hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Society of Early Americanists
The Society of Early Americanists (SEA) was founded in 1990 as an interdisciplinary association of scholars who study the literature and culture of the United States of America prior to about the year 1830. The non-profit society promotes the exchange of ideas and information among its members through a newsletter, which serves as the primary forum for members' concerns, through an electronic bulletin board and a website, and through conferences and joint research projects.

The SEA is an affiliate of both the American Literature Association and the American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies.

American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies
The American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS) is an academic society for humanities research related to the "long" eighteenth century, from the later seventeenth through the early nineteenth centuries. ASECS was established in 1969, and has been an affiliate of the American Historical Association (AHA) since 2000. ASECS is an interdisciplinary society in the sense that its members come from a wide range of humanities disciplines, including history, literature, philosophy, art history, and musicology. The society organizes an annual conference and sponsors two publications: the quarterly journal Eighteenth-Century Studies and the annual volume Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture. It awards the Louis Gottschalk Prize and the James L. Clifford Article Prize.
Kreis Angerburg
The Angerburg district was a Prussian district in East Prussia that was founded in 1818 and existed until 1945. It was located in the Masurian Lake District in Masuria. The town of Angerburg was the capital of the district.

Masuria
Masuria (Polish: Mazury [maˈzurɨ] ⓘ; Masurian: Mazurÿ; German: Masuren [maˈzuːʁən] ⓘ) is an ethnographic and geographic region in northern and northeastern Poland, known for its 2,000 lakes. Masuria occupies much of the Masurian Lake District. Administratively, it is part of the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship (administrative area/province). Its biggest city, often regarded as its capital, is Ełk. The region covers a territory of some 10,000 km2 which approximately 500,000 people inhabit.

Masuria is bordered by Warmia, Powiśle and Chełmno Land in the west, Mazovia in the south, Podlachia and Suwałki Region in the east, and Lithuania Minor in the north.
Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)
The Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) began operations in Fiji in 1880 and until it ceased operations in 1973, had a considerable influence on the political and economic life of Fiji. Prior to its expansion to Fiji, the CSR was operating Sugar Refineries in Melbourne and Auckland. The decision to enter into the production of raw sugar and sugar cane plantation was due to the company's desire to shield itself from fluctuations in the price of raw sugar needed to run its refining operations. In May 1880 Fiji's Colonial Secretary John Bates Thurston persuaded the Colonial Sugar Refining Company to extend their operations into Fiji by making available 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of land to establish plantations.

Wilmar Sugar Australia
Wilmar Sugar Australia is a subsidiary of the Singapore-based company Wilmar International that incorporates sugar production business and renewable energy cogeneration. The principal product of Wilmar Sugar is raw sugar. By-products from the production of sugar include molasses (which is used to produce ethanol) and bagasse (which is used to generate electricity). It is Australia’s largest biomass renewable energy generator.
Chhat
In some areas of eastern Punjab, primarily in the sub-montane districts, the Rajputs inhabited villages, known as Chhat, that were of the highest caliber. The word "Chhat" is explained as an abbreviation of "chhatar makan", equivalent to the English word crown. A chhat is a village which enjoys a pre-eminence over, or is held in special veneration by, the other villages of the biradari. It is generally called simply chhat. Whereas, a makan is a village of lower status than a chhat. A person must execute a meritorious deed for a village to be granted the title of makan.

Hence, Makan is also a famous place, not an ordinary village.

When a daughter gets married, the member of a chhat always gives twice as much to the mirasis as the member of a makan.

Crown
A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself (and, by extension, the state of which said monarch is head) as distinct from the individual who inhabits it (that is, The Crown). A specific type of crown (or coronet for lower ranks of peerage) is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium.
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
ASCD, formerly known as the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, is an education non-profit organization founded in 1943. It has more than 125,000 members from more than 128 countries, including superintendents, principals, teachers, professors of education, and other educators. The ASCD community also includes  affiliate organizations Student Chapters.

