hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Racah Institute of Physics
The Racah Institute of Physics (Hebrew: מכון רקח לפיסיקה) is an institute at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, part of the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences on the Edmund J. Safra Campus in the Givat Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem.

The institute is the center for all research and teaching in the various fields of physics at the Hebrew University.  These include astrophysics, high energy physics, quantum physics, nuclear physics, solid state physics, laser and plasma physics, biophysics, non-linear and statistical physics, and nanophysics. Both experimental and theoretical research is carried on in these fields.

Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics.: xi  QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. The current standard model of particle physics is based on QFT.

Despite its extraordinary predictive success, QFT faces ongoing challenges in fully incorporating gravity and in establishing a completely rigorous mathematical foundation.
Main–Partition Streets Historic District
The Main–Partition Streets Historic District is located at Saugerties in Ulster County, New York. The district includes 78 contributing buildings. It encompasses the village's central business district.  It includes a variety of two and three story, brick commercial buildings, two churches, a U.S. Post Office, three small dwellings, three 19th century brick barns, a 19th-century frame barn, and a variety of outbuildings.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Ulster County, New York
Ulster County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It is situated along the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 182,977. The county seat is Kingston. The county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.
The Prowler (1951 film)
The Prowler is a 1951 American thriller film noir directed by Joseph Losey, produced by Sam Spiegel, written by Dalton Trumbo and starring Van Heflin and Evelyn Keyes. Because Trumbo was an admitted communist, the screenplay was credited to his friend, screenwriter Hugo Butler, as a front.

Senses of Cinema
Senses of Cinema is a quarterly online film magazine founded in 1999 by filmmaker Bill Mousoulis. Based in Melbourne, Australia, Senses of Cinema publishes work by film critics from all over the world, including critical essays, career overviews of the works of key directors, and coverage of many international festivals.

Its contributors have included Raphaël Bassan, Salvador Carrasco, Barbara Creed, Wheeler Winston Dixon, David Ehrenstein,  Thomas Elsaesser, Valie Export, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, Dušan Makavejev, Edgar Morin, Joseph Natoli, Murray Pomerance, Berenice Reynaud, Jonathan Rosenbaum, David Sanjek, Sally Shafto, David Sterritt, Robert Dassanowsky, and Viviane Vagh.

The magazine's current editors are Nace Zavrl, Leonardo Goi, Abel Muñoz-Hénonin, Fiona Villella, and Alex Williams.
USS Niagara (SP-246)
The fourth USS Niagara (SP-246) was a motor boat that served in the United States Navy during World War I.

Niagara was built by Matthews Boat Company at Port Clinton, Ohio, in 1913. She was acquired by the U.S. Navy on lease from Lawrence D. Buhl of Detroit, Michigan, on 9 June 1917 for service in World War I, and was commissioned the same day.

Niagara served as a motor patrol boat in the 9th Naval District until returned to her owner on 20 March 1919.

Port Clinton, Ohio
Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County, Ohio, United States, located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie. The population was 6,025 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Port Clinton micropolitan area, about 34 miles (55 km) southeast of Toledo.

The city has been nicknamed the "Walleye Capital of the World", due to the productive fishing waters for the species lying offshore in Lake Erie's Western Basin. The annual Walleye Drop on New Year's Eve in downtown Port Clinton reflects this nickname.
Biarritz station
Biarritz station (French: Gare de Biarritz) is a railway station in Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The station is located on the Bordeaux–Irun railway line. The station is served by TGV (high speed trains), Intercités de Nuit (night trains), Intercités (long distance), and TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.

Bordeaux–Irun railway
The railway from Bordeaux to Irun is an important French 235-kilometre long railway line, that connects the southwestern city Bordeaux to northern Spain. The railway was opened in several stages between 1841 and 1864.
1946 Leeds City Council election
The 1946 Leeds municipal elections were held on Saturday 2 November 1946, with one third of the council and vacancies in Burmantofts and Farnley & Wortley to be elected. A handful of wards - Armley & Wortley, Burmantofts, Holbeck North, Hunslet Carr & Middleton and Osmondthorpe - went uncontested.

Rebounding from the heavy defeat the year before, the Conservatives managed a 13% swing to win the popular vote - although that feat went poorly rewarded, as Labour won a comfortable majority of the seats contested and made a net gain to add to their national victory. Elsewhere the Liberal vote was less than half of that the previous year, and the Communists contested this year with three candidates. Turnout seen a slight drop from the prior election to 41.9%.

