hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joseph H. Silverman (Hispanist)
Joseph H. Silverman (October 15, 1924 – March 23, 1989) was an American Hispanist scholar and professor of Spanish literature at the University of Southern California and the University of California at Los Angeles and Santa Cruz.

Silverman specialized in Spanish Golden Age literature, especially the comedia and the picaresque novel, and the role of converts from Judaism in Spanish culture. He collaborated with fellow Hispanist scholars Samuel G. Armistead and Israel J. Katz in the study of the literature of the Sephardic Jews. While at UC Santa Cruz, Silverman served as provost of the Adlai E. Stevenson College from 1974 to 1981. Silverman published nearly 300 books, articles, and reviews throughout his career.

Comedia (play)
In the Spanish Golden Age (Siglo de Oro) tradition, a comedia is a three-act play combining dramatic and comic elements. The principal characters are noblemen (galanes; sg.: galán) and ladies (damas) who work out a plot involving love, jealousy, honor and sometimes also piety or patriotism. Supporting characters include comical servants (graciosos) who assist their employers in carrying out the action.

Largely created and defined by Lope de Vega, the style is defined by a mixture of tragedy and comedy. Originally referred to loosely as "tragicomedy", the name was eventually shortened to simply "comedia". Dr. Sebastián Francisco de Medrano, founder and president  of the Medrano Academy (1616–1622), became the commissioner of the Spanish Inquisition, official censor of comedias.
Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation
The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation was established by the Republic of China in 1913 in order to address several aspects of Chinese language reform—including selecting an official phonetic transcription system for Mandarin Chinese, as well as standardizing pronunciations for basic Chinese characters under what is now Old National Pronunciation. After the failure of Old National Pronunciation, it moved towards what is now Modern Standard Mandarin in 1932, based on the Beijing dialect of the  Delegates representing every Chinese province deliberated on the merits of numerous systems, ultimately selecting the design of Zhang Binglin (1869–1936). Zhang's system would serve as the prototype for Bopomofo, and would be officially adopted by the Republican government in 1918.

Phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic alphabet, phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phonetics) by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Chassepierre
Chassepierre (French pronunciation: [ʃaspjɛʁ]; Gaumais: Tchespire) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Florenville, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

It was a fully-fledged municipality before the 1977 fusion of the Belgian municipalities.

The village is a member of the non-profit organization Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie ("The Most Beautiful Villages of Wallonia").

Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie
Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie (French pronunciation: [le ply bo vilaʒ də walɔni], lit. 'The Most Beautiful Villages of Wallonia') is a non-profit organisation formed in 1994 to promote, protect and develop a number of villages in Wallonia, Belgium.

The association is inspired by the organisation Les plus beaux villages de France and is established as an ASBL in Belgium. It is affiliated to the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World.

Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie organises events such as Un Dimanche, un Beau Village ("one Sunday, one beautiful village"), where one village is highlighted and promoted each week, and activities take place to allow visitors to explore the culture and heritage of the village.
Alice Rahon
Alice Phillipot (Alice Rahon) (8 June 1904 – September 1987) was a French-born Mexican poet and artist whose work contributed to the beginning of abstract expression in Mexico. She began as a surrealist poet in Europe but began painting in Mexico. She was a prolific artist from the late 1940s to the 1960s, exhibiting frequently in Mexico and the United States, with a wide circle of friends in these two countries. Her work remained tied to surrealism but was also innovative, including abstract elements and the use of techniques such as sgraffito and the use of sand for texture. She became isolated in her later life due to health issues.

Sgraffito
Sgraffito (Italian: [zɡrafˈfiːto]; pl. sgraffiti) is an artistic or decorative technique of scratching through a coating on a hard surface to reveal parts of an underlying layer contrasted in colour. It is produced on walls by applying layers of plaster tinted in contrasting colours to a moistened surface, and on pottery by applying two successive layers of contrasting slip or glaze to an unfired ceramic body. The Italian past participle sgraffiato is also used for this technique, especially in reference to pottery.
Kathrin Gabler
Kathrin Gabler (born 1984 in Ingolstadt) is a German Egyptologist. She is the current professor of Egyptology at the University of Mainz, a German U15 research university, and a specialist on Deir el-Medina prosopography, Hieratic script, and Egyptian archaeology.

