hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Palestine–Serbia relations
Palestine and Serbia maintain diplomatic relations established between the Palestine and SFR Yugoslavia in 1989. From 1989 to 2006, Palestine maintained relations with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) (later Serbia and Montenegro), of which Serbia is considered shared (SFRY) or sole (FRY) legal successor.

Successor state
A successor state is a concept in international relations regarding a sovereign state that has formed over a territory and populace that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. A successor state may or may not acquire a new international legal personality, while a continuing state (also known as a continuator or historical heir) retains the same international legal personality and all the rights and obligations of a predecessor state. The theory has its roots in 19th-century diplomacy.
Lisa Drew
Lisa Drew is a retired editor who held top editorial positions at Doubleday, William Morrow and Company, and Scribner. Drew was an editor for Pulitzer Prize-winning Roots: The Saga of an American Family as well as numerous books by the Bush family. Other notable authors she edited include Helen Thomas, Nathan Miller, John E. Douglas, Bruce Henderson, Christine Brennan, and Geraldine Ferraro. At Scribner, Drew created her own imprint, A Lisa Drew Book.

Alex Haley
Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992) was an American writer and the author of the 1976 book Roots: The Saga of an American Family. ABC adapted the book as a television miniseries of the same name and aired it in 1977 to a record-breaking audience of 130 million viewers. In the United States, the book and miniseries raised the public awareness of black American history and inspired a broad interest in genealogy and family history.

Haley's first book was The Autobiography of Malcolm X, published in 1965, a collaboration through numerous lengthy interviews with Malcolm X.

He was working on a second family history novel at his death. Haley had requested that David Stevens, a screenwriter, complete it; the book was published as Queen: The Story of an American Family. It was adapted as a miniseries, Alex Haley's Queen, broadcast in 1993.
International Conference on Web Services
The International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) denotes an international forum for researchers and industry practitioners focused on Web services. Since 2018 there are two ICWS events, one is sponsored by Services Society and Springer, and the other is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE ICWS). The IEEE ICWS event has an 'A' rating in the Conference Portal - Core and an 'A' rating in the Excellence in Research for Australia.

Excellence in Research for Australia
Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) is Australia's national research evaluation framework, developed and administered by the Australian Research Council (ARC). The first full round of ERA occurred in 2010, and subsequent rounds followed in 2012, 2015 and 2018. A round was scheduled for 2023, but in September 2022 the ARC announced that this would be postponed as they were transitioning the ERA process to a more robust and data driven model.

In addition to the Higher Education Research Data Collection, which collects statistics about research in Australia, the ERA collects itemised data, with all research classified according to the Field of Research (FOR) classification scheme used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. ERA relies on committees of academic experts to assess and rate research on a 1 to 5 scale (up to the 2018 round), by field of research and by university, and using a mix of assessment methods appropriate to the academic field being assessed.
Oecomys
Oecomys is a genus of rodent within the tribe Oryzomyini of family Cricetidae. It contains about 17 species, which live in trees and are distributed across forested parts of South America, extending into Panama and Trinidad.

Cricetidae
The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice. At over 870 species, it is either the largest or second-largest family of mammals, and has members throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia.
Echinopterys
Echinopterys is a genus in the Malpighiaceae, a family of about 75 genera of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. Echinopterys comprises 2 species of shrubs or woody vines native to dry habitats of Mexico and is distinctive in its bristly fruits.

Malpighiales
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, violets, poplars, corpse flower, coca plant, cassava, rubber tree, castor bean, spurges, flaxseed, Saint John's wort, passionfruit, mangosteen, and manchineel tree.

The order is not part of any of the classification systems based only on plant morphology and the relationships of its diverse members can be hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.

The Malpighiales contain about 36 families and more than 16,000 species, about 7.8% of the eudicots.
Sobolev spaces for planar domains
In mathematics, Sobolev spaces for planar domains are one of the principal techniques used in the theory of partial differential equations for solving the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary value problems for the Laplacian in a bounded domain in the plane with smooth boundary. The methods use the theory of bounded operators on Hilbert space. They can be used to deduce regularity properties of solutions and to solve the corresponding eigenvalue problems.

Dirichlet boundary condition
In mathematics, the Dirichlet boundary condition is imposed on an ordinary or partial differential equation, such that the values that the solution takes along the boundary of the domain are fixed. The question of finding solutions to such equations is known as the Dirichlet problem. In the sciences and engineering, a Dirichlet boundary condition may also be referred to as a fixed boundary condition or boundary condition of the first type. It is named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859).