County Borough of Leeds
The County Borough of Leeds, and its predecessor, the Municipal Borough of Leeds, was a local government district in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, from 1835 to 1974. Its origin was the ancient borough of Leeds, which was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. In 1889, when West Riding County Council was formed, Leeds became a county borough outside the administrative county of the West Riding; and in 1893 the borough gained city status. The borough was extended a number of times, expanding from 21,593 acres (8,738 ha) in 1911 to 40,612 acres (16,435 ha) in 1961; adding in stages the former area of Roundhay, Seacroft, Shadwell and Middleton parishes and gaining other parts of adjacent districts. In 1971 Leeds was the fifth largest county borough by population in England. The county borough was abolished in 1974 and replaced with the larger City of Leeds, a metropolitan district of West Yorkshire.
Normal schools in the United States
Normal schools in the United States in the 19th century were developed and built primarily to train elementary-level teachers for the public schools. The term “normal school” is based on the French école normale, a sixteenth-century model school with model classrooms where model teaching practices were taught to teacher candidates. Many high schools in the 19th century had one-year "normal school" programs to train teachers for common schools,  In the early 20th century the normal schools all became state colleges. More recently most have become state universities with a wide range of programs beyond just training teachers.

Framingham State University
Framingham State University (Framingham State or FSU) is a public university in Framingham, Massachusetts. The university, then known as the Normal School in Lexington was founded in 1839 as the first state-supported normal school in the United States before becoming a full-fledged university. It offers undergraduate programs as well as graduate programs, including MBA, MEd, and MS.
Al-Turath University
Al-Turath University (Arabic: جامعة التراث) is a private Iraqi university and the oldest of such type in Iraq. Established in 1988 in the Mansour district of Baghdad, The name al-turath (التراث) means "heritage" or "tradition".

Mansour district
Al-Mansour or just Mansour  (Arabic: المنصور) is one of the nine administrative districts in Baghdad, Iraq. It is in western Baghdad and is bounded on the east by al-Karkh district in central Baghdad, to the north by Kadhimiya, to the west by Baghdad International Airport, and to the south by Baghdad Airport Road, on the other side of which is al-Rashid district.

The district is considered a model for the expansion of Baghdad. Beginning in the early 1950s, it became home to many of Baghdad's clubs, housing sites, shopping malls, employment centers, cultural activities, markets, private companies, and restaurants. It's also home to the 14th of Ramadan Street and al-Amirat Street which are important streets in Baghdad. Before 2003, the area was also home to government officials of Saddam Hussein's government and wealthy Sunni families. Thus after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, it became a stronghold for Sunni insurgent groups during the insurgency.
Paving Wall Street
Paving Wall Street:  Experimental Economics and the Quest for the Perfect Market (later reprinted under the title Experimental Economics: How We Can Build Better Financial Markets) is a book about finance, experimental economics and market design, written by Ross Miller (foreword by Vernon L. Smith), published in 2002.  One reviewer described the book as explaining "developments in finance, game theory, and experimental economics to give a clear and up-to-date picture of rocket science as it is applied at the highest levels on Wall Street."

Experimental economics
Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic real-world incentives. Experiments are used to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function as they do. Experimental economics have also expanded to understand institutions and the law (experimental law and economics).

A fundamental aspect of the subject is design of experiments. Experiments may be conducted in the field or in laboratory settings, whether of individual or group behavior.

Variants of the subject outside such formal confines include natural and quasi-natural experiments.
Ralph Rowe (priest)
Ralph Rowe is a former priest in the Anglican Church of Canada, Ontario Provincial Police officer and Boy Scout leader who has been accused and convicted of sexually assaulting hundreds of First Nations youths.  Rowe now lives in the community of Lake Cowichan on Vancouver Island. The Ralph Rowe Survivors Network has received $1.5 million from the Ministry of the Attorney General, related to multiple lawsuits.

From the 1970s until the mid-1980s, Rowe engaged in rampant sexual abuse of young boys. Nishnawbe Aski Nation estimates that Rowe victimized up to 500 people and is one of Canada's most prolific pedophiles. However, he has only been charged with about 60 sex crimes and served no more than five years in prison because of a plea bargain. Ralph Rowe raped many children from Tataskweyak Cree nation. He was dating a girl from this nation, and was raping her children, and many others.

He was the subject of a documentary film called Survivors Rowe, directed by Daniel Roher.

Nishnawbe Aski Nation
Nishnawbe Aski Nation (ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯ ᐊᔅᑭ ᐃᔥᑯᓂᑲᓇᓐ ᐅᑭᒫᐎᓐ (Anishinaabe-aski Ishkoniganan Ogimaawin), unpointed: ᐊᓂᔑᓇᐯ ᐊᔅᑭ ᐃᔥᑯᓂᐊᓇᓐ ᐅᑭᒪᐎᓐ; NAN for short) is a political organization representing 51 First Nation communities across Treaty 9 and Treaty 5 areas of Northern Ontario, Canada. Re-organized to its present form in 1981, NAN's original objective was "to represent the social and economic aspirations of our people at all levels of government in Canada and Ontario until such time as real effective action is taken to remedy our problems."

