hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transportation in North America
Transportation in North America is performed through a varied transportation system, whose quality ranges from being on par with a high-quality European motorway to an unpaved gravelled back road that can extend hundreds of miles. There is also an extensive transcontinental freight rail network, but passenger railway ridership is lower than in Europe and Asia.

Labrador
Labrador (/ˈlæbrədɔːr/) is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.  It is the primarily continental portion of the province and constitutes 71% of the province's area but is home to only 6% of its population. It is separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in the four Atlantic provinces.

Labrador occupies most of the eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula. It is bordered to the west and south by the province of Quebec. Labrador also shares a small land border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island.

The indigenous peoples of Labrador include the Northern Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the Southern-Inuit of NunatuKavut, and the Innu of Nitassinan.
Parekoy
Parekoy (Buddy) is a 2009 Philippine television sitcom series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Randy L. Santiago and Quark Henares, it stars Jason Gainza, John Prats and Zanjoe Marudo. It aired on the network's Hapontastic line up from January 5 to April 17, 2009, and was replaced by Kambal sa Uma.

Randy Santiago
Randy Gerard Legaspi Santiago (born November 26, 1960) is a Filipino actor, comedian, television host, musician, director, producer  and entrepreneur. He is the older brother of Raymart Santiago, Rowell Santiago and Reily Pablo L. Santiago Jr. He graduated from De La Salle University.

As an actor, Santiago has acted in movies such as Paikot-ikot, released in 1990, Pera o Bayong (Not da TV)! (2000), in which he portrayed Tiburcio, and Taray at Teroy (1988). As a film producer, he has produced movies such as "JR", released in 1983, and "Daniel Bartolo ng Sapang Bato" (1982).
Crisugabalin
Crisugabalin (HSK16149) is a selective GABA analog in development for the treatment of chronic pain. It has a wider therapeutic index than pregabalin, which has a similar mechanism of action. In China, it was approved in May 2024 for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and approved in July 2024 for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. In the United States, it is in Phase III trials as of 2023. The drug can be administered with or without food.

Mechanism of action
In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect.  A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor. Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there.

Drugs that do not bind to receptors produce their corresponding therapeutic effect by simply interacting with chemical or physical properties in the body. Common examples of drugs that work in this way are antacids and laxatives.

In contrast, a mode of action (MoA) describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance.
Hamro Patro
Hamro Patro Listenⓘ is a freemium Nepali calendar app for smartphones. As of 2024, it had been downloaded more than ten million times. It provides additional features including news, horoscope, foreign exchange rates, podcasts and Nepali FM radio stations.

The app is ad-supported so that it remains free, but an in-app subscription is available which removes the advertising.

Freemium
Freemium, a portmanteau of the words "free" and "premium", is a pricing strategy by which a basic product or service is provided free of charge, but money (a premium) is charged for additional features, services and virtual (online) or physical (offline) goods that expand the functionality of the free version of the software. This business model has been used in the software industry since the 1980s. A subset of this model used by the video game industry is called free-to-play.

The ethics of freemium, especially the free-to-play subset, were criticized by Touch Arcade and Business Insider in 2014 and 2015.
Michałopol
Michałopol [mixaˈwɔpɔl] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gidle, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Gidle, 20 km (12 mi) south of Radomsko, and 99 km (62 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Radomsko County
Radomsko County (Polish: powiat radomszczański) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Radomsko, which lies 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. The county also contains the towns of Przedbórz, lying 31 km (19 mi) east of Radomsko, and Kamieńsk, 16 km (10 mi) north of Radomsko.

The county covers an area of 1,442.78 square kilometres (557.1 sq mi). As of 2006, it had a population of 118,856, out of which the population of Radomsko was 49,152, that of Przedbórz was 3,758, that of Kamieńsk was 2,858, and the rural population was 63,088.
Pub song
In British popular culture, the "traditional" pub songs typified by the Cockney "knees up" mostly come from the classics of the music hall, along with numbers from film, the stage and other forms of popular music.

The tradition is continued in the United Kingdom by acts such as Chas & Dave  and a Tribute to Chas and Dave called Gertcha, many of whose works are in a 'pub song' format.

Typical songs include:

"Any Old Iron"

"Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow"

"Knees Up Mother Brown"

"My Old Man's a Dustman"

"Nellie Dean"

"Underneath the Arches"

"Where Did You Get That Hat?"

The term is also commonly used throughout The Commonwealth to refer to well-known songs that may sung communally, often in a pub setting, and often with a Celtic flare. A famous Canadian example is Home For A Rest.

Home for a Rest
"Home for a Rest" is a song by Canadian folk rock band Spirit of the West from their fourth studio album Save This House, released in 1990. It is the band's signature song and is considered a classic of Canadian music.

