hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Markup (business)
Markup (or price spread) is the difference between the selling price of a good or service and its marginal cost. In economics, markups are the most direct way to measure market power: the extent to which a firm can influence the price at which it sells a product or service.

Markup is often expressed as a percentage over the cost. A markup is added into the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. The total cost reflects the total amount of both fixed and variable expenses to produce and distribute a product. Markup can be expressed as the fixed amount or as a percentage of the total cost or selling price. Retail markup is commonly calculated as the difference between wholesale price and retail price, as a percentage of wholesale. Other methods are also used.

Markdowns refer to the ability of a firm to hold the price it pays for an input below the input's marginal product.

Goods
In economics, goods are anything that is good, usually in the sense that it provides welfare or utility to someone. Goods can be contrasted with bads, i.e. things that provide negative value for users, like chores or waste. A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare.

Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.

Goods are the result of the secondary sector of the economy which involves the transformation of raw materials or intermediate goods into goods.
Museo Collezione Gianfranco Luzzetti
The Museo Collezione Gianfranco Luzzetti (Gianfranco Luzzetti Collection Museum) is an art museum in Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy.

The art gallery is located in a 17th-century former Clarissine convent, home to the city's cultural centre "Le Clarisse", and opened on 22 December 2019. It houses a collection of paintings and sculptures from the Italian Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassicism, donated to the City of Grosseto by the antiquarian Gianfranco Luzzetti; most notably, the collection include works by artists such as Antonio Rossellino, Giovanni di Tano Fei, Giambologna, Santi di Tito, Domenico Passignano, Cigoli, Rutilio di Lorenzo Manetti, Giovanni Antonio Galli, Pietro Dandini, Camillo Rusconi and Corrado Giaquinto.

Giambologna
Giambologna (1529 – 13 August 1608), also known as Jean de Boulogne (French), Jehan Boulongne (Flemish)  and Giovanni da Bologna (Italian), was the last significant Italian Renaissance sculptor, with a large workshop producing large and small works in bronze and marble in a late Mannerist style.
Partial sorting
In computer science, partial sorting is a relaxed variant of the sorting problem. Total sorting is the problem of returning a list of items such that its elements all appear in order, while partial sorting is returning a list of the k smallest (or k largest) elements in order. The other elements (above the k smallest ones) may also be sorted, as in an in-place partial sort, or may be discarded, which is common in streaming partial sorts. A common practical example of partial sorting is computing the "Top 100" of some list.

In terms of indices, in a partially sorted list, for every index i from 1 to k, the i-th element is in the same place as it would be in the fully sorted list: element i of the partially sorted list contains order statistic i of the input list.

Order statistic
In statistics, the kth order statistic of a statistical sample is equal to its kth-smallest value. 
Given a sample of size , the kth order statistic is denoted , with .
Together with rank statistics, order statistics are among the most fundamental tools in non-parametric statistics and inference.

Important special cases of the order statistics are the minimum and maximum value of a sample, and (with some qualifications discussed below) the sample median and other sample quantiles.

When using probability theory to analyze order statistics of random samples from a continuous distribution, the cumulative distribution function is used to reduce the analysis to the case of order statistics of the uniform distribution.
Towerson
Towerson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gabriel Towerson (1635?–1697), English clergyman

Gabriel Towerson (East India Company) (1576–1623), captain and agent for the East India Company

William Towerson (died c. 1631), English merchant

William Towerson
William Towerson (died c. 1630) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1621 and 1629.

Towerson was a member of the Worshipful Company of Skinners. He was the first Deputy-Governor of the Irish Society from 1610 to 1613. He was on the Committee of the East India Company from 1619 to 1622, until retiring after the execution of his brother Gabriel in the Amboyna massacre.

In 1621, he was elected Member of Parliament for City of London. He was elected MP for Portsmouth in 1628 and sat until 1628 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.

Towerson died between 7 May 1630 when he made his will and 16 January 1631 when it was proved.
Sami Välimäki
Sami Välimäki (born 16 July 1998) is a Finnish professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the European Tour. In his 6th European Tour start, he won the 2020 Oman Open. In 2025, he became the first Finn to win on the PGA Tour when he won the RSM Classic.

Oman Open
The Oman Open is a European Tour golf tournament, held at Al Mouj Golf in Muscat, Oman. When founded in 2018, it was one of five European Tour events to be staged in the Arabian Peninsula, but is currently one of six.

