hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Congress of Black Writers and Artists
The Congress of Black Writers and Artists (French: Congrès des écrivains et artistes noirs; originally called the Congress of Negro Writers and Artists) was a meeting of leading black intellectuals for the purpose of addressing the issues of colonialism, slavery, and Négritude. The First Congress of Black Writers and Artists was organized by the Pan-African quarterly cultural, political, and literary review Présence Africaine. It was held in Paris, France, in September 1956. Ahmed Sékou Touré spoke at the Second Congress of Black Writers and Artists, which was held in Rome, Italy, in 1959. One of the most influential Congress was held in Montreal, Canada, at McGill University, October 11–14, 1968; it was organized primarily by the Caribbean Conference Committee and was described as the "largest Black Power conference ever held outside the United States"

Black Power movement in Montreal
The Black Power Movement in Montreal in the 1960s was a period of rediscovering black identity through a process of invoking cultural, economic, and political thought amongst blacks. The eruption of political activism during Montreal's Quiet Revolution as well as the reformation of immigration policies which discriminated against non-white immigrants allowed black communities to publicly express and bring awareness to their struggles with racism. The movement was an integral component of the emerging global challenges to imperialism during the 1960s, stemming from various movements including Garveyism, pan-Africanism, the Harlem Renaissance, Rastafari, and others. Montreal's Black Power movement culminated in the aftermath of the Sir George Williams Affair—a student occupation that resulted in an estimated $2 million worth of damages and 97 arrests—which raised concerns of racism worldwide.
Stockton Road United Reformed Church
Stockton Road United Reformed Church (formerly St George's with Trinity and St James Church (abbreviated to St George's)) is a United Reformed church in the Ashbrooke area of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England.

Originally a Presbyterian church, it was constructed by John Bennie Wilson of Glasgow in 1888–90, to replace a former chapel on Villiers Street which was too small for the congregation. Much of the funding was provided by a local shipowner, (later Sir) Robert Appleby Bartram, who laid the foundation stone on 7 February 1889. The church was constructed of red sandstone from Dumfries and modelled upon Crescent Church, Belfast.

In 2007 the congregation merged with the former West Park United Reformed Church, and from 2014 chose to use the St. George's building and sell the West Park building.

United Reformed Church
The United Reformed Church (URC) is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom. As of 2024 it had approximately 44,000 members in around 1,250 congregations with 334 stipendiary ministers.

The URC is a Trinitarian church whose theological roots are distinctly Reformed and whose historical and organisational roots are in the Presbyterian traditions and Congregational traditions. Its Basis of Union contains a statement concerning the nature, faith and order of the United Reformed Church which sets out its beliefs in a condensed form.
Transactional distance
Transactional distance theory was developed in the 1970s by Dr. Michael G. Moore, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Education at the Pennsylvania State University (Moore, 1980). It is the first pedagogical theory specifically derived from analysis of teaching and learning conducted through technology as opposed to the many theories developed in the classroom. It is considered by some to be one of the few, if not the only, theory in distance education that can be used to test hypotheses. It can be used to frame experiments in tutoring or other learner support activities to assess what change there is in the outcomes of student learning, often judged by student completion (Tait, 2017).  Like any theory, the transactional distance model serves as a heuristic device, a means of identifying questions for research and also a very practical instrument to be used in making these difficult instructional design decisions.

Heuristic
A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

Heuristic reasoning is often based on induction, or on analogy ... Induction is the process of discovering general laws ... Induction tries to find regularity and coherence ... Its most conspicuous instruments are generalization, specialization, analogy. [...] Heuristic discusses human behavior in the face of problems [... that have been] preserved in the wisdom of proverbs.
Barnes (name)
Barnes is an English surname and rare given name. At the time of the British Census of 1881, the relative frequency of the surname Barnes was highest in Dorset (2.9 times the British average), followed by Wiltshire, Cumberland, Hampshire, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Buckinghamshire, Huntingdonshire, Lancashire and Sussex.