While ASCD was initially founded with a focus on curriculum and supervision, the organization now provides professional development, publishing, and event experiences focusing on a broad range of topics for educators.

Superintendent (education)
In the American education system, a superintendent or superintendent of schools is an administrator of a school district, a local government body overseeing public schools. All school principals in a respective school district report to the superintendent.

The role and powers of the superintendent vary among areas according to Sharp and Walter, a popularly held opinion is that "the most important role of the board of education is to hire its superintendent."
Yunxiao
Yunxiao County (simplified Chinese: 云霄县; traditional Chinese: 雲霄縣; pinyin: Yúnxiāo Xiàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ûn-sio-kōan) is a county of Zhangzhou prefecture level city, in the south of Fujian province, People's Republic of China. The county had a population of 411,558 according to the 2020 Census. The county spans an area of 1,069 square kilometres (413 sq mi).

The county postcode is 363300 and its telephone area code is 0596.

Tan Goan-kong
Chen Yuanguang (Chinese: 陳元光; pinyin: Chén Yuánguāng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tân Goân-kong; 657–711), courtesy name Tingju (Chinese: 廷炬; pinyin: Tíngjù), pseudonym Longhu (龍湖; Lónghú), was a Tang dynasty general and official. He was from Gushi County, Henan. The people of Zhangzhou, Fujian, along with the descendants of immigrants from Zhangzhou to Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, all refer to him as the "Sacred Duke, Founder of Zhangzhou" (開漳聖王; Kāi Zhāng shèngwáng; Khai Chiang Sèng-ông).
Pajarito, Boyacá
Pajarito is a town and municipality in the La Libertad Province, part of the Colombian department of Boyacá. The municipality, situated in the southeast of the department borders Labranzagrande and Aquitania of the department of Boyacá and Yopal, Recetor and Aguazul of the department of Casanare. The urban centre is located at a distance of 147 kilometres (91 mi) from the department capital Tunja at an altitude of 800 metres (2,600 ft) in a tight valley, not allowing much expansion of the urban area. The centre is experiencing periodic landslides.

Yopal
Yopal (Spanish pronunciation: [ɟʝoˈpal]) is a municipality and capital city of the department of Casanare in Colombia and the second most populated and important city in the Orinoquía region after Villavicencio.
Chinchilla Airport
Chinchilla Airport (IATA: CCL, ICAO: YCCA) is an airport serving Chinchilla, Queensland, Australia.

The airport is served by 2–3 weekday charter flights to Taroom and Brisbane operated by Skytrans Airlines with De Havilland Canada Dash 8-100 aircraft.

Skytrans Australia
Skytrans Australia (founded as Skytrans) is an Australian airline and air charter business based in Cairns, Rockhampton and Townsville, in Queensland. The airline operates RPT (Regular Public Transport), charter and ACMI (Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance and Insurance) services in Cairns, Horn Island, Brisbane, Rockhampton and Townsville.

On 31 March 2015, two months after being placed into administration, the company returned to the skies. As of March 2024, the airline is now owned by European based Avia Solutions Group.
Philip McElwaine
Philip McElwaine (born 5 December 1957) is an Australian boxer and motorcycle club member. He was born in Maitland, New South Wales. He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.  He was the Middleweight Gold medalist in the 1978 Commonwealth Games.

In 1984, McElwaine was arrested and charged with seven counts of murder for his part in the Milperra massacre.  The charges were later reduced to that of affray after police acted as character witnesses for him, stating that McElwaine, who was a volunteer at the Police and Community Youth Club, was "a monument to the police boys' movement as a whole." McElwaine was the only club member to be acquitted of the manslaughter and murder charges that were brought against them.

Police Citizens Youth Club
Police & Community Youth Clubs (PCYC) or Police and Community Youth Clubs is a network of Australian non-profit, community organisations, founded in New South Wales. In some states such as NSW, they are constituted as an Incorporated Association.

