hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hypostome (tick)
The hypostome (also called the maxilla, radula, or labium) is a calcified harpoon-like structure near the mouth area of certain parasitic arthropods including ticks, that allows them to anchor themselves firmly in place on a host vertebrate while sucking blood. The hypostome being present in almost all tick families suggests that hematophagy is the ancestral condition, as is the fact that life stages that do not feed on blood lack the organ.

Some ticks of the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) secrete a cement to strengthen the attachment.

Hematophagy
Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα haima "blood" and φαγεῖν phagein "to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomatids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., Hirudo medicinalis) are hematophagous. The spider Evarcha culicivora feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by specializing on blood-filled female mosquitoes as their preferred prey. Some fish, such as lampreys and candirus; mammals, especially vampire bats; and birds, including the vampire finch, Hood mockingbird, Tristan thrush, and oxpeckers, also practice hematophagy.
Edibe Subaşı
Edibe Subaşı (also known as Edibe Kutucuoğlu, 1920 – 7 May 2011) was a Turkish aviator.

Subaşı was born in Erzincan, and her family moved to Adana when she was three years old. In 1937, the Turkish Aeronautical Association (THK) was established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. 36 women applied for training as aviator. Subaşı lied about her age, adding two years to her actual age, and was accepted to the training at Eskişehir. She and four other women, including Sabiha Gökçen and Yıldız Eruçman, became Turkey's first women pilots. Subaşı trained as an aerobatics pilot and as a parachutist, and later became a gliding and light aircraft flight instructor at the THK. She performed at aerobatics shows in the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, France and Italy.

In 1957, Subaşı had a flying accident and retired. She died in a nursing home in İzmir in 2011.

Eskişehir
Eskişehir (US: /ˌɛskɪʃəˈhɪər/ ES-kish-ə-HEER, Turkish: [esˈkiʃehiɾ]; from eski 'old' and şehir 'city') is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 821 315 (Odunpazarı + Tepebaşı), with a metropolitan population of 921 630.

The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km (145 mi) to the west of Ankara, 330 km (205 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul and 78 km (48 mi) to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum.

Known as a university town, it houses Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University. The province covers an area of 2,678 km2 (1,034 sq mi).
Dilliner, Pennsylvania
Dilliner is an unincorporated community in Greene County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located along the Monongahela River and Pennsylvania Route 88, 1.7 miles (2.7 km) northwest of Point Marion. Dilliner has a post office with ZIP code 15327.

Point Marion, Pennsylvania
Point Marion is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States, and is located less than one mile north of West Virginia at the confluence of the Monongahela and Cheat rivers. Approximately three miles north of Point Marion is Friendship Hill National Historic Site, home of early American politician Albert Gallatin. Point Marion was settled in the mid-18th century and named in 1842 for its geographic location and Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox". The population was 1,152 at the 2020 census, a decline from the figure of 1,159 tabulated in 2010. It is served by the Albert Gallatin Area School District.
Repetitive strain injury software
Repetitive strain injuries (RSI) are injuries to the body's muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, bones, or nerves caused by repetitive movements. Such injuries are more likely if the movements required force or were accompanied by vibrations, compression, hyperextension, or the maintenance of sustained positions. Prolonged use of computer equipment can result in upper limb disorders, notably in the wrist or the back. RSIs are a subset of musculoskeletal disorders.

Various software is available to aid individuals in avoiding injury or manage current discomfort/injury associated with computer use.

Human back
The human back, also called the dorsum (pl.: dorsa), is the large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck. It is the surface of the body opposite from the chest and the abdomen. The vertebral column runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the shoulders at the top and the pelvis at the bottom.

Back pain is a common medical condition, generally benign in origin.
2023 Italian Basketball Supercup
The 2023 Italian Basketball Supercup (Italian: Supercoppa di pallacanestro 2023), also known as Frecciarossa Supercoppa 2023 for sponsorship reasons, is the 29th edition of the super cup tournament, organized by the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). The title was won by Virtus Segafredo Bologna, which defeated 97–60 Germani Brescia, winning the title three times in a row.

Frecciarossa
Frecciarossa (Italian: [ˌfrettʃaˈrossa]; from freccia rossa, "red arrow") is a high-speed train of the Italian national train operator, Trenitalia, as well as a member of the train category Le Frecce. The name was introduced in 2008 after it had previously been known as Eurostar Italia. Frecciarossa trains operate at speeds of up to 300 km/h (190 mph). Frecciarossa is the premier service of Trenitalia and competes with italo, operated by Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori. Trenitalia also operates the sister brands Frecciargento and Frecciabianca for slower services.
Chop Border Detachment
The Chop Border Detachment (MUN 1493) is a brigade level detachment of the Central Department of the State Border Service of Ukraine. The detachment guards the Poland-Ukraine border, Hungary-Ukraine border and the Ukraine-Romania border in Uzhhorod Raion of Zakarpattia Oblast as well as the Uzhhorod International Airport. The detachment guards border length 149.4 km, 83 km mountainous, 19.6 km riverine and 46.8 km in plains.

