hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
West Up!
"West Up!" is a song performed by American West Coast hip-hop group WC and the Maad Circle featuring fellow Californian rappers and future Westside Connection members Ice Cube and Mack 10. It was recorded at Echo Sound Studios in Los Angeles and released on August 15, 1995, via PayDay/London Records as the lead single from WC and the Maad Circle's second studio album Curb Servin'. Production was handled by member DJ Crazy Toones, who utilized a sample from George Duke's "Reach for It".

The single peaked at number 88 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 50 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number 16 on the Hot Rap Songs chart in the United States.

Payday Records
Payday Records, Inc. is a New York-based hip hop label that was launched in 1992 by Patrick Moxey. The label began in association with FFRR/London Records, and released in the UK and Europe via London/PolyGram Records. Artists launched via Payday Records include Jeru the Damaja, Jay Z, Mos Def (via his first group U.T.D.), Showbiz & A.G., and WC and the Maad Circle. Other associated productions include the works of DJ Premier and Guru of Gang Starr.

The label officially relaunched on November 2, 2017, with "Our Streets," a record by DJ Premier and A$AP Ferg. They have also released Pell's girasoul EP.

In 2017, Payday Records catalog is now distributed by Ultra Records (later Sony Music Group; now Warner Music Group).ln January 2026, lacono Entertainment Holding LLP acquired 100% of the record label.
2014 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 2014 Buffalo Bulls football team represented the University at Buffalo as a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Led by Jeff Quinn in his fifth and final year as head coach for the first seven games of the season and then by Alex Wood as interim head coach for the remainder of the season, the Bulls compiled an overall record of 5–6 with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, placing third in the MAC's East Division. The team played home games at the University at Buffalo Stadium in Amherst, New York.

Quinn was fired on October 13. Buffalo played on 11 games because a game with Kent State on November 19 was canceled due to inclement weather and never rescheduled, which cost the Bulls a chance at bowl eligibility.

2014 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 2014 Kent State Golden Flashes football team represented Kent State University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by second-year head coach Paul Haynes and played their home games at Dix Stadium as a member of the East Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 2–9, 1–6 in MAC play to finish in last place in the East Division. They only played 11 games due to their November 19 game vs Buffalo being canceled due to inclement weather.
2010–11 Adelaide United FC season
The 2010–11 Adelaide United FC season was the club's sixth A-League season. It includes the 2010–11 A-League season as well as any other competitions of the 2010–11 football season, including the 2010 AFC Champions League. Adelaide United competed in the continental competition for its third time, making the club the most successful Australian club in Asia.

Penalty card
Penalty cards are used in many sports as a means of warning, reprimanding or penalising a player, coach or team official. Penalty cards are most commonly used by referees or umpires to indicate that a player has committed an offence. The official will hold the card above their head while looking or pointing toward the player who has committed the offence. This action makes the decision clear to all players, as well as spectators and other officials in a manner that is language-neutral. The colour or shape of the card used by the official indicates the type or seriousness of the offence and the level of punishment that is to be applied. Yellow and red cards are the most common, typically indicating, respectively, cautions and dismissals.
Leptosperin
Leptosperin (originally but no longer "leptosin") is a bioactive component of mānuka honey. It is the gentiobiose glycoside of syringic acid methyl ester. It is named for the genus Leptospermum, the shrubs from which bees harvest nectar to make this type of honey. This bioactive component is the source of antibacterial property of mānuka honey or other Leptospermum species derived honey.

Due to leptosperin being present in mānuka honey but not other honeys, its presence can be used as a marker to confirm the authenticity of claimed mānuka products.

Gentiobiose
Gentiobiose is a disaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose joined with a β(1→6) linkage.  It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water or hot methanol.  Gentiobiose is incorporated into the chemical structure of crocin, the chemical compound that gives saffron its color. It is a product of the caramelization of glucose. During a starch hydrolysis process for glucose syrup, gentiobiose, which has bitterness, is formed as an undesirable product through the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of two D-glucose molecules. A further elongation of the unit elongation of the bitter disaccharide by a third β-D-glucose to give the trimer gentiotriose reduces its bitterness by a fifth.  Gentiobiose is also produced via enzymatic hydrolysis of glucans, including pustulan and β-1,3-1,6-glucan.
Dendropsophus grandisonae
Dendropsophus grandisonae is a species of frog in the family Hylidae.
It is endemic to Guyana.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

Hylidae
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Heroldrebe
Heroldrebe is a red German wine grape variety produced by crossing Blauer Portugieser and Lemberger. It was created by August Herold at the grape breeding institute in Weinsberg in the Württemberg region in 1929, and was named after him.

