hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grand Ledge Public Schools
Grand Ledge Public Schools is a Michigan school district that includes the city of Grand Ledge and the village of Mulliken, as well as portions of the townships of Danby in Ionia County, Eagle, Watertown, and Westphalia in Clinton County, and Delta, Oneida, Roxand, and Windsor in Eaton County.

Mulliken, Michigan
Mulliken is a village in Eaton County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 525 at the 2020 census. The village is within Roxand Township. The Mulliken post office was established in 1888.
Caramel (album)
Caramel is the second studio-album of New Zealand psychedelic pop musician Connan Mockasin, released in November 2013.

Mockasin has said that in terms of the process of writing the album:

"It's just ideas in my head that I put together, and later on it might make more sense. But I don't think about the meaning at the time. Or I'm not aware of it."

As of January 2014, the album has received an overall score of 70 on Metacritic, indicating generally favourable reviews. Pitchfork gave the album 6.7 out of 10, concluding: "The word "caramel" is most readily embodied by this music's sensual, flirtatious leanings. Unfortunately, sometimes it seems to just mean "slow", i.e. the pace of swimming through caramel." The New Zealand Listener gave the album a positive review, noting that although the album is strongly influenced by others, "Mockasin is writing his own recipe, and although his Caramel may be an acquired taste for some, it is an undeniably crucial concoction."

New Zealand Listener
The New Zealand Listener is a weekly New Zealand magazine that covers the political, cultural and literary life of New Zealand by featuring a variety of topics, including current events, politics, social issues, health, technology, arts, food, culture and entertainment. The Bauer Media Group closed The Listener in April 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. In June 2020, Mercury Capital acquired the magazine as part of its purchase of Bauer Media's former Australia and New Zealand assets, which were rebranded as Are Media.
Answer set programming
Answer set programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming oriented towards difficult (primarily NP-hard) search problems.  It is based on the stable model (answer set) semantics of logic programming.  In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, and answer set solvers—programs for generating stable models—are used to perform search.  The computational process employed in the design of many answer set solvers is an enhancement of the DPLL algorithm and, in principle, it always terminates (unlike Prolog query evaluation, which may lead to an infinite loop).

In a more general sense, ASP includes all applications of answer sets to knowledge representation and reasoning and the use of Prolog-style query evaluation for solving problems arising in these applications.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
1777 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1777 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on February 12, 1777. The president of the committee of safety John McKinly was elected president of Delaware for a term of three years.

McKinly, a physician and a militia officer from Wilmington, Delaware, was a political moderate chosen for his ability to appeal to all factions in the revolutionary government. His lack of distinction led critics to dismiss the incoming president as "a mere patch upon the back" of the powerful president of the Council George Read.

The election was conducted by the Delaware General Assembly. McKinly was elected with a majority on the first ballot.

John McKinly
John McKinly (February 24, 1721 – August 31, 1796) was an American physician and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He was a veteran of the French and Indian War, served in the Delaware General Assembly, was the first elected president of Delaware, and for a time was a member of the Federalist Party.
Civil procedure in Australia
The rules of civil procedure in Australia govern procedure in the various courts and tribunals in Australia. Civil procedure in Australia was historically derived from, and continues to resemble, civil procedure in England and Wales. The rules vary between the different courts and tribunals.

LexisNexis
LexisNexis is an American data analytics company headquartered in New York, New York. Its products are various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. As of 2006, the company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. The company is a subsidiary of RELX.
Padma Hazarika
Padma Hazarika is a Bharatiya Janata Party politician from Assam. He was elected to the Assam Legislative Assembly in the 1996, 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021 elections from Sootea constituency. Formerly, he was with Asom Gana Parishad.

Nadaur Assembly constituency
Sootea Assembly constituency was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly. Sootea formed part of the Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency. This constituency was renamed to Nadaur in 2023.
Chestnut-bellied mountain tanager
The chestnut-bellied mountain tanager (Dubusia castaneoventris) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae.