Its member-First Nations are Ojibwa, Oji-Cree and Cree, and thus the languages within NAN include Ojibwemowin, Oji-cree and Cree. NAN's administrative offices are located in Thunder Bay, Ontario. The current Grand Chief is Alvin Fiddler.
Piet Van Brabant
Piet Van Brabant (Schaerbeek, 11 March 1932 – Jette, 6 July 2006) was a Belgian journalist, editor of the journal Het Laatste Nieuws, chief editor of the weekly Het Volksbelang, and general secretary of the Liberaal Vlaams Verbond (1960–1996).

Schaerbeek
Schaerbeek (French, pronounced [skaʁbek, -bɛk] ⓘ; former Dutch spelling) or Schaarbeek (modern Dutch, pronounced [ˈsxaːrbeːk] ⓘ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the north-eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Etterbeek, Evere and Saint-Josse-ten-Noode. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).

Schaerbeek has a multicultural identity stemming from its diverse population. As of 1 January 2022, the municipality had a population of 130,690 inhabitants. The total area is 7.9 km2 (3.1 sq mi), which gives a population density of 16,540/km2 (42,800/sq mi), twice the average of Brussels.
Andreas Dressel
Andreas Dressel (born 6 January 1975) is a German politician (SPD) and since 28 March 2018 Finance Senator of the city state of Hamburg (Senate Tschentscher). From 2011 to 2018, he was chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Hamburg Parliament.

Hamburg Parliament
The Hamburg Parliament (German: Hamburgische Bürgerschaft; literally “Hamburgish Citizenry” or, more poetically, “Hamburgish Burgessry”) is the unicameral legislature of the German state of Hamburg according to the constitution of Hamburg. As of 2025 there are 121 sitting members, representing 17 electoral districts. The parliament is situated in the city hall Hamburg Rathaus and is part of the Government of Hamburg.

The parliament is among other things responsible for the law, the election of the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) for the election period and the control of the Senate (cabinet).

The President of the Hamburg Parliament is the highest official person of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.

Its members are elected in universal, direct, free, equal and secret elections every five years.
Datze
The Datze is a river of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It forms a pseudobifurcation: its water northeast of Warlin flows towards Friedland and the Landgraben, and its water southwest of Warlin flows towards Neubrandenburg and the Tollense.

Friedland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Friedland (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːtˌlant] ⓘ) is a town in the district Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

It is only 22 km from the district seat and bigger town Neubrandenburg, but still Friedland remains a local center for surrounding communities like Galenbeck (Kotelow, Lübbersdorf, Schwichtenberg), Brunn and Boldekow, and has approximately 6,500 citizens. The former municipality Genzkow was merged into Friedland in May 2019.

It was founded in 1244 by the Prince-electors Otto and Johann of Brandenburg, then having the name Vredeland.
Rank test
In statistics, a rank test is any test involving ranks. Rank tests are related to permutation tests.

The motivation to test differences between samples is that ranks are in some sense maximally invariant to monotone transformations.
This may be important when there is outliers or when dealing with ordinal data.

Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data provide sufficient evidence to reject a particular hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized statistical tests are in use and noteworthy.
2012 Malaysia Super League
The 2012 Liga Super, also known as the Astro Liga Super for sponsorship reasons, was the ninth season of the Liga Super, the top-tier professional football league in Malaysia.

The season was held from 10 January and concluded on 14 July 2012.

The Liga Super champions for 2012 was Kelantan.

Terengganu F.C. II
Terengganu Football Club II (Malay: Kelab Bola Sepak Terengganu II) is a professional football club based in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. The club currently plays in the under-23 Malaysia MFL Cup.

The club was founded as T-Team on 14 July 2006, changed its name to Terengganu II in 2017 and became the reserve team of Terengganu Football Club. The club is widely known as The Turtles.
Ahtanum Ridge
Ahtanum Ridge is a long anticline mountain ridge in Yakima County in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located just south of the city of Yakima, and much of its length is at the northern edge of the Yakama Indian Reservation. Its name comes from the Sahaptin toponym [átanɨm].

Ahtanum Ridge is part of the Yakima Fold Belt of east-tending long ridges formed by the folding of Miocene Columbia River basalt flows.

Ahtanum Ridge separates Yakima Valley on the south from Ahtanum Valley on the north. At the eastern end of Ahtanum Ridge the Yakima River flows through Union Gap. The ridge continues east of Union Gap as the Rattlesnake Hills.