The mission of PCYC is to get young people active in life; develop their skills, character and leadership; and prevent and reduce crime by and against young people. The organisation is community-based and involves the provision of low-cost structured activities to children and adults, aimed specifically at the underprivileged persons in the community. The clubs contain a wide variety of sports such as basketball, indoor soccer, weightlifting gyms, dancing, wrestling/grappling, boxing, martial arts, chess, and many other activities and hobbies. Different clubs may have different activities going on to one another. The PCYC has a range of over 66 clubs across the state.
Military OneSource
Military OneSource is a U.S. Department of Defense program that provides resources and support to active-duty, National Guard and Reserve service members and their families anywhere in the world.

Military OneSource is administered as a commercial employee assistance program by ValueOptions under contract to the Department of Defense.  ValueOptions took over the contract from Ceridian in 2011.

Carelon Behavioral Health
Carelon Behavioral Health, formerly known as Beacon Health Options, is a behavioral health company based in Boston, Massachusetts.

On Jun. 6, 2019, Anthem, Inc. (now Elevance Health) announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Beacon Health Options. The acquisition was completed on Mar. 2, 2020. Prior to the acquisition, Beacon Health was the largest privately held company of its kind in the United States. The company is the product of a 2014 merger between Beacon Health Strategies, LLC and ValueOptions, Inc. The company rebranded as Carelon Behavioral Health in 2023.

The company currently employs 4,700 people nationwide, serving over 40 million people.

As of 2025, Carelon Behavioral Health is the subject of two lawsuits in New York and Connecticut alleging that it operates ghost networks.
37 mm marsh mortar
The 37 mm marsh mortar was a compact commando mortar developed by the Iranian Army during the Iran–Iraq War. It is very similar in concept to the World War II Soviet 37 mm spade mortar. Though not officially designated as marsh mortar, the term is used by academics in describing this mortar.

Though small for a mortar, 37 mm was the maximum shell size for which recoil did not drive the mortar into the soft ground.

Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
The Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces (Persian: نیروی زمینی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Niruye Zaminiye Arteše Jomhuriye Eslâmiye Irân) (Persian: نزاجا, NEZAJA) are the conventional ground forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces (Artesh). In Iran, it is also called Artesh, (ارتش) which is Persian for "army."

In 2025, the Central Intelligence Agency estimated that the regular Iranian Army ground forces had 350,000 personnel. Conscripts serve for 21 months as of 2015. Iran has two parallel land forces with some integration at the command level: the regular Artesh (Army), and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, also known as the Sepâh (IRGC). Thus the IRGC Ground Forces parallel the Artesh's regular ground forces.
Minneapolis Pops Orchestra
The Minneapolis Pops Orchestra is a pops orchestra providing live public performances by 45 professional musicians free of charge at various venues in the Twin Cities.  It was founded in 1949.  Most Pops Orchestra musicians perform with the Minnesota Opera Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, The Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, and other distinguished Twin Cities musical groups during the winter months.  The Orchestra plays most often at the Lake Harriet bandshell in the Linden Hills neighborhood of Southwest Minneapolis.  Each year, concerts feature guest artists as well as student musicians from area high schools.

The regular season runs during the month of July, presenting concerts most weekend evenings.

NORP

In 2009, the Orchestra began its "New Orchestral Repertoire Project" to seek out new pieces to add to its repertoire.  The contest carries a $1000 cash prize and a performance at one of that year's concerts.

Lake Harriet (Minnesota)
Lake Harriet is a lake in southwest Minneapolis, south of Bde Maka Ska and north of Minnehaha Creek. The lake is surrounded by parkland as part of Minneapolis’ Chain of Lakes. The lake has an area of 335 acres (1.36 km2) and a maximum depth of 85 feet (26 m).
Dunne v National Maternity Hospital
Dunne v National Maternity Hospital [1989] IR 91 was a legal case from Ireland, heard in the Supreme Court of Ireland in Dublin. The case had a significant influence on Irish tort law, in that it laid down the six core rules for assessing medical negligence.

