hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nikanor Ružičić
Nikanor Ružičić  (Secular name:  Nikola Ružičić ; Serbian Cyrillic: Никанор Ружичић; also known in Imperial Russia as Nikolai Grigorievich Ružičič; 15 April 1843 — 16 October 1916) was a  Serbian church historian, and the bishop of Žiča from 1886 to 1889 and Niš from 1898 until 1911. He was one of the 19th-century intellectuals who corresponded with Franjo Rački and others raising many questions of the time but nothing of consequence was ever realized. He is the author of a seminal work entitled Istorija srpske crkve (History of the Serbian Church) in two volumes, published in Zagreb in 1894

From the 19th century until the First World War several histories of the Serbian Orthodox Church—including works by Nikola Begović, Nićifor Dučić, Mihailo Jovanović, Jevsevije Popović  and Mojsije Stojkov—were written, although none were adequate enough to explain the difference between the Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism so succinctly as Ružičić's seminal work (History of the Serbian Church).

Franjo Rački
Franjo Rački (25 November 1828 – 13 February 1894) was a Croatian historian, politician, writer, and Catholic priest. He compiled important collections of old Croatian diplomatic and historical documents, wrote some pioneering historical works, and was a key founder of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Sandifer
Sandifer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bill Sandifer (born 1952), American football player

Cecil T. Sandifer (1923–2022), American politician and funeral director

Dan Sandifer (1927–1987), American football player

Phillip Sandifer (born 1959), American writer, recording artist and producer

Robert Sandifer (1983–1994), American murder victim

Cecil T. Sandifer
Cecil Tant Sandifer Sr. (August 18, 1923 – December 14, 2022) was an American politician in the state of South Carolina. He was in the South Carolina House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party from 1972 to 1980, representing Oconee County. Sandifer served in the United States Army during World War II.  He was a funeral director in Westminster, South Carolina. Sandifer also served as mayor of Westminster, South Carolina. Sandifer died on December 14, 2022, at the age of 99.
Kikuka, Kumamoto
Kikuka (菊鹿町, Kikuka-machi) was a town located in Kamoto District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,402 and the density of 95.66 persons per km2. The total area was 77.38 km2.

On January 15, 2005, Kikuka, along with the towns of Kahoku, Kamoto and Kaō (all from Kamoto District), was merged into the expanded city of Yamaga and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Municipalities of Japan
Municipalities are a level of administration in Japan. The country has three levels of governments: national, prefectural, and municipal.

The nation is divided into 47 prefectures (within these, one metropolis, one regional prefecture, and two urban prefectures). Each prefecture consists of numerous municipalities, with 1,718 in total as of October 2018.

There are four types of municipalities in Japan: cities (市, shi), towns (町, chō), villages (村, son) and special wards of Tokyo (区, ku). In Japanese, this system is known as shikuchōson (市区町村), where each kanji in the word represents one of the four types of municipalities. In Tokyo, because the wards are at the center, the system is officially referred to as kushichōson (区市町村), with the wards first, and cities second.

Some designated cities also have further administrative subdivisions, also known as wards, but, unlike the special wards of Tokyo, these wards are not municipalities.
Urad Mongols
The Urad (simplified Chinese: 乌喇特部; traditional Chinese: 烏喇特部) is a Mongol tribe in Inner Mongolia, China. The name derives from the Mongolian language word "uran (means handy) + d", meaning "craftsman" or "artisan."

The Urad originated in Hulun Buir. In early Qing dynasty, the group relocated to the present-day location of Urad grassland in Bayannur, Inner Mongolia. They were organized into three banners, Urad Front Banner, Urad Middle Banner and Urad Rear Banner, in 1648. Their leader Genghis Khan was a general that conquered much of the world.

In the 1700's, several natural disasters occurred which devastated Urad herds and agriculture. Over 300 people were sold off by desperate families in order to make money for scarce food. Several Urad monasteries are associated with the "Mergen Tradition", the only Mongolian Buddhist sect that does uses Mongolian instead of Tibetan.

