hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cigarette taxes in the United States
In the United States, cigarettes are taxed at both the federal and state levels, in addition to any state and local sales taxes and local cigarette-specific taxes. Cigarette taxation has appeared throughout American history and is still a contested issue today.

Sales tax
A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.

When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales and use tax, such as food, education, and medicines. A value-added tax (VAT) collected on goods and services is related to a sales tax. See Comparison with sales tax for key differences.
When We Were Young (TV series)
When We Were Young (Chinese: 人不彪悍枉少年; pinyin: Rén Bù Biāo Hànwǎng Shàonián) is a 2018 Chinese streaming television series starring Hou Minghao, Wan Peng, and Zhang Yao. Based on the novel of the same name, it tells a nostalgic story that revolves around high school students during the year 1996. It premiered on Tencent Video, Mango TV and WeTV on November 22, 2018 until December 8, 2018.

Mango TV
Mango TV (芒果TV, Mángguǒ TV; MGTV) is a Chinese video streaming platform under Mango Excellent Media, which is controlled by Hunan Broadcasting System. Mango TV was established on May 26, 2006, in Changsha, Hunan and later decided to use 'Mango TV (Internet TV, PC, Phone and Pad)' as its video platform branding title in 2008. Mango TV specializes in creating online videos and is an online platform providing all of the content that is presented in TV channels, and all other copyright works from Hunan Broadcasting System and Hunan Satellite TV. Its current headquarters is located in Golden Eagle Movie & TV Cultural City, Changsha, Hunan, China. Mango TV provides audience with diverse content including films, TV series, music, cartoons and entertainment.  In 2016, the content from Hunan Satellite TV accounted for 38% in all that Mango TV has produced.
Olympia Zacharias
Olympia Zacharias (born 17 January 1986) is a Nauruan runner who competed at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics. She was her country's only athlete at that event in Paris. Her best distance is 100 m and her record in 2003 was 14.07 seconds with her personal best time being 13.17 seconds. In 2003, she was elected to lead the Nauru Athletics Association for three years.

In 2011, she became engaged to Winston Harris. They married on 1 July 2011 at Nauru Independent Church.

2003 World Championships in Athletics
The 9th World Championships in Athletics (French: Championnats du monde d'athlétisme 2003), under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held from 23 August to 31 August 2003 in the streets of Paris and the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.
G. Malcolm Brown
George Malcolm Brown, OC (July 16, 1916 – May 19, 1977) was a Canadian physician.

He was born in Campbellford, Ontario, and was educated at Queen's University and Oxford University. Brown served in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps in Europe. He was a professor of medicine at Queen's from 1951 to 1965. He served as president of the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1956 to 1958 and of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada from 1962 to 1964. He was a committee member of the Medical Research Council of Canada from 1953 to 1965 and served as its first full-time president from 1965 to 1977.

He was named to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2000. The G. Malcolm Brown Memorial Fund was established in his memory to promote health science research in Canada.

Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
The Canadian Medical Hall of Fame is a Canadian charitable organization, founded in 1994, that honours Canadians who have contributed to the understanding of disease and improving the health of people. It has an exhibit hall in London, Ontario, an annual induction ceremony, career exploration programs for youth and a virtual hall of fame.
KDMA-FM
KDMA-FM (93.9 MHz) is a radio station licensed to Granite Falls, Minnesota. KDMA-FM airs a full-service/country music format,  simulcasting with sister station KDMA, and is owned by Iowa City Broadcasting Company, Inc.

Full-service radio
Full-service radio is a type of radio format characterized by a mix of music programming and a large amount of locally-produced and hyperlocal programming, such as news and discussion focusing on local issues, news, sports coverage, interviews, call-in segments, and sometimes religious content. The aim of full service radio is to provide a one-stop shop for listening needs and serve a wider demographic. Music played may be a variety or catered to a certain demographic, usually by local DJs. Full service radio saw a decline after television became widespread in the 1950s.
Joan Knight
Joan Knight (27 September 1924 – 20 December 1996), OBE, was a British stage manager and director. She worked at the Royal Court Theatre and the Palace Theatre, Watford. She ran the Ludlow Theatre festival for three years. She was artistic director of Perth Theatre, Scotland, from 1968 until her retirement in 1993. During this time, she also served briefly as director of productions of Pitlochry Festival Theatre. She was offered a National Theatre directorship by Laurence Olivier, which she declined. She was a governor of Queen Margaret University College and a board member of Perth College. Known locally as Perth's "Queen of Theatre", she was presented with the DK Thomson Award in 1982 for her outstanding contribution to drama, and the Perth Partnership Rosebowl in 1993. She received an OBE for services to theatre in 1985. She was a council member of the Scottish Arts Council from 1980 to 1986.