Although the song received widespread radio and club airplay throughout the 1990s, it was never officially released as a single in its own right until 2014, when a limited edition single was released for Record Store Day.
1980 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship
The 1980 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship was the 12th annual NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship to determine the national champion of NCAA men's college water polo. Tournament matches were played at the Belmont Plaza Pool in Long Beach, California during December 1980.

Stanford defeated California in the final, 8–6, to win their third national title.

John Gansel (Stanford) and Kevin Robertson (California) were named the Co-Most Outstanding Players of the tournament. An All-Tournament Team, consisting of nine players, was also named.

Robertson and Scott Schulte (Bucknell) were the tournament's leading scorers (12 goals). Schulte is the only men's water polo player to be the leading scorer in four consecutive tournaments (1977–1980).

Stanford Cardinal
The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University. Stanford's program has won 137 NCAA team championships, the most of any university. Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 49 consecutive years, starting in 1976–77 and continuing through 2024–25. Through July 2025, Stanford athletes have won 565 individual NCAA titles.

Stanford has won 26 of the 31 NACDA Directors' Cups, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation, including 25 consecutive Cups from 1994–95 through 2018–19. 177 Stanford-affiliated athletes have won a total of 335 Summer Olympic medals (162 gold, 93 silver, 80 bronze), including 39 medals at the 2024 Paris games.

Stanford's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for college football) level as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).
Tenderoni (drag king)
Tenderoni is the stage name of Janelle Felix, an American drag king. He won Alaska Thunderfuck's Drag Queen of the Year Pageant in 2021. He is a judge on the American television series King of Drag. He is based in Chicago.

According to Queerty, Tenderoni "brings a unique blend of old-school cool and modern flair to the stage". He has described his drag as "a mash-up of Michael Jackson, Bobby Brown, Prince, George Michael, and Boy George".

Tenderoni performed in the Taco Bell Drag Brunch tour.

Alaska Thunderfuck
Justin Andrew Honard (born March 6, 1985), best known by the stage name Alaska Thunderfuck 5000 or Alaska Thunderfuck  and mononymously as Alaska, is an American drag queen and singer from Erie, Pennsylvania. She is best known as a runner-up on the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race and the winner of the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars.

Alaska co-hosts the web series Bro'Laska alongside her brother, Cory Binney. Her first studio album, Anus, was released in 2015, followed by her second album, Poundcake, in 2016, and her third album, Vagina, in 2019. Her fourth album, Red 4 Filth, was released in 2022. Alaska is also a part of The AAA Girls, a drag group with Willam and Courtney Act and hosts the podcast Race Chaser with Willam.
Barento
Barento (Oromo: Bareentoo) is one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo people, a Cushitic ethnic group. They live in the West Hararghe Zone, Arsi zone, of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia while the other subgroup named Borana Oromo inhabiting Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Addis Ababa, West Shewa Zone, West Welega Zone and Borena Zone of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.

Oromia Special Zone surrounding Finfinne
The Oromia Special Zone surrounding Finfinne (Oromo: Godina Addaa naannawa Finfinnee)  is a zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia that surrounds Addis Ababa (also known as Finfine: literally "natural spring", in the Oromo language). It was created in 2008 from parts of North Shewa Zone, East Shewa Zone, Southwest Shewa zone and West Shewa Zones. The zone was created to support the cooperation and development of the surrounding areas of Addis Ababa, and to control the urban sprawl of the city on the lands of Oromia. The administrative center of this zone is in Addis Ababa (Finfinne). The districts and town in this zone include Akaki, Bereh, Burayu, Dubra, Holeta Town, Koye Feche, Mulo, Sebeta Hawas, Sebeta Town, Sendafa Town, Sululta, Walmara, Laga Xafo Laga Dadhi, Galaan, Sebeta Hawas (Town) and Dukem.
Makosso IV
King Makosso IV (1 May 1944 – 23 December 2020) was the 17th King of Loango. He was crowned on 29 August 2009 in the Kouilou Department in the Republic of the Congo. He worked in Pointe-Noire as a mechanic, and was chosen to be the King of Loango because he was the nephew of King Poaty III.

He was inaugurated following the death of King Tati Ier in Diosso, and during his rule, he built a new royal palace in the city, called the Limani-Li-Bwali Diosso, located next to the Musée régional Mâ-Loango.

King Makosso died on 23 December 2020 in Rabat following a long illness.  He was 76.

Diosso
Diosso is a town in the Republic of Congo, lying about 25 kilometres north of Pointe-Noire in the Kouilou Department along National Highway 5. It was the capital of the Loango Kingdom and is home to its rulers' mausoleum.  Roman Catholic missionaries were active in Diosso, which had a royal palace.
National Soccer League Coach of the Year
The National Soccer League Coach of the Year was an annual soccer award presented to coaches in Australia. It recognised the most outstanding manager in the National Soccer League each season. The award was established in the first NSL season, 1977.