In finite-element analysis, the essential or Dirichlet boundary condition is defined by weighted-integral form of a differential equation. The dependent unknown u in the same form as the weight function w appearing in the boundary expression is termed a primary variable, and its specification constitutes the essential or Dirichlet boundary condition.
Paul Ngauamo
Paula Mark Ngauamo (born 19 February 1990) is a professional rugby union player who plays as a hooker for Top 14 club Castres. Born in New Zealand, he represents Tonga at international level after qualifying on ancestry grounds.

Tonga national rugby union team
The Tonga national rugby union team (Tongan: timi feohi ʻakapulu fakafonua ʻa Tonga) represents Tonga in men's international rugby union. The team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi (Sea Eagles) and is governed by the Tonga Rugby Union. Like their Polynesian neighbours, the Tongans precede their matches with a traditional challenge – the Sipi Tau. They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) along with Fiji and Samoa. The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19–14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but having lost to New Zealand and Canada, were unable to achieve what would have been their first-ever presence at the quarter-finals.
McClay's Twin Bridge (East)
Maclay's Twin Bridge (East) is a historic multi-span stone arch bridge spanning a tributary of Conodoguinet Creek between Lurgan Township and Southampton Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It is a 105-foot-long (32 m) bridge, with two spans each measuring 20 feet (6.1 m) long. It was constructed in 1827 and is a twin of McClay's Twin Bridge (West).

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Franklin County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 155,932. Its county seat is Chambersburg.

Franklin County comprises the Chambersburg–Waynesboro, PA metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the South Central region of the commonwealth.
Walter of Palearia
Walter of Palear (or Palearia, also Gualtiero da Pagliaria; died 1229 or 1231) was the chancellor of the Kingdom of Sicily under Queen Constance and the Emperor Henry VI. He was also the bishop of Troia (1189–1208) and later bishop of Catania (from 1208).

Chancellor
Chancellor (Latin: cancellarius) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many countries. The original chancellors were the cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the cancelli (lattice work screens) of a basilica (court hall), which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery. The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in various settings (government, education, religion). Nowadays, the term is most often used to describe:

The head of the government

A person in charge of foreign affairs

A person with duties related to justice

A person in charge of financial and economic issues

The head of a university
Student of the Year 2 (soundtrack)
Student of the Year 2 is the soundtrack album to the 2019 film of the same name directed by Punit Malhotra and produced by Dharma Productions, which served as the spiritual successor of Student of the Year (2012), starring Tiger Shroff, Tara Sutaria and Ananya Panday. The film's soundtrack was composed by Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics written by Anvita Dutt Guptan, Kumaar and Vayu Shrivastav, and was released under the banner of Zee Music Company on 26 April 2019.

Tiger Shroff
Jai Hemant "Tiger" Shroff (born 2 March 1990) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. Born to actors Jackie Shroff and Ayesha Dutt, he made his acting debut with the action romance Heropanti (2014), for which he won the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male.

Shroff went on to star in the commercially successful action films Baaghi (2016), Baaghi 2 (2018), and War (2019). This was followed by a series of unsuccessful big-budget actions films such as Heropanti 2 (2021), Ganapath (2023) and Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024), Baaghi 4 (2025) which has in-turn led to a career decline.

In 2019, Shroff co-founded the mixed martial arts organisation Matrix Fight Night (MFN). He has featured in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list in 2018 and 2019. As a singer, he has released several singles.
2023–24 Israel State Cup
The 2023–24 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina) (known as the Gvia HaMedina Winner for sponsorship purposes) was the 85th season of Israel's nationwide Association football cup competition and the 69th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence. The winners qualified for the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round.

The Cup was suspended in October 2023 due to the Gaza war and restarted in December 2023.

Maccabi Petah Tikva won the cup (3rd title) after 72 years on 30 May 2024, defeating Hapoel Be'er Sheva 1–0 in the final.

Israel State Cup
The Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina), is a knockout cup competition in Israeli football, run by the Israel Football Association (IFA).

The State Cup was first held in 1928 as the People's Cup. Because it involves clubs of all standards playing against each other, there is the possibility for "minnows" from the lower divisions to become "giant-killers" by eliminating top clubs from the tournament, although lower division teams rarely reach the final.

The last below the top-flight club to make the final was Maccabi Netanya in 2014, they have since been promoted to the Israeli Premier League.

Hapoel Be'er Sheva are the current Israel State Cup holders, having beaten Beitar Jerusalem 2–0 in the final for their fourth title.

Maccabi Tel Aviv have 24 titles, holding the record for most titles won. Hapoel Tel Aviv in 1937–1939 and 2010–2012 are the only club to have retained the State Cup for three consecutive seasons.
Mohammad Nuh
Mohammad Nuh (born 17 June 1959 in Surabaya) is an Indonesian former politician. He is a former Minister of Education and Culture of Indonesia in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

Nuh was born on 17 June 1959 in Surabaya into a large farming family. By profession an electrical engineer, he was educated at Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology and Montpellier 2 University, France.

