hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Devon and Somerset Railway
The Devon and Somerset Railway (D&SR) was a cross-country line that connected Barnstaple in Devon, England, to the network of the Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) near Taunton. It was opened in stages between 1871 and 1873 and closed in 1966. It served a mostly rural area although it carried some through services from east of Taunton to the seaside resort of Ilfracombe.

From 1988 onwards the route of the line west of South Molton was redeveloped to form the part of the North Devon Link Road.

GWR 4300 Class
The GWR 4300 Class was a class of 2-6-0 steam locomotives, designed by George Jackson Churchward for the Great Western Railway for mixed traffic duties. A total of 342 were built between 1911 and 1932.
Lejia Road station
Lejia Road station (simplified Chinese: 乐嘉路站; traditional Chinese: 樂嘉路站; pinyin: Lèjiā Lù Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Lohkgā Lǒu Jaahm) is a station on Line 14 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located north of the junction between Airport Road and Yuncheng West Road in the Sanyuanli Subdistrict of Baiyun District in Guangzhou. It opened on 29 September 2025 and is the current southern terminus of the Line 14 mainline.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.
Aníbal López
Aníbal López (A-1 53167), full name Aníbal Asdrúbal López Juarez (April 13, 1964 – September 26, 2014) was an artist and a native of Guatemala. He began his career creating figurative art influenced by expressionism. He has worked in several media, including acrylic and oil on canvas, photography, and video. In the 1990s he and other Guatemalan artists such as Regina José Galindo began creating art "actions" or live art, a combination of street art, performance art, minimalism, and conceptual art. A-1 53167 is the code name (his Guatemalan ID card number) that Aníbal López has used since 1997 to sign many of his art actions as a way to show how he questions codes of information regarding identity. The effect is to erase an ethnic-specific sense of belonging and perhaps to resist the impulse of art consumers to categorize him in preconceived categories such as indigenous, Mayan, or Guatemalan.

Figurative art
Figurative art, sometimes written as figurativism, describes artwork (particularly paintings and sculptures) that is clearly derived from real object sources and so is, by definition, representational. The term is often in contrast to abstract art:

Since the arrival of abstract art the term figurative has been used to refer to any form of modern art that retains strong references to the real world.

Painting and sculpture can therefore be divided into the categories of figurative, representational and abstract, although, strictly speaking, abstract art is derived (or abstracted) from a figurative or other natural source. However, "abstract" is sometimes used as a synonym of non-representational art and non-objective art, i.e. art which has no derivation from figures or objects.

Figurative art is not synonymous with figure painting (art that represents the human figure), although human and animal figures are frequent subjects.
Clootie dumpling
A clootie dumpling is a traditional Scottish pudding made with flour, breadcrumbs, dried fruit (currants, raisins, sultanas), suet, sugar and spices with some milk to bind it. Ingredients are mixed well into a dough, then wrapped up in a floured cloth (the clootie), placed in a large pan of boiling water and simmered for a few hours before being lifted out and dried near the fire or in an oven. Recipes vary from region to region.

"Clootie dumpling" has also been used as a nickname for the logo of the Scottish National Party.

Breadcrumbs
Breadcrumbs are a culinary ingredient consisting of flour or crumbled bread of varying dryness, sometimes with seasonings added. They are used for a variety of purposes, including breading or crumbing foods before frying (such as breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel), topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, and adding inexpensive bulk to soups, meatloaves, and similar foods.
2007 Indianapolis Tennis Championships – Doubles
Bobby Reynolds and Andy Roddick were the defending champions, but Reynolds did not participate this year. Roddick partnered Mardy Fish and made it to the quarterfinals before withdrawing from the event.

Juan Martín del Potro and Travis Parrott won the title, defeating Teymuraz Gabashvili and Ivo Karlović 3–6, 6–2, [10–6] in the final. This was Del Potro's first-ever ATP title, and as of 2019 his only doubles title.

Bobby Reynolds
Robert Thomas "Bobby" Reynolds (born July 17, 1982) is an American retired professional tennis player who resides in Auburn, Alabama. He was named head men's tennis coach at Auburn University in June 2016.
Tapering (sports)
In sports, tapering is the practice of reducing exercise in the days just before an important competition. Tapering is customary both in endurance sports, such as long-distance running and swimming, and strength sports, such as weightlifting and sprinting. For many athletes, a significant period of tapering is essential for optimal performance.  The tapering period frequently lasts as much as a week or more. This tapering means gradually reducing the exercise over a short period of time then stopping completely when leading up to competitions.

