hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Siege of Metz (1552)
The siege of Metz during the Italian War of 1551–59 lasted from 19 October 1552 to 2 January 1553.

The so-called Augsburg Interim came to an end when Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League approached Henry II of France and concluded the Treaty of Chambord, giving the free cities of Toul, Verdun, and Metz (the 'Three Bishoprics') to the Kingdom of France. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V laid siege to the French garrison commanded by Francis, Duke of Guise.  Although cannonades destroyed large parts of the fortifications (see fr:Remparts médiévaux de Metz), the Imperial army was unable to take the city. Stricken by typhus, dysentery, and scurvy, Charles' army was forced to abandon the siege along with the sick and wounded. Metz remained a French protectorate (fr:République messine) until its annexation was formalized in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia.

Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

An imperial city held the status of imperial immediacy, and was subordinate only to the Holy Roman Emperor, as opposed to a territorial city or town (Landstadt), which was subordinate to a territorial prince – be it an ecclesiastical lord (prince-bishop, prince-abbot), or a secular prince (duke (Herzog), margrave, count (Graf), etc.).
Tom Elmhirst
Tom Elmhirst (born 8 June 1971) is a British mix engineer. He has worked with artists including Adele, Beck, David Bowie, Cage the Elephant, Lady Gaga, Residente, and Amy Winehouse, among many others. Elmhirst has received numerous accolades and nominations. He has won seventeen Grammy Awards, a Latin Grammy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and two Music Producers Guild Awards for Mix Engineer of the Year. Having won six trophies at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017, he set the record for the most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night.

Elmhirst currently works out of PH Studios in New York City.

Music Producers Guild
The Music Producers Guild (MPG) (UK) promotes and represents individuals in the music production and recording professions. It was founded in 2000. As a guild, the organisation has no political party affiliation.

The organisation presents the Music Producers Guild Awards annually. In 2008, the MPG and BPI coordinated their awards programmes. The MPG awards are intended to recognise producers, engineers, mixers and remixers. At the 2013 MPG awards, George Martin received 'The Outstanding Contribution to UK Music' award.

Membership is open to producers, engineers, mixers, re-mixers, programmers, sound designers, mastering engineers, students, enthusiasts.

MPG members include Paul Epworth, Bernard Butler, Mike Crossey, Jake Gosling and Tommy D.
Break Every Rule (song)
"Break Every Rule" is a song by recording artist Tina Turner. It was the title track to both Turner's 1986 album of the same name and the name of her 1987–88 world tour. It was released as a single in April 1987 to support the album and the tour. The song found limited success on the US and UK singles charts, although reached as far as #21 on the Austrian Top 40 Charts. The music video shows Turner performing on stage as well as behind-the-scenes footage of Turner and her band from the tour. The song was written by British composer and singer Rupert Hine and his then girlfriend Jeanette Obstoj, who had previously composed "I Might Have Been Queen" which was featured on Turner's Private Dancer album. The "Break Every Rule" 12" single included both an Extended Dance Mix and an Extended Rock Mix.

Private Dancer
Private Dancer is the fifth solo studio album by singer Tina Turner. It was released on May 29, 1984, by Capitol Records and was her first album released by the label. After a challenging start to her solo career following her divorce from Ike Turner, Private Dancer propelled Turner into becoming a viable solo star, as well as one of the most marketable crossover singers in the recording industry. It became a worldwide commercial success, earning multi-platinum certifications, and remains her best-selling album in North America to date. In 2020, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
Air pollution measurement
Air pollution measurement is the process of collecting and measuring the components of air pollution, notably gases and particulates. The earliest devices used to measure pollution include rain gauges (in studies of acid rain), Ringelmann charts for measuring smoke, and simple soot and dust collectors known as deposit gauges. Modern air pollution measurement is largely automated and carried out using many different devices and techniques. These range from simple absorbent test tubes known as diffusion tubes through to highly sophisticated chemical and physical sensors that give almost real-time pollution measurements, which are used to generate air quality indexes.

Gas
Gas is a state of matter with neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. It is a compressible form of fluid, in contrast to a liquid. A pure gas consists of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), or molecules (e.g. oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide). Pure gases can also be mixed together such as in the air. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer.

The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter, see list of states of matter.
Spa Qistina
Spa Qistina is a 2010 Malaysian television series starring Nanu Baharuddin, Fasha Sandha, Tiz Zaqyah and Farahdhiya. It aired on Astro Box Office from April 5, 2010 to April  15, 2010 every Monday to Wednesday at 21:00 MST. This drama is a continuation of Malaysian hit television drama series Spa Q and Spa Q 2.