Cabinet of Indonesia
The Cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Kabinet Republik Indonesia) is part of the executive branch of the Indonesian government. It is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the government serving under the president. Members of the Cabinet (except for the vice president) serves at the president's pleasure, who can dismiss them at will for no cause.

Indonesia has seen dozens of cabinets since independence in 1945. Although after the New Order most cabinets remained unchanged for five years at a time. Most cabinets are referred to by the names given them at the time of formation. The current presidential cabinet is the Red and White Cabinet of Prabowo Subianto.
Muslim Engagement and Development
Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND) (formerly iENGAGE) is a United Kingdom-based non-profit company and religious advocacy group. It focuses on media monitoring, lobbying in Westminster and improving the media and political literacy of British Muslims. The aim of the organisation is to tackle Islamophobia and to encourage political, civic and social engagement within British Muslim communities. Since 2021, it operates from Skelmersdale in Lancashire.

Islamophobia in the United Kingdom
Islamophobia in the United Kingdom refers to a set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings of hatred, anxiety, fear, hostility and rejection towards Islam or Muslims in the United Kingdom. Islamophobia can manifest itself in a wide range of ways; including, discrimination in the workforce, negative coverage in the media, and violence against Muslims.
Nairn Lifeboat Station
Nairn Lifeboat Station was located next to the River Nairn wharf in Nairn, a town and former royal burgh on the southern shore of the Moray Firth, approximately 15 miles (24 km) north-east of Inverness, in the administrative region of Highland, historically Nairnshire, on the east coast of Scotland.

A lifeboat was first placed at Nairn in 1878, by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).

After 33 years of operation, Nairn Lifeboat Station was closed in 1911, with service transferring to a new lifeboat station at Cromarty.

Lifeboat (rescue)
A rescue lifeboat is a boat rescue craft which is used to attend a vessel in distress, or its survivors, to rescue crew and passengers. It can be hand pulled, sail powered or powered by an engine. Lifeboats may be rigid, inflatable or rigid-inflatable combination-hulled vessels.
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.59) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are 3-hydroxypropionic acid and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Its products are 3-oxopropanoic acid, reduced NADH, and a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-hydroxypropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in beta-alanine metabolism and propanoate metabolism.

Β-Alanine
β-Alanine (beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon atom (i.e. the carbon atom two carbon atoms away from the carboxylate group) instead of the more usual α-carbon atom for alanine (α-alanine).  The IUPAC name for β-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.  Unlike its counterpart α-alanine, β-alanine has no stereocenter.
Four Seasons Hotel (Prague)
The Four Seasons Hotel in Prague is a part of the Four Seasons chain of hotels and resorts. It is located near Charles Bridge with a view of Prague Castle. The hotel opened on 9 February 2001. New modern Italian restaurant CottoCrudo was opened in March 2012.

It is a 161-room hotel, including 20 suites.  According to a 2013 Fodors review, the hotel is keeping up to competition in the five-star hotel category by investing in renovations. The hotel was described as "the best hotel in Prague" by The Independent on Sunday in 2004.

The hotel is sited on three historic buildings, one from each of the Neo-Renaissance, neoclassical and Baroque periods.

Prague Castle
Prague Castle (Czech: Pražský hrad; [ˈpraʃskiː ˈɦrat]) is a castle complex in Prague, Czech Republic serving as the official residence and workplace of the president of the Czech Republic. Built in the 9th century, the castle has long served as the seat of power for kings of Bohemia, Holy Roman emperors, and presidents of Czechoslovakia. As such, the term "Prague Castle" or simply "Hrad" ("the Castle") are often used as metonymy for the president and his staff and advisors. The Bohemian Crown Jewels are kept within a hidden room inside it.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle in the world, occupying an area of almost 70,000 square metres (750,000 square feet), at about 570 metres (1,870 feet) in length and an average of about 130 metres (430 feet) wide. The castle is the most visited tourist attraction in the Czech Republic. In 2024, the castle attracted 2.59 million visitors.
Borki-Kosy
Borki Kosy [ˈbɔrki ˈkɔsɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zbuczyn, within Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

The village is located on the Warsaw - Terespol train line, and there is train station. 
There is school complex of pre-school, primary school and gymnasium. The village has a chapel and one shop.

Warsaw–Terespol railway
The Warsaw − Terespol Railway (Polish: Kolej Warszawsko-Terespolska, Russian: Варшавско-Тереспольская железная дорога) is a 211 kilometres (131 mi) long railway in Poland, opened in 1866 between Warsaw and Terespol, as a part of the railway between Warsaw and Moscow.

