hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leaders' Debates Commission
The Leaders' Debates Commission is the independent Canadian government agency which is charged with organizing leaders' debates during federal elections in Canada. In 2018, the commission was established to organize two debates, one in English and one in French, between the leaders of eligible political parties during the 2019 Canadian federal election. Following the 2019 election, the Commission released a report to Parliament containing recommendations for future election debates, including that itself be charged with organizing future debates and tasked with determining the criteria for a leader to be invited to debates.

Canadian French
Canadian French (French: français canadien, [fʁãˈsɛ kanaˈd͡zjɛ̃]) is the French language as it is spoken in Canada. It includes multiple varieties, the most prominent of which is Québécois (Quebec French). Formerly Canadian French referred solely to Quebec French and the closely related varieties of Ontario (Franco-Ontarian) and Western Canada—in contrast with Acadian French, which is spoken by Acadians in New Brunswick (including the Chiac dialect) and some areas of Nova Scotia (including the dialect St. Marys Bay French), Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland & Labrador (where Newfoundland French is also spoken).
Buck Ram
Samuel "Buck" Ram (November 21, 1907 – January 1, 1991) was an American songwriter, and popular music producer and arranger. He was one of BMI's top five songwriters/air play in its first 50 years, alongside Paul Simon, Kris Kristofferson, Jimmy Webb, and Paul McCartney.  He is best known for his long association with The Platters and also wrote, produced and arranged for  the Penguins, the Coasters, the Drifters, Ike and Tina Turner, Ike Cole, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Ella Fitzgerald, and many others. He was also known as Ande Rand, Lynn Paul or Jean Miles.

Ike Cole
Isaac Cole (July 13, 1927 – April 22, 2001) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He was the brother of musicians Nat King Cole, Eddie Cole, and Freddy Cole, and uncle of Natalie Cole, Lionel Cole, and Carole Cole.
Zicklin School of Business
The Zicklin School of Business (commonly known as Zicklin) is the business school of Baruch College. It was established in 1919 and is named after financier and alumnus Lawrence Zicklin. Zicklin is the largest business school in the United States, with more than 10,000 students enrolled in its programs. Zicklin , The Murray Koppelman School of Business at Brooklyn College, and the Lucille and Jay Chazanoff School of Business at the College of Staten Island are the only three units of the City University of New York that are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

College of Staten Island
The College of Staten Island (CSI) is a public university in Staten Island, New York, United States. It is one of the 11 four-year senior colleges within the City University of New York system (CUNY), and one of the 2 four-year senior colleges within the CUNY system with a program in engineering.

Programs in the liberal arts, sciences, engineering and professional studies lead to PhD degrees, master's degrees, bachelor's and associate degrees. The bachelor's program includes selective membership in CUNY's Macaulay Honors College. The master's degree is awarded in 21 professional and liberal arts, sciences and engineering fields of study. A clinical doctorate is awarded by the departments of nursing and physical therapy. The college participates in doctoral programs of the CUNY Graduate Center in biology, chemistry, computer science, and physics, and at City College in engineering.
Warren Road station
Warren Road station is a Baltimore Light Rail station located off Warren Road in Cockeysville, Maryland. The station opened in 1997 as part of the system's northern extension. It has two side platforms serving two tracks.

Baltimore Light RailLink
The Baltimore Light RailLink (formerly Baltimore Light Rail, also known simply as the "Light Rail") is a light rail system serving Baltimore, Maryland, United States, and its northern and southern suburbs. It is operated by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA Maryland).

In downtown Baltimore, it uses street-embedded tracks. Outside the central portions of the city, the line is located on private rights-of-way, mostly from the defunct Northern Central Railway, Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad and Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway. The system had a ridership of 5,015,100, or about 14,500 per weekday, as of the fourth quarter of 2025.
Esa Hukkanen
Esa Juhani Hukkanen (born February 25, 1963, in Lahti) is a former amateur boxer from Finland. He is best known for winning the bronze medal at the 1987 European Championships in Turin, Italy in the Men's Middleweight (– 75 kg) division. He represented his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

Amateur
An amateur (from French 'one who loves') is generally considered a person who pursues an avocation independent from their source of income. Amateurs and their pursuits are also described as popular, informal, self-taught, user-generated, DIY, and hobbyist.
September 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
September 21 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - September 23

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on October 5 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For September 22nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on September 9.