Hungary–Ukraine border
The Hungary–Ukraine border (Hungarian: magyar–ukrán államhatár; Ukrainian: Угорсько-український кордон) is an internationally established boundary between Hungary and Ukraine. The modern border remains unchanged since the end of the World War II.
The current border was established after World War II when Zakarpattia Oblast was admitted into Ukraine, which at the time was part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The border stretches for 136.7 km (84.9 mi) along the Tisza river valley.

After the admission of Hungary to the European Union, the border security became the responsibility of the union, as well.
A. W. Mumford Stadium
A. W. Mumford Stadium is a 28,500-seat multi-purpose stadium on the campus of Southern University in Scotlandville, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It opened in 1928  and is home to the Southern Jaguars football and Southern University Laboratory School Kittens football teams, as well as the Southern women's soccer team. The Roscoe Moore Track located in the stadium is home to the men's and women's track and field teams.

The stadium is named after College Football Hall of Fame member, coach Arnett W. "Ace" Mumford, who coached the Jaguars from 1936–42 and 1944–61.

Southern University System
The Southern University System is a system of public historically black universities in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Its headquarters are at the Joseph Samuel Clark Administration Building on the Southern University campus in Baton Rouge. The Southern University System is the only historically black college system in the United States.
The Party of Death
The Party of Death: The Democrats, the Media, the Courts, and the Disregard for Human Life is a book by Ramesh Ponnuru. The hardcover edition, published by Regnery Publishing, was released on April 24, 2006, and consists of 320 pages. Controversially titled, the work is an exposition on such right to life issues as abortion and euthanasia, concentrating on the United States Democratic Party's shift from anti-abortion to abortion rights.

Abortion-rights movement
Abortion-rights movements, also self-styled as pro-choice movements, are movements that advocate for legal access to induced abortion services, including elective abortion. They seek to represent and support women who wish to terminate their pregnancy without fear of legal or social backlash.  These movements are in direct opposition to anti-abortion movements.

The issue of induced abortion remains divisive in public life, with recurring arguments to liberalize or restrict access to legal abortion services. Some abortion-rights supporters are divided as to the types of abortion services that should be available under different circumstances, including periods in the pregnancy such as late term abortions, in which access may or may not be restricted.
Szymonowicz
Szymonowicz or Szymonowic is a Polish-language surname. It is a patronymic surname derived from the given name Szymon. Notable people with this surname include:

Dawid Szymonowicz

Szymon Szymonowic a.k.a. Simon Szymonowicz

Jerzy Szymonowicz

Szymon Szymonowic
Szymon Szymonowic (in Latin, Simon Simonides; in Armenian, Շիմոն Շիմոնովիչ; also, in Polish, "Szymonowicz" and "Bendoński"; Lwów, 24 October 1558 – 5 May 1629, Czarnięcin, near Zamość) was a Polish Renaissance poet. He was known as "the Polish Pindar."
2005 Turkish Grand Prix
The 2005 Turkish Grand Prix (officially the 2005 Formula 1 Turkish Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 21 August 2005 at Istanbul Park, Tuzla, Turkey. It was the fourteenth race of the 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship and the inaugural Turkish Grand Prix.

The 58-lap race was won by Finnish driver Kimi Räikkönen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes. Räikkönen took his fifth victory of the season after starting from pole position and leading every lap. Räikkönen's Colombian teammate, Juan Pablo Montoya, ran second until he collided with a backmarker and then ran wide in the closing laps, allowing Spaniard Fernando Alonso through in his Renault.

With five races remaining, Alonso led the Drivers' Championship by 24 points from Räikkönen, while Renault's lead over McLaren in the Constructors' Championship was nine points.

Tuzla, Istanbul
Tuzla is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. It has a population of 288,878 (2022) and a land area of 138 km2 . It is on the Asian side of the city next to the municipality of Pendik. Tuzla is on a headland on the coast of Marmara Sea, at the eastern limit of the city. The mayor is Eren Ali Bingöl (CHP).
The Scarlet Tide
"The Scarlet Tide" is a song by T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello. It was written for the 2003 film Cold Mountain and sung by Alison Krauss.