University of Mainz
The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (German: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) is a public research university in Mainz, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany. It has been named after the printer Johannes Gutenberg since 1946. As of 2018, it had approximately 32,000 students enrolled in around 100 academic programs. The university is organized into 11 faculties.

The university is a member of the German U15, a group of fifteen major research and medical universities in Germany. It also participates in the IT-Cluster Rhine-Main-Neckar and forms part of the Rhine-Main-Universities (RMU) along with Goethe University Frankfurt and Technische Universität Darmstadt.

The first university of Mainz was founded in 1477, it is one of the oldest universities in Europe, although it was later closed and re-founded 148 years later.
Grayson Nunatak
Grayson Nunatak (76°47′S 143°38′W﻿ / ﻿76.783°S 143.633°W﻿ / -76.783; -143.633) is a nunatak situated 3 nautical miles (6 km) west of Crummey Nunatak in Antarctica. It is the northwesternmost feature of the Gutenko Nunataks, in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land. The nunatak was discovered and first mapped by the United States Antarctic Service, 1939–41. It was remapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1959–65, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Donald E. Grayson, an engineer at Byrd Station, 1970.

United States Antarctic Program
The United States Antarctic Program (or USAP; formerly known as the United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP and the United States Antarctic Service or USAS) is an organization of the United States government which has a presence in the Antarctica continent. Founded in 1959, the USAP manages all U.S. scientific research and related logistics in Antarctica as well as aboard ships in the Southern Ocean.
Orobanche crenata
Orobanche crenata is a species of broomrape, commonly known as bean broomrape. It is a common parasite of the faba bean, Vicia faba.  It is native to the Mediterranean basin in Europe and North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Western Asia through to Iran. It has been introduced elsewhere, including Ethiopia. It has no chlorophyll, and gets its carbohydrates from the host's phloem, and water and minerals from the host's xylem. It is a constant threat to legume production. In the Apulia region of southern Italy, the stems of Orobanche crenata are gathered and eaten.

Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem; both of these are part of the vascular bundle. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water upward from the roots to parts of the plants such as stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients. The word xylem is derived from the Ancient Greek word ξύλον (xúlon), meaning "wood"; the best-known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout a plant. The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858.
Jacques Cuinières
Jacques Cuinières (1943 – 8 February 2020) was a French journalist and photographer. He worked for L'Aurore from 1960 to 1980, for Le Quotidien de Paris from 1980 to 1989 and for Le Figaro from 1989 to 2003.

L'Aurore (newspaper founded 1944)
L'Aurore (French: [loʁɔʁ]) was a French newspaper first sold on 11 September 1944 soon after the Liberation of Paris. Its name refers to a previously unrelated publication, L'Aurore (1897–1914). The publication of L'Aurore ended in 1985.
The Broken Giant
The Broken Giant is a 1997 American drama film written and directed by Estep Nagy, and starring John Glover, Brooke Smith and Will Arnett. It is meditative in style, with long silences and highly composed photography. The film was acquired by the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in 2000. The soundtrack was released as Songs Put Together For (The Broken Giant) by Will Oldham.

John Glover (actor)
John Glover (/ˈɡlʌvər/ born August 7, 1944) is an American actor, known for a range of villainous roles in films and television, such as Lionel Luthor in Smallville, Dr. Jason Woodrue in Batman & Robin and the voice of Riddler in the DC Animated Universe. He also played the role of Daniel Clamp in Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990).
Kinnekulle Line
Kinnekulle Line (Swedish: Kinnekullebanan) is a 121-kilometer (75 mi) long unelectrified single track railway line from Håkantorp via Lidköping and Mariestad to Gårdsjö in Sweden. At Gårdsjö, it connects to the Western Main Line and at Håkantorp it connects with the Älvsborg Line. The line lacks both automatic train protection and centralized traffic control.
Västtrafik runs a regional trains service on the whole line, using Y31 trains. Green Cargo run trains from Hallsberg to a paper mill in Mariestad.