Lhasa Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan or Standard Tibetan is a standardized dialect of Tibetan spoken by the people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan). In terms of mutual intelligibility, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot. Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become tonal and do not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan.
Lendians
The Lendians (Polish: Lędzianie) were a Lechitic tribe who lived in the area of East Lesser Poland and Cherven Cities between the 7th and 11th centuries. Since they were documented primarily by foreign authors whose knowledge of Central and Eastern Europe geography was often vague, they were recorded by different names, which include Lendzanenoi, Lendzaninoi, Lz’njn, Lachy, Lyakhs, Landzaneh, Lendizi, Licicaviki and Litziki.

Bug (river)
The Bug or Western Bug is a major river in Central Europe that flows through Belarus (border), Poland, and Ukraine, with a total length of 774 kilometres (481 mi). A tributary of the Narew, the Bug forms part of the border between Belarus and Poland for 178 kilometres (111 mi) and part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185 kilometres (115 mi).

The Bug is connected with the Dnieper by the Dnieper–Bug Canal. Out of its 38,712 square kilometres (14,947 mi2) drainage basin, half is in Poland, just over a quarter in Belarus, and slightly under a quarter in Ukraine.
Pigweed
Pigweed can mean any of a number of weedy plants which may be used as pig fodder:

Amaranthus species
Amaranthus albus, white pigweed, tumble pigweed
Amaranthus blitoides, prostrate pigweed
Amaranthus californicus, California pigweed
Amaranthus fimbriatus, fringed pigweed
Amaranthus hybridus, smooth pigweed
Amaranthus palmeri, the 'pigweed' resistant to glyphosate in the US Southeast
Amaranthus retroflexus, redroot pigweed

Chenopodium album white goosefoot

Polygonum aviculare

Portulaca species

Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus. It has several common names, including carelessweed, dioecious amaranth, Palmer's amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer's pigweed.

It is native to most of the southern half of North America. Populations in the eastern United States are probably naturalized. It has also been introduced to Europe, Australia, and other areas. The plant is fast-growing and highly competitive.
Karl von Luz
Karl von Luz (3 August 1824 – 6 November 1899) was a Württembergian politician and civil servant. He served as a Member of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Württemberg, from 1876 to 1877 and from 1880 until his death. In 1887 he was appointed as district president (Regierungspräsident) and thus head of one of the kingdom's regional government authorities.

He received the Knight's Cross First Class of the Order of the Crown, which conferred personal ennoblement, in 1880, and was promoted to Commander of the same order in 1889. He also received several other orders of merit, and became an honorary citizen of Altensteig and Reutlingen in 1896.

His daughter Helene was the mother of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.

Kingdom of Württemberg
The Kingdom of Württemberg (German: Königreich Württemberg [ˌkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk]) was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918, located within the area that later became Baden-Württemberg. The kingdom was a continuation of the Electorate of Württemberg, which existed from 1803 to 1806.
Karel Michlowsky
Karel Michlowsky (9 October 1918 – 11 December 1998) was a Czech footballer and football manager. He played for SK Bata Zlin, FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, Angers SCO and AS Saint-Étienne. After his playing career he became a coach in France. Michlowsky died in December 1998 at the age of 80.

Angers SCO
Angers Sporting Club de l'Ouest, commonly referred to as Angers SCO (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʒe]), is a French professional football club based in Angers in Pays de la Loire in western France. The club was founded in 1919 and plays in Ligue 1, the first division of Football in France. It plays its home matches at the Stade Raymond Kopa. The club has played 31 seasons in the French top flight.
Stadion im. Edwarda Jancarza
Edward Jancarz Stadium (Polish: Stadion im. Edwarda Jancarza), formerly the Stadion żużlowy Gorzów Wielkopolski, is a 15,000-capacity multi-use stadium in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland, and the home of motorcycle speedway club Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski. It is currently used mostly as a 329 m racetrack for speedway matches and is the home stadium of Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski in the Speedway Ekstraliga.

