hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Science and technology in Switzerland
Science and technology in Switzerland play an important role in the Swiss economy, which has very few natural resources that are available in the country. The Swiss National Science Foundation, mandated by the Federal government, is the most important institute for promoting scientific research.

The raw output of scientific research from Switzerland consistently ranks within the top 20. Switzerland was ranked 1st in the Global Innovation Index in 2025, the same position as 2024, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2013.

Idiap Research Institute
The Idiap Research Institute is a semi-private non-profit research institute based in Martigny, in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It conducts research in the areas of speech processing, computer vision, information retrieval, biometric authentication, multimodal interaction and machine learning. The institute is affiliated with the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and with the Université de Genève.
Flatland
Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions is a satirical novella by the English theologian, Anglican priest and schoolmaster Edwin Abbott Abbott, first published in 1884 by Seeley & Co. of London. Written pseudonymously by "A Square", the book used the fictional two-dimensional world of Flatland to satirise the class and gender hierarchies of Victorian society, but the novella's more enduring contribution is its examination of dimensions.

A sequel, Sphereland, was written by Dionys Burger in 1957. Several films have been based on Flatland, including the feature film Flatland (2007). Other efforts have been short or experimental films, including one narrated by Dudley Moore and the short films Flatland: The Movie (2007) and Flatland 2: Sphereland (2012).

Rudy Rucker
Rudolf von Bitter Rucker (/ˈrʌkər/; born March 22, 1946) is an American mathematician, computer scientist, science fiction author, and one of the founders of the cyberpunk literary movement. The author of both fiction and non-fiction, he is best known for the novels in the Ware Tetralogy, the first two of which (Software and Wetware) both won Philip K. Dick Awards. He edited the science fiction webzine Flurb until its closure in 2014.
Reign season 3
The third season of Reign, an American historical romantic drama, consisted of 18 episodes which aired between October 9, 2015 and June 20, 2016.  The series, created by Stephanie SenGupta and Laurie McCarthy, aired on The CW.

On January 11, 2015, The CW renewed the series for a third season. At The CW's 2015-16 Upfront, it was announced that the series would be moving to a different night, airing on Fridays at 8/7c, instead of Thursdays at 9/8c. The latter half of the season, from episode 11 onward, returned on April 25 in a new Monday timeslot before Jane the Virgin.

Stephanie Sengupta
Stephanie Sengupta (also credited as Stephanie SenGupta or Stéphanie Sengupta) is an American television producer and writer. She is a co-creator of the series Reign and known for writing and co-producing episodes of the police procedural dramas Hawaii Five-0, Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and for foreign adaptations of the Law & Order franchise.
Inge Leurs
Inge Leurs (born 1 January 1975) is a former Dutch woman cricketer. She made her international debut in the inaugural edition of the Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier in 2003. Inge has played in 4 Women's ODIs representing Dutch cricket team.

2003 IWCC Trophy
The 2003 IWCC Trophy was an international women's cricket tournament held in the Netherlands from  21 to 26 July 2003. Organised by the International Women's Cricket Council (IWCC), it was the inaugural edition of what is now the World Cup Qualifier.

The tournament featured six teams and was played using a round-robin format. The top two teams, Ireland and the West Indies, qualified for the 2005 World Cup in South Africa. All matches held One Day International (ODI) status, with Japan making its debut in that format and Scotland playing only its second ODI tournament. Ireland's Barbara McDonald was named the player of the tournament, while the leading runscorer and leading wicket taker, respectively, were Pauline te Beest of the Netherlands and Pakistan's 15-year-old off spinner, Sajjida Shah.
Jnanadanandini Devi
Jnanadanandini Tagore (pronounced Bengali: [gjanodanondini ˈʈʰakuɾ] (née Mukhopadhyay; 26 July 1850 – 1 October 1941) was a British Indian writer. She was married to Satyendranath Tagore, a scion of the Jorasanko Tagore family. She is known today for developing a unique style of sari, the Brahmika sari, based on both the traditional Bengali style, with elements from Gujarati and Parsi style drapes she encountered while living in Bombay (Mumbai).