Sinop, Turkey
Sinop is a city on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince) and on the Boztepe Peninsula, near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the northernmost edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey. It is the seat of Sinop Province and Sinop District. Its population is 57,404 (2022).
Wuyishan
Wuyishan (武夷山) can refer to the following locations in China:

Wuyi Mountains, of northwestern Fujian

Wuyishan Airport

Wuyishan, Fujian, county-level city of Nanping

Wuyishan, Jiangxi, town in Yanshan County

Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, part of the Wuyi Mountains UNESCO World Heritage site; it includes:
Fujian Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, in the Fujian portion of the Wuyi Mountains
Jiangxi Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, in the Jiangxi portion of the Wuyi Mountains

Wuyishan, Fujian
Wuyishan City (Chinese: 武夷山市; pinyin: Wǔyíshān Shì) is a county-level city in the municipal region of Nanping, in the northwest of Fujian, People's Republic of China, which borders Jiangxi to the northwest. It corresponds to the former Chong'an County.
Geldersch-Westfaalsche Stoomtram-Maatschappij
The Geldersch-Westfaalsche Stoomtram-Maatschappij was a 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge steam tram that operated over two routes, firstly between Lichtenvoorde, Aalten, Heurne and Bocholt, a total of 21 kilometres (13 mi), and secondly between Lichtenvoorde, Terborg and Zeddam, a total of 28 kilometres (17 mi). The tramway operated between 1908 and about 1953, however in 1920 the company was merged into the Geldersche Stoomtramweg Maatschappij.

Aalten
Aalten (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈaːltə(n)] ⓘ) is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. The former municipalities of Bredevoort (1818) and Dinxperlo (2005) have been merged with Aalten.

Notable inhabitants of Aalten include Angus Young, guitarist of the Australian rock band AC/DC, and Robert Gesink, a professional road bicycle racer.  During World War II, 51 of Aalten's 85 Jews were hidden by local non-Jews, and thereby survived the war. According to the War and Resistance Museum in Aalten, the village had the highest number of people in hiding during World War II. The village of approximately 13,000 residents hid some 2,500 people.
Jupiter Farms, Florida
Jupiter Farms is a census-designated place (CDP) and an agriculture residential community in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. Locally known as "The Farms", it is located west of Florida's Turnpike on Indiantown Road (County Road 706), the major highway through the community. "The Farms" is composed of roughly 15 square miles (39 km2) of land, and is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. As of the 2020 US census, the CDP's population had 12,572 residents.

Indiantown Road
Indiantown Road is a 17-mile (27 km) east–west road connecting inner Palm Beach County, with Florida's Turnpike, Interstate 95, and U.S. Route 1 in Jupiter, Florida. The road was formerly entirely designated as State Road 706 (SR 706), but majority of it has been transferred to local jurisdiction and is signed as County Road 706 (CR 706).
Stare Misto, Ukraine
Stare Misto (Ukrainian: Старе Місто, lit. 'Old town', Polish: Staremiasto, Stare Podhajce) is a village (selo) in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast. It lies on the Koropets River. Local government – Staromiska village council. It belongs to Pidhaitsi urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.  To her subordinated villages Holendra and Zahaytsi. Pop. 1,107.

Ternopil Raion
Ternopil Raion (Ukrainian: Тернопільський район) is a raion in Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil. It has a population of 559,357 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast was reduced to three, and the area of Ternopil Raion was significantly expanded. Six abolished raions, Berezhany, Kozova, Pidhaitsi, Pidvolochysk, Terebovlia, and Zboriv Raions, a part of one more abolished raion, Zbarazh Raion, as well as Berezhany Municipality and the city of Ternopil, which was previously incorporated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to the raion, were merged into Ternopil Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 67,199 (2020 est.).
Pärnilla Larsson
Pärnilla Larsson  (born 19 February 1969) is a Swedish footballer who played as a midfielder for the Sweden women's national football team. She was part of the team at the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup. At the club level, she played for Gideonsbergs IF in Sweden.

Gideonsbergs IF
Gideonsbergs IF is a sports club in Västerås, Sweden. Established in 1955, the women's soccer section was established in 1971. The women's soccer team won the Swedish national championship in 1992. and the Swedish Cup in 1993.

The women's bandy team has played 2 seasons in the Swedish top division,
Muirgius mac Tommaltaig
Muirgius mac Tommaltaig (died 815) was a King of Connacht from the Uí Briúin branch of the Connachta. He was the great-grandson of Indrechtach mac Muiredaig Muillethan (died 723), a previous king. The death of his father Tommaltach mac Murgail (died 774) is recorded in the annals where he is called king of Mag nAi. Muirgius was of the Síl Muiredaig sept of the Uí Briúin. He reigned from 792 to 815.

Uí Briúin
The Uí Briúin were a royal dynasty of Connacht. Their eponymous apical ancestor was Brión, son of Eochaid Mugmedon and Mongfind, and an elder half brother of Niall of the Nine Hostages. They formed part of the Connachta, along with the Uí Fiachrach and Uí Ailello, putative descendants of Eochaid Mugmedon's sons Fiachra and Ailill. The Uí Ailello were later replaced as the third of the Three Connachta, through genealogical sleight of hand, by the Uí Maine.
Microeconomic reform
Microeconomic reform (or often just economic reform) comprises policies directed to achieve improvements in economic efficiency, either by eliminating or reducing distortions in individual sectors of the economy or by reforming economy-wide policies such as tax policy and competition policy with an emphasis on economic efficiency, rather than other goals such as equity or employment growth.

"Economic reform" usually refers to deregulation, or at times to reduction in the size of government, to remove distortions caused by regulations or the presence of government, rather than new or increased regulations or government programs to reduce distortions caused by market failure. As such, these reform policies are in the tradition of laissez faire, emphasizing the distortions caused by government, rather than in ordoliberalism, which emphasizes the need for state regulation to maximize efficiency.

Ordoliberalism
Ordoliberalism is the German variant of economic liberalism that emphasizes the need for government to ensure that the free market produces results close to its theoretical potential.

Ordoliberal ideals became the foundation of the creation of the post-World War II German social market economy and its attendant Wirtschaftswunder. The term "ordoliberalism" (German: Ordoliberalismus) was coined in 1950 by Hero Moeller and refers to the academic journal ORDO.
André Bourguignon
André Bourguignon (8 August 1920 – 9 April 1996) was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, born in Paris.

A psychiatry professor at the University of Paris XII, he was part of a team in charge of translating Sigmund Freud's work from German into French, together with Jean Laplanche, Pierre Cotet and François Robert.

He was the father of actress Anémone.

Anémone
Anne Bourguignon (French pronunciation: [an buʁɡiɲɔ̃]; 9 August 1950 – 30 April 2019), known professionally as Anémone (pronounced [anemɔn]), was a French actress and political activist.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Anémone gained popularity in France by appearing in successful comedies, most notably Santa Claus is a Stinker (1982). In 1988, she won the César Award for Best Actress for her dramatic role in The Grand Highway. Anémone had a long and varied career in film and television, though from the late 1990s she mostly appeared as a character actress.
St. Brigid's Church, Prince Edward Island
46°41′33.17″N 64°0′43.24″W﻿ / ﻿46.6925472°N 64.0120111°W﻿ / 46.6925472; -64.0120111﻿ (Foxley River)

St. Brigid's Church is a Roman Catholic church in Foxley River, PEI, Canada. It is part of the Roman Catholic diocese of Charlottetown

Diocese of Charlottetown
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlottetown (Latin: Dioecesis Carolinapolitana) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in Canada. It is a suffragan diocese comprising the entire province of Prince Edward Island.

