hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Proofs That Really Count
Proofs That Really Count: the Art of Combinatorial Proof is an undergraduate-level mathematics book on combinatorial proofs of mathematical identies. That is, it concerns equations between two integer-valued formulas, shown to be equal either by showing that both sides of the equation count the same type of mathematical objects, or by finding a one-to-one correspondence between the different types of object that they count. It was written by Arthur T. Benjamin and Jennifer Quinn, and published in 2003 by the Mathematical Association of America as volume 27 of their Dolciani Mathematical Expositions series. It won the Beckenbach Book Prize of the Mathematical Association of America.

Identity (mathematics)
In mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B (which might contain some variables) produce the same value for all values of the variables within a certain domain of discourse. In other words, A = B is an identity if A and B define the same functions, and an identity is an equality between functions that are differently defined. For example,   and  are identities. Identities are sometimes indicated by the triple bar symbol ≡ instead of =, the equals sign. Formally, an identity is a universally quantified equality.
Andrei Mozalev
Andrei Mikhailovich Mozalev (Russian: Андрей Михайлович Мозалёв, born 24 March 2003) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2019 CS Warsaw Cup champion, the 2022 Russian national bronze medalist, 2020 World Junior champion and the winner of three ISU Junior Grand Prix events (2019 JGP Latvia, 2019 JGP Croatia, 2018 JGP Czech Republic).

ISU Junior Grand Prix in Latvia
The ISU Junior Grand Prix in Latvia – officially known as the Riga Cup – is an international figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Latvian Skating Association (Latvian: Latvijas Slidošanas asociācija). It is held periodically as an event of the ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating (JGP), a series of international competitions exclusively for junior-level skaters. Medals may be awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters earn points based on their results at the qualifying competitions each season, and the top skaters or teams in each discipline are invited to then compete at the Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final.
Torbjörn Kornbakk
Torbjörn Jarle Kornbakk (born 28 May 1965) is a Swedish former wrestler. He won a bronze medal in the welterweight (74 kg) event at the 1992 Summer Olympics. At the 1996 Summer Olympics he came in 10th in the same event. He was a two time European Wrestling Championships gold medalist (1990 and 1997), and at the 1994 World Wrestling Championships won a bronze medal.

Amateur wrestling
Amateur wrestling is a variant of wrestling practiced at Olympic, collegiate, scholastic, and other levels. There are two international wrestling styles performed at the Olympic Games, freestyle and Greco-Roman, both of which are governed by the United World Wrestling (UWW).

At the middle school and high school levels in the United States, wrestlers compete in scholastic wrestling. In collegiate wrestling, there are minor differences in some scholastic wrestling rules.

The rapid rise in the popularity of the combat sport mixed martial arts (MMA) has increased interest in amateur wrestling due to its effectiveness within the sport and its consideration as a core discipline.
Dvinia
Dvinia is an extinct genus of cynodonts found in the Salarevo Formation of Sokolki on the Northern Dvina River near Kotlas in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It is the only known member of the family Dviniidae. Its fossil remains date from the Late Permian and were found with Inostrancevia, Scutosaurus and Vivaxosaurus.

Dvinia was a small omnivore possessing a large temporal opening typical of advanced therapsids, with a thin postorbital bar separating the eye from the muscle attachment. As a cynodont, it was closely related to mammals. The dentition consisted of a set of small incisors followed by 2 canines and 10-14 postcanines.

Kotlas
Kotlas (Russian: Ко́тлас) is a town in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Northern Dvina and Vychegda Rivers. Population:  60,562 (2010 Census); 60,647 (2002 Census); 68,021 (1989 Soviet census).

Kotlas is the third-largest town of Arkhangelsk Oblast in terms of population (after Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk) and an important transport hub.
The Unbeatables III
The Unbeatables III (Chinese: 双天至尊 III) is a Singaporean Mandarin-language drama serial which was broadcast on 18 November 2002, on MediaCorp Channel 8, and ran for 30 episodes.

Produced by Mediacorp, the drama is the third and last drama in The Unbeatables series, and was broadcast six years after The Unbeatables II.