One of Heroldrebe's drawbacks is its relatively late ripening; it is harvested at about the same time as Pinot noir. Heroldrebe was grown on a total of 155 hectares (380 acres) in Germany in 2008, with a decreasing trend. There were 99 hectares (240 acres) in Palatinate, 32 hectares (79 acres) in Rheinhessen, and 23 hectares (57 acres) in Württemberg. In Palatinate it is typically used to produce light, almost pinkish, colored wines.

Weinsberg
Weinsberg (German pronunciation: [ˈvaɪnsbɛʁk] ⓘ; South Franconian: Weischberg) is a town in the north of the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It was founded around 1200 and is situated in the Heilbronn district. The town has about 13,000 inhabitants. It is noted for its wine.
1858 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1858 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on December 10, 1858, in order to elect the Governor of South Carolina. Democratic candidate and former Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina William Henry Gist was elected by the South Carolina General Assembly as he ran unopposed. The exact number of votes cast in this election is unknown.

Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
The lieutenant governor of South Carolina is the second-in-command to the governor of South Carolina. Beyond the responsibility to act or serve as governor in the event of the office's vacancy, the duties of the lieutenant governor are chiefly ceremonial. The current lieutenant governor is Pamela Evette, who took office January 9, 2019.
Dirac algebra
In mathematical physics, the Dirac algebra is the Clifford algebra . This was introduced by the mathematical physicist P. A. M. Dirac in 1928 in developing the Dirac equation for spin-⁠1/2⁠ particles with a matrix representation of the gamma matrices, which represent the generators of the algebra.

The gamma matrices are a set of four  matrices  with entries in , that is, elements of  that satisfy

where by convention, an identity matrix has been suppressed on the right-hand side. The numbers  are the components of the Minkowski metric. 
For this article we fix the signature to be mostly minus, that is, .

The Dirac algebra is then the linear span of the identity, the gamma matrices  as well as any linearly independent products of the gamma matrices. This forms a finite-dimensional algebra over the field  or , with dimension .

Spin-1/2
In quantum mechanics, spin is an intrinsic property of all elementary particles. All known fermions, the particles that constitute ordinary matter, have a spin of ⁠1/2⁠. The spin number describes how many symmetrical facets a particle has in one full rotation; a spin of ⁠1/2⁠ means that the particle must be rotated by two full turns (through 720°) before it has the same configuration as when it started.

Particles with net spin ⁠1/2⁠ include the proton, neutron, electron, neutrino, and quarks. The dynamics of spin-⁠1/2⁠ objects cannot be accurately described using classical physics; they are among the simplest systems whose description requires quantum mechanics. As such, the study of the behavior of spin-⁠1/2⁠ systems forms a central part of quantum mechanics.
Ives Bank
Ives Bank (67°40′S 68°12′W﻿ / ﻿67.667°S 68.200°W﻿ / -67.667; -68.200) is a submarine bank with a least depth of 11 metres (6 fathoms) in the Bellingshausen Sea. It is located in the southern approaches to Ryder Bay, Adelaide Island, Antarctica, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the Mikkelsen Islands. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Lieutenant Commander David M. Ives, Royal Navy, who surveyed this bank from HMS Endurance in March 1981.

HMS Endurance (1967)
HMS Endurance was a Royal Navy ice patrol vessel that served from 1967 to 1991.
She came to public notice when she was involved in the Falklands War of 1982. The final surrender of the war, in the South Sandwich Islands, took place aboard Endurance.
Göran Lennmarker
Rolf Göran Lennmarker (born 7 December 1943 in Norberg, Västmanland County) is a Swedish moderate politician who has been a member of the Riksdag from 1991 to 2010. From 2006 until 2010 he was the Chair of the Riksdag's Committee on Foreign Affairs. In 2006 he briefly also was Chair of the Committee on EU Affairs.

He is the former Chairman of SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)'s Governing Board and the chairman of the Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation.

He has been a member of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly since 1995. He was elected President of the Assembly in 2006 and in 2007 and nominated President Emeritus in 2008. Lennmarker has also acted as the Assembly's Special Representative on the Nagorno Karabakh Conflict and on the conflicts on Georgia.

Norberg
Norberg (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈnûːrbærj]) is a locality and the seat of Norberg Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden with 4,518 inhabitants in 2010. Best known for the Norbergfestival which is Scandinavias biggest electronic music festival, organized in an old iron ore mine.
Norberg consists of two large parts, the actual Norberg in the south and Kärrgruvan (Marsh Mine) in the north, along with smaller settlements scattered around the area.
Kangerluarsunnguaq Fjord
Kangerluarsunnguaq Fjord (Danish: Kobbefjord, lit. 'Seal Fjord') is a small fjord in the Sermersooq municipality in southwestern Greenland. Since 2008 the Kobbefjord Research Station, utilized by Nuuk Basic monitoring programme under Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring, has been located on the fjord shores.