In 1977, it was given to Rale Rasic who came second in the NSL season that year with Marconi. The last winner of the award was Mich d'Avray, who won the 2003–04 season with Perth Glory. Eddie Thomson won the award three times, the most for an NSL manager.

Mich d'Avray
Jean-Michel "Mich" d'Avray (born 19 February 1962) is a former football player and manager who most recently was technical director at Ajax Cape Town until 2018. A forward, he spent the majority of his playing career at Ipswich Town. Born in South Africa, he represented the England U21 national team at international level.
Attenuation theory
Attenuation theory, also known as Treisman's attenuation model, is a theory of selective attention proposed by psychologist Anne Treisman that explains how the mind processes sensory input by weakening (attenuating) unattended stimuli rather than fully blocking them. It suggests that all incoming information is analyzed to some extent, but irrelevant inputs are reduced in strength, allowing only those with sufficient significance after attenuation to reach conscious awareness through a layered process. Developed as a revision of Donald Broadbent's filter model—which proposed a strict barrier to unattended stimuli—Treisman’s theory addressed cases where ignored information still broke through, adding nuance to how attention operates and influencing later research on the subject.

Donald Broadbent
Donald Eric (D. E.) Broadbent CBE, FRS (Birmingham, 6 May 1926 – 10 April 1993) was an influential experimental psychologist from the United Kingdom. His career and research bridged the gap between the pre-World War II approach of Sir Frederic Bartlett and what became known as cognitive psychology in the late 1960s. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Broadbent as the 54th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Arthur Olsen (politician)
Arthur Olsen (February 13, 1914 – August 8, 2014) was an American politician who was a Democratic member of the Nevada General Assembly. An attorney, he is an alumnus of DePaul University. He was admitted to the bar in 1952.

Nevada State Assembly
39°09′42″N 119°45′58″W﻿ / ﻿39.161643°N 119.766139°W﻿ / 39.161643; -119.766139
The Nevada State Assembly is the lower house of the Nevada Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Nevada, the upper house being the Nevada State Senate. The body consists of 42 members, elected to two-year terms from single-member districts. Each district contained approximately 64,299 people as of the 2010 United States census. Term limits, limiting assembly members to six 2-year terms (12 years), took effect in 2010.

The Nevada Assembly met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971, when a separate Legislative Building was constructed south of the Capitol.  The Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Nevada Legislature. Since the 2012 session, Assembly districts have been formed by dividing the 21 Senate districts in half, so that each Assembly district is nested within a Senate district.
Mechka Island
Mechka Island (Bulgarian: остров Мечка, romanized: ostrov Mechka, IPA: [ˈɔstrof ˈmɛt͡ʃkɐ]) is the mostly ice-covered island extending 875 m in southwest–northeast direction and 350 m in south–north direction in the Dannebrog Islands group of Wilhelm Archipelago in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Its surface area is 15.9 ha.

The feature is so named because of its shape supposedly resembling a bear ('mechka' in Bulgarian), and in association with other descriptive names of islands in the area.

Wilhelm Archipelago
The Wilhelm Archipelago is an island archipelago off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula in Antarctica.

Wilhelm Archipelago consists of numerous islands, the largest of which are Booth Island and Hovgaard Island. The archipelago extends from Bismarck Strait southwest to Lumus Rock, off the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered by a German expedition under Eduard Dallmann, 1873–74. He named them for Wilhelm I, then German Emperor and King of Prussia.
Nordic Quartet
Nordic Quartet is an album by English saxophonist John Surman recorded in 1994 and released on ECM the following. The quartet features singer Karin Krog, guitarist Terje Rypdal and pianist Vigleik Storaas.

ECM Records
ECM (Edition of Contemporary Music) is an independent record label founded by Karl Egger, Manfred Eicher and Manfred Scheffner in Munich in 1969. While ECM is best known for jazz music, the label has released a variety of recordings, and ECM's artists often refuse to acknowledge boundaries between genres. ECM's motto is "the most beautiful sound next to silence", taken from a 1971 review of ECM releases in Coda, a Canadian jazz magazine.

ECM has been distributed in the U.S. by Warner Bros. Records, PolyGram Records, BMG, and, since 1999, Universal Music, the successor of PolyGram, worldwide. Its album covers were profiled in two books: Sleeves of Desire and Windfall Light, both published by Lars Müller.
Manushyanu Oru Aamukham
Manushyanu Oru Aamukham is a Malayalam debut novel by Subhash Chandran. The novel is set in Thachanakkara, a fictitious village in central Kerala, India, and has the central character named Jithendran. It was originally serialised in Mathrubhumi Weekly in 2009 and was published as a book by DC Books in 2010. The novel won the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award (2014), Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award (2011), Odakkuzhal Award (2011), FOKANA Award (2012), Bhasha Institute's Basheer Puraskaaram (2012), Kovilan Puraskaaram (2012) and Vayalar Award (2015).