Channel 8 (Singaporean TV channel)
Channel 8 (Chinese: 8頻道) is a Singaporean Mandarin-language free-to-air terrestrial television channel in Singapore, owned by state media conglomerate Mediacorp. The channel broadcasts general entertainment and news programming in the Mandarin language, including original and imported programming.

The channel began a series of experimental broadcasts on 31 August 1963, and officially launched on 22 November 1963. As with its sister Channel 5, the channel initially aired programming in all four of Singapore's official languages, with Channel 8 initially having a particular focus on the Chinese and Tamil communities. In 1973, this scope was formalised, with Channel 8 primarily broadcasting Chinese and Tamil-language programmes. In compliance with the government's Speak Mandarin Campaign, Chinese programming on the channel later broadcast solely in Mandarin Chinese. In 1995, Tamil programmes moved to Prime 12, with Channel 8 focusing exclusively on Mandarin programming.
Hammerboy
Hammerboy (Korean: 망치; RR: Mangchi) is a 2003 South Korean animated film. Based on the manhwa of the same name by Huh Young-man, it premiered at the Big Apple Anime Fest on August 30, 2003, before a theatrical release in South Korea on August 6, 2004. It was released in North America  on DVD by Central Park Media in 2007, with the original Korean track and an English dub.

Manhwa
Manhwa (Korean: 만화; Hanja: 漫畵; Korean pronunciation: [manβʷa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to Korean comics.

Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access to Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in some movie, drama and television show adaptations.
Workhouse Visiting Society
The Workhouse Visiting Society was an organisation set up in 1858 and existed "to improve moral and spiritual improvement of workhouse inmates" in England and Wales. The group was set up by Louisa Twining of the Twinings tea family. It began as a sub-committee of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science.  It was disbanded in 1865.

Twinings
Twinings (/ˈtwaɪnɪŋz/ ⓘ) is a British marketeer of tea and other beverages, including coffee, hot chocolate, and malt drinks, based in Andover, Hampshire. The brand is owned by Associated British Foods. It holds the world's oldest continually used company logo and is London's longest-standing ratepayer, having occupied the same premises on the Strand since 1706. Twinings tea varieties include black tea, green tea and herbal teas, along with fruit-based cold infusions.
Florida State Road 856
State Road 856 (SR 856), also known as the William Lehman Causeway, is a 1.704-mile-long (2.742 km) causeway connecting Biscayne Boulevard (U.S. Route 1/SR 5) in Aventura and Collins Avenue (SR A1A) in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida.

SR 856 is a limited access highway between the two termini. Pedestrians are prohibited, but (as part of a pilot project that also includes the Pineda Causeway) the shoulder is marked as a bike lane east of the Country Club Drives interchange (cyclists must exit here and use other roads to continue west).

Northeast 192nd Street is a frontage road that starts and ends at County Club Drive and loops underneath the causeway. It carries the hidden state highway designation of State Road 856F.

Causeway
A causeway is a track, road or railway on the upper point of an embankment across "a low, or wet place, or piece of water". It can be constructed of earth, masonry, wood, or concrete. One of the earliest known wooden causeways is the Sweet Track in the Somerset Levels, England, which dates from the Neolithic age. Timber causeways may also be described as both boardwalks and bridges.
Iyo-Yokota Station
Iyo-Yokota Station (伊予横田駅, Iyo-Yokota-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Masaki, Iyo District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "U03".

Ehime Prefecture
Ehime Prefecture (愛媛県, Ehime-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜ.çi.me, e.çi.meꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Ehime Prefecture has a population of 1,334,841 and a geographic area of 5,676 km2 (2,191 sq mi). Ehime Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the northeast, Tokushima Prefecture to the east, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southeast. Ehime Prefecture also borders Hiroshima Prefecture for 74 metres (243 ft) on Hyōtanjima.

Matsuyama is the capital and largest city of Ehime Prefecture and the largest city on Shikoku, with other major cities including Imabari, Niihama, and Saijō.