Västtrafik
Västtrafik is the agency responsible for public transport services involving buses, ferries, trains, and the Gothenburg tram network in the county of Västra Götaland, Sweden (plus Kungsbacka Municipality). It was established with the Västra Götaland County on 1 January 1998. Until 31 December 2011 the ownership was shared equally between the Västra Götaland Regional Council and the 49 municipalities in the region, from 1 January 2012 the county council is the sole owner. The fleet consists of approximately 1900 vehicles.
Daszewski
Dashewski, feminine:Dashevska is a Polish surname derived from the settlement of Dashev. Russia-language equivalent: Dashevsky. Notable people with the surname include:

Jan Daszewski (1916–1942), fighter pilot in the Polish Air Force in World War II

Wiktor Daszewski (1936–2021), Polish archeologist

Władysław Daszewski (1902–1971), Polish scenographer and caricaturist

Dashiv
Dashiv (Ukrainian: Дашів; Polish: Daszów) is a rural settlement in Haisyn Raion of Vinnytsia Oblast in Ukraine. It is located on the banks of the Sob, a left tributary of the Southern Bug. Dashiv hosts the administration of Dashiv settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 3,762 (2022 estimate) It is located in the historic region of Podolia.
Erinocarpus
Erinocarpus nimmonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is the sole species in genus Erinocarpus. It is a tree which grows about 10 meters tall. It is native to southwestern India.

Erinocarpus nimmonii is mostly found in the central and northern Western Ghats, in the states of Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Its northernmost range extends to Valsad in southern Gujarat. It grows on hill slopes and along stream and river banks in moist deciduous forests from 600 to 1,000 meters elevation.

Valsad
Valsad (pronounced [ˈʋəlsɑɽ]) is a town and municipality in the Valsad district of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the district headquarters of Valsad district. Valsad is located north of Vapi and shares border with Maharashtra and the union territories of  Daman in the south.
Anna Wierzba
Anna Wierzba (born 19 July 2000) is a Danish handball player for Toulon Saint-Cyr Var Handball and the Danish national junior team.

She also represented Denmark in the 2017 European Women's U-17 Handball Championship, 2018 Women's Youth World Handball Championship, and in the 2019 Women's Junior European Handball Championship, placing 6th all three times.

She has previously played for the AGF Håndbold, Aarhus United and Skanderborg Håndbold.

Skanderborg Håndbold
Skanderborg Håndbold, previously known as Vrold-Skanderborg Håndboldklub is a handball club, currently only running a women's team at the top level. It is based in Skanderborg in Jutland, Denmark.

The club has over 650 members, which makes it one of the biggest handball clubs in Denmark and the biggest in Jutland.

In 2021, Aarhus Håndbold merged with Skanderborg Håndbold's men's team, and they changed the name to Skanderborg Aarhus Håndbold.
Brookfield railway station, Victoria
Brookfield railway station was located on the Bright line serving the town of Brookfield in Victoria. It opened in September 1888 and closed on 4 October 1954. A station sign has also been erected as part of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail.

Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail
The Murray to Mountains Rail Trail is a cycling and walking rail trail in northern Victoria, Australia. It extends from Wangaratta to Bright, with a side branch to Beechworth, following the route of the former Bright railway line. This side branch trail is planned to be extended from Beechworth to Yackandandah. AU$12m was budgeted by the Victoria State Government for this extension in May 2017.  Unusually for a rail trail, it is sealed for virtually the entire distance of approximately 95 kilometres.