It is found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

Tanager
The tanagers (singular /ˈtænədʒər/) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds. As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the family Cardinalidae, and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.
Elina Tzengko
Elina Tzengko (Greek: Ελίνα Τζένγκο, Albanian: Elina Xhengo; Thessaloniki, 2 September 2002) is a Greek javelin thrower. She is a European champion and won the gold medal at the 2022 Championships, becoming the youngest ever javelin and Greek European champion. Tzengko placed first in the finals of the 2025 Diamond League and represented Greece at the 2024 Summer Olympics. She is also a European U23, European U20 and Youth Olympics gold medallist, World U20 silver medallist and three-time Greek national champion.

World Athletics U20 Championships
The World Athletics U20 Championships is a biennial world championships for the sport of athletics organised by the World Athletics, contested by athletes in the under-20 athletics age category (19 years old or younger on 31 December in the year of the competition.

The competition was launched as the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in 1986 and renamed to IAAF World U20 Championships in November 2015. The current name was adapted with the name change of the sports governing body in 2019.

Anneisha McLaughlin-Whilby is the most successful athlete at the championships, having won one gold and four silver in individual and relay sprinting events between 2000 and 2004. Chris Nelloms, Davidson Ezinwa and Dexter Lee share the position of most successful male athlete, at four medals each.
Art Institute of Dallas
The Art Institute of Dallas in Dallas, Texas, United States, was a private for-profit art school owned and operated by Miami International University of Art & Design. The Art Institute of Dallas offered associate degree and bachelor's degree programs for fashion design, fashion marketing management, interior design, graphic design, media arts & animation, advertising design, baking & pastry, photography, web design & interactive media, digital filmmaking & video production, audio production, and culinary arts. All Art Institute schools closed permanently on September 30, 2023.

Advertising media selection
Advertising media selection is the process of choosing the most efficient media for an advertising campaign. To evaluate media efficiency, planners consider a range of factors including: the required coverage and number of exposures in a target audience; the relative cost of the media advertising and the media environment. Media planning may also involve buying media space. Media planners require an intricate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the main media options. The media industry is dynamic - new advertising media options are constantly emerging. Digital and social media are changing the way that consumers use media and are also influencing how consumers acquire product information.
2015–16 Asian Le Mans Series
The 2015–16 Asian Le Mans Series was the fourth season of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest's Asian Le Mans Series. It is the fourth 24 Hours of Le Mans-based series created by the ACO, following the American Le Mans Series (since merged with the Rolex Sports Car Series to form the United SportsCar Championship), the European Le Mans Series and the FIA World Endurance Championship. The four event season began at the Fuji Speedway on 10 October 2015 and ended at Sepang International Circuit in Selangor on 24 January 2016.

Automobile Club de l'Ouest
The Automobile Club de l'Ouest (English: Automobile Club of the West), sometimes abbreviated to ACO, is the largest automotive group in France. It was founded in 1906 by car building and racing enthusiasts, and is most famous for being the organising entity behind the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans race. The ACO also lobbies on behalf of French drivers on such issues as road building and maintenance, the availability of driving schools and road safety classes, and the incorporation of technical innovations into new vehicles. It also runs a roadside assistance service for its members.
Edwin C. Howell
Edwin Cull Howell (1860–1907) was a whist player in America in the late nineteenth century, at a time when the card game bridge was evolving from the card game whist. He devised the movement system bearing his name, for cards and players first used in duplicate whist and subsequently in duplicate bridge. He was also an accomplished mathematician and chess player.

History of contract bridge
The history of contract bridge may be dated from the early 16th-century invention of trick-taking games such as whist. Bridge departed from whist with the creation of Biritch (or "Russian Whist") in the 19th century, and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game.
Missouri bellwether
The Missouri bellwether was a political phenomenon that noted that the state of Missouri voted for the winner in all but one U.S. presidential election from the 1904 election to the 2004 election.  The one exception was the 1956 election. While by 2004 it had diverged from the national median political result, Missouri was a consistent swing state throughout the 20th century.  Prior to the 2008 elections, Lincoln County, Missouri was said to be the bellwether county in a bellwether state.