Sermersooq
Sermersooq (Greenlandic pronunciation: [sɜm.mɜs.sɔːq̚]) is a municipality in Greenland, formed on 1 January 2009 from five previous, smaller municipalities, and is the largest municipality in the world by area. Its administrative seat is the city of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, and it is the most populous municipality in the country, with 24,229 inhabitants as of January 2025.
Michael MacMahon (politician)
Michael John MacMahon (8 March 1854 – 11 July 1931) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Morpeth to Denis MacMahon and Bridget Cahill. Educated in Maitland, he established a local store at Urala, where he was an alderman (1882–1900) and mayor (1884, 1887, 1890–91, 1897–1900). On 7 September 1887 he married Martha Mary McCrossan, with whom he had five children. In 1900 he won a by-election for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Uralla-Walcha as a Protectionist. Re-elected in 1901, he was defeated in 1904 running for Armidale. In 1907 he was the Labor candidate for Armidale. MacMahon had moved to Sydney around 1903, and he died in 1931 in Sutherland.

Electoral district of Uralla-Walcha
Uralla-Walcha was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, including the towns of Uralla and Walcha. It was originally created in 1894, when multi-member districts were abolished, and the three member district of New England was largely divided between Uralla-Walcha, Armidale and Bingara. The district was abolished in 1904 as a result of the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which reduced the number of members of the Legislative Assembly from 125 to 90, and was divided between Armidale and Bingara.
When God Comes and Gathers His Jewels
"When God Comes and Gathers His Jewels" is a hymn written by Hank Williams.  It was the B-side to his second single, "Wealth Won't Save Your Soul," released in 1947 on Sterling Records.  Williams wrote and performed spiritual music throughout his career on his radio shows and in concert, usually closing personal appearances with his famous gospel number "I Saw the Light."  He recorded this song on December 11, 1946, at WSM Studios in Nashville with Fred Rose producing and was backed on the session by the Willis Brothers, who also went by the name of the Oklahoma Wranglers: James "Guy" Willis (guitar), Vic Wallis (accordion), Charles "Skeeter" Willis (fiddle), and Charles "Indian" Wright (bass).

Sterling Records (US)
Sterling Records Inc. was a small New York record label active from 1945 to 1947. Sterling's first record, with number 100, was Lillette Thomas and her Boys' 78rpm "Blues for My Daddy". The record company ceased issuing in 1947, and in 1948 Al Trace sued Sterling and obtained an injunction against their use of his name on a recording. Sterling Records, LLC is now a South Florida-based record company owned and operated by Stephen Caputo and Joe Brickman.
1972 Macdonald Brier
The 1972 Macdonald Brier, Canada's national men's curling championship was held March 6 to 11, 1972 at St. John's Arena in St. John's, Newfoundland.

Team Manitoba, who was skipped by Orest Meleschuk easily won the event, after posting a 9-1 round robin record, only losing to Quebec's Bill Kent rink, which finished second. Meleschuk and his rink of Dave Romano, John Hanesiak and Pat Hailley went on to win a gold medal at the 1972 Air Canada Silver Broom World Curling Championship, amidst controversy.

Dave Romano
David G. Romano (born June 1, 1940) is a Canadian former curler. He played third on the 1972 Brier Champion team (skipped by Orest Meleschuk), representing Manitoba. They later went on to win the World Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen of that year.
Bridget Hustwaite
Bridget Hustwaite (born 10 April 1991) is an Australian radio presenter, television presenter, journalist, author, and health activist.

Her debut book, How to Endo, which chronicles her experiences with endometriosis, was released on 2 March 2021.

Larry Heath
Larry Heath is an Australian publisher, events organiser, and entrepreneur. He is the founder-owner of Heath Media, which publishes online magazine The AU Review and hosts the National Live Music Awards. As of 2023 Heath is associate producer at Sounds Australia, and is based in Toronto, Canada.
1999 All-Ireland Junior Football Championship
The 1999 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 69th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's second tier Gaelic football championship.

Tipperary entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Kerry in the Munster quarter-final.

The All-Ireland final was played on 7 August 1999 at O'Moore Park in Portlaoise, between Waterford and Meath, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Waterford won the match by 2–12 to 2–11 to claim their first ever championship title.

Meath GAA
The Meath County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste na Mí) or Meath GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Meath, as well as for Meath county teams.
Spectral resolution
The spectral resolution  of a spectrograph, or, more generally, of a frequency spectrum, is a measure of its ability to resolve features in the electromagnetic spectrum.  It is usually denoted by , and is closely related to the resolving power of the spectrograph, defined as

where  is the smallest difference in wavelengths that can be distinguished at a wavelength of . For example, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) can distinguish features 0.17 nm apart at a wavelength of 1000 nm, giving it a resolution of 0.17 nm and a resolving power of about 5,900. An example of a high resolution spectrograph is the Cryogenic High-Resolution IR Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES+) installed at ESO's Very Large Telescope, which has a spectral resolving power of up to 100,000.