Jorasanko
Jorasanko is a neighbourhood of North Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. It is so called because of the two (jora) wooden or bamboo bridges (sanko) that spanned a small stream at this point.
Zagorus
Zagorus or Zagoros (Ancient Greek: Ζάγωρος), also Zagorum or Zagoron (Ζάγωρον), and also Zagora (Ζάγωρα), Zageira (Ζάγειρα), or Zacoria, was a town on the Euxine coast of ancient Paphlagonia on the road between Sinope and the mouth of the Halys River, from the latter of which it was distant about 400 stadia.

Its site is located near Çayağzı in Asiatic Turkey.

Paphlagonia
Paphlagonia (/ˌpæfləˈɡoʊniə/; Greek: Παφλαγονία, romanized: Paphlagonía, modern translit. Paflagonía; Turkish: Paflagonya) was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north-central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus. According to Strabo, the region was bounded by the river Parthenius to the west and the Halys River to the east. 
Paphlagonia was said to be named after Paphlagon, a son of the mythical Phineus.
Charlotte von Siebold
Marian Theodore Charlotte Heidenreich von Siebold (12 September 1788 – 8 July 1859) was a German physician. She is regarded as the first gynecologist in Germany. She was the daughter of the physicians Damian and Regina von Siebold and was an early assistant of her parents. She graduated with a degree in obstetrics at the Giessen University in 1817.

She assisted at both Queen Victoria's birth on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London and Queen Victoria's first cousin and husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's birth on 26 August 1819 at Rosenau Palace near Coburg.

Schloss Rosenau, Coburg
Schloss Rosenau, called in English The Rosenau or Rosenau Palace, is a former castle, converted into a ducal country house, near the town of Rödental, formerly in Saxe-Coburg, now lying in Bavaria, Germany.

Schloss Rosenau was the birthplace and boyhood home of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who, in 1840, became the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

It should not be confused with another house of the same name at Waldviertel in Austria.
Scoutisme Béninois
Scoutisme Béninois is the national Scouting organization of Benin. Scouting in Benin started around 1930 and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1964 under the previous name Dahomey. Its Girl Guide branch, the Guides du Bénin, is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts.

The coeducational Scoutisme Béninois has 8,873 members as of 2021.

In 1977, Ernest Mehinto was awarded the Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting.

Bronze Wolf Award
The World Organization of the Scout Movement's Bronze Wolf Award is presented by it for outstanding international service by an individual to the Scout Movement.

The award consists of a bronze wolf pendant hung on a dark green ribbon bordered by two narrow stripes of yellow.

The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) has awarded just over 400 Bronze Wolf Awards since it inaugurated its award in 1935. WOSM has restricted the number of recipients in order to maintain the award's significance. Currently, the award is limited to approximately one recipient for every two million members worldwide.
Raurimu
Raurimu is a settlement in Ruapehu District, New Zealand. State Highway 4 passes through it, and the North Island Main Trunk railway line runs to the east. The Raurimu Spiral, which allows the railway to climb 139 metres, is described as an engineering masterpiece by the Institute of Professional Engineers of New Zealand.

Raurimu railway station served the town from 1906 until its closure in 1978.

A life-size driftwood sculpture of a Tyrannosaurus rex stands at the corner of Keitieke Road and State Highway 4.

Raurimu railway station
Raurimu railway station was a station on the North Island Main Trunk, and in the Manawatū-Whanganui region.

It opened in 1906 and closed in 1978. It was known as Pukerimu from 1906 to 1908.

The Raurimu Spiral is 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi) from the station, and rises 200 metres (660 ft) to the National Park railway station on the North Island Volcanic Plateau; on a direct line this would be a gradient of 1 in 24, but the Raurimu Spiral reduces the gradient to a (still steep) 1 in 52.
HMS Echo (1758)
HMS Echo was a 24-gun sixth-rate of the Royal Navy, in active service between 1758 and 1764, during the Seven Years' War.

Originally the French frigate Écho, she was captured by HMS Juno in 1758 and refitted as a privateer hunter. Stationed in the Caribbean, she captured a total of five enemy vessels over the following five years. She was declared surplus to Navy requirement at the end of the War in 1763, and was decommissioned at Chatham Dockyard. After six years at the Dockyard, she was sold out of service in 1770.

