hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
Peter v. NantKwest Inc., 589 U.S. ___ (2019), was a United States Supreme Court case from the October 2019 term.

In a unanimous opinion, the Supreme Court ruled that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) was not entitled to be reimbursed for attorney's fees from patent applicants, who file appeals against USPTO decisions.

The case reinforced the application of the American rule, a default principle in United States law which states that, in a lawsuit, each party is responsible for paying its own attorney's fees, unless there is a legislative or contractual requirement that says otherwise.

This case attracted attention from many intellectual property and law associations, many of whom (including the American Bar Association) filed friend-of-the-court briefs arguing against the government's request for attorney's fees from the plaintiff.

Attorney's fee
Attorney's fee is a chiefly United States term for compensation for legal services performed by an attorney (lawyer or law firm) for a client, in or out of court.

Fees may be an hourly, flat-rate or contingent fee. Recent studies suggest that when lawyers charge a flat-fee rather than billing by the hour, they work less hard on behalf of clients and clients get worse outcomes.

Attorney fees are separate from fines, compensatory and punitive damages, and (except in Nevada) from court costs in a legal case. Under the "American rule", attorney fees are usually not paid by the losing party to the winning party in a case, except pursuant to specific statutory or contractual rights.
Supramolecular polymer
Supramolecular polymers are a subset of polymers where the monomeric units are connected by reversible and highly directional secondary interactions–that is, non-covalent bonds.  These non-covalent interactions include van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, Coulomb or ionic interactions, π-π stacking, metal coordination, halogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and host–guest interaction.  Their behavior can be described by the theories of polymer physics in dilute and concentrated solution, as well as in the bulk.

Additionally, some supramolecular polymers have distinctive characteristics, such as the ability to self-heal.  Covalent polymers can be difficult to recycle, but supramolecular polymers may address this problem.

Halogen bond
In chemistry, a halogen bond (XB or HaB) occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Like a hydrogen bond, the result is not a formal chemical bond, but rather a strong electrostatic attraction. Mathematically, the interaction can be decomposed in two terms: one describing an electrostatic, orbital-mixing charge-transfer and another describing electron-cloud dispersion. Halogen bonds find application in supramolecular chemistry; drug design and biochemistry; crystal engineering and liquid crystals; and organic catalysis.
Berber Arouch Citizens' Movement
The Arouch Movement or Berber Arouch Citizens' Movement (Kabyle: Leɛṛac; French: Mouvement citoyen des Aarchs) is an organization in Algeria representing the Kabyle people, a Berber group of the province of Kabylie. Their name, Arouch, is the plural form of the word Arch, referring to a traditional Kabyle form of democratic political assembly. The movement was started after the Black Spring disturbances in 2001, in which 126 Kabyle protesters were killed by Algerian gendarmes. The Arouch have a horizontal leadership and it has no leader, although charismatic arouch representatives like Belaïd Abrika have emerged.

The United States Department of State and Congressional Research Service have reported on state harassment of the Arouch.

Collective leadership
In communist and socialist theory, collective leadership is a shared distribution of power within an organizational structure. A single officer, such as the general secretary or party chair, is supposed to be only primus inter pares on the relevant leadership body.
Western Forest Complex
The Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM) is a large natural conservation area in Thailand, located in the country's western region along its border with Myanmar. It covers 12 national parks and 7 wildlife sanctuaries, and serves as the main biodiversity conservation corridor of the region. Covering 18,730 km2, it is one of the largest protected territories in Southeast Asia. The geography of the Western Forest Complex ranges from lowlands to the mountains of the Thai highlands and the Dawna-Tenasserim Hills.

Because of its large size, the complex supports a diversity of large mammals, including Indochinese tiger, Indochinese leopard, dhole, clouded leopard, sun bear, 10 species of primates (all five of the region's macaques), gaur, banteng, water buffalo, elephant, tapir, and four of Thailand's five deer species. Altogether 153 mammal species, 490 bird species, 41 reptiles, and 108 species of fish are confirmed in the area.

Gaur
The gaur (Bos gaurus; /ɡaʊər/), also known as the Indian bison, is a large bovine native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, and has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986. The global population was estimated at a maximum of 21,000 mature individuals in 2016, with the majority of those existing in India.
It is the largest species among the wild cattle and the Bovidae.

The domesticated gayal or mithun originated partly from the wild gaur and is most common in the border regions of Northeast India (Assam, Manipur, Nagaland) and Bangladesh with Myanmar and Yunnan, China.
KNHT
KNHT (102.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Rio Dell, California. The station is owned by Southern Oregon University, and is an affiliate of Jefferson Public Radio, airing JPR's "Classics & News" service, consisting of news and classical music programming.

All-news radio
All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news.

All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms, and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks. All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN, to a "rip and read" headline service, to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming.

Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times, or in some cases, broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates. These stations are properly labeled as "news/talk" stations. Also, some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations, which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered, they run other information and public affairs programs.
Giorgio Pietrostefani
Giorgio Pietrostefani (born 1943) was a leader of Lotta Continua. In 1988 the pentito Leonardo Marino accused him (along with Adriano Sofri) of ordering the 1972 murder of Luigi Calabresi. Pietrostafani was convicted in 1997, along with Sofri, Ovidio Bompressi, and Marino himself (who went free in exchange for his testimony). While free pending an appeal, Pietrostefani fled to France, which refused to extradite him under the Mitterrand doctrine. In 2021 the French government arrested him, along with six other left-wing activists convicted of crimes in Italy. However, in 2023 France's highest court refused to extradite him.

Pentito
Pentito (Italian pronunciation: [penˈtiːto]; lit. "repentant"; plural: pentiti) is used colloquially to designate collaborators of justice in Italian criminal procedure terminology who were formerly part of criminal organizations and decided to collaborate with a public prosecutor. The judicial category of pentiti was originally created in 1970s to combat violence and terrorism during the period of left-wing and right-wing terrorism known as the Years of Lead. During the 1986–87 Maxi Trial and after the testimony of Tommaso Buscetta, the term was increasingly applied to former members of organized crime in Italy who had abandoned their organization and started helping investigators.
János Csernoch
János Csernoch (Slovak: Ján Černoch) S.T.D. (18 June 1852 – 25 July 1927) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Esztergom and Primate of Hungary.

János Csernoch was born in Szakolcza, Kingdom of Hungary (now Skalica, Slovakia). He received minor orders on 22 July 1874, the subdiaconate on 23 July 1874 and the diaconate on 24 July 1874. He was educated at the Collegium Pázmáneum in Vienna and the University of Vienna, where he earned a doctorate in theology on 2 June 1876.

In spite of his Slovak ethnic origin and family  relations to several Slovak national activists his attitude to the Slovak national movement was ambivalent. He financially supported some Slovak activities and published articles in Slovak newspapers but after 1910 he supported the integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary.

To date, he is the last Archbishop of Esztergom to have crowned a King of Hungary.

Minor orders
In Christianity, minor orders are ranks of church ministry. In the Catholic Church, the predominating Latin Church formerly distinguished between the major orders—priest (including bishop), deacon and subdeacon—and four minor orders—acolyte, exorcist, lector, and porter (in descending order of seniority). In 1972, the Vatican re-titled the minor orders as "ministries", with those of lector and acolyte being kept throughout the Latin Church.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the three minor orders in use are those of subdeacon, reader and chanter.

The rites by which all four minor orders were conferred, but not the actual conferral of the order, are still employed for members of some Catholic religious institutes and societies of apostolic life authorized to observe the 1962 form of the Roman Rite.

Some traditionalist Catholics continue to use minor orders, as do Old Catholics, the Polish National Catholic Church and the Liberal Catholic Church.
Sigma2 Gruis
Sigma2 Gruis is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Grus. Its apparent visual magnitude is 5.86. The pair had an angular separation of 2.7 arc seconds along a position angle of 265°, as of 1991. Located around 215 ly (66 pc) distant, the white-hued primary component is an A-type main-sequence star of spectral type A1V, a star that is currently fusing its core hydrogen.

Angular distance
Angular distance or angular separation is the measure of the angle between the orientation of two straight lines, rays, or vectors in three-dimensional space, or the central angle subtended by the radii through two points on a sphere. When the rays are lines of sight from an observer to two points in space, it is known as the apparent distance or apparent separation.

Angular distance appears in mathematics (in particular geometry and trigonometry) and all natural sciences (e.g., kinematics, astronomy, and geophysics). In the classical mechanics of rotating objects, it appears alongside angular velocity, angular acceleration, angular momentum, moment of inertia and torque.
Wladimir van Wilgenburg
Wladimir van Wilgenburg is a Dutch journalist and author writing predominantly about Kurdistan. He has written for Al-Monitor, Kurdistan 24, Al-Jazeera, and Foreign Policy, amongst others. He lives in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan.

Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy. It produces content daily on its website and app, and in four print issues annually.

Foreign Policy magazine and ForeignPolicy.com are published by The FP Group, a division of Graham Holdings Company (formerly The Washington Post Company). The FP Group also produces FP Events, Foreign Policy's events division, launched in 2012.
Kevin Loiselle
Kevin Loiselle (born May 13, 1988) is a Canadian professional basketball player who last played for Montreal Tundra of the Basketball Super League (BSL). He played college basketball for the Dawson Blues and the Maine-Fort Kent Bengals.