Athlete
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or the gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether they compete in a sport.

Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices
Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices is a book in solid state physics, authored collaboratively by Max Born and Kun Huang. The book was originally started by Born in c. 1940, and was finished in the 1950s by Huang in consultation with Born. The text is considered a classical treatise on the subject of lattice dynamics, phonon theory, and elasticity in crystalline solids, but excluding metals and other complex solids with order/disorder phenomena. J. D. Eshelby, Melvin Lax, and A. J. C. Wilson reviewed the book in 1955, among several others.

The book introduces the concept of Cauchy–Born rule and Born–Huang approximation.

Melvin Lax
Melvin Lax  (March 8, 1922 – December 8, 2002) was a distinguished professor of physics at City College of New York and was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1983, and notable for his contributions to research of random processes in physics. He was the chairman of the Theoretical Physics Department at Bell Labs from 1962 to 1964. He was also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Optical Society of America.
Joannes Barbucallus
Joannes Barbucallus (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης Βαρβουκάλλος) was a Greek writer of the 6th century CE.

He is the author of eleven epigrams in the Greek Anthology. From internal evidence, scholars generally fix his date to about 551 CE, as several of his poems describe the 551 Beirut earthquake.

The Scholiast derives his name from "Barbucale" or "Arbucale", a city near the Ebro river in the northeast corner of Spain mentioned by the writers Polybius, Livy, and Stephanus of Byzantium, but which is otherwise unknown. The reasoning for this is unclear however. Other scholars, such as Karelisa Hartigan, have supposed that he was a native of Berytus, owing to his several poems about that city.

Stephanus of Byzantium
Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (Latin: Stephanus Byzantinus; Ancient Greek: Στέφανος Βυζάντιος, Stéphanos Byzántios; fl. 6th century AD) was an Eastern Roman grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά). Only meagre fragments of the dictionary survive, but the epitome is extant, compiled by one Hermolaus, not otherwise identified.
Michael P. Taylor
Michael Paul Taylor (born 12 March 1968) is a British computer programmer with a Ph.D. in palaeontology.  To date, he has published 31 paleontological papers and is co-credited with naming three genera of dinosaur (Xenoposeidon in 2007 with Darren Naish, Brontomerus in 2011 with Matt J. Wedel and Richard Cifeli, and Haestasaurus in 2015 with Paul Upchurch and Phil Mannion).

Along with paleontologists Darren Naish and Matt Wedel, he founded the paleontology blog Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week, where he blogs as Mike Taylor.

He lives in Ruardean, Gloucestershire, England.

Programmer
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.
The professional titles software developer and software engineer may be used for jobs that require a programmer.
Henry Denne
Henry Denne (1606 – c. 1660)  was an English Puritan cleric of the Church of England, divine (theologian), itinerant preacher, and later, a religious reformer of Baptist views. Denne was a notable preacher and apologist throughout England by propagating baptism of believers only in contrast to the baptism of infants. He was vicar of Eltisley, Cambridgeshire and before that, briefly, elder of Coleman Street General Baptist church, in London. Denne was also sometime soldier for the Parliament and chaplain to Oliver Cromwell in the Civil War.

Itinerant preacher
An itinerant preacher (also known as an itinerant minister) is a Christian evangelist who preaches the basic Christian redemption message while traveling around to different groups of people within a relatively short period of time. The usage of these travelling evangelists is known as itineracy or itinerancy.
Charles Leat
Charles William Leat (6 December 1855 — 18 December 1937) was an English first-class cricketer.

Leat was born in December 1855 at Ringwood, Hampshire. Playing primarily as a wicket-keeper, Leat made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's in 1878; he played first-class cricket until 1885, making sixteen appearances. In these, he scored 323 runs at an average of 11.53, with a single half-century score of 63. As a wicket-keeper, he took 21 catches and made a single stumping. Following the 1885 season, Hampshire lost their first-class status. Despite this, Leat continued to play second-class cricket for Hampshire until 1887. He died at Christchurch in December 1937.