Columbia River Basalt Group
The Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is the youngest, smallest and one of the best-preserved continental flood basalt provinces on Earth, covering over 210,000 km2 (81,000 sq mi) mainly eastern Oregon and Washington, western Idaho, and part of northern Nevada. The basalt group includes the Steens and Picture Gorge basalt formations.
The Blue Boy
The Blue Boy (c. 1770) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough, owned by The Huntington in San Marino, California. Although both it and its creator are well known, the subject's identity is disputed.

San Marino, California
San Marino is an affluent city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It was incorporated on April 25, 1913. At the 2020 United States census the population was 12,513, a decline from the 2010 United States census.
Edelin
Edelin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Benjamin Edelin (born 1993), French track cyclist

Kenneth C. Edelin (1939–2013), American physician

Kenton Edelin (born 1962), American basketball player

Ramona Edelin (born 1945), American academic, activist, and consultant

Ramona Edelin
Ramona Hoage Edelin (September 4, 1945 – February 19, 2024) was an American academic, activist and consultant. Edelin is credited with introducing the term "African American" into the general vernacular. She has been named one of the most influential Black Americans by Ebony. She later served as executive director of the DC Association of Charter Schools.
Tutu (album)
Tutu is a studio album by American jazz trumpeter, composer and bandleader Miles Davis, released on September 29, 1986, by Warner Bros. Records. The album is Miles Davis' tribute to Archbishop Desmond Tutu who was a human rights and anti-apartheid activist. It was recorded primarily at Capitol Studios in Los Angeles and Clinton Recording in New York, except the song "Backyard Ritual", which was recorded at Le Gonks in West Hollywood. Davis received the 1986 Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist Grammy Award for his performance on the album.

West Hollywood, California
West Hollywood is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Incorporated in 1984, it is home to the Sunset Strip, and located between the cities of Los Angeles and Beverly Hills. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 35,757.
Raksila
Raksila is a District of the city centre area of Oulu, Finland. It is bounded by the Oulu railway station to the west, the Oulu Cemetery in the Intiö district to the north, the Finnish national road 4 to the east and the Finnish national road 22 to the south.

The western part of Raksila is mainly residential area with some high-rise apartment buildings and a few blocks of older wooden townhouses. The eastern part is the Raksila Sports Center with Oulu Ice Hall, Oulu Swimming Pool, Ouluhalli indoor arena, Oulu datacenter stadium for Pesäpallo and other sports facilities, one which is Raksila Artificial Ice Rink, the main venue of the 2001 Bandy World Championship. The Välkkylä student apartments located in the district were built in 1966.

Oulu railway station
The Oulu Railway Station is located in the centre of Oulu, Finland, in the city district of Vaara. All trains are operated by VR. Nearby is the Oulu bus station for long-distance buses.

The railway station was built in 1886 when the Ostrobothnia railway line reached Oulu.

The railway from the south to Oulu was electrified in 1983, using overhead electric wires at 25 kV. The electrification northwards from Oulu to Rovaniemi was not completed until 2004. In 2006 the railway from Oulu to Iisalmi was also electrified. The fastest trains from Oulu to Helsinki are operated by VR's Pendolino trains.
Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology
Father Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology (FCRIT) is a private engineering college affiliated to the University of Mumbai located in Vashi, Navi Mumbai. The institute offers the B.E degree courses in Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Information Technology.

Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education
The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (Abbreviation: MSBSHSE) is a statutory and autonomous body established under the "Maharashtra Secondary Boards Act" 1965 (amended in 1977). Most important task of the board, among few others, is to conduct the SSC for 10th class and HSC for 12th class examinations. It is the most popular education board in terms of enrollment in high school in India only after the Central Board of Secondary Education.
Charles West (physician)
Charles West (1816–1898) was a British physician, specialized in pediatrics and obstetrics, especially known as the founder of the first children's hospital in Great Britain, the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London.

Patient
A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.
Housing at Smith College
Housing at Smith College is provided for students to live in while completing their studies. Smith requires most undergraduate students to live on-campus in order to aid social cohesion.

As women's colleges in the United States were relatively rare in 1875 when it opened, Smith had to decide how to properly house young women students. Unlike most institutions of its type, the College does not have dorms, but rather 36 separate houses built over time in different architectural styles. This was  conceived as a more "domestic" model, and as a way of enforcing socially-approved behavior among the young women attending, including the avoidance of lesbian relationships.

A campaign in 1913 involving the NAACP and Carrie Lee, a student who faced discrimination from Smith, became a precedent that allowed African-American women at the college equal rights to campus housing as their white counterparts.

Women's colleges in the United States
Women's colleges in the United States are private single-sex U.S. institutions of higher education that only admit female students. They are often liberal arts colleges. There are approximately 29 active women's colleges in the United States in 2024, down from a peak of 281 such colleges in the 1960s.