Though it was the first European Tour event in Oman, the course had previously hosted the Challenge Tour's National Bank of Oman Golf Classic from 2013 to 2014 and the NBO Golf Classic Grand Final from 2015 to 2017.
György Ligeti (musician)
György Ligeti (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɟørɟ ˈliɡɛti]; born 19 December 1973) is a Hungarian indie musician, record producer, best known as the lead singer, songwriter, lyricist and guitarist of the indie rock band We Are Rockstars, and the disbanded The Puzzle. He is also the singer and guitarist of the Hungarian electro band, Žagar.  He is not related to the avant-garde classical composer of the same name, György Ligeti (1923–2006).

The Poster Boy
The Poster Boy is a Hungarian indie rock band from Budapest, Hungary. The band's line-up consists of Imre Poniklo from the Budapest-based indie-rock band Amber Smith, Noel R. Mayer from the alternative rock band, The Walrus, and Michael Zwecker from the Pécs-based alternative rock band Kispál és a borz plus Zoltán Fehér "Szegecs". The band members decided to form a band while chatting about the Hungarian indie scene in a bar in Budapest. In a couple of months they wrote several songs which were recorded in late 2011.
149th Street–Grand Concourse station
The 149th Street–Grand Concourse station is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the IRT Jerome Avenue Line and the IRT White Plains Road Line. It is located at East 149th Street and Grand Concourse in Mott Haven, Melrose and Concourse in the Bronx. The complex is served by the 2 and 4 trains at all times, and by the 5 train at all times except late nights.

Concourse, Bronx
Concourse is a neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of the Bronx which includes the Bronx County Courthouse, the Bronx Museum of the Arts, and Yankee Stadium. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are East 169th Street to the north, Webster Avenue to the east, East 149th Street to the south, and Jerome Avenue and Harlem River to the west. The neighborhood is divided into three subsections: West Concourse, East Concourse, and Concourse Village with the Grand Concourse being its main thoroughfare.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 4, and its ZIP Codes are 10451 and 10452. The local subway lines are the IND Concourse Line (B and ​D trains), operating along the Grand Concourse, and the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (4 train), operating along River Avenue. The area is patrolled by the NYPD's 44th Precinct.
Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois
Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

The ruins of the Cistercian Perseigne Abbey, a monument historique, are located in the commune.

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (French pronunciation: [pe.i d(ə) la lwaʁ]) is one of the eighteen administrative regions of France, located on the country's Atlantic coast. It was created in the 1950s to serve as a zone of influence for its capital and most populated city, Nantes, one of a handful of French "balancing metropolises" (métropoles d'équilibre). In 2020, Pays de la Loire had a population of 3,832,120.
William Hicks (Indian Army officer)
Colonel William Hicks (1830 – 5 November 1883), also known as Hicks Pasha, was a British army officer who joined the Bombay Army in 1849, and served through the Indian Rebellion of 1857, being mentioned in dispatches for good conduct at the action of Sitka Ghaut in 1859.

In 1861 he became captain, and in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia was a brigade major, being again mentioned in dispatches and given a brevet majority. He retired with the honorary rank of colonel in 1880.

He then entered the service of the Egyptian government, who controlled Sudan. He led the Egyptian army that was defeated at the Battle of Shaykan, in which he was killed and decapitated.

British expedition to Abyssinia
The British expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia). Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, then often referred to by the anglicized name Theodore, imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government in an attempt to force the British government to comply with his requests for military assistance. The punitive expedition launched by the British in response required the transportation of a sizeable military force hundreds of kilometres across mountainous terrain lacking any road system. The formidable obstacles to the action were overcome by the commander of the expedition, General Robert Napier, who captured the Ethiopian capital, and rescued all the hostages.

Historian Harold G. Marcus described the action as "one of the most expensive affairs of honour in history."
Rasā
Rasa (rásā रसा) is the name of a western tributary of the Indus in the Rigveda (verse 5.53.9). The word rasa means "moisture, humidity" in Vedic Sanskrit.

In RV 9.41.6, RV 10.108 and in the Nirukta of Yaska, it is the name of a mythical stream supposed to flow around the Earth and  the atmosphere (compare Oceanus), also referring to  the underworld in the Mahabharata and the Puranas (compare Styx).

The corresponding term in Avestan is Ranha/Raŋhā. In the Vendidad, Ranha is mentioned just after Hapta-Həṇdu, and may possibly refer to the ocean.

Witzel makes the case that the verse is a remembrance of distant emigration and denotes the river Volga in the steppe homeland of the aryans :- "IIr. river *Raså corresponds in name to the Vedic Raså (RV, JB), the E.Ir. (Avest.) Raŋhå, and the N.Ir. *Rahå that ispreserved in Greek as Rhå and designates the R. Volga".