According to Costello, Burnett "always said 'Scarlet Tide' was an anti-fear song."

The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.

In 2004, a new version of the song performed by Elvis Costello and Emmylou Harris appeared as the closing track on the Costello album The Delivery Man.

Joan Baez included the song on her 2008 album Day After Tomorrow.

Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media
The Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media (including its previous names) is the Grammy Awards awarded to songs written for films, television, video games or other visual media.

Alan Menken has won five awards (out of nine nominations) in this category for his work on the Walt Disney animated films: The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), Pocahontas (1995), and Tangled (2010). 
Randy Newman has won three awards (out of seven nominations) for his work on the Disney-Pixar films Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc. (2001) and Cars (2006). Diane Warren has received the most nominations with 11 in this category, winning once.
Xiaozhan
Xiaozhan Town (simplified Chinese: 小站镇; traditional Chinese: 小站鎮; pinyin: Xiǎozhàn Zhèn) is a town situated on the southeast of Jinnan District, Tianjin, China. It shares border with Shuangqiaohe and Gegu Towns to its north, Gulin and Dagang Subdistricts to its east, Zhongtang and Balitai Towns to its southwest, and Beizhakou Town to its northwest. In 2010 its population is 82,582.

The name "Xiaozhan" literally means "Small Station".

Jinnan, Tianjin
Jinnan District (simplified Chinese: 津南区; traditional Chinese: 津南區; pinyin: Jīnnán Qū), formerly Nanjiao District (南郊区; 南郊區; Nánjiāo Qū; 'south suburb')  is a district of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, located on the western bank of the lower reaches of the Hai River The name of the district literally means "South Tianjin" or "South of Tianjin", explained by its location relative to the urban core of Tianjin.
Criminal Minds season 14
The fourteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on May 12, 2018, by CBS with an order of 15 episodes. The season premiered on October 3, 2018, and concluded on February 6, 2019. The season also featured the milestone 300th episode, which served as the season premiere. This is the first season since season 11 not to feature Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan, who was now busy starring in S.W.A.T..

Aisha Tyler
Aisha Tyler (born September 18, 1970) is an American actress and talk show host. She is known for playing Andrea Marino in the first season of Ghost Whisperer, Dr. Tara Lewis in Criminal Minds since 2015, Mother Nature in the final two The Santa Clause films, and voicing Lana Kane in Archer. She also had recurring roles on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Talk Soup, and Friends.

She co-hosted seasons two through seven of CBS's The Talk, for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host. She has hosted Whose Line Is It Anyway? since 2013. She also hosted Ubisoft's E3 press conferences and has lent her voice to the video games Halo: Reach, Gears of War 3, and Watch Dogs.
Shawver, West Virginia
Shawver is an unincorporated community in Fayette and  Greenbrier counties, West Virginia, United States. Shawver is 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Meadow Bridge.

Shawver most likely is a corruption of Schaeffer.

Meadow Bridge, West Virginia
Meadow Bridge is a town in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 324 at the 2020 census. The first settler of the area was John Gwin, closely followed by Dan Griffin.

The community took its name from a nearby bridge over Meadow Creek.
Hop Yat Church
The Hop Yat Church (Chinese: 合一堂), full name "Church of Christ in China Hop Yat Church", is a member of the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China. Built in 1926, the church was the first self-governed Chinese church in Hong Kong, and has now been designated as a Grade I historic building. It is located at No. 2 Bonham Road, Mid-levels, Hong Kong; in a Neo-Gothic style and with a clock tower.

Church of Christ in China
The Church of Christ in China (traditional Chinese: 中華基督教會; simplified Chinese: 中华基督教会; pinyin: Zhonghua Jidu Jiaohui) was a coalition of churches in mainland China, established in the early half of the twentieth century. After missionaries were expelled from China in the 1950s, it would continue to exist primarily in the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China.
Elk Point Group
The Elk Point Group is a stratigraphic unit of Early to Middle Devonian age in the Western Canada and Williston sedimentary basins. It underlies a large area that extends from the southern boundary of the Northwest Territories in Canada to North Dakota in the United States. It has been subdivided into numerous formations, number of  which host major petroleum and natural gas reservoirs.