Basketbol Süper Ligi
The Basketball Super League (Turkish: Basketbol Süper Ligi; TBSL), also known as the Türkiye Sigorta Basketbol Süper Ligi for sponsorship reasons, is the top men's professional basketball division of the Turkish basketball league system. It replaced the former Turkish Basketball Championship (1946–1967) to become the Turkish Basketball League (TBL) until 2015 when it adopted its current name while the TBL name became exclusive to the second-tier and third-tier divisions.

The BSL is administered by the Turkish Basketball Federation (TBF) and is contested by 16 teams, with the two lowest-placed teams relegated to the second-tier TBL and replaced by the top two teams of that division.

Since the league's restructuring in 1966, 11 clubs have been crowned champions, with Anadolu Efes winning the title a record 16 times and Fenerbahçe 12 times. In recent years, Fenerbahçe won 11 titles out of 17 from the 2006–07 season onward.
Milton Road Halt railway station
Milton Road Halt (TQ 656 738  51°26′20″N 0°23′01″E﻿ / ﻿51.438900°N 0.383644°E﻿ / 51.438900; 0.383644) was a halt between Gravesend Central and Denton Halt on the Hundred of Hoo Railway in Kent, England. It opened in July 1906 and closed on 1 May 1915. The halt was about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from Gravesend Central.

Hundred of Hoo Railway
The Hundred of Hoo Railway is a railway line in Kent, England, following the North Kent Line from Gravesend before diverging at Hoo Junction near Shorne Marshes and continuing in an easterly direction across the Hoo Peninsula, passing near the villages of Cooling, High Halstow, Cliffe and Stoke before reaching the Isle of Grain and the container port on its eastern tip, Thamesport. There used to be a short branch line leading from Stoke Junction to the coastal town of Allhallows but this closed from 4 December 1961, the same date on which the Hundred of Hoo line was closed to passenger services.
Jean-Luc Aqua
Jean-Luc Aqua (born 3 March 1968) is a French former professional rugby union player.

Born in Aubagne, Aqua was a back-row forward, capped three times for France as a 31-year old in 1999. He made his debut in a win over Romania at Castres and featured twice on France's tour of Oceania, including the Test against the All Blacks in Wellington. Much of his career was spent with RC Toulon, from where he gained his France caps, before moving to Provence in 2001. He had one selection for the French Barbarians.

Aubagne
Aubagne (French: [obaɲ]; Occitan: Aubanha according to the classic norm or Aubagno according to the Mistralian norm) is a commune in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, southern France. In 2020, the commune was awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.
West Liberty Community School District
The West Liberty Community School District is a rural public school district headquartered in West Liberty, Iowa.

The district is mostly in Muscatine County, with smaller portions in Cedar County and Johnson County.  The district serves the city of West Liberty, and the surrounding rural areas, including the towns of Atalissa and Nichols.

Mr. Shaun Kruger was hired as superintendent in 2021.

Muscatine County, Iowa
Muscatine County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,235. The county seat is Muscatine. The southeastern border is formed by the Mississippi River. Muscatine County comprises the Muscatine, IA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Davenport-Moline, IA-IL Combined Statistical Area.
Mario Vušković
Mario Vušković (Croatian pronunciation: [mâːrio ʋûʃkoʋitɕ]; born 16 November 2001) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back. He is under contract with Bundesliga club Hamburger SV. He was banned for 2 years for doping on 30 March 2023. The ban was later extended to November 2026.

German Football Association
The German Football Association (German: Deutscher Fußball-Bund [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈfuːsbalˌbʊnt]; DFB [ˌdeːʔɛfˈbeː] ⓘ) is the governing body of football, futsal, and beach soccer in Germany. A founding member of both FIFA and UEFA, the DFB has jurisdiction for the German football league system and is in charge of the men's and women's national teams. The DFB headquarters are in Frankfurt am Main. Sole members of the DFB are the German Football League (German: Deutsche Fußball Liga; DFL), organising the professional Bundesliga and the 2. Bundesliga, along with five regional and 21 state associations, organising the semi-professional and amateur levels. The 21 state associations of the DFB have a combined number of 23,868 clubs with little more than 8 million members, making the DFB the single largest sports federation in the world.
Haagse Hout
Haagse Hout (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦaːxsə ˈɦʌut]; lit. 'Woods of The Hague') is one of the eight districts of The Hague. This area was originally called Die Haghe Houte, which later became the current Haagse Hout. The district has 50,867 residents as of 1 January 2025. It is located in the north-east of the city, bordering Wassenaar to the north and Leidschendam-Voorburg to the east.

Wassenaar
Wassenaar (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɑsənaːr] ⓘ; population: 26,949 in 2021) is a municipality and town located in the province of South Holland, on the western coast of the Netherlands.