National Theatre Live
National Theatre Live is an initiative operated by the Royal National Theatre in London. It broadcasts live and filmed live performances of their productions (and those of other theatres) to a range of venues, including cinemas, pubs, village halls and arts centres, around the world.
Vasylivka, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast
Vasylivka (Ukrainian: Василівка) is a village in Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Vyhoda rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The current estimated population is 2068 (as of 2001).

Odesa Raion
Odesa Raion (Ukrainian: Одеський район) or Odessa Raion (Russian: Одесский район) is a raion (district) of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It was created on 17 July 2020 as part of the reform of administrative divisions of Ukraine. Biliaivka Raion, Biliaivka and Illichivsk municipalities, parts of Lyman and Ovidiopol raions, as well as the cities of Odesa, Teplodar, and Yuzhne were merged into Odesa Raion. The center of the raion is the city of Odesa. Population: 1,378,490 (2022 estimate).
Plop art
Plop art (or plonk art) is a pejorative slang term for public art (usually large, abstract, modernist or contemporary sculpture) made for government or corporate plazas, spaces in front of office buildings, skyscraper atriums, parks, and other public venues.

The term is a form of wordplay from the term pop art and connotes that the work is unattractive or inappropriate to its surroundings – that it has been thoughtlessly "plopped" where it lies. The term "plop" suggests the sound of something falling heavily and suddenly. It also holds connotations to excrement.

Some defenders of public art funding have tried to reappropriate the term. The book Plop: Recent Projects of the Public Art Fund celebrates the success of the Public Art Fund in financing many publicly placed works of art over the last few decades, many of which are now beloved, though they may at first have been derided positively as "ploppings".

Wordplay
Wordplay (also: play-on-words) is a literary technique and a form of wit in which words used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement. Examples of wordplay include puns, phonetic mix-ups such as spoonerisms, obscure words and meanings, clever rhetorical excursions, oddly formed sentences, double entendres, and telling character names (such as in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, Ernest being a given name that sounds exactly like the adjective earnest).

Wordplay is quite common in oral cultures as a method of reinforcing meaning. Examples of text-based (orthographic) wordplay are found in languages with or without alphabet-based scripts, such as homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese.
The Luminous Dead
The Luminous Dead is a 2019 sci-fi horror novel written by Caitlin Starling and is her first published novel.  The book was released to positive reviews from critics and was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel.

Space horror
Space horror is a subgenre of horror fiction generally defined as space-based horror.

While pure outer space horror films may solely include films taking place in spacecrafts, space stations or outer space, the broader blend of settings covered by the subgenre of space horror include locations on exoplanets and exomoons, within the Solar System but not on Earth, and terrestrial films set on Earth (alien invasion films). Films belonging to the subgenre of space horror typically feature an alien antagonist.

Variety's Jenelle Riley cited the following titles as standout space horror films: Life (2017), Dead Space: Downfall (2008), Solaris (1972), Lifeforce (1985), It! The Terror from Beyond Space (1958), Sunshine (2007), Pitch Black (2000), Event Horizon (1997), Alien (1979), and Aliens (1986).

An innovative feature that can be found in some films blending a space setting and horror is an altered topology of time.
Leccinum angustisporum
Leccinum angustisporum is a species of bolete fungus in the family of  Boletaceae. Found in the United States, it was described as new to science in 1967 by mycologists Alexander H. Smith, Harry Delbert Thiers, and Roy Watling.

Harry D. Thiers
Harry Delbert Thiers (January 22, 1919, in Fort McKavett, Texas – August 8, 2000, in Ohio) was an American mycologist who studied and named many fungi native to North America, particularly California. Thiers taught mycology at San Francisco State University. He comprehensively revised and expanded on the North American collection of boletes and named many new species.

Species authored by Thiers include the boletes Suillellus amygdalinus, Boletus barrowsii, Xerocomellus dryophilus, Rubroboletus pulcherrimus, Leccinum manzanitae, and other mushrooms including Gymnopilus luteoviridis and Russula xanthoporphyrea.

The standard author abbreviation Thiers is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Marvin Park
Marvin Olawale Akinlabi Park (Spanish: [ˈmaɾβim ˈpaɾk]; Korean: 마르빈 파르크; born 3 July 2000), known as Marvin Park or simply Marvin, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for La Liga club Las Palmas. Mainly a right back, he can also play as a right winger.

UEFA Youth League
The UEFA Youth League is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 2013. In its current format, it is contested by the under-19 teams of the clubs competing in the UEFA Champions League league phase, plus the domestic youth champions of the best-ranked national associations.