There are multiple theories of the origin of the surname; it is variously suggested to be of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, or Irish provenance. According to one etymology, the name is derived from Old English beorn (warrior), which is in turn of Old Norse origin. In another account, it was simply an occupational name for a person who works in a barn, or a topographic name for a person who lives near a barn.

Huntingdonshire
Huntingdonshire (/ˈhʌntɪŋdənʃər, -ʃɪər/; abbreviated Hunts) is a local government district in Cambridgeshire, England. 
The district had a population of 180,800 at the 2021 census, and has an area of 354.3 square miles (918 km2). The largest towns are St Neots (33,410), Huntingdon (25,428), and St Ives (16,815). The district council is based in Huntingdon.

Historically a county in its own right, Huntingdonshire's boundaries were established in the Anglo-Saxon era. Huntingdonshire became an administrative county in 1889. In 1965, it was merged with the Soke of Peterborough to form Huntingdon and Peterborough, which was in turn merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely in 1974 to form Cambridgeshire, of which Huntingdonshire is now a district.
Jóźwik
Jóźwik is a Polish surname.

Notable people with the surname include:

Joanna Jóźwik (born 1991), Polish runner

Marek Jóźwik (born 1947), Polish hurdler

Urszula Jóźwik (born 1947), Polish sprinter

Death of Arkadiusz Jóźwik, 2016 crime in England

Joanna Jóźwik
Joanna Jóźwik (born 30 January 1991 in Wałbrzych) is a retired Polish middle-distance runner who specialized in the 800 metres. She won the bronze medal at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. Indoors, at the European Indoor Championships, Jóźwik earned bronze in 2015 and silver in 2021.

She placed fifth at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Jóżwik is the Polish indoor record holder for the 800 m, and won four national titles over the distance.
Brody's Ghost
Brody's Ghost is a graphic novel written and illustrated by Mark Crilley and published by Dark Horse Books. Prior to its release, four preview stories appeared in Dark Horse Presents on MySpace from January to April, 2010. Book 1 was released in July 2010, Book 2 in January 2011, Book 3 in May 2012, Book 4 in April 2013, Book 5 in April 2014, and the final volume, Book 6, was released April 2015.

Dark Horse Presents
Dark Horse Presents was a comic book published by American company Dark Horse Comics starting from 1986. Their first published series, it was their flagship title until its September 2000 cancellation. The second incarnation was published on MySpace, running from July 2007 until August 2010. A third incarnation began in April 2011, released in print form once again.
Claverie (surname)
Claverie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carlos Claverie (born 1996), Venezuelan swimmer

Cédric Claverie (born 1976), French judoka

Charles Claverie (1949–2005), better known as Charles Rocket, American actor

Pierre Claverie (1938–1996), French Roman Catholic priest

Carlos Claverie (swimmer)
Carlos Eduardo Claverie Borgiani (born 19 September 1996) is a Venezuelan swimmer. He won two silver and one bronze medal at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics. He competed in the men's 100 metre breaststroke event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Claverie attended and swam for the University of Louisville under Head Coach Arthur Albiero.
Thomas Magnay
Thomas Magnay (14 September 1876 – 3 November 1949) was a Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom, who joined the breakaway Liberal National faction and served as a member of parliament (MP) from 1931 to 1945.

He unsuccessfully contested the 1929 general election as a Liberal Party candidate in the Blaydon constituency in County Durham.

When the Liberal Party divided in 1931 over whether to support Ramsay MacDonald's National Government if it adopted protection, Magnay joined the pro-tariff Liberal National faction.  At the 1931 general election he was elected as MP for Gateshead, a previously safe seat for the Labour Party, but where two Labour MPs had died that year. He defeated the influential union leader Ernest Bevin, who was the Labour candidate. He held the Gateshead seat until his defeat at the 1945 general election by the left-wing Labour candidate Konni Zilliacus.