Sixth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a sixth-rate was the designation for small warships mounting between 20 and 28 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. 28-gun sixth-rates were classed as frigates, those smaller as 'post ships', indicating that they were still commanded by a full ('post') captain, as opposed to sloops of 18 guns and less, which were under commanders.
Hihintayin Kita sa Langit
Hihintayin Kita sa Langit (transl. I'll Wait for You in Heaven) is a 1991 Filipino romantic drama film directed by Carlos Siguion-Reyna. The screenplay, written by Raquel Villavicencio, is loosely adapted from English novelist-poet Emily Brontë's 1847 novel Wuthering Heights and transposes the plot of the said novel from the moors of West Yorkshire to the beaches and seaside cliffs (shot in Batanes). The film stars then-real-life romantic partners, Richard Gomez and Dawn Zulueta, in their first film together as leads, modeled on the characters Heathcliff and Catherine. It co-stars Michael de Mesa, Eric Quizon, Jackie Lou Blanco, Jose Mari Avellana, and Vangie Labalan.

Produced by Reyna Films, as their first film offering, and distributed by Bonanza Films, it was theatrically released on June 13, 1991. The film was digitally restored and remastered in 4K resolution by ABS-CBN Film Restoration and Central Digital Lab and subsequently released in select theaters on February 27, 2017.

Michael de Mesa
Michael Edward Gil Eigenmann (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈhil ˈaɪɡɛnmɐn]; born May 24, 1960), known professionally as Michael de Mesa (Tagalog pronunciation: [de ˈmɛsa]), is a Filipino actor and director.
Tamron SP AF 90mm f/2.8 Di 1:1 Macro
The SP AF 90mm f/2.8 Di 1:1 Macro lens is a macro lens produced by Tamron. It comes in the Canon EF-mount, Nikon F-mount, Pentax K-mount, and Sony A-mount. The lens was released in 1997. It received the European "Lens of the Year: 1997-1998" award. It was mechanically and cosmetically upgraded in February 2000. The lens is known for its high optical quality and reasonable price.

Sony α
Sony α (the lower case Greek letter alpha, often transliterated as Sony Alpha) is a brand of digital camera. This line has been active since 2006, building upon the Konica Minolta camera technologies, whose assets were acquired by Sony.
2017 Bengaluru Open – Doubles
Saketh Myneni and Sanam Singh were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Mikhail Elgin and Divij Sharan won the title after defeating twin brothers Ivan and Matej Sabanov 6–3, 6–0 in the final.

Saketh Myneni
Saketh Myneni (born 19 October 1987) is an Indian professional tennis player. He has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 74 achieved on 16 January 2023. He was conferred with the prestigious Arjuna Award in 2017 and represents India in the Davis Cup. He won a gold medal in Mixed doubles and a silver medal in the men's doubles event at the Incheon Asian Games 2014. He has won 10 ITF and 2 ATP Challenger singles titles. Also, 18 ITF and 14 ATP Challenger doubles titles.
Barton Brands
Barton Brands, Ltd. was a company that produced a variety of distilled beverages and liqueurs and is now part of the Sazerac Company, which is headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana, and has its principal offices in Louisville, Kentucky. The Barton distillery, currently known as the Barton 1792 distillery, was originally established in 1879, and is located in Bardstown, Kentucky.

Some of Barton's better-known brands and products have included the 1792 Bourbon, Kentucky Tavern, and Very Old Barton bourbons; Fleischmann's, Skol and Wave Vodkas; the 99 line of schnapps (99 Apples, 99 Bananas, etc.); Calypso and Barton rums; Capitan, El Toro and Montezuma tequilas and Mr. Boston and Fleischmann's gins.

In 1993, Barton was acquired by Canandaigua Wine Company, later Constellation Brands. In 2009, Constellation sold Barton to the Sazerac Company.

Schnapps
Schnaps (/ʃnɑːps/ ⓘ or /ʃnæps/) or schnapps is a type of alcoholic beverage that may take several forms, including distilled fruit brandies, herbal liqueurs, infusions, and "flavored liqueurs" made by adding fruit syrups, spices, or artificial flavorings to neutral grain spirits.