Stumped
Stumped is a method of dismissing a batter in cricket, in which the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket of the striker while the striker is out of their ground. It is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of Cricket.

Being "out of their ground" means no part of the batter's body, equipment or bat is touching the ground behind the crease.

Stumped is a special case of run out, but a stumping can only be affected by the wicket-keeper without the intervention of another fielder, when the striker is not attempting a run, and the ball must not be a no-ball. If the criteria for both stumped and run out are met, then the dismissal will be recorded as a stumping and credited to the bowler and wicket-keeper.

As always in cricket, one of the fielding team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpires. It is the striker's end umpire who adjudicates all stumpings, and all run-out appeals at the striker's end.
The Green Jacket
The Green Jacket (French: L'habit vert) is a 1937 French comedy film directed by Roger Richebé and starring Elvire Popesco, Victor Boucher and Jules Berry. It is based on a play by Gaston Arman de Caillavet and Robert de Flers. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jean d'Eaubonne.

The film is a farce set against the backdrop of the Académie française.

Farce
Farce is a form of comedy that relies on exaggerated, improbable, or ridiculous situations to entertain an audience. It is typically marked by physical humor, absurdity, satire or parody, improbable scenarios, misunderstandings, and broadly stylized characters and performances.
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
The Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, commonly shortened MPEG, is a Brazilian research institution and museum located in the city of Belém, state of Pará, Brazil. It was founded in 1866 by Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna as the Pará Museum of Natural History and Ethnography, and was later named in honor of Swiss naturalist Émil August Goeldi, who reorganized the institution and was its director from 1894 to 1905. It is now the "main research center on natural systems and sociocultural processes of the Brazilian Amazon." The museum and zoological park are listed as protected sites by both the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the Department of Historic, Artistic and Cultural Heritage of the state of Pará.

Systematics
Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies).  Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships, graphically represented in cladograms) and branch length (showing amount of evolution).  Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

The word systematics is derived from the Latin word of Ancient Greek origin systema, which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Carl Linnaeus used 'Systema Naturae' as the title of his book.
HD 60532 b
HD 60532 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 84 light-years away in the constellation of Puppis, orbiting the star HD 60532. This planet has a true mass of 3.15 times more than Jupiter, orbits at 0.77 AU, and takes 201.83 days to revolve in an eccentric orbit. This planet was discovered on September 22, 2008 in La Silla Observatory using the HARPS spectrograph. On this same day, the second planet in this system, HD 60532 c, was discovered in a 1:3 orbital resonance.

Minimum mass
In astronomy, minimum mass is the lower-bound calculated mass of observed objects such as planets, stars, binary systems, nebulae, and black holes.

Minimum mass is a widely cited statistic for extrasolar planets detected by the radial velocity method or Doppler spectroscopy, and is determined using the binary mass function. This method reveals planets by measuring changes in the movement of stars in the line-of-sight, so the real orbital inclinations and true masses of the planets are generally unknown.  This is a result of sin i degeneracy.

If inclination i can be determined, the true mass can be obtained from the calculated minimum mass using the following relationship:
Zeng Chengwei
Zeng Chengwei (曾成偉) (b. 1958) is a Chinese musician of the guqin, born in the Sichuan province of China. He is a fifth-generation transmitter (counting from Zhang Kongshan) of the Shu school (蜀派; sometimes called the Chuan School (川派)) of qin music, having studied with his maternal grandfather, Yu Shaoze. Zeng is also a well-known maker of the instrument.

He is currently the president of the Jinjiang Qin Society, assistant professor of folk music at the Sichuan Conservatory of Music and executive director of the Chinese Guqin Association.

Sichuan Conservatory of Music
The Sichuan Conservatory of Music (SCCM, Chinese: 四川音乐学院), founded in 1939, is an interdisciplinary music institution in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. SCCM is one of the select conservatories authorized by the State Council to confer graduate degrees to its music and fine arts majors. It is one of the 11 independent professional music colleges in China, one of the 31 independent professional music colleges in China, and the first batch of MFA education pilot units in China.
2018 Kremlin Cup – Women's doubles
Tímea Babos and Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate. Since Babos was losing her defending championship points, Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková jointly attained the WTA number 1 doubles ranking at the conclusion of the tournament.