An affluent suburb of The Hague, Wassenaar lies 10 km (6 mi) north of that city on the N44/A44 highway near the North Sea coast. It is part of the Haaglanden region and the Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area. The municipality covers an area of 62.40 km2 (24.09 sq mi), of which 11.29 km2 (4.36 sq mi) is covered by water.

Wassenaar is home to some of the Netherlands' richest residential neighborhoods as well as the country's most expensive street, the Konijnenlaan.
Mimmo Lucà
Domenico "Mimmo" Lucà (16 June 1953 – 13 February 2025) was an Italian politician. A member of the Social Christians, the Democrats of the Left, and the Democratic Party, he served in the Chamber of Deputies from 1994 to 2013.

Lucà died in Rivalta di Torino on 13 February 2025, at the age of 71.

Democrats of the Left
The Democrats of the Left (Italian: Democratici di Sinistra, DS) was a social-democratic political party in Italy. Positioned on the centre-left, the DS, successor of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and the Italian Communist Party, was formed in 1998 upon the merger of the PDS with several minor parties. A member of The Olive Tree coalition, the DS was successively led by Massimo D'Alema, Walter Veltroni, and Piero Fassino, and merged with Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and a number of minor centre-left parties to form the Democratic Party in October 2007.
KODS
KODS (103.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Carnelian Bay, California, broadcasting to the Reno, Nevada and Lake Tahoe areas. KODS airs a classic hits music format branded as "The River" (a local reference to the Truckee River).  The station's studios are located on Matley Lane in East Reno, and its transmitter is located on Slide Mountain.

Slide Mountain (Nevada)
Slide Mountain is a 9,702-foot (2,957 m) peak in the Carson Range near Reno, in Washoe County, Nevada.  From the summit of Slide Mountain, Lake Tahoe, Washoe Lake, Carson Valley, and the city of Reno can be viewed.
ADD1
Alpha-adducin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADD1 gene.

Adducins are a family of cytoskeleton proteins encoded by three genes (alpha, beta, gamma). Adducin is a heterodimeric protein that consists of related subunits, which are produced from distinct genes but share a similar structure. Alpha- and beta-adducin include a protease-resistant N-terminal region and a protease-sensitive, hydrophilic C-terminal region. Alpha- and gamma-adducins are ubiquitously expressed. In contrast, beta-adducin is expressed at high levels in brain and hematopoietic tissues. Adducin binds with high affinity to Ca(2+)/calmodulin and is a substrate for protein kinases A and C. Alternative splicing results in multiple variants encoding distinct isoforms; however, not all variants have been fully described. Polymorphism in ADD1 is associated with hypertension.

Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds. Proteases are involved in numerous biological pathways, including digestion of ingested proteins, protein catabolism (breakdown of old proteins), and cell signaling.

In the absence of functional accelerants, proteolysis would be very slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteases can be found in all forms of life and viruses. They have independently evolved multiple times, and different classes of protease can perform the same reaction by completely different catalytic mechanisms.
Imaginary voyage
Imaginary voyage is a narrative genre which presents fictitious locations in the form of a travel narrative, but has no generally agreed-upon definition. It has been subdivided into fantastic voyages and realistic voyages depending on the prominence of "marvelous or supernatural elements".: 104–105  It can be a utopian or satirical representation put into a fictional frame of travel account. It has been regarded as a predecessor of science fiction.

Travel
Travel is the movement of people between distant geographical locations. Travel can be done by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, boat, bus, airplane, ship or other means, with or without luggage, and can be one way or round trip. Travel can also include relatively short stays between successive movements, as in the case of tourism.
Kyoto Freight Terminal
Kyoto Freight Terminal (京都貨物駅, Kyōto Kamotsu-eki) is a railway freight terminal operated by Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight) on the Tōkaidō Main Line in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan.

The terminal opened on June 21, 1913 as Umekōji Freight Terminal (梅小路駅, Umekōji-eki), dividing the freight service at Kyōto Station to the new facilities west of the station. It was located in the ground east of the track of the San'in Main Line, where now Umekōji Park occupies, until it was moved westward to the present site on March 12, 1990. The name of the freight terminal was changed to the present one on March 12, 2011.

Kyoto Freight Terminal is capable to handle containers of up to 30 ft.

Kyōto Station
Kyōto Station (京都駅, Kyōto-eki) is a major railway station and transportation hub in Kyōto, Japan. It has Japan's second-largest station building (after Nagoya Station) and is one of the country's largest buildings, incorporating a shopping mall, hotel, movie theater, Isetan department store, and several local government facilities under one 15-story roof.
Gomparou
Gomparou is a town and arrondissement in the Alibori Department of northeastern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Banikoara. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 12,934.

Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique
The Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique (INSAE) is a national institute of Benin, which is dedicated to collecting data in the country. It collects data on demographics, population, climatology, education,  employment, etc.