The semi-finals and final matches have been traditionally played at the Colovray Stadium in Nyon, Switzerland, although for the 2022–23 edition, they were moved to the Stade de Genève due to increased interest in the tournament from the supporters of the participating clubs. The winners are awarded the Lennart Johansson Trophy, named in honour of the former UEFA president.

The most successful team is Barcelona with three titles. They are also the current champions after beating Trabzonspor 4–1 in the 2025 final.
Anopino
Anopino (Russian: Ано́пино) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Posyolok Anopino, Gus-Khrustalny District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 2,171 as of (2021 Census); 2,043 as of 2010. There are 17 streets.

Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, romanized: Vladimirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
Headlam
Headlam is a hamlet and civil parish in County Durham, England. It lies to the west of Darlington. In 2021 the parish had a population of 41. The hamlet has 14 stone houses plus 17th-century Headlam Hall, now a country house hotel. The village is set around a village green with a medieval cattle-pound and an old stone packhorse bridge across the beck. Headlam is classed as Lower Teesdale and has views to the south as far as Richmond and to the Cleveland Hills in the east.

In the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–72) John Marius Wilson described Headlam:

HEADLAM, a township in Gainford parish, Durham: 7½ miles WNW of Darlington. Acres, 780. Real property, £1,216. Pop., 102. Houses, 21.

Richmond, North Yorkshire
Richmond is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is located at the point where Swaledale, the upper valley of the River Swale, opens into the Vale of Mowbray. The town's population at the 2011 census was 8,413. The town is 13 miles (21 km) north-west of Northallerton, the county town, and 41 miles (66 km) north-west of York.

In the Domesday Book of 1086 the area was collected under Yorkshire and the town was in the Gilling Wapentake. After the book it became the centre for wapentakes in the Honour of Richmond for the North Riding of Yorkshire. Between 1974 and 2023 the town was the administrative centre of the Richmondshire district of the North Yorkshire non-metropolitan county. Richmond is located near the eastern boundary of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, for which it has become a tourist centre.
@icon sushi
@icon sushi (aicon sushi is used when @ unsupported in a filename) is a conversion and creation computer icon freeware software tool for Microsoft Windows with support for Windows Vista. It has the ability to import icons from ICO, BMP, PNG, PSD, EXE, DLL and ICL formats and can export as ICO, BMP, PNG and ICL. This software is available in multiple languages including German.

Freeware
Freeware is software, often proprietary, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and reverse engineering are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others. Unlike with free and open-source software, which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is typically not made available. Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and shareware business models; or by collecting and selling user's personal data.
Afon Marteg
The Afon Marteg is a river in Powys, Wales.

It is about 15 km long, flowing roughly south-west to join the Wye at Pont Marteg (grid reference SN952714) about 5 km above Rhayader.

Fishing is available, with appropriate permits, for brown trout, chub, dace, grayling and pike. The river has a run of spawning Atlantic salmon in the autumn.

Thymallus thymallus
Thymallus thymallus, harjus, the grayling or European grayling, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family Salmonidae. It is the only species of the genus Thymallus (the graylings) native to Europe, where it is widespread from the United Kingdom and France to the Ural Mountains in Russia, and Balkans on the south-east, but does not occur in the southern parts of the continent. It was introduced to Morocco in 1948, but it does not appear to have become established there.
Última muñeca
La última muñeca (Spanish for "the last doll") is a tradition of the Quinceañera, the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America. During this ritual, the quinceañera relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy, often giving it to a younger female relative. The ritual could also suggest that she is now capable of being a mother.  The chambalán de honor is a person designated to "present her to society" and is usually the one to give her the última muñeca as well. The birthday girl will then dance with the doll as part of the ceremony. Some of the dolls used in the ceremony are made in a very elegant manner, using ceramic or porcelain and are hand painted. These collector’s dolls are highly sought on the collector’s market.

Quinceañera
In Latin American cultures, it is customary to celebrate a girl's 15th birthday. In Spanish, the girl celebrating her 15th birthday is called a quinceañera; in English, primarily in the United States, quinceañera is used to refer to the celebrations and honors surrounding the special occasion. The Spanish names for the celebration can be literally translated to English as the 'celebration of the 15-year-old' (fiesta de quinceañera, fiesta de quince años), '15 years' (quince años, quinceañero) or just '15' (quinces).
Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15
Bigg Boss 15, also known as Bigg Boss: "Sankat in Jungle" was the fifteenth season of the Indian reality TV series Bigg Boss. It premiered on 2 October 2021 on Colors TV. Salman Khan hosted the season for the twelve time. The grand finale aired on 30 January 2022 where Tejasswi Prakash emerged as the winner while Pratik Sehajpal as the runner-up.

Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi)
Bigg Boss: OTT (or Bigg Boss: Over-the-Top) is a digital spin-off of the popular Indian Hindi-language reality show Bigg Boss franchise, streamed first on Voot for its initial season and later on JioCinema for the second season and JioCinema Premium for the third. Following the format of the Dutch reality game show Big Brother, developed by Endemol, Bigg Boss OTT has launched three seasons to date. The first season premiered on August 8, 2021, and was hosted by Karan Johar. The second season saw Salman Khan take over as the host, while Anil Kapoor hosted the recently concluded third season. As of now, 45 contestants have participated in Bigg Boss OTT, with 5 of them having also appeared in the main Bigg Boss seasons.

On 20th January 2026, It was officially confirmed that the Bigg Boss OTT series has been cancelled prior the failure of S3 and there will be no OTT edition from now on while the entire show will merged with the TV version of the show.
Lake Peace
Lake Peace was a post ice-age glacial lake in what is now the Peace River basin in northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta.

It formed approximately 14,000 BCE, after the Last Glacial Maximum, as the Laurentide Ice Sheet and Cordilleran Ice Sheet began to melt and retreat, and may have played an important role as an easily navigatable section of an inland human migration route from Asia to the Americas.

It remains unclear how long the lake lasted, or if it was drained in a glacial lake outburst flood, similar to the Missoula Floods that occurred on the southern margins of these same ice sheets.

Glacial lake outburst flood
A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood caused by the failure of a dam containing a glacial lake. An event similar to a GLOF, where a body of water contained by a glacier melts or overflows the glacier, is called a jökulhlaup. The dam can consist of glacier ice or a terminal moraine. Failure can happen due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or cryoseism, volcanic eruptions under the ice, or massive displacement of water in a glacial lake when a large portion of an adjacent glacier collapses into it.

Increasing glacial melting because of climate change, alongside other environmental effects of climate change (i.e. permafrost melting) mean that regions with glaciers are likely to see increased flooding risks from GLOFs. This is especially true in the Himalayas where geologies are more active.

A 2023 study found 15 million people at risk from this hazard, mostly in China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Peru.
Ezhuthu Kalari
Ezhuthu Kalari is a Malayalam term that refers to old traditional village schools in Kerala. These institutions were the major centers for initiating  elementary education. Most of the children in the past had to attend these centres for learning  3Rs. It had been known by other names as well, such as  Ezhuthu pally, Asan Kalari or Pallikkoodam. Ezhuthu Kalari were believed to be evolved from the ancient  traditions of Gurukula system of schooling. Teachers of these schools were addressed by the name Asan or  Ezhuthu Asan. Ezhuthupally meaning schools on Shree Budda's period.

Pallikoodam
Pallikoodam or Ezhuthupally Pally is a word in Malayalam and Tamil that denotes a school.
These were mostly village schools run by individual teachers (Ezhuthu pally Aashaans or Asans or Gurus) and were distinct from Kalaris that taught martial arts.
Grounds Creek
Grounds Creek also known as Grounder Creek is a stream in northwest Bollinger and eastern Madison counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Castor River.

The stream headwaters arise in Bollinger County just south of Missouri Route 72 and it flows to the southwest into Madison County to enter the Castor River after passing under Missouri Route V and about 3.5 miles north of Marquand. The source is at 37°31′05″N 90°06′17″W﻿ / ﻿37.51806°N 90.10472°W﻿ / 37.51806; -90.10472 and the confluence is at 37°28′40″N 90°11′07″W﻿ / ﻿37.47778°N 90.18528°W﻿ / 37.47778; -90.18528.

Grounds Creek has the name of a family of early settlers.

Bollinger County, Missouri
Bollinger County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 10,567. The county seat, largest and only city, is Marble Hill. The largely rural county is supported by agriculture and construction. The county was officially organized in March 1851 from portions of Wayne, Cape Girardeau and Stoddard Counties, and named in honor of George Frederick Bollinger, an early settler.

Bollinger County is part of the Cape Girardeau, MO–IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is the home of the "Missouri dinosaur" discovered at an archaeological dig near Glen Allen in 1942. Blue Pond, the deepest natural pond in Missouri, is located in the southern portion of the county.
John P. Platt
John P. Platt is a professor and structural geologist at the University of Southern California. His research centers on deformation processes within Earth's crust and lithosphere, focusing on convergent plate margins and collisional orogens through the applications of geophysical methods and mechanical modeling.

Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary
The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (referred to as the LAB by geophysicists) represents a mechanical difference between layers in Earth's inner structure. Earth's inner structure can be described both chemically (crust, mantle, and core) and mechanically. The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary lies between Earth's cooler, rigid lithosphere and the warmer, ductile asthenosphere. The actual depth of the boundary is still a topic of debate and study, although it is known to vary according to the environment. The following overview follows the chapters in the research monograph by Irina Artemieva on "The Lithosphere".