Echelle grating
An echelle grating (from French échelle, meaning "ladder") is a type of diffraction grating characterised by a relatively low groove density, but a groove shape which is optimized for use at high incidence angles and therefore in high diffraction orders.  Higher diffraction orders allow for increased dispersion (spacing) of spectral features at the detector, enabling increased differentiation of these features. Echelle gratings are, like other types of diffraction gratings, used in spectrometers and similar instruments. They are most useful in cross-dispersed high resolution spectrographs, such as HARPS, PARAS, and numerous other astronomical instruments.
Ralph Merrill Caldwell
Ralph Merrill Caldwell (June 27, 1903, Brookings, South Dakota – November 2, 1976, College Station, Texas) was an American plant breeder, mycologist, and plant pathologist.  Through his work with the  U.S. Department of Agriculture and Purdue University, he developed disease-resistant cultivars for a wide variety of plants, including widely-grown wheat cultivars.

Caldwell was a member of the American Phytopathological Society, where he served as President of the North Central Division and Treasurer. He was a fellow of the American Phytopathological Society, the American Society of Agronomy, the Crop Science Society of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. His papers are held by the University of Purdue.

Plant pathology
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.
French ship Tonnant
A number of ships of the French Navy have borne the name Tonnant ("Thundering"). Among them:

French ship Tonnant (1681), a 76-gun ship of the line

French ship Tonnant (1693), a 90-gun ship of the line

French ship Tonnant (1743), an 80-gun ship of the line

French ship Tonnant (1789) an 80-gun ship of the line, lead ship of her class

French ship Tonnant (1808),

French ship Louis-XIV (1854), an Océan-class ship of the line was laid as Tonnant

French ironclad Tonnant, a coastal defence ship that served between 1885 and 1902.

French submarine Le Tonnant (Q172), a Redoutable-class submarine during the Second World War (1934–1942)

French submarine Tonnant (S614), a Redoutable-class ballistic missile submarine (1977–1999)

French ship Louis XIV
Louis XIV was a first-rate 118-gun Océan-class ship of the line built for the French Navy during the 1810s. Not completed until 1854, the ship participated in the Crimean War of 1854–1855. She was converted to steam power in 1857.
4th Foot Guards (German Empire)
The 4th Foot Guards were an infantry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed in 1860. It served with the Guards Corps in the Second Schleswig War, the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War, and World War I. The regiment was disbanded in June 1919.

Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck started his career in the 4th Foot Guards.

Guards Corps (German Empire)
The Guards Corps/GK (German: Gardekorps) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th century to World War I.

The Corps was headquartered in Berlin, with its units garrisoned in the city and nearby towns (Potsdam, Jüterbog, Döberitz). Unlike all other Corps of the Imperial German Army, the Guards Corps did not recruit from a specific area, but from throughout Prussia and the "Imperial Lands" of Alsace-Lorraine.

The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War. During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 2nd Army.

In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the II Army Inspectorate but joined the 2nd Army at the start of the First World War. It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 4th Army, Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht, on the Western Front. The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I.
Jim Paternoster
James Robert Paternoster (27 January 1875 – 7 November 1954) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy.

Recruited from Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Richmond alongside his brother Matt Paternoster, Paternoster made his senior VFL debut in 1901.

Paternoster later served in World War I, enlisting on 24 July 1917 and serving in the 6th Australian Infantry Battalion.

6th Battalion (Australia)
The 6th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Originally formed in 1914 for service during the First World War, the battalion fought at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. The battalion was disbanded in 1919 but was re-raised in 1921 as part of the Citizens Force, and adopted the title of "Royal Melbourne Regiment" in 1935. The battalion did not serve overseas during the Second World War and was eventually disbanded in 1944. It was re-raised in 1948 and remained in existence until 1960 when it was absorbed into the Royal Victoria Regiment. Today its honours and traditions are maintained by the 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment.
Goutam Ghose
Goutam Ghose (Bengali pronunciation: [ɡou̯tom ɡʱoʃ]) (also spelled Gautam Ghosh; born 24 July 1950) is an Indian film director, actor, music director and cinematographer who works primarily in Bengali cinema. He is the only Indian to have received the "Vittorio Di Sica" Award, Italy, in 1997.

In 2012, the Government of West Bengal honored him with the Banga Bibhushan for lifetime achievement. Acknowledging his contributions to film, he was awarded the Knighthood of the Star of the Italian Solidarity in July 2006.

Cultural Diversity Award (UNESCO)
The Cultural Diversity Award Under the Patronage of UNESCO, known simply as the Cultural Diversity Award, is an award category of the annual Asia Pacific Screen Awards. It is awarded annually to a film practitioner and film from the region for their exceptional contribution for upholding and promoting cultural diversity through the medium of the film.

The winners of the Cultural Diversity Award include: