hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium
The Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium (the GPPC) is a nonprofit educational organization founded in 1980 serving the region around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, including western New Jersey and northern Delaware. Its current membership includes the philosophy departments of 14 regional colleges and universities.

The GPPC states its purpose as "fostering cooperation among philosophers" and "sharing the insights and methods of philosophy with a larger public."

La Salle University
La Salle University (/ləˈsæl/) is a private, Catholic university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The university was founded in 1863 by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools and named for St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle.
Ryan Espiritu
Ryan Christopher Espiritu is a Filipino Canadian snowboarder who represents the Philippines in international competitions.

Espiritu has also represented the country at the 2010–11 FIS Snowboard World Cup at the Parallel slalom – Giant slalom event held on February 20, 2011 in Stoneham, Canada where he finished 46th out of 47 placed competitors, as well as at the 2013 FIS Snowboarding World Championships at the men's parallel slalom event where he finished also 46th out of 47 placed competitors. In the continental level, he competed for the Philippines at the 2017 Asian Winter Games He participated in the giant slalom and Slalom events.

In the junior level, Espiritu competed at the FIS Junior World Championships in 2010 and 2011.

Stoneham Mountain Resort
Stoneham Mountain Resort is a ski resort, located north of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, in the municipality of Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury. It has a peak elevation of 593 metres (1,946 feet) above sea level and a vertical drop of 345 metres (1,132 feet). There are 41 trails covering 333 hectares (820 acres) over four mountains. Nineteen trails are available for night skiing, consisting in the largest network of night skiing in Canada. The resort is owned by Resorts of the Canadian Rockies. In 2017, the Poma double ski lift and Doppelmayr T-Bar were removed. A new ski lift was built to replace them, a Doppelmayr 4-CLF fixed-grip lift with loading conveyor. This is 4,700 feet long with a ride time of 8.5 minutes. It has a maximum capacity of 1900 persons per hour.
Ovophis monticola
Ovophis monticola, commonly known as the Chinese mountain pit viper, is a pit viper species found in Asia. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here. Recent taxonomic work suggests that most of these should be considered as separate species. IUCN has already evaluated O. m. makazayazaya as Ovophis makazayazaya.

Supralabial scale
In reptiles, the supralabial scales, also called upper-labials, are those scales that border the mouth opening along the upper jaw. They do not include the median scale (rostral scale). The term labial originates from Labium (Latin for "lip"), which refers to any lip-like structure. The numbers of these scales present, and sometimes the shapes and sizes, are some of many characteristics used to differentiate species from one another.
1979–80 Cuban National Series
In the 19th season of the Cuban National Series, Santiago de Cuba won its first title, edging Villa Clara, Forestales, and Vegueros, each of which finished within two games of the champion. The league's 18 teams and 51-game schedule remained unchanged from the prior season.

Cuban National Series
The Cuban National Series (Spanish: Serie Nacional de Béisbol, or SNB) is a domestic baseball competition in Cuba. Formed after the dissolution of the Cuban League in the wake of the Cuban Revolution, the National Series is a part of the Cuban baseball league system.

For most of its existence, the National Series has existed as the top-level winter league in Cuba. From 2022 to 2024, it operated as a summer league, with the top six National Series teams qualifying for the Cuban Elite League (LEB). Starting with the 2025–26 season, SNB will return to a winter league schedule, while still qualifying teams to the LEB.
High-Capacity Artillery Projectile
High-Capacity Artillery Projectile (HICAP), a 155 mm two-piece artillery shell, was developed by the U.S. Army from 1992 to 1996.

HICAP was part of a major effort by the U.S. Army – called the Composite Artillery Projectile Program – to develop lightweight ammunition for 155 mm M199 gun tubes. The program sought to replace 155 mm steel shells with a two-piece design permitting the weight savings to be allocated to increased payload or longer range.   The project was collaborative effort between the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in Aberdeen, MD and the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center (ARDEC) in Picatinny Arsenal, NJ. Five HICAP projectiles were successfully tested at the Yuma Proving Ground, AZ in June 1996.

Aberdeen, Maryland
Aberdeen is a city located in Harford County, Maryland, United States, 26 miles (42 km) northeast of Baltimore. The population was 16,254 at the 2020 United States census. Aberdeen is the largest municipality in Harford County.

Aberdeen is part of the Baltimore-Towson Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which is the 20th-largest United States metropolitan area. The nearest city to Aberdeen is Havre de Grace, 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the northeast.
Brian Baker (American football)
Brian Michael Baker (born June 20, 1962) is an American football coach, former linebacker, and former defensive line coach for the Dallas Renegades of the United Football League (UFL). He had been coaching for over 30 years in football both college and the National Football League (NFL) prior to his joining the Colts.

