hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Manchette (cuisine)
In cuisine a manchette is a paper frill attached to the exposed end of a bone of a cooked piece of meat.

Manchettes are typically applied to the legs of roasted poultry and the bones of roasted pork or lamb. One particular dish often decorated with manchettes is the crown roast of lamb or pork.

Manchettes were originally of practical use: they allowed a cut of meat to be held with one hand securely and without the hand becoming greasy, leaving the other hand free to carve meat from the bone.

Pork
Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the pig (Sus domesticus). It is the second most commonly consumed type of meat worldwide, following poultry, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 8000–9000 BCE.

Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved; curing extends the shelf life of pork products. Ham, gammon, bacon, and pork sausage are examples of preserved pork. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork.

Pork is one of the most popular meats in the Western world, particularly in Central Europe. It is also very popular in East and Southeast Asia (Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor). The meat is highly prized in Asian cuisines, especially in China (including Hong Kong) and Northeast India, for its fat content and texture.

Some religions and cultures prohibit pork consumption, notably Islam and Judaism.
Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 was the enabling legislation in India which governed the use of wired and wireless telegraphy, telephones, teletype, radio communications and digital data communications. It gives the Government of India exclusive jurisdiction and privileges for establishing, maintaining, operating, licensing and oversight of all forms of wired and wireless communications within Indian territory. It also authorizes government law enforcement agencies to monitor/intercept communications and tap phone lines under conditions defined within the Indian Constitution. The act came into force on 1 October 1885. Since that time, numerous amendments have been passed to update the act to respond to changes in technology.

The legislation was repealed after the passage of the Telecommunications Bill 2023.

Enabling act
An enabling act is a piece of legislation by which a legislative body grants an entity which depends on it (for authorization or legitimacy) for the delegation of the legislative body's power to take certain actions. For example, enabling acts often establish government agencies to carry out specific government policies in a modern nation. The effects of enabling acts from different times and places vary widely.
Monogenetic theory of pidgins
According to the theory of monogenesis in its most radical form, all pidgins and creole languages of the world can be ultimately traced back to one linguistic variety. This idea was first formulated by Hugo Schuchardt in the late 19th century and popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Taylor (1961) and Thompson (1961). It assumes that some type of pidgin language, dubbed West African Pidgin Portuguese, based on Portuguese was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast.  This variety was the starting point of all the pidgin and creole languages. This would explain to some extent why Portuguese lexical items can be found in many creoles, but more importantly, it would account for the numerous grammatical similarities shared by such languages.

Hugo Schuchardt
Hugo Ernst Mario Schuchardt (German: [ˈhuːɡo ˈʃʊxaʁt]; 4 February 1842, Gotha (Thuringia) – 21 April 1927, Graz (Styria)) was a German linguist, best known for his work in the Romance languages, the Basque language, and today especially as a pioneer in the study of contact languages, including pidgins, creoles, and the Lingua franca of the Mediterranean.
Maccaferri
Officine Maccaferri S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company, headquartered in Zola Predosa, Bologna. The company specialises in products for the construction industry. Maccaferri's products are used for: retaining structures, soil reinforcement, embankment stabilisation, river and canal hydraulic works, coastal protection, erosion control, rockfall mitigation, debris flows and avalanche protection. The company provides technical support to designers, contractors and end-users.

Maccaferri has 70 subsidiaries, 30 production facilities and 3,300 employees.

Retaining wall
Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of inconveniently steep terrain in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the frontside is called a seawall or a bulkhead.
HMS Donovan (album)
HMS Donovan is the ninth studio album, and tenth album overall, from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It marks the second album of Donovan's children's music, after the For Little Ones portion of A Gift from a Flower to a Garden. HMS Donovan is the second double album of Donovan's career, and was released in the UK only, in July 1971 (Dawn Records DNLD 4001 (stereo)).

Sydney Carter
Sydney Bertram Carter (6 May 1915 – 13 March 2004) was an English poet, songwriter, and folk musician. He is best known for the song "Lord of the Dance" (1963), whose music is based on the Shaker song "Simple Gifts", and for the song "The Crow on the Cradle", which was recorded by Jackson Browne and used on the soundtrack to the film In the King of Prussia (1983) and No Nukes (1980).

His other notable songs include "Julian of Norwich" (sometimes called "The Bells of Norwich"), based on words of Julian of Norwich, "One More Step Along the World I Go", "When I Needed a Neighbour", "Friday Morning", "Every Star Shall Sing a Carol", "The Youth of the Heart", "Down Below", "Sing John Ball" and "Walk In The Light" (a Quaker song also known as  “The Ballad of George Fox song”) (1964).
Keith W. Miller
Keith W. Miller is an American computer scientist and Orthwein Endowed Professor for Lifelong Learning in the Science Professor at the University of Missouri – St. Louis. He is a winner of the Weizenbaum Award 
and is known for his works on the computer ethics and AI ethics.
The Park–Miller random number generator is named after him.