Today the line is designated by the Polish State Railways (PKP) as Rail Line 2.  Along with Line 3 it forms Rail Line E20 which is the Polish part of the Pan-European Corridor II, linking Berlin with Moscow. In addition to international passenger and freight traffic the line also carries significant regional commuter traffic in the Masovian Voivodeship between Warsaw and Siedlce.
Mary Ellen Jones (politician)
Mary Ellen Jones (born 1936) is an educator and politician most notable for having served as New York State Senator.  She is a Democrat.

Jones graduated with a bachelor's and master's degree from the University of Rochester.  She served as a first-grade teacher in the Greece, New York school district for 26 years and raised four children.  Her first foray into politics was an unsuccessful run for the Irondequoit, New York town board in 1989.

She was elected Monroe County, New York legislator in 1991 and edged out a more experienced politician to become the Democratic Party candidate for the State Senate the next year.  She narrowly won two terms and was a member of the State Senate from 1993 to 1996, sitting in the 190th and 191st New York State Legislatures. Early in 1996, Governor George E. Pataki appointed her to the New York State Board of Parole.

Irondequoit, New York
Irondequoit (/ɪˈrɒndəkɔɪt/) is a town (and census-designated place) in Monroe County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the coterminous town-CDP had a population of 51,043. Irondequoit is a suburb of the city of Rochester, lying just north and east of the city limits. The name is of Iroquois origin and means "where the land meets the water".
1948 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1948 Davis Cup.

25 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the America Zone. Czechoslovakia defeated Sweden in the final, and went on to face Australia in the Inter-Zonal Final.

Australia Davis Cup team
The Australia Davis Cup team is the second most successful team ever to compete in the Davis Cup, winning the coveted title on 28 separate occasions, second behind the United States with 32.

Australia also participated in winning the Davis Cup six times with New Zealand under the alias Australasia (1905–1922).
Karl Linnas
Karl Linnas (August 6, 1919 – July 2, 1987) was an Estonian who was sentenced to death during the Holocaust trials in Soviet Estonia in 1961–1962. He was later deported from the United States to the Soviet Union in 1987.

Linnas was tried in absentia and sentenced to death by a Soviet court in 1962 on charges that during the German occupation, between 1941 and 1943, he was the commandant of a Nazi concentration camp at Tartu and had personally shot innocent civilians—men, women and children. After Soviet armies forced the Germans out of Estonia, Linnas fought with the German army and was wounded in 1944. Then he stayed in Displaced Persons camps in Germany until emigrating to the U.S. in 1951. He became an American citizen in 1960.

Trial in absentia
Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present. In absentia is Latin for "in (the) absence". Its interpretation varies by jurisdiction and legal system.

In common law legal systems, the phrase is more than a spatial description. In these systems, it suggests a recognition of a violation of a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings in a criminal trial. Conviction in a trial in which a defendant is not present to answer the charges is held to be a violation of natural justice. Specifically, it violates the second principle of natural justice, audi alteram partem (hear the other party).

In some civil law legal systems, such as that of Italy, absentia is a recognized and accepted defense strategy. Such trials may require the presence of the defendant's lawyer, depending on the country.
Manuel Núñez Tovar
Manuel Nuñez Tovar (Caicara de Maturín, Monagas, September 24, 1872 – Maracay, Aragua, January 27, 1928) was a Venezuelan naturalist, researcher, parasitologist and entomologist. For his work in the latter discipline, he is considered to be the "first Venezuelan entomologist."

Aragua
Aragua State (Spanish: Estado Aragua, IPA: [esˈtaðo aˈɾaɣwa]) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Located in the Central Region of Venezuela, it has plains, jungles, and Caribbean beaches, of which the most popular are Cata and Choroni. It has Venezuela's first national park, Henri Pittier National Park. The capital is Maracay, and it includes other important cities like Turmero and El Limón.

Aragua State covers a total surface area of 7,014 km2 (2,708 sq mi) and, based on the 2011 census information, the estimated population of Aragua State in 2012 is 1,630,308 inhabitants.
James Adams (MP)
James Adams (1752-1816), of Berkeley Square, Middlesex, was an English politician.

He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for West Looe 21 August 1784 - 1790, Hindon 1790 to 1796, for Bramber 1796–1802, and for Harwich 7 April 1803 - 1806 and 9 March 1807 - 1807.

His brother is Charles Adams who was also an MP.

Bramber (UK Parliament constituency)
Bramber was a parliamentary borough in Sussex, one of the most notorious of all the rotten boroughs. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons in 1295, and again from 1472 until 1832, when the constituency was abolished by the Great Reform Act.