Law of the Republic of Ireland
The law of Ireland consists of constitutional, statutory, and common law. The highest law in the State is the Constitution of Ireland, from which all other law derives its authority. The Republic has a common-law legal system with a written constitution that provides for a parliamentary democracy based on the British parliamentary system, albeit with a popularly elected president, a separation of powers, a developed system of constitutional rights and judicial review of primary legislation.
RAPID-L
The RAPID-L,  RAPID-LAT (L: Lunar base, A: Automatic，T: Thermoelectric) is a micro nuclear reactor concept conceived as a powerhouse for colonies on the Moon and Mars. It is based on the RAPID-series (Refueling by All Pins Integrated Design) fast breeder reactor using a liquid lithium-6 design. The study was funded by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) in FY 1999–2001. 
The research was carried out by Japan's Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Komae Research Laboratory.

SP-100
SP-100 (Space reactor Prototype) was a U.S. research program for nuclear fission reactors usable as small fission power systems for spacecraft. It was started in 1983 by NASA, the US Department of Energy and other agencies.

A reactor was developed with heat pipes transporting the heat to thermoelectric generators. It was cooled with lithium.
The project never advanced to flight hardware and was terminated in 1994.
Nikolskoye Airport
Nikolskoye Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Никольское) (ICAO: UHPX) is an airport on Bering Island, Russia located four kilometers southeast of Nikolskoye, Kamchatka Krai. It is the only airfield on the Commander Islands.  The airport has no significant military use.

Commander Islands
55°00′N 166°24′E﻿ / ﻿55.00°N 166.40°E﻿ / 55.00; 166.40

The Commander Islands, Komandorski Islands, or Komandorskie Islands (Russian: Командо́рские острова́, Komandorskiye ostrova) are a series of islands in the Russian Far East, a part of the Aleutian Islands, located about 175 km (109 mi) east of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Bering Sea.  Treeless and sparsely populated, the islands consist of Bering Island, 95 by 15 km (59 by 9 mi); Medny Island, 55 by 5 km (34 by 3 mi); and fifteen islets and rocks. The largest of the latter are Tufted Puffin Rock (Kamen Toporkov or Ostrov Toporkov), 15 ha (37 acres), and Kamen Ariy, which are between 3 and 13 km (2 and 8 mi) west of the only settlement, Nikolskoye. Administratively, the Commanders compose the Aleutsky District of the Kamchatka Krai in Russia.

In 2005, the Comandorsky State Nature Reserve was nominated for the List of World Heritage Sites in Russia of UNESCO.
Admission to practice law
An admission to practice law is occupational licensing required to practice law. In jurisdictions with two types of lawyer, as with barristers and solicitors, barristers must gain admission to the bar whereas for solicitors there are distinct practising certificates.

Becoming a lawyer is a widely varied process around the world. Common to all jurisdictions are requirements of age and competence; some jurisdictions also require documentation of citizenship or immigration status. However, the most varied requirements are those surrounding the preparation for the license, whether it includes obtaining a law degree, passing an exam, or serving in an apprenticeship. In English, admission is also called a law license. Basic requirements vary from country to country, as described below.

In some jurisdictions, after admission the lawyer needs to maintain a current practising certificate to be permitted to offer services to the public.

Pupillage
A pupillage, in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan and Hong Kong, is the final, vocational stage of training for those wishing to become practising barristers. Pupillage is similar to an apprenticeship, during which bar graduates build on what they have learnt during the Bar Professional Training Course or equivalent by combining it with practical work experience in a set of barristers' chambers or pupillage training organisation.
Road signs in Belarus
Road signs in Belarus are regulated by the road sign standard STB 1140-2013. Due to the country being a former Soviet Socialist Republic between 1920 and 1991, road signs are similar in design to those used in the Soviet Union before its dissolution in 1991, as well as in most other post-Soviet states, especially neighboring Russia, Ukraine, and Lithuania. Like Russia and Ukraine, Belarus is a signatory to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. Belarus signed the Vienna Convention on 8 November 1968 and ratified it on 18 June 1974, when the country was a Soviet Socialist Republic. The Soviet Union itself was once a signatory to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals.