The English loanword "schnapps" is derived from the colloquial German word Schnaps [ʃnaps] ⓘ (plural: Schnäpse), which is used in reference to spirit drinks.
The word Schnaps stems from Low German and is related to the German term "schnappen", meaning "snap", which refers to the spirit usually being consumed in a quick slug from a small glass (i.e., a shot glass).
Hann Trier
Hann Trier (1 August 1915 in Düsseldorf – 14 June 1999 in Castiglione della Pescaia in Tuscany) was a German artist, best known for his giant ceiling painting in the Charlottenburg Palace. He was married to the sociologist Renate Mayntz and was the elder brother of an art historian Eduard Trier.

Castiglione della Pescaia
Castiglione della Pescaia (Italian pronunciation: [kastiʎˈʎoːne della peˈskaːja]; abbreviated by locals as Castiglione or Castiglioni), is an ancient seaside town in the province of Grosseto, in Tuscany, central Italy. Situated in the Grossetan Maremma, the modern town grew around a medieval 12th century fortress (Italian: castello) and a large fishery, from which it acquired its designation. Today Castiglione is a very popular tourist destination with attractions that include beaches, natural parks, biking trails, historical Etruscan archaeological sites, a panoramic mediaeval hamlet as well as the Diaccia Botrona Nature Reserve, a swampy humid environment of historical relevance whose endangered wildlife comprise pink flamingoes, mallards and ducks.

Castiglione della Pescaia is home to the second most expensive street in Italy for property prices, with average values exceeding those of homes in every other Italian street except one, also in Tuscany.
Turaida
Turaida (Livonian: Toraid, German: Treiden, Treyden; meaning Thor's garden in Livonian) is a part of Sigulda in the Vidzeme Region of Latvia. Its most famous site is the Brick Gothic Turaida Castle.

In 1212, a peace treaty was signed in Turaida between the Estonian tribes and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the Archbishopric of Riga, the Livonians and the Latgalians.

Livonians
The Livonians, or Livs, are a Balto-Finnic people indigenous to the Livonian Coast, in northwestern Latvia. Livonians historically spoke Livonian, a Uralic language closely related to Estonian and Finnish. It was believed that the last person to have learned and spoken Livonian as a mother tongue, Grizelda Kristiņa, died in 2013. In 2020, however, it was reported that newborn Kuldi Medne had become the only living person who speaks Livonian as their first language. As of 2010, there were approximately 30 people who had learned it as a second language.

Historical, social and economic factors, together with an ethnically dispersed population, have resulted in the decline of Livonian identity, with only a small group surviving in the 21st century. In 2011, there were 250 people who claimed Livonian ethnicity in Latvia.
White Post Historic District
White Post Historic District is a national historic district located at White Post, Clarke County, Virginia. It encompasses 23 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the crossroads village of White Post. The contributing object is the white-painted marker which Thomas, Sixth Lord Fairfax, had erected in the 1760s (supposedly erected by then-Col. George Washington) to point the way to Greenway Court, his nearby estate.

The most distinguished building is the Bishop Meade Memorial Church (1875), named for White Post's Bishop William Meade, who grew up at the nearby Lucky Hit plantation. Also located in the district and separately listed is Meadea, the only remaining 18th century building. The historic district also includes 20 other residences, 3 commercial structures, as well as the Methodist church and parish hall, and an abandoned post office.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Clarke County, Virginia
Clarke County is a United States county located along the northern border of the Commonwealth of Virginia.   Bordering West Virginia, Clarke County forms part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 14,783. Its county seat is the historic town of Berryville.

The county was established in 1836 from part of Frederick County, and was named for Virginia Revolutionary War hero George Rogers Clark.  Historically agrarian, Clarke County is one of the most sparsely populated areas of Northern Virginia.
Triethyl phosphonoacetate
Triethyl phosphonoacetate is a reagent for organic synthesis used in the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction (HWE) or the Horner-Emmons modification.

Triethyl phosphonoacetate can be added dropwise to sodium methoxide solution to prepare a phosphonate anion.  It has an acidic proton that can easily be abstracted by a weak base. When used in an HWE reaction with a carbonyl the resulting alkene formed is usually the E alkene, and is generated with excellent regioselectivity.

Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction
The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry of stabilized phosphonate carbanions with aldehydes (or ketones) to produce predominantly E-alkenes.