Alexandra Panova and Laura Siegemund won the title, defeating Darija Jurak and Raluca Olaru in the final, 6–2, 7–6(7–2).

Laura Siegemund
Laura Natalie Siegemund (born 4 March 1988) is a German professional tennis player.

Siegemund reached her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 4 on 29 January 2024 and has won fourteen doubles titles on the WTA Tour.
She is a three-time Grand Slam champion, having won the 2020 US Open in women's doubles with Vera Zvonareva, as well as the 2016 US Open and the 2024 French Open in mixed doubles, partnering Mate Pavić and Édouard Roger-Vasselin respectively. Alongside her major titles, she won the 2023 WTA Finals and the 2022 Miami Open in doubles.

In singles, her career-high ranking is world No. 27, achieved in August 2016, and she has won two WTA titles, at the 2016 Swedish Open and 2017 Stuttgart Open. Siegemund's best Grand Slam result in singles was a quarterfinal appearance at the 2020 French Open and at 2025 Wimbledon. She also reached the same stage at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and has represented Germany in the Billie Jean King Cup since 2017.
The Human Embryo
The Human Embryo: Aristotle and the Arabic and European Traditions is a book looking at the philosophy and religious viewpoints of human reproduction over the ages by the Reverend Canon G. R. Dunstan and published by University of Exeter Press in 1990. It specialises in the study of the human embryo both historically and from different cultural viewpoints. The largest section is devoted to the understanding of the embryo in the Middle Ages, with seven articles alone reinterpreting Dante's passages on the animation of the embryo.

University of Exeter Press
University of Exeter Press (UEP) is the academic press of the University of Exeter, England.

In 2013, Liverpool University Press acquired the rights to UEP's publications on archaeology, medieval studies, history, classics and ancient history, landscape studies.
Kokernag
Kokernag (Urdu pronunciation: [koːkərnɑːɡ] ; Kashmiri pronunciation: [kɔkarnaːɡ]) is a sub-district, town and a notified area committee in the Breng Valley (also known as the Golden Crown of Kashmir) of Anantnag district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The place is known for its botanical gardens, pristine freshwater springs, and rainbow trout farm. It is 25.3 km from Anantnag District via NH244. It is one of the most popular weekend getaways from the state capital of Srinagar.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)
This is a timeline of the presence of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece from 1974 to 2008. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Holy Synod
In several of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches and Eastern Catholic Churches, the patriarch or head bishop is elected by a group of bishops called the Holy Synod. For instance, the Holy Synod is a ruling body of the Georgian Orthodox Church.

In Oriental Orthodoxy the Holy Synod is the highest authority in the church and it formulates the rules and regulations regarding matters of church organization, faith, and order of service.
Veronica Hart
Jane Hamilton (born 1956 or 1957) is an American film director and former pornographic film actress who performed under the stage name Veronica Hart. Described by columnist Frank Rich as "a leading porn star of the late '70s and early '80s", Hart is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.
Director Paul Thomas Anderson has called her "the Meryl Streep of porn."

Adult Film Association of America
The Adult Film Association of America (AFAA) was the first American association of pornographic film producers. It fought against censorship laws, attempted to defend the industry against prosecution for obscenity, and held an annual adult film awards ceremony. Founded in 1969, it continued separate operation until 1992 when it merged with Free Speech Legal Defense Fund. The organization was also host to the Erotic Film Awards which were held from 1977 until 1986.
Battle of Vučji Do
The Battle of Vučji Do was a major battle of the Montenegrin-Ottoman War of 1876-78 that took place on 18 July 1876 in Vučji Do, Montenegro, fought between the combined forces of Montenegrin and Eastern Herzegovinian tribes (battalions) against the Ottoman Army under Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha. The Montenegrin-Herzegovinian forces heavily defeated the Ottomans, and managed to capture two of their commanders. In addition, they captured a large consignment of armaments.

East Herzegovina
East Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Istočna Hercegovina, Источна Херцеговина) is the eastern part of the historical Herzegovina region in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It comprises six municipalities located around the Neretva river, as a part of the Republika Srpska entity. The area straddles a Mediterranean-influenced lowland and has a continental cool highland climate with contrasting seasonal patterns.