hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Circle-valued Morse theory
In mathematics, circle-valued Morse theory studies the topology of a smooth manifold by analyzing the critical points of smooth maps from the manifold to the circle, in the framework of Morse homology.  It is an important special case of Sergei Novikov's Morse theory of closed one-forms.

Michael Hutchings and Yi-Jen Lee have connected it to Reidemeister torsion and Seiberg–Witten theory.

Sergei Novikov (mathematician)
Sergei Petrovich Novikov (Russian: Серге́й Петро́вич Но́виков [sʲɪrˈɡʲej pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈnovʲɪkəf]; 20 March 1938 – 6 June 2024) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, noted for work in both algebraic topology and soliton theory. He became the first Soviet mathematician to receive the Fields Medal in 1970.
Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro
The Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, MAM) is a museum located in northeastern Flamengo Park, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is in the Centro district, west of Santos Dumont Airport, on Guanabara Bay.

Guanabara Bay
Guanabara Bay (Portuguese: baía de Guanabara, baía da Guanabara, IPA: [baˈi.ɐ da ɡwɐnaˈbaɾɐ]) is an oceanic bay in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lie the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias, and on its eastern shore are the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo. Four other municipalities surround the bay's shores. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints' Bay), at 412 square kilometres (159 sq mi), with a perimeter of 143 kilometres (89 mi).

Guanabara Bay is 31 kilometres (19 mi) long and 28 kilometres (17 mi) wide at its maximum. Its 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot's Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf).

The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language, goanã-pará, from gwa "bay", plus nã "similar to" and ba'ra "sea". Other glosses include hidden water, lagoon of the sea, and bosom of the sea.
Juan Feldman
Juan Feldman (born 16 September 1972) is a Uruguayan-born film producer and director who lives in California.

He started his film career almost by chance, as part of the crew of Curro Jiménez in Montevideo. Later he moved to California, where he engaged in film production.

Uruguayans
Uruguayans (Spanish: uruguayos) are people identified with the country of Uruguay, through citizenship or descent. Uruguay is home to people of different ethnic origins. As a result, many Uruguayans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and their allegiance to Uruguay. Colloquially, primarily among other Spanish-speaking Latin American nations, Uruguayans are also referred to as "orientals [as in Easterners]" (Spanish: orientales).

Uruguay is, along with much of the Americas, a melting pot of different peoples, with the difference that it has traditionally maintained a model that promotes cultural assimilation, hence the different cultures have been absorbed by the mainstream. Uruguay has one of the most homogeneous populations in South America; the most common ethnic backgrounds by far being those from Spain, Italy, Germany and France i.e. Spanish Uruguayans, Italian Uruguayans, German Uruguayans, French Uruguayans and Polish Uruguayans.
Vevelstad Station
Vevelstad Station (Norwegian: Vevelstad holdeplass) is located at Langhus in Ski, Norway. On the Østfold Line, the station is served by the Oslo Commuter Rail line L2 operated by Vy with two hourly services.

The station was opened in 1985. It was planned as one of two intermediate stations on the new Follo Line between Ski and Oslo, but has since been dismissed.

Vy
Vygruppen, branded as Vy, formerly the Norwegian State Railways (Norwegian: Norges Statsbaner, NSB), is a government-owned railway company which operates most passenger train services and many bus services in Norway. The company is owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport. Its sub-brands include Vy Buss coach services, CargoNet freight trains and the Swedish train transport company Tågkompaniet.  In 2009, NSB carried 52 million train passengers and 104 million bus passengers.  On 24 April 2019, passenger train and bus services were rebranded as Vy.

The company was established as the Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996). In 1996 the company was split into the new NSB, the infrastructure company, Jernbaneverket and the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate. In 2002, the freight operations were split to the subsidiary CargoNet, and the maintenance department became Mantena. It was controversially renamed Vygruppen in 2019; the then-opposition parties vowed to reverse the name change.
Maria Balsha, Countess of Muro
Maria Balšić (Italian: Maria Balsa; Maria del Balzo; Albanian: Maria Balsha; Serbian: Марија Балшић), (c. 1461, June 16th 1559) was a noblewoman from the House of Balšić, ruling family of the Principality of Zeta, whose territory was in present-day southern Montenegro and northern Albania. She was Countess of Acerenza and Muro from her marriage to Giacomo Alfonso Ferrillo.