Notable past Ehime residents include three Nobel Prize winners: Kenzaburo Oe (1994 Nobel Prize in Literature), Shuji Nakamura (2014 Nobel Prize in Physics), and Syukuro Manabe (2021 Nobel Prize in Physics).
Bill Gwatney
William Alan Gwatney (August 26, 1959 – August 13, 2008) was an American politician who served as the State Chair of the Democratic Party of Arkansas. He had previously served as a State Senator for ten years and as the financial chair of Mike Beebe's campaign for Governor of Arkansas in 2006. Gwatney was selected as a superdelegate at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, but was assassinated before the convention.

Arkansas Senate
The Arkansas State Senate is the upper branch of the Arkansas General Assembly. The Senate consists of 35 members, each representing a district with about 83,000 people. Service in the state legislature is part-time, and many state senators have full-time jobs during the rest of the year. During the current term, the Senate contains twenty-eight Republicans, six Democrats and one vacancy.
Jörg-Dieter Ludwig
Jörg-Dieter Ludwig was an East German luger who competed in the early 1980s. He won the silver medal in the men's doubles event at the 1981 FIL World Luge Championships in Hammarstrand, Sweden.

Ludwig also won two medals in the men's doubles event at the FIL European Luge Championships with a gold in 1979 and a silver in 1982.

FIL World Luge Championships 1981
The FIL World Luge Championships 1981 took place in Hammarstrand, Sweden for the third time. Hammarstrand had hosted the event previously in 1967 and 1975. It also marked the last time the event took place on a natural track until 2000 with events now moving to the FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships which debuted in 1979.
Puman Tira
Puman Tira (Aymara puma cougar, tira cradle, -n(i) a suffix, "the cradle with (or of) a puma", also spelled Pumantira) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 5,100 m (16,700 ft) high . It is located in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, on the border of the districts of Checacupe and Pitumarca. Puman Tira lies between Phatanka in the southeast and Wampuni in the northwest.

Department of Cusco
Cusco,  also spelled Cuzco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkusko]; Aymara and Quechua: Qusqu [ˈqɔsqɔ]), is a department of Peru. It is the fourth-largest in the country, after Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, and borders the departments of Ucayali on the north; Madre de Dios and Puno on the east; Arequipa on the south; and Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín on the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is Cusco, the historical capital of the Inca Empire.
Siyanda Grey
Siyanda Grey (born 16 August 1989) is a South African professional rugby union player who last played for the Eastern Province Elephants in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge. His usual position is centre or wing.

Griffons (rugby union)
The Griffons, currently known as the Novavit Griffons for sponsorship reasons, are a South African rugby union team that participates in the annual Currie Cup and SA Cup tournaments. They play out of Welkom at North West Stadium, and draw players from roughly the eastern third of Free State Province (the remainder of the province comprises the territory of the Free State Cheetahs).
Slavery in Qatar
For most of its history, Qatar practiced slavery until its abolition in 1952. Many members of the Afro-Arabian minority are descendants of the former slaves. Chattel slavery was succeeded by the Kafala system. The kafala system has been abolished in Qatar since December 2016. However, concerns still remain about workers' rights and employers retaining considerable power over workers.

1926 Slavery Convention
The 1926 Slavery Convention or the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery is an international treaty created under the auspices of the League of Nations and first signed on 25 September 1926. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 9 March 1927, the same day it went into effect. The objective of the convention is to confirm and advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade and was extended in 1956 with the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, under the auspices of the United Nations.
Feldwebel
Feldwebel  (Fw or F, lit. 'field usher') is a non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank in several countries. The rank originated in Germany, and is also used in Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, and Estonia. The rank has also been used in Russia, Austria-Hungary, occupied Serbia and Bulgaria.

Feldwebel is a contraction of Feld meaning 'field' and Weibel, an archaic word meaning 'usher'. Weibel comes from the Old High German weibôn, meaning to go back and forth (as in 'wobble').

There are variations on Feldwebel, such as Oberstabsfeldwebel ('Superior Staff Field Usher'), which is the highest non-commissioned rank in the German army and air force.