Originally carved from the Archdiocese of Quebec on August 11, 1829, it was transferred to the Archdiocese of Halifax–Yarmouth on May 4, 1852. It is the second-oldest English-speaking diocese in Canada.

Its seat is the Cathedral–Basilica of Saint Dunstan in downtown Charlottetown.
Cue sports at the 2022 World Games
The 2022 World Games had four cue sports events, which took place in July 2022, in Birmingham, Alabama in United States, at the Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex.
Originally scheduled to take place in July 2021, the Games were rescheduled for July 2022 as a result of the 2020 Summer Olympics postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex
The Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex (formerly known as Birmingham-Jefferson Civic Center) is an entertainment, sports, and convention complex located in the heart of Birmingham, Alabama's Uptown Entertainment District. The Sheraton Birmingham and Westin Birmingham are located on the campus adjoining the convention center. Alongside over 220,000 square feet of exhibit halls, meeting space, and ballrooms, the complex features four entertainment venues: a stadium, an arena, concert hall, and theatre.
Surendra Dubey
Surendra Dubey (8 August 1953 – 26 June 2025) was an Indian poet, writer and politician of comic poems. An ayurvedic physician by profession, Dubey was born on 8 August 1953 at Bemetra, Durg, in then non–divided state of Madhya Pradesh. He authored five books and appeared on several stage and television shows. In 2010, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award. He was also a recipient of the Hasya Ratna Award from Kaka Hathsri in 2008. He joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2018 in the presence of Amit Shah.

Bemetara district
Bemetara district is a new district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Bemetara city is administrative headquarter of the district.

The district was formally inaugurated by the Chief Minister, Raman Singh, on 13 January 2012. Shruti Singh, IAS became the first district collector. Bemetara has two administrative subdivisions, Bemetara and Saja.

The present collector of Bemetara is Vilas Sandeepan Bhoskar, IAS.
Hey Love (bar)
Hey Love is a bar and restaurant in Portland, Oregon. Established in 2018, it is the lobby bar in Jupiter Hotel's Next building, in the Buckman neighborhood of Southeast Portland. Hey Love has hosted pop-ups and other themed events, including the holiday-themed Sleigh Love.

Hey Love has garnered a positive reception and was named the best hotel bar in the nation at Tales of the Cocktail's Spirited Awards in 2023.

Eater (website)
Eater is a food website by Vox Media. It was co-founded by Lockhart Steele and Ben Leventhal in 2005, and originally focused on dining and nightlife in New York City. Eater launched a national site in 2009, and covered nearly 20 cities by 2012. Vox Media acquired Eater, along with two others comprising the Curbed Network, in late 2013. In 2025, Eater operates sites in 23 American cities, as well as its national site. The site has been recognized twelve times by the James Beard Foundation Awards.
Bill Lomas
William Lomas (8 March 1928 – 14 August 2007) was an English Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He was a two-time World Champion and a two-time Isle of Man TT winner. He won the 1955 and 1956 350cc world championship as a member of the Moto Guzzi factory racing team. In the 1956 season, he rode the famous V8 Moto Guzzi Grand Prix race bike. Lomas was also an accomplished trials rider.

He died in Mansfield, England on 14 August 2007 from complications following a heart attack.

Mansfield
Mansfield /ˈmænzfiːld/ is a market town and the administrative centre of the Mansfield District in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the largest town in the wider Mansfield Urban Area and the second largest settlement in Nottinghamshire (following the city of Nottingham). Henry III granted Mansfield the Royal Charter of a market town in 1227. The town lies in the Maun Valley, 12 miles (19 km) north of Nottingham. The district had a population of 110,500 at the 2021 census. Mansfield is the one local authority in Nottinghamshire with a publicly elected mayor, the Mayor of Mansfield. Mansfield in ancient times became the pre-eminent in importance amongst the towns of Sherwood Forest.
Wilson County Courthouse and Jail
The Wilson County Courthouse and Jail are located in Floresville, Texas. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas in 1978 and the courthouse as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1984.