Acerenza
Acerenza (Italian: [atʃeˈrɛntsa]; Lucanian: Lagerénze) is a town and comune (municipality) in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
End of Basque home rule in Spain
The end of Basque home rule or fueros in Spain was a process coming to a head in the period extending from the First Carlist War (1833–1840) to the aftermath of the Third Carlist War (1876–1878). It brought to an end the status of sovereignty coupled with allegiance to the Crown of Castile held by the different Basque territories for centuries. In the French Basque Country, home rule was abruptly suppressed during the French Revolution (starting 1790).

The loss of home rule (fueros) was followed by the Basque Economic Agreement (1878), a period of shaky peace with occasional popular uprisings, like the Gamazada centred in Navarre, and the emergence of Basque nationalism.

Basque Economic Agreement
The Economic Agreement (Basque: kontzertu ekonomikoa, Spanish: Concierto económico) is a juridical instrument that regulates the taxation and financial relations between the General Administration of the Kingdom of Spain and the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country.
Sunnyside, Arizona
Sunnyside is a populated place situated in the far west of Cochise County, Arizona, United States, located just north of the international border with Mexico. It has an estimated elevation of 5,814 feet (1,772 m) above sea level.

Cochise County, Arizona
Cochise County (/koʊˈtʃiːs/ koh-CHEESS) is a county in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona. It is named after Cochise, a Chiricahua Apache, who was a key war leader during the Apache Wars.

Its population was 125,447 at the 2020 census. The county seat is Bisbee and the most populous city is Sierra Vista.

Cochise County includes the Sierra Vista-Douglas, Arizona metropolitan statistical area. The county borders southwestern New Mexico and the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora.
Fedor Shcherbakov
Lieutenant General Fyodor Ivanovich Shcherbakov (Kazakh: Фёдор Иванович Щербаков; 26 May 1947 – 16 August 2022) was a Kazakh military officer of Russian descent, who served as the first Commander-in-Chief of the Kazakh Ground Forces.

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces (Kazakhstan)
The Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces (Kazakh: Құрлық әскерлерінің бас қолбасшысы, romanized: Qūrlyq äskerlerınıñ bas qolbasşysy; Russian: Главнокомандующий сухопутными войсками) is the professional head of the Kazakh Ground Forces. They are responsible for the administration and the operational control of the Ground Forces.

The position of the Commander of the Ground Forces, as well as the state institution that is the Directorate of the Commander of the Ground Forces did not exist from July 2000 to June 2002 and from November 2004 to April 2009. In the indicated periods, the Ground Forces of Kazakhstan did not have their own centralized command and control body. On 14 June 2002, the office was created. The ground forces, in addition to regional commands, were subordinate to the Committee of the Chiefs of Staff of the armed forces.
HMS Tilbury
HMS Tilbury is the name of several ships of the Royal Navy.

HMS Tilbury (1699) was a 50-gun fourth-rate ship of the line which was broken up in 1726.

HMS Tilbury (1733) was a 60-gun fourth-rate ship of the line. She accidentally caught fire and sank off Hispaniola in 1742.

HMS Tilbury (1745) was a 58-gun fourth-rate ship of the line. She was driven onto the rocks by a storm in 1757.

HMS Tilbury (1856) was an Albacore-class gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1865.

HMS Tilbury (1918) was an S-class destroyer launched in 1918 and sold for breaking up in 1931.

HMS Tilbury (J228) was a Bangor-class minesweeper transferred to the Royal Indian Navy before she was launched in 1942 and renamed HMIS Konkan (J228).