Company sergeant major
The company sergeant major (CSM) is the senior non-commissioned soldier of a company in the armies of many Commonwealth countries, responsible for administration, standards and discipline. In combat, their prime responsibility is the supply of ammunition to the company. They also oversee the distribution of other supplies, such as water or food, although that responsibility is mainly that of the company quartermaster sergeant (CQMS), and evacuating the wounded and collecting prisoners of war.

For military units of the same level as a company, the equivalent may be squadron sergeant major (SSM) or battery sergeant major (BSM). In the Household Cavalry, squadron corporal major (SCM) is the equivalent. First sergeant and Kompaniefeldwebel (formerly Hauptfeldwebel in the Wehrmacht and Nationale Volksarmee) are the United States Army and German Heer equivalents respectively.
Auteuil, Paris
Auteuil (French pronunciation: [otœj] ⓘ) is the  61st and westernmost quarter of Paris, France, located in the 16th arrondissement, on the Right Bank. It is adjacent to Passy to the northeast (administratively part of la Muette), Boulogne-Billancourt to the southwest, and the Bois de Boulogne to the northwest. A very discreet neighborhood, it is known for its mainly Catholic and old-money heritage population.

Rive Droite
The Rive Droite (French: [ʁiv dʁwat]; French for 'Right Bank') is most commonly associated with the river Seine in central Paris. Here, the river flows roughly westwards, cutting the city into two parts. When facing downstream, the northern bank is to the right, whereas the southern bank (or Rive Gauche) is to the left.

The Rive Droite's most famous street is the Champs-Élysées, with others of prominence being the Rue de la Paix, Rue de Rivoli, Avenue de l'Opéra and Avenue Montaigne. The President of France resides on the Rive Droite, at the Élysée Palace. Notable landmarks include the Louvre, Place de la République and Arc de Triomphe.
1981 Copa Interamericana
The 1981 Copa Interamericana was the 8th edition of the Copa Interamericana, the football competition co-organized by CONCACAF and CONMEBOL between the winners of the previous season's two major club tournaments in the Americas, the CONCACAF Champions' Cup and the Copa Libertadores.

The competition was contested in two-legged home-and-away format and a play-off between Mexican team UNAM, the 1980 CONCACAF Champions' Cup champions, and Uruguayan team Nacional, the 1980 Copa Libertadores champions. The first leg was hosted by UNAM on 25 March 1981 at Estadio Olímpico Universitario in Mexico City, the second leg was hosted by Nacional on 8 April 1981 at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, while the play-off was hosted at a neutral site on 13 May 1981 at the Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles.

UNAM defeated Nacional 6–5 on aggregate to win their first Copa Interamericana title.

Uruguayan Football Association
The Uruguayan Football Association (Spanish: Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol — AUF) is the governing body of football in Uruguay. It was founded in 1900, as The Uruguayan Association Football League, and affiliated to FIFA in 1923. It is a founding member of CONMEBOL and is in charge of the national men's team and the national women's team, as well as the Uruguayan football league system.
Klosterskogen Travbane
Klosterskogen Travbane is a harness racing track located at Klosterskogen in Skien, Norway. The course is 800 meters (2,600 ft). Owned by Norwegian Trotting Association, its tote betting is handled by Norsk Rikstoto.

Tote betting
The Tote is a British gambling company founded in 1928. It operates the world’s largest online pool betting website. Its product offering also includes sports betting and online casino. Business operations are led from its headquarters in Wigan.

The Tote was established and owned by the UK Government until July 2011 when it was sold to Betfred for £265m. It was sold to UK Tote Group - a consortium of over 150 individual investors involved in the sport as racehorse owners and breeders - in October 2019 for £115m. The Tote has retail outlets on 58 of the UK's 59 racecourses, as well as an online division.

Under the ownership of the UK Tote Group, the Tote aims to develop a more competitive product to compete in the UK betting market.
Ján Harniš
Ján Harniš (born 13 April 1985 in Poprad) is a Slovak luger who has competed since 2004. His best Luge World Cup season finish was 18th in men's doubles in 2006-07.