Ethics of artificial intelligence
The ethics of artificial intelligence covers a broad range of topics within AI that are considered to have particular ethical stakes. This includes algorithmic biases, fairness, accountability, transparency, privacy, and regulation, particularly where systems influence or automate human decision-making. It also covers various emerging or potential future challenges such as machine ethics (how to make machines that behave ethically), lethal autonomous weapon systems, arms race dynamics, AI safety and alignment, technological unemployment, AI-enabled misinformation, how to treat certain AI systems if they have a moral status (AI welfare and rights), artificial superintelligence and existential risks.

Some application areas may also have particularly important ethical implications, like healthcare, education, criminal justice, or the military.
Hugh Gregory Fitton
Brigadier-General Hugh Gregory Fitton CB DSO (November 1863 – 20 January 1916) was a British Army officer. He was killed in Ypres, Belgium, whilst in command of the 34th Division's 101st Infantry Brigade.

34th Division (United Kingdom)
The 34th Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was raised in 1914, during the First World War. The division was raised from volunteers for Lord Kitchener's New Armies, originally made up of infantry battalions raised by public subscription or private patronage. The division was taken over by the War Office in September 1915. It served in France and Belgium in the trenches of the Western Front for the duration of the war.
Bucculatrix polymniae
Bucculatrix polymniae is a moth in the family Bucculatricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Kentucky and Ohio. It was first described in 1963 by Annette Frances Braun.

The wingspan is about 6–7 mm.

The larvae feed on Polymnia uvedalia. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Bucculatricidae
Bucculatricidae or (Bucculatrigidae) is a family of moths. This small family has representatives in all parts of the world. Some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family Lyonetiidae.

Adults of this family are easily overlooked, being very small with narrow wings wrapped around the body at rest. When small, the larvae are leaf-miners, forming distinctive brown blotches on leaves. When larger, they usually feed on the leaves externally. Many species have specific host plants. The pupal cases have distinctive longitudinal ridges, leading to members of the family commonly being called ribbed cocoon makers.

Some authors recognize just a single large genus, Bucculatrix, although two Australian genera, Cryphioxena and the scribbly gum moths (Ogmograptis spp.) are now sometimes placed in this family rather than in Elachistidae.
Morettia
Morettia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae.

Its native range is southern and eastern Mediterranean to the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula. It is found in the countries of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, the Gulf States, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Sudan, Tunisia and Yemen.

The genus name of Morettia is in honour of Giuseppe Moretti (1782–1853), an Italian botanist. 
It was first described and published in Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Vol.7 on page 236 in 1821.

Giuseppe Moretti
Giuseppe Moretti (3 February 1857 – February 1935) was an Italian émigré sculptor who became known in the United States for his public monuments in bronze and marble. Notable among his works is Vulcan in Birmingham, Alabama, which is the largest cast iron statue in the world. On a personal level, Moretti was "known for his eclectic personality and for always wearing a green tie," but professionally, is claimed to be "the first man to use aluminum in art." Moretti enjoyed some celebrity in his lifetime, and was a friend of famed Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. It is even reported that the singer repeatedly praised Moretti's voice.
Color solid
A color solid is the three-dimensional representation of a color space or model and can be thought as an analog of, for example, the one-dimensional color wheel, which depicts the variable of hue (similarity with red, yellow, green, blue, etc.); or the 2D chromaticity diagram (or the color triangle), which depicts the variables of hue and spectral purity. The added spatial dimension allows a color solid to depict the three dimensions of color: lightness (gradations of light and dark, tints or shades), hue, and colorfulness, allowing the solid to depict all conceivable colors in an organized three-dimensional structure.

Albert Henry Munsell
Albert Henry Munsell (January 6, 1858 – June 28, 1918) was an American painter, teacher of art, and the inventor of the Munsell color system.

He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, attended and served on the faculty of Massachusetts Normal Art School, and died in nearby Brookline.

As a painter, he was noted for seascapes and portraits.

Munsell is famous for inventing the Munsell color system, an early attempt at creating an accurate system for numerically describing colors. He wrote three books about it: A Color Notation (1905), Atlas of the Munsell Color System (1915) and one published posthumously, A Grammar of Color: Arrangements of Strathmore Papers in a Variety of Printed Color Combinations According to The Munsell Color System (1921). The Munsell color order system has gained international acceptance and has served as the foundation for many color order systems, including CIELAB. In 1917, he founded the Munsell Color Company.
Ram Gopal Varma filmography
Ram Gopal Varma, often referred to by his initials RGV, is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer, primarily known for his works in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism, technical finesse, and craft. Regarded as one of the pioneers and prolific filmmakers of new age Indian cinema.