Early Devonian
The Early Devonian is the first of three epochs comprising the Devonian period, corresponding to the Lower Devonian series. It lasted from 419.62 ± 1.36 to 393.47 ± 0.99 and began with the Lochkovian Stage 419.62 ± 1.36 to 413.02 ± 0.99, which was followed by the Pragian from 413.02 ± 1.36 to 410.62 ± 0.99 and then by the Emsian, which lasted until the Middle Devonian began, 393.47± 0.99 million years ago.
During this time, the first ammonoids appeared, descending from bactritoid nautiloids. Ammonoids during this time period were simple and differed little from their nautiloid counterparts. These ammonoids belong to the order Agoniatitida, which in later epochs evolved to new ammonoid orders, for example Goniatitida and Clymeniida. This class of cephalopod molluscs would dominate the marine fauna until the beginning of the Mesozoic Era.
Taconic
Taconic can refer to a location in the United States:

Taconic, Connecticut, an unincorporated community in rural Litchfield County, Connecticut

Taconic Correctional Facility, a medium security women's prison in Bedford Hills, New York

Taconic Golf Club, a golf course in Williamstown, Massachusetts

Taconic Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains, running through eastern New York, western Connecticut, western Massachusetts, and southwestern Vermont

Taconic orogeny, a great mountain building period within the New York Bight region in the United States

Taconic Shores, New York, a census-designated place

Taconic State Park, New York state

Taconic State Parkway, part of the New York State highway system

Taconic Biosciences, a company providing laboratory animals for research purposes

Salisbury, Connecticut
Salisbury (/ˈsɑːlzbɛri/) is a town situated in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The town is the northwesternmost in the state of Connecticut; the Connecticut-Massachusetts-New York tri-state marker is located at the northwestern corner of the town. The population was 4,194 at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region.
Latifa Nabizada
Latifa Nabizada is an Afghan helicopter pilot in the Afghan Air Force. She is one of the first two women pilots to serve in Afghanistan that were qualified to fly a Mi-17 helicopter. By 2013, she was a colonel in the new Afghan Air Force. Nabizada's own career in the Afghan military has inspired other women to join.

Afghans
Afghans are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan. Afghans comprise various ethnic groups, of which Tajiks, Pushtuns, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest.

The two main languages spoken among the Afghan people are Dari (a variety of Persian) and Pashto. Historically, the ethnonym "Afghan" used to refer to Pashtuns, but later came to refer to all ethnicities in Afghanistan after the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan proposed by King Mohammad Zahir Shah.
Military tribunals in the United States
Military tribunals in the United States are military courts designed to judicially try members of enemy forces during wartime, operating outside the scope of conventional criminal and civil proceedings. The judges are military officers and fulfill the role of jurors. Military tribunals are distinct from courts-martial.

A military tribunal is an inquisitorial system based on charges brought by military authorities, prosecuted by a military authority, judged by military officers, and sentenced by military officers against a member of an enemy army.

The United States has made use of military tribunals or commissions, rather than rely on a court-martial, within the military justice system, during times of declared war or rebellion.

Most recently, as discussed below, the administration of George W. Bush sought to use military tribunals to try "unlawful enemy combatants", mostly individuals captured abroad and held at a prison camp at a military base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba.

Guantánamo Bay
Guantánamo Bay (Spanish: Bahía de Guantánamo, [baˈia ðe ɣwãnˈtanamo]) is a bay in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba. It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland.

The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease. The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory as the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty.
Glossary of calculus
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.

This glossary of calculus is a list of definitions about calculus, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).
Scout X-1A
Scout X-1A was an American  sounding rocket which was flown in 1962. It was a five-stage derivative of the earlier Scout X-1, with an uprated first stage, and a NOTS-17 upper stage.

The Scout X-1A used an Algol 1C first stage, instead of the earlier Algol 1B used on the Scout X-1. The second, third and fourth stages were the same as those used on the Scout X-1; a Castor 1A, Antares 1A and Altair 1A respectively. The fifth stage was the NOTS-17 solid rocket motor, which had been developed by the Naval Ordnance Test Station.

The Scout X-1A was launched on its only flight at 05:07 GMT on 1 March 1962. It flew from Launch Area 3 of the Wallops Flight Facility. The flight carried an atmospheric re-entry experiment to an apogee of 214 kilometres (133 mi), and was successful. Following this, the Scout X-1A was replaced by the Scout X-2.

Sounding rocket
A sounding rocket or rocketsonde, sometimes called a research rocket or a suborbital rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The rockets are often used to launch instruments from 50 to 150 km (30 to 90 mi) above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites; the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 km (25 mi), and the minimum for satellites is approximately 120 km (75 mi).

Due to their suborbital flight profile, sounding rockets are often much simpler than their counterparts built for orbital flight. Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between 1,000 and 1,500 km (600 and 900 mi), such as the Black Brant X and XII. Sounding rockets may be flown to altitudes as high as 3,000 km (2,000 mi) to allow observing times of around 40 minutes to provide geophysical observations of the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.