Styx
In Greek mythology, Styx (/ˈstɪks/ ⓘ; Ancient Greek: Στύξ [stýks]; lit. "Shuddering"), also called the River Styx, is a goddess and one of the rivers of the Greek Underworld. Her parents were the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, and she was the wife of the Titan Pallas and the mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia. She sided with Zeus in his war against the Titans, and because of this, to honor her, Zeus decreed that the solemn oaths of the gods be sworn by the water of Styx.
Our Lady of Perpetual Help School
Our Lady of Perpetual Help School in Vancouver, British Columbia, is a Catholic elementary school. The school opened in 1927, was run by the Sisters of Charity of Halifax.

The school, along with the O.L.P.H. parish, on Camosun Street, on 2250 Camosun Street. There are two classes in each grade, with the exception of preschool, with three classes. The school offers education from Junior Kindergarten to Grade seven.

Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul (Halifax)
The Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul were founded on May 11, 1849, when the four founding Sisters of Charity arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia, from New York City; this has been designated a National Historic Event.
Newcastle Independents
Newcastle Independents, formerly known as Newcastle First, is a populist localist political party based in Newcastle upon Tyne.

Initially established as the Newcastle upon Tyne Community First Party, the party was registered with the Electoral Commission in February 2011 and fielded its first candidates in the 2011 City Council elections.

They won their first council seat in 2019, with two more elected in 2021. The party changed its name from Newcastle First to Newcastle Independents in July 2019, citing in local media a desire to avoid confusion with the far-right Britain First. In fact the party is broadly supportive of nationalising public utilities and was supportive of leftist former Mayor Jamie Driscoll in his 2024 failed attempt to retain the redesigned Mayoralty as an Independent candidate.

As of May 2023, the party has three councillors elected to Newcastle City Council.

2024 North East mayoral election
The 2024 North East mayoral election was held on 2 May 2024 to elect the first mayor of the North East, a role created under the North East devolution deal announced in 2022. The election took place the same day as council elections within the region, as well as local elections across England and Wales.

The winner was Kim McGuinness of the Labour and Co-operative Party, with independent candidate Jamie Driscoll, who had been the Labour North of Tyne elected mayor before leaving the party to contest the election, in second place.
Universo 2000
Andrés Reyes González (April 18, 1963 – May 1, 2018) was a Mexican professional wrestler, or luchador, who was best known under the ring name Universo 2000. Reyes made his professional wrestling debut in 1985 and worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) and, International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG). Reyes was a part of a wrestling family that includes his brothers Carmelo (who wrestles as Cien Caras) and Jesús (Máscara Año 2000) as well as his nephew who wrestles under the name Máscara Año 2000 Jr. Together with his brothers he formed a group called Los Hermanos Dinamita, also known as Los Capos when they teamed up with Apolo Dantés. Reyes was the only three-time CMLL World Heavyweight Champion in the history of the championship. He was originally an Enmascarado, a masked wrestler, but lost his mask in a match against El Canek on September 17, 2004.

Wrestling mask
A wrestling mask is a fabric-based mask that some professional wrestlers wear as part of their in-ring persona or gimmick. Professional wrestlers have been using masks as far back as 1915 and they are still widely used today, especially in Mexican lucha libre.
David Abeles
David Abeles is an American actor. He is most well known for originating the role of Eamon in Once and portraying Ron Weasley in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, both on Broadway. He also portrayed Miss Trunchbull in the US national tour of Matilda the Musical and replaced Dave Malloy as Pierre Bezukhov in the Off-Broadway production of Natasha, Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812.

Pierre Bezukhov
Count Pyotr Kirillovich "Pierre" Bezukhov (/bɛ.zjuːˈkɒv/; Russian: Пётр Кири́ллович "Пьер" Безу́хов) is the fictional protagonist of Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel War and Peace. He is the favourite out of several illegitimate sons of the wealthy nobleman Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov, one of the richest people in the Russian Empire. Pierre is best friends with Andrei Bolkonsky. Tolstoy based Pierre, more than any other War and Peace character, on himself.
Jake Froese
Jake Froese (September 21, 1925 - January 16, 2013) was a Canadian politician, who served as a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada in the 31st Canadian Parliament. He represented the Niagara Falls electoral district after winning the seat in the 1979 federal election, but was defeated in the 1980 election by Al MacBain of the Liberal party.

Prior to his election to Parliament, Froese was a longtime municipal politician in Niagara-on-the-Lake, who was first elected to the municipal council in 1968 and later served as the town's Lord Mayor from 1973 to 1978.

His son Tom Froese later served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 1999.