Time in Malaysia
Malaysian Standard Time (MST; Malay: Waktu Standard Malaysia, WSM or Malay: Waktu Piawai Malaysia, WPM), or sometimes Malaysian Time (MYT), is the standard time used in Malaysia. It is 8 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  Malaysia does not observe daylight saving time.
Catchword (game show)
Catchword is a daytime word game show first shown on BBC1 Scotland from 17 May 1985 until 2 April 1986, hosted by Gyles Brandreth, and then network on its sister channel BBC2 from 5 January 1988 until 23 May 1995, hosted by Paul Coia.

A computer referred to as Bryan was used to generate words and check the validity of contestants' responses.

Gyles Brandreth
Gyles Daubeney Brandreth (born 8 March 1948) is a British broadcaster, writer and former politician. He has worked as a television presenter, theatre producer, journalist, author and publisher.

He was a presenter for TV-am's Good Morning Britain in the 1980s, and has been regularly featured on Channel 4's game show Countdown and the BBC's The One Show. On radio, he has appeared on the BBC Radio 4 programme Just a Minute.

In 1992 Brandreth was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the City of Chester constituency. Representing Chester in the House of Commons until his defeat at the 1997 general election, Brandreth then resumed his career in the media. He has written both fiction and non-fiction books, and makes appearances as a public speaker.
Kankara sanshin
The kankara (かんから) or kankara sanshin (literally "sanshin from a can") is a Ryukyu islands three-stringed ethic plucked instrument, initially an improvised derivative of the Okinawan sanshin that was developed in the Ryukyu Islands during the Shōwa period.

Like the wooden-bodied gottan, the kankara is an inexpensive alternative to other, professional Ryukyuan and Japanese lutes – namely the sanshin and the similar, albeit larger shamisen. Unlike the gottan, however, the kankara was invented much later and served a much different purpose historically.

Folk instrument
A folk instrument is a traditional musical instrument that has remained largely restricted to traditional folk music, and is not usually used in the classical music or other elite and formal musical genres of the culture concerned, though related instruments may be.

It can be made from wood, metal or other material; all the major families of instruments are represented. The instruments can be percussion instruments, or different types of flutes or trumpets, or string instruments that are plucked, hammered or use a form of  bow.

Some instruments are referred to as folk instruments because they commonly appear in folk music, even though they are also used in other types of music; for example, the classical violin and the folk fiddle are usually identical.
Khalil Jahshan
Khalil Jahshan (Arabic: خليل جهشان) (born in Nazareth, British Mandate of Palestine in 1948) is a Palestinian-American political analyst and media commentator. He serves currently as Executive Director of Arab Center Washington DC, a nonprofit think tank focusing on U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. Between 2004-2013, Jahshan was a Lecturer in International Studies and Languages at Pepperdine University and Executive Director of its Seaver College Washington DC Internship Program. He received a bachelor's degree in political science and French from Harding University in 1972.

Palestinian Americans
Palestinian Americans (Arabic: فلسطينيو أمريكا, romanized: Filasṭīnīyū Amrīkā) are Americans who are of full or partial Palestinian descent.

There are around 160,000 Palestinian Americans according to the 2023 American Community Survey, making up around 0.05% of the U.S. population.

The Palestinian community is concentrated in the Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Houston, and Detroit metropolitan areas, with other populations in the Los Angeles and San Francisco metropolitan areas. Some Palestinians have emigrated to smaller metropolitan or micropolitan/rural areas, such as Gallup, New Mexico, in the late 20th and 21st century.
Étienne Jacques Marie Raymond Céstan
Étienne Jacques Marie Raymond Céstan (6 April 1872, Gaillac – 1934) was a French neurologist.

From 1892 he studied medicine in Paris, and was subsequently a hospital interne and a student of Édouard Brissaud at the Salpêtrière. In 1899 he received his medical doctorate, and was chosen by Fulgence Raymond to be chef de clinique at the Salpêtrière. In 1903 he was put in charge of the histopathology laboratory, and during the following year, he obtained his agrégation. Soon afterwards, he moved to Toulouse, where in 1913 he attained the chair of psychiatry. At this position he conducted research on the development of cerebrospinal fluid and the effects of intra-ventricular injection.

Ventricular system
In neuroanatomy, the ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus which produces the circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord from the fourth ventricle, allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate.

All of the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependyma, a specialised form of epithelium connected by tight junctions that make up the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
QS-21
QS-21 is a purified plant extract used as a vaccine adjuvant. It is derived from the soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria), which is native to the countries of Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. The crude drug (Quillajae cortex, Quillaia) is imported from Peru and Chile.