Gorzów Wielkopolski
Gorzów Wielkopolski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɡɔʐuv vjɛlkɔˈpɔlskʲi] ⓘ), often abbreviated to Gorzów Wlkp. or simply Gorzów (formerly Landsberg an der Warthe), is a city in western Poland, located on the Warta River. It is one of the two principal cities and seats of the Lubusz Voivodeship, with a population of 114,567 as of 30 June 2024.

The city has a history dating back to the 13th century and serves as a cultural, economic, and industrial hub in the region. Gorzów Wielkopolski is home to several historical landmarks, green spaces, and educational institutions, and is known for its strong tradition in speedway racing.

Around Gorzów, there are two large forest areas: Gorzów Woods to the north, where the Barlinek-Gorzów Landscape Park is situated, and Noteć Woods to the southeast. The biggest oil fields in Poland are located near Gorzów.
34th Awit Awards
The 34th Awit Awards were held on November 29, 2021. Indie pop duo Leanne & Naara and folk pop band Ben&Ben led the nominations with seven, and won the awards for Album of the Year and Record of the Year, respectively. The Song of the Year category was awarded to Moira Dela Torre and Jason Marvin's work of "Paubaya".

The ceremony had the theme "Proudly Homegrown", referring to pride and gratitude of the expression, inspiration, growth and strength shown by Original Filipino Music amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The ceremony also awarded thirty-three categories, including two debutants, Best New Artist in a Collaboration and Best Global Recording.

Rico Blanco
Rico Rene Granados Blanco (born March 17, 1973) is a Filipino singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, actor, endorser and entrepreneur. He began his career as one of the founding members, and served as the chief songwriter, vocalist, guitarist, and keyboardist of the Filipino rock band Rivermaya from 1994 until 2007, and has been a solo artist since 2008.

Blanco's songs and performances gained success and critical acclaim, earning himself a reputation of being one of the well-received local music icons in the Philippines.
Vinen
Vinen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Joe Vinen (1930–2022), British physicist specializing in low temperature physics

Richard Vinen, British historian of King's College London

Richard Vinen
Richard Charles Vinen (born 1963) is a British historian and academic who holds a professorship at King's College London. Vinen is a specialist in 20th-century European history, particularly of Britain and France.
Titanic Collapsible Boat C
Collapsible Boat C was a lifeboat from the Titanic. It was one of the last boats launched to sea, over two and a half hours after the Titanic collided with an iceberg and began sinking on 14 April 1912. Collapsible C was the last lifeboat to be successfully launched from the starboard side between 1.40 and 2.00 am, and held amongst others White Star Line chairman Bruce Ismay. His survival would be marked with controversy following the disaster. About 44 people occupied the Collapsible when they were rescued by RMS Carpathia at 5.45 am.

Controversy
Controversy (UK: /kənˈtrɒvəsi/, US: /ˈkɒntrəvɜːrsi/) is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin controversia, as a composite of controversus – "turned in an opposite direction", and also means an exercise in rhetoric practiced in Rome.
Kramers (bookstore)
Kramers (formerly known as Kramerbooks & Afterwords or Kramer's) is an independent bookstore and cafe in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C.  Since its founding in 1976 by Bill Kramer, Henry Posner, and David Tenney, Kramer's has become a local institution and meeting place for neighborhood residents, authors, and politicians.  It was one of the first bookstores in the country to feature a cafe which influenced similar business models nationwide.  Notable people that have visited Kramer's include Barack Obama, Andy Warhol, Maya Angelou, and Monica Lewinsky, whose purchases at the bookstore attracted national attention during the Lewinsky scandal investigation and led to a high-profile legal battle. Kramers was sold in 2016 to Steve Salis.

