) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a forward for Dunfermline Athletic, Walsall, Cowdenbeath, Clyde, Albion Rovers, Montrose, Meadowbank Thistle, Livingston and Partick Thistle in the Scottish and English leagues. He also played for Scottish Highland Football League Club, Inverness Thistle, and for three Scottish Junior Clubs respectively, Halbeath, Kelty Hearts and Glenafton Athletic.

Professional sports
In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, enabling sports organizations and teams to command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally, there are many more amateurs than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete.
Bir Sreshtho
The Bir Sreshtho (Bengali: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ; lit. 'The Most Valiant Hero') is the highest military award of Bangladesh. It was awarded to seven freedom fighters who showed utmost bravery and died in action for their nation. They are considered martyrs.

The other three gallantry awards are named, in decreasing order of importance, Bir Uttom, Bir Bikrom and Bir Protik. All of these awards were introduced immediately after the Liberation War in 1971.

Military awards and decorations
Military awards and decorations are distinctions given as a mark of honor for military heroism, meritorious or outstanding service or achievement. A decoration is often a medal consisting of a ribbon and a medallion.

Civil decorations awarded to military personnel should not be considered military decorations, although some orders of chivalry have civil and military divisions. Decorations received by police and fire brigade personnel may sometimes be considered alongside military decorations, on which they may be modelled, although they are strictly not military awards.

Military awards and decorations may take the form of medal ribbons or miniature medals, which are mounted together on a bar known as a barrette.
Swan River (Michigan)
The Swan River is a 17.3-mile-long (27.8 km) river in Presque Isle County, Michigan. It originates in a swamp south of Belknap and east of Hawks. It flows generally northeast, between the Trout River and Little Trout River watersheds. The river enters the small Swan Lake, just southeast of Calcite limestone quarry, before reaching its mouth in Lake Huron, in a small bay between Adams Points and Quarry Point. The river is not navigable but provides a salmon habitat. It is annually stocked with hundreds of thousands of chinook salmon and in the 1980s was also stocked with coho salmon and lake trout.

Coho salmon
The coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; Karuk: achvuun) is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family and one of the six Pacific salmon species. Coho salmon are also known as silver salmon (or "silvers") and is often sold as medium red salmon. The scientific species name is based on the Russian common name kizhuch (кижуч).
Hal Draper
Hal Draper (born Harold Dubinsky; September 19, 1914 – January 26, 1990) was an American socialist activist and author who played a significant role in the Berkeley, California, Free Speech Movement. He is known for his extensive scholarship on the history and meaning of the thought of Karl Marx and Marxian socialism.

Draper was a lifelong advocate of what he called "socialism from below", that is, self-emancipation by the working class, in stark opposition to both capitalism and Stalinist or Bolshevik bureaucracy. He was one of the creators of the Third Camp tradition, a form of Marxist socialism emancipated from State apparatus.

Third camp
The third camp, also known as third camp socialism or third camp Trotskyism, is a branch of socialism that aims to oppose both capitalism and Stalinism by supporting the organised working class as a "third camp".

The term arose early during World War II and refers to the idea of two "imperialist camps" competing to dominate the world: one led by the United Kingdom and France and supported by the United States, and the other led by Nazi Germany and Japan and supported by Fascist Italy. It did have a predecessor in the Trotskyist opposition to the Stalin-led Soviet Union, however.
Gary Crouch
Gary Crouch (born 27 September 1946) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL). After leaving Essendon, Crouch played for Rochester for one season before moving to Western Australia and joining Subiaco in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). He spent four seasons with Subiaco, playing on half back flank in the 1973 WAFL winning Grand Final team. He then moved back to Victoria to the Bendigo Football League (BFL). Crouch played one season with South Bendigo and was captain-coach of Sandhurst as well as regularly  representing and captain of the BFL in interleague matches.

Subiaco Football Club
The Subiaco Football Club, nicknamed the Lions and known before 1973 as the Maroons, is an Australian rules football club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW). It was founded in 1896, and admitted to the WAFL in 1901, along with North Fremantle. The club is currently based at Sullivan Logistics Stadium having previously played at Subiaco Oval.
2020 Wolffkran Open – Singles
Lukáš Lacko was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Prajnesh Gunneswaran.

Marc-Andrea Hüsler won the title after defeating Botic van de Zandschulp 6–7(3–7), 7–6(7–2), 7–5 in the final.

Prajnesh Gunneswaran
Prajnesh Gunneswaran (born 12 November 1989) is an Indian former professional tennis player.
He reached a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 75 in 2019.
He won 2 ATP Challenger and 8 ITF titles in singles and 1 ITF title in doubles. He represented India at the Davis Cup. At the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta, he won the bronze medal in the men's singles event.
John Stuart-Wortley
John Stuart-Wortley (8 April 1773 – 14 January 1797) was a British politician and the eldest son of Col. James Archibald Stuart-Wortley.