United Football League (2024–present)
The United Football League (UFL) is a professional American football spring league in the United States. The league was created following the merger of the latest iterations of the XFL and United States Football League (USFL); it started play in March 2024. It comprises eight teams, five of which were members of the XFL or USFL prior to the UFL's creation, and all concentrated in the Midwest and Southern United States.
Lielvārde Station
Lielvārde Station (until 1926, Rembate) is a railway station on the Riga–Daugavpils Railway in Latvia. It is located in Vidzeme in Lielvarde, the  Lielvārde Municipality center.

All but two Riga - Daugavpils - Riga trains stop here, as well as all Riga - Zilupe trains, one Zilupe - Riga train, and many suburban services from Riga to Aizkraukle. The route Riga-Lielvarde terminates here, and all trains on the routre Riga - Rezekne II pass the station.

Vidzeme
Vidzeme (pronounced [ˈvid̪͡z̪eme]; Old Latvian orthography: Widda-semme, Livonian: Vidūmō) is one of the Historical Latvian Lands. The capital of Latvia, Riga, is situated in the southwestern part of the region. Literally meaning "the Middle Land", Vidzeme is situated in north-central Latvia north of the Daugava River. Sometimes in German, it was also known as Livland, the German form from Latin Livonia, though it comprises only a small part of Medieval Livonia and about half (the Latvian part) of Swedish Livonia. Most of the region's inhabitants are Latvians (85%), thus Vidzeme is the most ethnically Latvian region in the country.

The historic Governorate of Livonia is also larger than Vidzeme, since it corresponds roughly to Swedish Livonia.
The Muse Thalia
Thalia is a c.1546 painting by Michele Pannonio, signed by the artist and produced for the 'studiolo' in Belfiore, begun by Lionello d'Este in 1447 and completed by his brother Borso in 1463. After the palace's destruction by fire in 1632, its paintings were dispersed, with Thalia now being in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest.

Long misidentified as Ceres, the work is one of the few known works by the artist, active in Ferrara but of Hungarian origins.

Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)
The Museum of Fine Arts (Hungarian: Szépművészeti Múzeum, pronounced [ˈseːpmyveːsɛti ˈmuːzɛum]) is a museum in Heroes' Square, Budapest, Hungary, facing the Palace of Art.

It was built by the plans of Albert Schickedanz and Fülöp Herzog in an eclectic-neoclassical style  , between 1900 and 1906. The museum's collection is made up of international art (other than Hungarian), including all periods of European art, and comprises more than 100,000 pieces. The collection is made up of older additions such as those from Buda Castle, the Esterházy and Zichy estates, as well as donations from individual collectors. The Museum's collection is made up of six departments: Egyptian, Antique, Old sculpture gallery, Old master paintings gallery, Modern collection, Graphics collection. The institution celebrated its centenary in 2006.
Chen Yi (Kuomintang)
Chen Yi (Chinese: 陳儀; pinyin: Chén Yí; courtesy names Gongxia (公俠) and later Gongqia (公洽), sobriquet Tuisu (退素); May 3, 1883 – June 18, 1950) was a Chinese military officer and politician who served as the chief executive and garrison commander of Taiwan Province after the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Republic of China. He acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Taipei Zhongshan Hall on October 25, 1945. He is considered to have mismanaged the tension between the Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese which resulted in the February 28 Incident in 1947, resulting in the deaths of 18,000 to 28,000 people, and was dismissed. In June 1948, he was appointed Chairman of Zhejiang Province, but was dismissed and arrested when his plan to surrender to the Chinese Communist Party was discovered. He was sentenced to death and executed by shooting in Taipei in 1950.

Japanese Instrument of Surrender
The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the printed agreement that formalized the surrender of Japan, marking the end of hostilities in World War II. It was signed by representatives from Japan and from the Allied nations: the United States, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945.

The date is sometimes known as Victory over Japan Day. However, that designation more frequently refers to the date of Emperor Hirohito's Gyokuon-hōsō (Imperial Rescript of Surrender), the radio broadcast announcement of the acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration at noon Japan Standard Time on 15 August.
Bonita, Arizona
Bonita is an unincorporated community in Graham County, Arizona, United States. Bonita is located at the west end of Arizona State Route 266, 2.6 miles (4.2 km) south-southwest of Fort Grant and 22.7 miles (36.5 km) southwest of Safford.

Fort Grant, Arizona
Fort Grant is a state prison and a former United States Army fortification in the U.S. state of Arizona. Fort Grant is located on the southwestern slope of Mount Graham in what is now Graham County. The post is named for Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States.
2007 electoral calendar
This electoral calendar 2007 lists the national/federal direct elections held in 2007 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states and their dependent territories. Referendums are included, although they are not elections. By-elections are not included.

Elections in Mali
Mali elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) has 160 members, elected for a five-year term, 147 members elected in single-seat constituencies and 13 members elected by Malians living abroad.
Cell physiology
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism. Animal cells, plant cells and microorganism cells show similarities in their functions even though they vary in structure.

Plant cell
Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or centrioles, except in the gametes, and a unique method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmoplast that separates the new daughter cells.
Hexahydrocannabihexol
Hexahydrocannabihexol (HHCH) is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid derivative. It was first synthesised by Roger Adams in 1942 and found to be more potent than either the pentyl or heptyl homologues, or the unsaturated tetrahydrocannabinol analogue. HHCH was first identified as a designer drug in Sweden in September 2023.

Roger Adams
Roger Adams (January 2, 1889 – July 6, 1971) was an American organic chemist who developed the eponymous Adams' catalyst, and helped determine the composition of natural substances such as complex vegetable oils and plant alkaloids. He isolated and identified CBD and Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol in 1940. As head of the Chemistry department at the University of Illinois from 1926 to 1954, he influenced graduate education in America, taught over 250 Ph.D. students and postgraduate students, and served in military science during World War I and World War II.
Kurów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Kurów [ˈkuruf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipnik, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 1 km (1 mi) south of Lipnik, 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Opatów, and 65 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Opatów County
Opatów County (Polish: powiat opatowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Opatów, which lies 58 kilometres (36 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce. The only other town in the county is Ożarów, lying 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Opatów.

The county covers an area of 911.51 square kilometres (351.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 53,942, out of which the population of Opatów is 6,466, that of Ożarów is 4,569, and the rural population is 42,907.
Rósa Björk Brynjólfsdóttir
Rósa Björk Brynjólfsdóttir (born 9 February 1975) is an Icelandic politician who is a member of the Althing (Iceland's parliament) for the Southwest Constituency since 2016 and she has also worked as a media representative of the Ministry of Finance from 2010 to 2014.

She left the Left-Green Movement in 2020, due to dissatisfaction with the policy of Katrín Jakobsdóttir's  policies on matters of refugees and asylum seekers.

Ministry of Finance (Iceland)
The Icelandic Ministry of Finance (Icelandic: Fjármálaráðuneytið) is responsible for overseeing the finances of the Icelandic government. The Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs is Daði Már Kristófersson.
Scarborough and Whitby Railway
The Scarborough and Whitby Railway was a railway line from Scarborough to Whitby in North Yorkshire, England. The line followed a difficult but scenic route along the North Yorkshire coast.

The line opened in 1885 and closed in 1965 as part of the Beeching Axe. The route, now a multi-use path, is known as the Cinder Track.

Shared-use path
A shared-use path, mixed-use path or multi-use pathway is a path which is "designed to accommodate the movement of pedestrians and cyclists". Examples of shared-use paths include sidewalks designated as shared-use, bridleways and rail trails. A shared-use path typically has a surface that is asphalt, concrete or firmly packed crushed aggregate. Shared-use paths differ from cycle tracks and cycle paths in that shared-use paths are designed to include pedestrians even if the primary anticipated users are cyclists.

The path may also permit other users such as inline skating. Contrastingly, motorcycles and mopeds are normally prohibited. Shared-use paths sometimes provide different lanes for users who travel at different speeds to prevent conflicts between user groups on high-use trails. Shared-use paths are criticised for creating conflict between different users. The UK's Department for Transport deprecates this kind of route in denser urban environments.
Kilgetty
Kilgetty (Welsh: Cilgeti; Welsh pronunciationⓘ) is a village immediately north of Saundersfoot in Pembrokeshire, Wales, at the junction of the A477 between St. Clears and Pembroke Dock and the A478 between Tenby and Cardigan.

St Clears
St Clears (/ˈklɛərz/ KLAIRZ; Welsh: Sanclêr) is a town on the River Taf and a community in Carmarthenshire, Wales. At the 2011 census, the population was 2,995. The community includes the small settlements of Bancyfelin, Backe and Pwlltrap. It is bordered by the Carmarthenshire towns and villages of Meidrim, Newchurch and Merthyr, Llangynog, Laugharne Township, Llanddowror, Eglwyscummin, Llanboidy and Llangynin.
Golden Star Ferries
Golden Star Ferries is a Greek ferry company operating from the Greek mainland to the Cyclades islands in the Aegean Sea.
Golden Star Ferries was founded in 2011 by Andriot brothers Giorgos and Dimitris Stephanou, who also own the Bright Navigation shipping freight company.

Paros
Paros (/ˈpɛərɒs/; Greek: Πάρος [ˈparos]; Venetian: Paro) is a Greek island in the central Aegean Sea and part of the Cyclades island group. It lies 8 kilometers (5 miles) west of Naxos, separated by a narrow channel and about 150 km (93 miles) south-east of Piraeus. The Municipality of Paros covers about 196.308 square kilometres (75.795 sq mi), including numerous uninhabited offshore islets. Its closest neighbor is the municipality of Antiparos, located to the southwest. In ancient Greece, the island was home to the city-state of Paros.

Historically, Paros was known for its fine white marble, which gave rise to the term Parian to describe marble or china of similar qualities. Today, working marble quarries and mines (as well as abandoned ones) can be found on the island, but Paros is primarily known as a popular tourist spot.
Terrance Ganaway
Terrance Omar Ganaway (born October 7, 1988) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for one year with the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Houston Cougars and Baylor Bears. Ganaway was selected by the New York Jets in the sixth round of the 2012 NFL draft.

Houston Cougars football
The Houston Cougars football program is an NCAA Division I FBS football team that represents the University of Houston. The team is commonly referred to as "Houston" or "U of H". The UH football program is a member of the Big 12 Conference. Since the 2014 season, the Cougars have played their home games on campus at TDECU Stadium, which was built on the site formerly occupied by Robertson Stadium, where they played home games from 1941 to 1950 and from 1994 to 2012. Over the history of the program, the Cougars have won 11 conference championships and have had several players elected to the College Football Hall of Fame, including a Heisman Trophy winner.
Sutton North (ward)
Sutton North is an electoral ward in the London Borough of Sutton. The ward was first used in the 2002 elections and elects three councillors to Sutton London Borough Council. A ward of the same name was previously in use from 1964 to 1968.

London Borough of Sutton
The London Borough of Sutton (pronunciationⓘ) is an Outer London borough in south London, England. It covers an area of 43 km2 (17 sq mi) and is the 80th largest local authority in England by population. It borders the London Borough of Croydon to the east, the London Borough of Merton to the north and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the north-west; it also borders the Surrey boroughs of Epsom and Ewell to the west and Reigate and Banstead to the south. The local authority is Sutton London Borough Council. Its principal town is Sutton.

The borough has had some of the schools with the best results in the country.

Low levels of recorded crime have been a feature of the borough, being among the lowest in London.

The London Borough of Sutton was one of the four "vanguard areas" selected in 2010 for the Big Society initiative.
2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase
The enzyme 2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.20) catalyzes the chemical reaction

2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate  pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase, alpha-keto-beta-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase, and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase.  This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Company B, 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery
Company B, 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery (1861-1864) was a Confederate Army artillery battery during the American Civil War. While the unit was assigned to a Tennessee Artillery Regiment, it was originally organized as the McCown Guards or the McCown Guards Artillery, a volunteer company organized in Lafayette County, Arkansas. Also known as: Company A, 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery and/or Dismukes' Battery.

Lafayette County, Arkansas
Lafayette County /lɑːˈfeɪɛt/ is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,308, making it the third-least populous county in Arkansas. The county seat is Lewisville. Lafayette County was formed on October 15, 1827, and named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, a French military hero of the American Revolutionary War. It is a dry county; therefore, the sale of alcohol is prohibited.
Commando (film series)
Commando is a series of Indian Hindi-language action thriller films produced by Vipul Amrutlal Shah under the banner of Sunshine Pictures. The film series is co-produced and distributed by Reliance Entertainment.

The first film Commando: A One Man Army directed by Dilip Ghosh was released in 2013, The second film Commando 2: The Black Money Trail directed by Deven Bhojani released in 2017 and the third film Commando 3 directed by Aditya Datt released in 2019. The series follows the story of an Indian Commando named Karanveer 'Karan' Singh Dogra (Vidyut Jammwal) and his missions.

The protagonist's name is inspired by Karan Singh, the Dogra dynasty ex-crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammwal, who is trained in the Indian martial arts of Kalaripayattu, performs his own stunts and martial arts in the film's action sequences. Commando 2 is the only film in the series to be released along with its Tamil and Telugu dubbed versions.

Vipul Shah
Vipul Amrutlal Shah is a film producer and director of Hindi films. He began his career with Gujarati theatre. He was part/director of a number of Gujarati dramas, some of which were well received by audience. He made his debut with Gujarati film Dariya Chhoru (children of the ocean) in late 90s, with JD Majethia as the lead. As of 2010, he has directed six Hindi films, four of which have starred Akshay Kumar. He served as the producer and writer of the film The Kerala Story  and also associated with its sequel, The Kerala Story 2, whose release has been put on hold following directions from the Kerala High Court.