Independent bookstore
An independent bookstore is a retail bookstore which is independently owned. Usually, independent stores consist of only a single actual store (although there are some multi-store independents). They may be structured as sole proprietorships, closely held corporations or partnerships, cooperatives, or nonprofits. Independent stores can be contrasted with chain bookstores, which have many locations and are owned by corporations which often have divisions in other lines besides bookselling. Specialty stores such as comic book shops tend to be independent.

Author events at independent bookstores sometimes take the role of literary salons and independents historically supported new authors and independent presses.
Rod Harrington
Rodney Kenneth Harrington (born 30 December 1957) is an English former professional darts player and commentator. He used the nickname "The Prince of Style" for his matches, often wearing a suit and waistcoat for his games. Harrington enjoyed some major success during his professional career including the prestigious Winmau World Masters in 1991 and two successive World Matchplays in 1998 and 1999. At the PDC Awards Dinner held in January 2019, Harrington was inducted into the PDC Hall of Fame.

PDC Awards Dinner
The PDC Awards Dinner is an awards ceremony organised by the Professional Darts Corporation. It is held at the Dorchester Hotel in London. It has been held annually since 2007. Each January, the PDC has awarded players for outstanding performance in the previous season including player of the year awards, recognizing nine-dart finishes, and inducting members to the PDC Hall of Fame.
Adriaen van Overbeke
Adriaen van Overbeke, Adrian van Overbeck and Adriaen van Overbeke (fl 1508 – 1529) was a Flemish Renaissance painter in the style of Antwerp Mannerism.  He operated a large workshop with an important output of altarpieces, which were mainly exported to Northern France, the Rhineland and Westphalia. His known works were predominantly polychromed wooden altarpieces with painted shutters, which were created through a collaboration between painters and sculptors.

The artist has only recently been identified with the anonymous master who was given the notname 'Master of the Crucifixion of Antwerp' by Max Jakob Friedländer.

Notname
In art history, a Notname (German: [ˈnoːtˌnaːmə] ⓘ, "name of necessity" or "contingency name") is an invented name given to an artist whose identity has been lost. The practice arose from the need to give such artists and their typically untitled or generically titled works an acceptable if unsatisfactory grouping to avoid confusion when cataloging.

The phrases provisional name, name of convenience, and emergency names are sometimes used to describe anonymous masters. Nonce name was at one time used.
Iloilo's 3rd congressional district
Iloilo's 3rd congressional district is one of the five congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Iloilo. It has been represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines since 1916 and earlier in the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1916. The district consists of the northwestern and central municipalities of Badiangan, Bingawan, Cabatuan, Calinog, Janiuay, Lambunao, Maasin, Mina and Pototan. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by Lorenz Defensor of the National Unity Party (NUP).

Prior to its second dissolution in 1972, the district encompassed the central Iloilo municipalities of Badiangan, Cabatuan, Janiuay, Leon, New Lucena, Maasin, San Miguel, Santa Barbara, and Zarraga.

Maasin, Iloilo
Maasin, officially the Municipality of Maasin (Kinaray-a: Banwa kang Maasin; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Maasin; Tagalog: Bayan ng Maasin), is a municipality in the province of Iloilo, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 38,761 people.
Hiroaki Uchikura
Hiroaki Uchikura (内倉 浩昭, Uchikura Hiroaki; born January 11, 1965) is a Japanese military general who serves as the incumbent Chief of Staff, Joint Staff of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. General Uchikura previously served as the Chief of the Air Staff of the JASDF, commander of the Air Defense Command, and as wing commander of the 5th Air Wing.

Born and raised from Tarumizu, Kagoshima, Uchikura served into various positions in the Air Self-Defense Force and later served as a fighter pilot flying the Mitsubishi F-15J. Uchikura later served into various administrative and staff positions within the Air Self Defense Force Staff Office and the Ministry of Defense, both being located in Ichigaya, Shinjuku, before being named in major positions such as being the commander of the Air Defense Command and later as the Chief of the Air Staff in March 2023.