Niagara Falls—Niagara-on-the-Lake
Niagara Falls—Niagara-on-the-Lake (formerly Niagara Falls) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1953.

It consists of the city of Niagara Falls and the towns of Niagara-on-the-Lake and Fort Erie.

Under the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution the riding was renamed to its current name.
Panonychus ulmi
Panonychus ulmi, the European red mite, is a species of mite which is a major agricultural pest of fruit trees. It has a high reproductive rate, a short generation time (21 days at 20 °C or 68 °F) and produces many broods in a year, all of which contribute to its pest status. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and a very wide host range, having been found on the following plants:

Panonychus ulmi was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1836, under the name Tetranychus ulmi. It has also been known under a number of synonyms:

Mite
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods) of two large orders, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari. However, most recent genetic analyses do not recover the two as each other's closest relative within Arachnida, rendering the group invalid as a clade. Most mites are tiny, less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. The small size of most species makes them easily overlooked; some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating galls, while others are predators or parasites. This last type includes the commercially destructive Varroa parasite of honey bees, as well as scabies mites of humans. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases.

The scientific discipline devoted to the study of mites is called acarology.
Bernd Duvigneau
Bernd Duvigneau (born 3 December 1955 in Magdeburg) is an East German sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two medals in the K-4 1000 m event with a gold in 1980 and a bronze in 1976.

Duvigneau also won five gold medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, earning them in the K-4 500 m (1978, 1979) and the K-4 1000 m (1974, 1978, 1979) events.

1974 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1974 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Mexico City, Mexico in neighboring Xochimilco. This marked the first time the championships took place outside Europe. As of 2009, all championships have taken place either in Europe or North America. The lake was where the canoeing and rowing events took place for the 1968 Summer Olympics.

The men's competition consisted of six Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Three events were held for the women, all in kayak.

This was the eleventh championships in canoe sprint.
253rd (Queen's University) Highland Battalion, CEF
The 253rd (University Highland) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Kingston, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in mid-autumn of 1916, primarily among university students from throughout Canada.  After sailing to England in May 1917 on the troopship Olympic, the unit was absorbed by the 5th Reserve Battalion, CEF, later that month.  The 253rd Battalion had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel P. G. C. Campbell.

In 1920 the perpetuation of the 253rd Battalion was assigned to the Kingston Regiment (Princess of Wales' Own), which became the Princess of Wales' Own Regiment in 1936.

In 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour "The Great War, 1917".

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
Silesian Voivodeship Sejmik
The Silesian Voivodeship Sejmik (Polish: Sejmik Województwa Śląskiego) is the regional legislature of the Voivodeship of Silesia in Poland. It is a unicameral parliamentary body consisting of forty-five councillors elected for a five-year term. The current chairperson of the assembly is Jacek Jarco of PL2050.

The assembly elects the executive board that acts as the collective executive for the regional government, headed by the voivodeship marshal. The current Executive Board of Silesia is a coalition government between Civic Coalition, Third Way and The Left, with Wojciech Saługa of the Civic Coalition presiding as marshal.

The Silesian Assembly convenes in the Silesian Parliament building in Katowice.

Collegial body
Collegial body (or collegiate body, collegial executive, collective executive) is a governmental or organizational entity in which power and authority are vested equally in each of a number of colleagues, rather than in a single individual. This structure is typically contrasted with monocratic authority (bureaucracy), where power is held by a single chief or executive and flows through a hierarchy.

In sociology and political science, collegiality is analyzed both as a historical mechanism for limiting arbitrary power and as a modern structural adaptation in organizations dominated by professionals.
Sucker list
A sucker list is a list of people who have previously fallen for a scam such as a telemarketing fraud, lottery scam, high-yield investment program, get-rich-quick scheme, or work-at-home schemes, or, as used by charities, someone who made a donation. The lists are usually sold to scammers or charities.

After the list is sold, the victims may be called by scammers promising to recover the money they lost or the prize or merchandise they never received, in an advance-fee scam.

An early example of sucker lists is mentioned an 18 November 1929 article in Time which described a list of people who contributed to a lobbyist fund.

Yet another usage was described in the movie Sucker List, a part of the 1941 United States series Crime Does Not Pay. The subject of the movie are fraudulent racetrack touts, who, in particular, used to call people known to be in deep debt and give them false tips.

Donation
A donation is a gift for charity, humanitarian aid, or to benefit a cause. A donation may take various forms, including money, alms, services, or goods such as clothing, toys, food, or vehicles. A donation may satisfy medical needs such as blood or organs for transplant.

Charitable donations of goods or services are also called gifts in kind.