S-class destroyer (1917)
The S class (initially known as the Modified Trenchant class) was a class of 67 destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1917 under the 11th and 12th Emergency War Programmes. They saw active service in the last months of the First World War and in the Russian and Irish Civil Wars during the early 1920s.  Most were relegated to the reserve by the mid-1920s and subsequently scrapped under the terms of the London Naval Treaty. Eleven survivors saw much action during the Second World War.
2021–22 Super 6
The 2021–22 Super 6 (also known as the Fosroc Super 6 for sponsorship reasons) is the second season of a semi-professional rugby union competition for Scotland's club sides. The season tournament for 2020–21 did not take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The six teams competing in this season's Super 6 are Ayrshire Bulls, Boroughmuir Bears, Heriot's Rugby, Stirling County, Watsonians and Southern Knights.

Ayr RFC
Ayr Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club. It's the men's side play in the Scottish Premiership and the women's side play in the Scottish Womens West One. The team is based in Ayr in Scotland, and plays at Millbrae, Alloway.

Between the 2019-2020 and 2023–2024 seasons the club ran a men's professional side known as the Ayrshire Bulls which competed in the Super 6 league and Super Sprint competitions.

The Bulls were one of six franchises playing in the Super6 competition and had a 35-strong playing squad, which included loose-head prop Gordon Reid, who was in the Scotland squad at the 2019 Rugby World Cup. He had joined Ayr, his first club, from London Irish.

During that professional era, they also ran an amateur "Club XV" which competed in the Tennent's National League 1, a 2nd XV "Ayr-Millbrae", which plays in the SRU West Reserve League Division 1, and various age group teams, from age 4, up to age 18.
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science is an encyclopedia on the history of science from around the middle of the 16th century (the early modern period) to the beginning of the 21st century. The book includes 609 articles by over two hundred authors.

The editor-in-chief was John L. Heilbron and the editors were James R. Bartholomew, Jim Bennett, Frederic L. Holmes, Rachel Laudan, and Giuliano Pancaldi. The book was published by Oxford University Press in 2003. An e-book version appeared in 2006. In 2014, the book was translated into Japanese and published by Asakura Publishing.

The book has been reviewed by the British Journal for the History of Science Choice, Nature, and the Times Literary Supplement.

James R. Bartholomew
James Richard Bartholomew (born 30 June 1941) is an American historian, who specializes in the modern history of Japan.

He studied at Stanford University where he was awarded a B.A. in 1963, an M.A. in 1964 and a Ph.D. in 1972.

He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2001, and was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007.

He is currently Emeritus Professor for the history department at Ohio State University.

His work focuses on East Asian history; the environment, technology, and science; and religion in history.
MGM Macau
MGM Macau (Chinese: 美高梅; formerly known as MGM Grand Macau) is a 35-story, 600-room casino resort in Sé, Macau. Under a sub concession approved by the Macau government, the project is owned and operated as a 50-50 joint venture between MGM Resorts International and Pansy Ho, the daughter of Macau casino magnate Stanley Ho.  The sub-concession is one of several examples of new casino construction following the end of the government-granted monopoly held for decades by Stanley Ho.

Resort
A resort (North American English) is a self-contained commercial establishment that aims to provide most of a vacationer's needs. This includes food, drink, accommodation, sports, entertainment and shopping, on the premises. A hotel is frequently a central feature of a resort and the term resort may be used for a hotel that provides an array of entertainment and recreational activities.

Some resorts are also condominium complexes that offer timeshares or fractional ownership, in addition to wholly owned condominiums. A resort is not always a commercial establishment operated by a single company, but in the late 20th century, this type became more common.

In British English, "resort" means a town which people visit for holidays and day trips, typically containing hotels where holidaymakers stay. Blackpool and Brighton in UK and Ayia Napa in Cyprus are examples of such places.
Bluebird Gap Farm
Bluebird Gap Farm is a public city park and petting zoo located in Hampton, Virginia, at 60 Pine Chapel Road. It is designed to resemble a working farm, and features farm animals and fowl of all types, and wild animals native to Virginia.

It is also home to the city's volunteer master gardeners' demonstration garden.

Petting zoo
A petting zoo (also called a children's zoo, children's farm, or petting farm) features a combination of domesticated animals and some wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. In addition to independent petting zoos, many general zoos contain a petting zoo.

Most petting zoos are designed to provide only relatively placid, herbivorous domesticated animals, such as sheep, goats, rabbits, ponies and donkeys to feed and interact physically with safety. This is in contrast to the usual zoo experience, where normally wild animals are viewed from behind safe enclosures where no contact is possible. A few provide wild species (such as pythons or big cat cubs) to interact with, but these are rare and usually found outside Western nations.
Sun, West Virginia
Sun is an unincorporated community and coal town in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States.

Likely founded in the 1890s, Sun was home to several coal mines, which, by 1920, had employed 380 people and produced 208,442 tons of coal.

Fayette County, West Virginia
Fayette County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the indicated population was 40,488. Its county seat is Fayetteville. It is part of the Beckley, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area in Southern West Virginia.
Tondabayashi Jinaimachi
Tondabayashi Jinaimachi (富田林寺内町) is a popular name of the old temple-based town (Jinaimachi) located in Tondabayashi City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings (1997) in Tondabayashi-shi Tondabayashi (富田林市富田林重要伝統的建造物群保存地区). The town retains town blocks from the Sengoku period, along with machiyas (traditional wooden town residences) built from the mid-Edo period on.

Machiya
Machiya (町屋/町家) are traditional wooden townhouses found throughout Japan and typified in the historical capital of Kyoto. Machiya ('townhouses') and nōka ('farm dwellings') constitute the two categories of Japanese vernacular architecture known as minka ('folk dwellings').

Machiya originated as early as the Heian period and continued to develop through to the Edo period and even into the Meiji period. Machiya housed urban merchants and craftsmen, a class collectively referred to as chōnin ('townspeople').

The word machiya is written using two kanji: machi (町, 'town') and ya (家, 'house') or ya (屋, 'shop'), depending on the kanji used to express it.
Pine River-Backus School District
Pine River-Backus School District is a school district in north central Minnesota along Minnesota State Highway 371. Pine River-Backus Schools serves students and families from the communities of Pine River, Backus, Chickamaw Beach, Jenkins, Emily, Fifty Lakes, Longville, Leader & Manhattan Beach. The district (ISD 2174) was formed after the merger of the Pine River (ISD 117) and Backus (ISD 114) school districts in 1992. Originally, there were schools in both Pine River and Backus, but now all schools operate on a single conjoined campus in Pine River.

Schools include:

Pine River-Backus High School

Pine River-Backus Elementary School

Pine River Alternative Learning Center

Pine River-Backus Schools, often known by "PRB", serves a mostly rural and small town population with a total of 945 students. The school district colors are orange and black. The mascot for all schools is the Tiger.

Jenkins Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota
Jenkins Township is a township in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States.  The population was 425 at the 2000 census.

The township was named for George W. Jenkins, the founder of the city of Jenkins.
Miguel Santiago
Miguel Santiago (born March 6, 1973) is an American politician who served in the California State Assembly from 2014 to 2024. Santiago is a Democrat who represented the 54th Assembly District, which encompasses parts of Downtown Los Angeles, along with East Hollywood, Boyle Heights, Montebello, Commerce, and Vernon.

Santiago was a member of the California Latino Legislative Caucus and the California Legislative Progressive Caucus. He served as chairman of the Communications and Conveyance Committee prior to his retirement. Prior to being elected to the Assembly in 2014, he was a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees. He also served as District Director to former Assembly Speaker John Pérez.

Boyle Heights, Los Angeles
Boyle Heights is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, located east of the Los Angeles River. It is one of the city's most notable and historic Chicano/Mexican American communities, and is home to cultural landmarks like Mariachi Plaza and events like the annual Día de los Muertos celebrations.
Helene Marie Fossesholm
Helene Marie Fossesholm (born 31 May 2001) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competes for Eiker Skiklubb. She has won a total of three gold medals at the FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships, and won her first podium in the World Cup, finishing second in Rukatunturi, Finland, in November 2020. Besides skiing she has also competed in mountain bike racing and has a bronze medal from the junior cross-country race at the 2019 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships.

FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships
The FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships is an annual nordic skiing event organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The Junior World Championships was started in 1977 and was first hosted in Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. The Junior World Championship events include Nordic skiing's three disciplines: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and nordic combined (the latter being a combination sport consisting of both cross-country and ski jumping).
Pingshan Center station
Pingshan Center station (Chinese: 坪山中心站; pinyin: Píngshān Zhōngxīn Zhàn) is a station on Line 14 of Shenzhen Metro in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, which is opened on 28 October 2022. It is located in Pingshan District.

The station is in central Pingshan District, Shenzhen. It is near the Pingshan District Government, Pingshan District Central Park (坪山区中心公园), and Pingshan District Experimental School (坪山区实验学校).

It is near the station of the same name [zh] on the Line 1 of Pingshan SkyShuttle, and is used for transferring to and from the SkyShuttle.

Line 1 (Pingshan SkyShuttle)
Line 1 of the Pingshan SkyShuttle is an elevated BYD SkyShuttle automated guideway transit line serving the district of Pingshan, Shenzhen. Line 1 opened on 28 December 2022  and runs from Pingshan Station to BYD North Station.
Rob Walker (New York politician)
Richard Robinson "Rob" Walker (born 1974/1975) was the Chief Deputy County Executive of Nassau County, New York from January 2010 until January 2018 shortly before his arrest in February.  He was previously a Republican member of the New York State Assembly representing the 15th Assembly District, which includes parts of central Nassau County including Hicksville, Westbury and Syosset.

Westbury, New York
Westbury is a village in the town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. It is considered the anchor community of the Greater Westbury area. The population was 15,404 at the time of the 2020 census.
Commander Regional Forces (United Kingdom)
The Commander Regional Forces (CRF) was a senior British Army officer who had command over the Regenerative Divisions of the British Army i.e. those divisions that are not on full strength and would only be mobilised in a national emergency. The post was held by a lieutenant general and was based at HQ Land Forces. The post holder was also Inspector-General of the Territorial Army.

Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen), formerly more commonly lieutenant-general, is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. It is the equivalent of a multinational three-star rank; some British lieutenant generals sometimes wear three-star insignia, in addition to their standard insignia, when on multinational operations.

Lieutenant general is a superior rank to major general, but subordinate to a (full) general. The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-8, equivalent to a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and an air marshal in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries.

The rank insignia for both the Army and the Royal Marines is a crown over a crossed sabre and baton. During the reign of Elizabeth II, the St Edward's Crown, commonly known as the Queen's Crown, was depicted. Before 1953, and again since the accession of Charles III in 2022, the Tudor Crown has been used.
Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon
General Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon (c. 1678 – 28 November 1728), styled Earl of Enzie until 1684 and the Marquess of Huntly from 1684 to 1716, was a Scottish Jacobite peer.

Gordon was the son of George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon and Lady Elizabeth Howard, the daughter of the Roman Catholic Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk.
He fought with the Jacobites at the battle of Sheriffmuir, with three hundred horsemen and two thousand foot. On 12 February 1716, he surrendered at Gordon Castle to John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland. He was imprisoned at Edinburgh, but obtained a pardon when his father died and entered his inheritance as 2nd Duke on 7 December 1716.

He is mentioned in the Jacobite riddling song Cam Ye o'er frae France, referred to as "Cockalorum", an epithet derived from the traditional nickname of the head of the Gordon clan, "Cock o' the North"

Jacobite rising of 1715
The Jacobite rising of 1715 (Scottish Gaelic: Bliadhna Sheumais [ˈpliən̪ˠə ˈheːmɪʃ];
or 'the Fifteen') was the attempt by James Edward Stuart (the Old Pretender) to regain the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland for the exiled Stuarts.

At Braemar, Aberdeenshire, the Earl of Mar raised the Jacobite standard on 27 August. Aiming to capture Stirling Castle, he was checked by the much-outnumbered Hanoverians, commanded by the Duke of Argyll, at Sheriffmuir on 13 November. There was no clear result, but the Earl appeared to believe, mistakenly, that he had won the battle. After the Jacobite surrender at Preston (14 November), the rebellion was over.