Blaydon (UK Parliament constituency)
Blaydon was a constituency in Tyne and Wear represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament from 1918 until its abolition for the 2024 general election. The seat was held continuously by a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) from 1935 onwards. Its final MP was Liz Twist, who was re-elected in 2024 in the newly-created seat of Blaydon and Consett.
1951 Baden-Württemberg referendum
A referendum was held on 9 December 1951 in the states of South Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. Voters were asked whether they favoured a merger of the three states into a single state or the re-establishment of the old states of Baden and Württemberg. With 69.7 percent of the vote, voters favoured unification with a turnout of 59.2 percent.

For either option to succeed, a majority in three or more of the four voting areas was required. As a majority in North Baden, North Württemberg, and South Württemberg supported the merger, while only South Baden supported the re-establishment of the old states, the merger was considered victorious. As a result, the state of Baden-Württemberg was founded on 25 April 1952.

Württemberg
Württemberg (/ˈwɜːrtəmbɜːrɡ, ˈvɜːrt-/ WURT-əm-burg, VURT-; German: [ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart.

Together with Baden and Hohenzollern, two other historical territories, Württemberg now forms the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg. Württemberg was formerly also spelled Würtemberg and Wirtemberg.
Cazoulès
Cazoulès (French pronunciation: [kazulɛs]; Occitan: Casolés) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Pechs-de-l'Espérance.

Dordogne
Dordogne (UK: /dɔːrˈdɔɪn/ dor-DOYN, US: /dɔːrˈdoʊn/ dor-DOHN or /dɔːrˈdɔːnjə/ dor-DAWN-yə; French: [dɔʁdɔɲ] ⓘ; Occitan: Dordonha [duɾˈduɲɔ]) is a large rural department in southwest France, with its prefecture in Périgueux. Located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region roughly half-way between the Loire Valley and the Pyrenees, it is named after the river Dordogne, which runs through it. It corresponds roughly to the ancient county of Périgord. In January 2023, Dordogne had a population of 412,807.
2023 4 Hours of Sepang
The 2023 4 Hours of Sepang was an endurance sportscar racing event held between 1 and 3 December 2023 at Sepang International Circuit in Sepang, Malaysia. It was the first and second round of 2023–24 Asian Le Mans Series season.

Sepang
Pekan Sepang is a small border town and also a mukim in Sepang District, Selangor, Malaysia. The most known part of the town is its western part, which contains both Kuala Lumpur International Airport – Malaysia's largest airport – and the Sepang International Circuit, where the Malaysian F1 Grand Prix was and Malaysian MotoGP Grand Prix is held.
Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad
The Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad (Turkish: Sağ Sahil) occurred between 6–8 January 1916 during the Mesopotamian Campaign of the First World War. The battle took place along the banks of the Tigris River between the Anglo-Indian Tigris Corps and elements of the Sixth Army in Ottoman Iraq. The engagement was the first in a series of assaults by the Tigris Corps to try to break through the Ottoman lines to relieve the besieged garrison at Kut.

III Corps (India)
The III Corps is a formation of the Indian Army that was formed during World War I in Mesopotamia during its respective campaign. Prior to the reorganization of the British and Indian forces in Mesopotamia, it was designated as the Tigris Corps.

A new III Corps was formed by the Indian Army during World War II for service in Southeast Asia. The corps fought in the Battle of Singapore where it surrendered in February 1942.

It is headquartered in the state of Nagaland of India in the city of Dimapur, at Rangapahar Military Station.
Riva Ligure
Riva Ligure is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southwest of Imperia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,830 and an area of 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi).

Riva Ligure borders the following municipalities: Castellaro, Pompeiana, Santo Stefano al Mare, and Taggia.