Another section, from Rutherglen to Wahgunyah on the Murray was completed in 2009. There is an on-road "preferred route" connecting Rutherglen to Bowser via Chiltern. A third section extends south from Wangaratta to Oxley, connecting with a bike path from there to Milawa.
Scientific Data (journal)
Scientific Data is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by Nature Research since 2014. It focuses on descriptions of data sets relevant to the natural sciences, medicine, engineering and social sciences, which are provided as machine-readable data, complemented with a human oriented narrative. The journal was not the first to publish data papers, but is one of a few journals whose content consists primarily of data papers. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed.

Machine-readable medium and data
In communications and computing, a machine-readable medium (or computer-readable medium) is a medium capable of storing data in a format easily readable by a digital computer or a sensor. 
It contrasts with human-readable medium and data.

The result is called machine-readable data or computer-readable data, and the data itself can be described as having machine-readability.
Lawrence Miles (cricketer)
Lawrence Edgar Miles (27 March 1896 – 17 November 1967) was a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Border from 1913 to 1934.

While aged 17 and a student at Selborne College in East London, Miles made his first-class debut for Border, alongside another Selbornian, Roelof Oosthuizen, against the touring MCC in November 1913. He next played for Border with the resumption of first-class cricket after World War I, and was a regular member of the team during the 1920s, sometimes as captain. He captained a Cape Province team against the MCC in 1930–31.

He was a middle-order batsman whose highest score was 98 against Natal in the Currie Cup in 1923–24.

Miles married Molly McCann in August 1929. He died in East London in 1967.

English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14
The English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14 was organised by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).  The team played as MCC in the non-Test fixtures and as England in the five Test matches.  They played 18 first-class matches including the Tests, winning 9 times with 8 draws and 1 defeat.

England was captained by Johnny Douglas.  South Africa's captain in the Test series was Herbie Taylor. The series is notable for the exceptional bowling of England's Sydney Barnes, and the determined batting of South Africa skipper Herbie Taylor. It would be the last Test series to be played until after World War I, when England toured Australia in December 1920.
Seychelles Blue Bond
The Seychelles blue bond was the first sovereign bond issued specifically to finance marine conservation and sustainable development. It was issued by the government of Seychelles on 29 October 2018, and raised US$15 million. The proceeds from the bond were used to support the expansion of marine protected areas, the improving fisheries management, promotion of sustainable tourism and the development of climate-resilient coastal communities

Politics of Seychelles
The politics of Seychelles have historical roots in both one-party socialism and autocratic rule. Following independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, Seychelles was a sovereign republic until 1977, when the original President and leader of the Seychelles Democratic Party, James Mancham, was overthrown in a bloodless coup by the Prime Minister France-Albert René. René installed a single-party socialist state under the Seychelles People's Progressive Front in 1979 which remained in power until 1993, when multiparty elections took place for the first time since independence, after restoring the multi-party system in 1991. Modern day Seychelles governance takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Seychelles is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly.
Genetically modified animal
Genetically modified animals are animals that have been genetically modified for a variety of purposes including producing drugs, enhancing yields, increasing resistance to disease, etc. The vast majority of genetically modified animals are at the research stage while the number close to entering the market remains small.

Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).
Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long, the sequence of which is highly dependent on the gene and product of transcription, type or class of RNA polymerase recruited to the site, and species of organism.
Scanning helium microscopy
The scanning helium microscope (SHeM) is a form of microscopy that uses low-energy (5–100 meV) neutral helium atoms to image the surface of a sample without any damage to the sample caused by the imaging process. Since helium is inert and neutral, it can be used to study delicate and insulating surfaces. Images are formed by rastering a sample underneath an atom beam and monitoring the flux of atoms that are scattered into a detector at each point.

The technique is different from a scanning helium ion microscope, which uses charged helium ions that can cause damage to a surface.

Helium atom scattering
Helium atom scattering (HAS) is a surface analysis technique used in materials science.  It provides information about the surface structure and lattice dynamics of a material by measuring the diffracted atoms from a monochromatic helium beam incident on the sample.
Domplatz (Passau)
The Domplatz in Passau is the area in front of the St. Stephen's Cathedral, in the historic Altstadt.