In 2010, Varma received critical acclaim at the Fribourg International Film Festival, Switzerland; a retrospective of his filmography, highlighting Mumbai Noir was staged by film critic Edouard Waintrop, a delegate in the Directors' Fortnight of the Cannes Film Festival. Satya and Company, in particular, were cited by British director Danny Boyle as influences on him for their "slick, often mesmerising portrayals of the Mumbai underworld", their display of "brutality and urban violence".

Parallel cinema
Parallel cinema, or New Indian Cinema, is a film movement in Indian cinema that originated in the state of West Bengal in the 1950s as an alternative to the mainstream commercial Indian cinema.

Inspired by Italian Neorealism, Parallel Cinema began just before the French New Wave and Japanese New Wave, and was a precursor to the Indian New Wave of the 1960s. The movement was initially led by Bengali cinema and produced internationally acclaimed filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, Tapan Sinha and others. It later gained prominence in other film industries of India.

It is known for its serious content, realism and naturalism, symbolic elements with a keen eye on the sociopolitical climate of the times, and the general rejection of inserted song-and-dance routines that are typical of mainstream Indian films.
Trần Văn Thọ
Trần Văn Thọ (1917 - 2004) was a Vietnamese painter based in Hanoi who became known in the 1950s for his silk painting. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts de l’Indochine in Hanoi. Aside from silk, he also painted in gouache and water colours.

Vietnam University of Fine Arts
The Vietnam University of Fine Arts (formerly Hanoi College of Fine Arts) is an art school in Hanoi, Vietnam originally established in Tonkin under French colonial rule in 1925. The university has trained many of Vietnam's leading artists and each year it participates in many cultural exchanges with sister institutions overseas.
André Lepecki
André Lepecki (born July 15, 1965) is a writer and curator working mainly on performance studies, choreography and dramaturgy. He is a Professor and the chair of the Department of Performance Studies at Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. He has published widely and edited several anthologies. He has also curated numerous festivals and exhibitions including the award-winning re-staging of Allan Kaprow’s 18 Happenings in 6 Parts.  In 2010 he co-curated the Archive on Dance and Visual Arts since the 1960s for the exhibition Move: Choreographing You at the Hayward Gallery, London. He is the author of the books Exhausting Dance (2006) and Singularities: Dance in the Age of Performance (2016) and the editor of Dance (2013), Planes of Composition (with Jenn Joy, 2009), The Senses in Performance (with Sally Banes, 2007), and Of the Presence of the Body (2004).

Allan Kaprow
Allan Kaprow (August 23, 1927 – April 5, 2006) was an American performance artist, installation artist, painter, and assemblagist .  He helped to develop the "Environment" and "Happening" in the late 1950s and 1960s, as well as their theory. His Happenings — some 200 of them — evolved over the years. Eventually Kaprow shifted his practice into what he called "Activities", intimately scaled pieces for one or several players, devoted to the study of normal human activity in a way congruent to ordinary life. Fluxus, performance art, and installation art were, in turn, influenced by his work.
Wolfram Lattke
Wolfram Lattke (born 1978, Pirna) is a German singer. He is a lyric tenor and began singing aged seven. He was a member of the Dresdner Kreuzchor (1987–1988) and the Thomanerchor (1988–1996), both times as a male soprano.

Pirna
Pirna (German: [ˈpɪʁna] ⓘ; Upper Sorbian: Pěrno, pronounced [ˈpʲɪʁnɔ]) is a town in Saxony, Germany and capital of the administrative district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. The town's population is over 37,000. Pirna is located near Dresden and is an important district town as well as a Große Kreisstadt.
When I Walk
When I Walk is a 2013 autobiographical documentary film directed by Jason DaSilva. The film follows DaSilva during the seven years following his diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When I Walk premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, won Best Canadian Feature Documentary at the 2013 HotDocs Film Festival, and won an Emmy for the News & Documentary Emmy Award.

2013 Sundance Film Festival
The 2013 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 17, 2013, until January 27, 2013, in Park City, Utah, United States, with screenings in Salt Lake City, Utah, Ogden, Utah, and Sundance, Utah.

The festival had 1,830 volunteers.
William Robertson (Irish architect)
William Robertson, an Irish architect, was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, some days before 4 December 1770. He attended the Dublin Society where he was awarded with a silver medal for his drawing skills in 1795.

After some years in London, he returned to Kilkenny, where he designed the Gaol, St. Canice's Church and the Psychiatric Hospital ("Lunatic Asylum"). He also remodelled Kilkenny Castle and worked on his baptismal church St. Mary's and St. John's Priory. Furthermore, he worked on other buildings in his home county as well as buildings in County Cork, County Tipperary, County Laois and County Waterford.
William Robertson's work has been confused in the past with that of Daniel Robertson, so that some work attributed to Daniel has been re-attributed to William by now.