As the eldest son, he replaced his father as member of parliament for the borough of Bossiney during the 1796 election. However, he died young (approx. age 24) in January 1797, and his younger brother James Stuart-Wortley thereafter took his seat.

1796 British general election
The 1796 British general election returned members to serve in the 18th and last House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain. They were summoned before the Union of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. The members in office in Great Britain at the end of 1800 continued to serve in the first Parliament of the United Kingdom (1801–02).
Gerard's conspiracy
In what has become known as Gerard's conspiracy, a group of Royalists conspired to assassinate England's Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell in May 1654. It was discovered before an assassination attempt could be made and the Protectorate arrested about forty men. Three were tried for high treason.  A ring-leader, John Gerard, was found guilty and executed, as was Peter Vowell. Somerset Fox pleaded guilty and was sentenced to transportation. The view of the Royalists and their sympathisers was that the conspirators had fallen into a trap set by Cromwell.

Lord Protector
Lord Protector (plural: Lords Protector) is a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It was sometimes used to refer to holders of other temporary posts; for example, a regent acting for the absent monarch.
Dorothy Banks
Dorothy Banks (née Alford, 1865 – 1937) was an English naturalist and shell-collector who was one of the originators of Hergest Croft Garden, Kington.

She was born in 1865 to clergyman Bradley Hurt Alford and his wife Caroline, née Lyall, and raised in London. Her older sister was the classicist Margaret Alford.

Like Margaret, Dorothy attended Girton College, Cambridge, where she gained a first in the Natural Sciences tripos in 1885–8. Her Director of Studies was conchologist Alfred Hands Cooke, and she worked and corresponded with William Bateson, John Read le Brockton Tomlin and Thomas McKenny Hughes. She received no degree, and in 1887 collected signatures for a petition for Cambridge to allow full university membership to women so that they could gain degrees.

In 1893, she married her course-mate, the banker and plant photographer William Hartland Banks. They had a son, Richard Alford (Dick) Banks (b. 1902), and three daughters.

John Read le Brockton Tomlin
John Read le Brockton Tomlin (15 August 1864 – 24 December 1954) was a British malacologist. He was one of the founders of the Malacological Society of London and was president of the Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland on two separate occasions.

Tomlin named more than a hundred taxa of gastropod molluscs, including:

The family Abyssochrysoidea Tomlin, 1927

The family Columbariidae Tomlin, 1928

He also named some scaphopods and bivalves.
Tapio Wartiovaara
Tapio Wartiovaara (18 May 1909 – 20 February 1940) was a Finnish sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m pistol event at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He died from his wounds after fighting in the Battle of Taipale.

Battle of Taipale
The Battle of Taipale was a series of battles fought during the Winter War between Finland and Soviet Union from 6 to 27 December 1939. The battles were part of a Soviet campaign to penetrate the Finnish Mannerheim Line in the Karelian Isthmus region to open a route into southern Finland. Despite their numerical superiority, the Soviet forces were unable to break through the Finnish defences.
UK City of Culture 2025 bids
The bidding process for UK City of Culture 2025 was the process to award the designation UK City of Culture to a city or area in the United Kingdom, in which the winner hosts cultural festivities through culture-led regeneration throughout 2025. The title is awarded by the UK Government's Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The 2025 City of Culture is the fourth city to hold the title since the programme began in 2013, following those of Derry~Londonderry, Hull, and Coventry. The competition for the 2025 holder was launched on 29 May 2021, with the deadline to submit bids being 19 July 2021. On 18 March 2022, Bradford, County Durham, Southampton and Wrexham County Borough were the last four shortlisted bids in the competition. On 31 May 2022, Bradford was announced as the winning bid, with the three runners-up receiving £125,000, the first time the runners-up receive a prize.

Hull UK City of Culture 2017
Hull UK City of Culture 2017 was a designation given to the city of Kingston upon Hull, England, between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2020 by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The designation meant that Hull gained access to funding to improve its infrastructure and arts facilities, and to host a series of events celebrating local culture. Hull was selected in 2013 to become the second UK City of Culture since the initiative began in 2013, succeeding Derry.
Robert Greene (filmmaker)
Robert Greene (born May 25, 1976) is an American documentary filmmaker, editor, and writer.  His documentaries include Procession, Bisbee '17, Kate Plays Christine, Actress, and Fake It So Real. He was named one of the 10 Filmmakers to Watch in 2014 by The Independent,  and is "filmmaker-in-chief" at the Murray Center for Documentary Journalism at the University of Missouri, beginning in 2015.