Shinjuku
Shinjuku (Japanese: 新宿区, Hepburn: Shinjuku-ku; IPA: [ɕiɲdʑɯkɯ] ⓘ), officially called Shinjuku City, is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo.

Since the end of World War II, Shinjuku has become a major secondary center of Tokyo (fukutoshin), rivaling the original city center in Marunouchi. Today, it is a major commercial and administrative center, housing the busiest railway station in the world (Shinjuku Station) as well as the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administrative center of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

As of 2025, the ward has an estimated population of 355,981, living in a total area of 18.23 km2.
Turnaround ADR
Turnaround Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) (Japanese: 事業再生 Jigyo Saisei ADR), also known as Business Revitalization ADR, is a process increasingly used by companies in Japan to adjust their debt. This out-of-court procedure was established in Japan in 2007 and is based on Japanese Law, specifically the Special Measures Law for Industrial Revitalization and Rebirth of Japan. It allows companies to forgo bankruptcy proceedings and replaces previous voluntary debt adjustments under such as the "Guideline for Voluntary Debt Adjustment" (Shiteki Seiri Guideline).

Although the procedure is named using the generic alternative dispute resolution title, Turnaround ADR is not a procedure for resolving disputes. Rather, it offers a way for financially stressed companies to reassess and restructure debts.

Financial distress
Financial distress is a term in corporate finance used to indicate a condition when promises to creditors of a company are broken or honored with difficulty. If financial distress cannot be relieved, it can lead to bankruptcy. Financial distress is usually associated with some costs to the company; these are known as costs of financial distress.
Bedia (caste)
The Bedia is a caste in India. They believe that they originally lived at Mohdipahar in Hazaribagh district and have descended from the union of a Vedbansi prince with a Munda girl. A legend has heard that they had their own 'Vedas' and hence it is called Bediya. Their Veda was different from the Vedas of Aryans.

Hazaribagh district
Hazaribagh district is one of the oldest districts of Jharkhand state, India and the district headquarter located in Hazaribagh town. It is located in the north east part of North Chotanagpur Division. The boundary of this district consists of districts of Gaya (BIHAR) and Koderma in the north, Giridih and Bokaro in the east, Ramgarh in the south and Chatra in the west.
Portmarnock
Portmarnock (Irish: Port Mearnóg) is a coastal town in County Dublin, Ireland, north of the city of Dublin, with significant beaches, a modest commercial core and inland residential estates, and two golf courses, including one of Ireland's best known, Portmarnock Golf Club. As of 2022, the population was 10,750, an increase of 13.5% on the 2016 census figure of 9,466.

Portmarnock is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Coolock. It is in the local government area of Fingal.

Coolock (barony)
Coolock (Irish: An Chúlóg) is one of the baronies of Ireland. It was constituted as part of the old county of Dublin. Today, it covers much of the northern parts of the city of Dublin and the south-eastern part of the modern county of Fingal. At the heart of the barony is the civil parish of the same name - Coolock - which is one of twenty civil parishes in the barony.
Ram Vishwakarma
Ram Vishwakarma is an Indian scientist and a leader in the field of pharmaceutical research and integrative medicine. Born and educated in India, he has built a career that bridges cutting-edge scientific research and innovative industrial applications. He is an elected Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India.

National Academy of Sciences, India
The National Academy of Sciences, India, also known as NASI, was established in 1930 and is the oldest science academy of India. It is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Prof. Meghnad Saha was the founder president.
33rd GMA Dove Awards
The 33rd Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on April 25, 2002 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 2001. The show was held at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville, Tennessee. Recipients are listed below, see also full list of nominees.

The awards were broadcast live on the PAX TV, the first live national broadcast since 1998.

Kirk Franklin
Kirk Dewayne Franklin (born January 26, 1970) is an American gospel musician, rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Franklin's accolades include 20 Grammy Awards. Variety has called Franklin a "Reigning King of Urban Gospel", and Franklin is one of the inaugural inductees into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame. Franklin has also been associated with The Family, God's Property, and One Nation Crew (1NC).