Architect Alfred Giles used local brick for the Italianate design. The courthouse was remodeled in the 1930s, when the bricks were plastered over, and again in the 1950s. Giles also designed the Brooks County Courthouse, Fredericksburg Memorial Library,  Live Oak County Courthouse, Presidio County Courthouse, Webb County Courthouse as well as courthouses in the counties of Goliad and Kerr. In 1909, Giles designed the facade of the Kendall County Courthouse. He also designed the 1885 Llano County courthouse, which burned down in 1892.

Floresville, Texas
Floresville is a city in Wilson County, Texas, United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, its population was at 7,203 at the 2020 Census. It is the county seat of Wilson County. The city is also part of the San Antonio metropolitan statistical area.
Hollywood, Worcestershire
Hollywood is a large village predominantly located in the Bromsgrove district of Worcestershire, England, almost contiguous with and to the south of the city of Birmingham. Hollywood was formerly part of Kings Norton, but when Birmingham expanded in 1911, Hollywood remained in Worcestershire. The village now lies across the wards of Hollywood, most of Drakes Cross, the Trueman's Heath polling district area of Trueman's Heath parish ward and, following a 1966 border change, the southern portion of the Birmingham Highter's Heath ward, with all but the latter being located within the civil parish of Wythall. The southern part of the village is also known as Drakes Cross, whilst the eastern part is sometimes referred to as Trueman's Heath. Hollywood is situated in the extreme northeastern corner of Worcestershire, 8.5mi/13km south of Birmingham city centre, 6mi/9.5km west of Solihull and 8mi/12.5km northeast of Redditch.

Kings Heath
Kings Heath (historically, and still occasionally King's Heath) is a suburb of south Birmingham, England, four miles south of the city centre. Historically in Worcestershire, it is the next suburb south from Moseley on the A435 Alcester Road. Since 2018 it has been part of the Brandwood and Kings Heath Ward.
History of chemistry
The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include the discovery of fire, extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass,
and making alloys like bronze.

The protoscience of chemistry, and alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.

Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, emulsifiers, and catalysts.

Soaps are often produced by mixing fats and oils with a base. Humans have used soap for millennia; evidence exists for the production of soap-like materials in ancient Babylon around 2800 BC.
The Zoological Journal
The Zoological Journal was an early nineteenth century quarterly scientific journal devoted to zoology.

It published "Original Communications, Translations of new and interesting Papers from Foreign sources and notices of new and remarkable facts in any way connected with Zoology".

The Zoological Journal was published in London by W. Phillips. The editors were Thomas Bell, John George Children, James De Carle Sowerby, George Brettingham Sowerby, and (later) Nicholas Aylward Vigors. It was established by a splinter group of the Linnean Society who favoured the Quinarian system and was only short-lived.

Five volumes were published between 1824 and 1834: volume 1 1824-1825, volume 2 1825-1826, volume 3 1827-1828, volume 4 1828-1829, volume 5 1832-1834 (no issues 1830-1831).

Quinarian system
The quinarian system was a method of zoological classification which was popular in the mid 19th century, especially among British naturalists. It was largely developed by the entomologist William Sharp Macleay in 1819. The system was further promoted in the works of Nicholas Aylward Vigors, William Swainson and Johann Jakob Kaup. Swainson's work on ornithology gave wide publicity to the idea. The system had opponents even before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859), which paved the way for evolutionary trees.
Lake Doré
Lake Doré is a freshwater lake in the township of North Algona-Wilberforce, Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the community of Eganville in the neighbouring township of Bonnechere Valley.

Renfrew County
Renfrew County is a county and census division in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is located on the west bank of the Ottawa River. There are 17 municipalities in the county. Its county seat is Pembroke, which is geographically within the county but administered independently.