Province of Imperia
The province of Imperia (Italian: provincia di Imperia; Ligurian: provinsa d'Imperia; Occitan: província d'Impèria; French: Province d'Imperia) is a mountainous and hilly province in the Liguria region of Italy, situated between France to the north and the west, and the Ligurian Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Its capital is Imperia, though the largest city is Sanremo. It has 209,152 inhabitants.
Saunyi River
Saunyi River (Mto Saunyi in Swahili) is located in the western Tanga Region and southern Manyara Region of Tanzania. It begins in Mkindi ward in Kilindi District of Tanga Region and eventually drains into Pangani River at Mkalamo ward in Korogwe District.

Manyara Region
Manyara Region (Mkoa wa Manyara in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The regional capital is the town of Babati. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 1,425,131, which was lower than the pre-census projection of 1,497,555.: page 2  For 2002–2012, the region's 3.2 percent average annual population growth rate was tied for the third highest in the country.: page 4  It was also the 22nd most densely populated region with 32 people per square kilometre.: page 6

Lake Manyara is in the northern part of the region. It is bordered to the north by the Arusha Region, to the northeast by the Kilimanjaro Region, to the east by the Tanga Region, to the south by the Dodoma Region, to the southeast by the Morogoro Region, to the southwest by the Singida Region, and to the northwest by the Simiyu Region. The highest mountain in the Manyara Region is Mount Hanang.
William D. Weidlein
William Dale Weidlein (January 11, 1892 – December 26, 1983) was an American football coach.  He served as the head football coach at Midland College (now known as Midland University) in Fremont, Nebraska, from 1915 to 1916 and Fort Hays State University in Hays, Kansas, from 1923 to 1928, compiling a career college football coaching record of 26–32–6.

Midland University
Midland University is a private Lutheran university in Fremont, Nebraska.  It has an approximate enrollment of 1,600 students on 33-acre (13 ha) campus. Known as Midland Lutheran College from 1962 to 2010, the college is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
Benoît Georges de Najac
Benoît Georges de Najac (22 November 1748 – 26 November 1823) was a French nobleman, fleet commissioner, reformer and freemason. He became an écuyer (1781), and a comte de l’Empire (L.P. of 26 April 1808), as comte de Najac.

His descendants included the librettist and man of letters, Émile de Najac.

Écuyer
Écuyer or Ecuyer is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Al Ecuyer (1937–2012), American football player

Édouard Écuyer de le Court (1901–1951), Belgian Olympic modern pentathlete

Émile Écuyer (1881–1952), French discus thrower
Willie Donnelly (footballer)
William Donnelly (1872–1934) was an Irish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Vale of Clyde, Hibernian, Clyde, Celtic, Belfast Celtic and Liverpool during the 1890s and early 1900s.

Born in Magherafelt and raised in Scotland, he played for a number of Scottish teams and gained a reputation as an expert in stopping penalties before signing for Liverpool from Clyde in May 1896. He was the club's second-choice goalkeeper behind Harry Storer during the 1896–97 Football League season and had a run in the side after Storer was injured, becoming the second Irishman to play for Liverpool.

Returning to Clyde in 1898, Donnelly had joined Celtic by the 1900–01 Scottish Football League season and was a back-up option again, this time to Dan McArthur. He left Scotland for Belfast Celtic in mid-1901.

Clyde F.C.
Clyde Football Club is a Scottish semi-professional football club who play in Scottish League Two. Nicknamed the Bully Wee, the club was formed in 1877 at the River Clyde in Glasgow, the club currently host their home matches at New Douglas Park in Hamilton, having played at Broadwood Stadium in Cumbernauld from 1994 until 2022.

The club's biggest accomplishments are winning the Scottish Cup on three occasions: 1939, 1955 and 1958; they reached the final a further three times, all during a long period based at Shawfield, in Rutherglen. They have not played in the top division of Scottish football since 1975.

The club have been managed by Darren Young since October 2024.
Roley
Roley is both a given name and a surname.