International E-road network
The International E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe, Central Asia and Asia Minor, developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and signposted on a green background. Its roads cross national borders, consisting of three types of roads: highways, limited access roads, and ordinary roads (as defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1).

The display of European roads on signs depend on jurisdiction. In most countries, the roads carry the European route designation alongside national designations. However, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Sweden have integrated them as their sole route designations (examples: E18 and E6) in most cases. Some places, such as the United Kingdom and Albania do not show the European designations at all.

Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the Pan-American Highway in the Americas, the Trans-African Highway network, and the Asian Highway Network.
Factory House
The British Factory House (Portuguese: Feitoria Inglesa), also known as the British Association House, is an 18th-century Neo-Palladian building located in the northern Portuguese centre of Porto, associated with the influence of Britain in the port wine industry.

This building is part of a group of buildings and infrastructure that mark the British presence in the city of Porto, which include the Oporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club (founded 1855) and the Oporto British School (1894).

Oporto British School
Oporto British School (OBS) is a British school established in 1894 in Foz do Douro, Porto, Portugal. It is the oldest British school in mainland Europe.

It is a private, day school for both boys and girls, aged 3 to 18, with 558 pupils on roll. It follows a British curriculum until the completion of the IGCSE.

Senior pupils then study the IB Diploma Programme and many go on to higher education in the UK, Portugal, and other locations around the world.
Reina Hispanoamericana 2018
Reina Hispanoamericana 2018  was the 28th Reina Hispanoamericana pageant, held at the Salón Sirionó, Fexpocruz in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, on November 3, 2018.

Teresita Ssen Marquez of the Philippines crowned Nariman Battikah of Venezuela as her successor at the end of the event.

Joyce Prado
Marian Joyce Prado Rivera (born 1997) is a Bolivian model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Bolivia 2018. She represented Bolivia at the Miss Universe 2018 pageant. Prado was stripped of her Miss Santa Cruz and Miss Bolivia crowns for 'breach of contract', when she confirmed she was pregnant in April 2019.
Crazy Love (Allman Brothers song)
"Crazy Love" is a song by the American rock band the Allman Brothers Band. It was the lead single from their sixth studio album, Enlightened Rogues (1979), released on Capricorn Records.

The song was their second-biggest hit (after "Ramblin' Man") on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 29 in 1979.

Capricorn Records
Capricorn Records was an independent record label founded by Phil Walden and Frank Fenter in 1969 in Macon, Georgia. Capricorn Records is often credited by music historians as creating the southern rock genre.
John Grieb
John William Grieb (November 19, 1879 – December 10, 1939) was an American gymnast and track and field athlete who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. He was born in Philadelphia. In 1904 he won the gold medal in the gymnastics' team event and silver medal in the athletics' triathlon event. He was also sixth in athletics' all-around event, 52nd in gymnastics' all-around event and 90th in gymnastics' triathlon event.

Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's triathlon
The men's triathlon was an artistic gymnastics event held as part of the gymnastics programme at the 1904 Summer Olympics. It was the only time the event was held at the Olympics. The competition was held on Friday, July 1, 1904, and on Saturday, July 2, 1904. One hundred and nineteen gymnasts from three nations competed.

The three apparatus used were the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, and the horse (itself actually split further between the "long horse" or vault and the "side horse" or pommel horse). Each gymnast performed two compulsory routines and one optional routine on each apparatus, with the compulsory routines split between the two versions of the horse and the optional horse routine being on the side horse. The maximum score in each routine was 5, for a total maximum of 45.

Scores from this event, as well as the athletics triathlon event, were used to determine final scoring in the gymnastic all-around event.