Fake It So Real
Fake It So Real is a 2011 American present tense documentary film that follows a group of ragtag wrestlers in North Carolina as they prepare for a big show. Functioning both as an essay on performance and a commentary on the working-class South.
Cyclogon
In geometry, a cyclogon is the curve traced by  a vertex of a regular polygon that rolls without slipping along a straight line.

In the limit, as the number of sides increases to infinity, the cyclogon becomes a cycloid.

The cyclogon has an interesting property regarding its area. Let A denote the area of the region above the line and below one of the arches, let P denote the area of the rolling polygon, and let C denote the area of the disk that circumscribes the
polygon.  For every cyclogon generated by a regular polygon,

Line (geometry)
In geometry, a straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature. It is a special case of a curve and an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge, a taut string, or a ray of light. Lines are spaces of dimension one, which may be embedded in spaces of dimension two, three, or higher. The word line may also refer, in everyday life, to a line segment, which is a part of a line delimited by two points (its endpoints).

Euclid's Elements defines a straight line as a "breadthless length" that "lies evenly with respect to the points on itself", and introduced several postulates as basic unprovable properties on which the rest of geometry was established. Euclidean line and Euclidean geometry are terms introduced to avoid confusion with generalizations introduced since the end of the 19th century, such as non-Euclidean, projective, and affine geometry.
Y Complex
Y Complex is a US$300 million (equivalent to $400.95 million in 2024) real estate development in Yangon, Myanmar. It is being built on a plot measuring 3.95 acres (1.60 ha) owned by the Burmese military. The complex is located near Shwedagon Pagoda, at the intersection of Shwedagon Pagoda Road and U Wisara Roads. Y Complex will encompass 92,000 square metres (990,000 sq ft) of space, and house an office building, retail space, and a luxury Okura hotel. The complex is being built on the former grounds of Jubilee Hall, Rangoon, a colonial-era landmark, and the Defence Services Museum.

The project is being led by a Japanese-led consortium, including Fujita Corporation, Tokyo Tatemono and the Japan Overseas Infrastructure Investment Corporation for Transport & Urban Development, in partnership with an affiliate of Ayeyar Hinthar, a local conglomerate.

U Wisara
Ven. U Wisara (Burmese: ဦးဝိစာရ, pronounced [ʔú wḭsəɹa̰], Pali: Vicāra; 24 April 1889 – 19 September 1929) was a Burmese Buddhist monk who died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike against the colonial British rule in Burma. The monk had been repeatedly imprisoned and tortured by the colonial government for "inciting sedition", and forced to wear plain clothes and abandon religious observances. His "ultimate sacrifice profoundly moved many Burmese who not concerned themselves with politics before", and galvanized the nascent independence movement. The monk is commemorated today with the U Wisara Road, a major avenue in Yangon, and the U Wisara Monument in Yangon.
N-Acetylmannosamine
N-Acetylmannosamine is a hexosamine monosaccharide.  It is a neutral, stable naturally occurring compound.  N-Acetylmannosamine is also known as N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine monohydrate, (which has the CAS Registry Number: 676347-48-1), N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine which can be abbreviated to ManNAc or, less commonly, NAM).
ManNAc is the first committed biological precursor of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, sialic acid) (Figure 1). Sialic acids are the negatively charged, terminal monosaccharides of carbohydrate chains that are attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids (glycans).

Glycolipid
Glycolipids (/ˈɡlaɪkoʊˌlɪpɪdz/) are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes, where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment.
GWR 4073 Class 4073 Caerphilly Castle
GWR 4073 Castle class 4073 Caerphilly Castle is a steam locomotive completed in August 1923. It is a 4-6-0 standard gauge locomotive built to a design by Charles Collett, it was the first member of its class to be constructed. It operated on the British mainline from construction until the end of steam on Britain's railway network in 1960, after which it was preserved as part of the National Railway Museum's National Collection. As of March 2025, Caerphilly Castle is on static display at the Museum of the Great Western Railway in Swindon.

In 1924, Caerphilly Castle was displayed at the British Empire Exhibition alongside the LNER's Flying Scotsman, and was subsequently involved in comparative trials against the locomotive.

History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994
The history of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994 covers the period when the British railway system was nationalised under the name of 'British Railways', latterly known as British Rail until its eventual privatisation in 1994.

The railway system in this period underwent modernisation, reorganisation and rebranding, some of which proved controversial. The use of steam locomotives on the network also ended in this period. Due to falling passenger numbers, rail subsidies from the government were necessary to keep the railways financially viable. Concerns about the levels of these contributed to the Beeching cuts that closed down many less well used lines.