The extract contains water-soluble triterpene glycosides, which are members of a family of plant-based compounds called saponins. It has been tested as an adjuvant in various vaccines in attempts to improve their efficacy. It is believed to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Efficacy
Efficacy is the ability to perform a task to a satisfactory or expected degree. The word comes from the same roots as effectiveness, and it has often been used synonymously, although in pharmacology a distinction is now often made between efficacy and effectiveness.

The word efficacy is used in pharmacology and medicine to refer both to the maximum response achievable from a pharmaceutical drug in research settings, and to the capacity for sufficient therapeutic effect or beneficial change in clinical settings.
Leader of the Opposition (Alberta)
The leader of the Official Opposition, formally known as the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, is the member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) who leads the Official Opposition, typically the second largest party in the provincial legislature.

Alberta has enjoyed long periods of stable government rule, and has elected massive government majority during almost every election in its history. In most other legislatures in Canada, the opposition party is traditionally recognized as a government in waiting, and will alternate periods of government among two or three parties. In Alberta however the opposition has traditionally been very small in terms of seat numbers, and highly unstable in terms of party leadership.

Peter Lougheed in 1971, Jason Kenney in 2019, and Danielle Smith in 2022 are the only leaders of the Opposition to become Premier of Alberta. Harry Strom in 1971 and Rachel Notley in 2019 are the only premiers to become opposition leader.

Premier of Alberta
The premier of Alberta is the head of government and first minister of the Canadian province of Alberta. The current premier is Danielle Smith, leader of the governing United Conservative Party, who was sworn in on October 11, 2022.

The premier of Alberta is the leader of the legislative majority in the Alberta Legislature. The premier selects ministers of the Crown to the Executive Council of Alberta (the "cabinet") and as such is the head of the government in Alberta. The premier is the first minister representing Alberta towards the federal government and the other provinces and territories in Canada.

By constitutional convention the premier is normally a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).
Bild Politik
Bild Politik was a German political weekly magazine. It appears as a project of Germany's biggest yellow press newspaper Bild. Bild Politik was tested from 8 February 2019 to 5 June 2019 in northern Germany. Editor-in-chief was Nikolaus Blome, who is also deputy editor-in-chief of Bild. The initial idea for Bild Politik was by chief executive officer of News Media at Axel Springer, Selma Stern. The approximately 50-page booklet is made by the 40-member editorial staff of the Bildzeitung.

Axel Springer's press office wrote after ending the magazine in June 2019: "First results from market research attest that readers appreciate above all the innovative, concise and comprehensible thematic presentation, as well as the concentration on the essentials." The market data would be evaluated and the results would then be used to decide whether Bild Politik has potential for a "satisfactory economic perspective".

Northern Germany
Northern Germany (German: Norddeutschland, [ˈnɔʁtdɔɪ̯tʃlant] ⓘ) is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the two city-states Hamburg and Bremen. It contrasts with Southern Germany, Western Germany, and Eastern Germany.
Wallowitch & Ross: This Moment
Wallowitch & Ross: This Moment is a 1998 American documentary musical film directed by Richard Morris. The film follows acclaimed composer and cabaret performer John Wallowitch and partner Bertram Ross, Martha Graham's lead dancer and co-director of the Graham Company. The film was shortlisted for the 1999 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Martha Graham
Martha Graham (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991) was an American modern dancer, teacher and choreographer responsible for creating the Graham technique.

Graham danced and taught for over seventy years. She was the first dancer to perform at the White House, travel abroad as a cultural ambassador, and receive the highest civilian award of the US: the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction. In her lifetime she received honors including the Key to the City of Paris and Japan's Imperial Order of the Precious Crown.
Zuber Corners, Ontario
Zuber Corners is an unincorporated rural community in Woolwich Township, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Zuber Corners is located at the crossroads of County Road 23 and Line 86.  The Grand River is a short distance west.

Regional Municipality of Waterloo
The Regional Municipality of Waterloo (Waterloo Region or Region of Waterloo) is a metropolitan area of Southern Ontario, Canada. It contains the cities of Cambridge, Kitchener and Waterloo (KWC or Tri-Cities), and the townships of North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot and Woolwich. Kitchener, the largest city, is the seat of government.

The region is 1,370 square kilometres (530 sq mi) in area, with a population of 587,165 as of the 2021 Canada census, though an end of 2023 estimate puts the population above 673,910 people. Waterloo Region forms the tenth-largest metropolitan area in Canada, with recent population growth almost entirely fuelled by international students.