In 1958, Leopold Horner published a modified Wittig reaction using phosphonate-stabilized carbanions. William S. Wadsworth and William D. Emmons further defined the reaction.

In contrast to phosphonium ylides used in the Wittig reaction, phosphonate-stabilized carbanions are more nucleophilic but less basic. Likewise, phosphonate-stabilized carbanions can be alkylated. Unlike phosphonium ylides, the dialkylphosphate salt byproduct is easily removed by aqueous extraction.

Several reviews have been published.
Nicolas Cazalé
Nicolas Cazalé (born 24 April 1977 in Pau, Gascony, France) is a French model and actor who is most noted for his role in the 2004 French film, Le Grand Voyage for which he won a Jury Award for Best Actor at the 2005 Newport International Film Festival. He was also named one of European cinema's up-and-coming talents and won the Shooting Stars Award in 2008.

Shooting Stars Award
The Shooting Stars Awards are presented annually by the pan-European network organization European Film Promotion (EFP) to emerging actors from Europe. "Shooting Stars" is an initiative of the EFP for the international promotion and networking of promising up-and-coming actors from the 37 EFP member countries. Since 1998, ten talents selected from all over Europe have been presented each year during the Berlin International Film Festival (Berlinale) to the international press, the general public, and the film industry. The four-day programme culminates with the presentation of the European Shooting Stars Awards.
Dennis Biddle
Dennis Biddle (born June 24, 1935) is an American former Negro leagues professional baseball player for the Chicago American Giants. Biddle is most known for making his debut in 1953 as the Giants' pitcher when he was only 17 years old.

Biddle injured his ankle the next year; this ultimately ended his playing career. In 1996, Biddle founded Yesterday's Negro League Baseball Players, LLC.

Biddle appeared in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 24, 2021 before a regular season MLB game at American Family Field in support of the Milwaukee Brewers. Biddle conducted an interview prior to the opening pitch.

Chicago American Giants
The Chicago American Giants were a Chicago-based Negro league baseball team. From 1910 until the mid-1930s, the American Giants were the most dominant team in black baseball. Owned and managed from 1911 to 1926 by player-manager Andrew "Rube" Foster, they were charter members of Foster's Negro National League. The American Giants won five pennants in that league, along with another pennant in the 1932 Negro Southern League and a second-half championship in Gus Greenlee's Negro National League in 1934.
Kannanthanam
Kannanthanam is a Malayali surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alphons Kannanthanam (born 1953), Indian civil servant, lawyer, and politician

Thampi Kannanthanam (1953−2018), Indian film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor

Alphons Kannanthanam
Alphons Joseph Kannanthanam or K. J. Alphons  (born 8 August 1953) is an Indian civil servant, advocate, and politician from Kerala. He was Union Minister of State for Culture, and Tourism during first Modi ministry under Government of Narendra Modi. He also held charge for Electronics and Information Technology.

Alphons Kannanthanam belongs to the 1979 batch of the Indian Administrative Service (I.A.S.), Kerala cadre. He served as Commissioner of the Delhi Development Authority.

He joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2012. Before that, he was a member of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and served as an MLA in Government of Kerala representing that party.
Crystal 23
The Crystal 23 is a British trailerable sailboat that was designed by Alan Buchanan as a cruiser and first built in 1961.

The Crystal 23 was later developed into the Buchanan-designed 1967 Halcyon 23.

Cruising (maritime)
Cruising is a maritime activity that involves staying aboard a watercraft for extended periods of time when the vessel is traveling on water at a steady speed. Cruising generally refers to leisurely trips on yachts and luxury cruiseships, with durations varying from day-trips to months-long round-the-world voyages.
Elaine Feinstein
Elaine Feinstein FRSL (born Elaine Cooklin; 24 October 1930 – 23 September 2019) was an English poet, novelist, short-story writer, playwright, biographer and translator. She joined the Council of the Royal Society of Literature in 2007.

Cholmondeley Award
The Cholmondeley Awards (/ˈtʃʌmli/ CHUM-lee) are annual awards for poetry given by the Society of Authors in the United Kingdom. Awards honour distinguished poets, from a fund endowed by the Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley in 1966. Since 1991 the award has been made to four poets each year, to the total value of £8000.