Notable people with the given name include:

Roley Williams (1927–1999), Welsh professional footballer

Roley Young, Australian rugby league footballer

Fictional characters with the given name include:

Roley, a character from the British children's series Bob the Builder

Roley, character from Dot in Space

People with the surname include:

V. Vance Roley, Dean of the Shidler College of Business at the University of Hawaii

Dot in Space
Dot in Space is a 1994 Australian animated film, featuring Dot from the Dot and the Kangaroo animated film series. While the previous films in the series were screened in the United States, Dot in Space rarely makes any releases outside its home country.
Steven G. Brint
Steven G. Brint (born 1951) is an American sociologist known for his historical and the comparative analyses of schooling; for his studies of professions, professionalism, and “the new class”; and for his contributions to sociological theory.  In recent years, he has been engaged in efforts to reform U.S. higher education.

He has held teaching and research positions at Boston College, New York University, Yale University, and is currently a Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Public Policy at the University of California, Riverside.

He is the author of over 100 peer-reviewed articles and books, with over 13,500 citations. His work has been published in many of the top journals in the American Journal of Sociology, Sociological Theory, and Sociology of Education. 
Brint is married to historian Michele Renee Salzman.

Sociology of Education (journal)
Sociology of Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the fields of Sociology and Education. The journal's editor is Linda Renzulli (Purdue University). It has been in publication since 1963 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with American Sociological Association.
History of Newcastle upon Tyne
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman Conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.

Norsemen
The Norsemen (or Northmen) were a Germanic cultural group in the Early Middle Ages, originating among speakers of Old Norse in Scandinavia. During the late eighth century, Scandinavians embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age. In English-language scholarship since the 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings.

Historians of Anglo-Saxon England often use the term "Norse" in a different sense, distinguishing between Norse Vikings (Norsemen) from Norway, who mainly invaded and occupied the islands north and north-west of Britain as well as Ireland and western Britain, and Danish Vikings, who principally invaded and occupied eastern Britain.
Oxymirus cursor
Oxymirus cursor is the species of the Lepturinae subfamily in long-horned beetle family. This beetle is distributed in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and in Switzerland. Adult beetle feeds on European larch, silver fir, and Norway spruce.

Abies alba
Abies alba, the European silver fir or silver fir, is a fir native to the mountains of Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Normandy, east to the Alps and the Carpathians, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and south to Italy, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania and northern Greece.
Orges Shehi
Orges Shehi (born 25 September 1977) is an Albanian professional football coach and former player. He is the current head coach of Tirana in the Kategoria Superiore.

A goalkeeper, Shehi joined Skënderbeu in July 2010 and won six consecutive league titles 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16 with the club.

KF Besa Kavajë
Klubi i Futbollit Besa Kavajë is an Albanian professional football club based in Kavajë. They are currently competing in Kategoria e Parë, the second tier of Albanian football. Their home ground is Besa Stadium.
Baghdati Municipality
Baghdati (Georgian: ბაღდათის მუნიციპალიტეტი) is a district of Georgia, in the region of Imereti. Its main town is Baghdati. It has a population of 21 582 (2014 census) and an area of 815 km2 (315 sq mi). In Baghdati municipality there is one city and 25 villages. The center of the municipality is 25 kilometers away from the city of Kutaisi

Kutaisi
Kutaisi (/kuːˈtaɪsiː/ koo-TY-see; Georgian: ქუთაისი pronounced [ˈkʰut̪ʰais̪i] ⓘ) is a city in the Imereti region of the Republic of Georgia. One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, it is the 3rd-largest city in Georgia after Tbilisi and Batumi with a population of 123,000 as of 2025. It lies 221 kilometres (137 miles) west of Tbilisi, on the Rioni River, and is the capital of Imereti.

Historically one of the major cities of Georgia, it served as the political center of Colchis in the Middle Ages as the capital of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and Kingdom of Georgia and later as the capital of the Kingdom of Imereti. From October 2012 to December 2018, Kutaisi was the seat of the Parliament of Georgia as an effort to decentralize the Georgian government.