Lincoln County, Missouri
Lincoln County is located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 59,574. Its county seat is Troy. The county was founded December 14, 1818, and named for Major General Benjamin Lincoln of the American Revolutionary War. Lincoln County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Wink (surname)
Wink or Winks is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chris Wink, co-founder of Blue Man Group

Harry Winks (born 1996), English footballer for Leicester City

Jack Wink, American college football player and coach

Josh Wink (born Joshua Winkelman, 1970), American DJ and musician

Katharine Winks (born 1978), English cricketer

Robin Winks (1930–2003), American academic, historian, diplomat and writer

Steven Wink (born 1984), German politician

Walter Wink (1935-2012), American theologian and political theorist

Blue Man Group
Blue Man Group is an American performance art company based in New York City in 1987. It is known for its stage productions that incorporate many kinds of music and art, both popular and obscure. Its performers, known as Blue Men, have their skin painted blue. They are mute during shows and always appear in groups of three.

As of 2025, the company's only United States show is in Las Vegas.

A typical production employs seven to nine full-time Blue Men who are selected by audition. In addition to their stage shows, Blue Man Group has toured nationally and internationally, appeared on television programs as characters and performers, released multiple studio albums, contributed to a number of film scores, and performed with orchestras around the United States.
Ramone Samuels
Ramone Christie Samuels (born 3 November 1994 in Somerset West, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for the Stormers in Super Rugby and Western Province in the Currie Cup. He can play as a flanker, number eight or hooker.

Somerset West
Somerset West (Afrikaans: Somerset-Wes) is a town in the Western Cape, South Africa. Organisationally and administratively it is included in the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality Eastern sub-region (formerly called Helderberg Basin).
The vehicle registration code for Somerset West is CFM and the post code is 7130 for street addresses, and 7129 for post office boxes.
Phyllonorycter scopariella
Phyllonorycter scopariella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found from Ireland to central Russia and from Denmark to France, Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine. It is also known from Portugal.

The wingspan is about 7 mm. It differs from Z.ulicicolella as follows: forewings duller, basal streak often connected with apex of first dorsal spot, cilia with only a faint line.

Adults are on wing from late May to July.

The larvae feed on Cytisus grandiflorus, Cytisus multiflorus, Cytisus scoparius, Cytisus striatus and Sarothamnus species. They mine under the bark of their host plant.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
Entodon seductrix
Entodon seductrix, known as the seductive entodon moss or round-stem silk moss, is a species of Entodontaceae.

Entodon seductrix is one of several moss species previously described and named as one species,  Neckera seductrix by Johann Hedwig.  He was a German botanist who made many contributions to the study of mosses and is sometimes called the “father of bryology”.  His description and naming of Neckera seductrix was published in Species Muscorum Frondosorum posthumously in 1801.

German bryologist Carl Müller described it further and gave it its current scientific name in Linnaea published in 1846.

Johann Hedwig
Johann Hedwig (8 December 1730 – 18 February 1799), also styled as Johannes Hedwig, was a German botanist notable for his studies of mosses. He is sometimes called the "father of bryology". He is known for his particular observations of sexual reproduction in the cryptogams. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Ioannis Hedwig or Ioanne Hedwig. The standard author abbreviation Hedw. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
South Africa Army cricket team
The South Africa Army cricket team represented the British Army in South Africa, the Union of South Africa having not been formed at the time.

The team appeared only once at first-class level. In January 1906, they played the touring MCC at Thara Tswane, Pretoria, the only first-class match ever played there. MCC batted first and declared after the first day's play at 480 for 7, and South Africa Army made 97 and 165 on the second day, MCC thus winning by an innings and 218 runs. The margin might have been wider still without the efforts of Captain Philip Mitford (who was also the team's captain), playing his only first-class game: in the Army's first innings, he carried his bat for 65 not out, the only score in double figures.

English cricket team in South Africa in 1905–06
The England cricket team toured South Africa under the auspices of the Marylebone Cricket Club from December 1905 to March 1906. There were five Test matches, and seven first-class games against South African provincial teams. While the team won a number of their first-class matches, they also lost several, and South Africa won the Test series 4 to 1.
Svetlana Mojsov
Svetlana Mojsov is a Yugoslav-born Macedonian American chemist who is a research associate professor at Rockefeller University. Her research considers peptide synthesis. She discovered the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and uncovered its role in glucose metabolism and the secretion of insulin. Her breakthroughs were transformed by Novo Nordisk into therapeutic agents against diabetes and obesity.

Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General or MGH) is a teaching hospital located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the original and largest clinical education and research facility of Harvard Medical School/Harvard University, and houses the world's largest hospital-based research program with an annual research budget of more than $1.2 billion in 2021. It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States with a patient capacity of 999 beds. Along with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General is a founding member of Mass General Brigham, formerly known as Partners HealthCare, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts.
Princess Pauline of Württemberg (1810–1856)
Princess Pauline Friederike Marie (25 February 1810, Stuttgart – 7 July 1856, Wiesbaden) was Duchess consort of Nassau from 1829 to 1839 as the second wife of William, Duke of Nassau. She was a member of the House of Württemberg and a princess of Württemberg by birth.

Pauline is an ancestress of the present Belgian, Danish, Dutch, Norwegian, and Swedish royal families, as well as the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg through her youngest daughter Sophia, Queen of Sweden and Norway.

House of Luxembourg-Nassau
The House of Luxembourg-Nassau is the current royal house of Luxembourg. It was founded in 1921. It descends from the House of Nassau-Weilburg and from the House of Bourbon-Parma (agnatically), and consists of the extended family of the reigning Grand Duke. There have been three monarchs from the House of Luxembourg-Nassau: Jean, Henri, and Guillaume V.
Dick's Picks Volume 4
Dick's Picks Volume 4 is the fourth live album in the Dick's Picks series of releases by the Grateful Dead. It was recorded on February 13 and February 14, 1970, at the Fillmore East in New York City, and released in February 1996. It was the first of the Dick's Picks CDs to have three discs.  It was also the first Dead album to include the song "Mason's Children".

Dick's Picks Volume 4 was the second album of live material from the 2/13/70 and 2/14/70 concerts.  The first was History of the Grateful Dead, Volume One (Bear's Choice), which was released in 1973.

The Grateful Dead played three sets of music at each of these concerts — a relatively short electric set, an acoustic set, and another, longer electric set, followed by an encore.  Dick's Picks Volume 4 contains the complete third sets of both shows, plus two additional songs.

Owsley Stanley
Augustus Owsley Stanley III (January 19, 1935 – March 12, 2011) was an American-Australian audio engineer and clandestine chemist. He was a key figure in the San Francisco Bay Area hippie movement during the 1960s and played a pivotal role in the decade's counterculture.

Under the professional name Bear, he was the sound engineer for the Grateful Dead, recording many of the band's live performances. Stanley also developed the Grateful Dead's Wall of Sound, one of the largest mobile sound reinforcement systems ever constructed. Stanley also helped Robert Thomas design the band's trademark skull logo.

Called the Acid King by the media, Stanley was the first known private individual to manufacture mass quantities of LSD. By his own account, between 1965 and 1967, Stanley produced at least 500 grams of LSD, amounting to a little more than five million doses.

He died in a car accident in Australia (where he had taken citizenship in 1996) on March 12, 2011.
HMNZS Hinau
HMNZS Hinau has been the name of two ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy:

HMNZS Hinau (T17), commissioned 1942 and decommissioned 1945.

HMNZS Hinau (P3556), commissioned 1985 and decommissioned 23 January 2007.

HMNZS Hinau (P3556)
HMNZS Hinau (P3556) was a Moa-class inshore patrol vessel of the Royal New Zealand Navy. It was commissioned in 1985 for the Naval Volunteer Reserve and decommissioned in 2007. Hinau was the second ship with this name to serve in the Royal New Zealand Navy. The name comes from the forest tree Elaeocarpus dentatus which is native to New Zealand.
Isomer (Proarticulata)
Isomer (Greek isos = "equal", méros = "part") is an element of transverse body articulation of the bilateral fossil animals of the Phylum Proarticulata from the Ediacaran (Vendian) period. This term has been proposed by Andrey Yu. Ivantsov, a Russian paleontologist from the Laboratory of the Precambrian organisms, Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Phylum
In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪləm/; pl.: phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 32 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about eight phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger clades like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.