The novel was a critical success, and remains one of the best-selling books in Malayalam, selling more than 100,000 copies. The work was released in English translated by Dr Fathima E.V, Published by HarperCollins titled A Preface to Man

Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu
Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu (English: Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly) is an Indian general interest weekly magazine published by the Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing Company in Kozhikode. The Malayalam language magazine started publishing on 18 January 1932.

Some of the finest literary work in Malayalam language were initially published in Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly, including Uroob's Ummachu (1954), Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai's Enippadikal (1964), O. V. Vijayan's Khasakkinte Itihasam (1968) and M. Mukundan's Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil (1974). Authors such as M. T. Vasudevan Nair and N. V. Krishna Warrier served as the editors of the magazine.

The magazine carries political commentaries, literary works and columns on science, films and literature. Prominent writer Ramachandra Guha, biologist Krishna Anujan, E P Rajagopalan are among the columnists.
The Priddle Concern (album)
The Priddle Concern is the debut solo album by The Priddle Concern, a project of former Treble Charger guitarist and songwriter Bill Priddle.

In addition to the core band members, Priddle, Scott Remila, Mitch Bowden and Dave Dunham, the album also featured guest appearances by Amy Millan, Justin Peroff, Evan Cranley and Brendan Canning, all of whom Priddle has worked with as an occasional member of Broken Social Scene. The album was produced by Howie Beck, Andy Magoffin, Jack Critchley and Dave Neufeld.

Some of the songs were written over a decade ago, as far back as 1996, although most of the songs were written and recorded between 2003 and 2006.

Howie Beck
Howie Beck is a Canadian musician, mixer and producer based in Toronto, Ontario. He has been nominated for three Juno Awards in Canada on three occasions for Adult Alternative Album, Engineer of the Year and Producer of the Year (2017).
Birdlike noctule
The birdlike noctule (Nyctalus aviator) is a species of bat. It nests in the holes in old trees and buildings, and sometimes in mineshafts.  It is distributed across Northeast Asia, from northeast China and Siberia through the Korean Peninsula to Japan.

Northeast Asia
Northeast Asia, sometimes called Northeastern Asia or Northeast Eurasia, is a geographical subregion of Asia. Its northeastern landmass and islands are bounded by the North Pacific Ocean.

The term Northeast Asia was popularized during the 1930s by American historian and political scientist Robert Kerner. Under Kerner's definition, "Northeast Asia" includes the Japanese archipelago, the Korean peninsula, the Mongolian Plateau, the Northeast China Plain, and the mountainous regions of the Russian Far East, stretching from the Lena River in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Franklin (automobile)
The Franklin Automobile Company was an American automobile manufacturer between 1902 and 1934 in Syracuse, New York. Herbert H. Franklin, the founder, began his career in the metal die casting business before establishing his automobile enterprise. Controlled by Herbert H. Franklin it had very few other significant shareholders. Franklin bought its vehicles from the H. H. Franklin Manufacturing Company which was only moderately profitable and frequently missed dividends on common stock.

The two major characteristics of their automobiles were their air-cooled engines and in the early years their lightness and responsiveness when compared with other luxury cars.

The Franklin companies suffered financial collapse in April 1934. Aside from his consequent retirement CEO Herbert Franklin's lifestyle was unaffected.

H. H. Franklin Manufacturing Company
H. H. Franklin Manufacturing Company was founded in 1893 by industrialist Herbert H. Franklin in Syracuse, New York. The company specialized in machine die casting and produced small parts such as gears and bearing caps. It was the first company in the world in that enterprise.

Franklin Manufacturing and its subsidiaries, except its aircraft engine branch, closed in 1934 due to bankruptcy.
Curuçá
Curuçá is a municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil.

Curuçá was founded in 1775, but only became a city in 1895.
Some of the municipality was split off into separate municipalities in 1939, 1955 and 1991.
The Curuçá River flows from south to north through the municipality, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.
The municipality contains the 37,062-hectare (91,580-acre) Mãe Grande de Curuçá Extractive Reserve, created in 2002, which protects the waters and banks of the estuary.

North Region, Brazil
The North Region of Brazil (Portuguese: Região Norte do Brasil [ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔʁtʃi du bɾaˈziw]) is the largest region of Brazil, accounting for 45.27% of the national territory. It has the second-lowest population of any region in the country, and accounts for a minor percentage of the national GDP. The region is slightly larger than India and slightly smaller than the whole European Union. It comprises the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins.

It has the lowest population density out of all the regions of Brazil, with only 4.5 inhabitants per km2. Most of the population is centered in urban areas.

Belém International Airport and Manaus International Airport connect the North Region with many Brazilian cities and also operate some international flights. The region is home to the Federal University of Amazonas and the Federal University of Pará, among others.