The region was formerly called Waterloo County, created in 1853 and dissolved in 1973. The county consisted of five townships: North Dumfries, Waterloo, Wellesley, Wilmot, and Woolwich.
1975 European Squash Team Championships
The 1975 European Squash Team Championships, sponsored by Pilkington Glass, was the 3rd edition of European Squash Team Championships for squash players. The event was held at the Fitzwilliam Club in Dublin, Ireland, from 10 to 13 April 1975. The tournament was organised by the European Squash Rackets Federation (ESRF).

The England men's team won their 3rd title.

Fitzwilliam Lawn Tennis Club
Fitzwilliam Lawn Tennis Club is a tennis and squash club in Dublin, Ireland, with a gymnasium, padel courts, clubhouse facilities (including dining) and an indoor swimming pool. Established in 1877, Fitzwilliam is one of the oldest tennis clubs in the world.
Glen Velez
Glen Velez (born 1949) is a four-time Grammy winning American percussionist, vocalist, and composer, specializing in frame drums from around the world. He is largely responsible for the increasing popularity of frame drums in the United States and around the world. Velez is married to Loire.

Suzanne Vega
Suzanne Nadine Vega (née Peck; born July 11, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter of folk-inspired music. Vega's music career spans 40 years. In the mid-1980s and 1990s, she released four singles that entered the Top 40 on the UK singles chart, "Marlene on the Wall", "Left of Center", "Luka" and "No Cheap Thrill".

"Tom's Diner", which was originally released as an a cappella recording on Vega's second studio album, Solitude Standing (1987), was remixed in 1990 as a dance track by English electronic music producers DNA with her vocals, and it became a Top 10 hit in five countries. The original a cappella recording of the song was used as a test during the creation of the MP3 format. The role of her song in the development of the MP3 compression prompted Vega to be given the title of "The Mother of the MP3".

Vega has released ten studio albums; her most recent release is the studio album Flying with Angels, released on May 2, 2025 by Cooking Vinyl.
Fatemeh Zolghadr
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Zolghadr (Persian: سیده فاطمه ذوالقدر) is an Iranian reformist politician and was a member of the Parliament of Iran representing Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr electoral district.

She is daughter of Mostafa Zolghadr, who is another Parliament representative from Minab.

Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat, Eslamshahr and Pardis
Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat, Eslamshahr and Pardis (Persian: تهران، ری، شمیرانات، اسلامشهر و پردیس) is a constituency for the Parliament of Iran encompassing the metropolitan area of Tehran and some of its satellite cities.

It has 30 seats, the most among all constituencies nationwide and plays an outsized role in shaping politics nationally, having been described as a "bellwether for elite sentiment in Iran". The constituency's seats have been the most prestigious in the country because it includes the country's capital city, and has had lively press and voters.
Tijuana Smalls
Tijuana Smalls is a brand of flavored cigarettes that was produced after a prohibition on advertising cigarettes on television in the United States that was signed into law by President Richard Nixon in 1970. These flavored cigarettes were advertised as "Little Cigars."  The brand's jingle contained the lyrics, "Tijuana Smalls, ten for the road baby, for you maybe, you know who you are, you know who you are." The revised lyrics were written by Susan Dias Karnovsky.

According to a New York Times article, the brand was introduced in Boston on January 12, 1970 by the General Cigar Company. The introduction was facilitated by the advertising firm Ogilvy and Mather.

Ogilvy (agency)
Ogilvy is a New York City-based British advertising, marketing, and public relations agency. It was founded in 1850 by Edmund Mather as a London-based agency. In 1964, the firm became known as Ogilvy & Mather after merging with a New York City agency that was founded in 1948 by David Ogilvy.

The agency is part of the WPP Group global agency network. It provides services in five areas: growth and innovation; advertising, brand and content; public relations and influence; experience; and health. It also operates a strategy division Ogilvy Consulting.
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Diu
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Diu or commonly called as JNV Diu, is a boarding, co-educational  school in Diu district, U.T. of Daman and Diu  in India. JNV Diu is funded by M.H.R.D. and administered  by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry. Navodaya Vidyalayas offer free education to gifted children, from Class VI to XII.

Ministry of Education (India)
The Ministry of Education (MoE) is a ministry of the Government of India, responsible for the implementation of the National Policy on Education. The ministry is further divided into two departments: the Department of School Education and Literacy, which deals with primary, secondary and higher secondary education, adult education and literacy, and the Department of Higher Education, which deals with university level education, technical education, scholarships, etc.

The current education minister is Dharmendra Pradhan, a member of the Council of Ministers. India has had a Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, the Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), and with the newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, the Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to the Ministry of Education.