It was completed in 1150, however not publicly enterable until 1824. There are multiple buildings from the 17th to the 20th century, blocking open entrance without going through different other area.

There is a statue dedicated to Maximilian the First of Bavaria in the centre. The area hosts a small weekly market every Saturday and, since 2004, an annually-held christmas market, the Christkindlesmarkt.

In 2013, the Domplatz was renovated for 720,000 Euros.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Passau
St. Stephen's Cathedral (German: Dom St. Stephan) is a baroque church from 1688 in Passau, Germany, dedicated to Saint Stephen. It is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Passau and the main church of his diocese.
Adolf Kramer
Adolf Kramer  (1871 – 10 January 1934) was a Silesian German chess master.

He played in DSB Congress. He tied for 10-12th at Munich 1900 (Hauptturnier A), took 8th at Breslau 1912 (Hauptturnier B), shared 2nd at Hamburg 1921 (elim.), tied for 4-6th at Bad Oeynhausen 1922 (elim.), and took 5th at Duisburg 1929 (Hauptturnier B).

Kramer also participated several times in Silesian Chess Congress. He shared 1st with Ertelt and beat him in play-off at Beuthen (Bytom) 1923, shared 1st with Bergmann and lost to him in play-off at Bad Salzbrunn (Szczawno-Zdrój) 1924, took 4th at Altheide Bad (Polanica-Zdrój) 1926 (Fritz Sämisch won), took 5th at Gleiwitz (Gliwice) 1927 (Ludwig Schmitt and Heinz Foerder won), and took 4th at Reichenbach (Dzierżoniów) 1928 (Gottlieb Machate won).

Adolf Kramer famously beat former World Chess Champion Capablanca at Tartu in 1914 in just 9 moves (Capablanca apparently had a cold during this game)

Bad Oeynhausen
Bad Oeynhausen (German: [baːt ˈʔøːnˌhaʊ̯zn̩] ⓘ) is a spa town on the southern edge of the Wiehengebirge in the district of Minden-Lübbecke in the East-Westphalia-Lippe region of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The closest larger cities are Bielefeld (39 kilometres southwest) and Hanover (80 km east).
Ganley
Ganley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Allan Ganley (1931–2008), English jazz drummer

Bernard Ganley (1927–2009), English rugby league player

Bob Ganley (1875–1945), American baseball player

Bob Ganley (city administrator) (1949–2000), American city manager

Caroline Ganley (1879–1966), English Labour Party politician

Declan Ganley (b. 1968), British-born Irish entrepreneur

Howden Ganley (b. 1941), former New Zealand racing driver

Len Ganley (1943–2011), retired Northern Irish snooker referee

Reg Ganley (b. 1959), champion Oxfordshire crib player and radio personality

Howden Ganley
James Howden Ganley (born 24 December 1941) is a former racing driver from New Zealand. From 1971 to 1974, he participated in 41 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix. He placed fourth twice and scored points five times for a total of ten championship points (only the top-six places scored points). He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races.
Type 92 10 cm cannon
The Type 92 10 cm cannon (九二式十糎加農砲, Kyūni-shiki Jyū-senchi Kannohō) (105 mm) was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. The Type 92 number was designated for the year the gun was accepted, 2592 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1932 in the Gregorian calendar. The Type 92 cannon was intended to supersede the Type 14 10 cm cannon in front-line combat service. Like the Type 90 7.5 cm field gun and the Type 96 15 cm howitzer, the French company Schneider aided with the design. The Type 92 10cm cannon proved to be a modern and capable design, with its faults including a lack of provision for high-speed towing and weakness in the sealing of the recoil system in the early models.

Japanese imperial year
The era after the enthronement of Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇即位紀元, Jinmu-tennō sokui kigen), colloquially known as the Japanese imperial year (皇紀, kōki) or "national calendar year" is a unique calendar system in Japan.  It is based on the legendary foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. Kōki emphasizes the long history of Japan and the Imperial dynasty. The Gregorian year 2026 is Kōki 2686.