Harniš' best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was 13th in men's doubles at Lake Placid, New York, in 2009. His best finish at the FIL European Luge Championships was 11th in men's doubles at Sigulda in 2010.

Harniš finished 11th in the men's doubles event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

FIL European Luge Championships
The FIL European Luge Championships, part of the International Luge Federation (FIL) have taken place since 1914. From 1914 to 1934, these championships were part of the Internationaler Schlittensportsverband (ISSV - International Sled Sport Federation in (in German)). From 1935 to 1956, the championships were held under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT - International Bobsleigh and Tobagganing Federation in (in French)). Since 1962, the event has been under the auspices of the FIL and has been held in even-numbered years since 1980. Since 2012, it is held annually within a preselected World Cup stages in the so-called race-in-race mode. The results of non-European athletes at these World Cup stages are not counted for European Championships standings.

For information on natural track luge championships in Europe, please see FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships, which have been contested since 1970.
Energy in Mongolia
Mongolia had a total primary energy supply (TPES) of 6.66 Mtoe in 2019. Electricity consumption was 7.71 TWh. Mongolia is a big producer of coal, which is mostly exported. Domestic consumption of coal accounts for about 70% of Mongolia's primary energy and makes up most of the electricity generation, accounting for about 87% of the domestic electricity production in 2019.

Kilowatt-hour
A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a non-SI unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules (MJ) in SI units, which is the energy delivered by one kilowatt of power for one hour. Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by electric utilities. Metric prefixes are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ).
Jami Porter Lara
Jami Porter Lara (born 1969 in Spokane, Washington) is an artist living in Albuquerque, New Mexico, known primarily for her black vessel-like conceptual sculptures created using millennia-old ceramics techniques indigenous to the Chihuahuan Desert. Porter Lara's work is in public and private collections nationwide, and has been featured in Art 21 Magazine, CFile, Hyperallergic, and on PBS. In 2017, Artsy named her one of the artists shaping the future of ceramics. She is represented by form & concept in Santa Fe, and Simon Breitbard Fine Arts in San Francisco.

Artsy (website)
Artsy,  formally known as Art.sy Inc is a New York City based online art brokerage. Its main business is developing and hosting website for numerous galleries as well as selling art for them. It utilizes a search engine and database to draw connections and map relationships among works of art.

The brokerage was founded by Carter Cleveland, a Princeton University computer science graduate. It is currently led by Jeffrey Yin, who was appointed CEO in June 2024.
Sabinian (proconsul)
Marcus Asinius Sabinianus or Sabinian was proconsul of the Roman province of Africa. In 240 he led a revolt against Gordian III. He proclaimed himself emperor, but after being defeated by the governor of Mauretania, his supporters in Carthage surrendered him to the imperial authorities.

Mauretania
Mauretania (/ˌmɒrɪˈteɪniə, ˌmɔːrɪ-/; Classical Latin: [mau̯.reːˈt̪aː.ni.a]) is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb. It extended from central present-day Algeria to the Atlantic, encompassing northern present-day Morocco, and from the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlas Mountains. Its native inhabitants, of Berber ancestry, were known to the Romans as the Mauri and the Masaesyli.

In 25 BC, the kings of Mauretania became Roman vassals until about 44 AD, when the area was annexed to Rome and divided into two provinces: Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis. Christianity spread there from the 3rd century onwards. After the Muslim Arabs subdued the region in the 7th century, Islam became the dominant religion.
2014 Gent–Wevelgem (women's race)
The third women's race of Gent–Wevelgem was a one-day women's cycle race held in Belgium on 30 March 2014. The race was rated as an UCI rating of 1.2. The race was won by the American rider, Lauren Hall.

UCI race classifications
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the world's governing body in the sport of bicycle racing, classifies races according to a rating scale.

The rating is represented by a code made of two or three parts and indicates both the type or style of race (the first part), and its importance or difficulty (the second and third parts, lower being harder). The first part can be an integer or an abbreviation, and the second part, when present, are usually integers. Both parts are separated by a period or decimal point (.).

A higher rated race will result in the successful riders receiving more world ranking points.