He died on 23 May 1850 at his home in Rosehill, Kilkenny which he had also designed himself and is buried in St. Mary's Graveyard alongside his family.

Kilkenny Castle
Kilkenny Castle (Irish: Caisleán Chill Chainnigh pronounced [ˈkaʃlʲaːnˠˈçiːl̪ʲˈxan̪ʲiː]) is a castle in Kilkenny, Ireland, built in 1260 to control a fording-point of the River Nore and the junction of several routeways. It was a symbol of Norman occupation, and in its original 13th-century condition, it would have formed an important element of the town's defences with four large circular corner towers and a massive ditch, part of which can still be seen today on the Parade.

In 1967, Arthur Butler, 6th Marquess of Ormonde, sold the castle for £50 to the Castle Restoration Committee for the people of Kilkenny. The castle and grounds are now managed by the Office of Public Works, and the gardens and parkland are open to the public. The Parade Tower is a conference venue. Since 2002, ceremonies for conferring  awards and degrees on the graduates of the Kilkenny Campus of the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, have been held at the castle.
Charaxes eurialus
Charaxes eurialus is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found on Ambon Island, Seram and Saparua in Indonesia.

The wingspan is about 50 mm. It is a large dark brown, almost black butterfly with concave forewings decorated with a yellow transverse band and hindwings with a tail, a white marginal band, a submarginal line of black spots pupillated with white and then a blue band.

Seram Island
Seram (formerly spelled Ceram; also Seran or Serang) is the largest and main island of Maluku province of Indonesia, despite Ambon Island's historical importance. It is located just north of the smaller Ambon Island and a few other adjacent islands, such as Saparua, Haruku, Nusa Laut and the Banda Islands.
Bhimkata
Bhimkata is a village in Jodiya Taluka of Jamnagar district, Gujarat, India.

It is situated near Balambha, about ten miles from the Gulf of Kutch. The soil of the surrounding country is salt. There is a water tank called the Megasri in the village provides drinking water which is also shared by the neighbouring village of Dudhai. It holds water for three months in the year.

The water being brackish, no garden crops can be raised. It was held by Gaekwad of Baroda State during British period.

Jamnagar district
Jamnagar district is a district of Gujarat in Western India. Its headquarters are located in the eponymous city of Jamnagar. It hosts the production facilities of large Indian companies such as Reliance. Among its attractions are several palaces, a Marine National Park and a Bird Sanctuary, known as Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary. In 2013, Devbhoomi Dwarka district was carved out of the western part of the district.

India's largest private company, Reliance Industries is developing world's largest zoo near by 28 kms from Jamnagar city. In Jamnagar, the company is also setting up biggest gigafactory, the biggest solar energy, the world's artificial intelligence infrastructure and Vantara (large-scale wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre).

Jamnagar Municipal Corporation is planning to develop a riverfront on Rangmati – Nagmati river which costs around 500 crore (5 billion) INR.
Gleno
Gleno is a city in Timor-Leste, 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the southwest of Dili, the national capital. It is in the suco of Riheu (Administrative post Ermera). Gleno has a population of 8,133 (2010). It lies 882 metres (2,894 ft) above sea level.

Gleno is the capital of the municipality of Ermera.

Being near the national capital, Gleno suffered during the intimidation campaign around the time of the referendum for East Timorese independence in 1999.

1999 East Timorese crisis
The 1999 East Timorese crisis began with attacks by pro-Indonesia militia groups on civilians and expanded to general violence throughout the country, centred in the capital Dili. The violence intensified after a majority of eligible East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia. A Scorched Earth Operation by militia groups destroyed 80% of Dili's infrastructure. At least 1,400 civilians are believed to have been murdered both before and after voting. A UN-authorized force (INTERFET) consisting mainly of Australian Defence Force personnel was deployed to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.
Volkhov Front
The Volkhov Front (Russian: Волховский фронт) was a major formation of the Red Army during the first period of the Second World War. It was formed as an expediency of an early attempt to halt the advance of the Wehrmacht Army Group North in its offensive thrust towards Leningrad. Initially the front operated to the south of Leningrad, with its flank on Lake Ladoga.

Army Group North
Army Group North (German: Heeresgruppe Nord) was the name of three separate army groups of the Wehrmacht during World War II. Its rear area operations were organized by the Army Group North Rear Area.

The first Army Group North was deployed during the invasion of Poland and subsequently renamed Army Group B. The second Army Group North was created on 22 June 1941 from the former Army Group C and used in the northern sector of the Eastern Front from 1941 to January 1945. By then, this second Army Group North had gotten trapped in the Courland Pocket and was accordingly redesignated Army Group Courland. On the same day, the former Army Group Center, which was now defending the northernmost sector of the contiguous Eastern Front, was renamed Army Group North, assuming the status of the third and final iteration of the army group.