hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thermae Bath Spa
Thermae Bath Spa is a combination of the historic spa and a contemporary building in the city of Bath, England, and reopened in 2006. Bath and North East Somerset council own the buildings, and, as decreed in a Royal Charter of 1590, are the guardians of the spring waters, which are the only naturally hot, mineral-rich waters in the UK. The Spa is operated by YTL Hotels.

The main spa building, the New Royal Bath, was designed by Grimshaw Architects and is constructed in Bath stone, enclosed by a glass envelope. It has two natural thermal baths, an open-air rooftop pool and an indoor pool, and a large Wellness Suite with two aromatic steam rooms, an Ice Chamber, Infrared Sauna and a Celestial Relaxation Room. It also has a cafe, three relaxation areas, and 27 spa treatment rooms, including the 18th century Hot Bath, in which water-based massage such as Watsu takes place. The separate Cross Bath is a grade I listed Georgian building containing one open-air thermal bath.

Bath and North East Somerset
Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES) is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Somerset, South West England. As its name suggests, it comprises the north-east part of Somerset including  the city of Bath, which is its administrative headquarters. It has an area of 136 square miles (352 km2).

The area was created on 1 April 1996 as part of the abolition of the county of Avon, and covers the same area as the former Avon districts of Wansdyke and Bath. Legally, it comprises a non-metropolitan county and a non-metropolitan district with identical boundaries. The area is governed by Bath and North East Somerset Council, which was created on the same date and which is constituted as a non-metropolitan district council with the responsibilities of a non-metropolitan county council. In addition to its headquarters in Bath, it also has offices in Keynsham. Other settlements in the area include Midsomer Norton, Radstock, Westfield, and Saltford.
Thioformamide
Thioformamide is the organosulfur compound with the formula HC(S)NH2.   Although lightly studied, it is of interest as the parent thioamide. The structure has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which reveals the expected planar structure with a C=S bond (167 picometer).

The compound is prepared by treating formamide with phosphorus pentasulfide.

As a component of the cyanosulfidic protometabolism hypothesis, thioformamide and related compounds have been implicated as prebiotic precursors to peptides.

Cyanosulfidic prebiotic synthesis
Cyanosulfidic prebiotic synthesis is a proposed mechanism for the origin of the key chemical building blocks of life. It involves a systems chemistry approach to synthesize the precursors of amino acids, ribonucleotides, and lipids using the same starting reagents and largely the same plausible early Earth conditions. Cyanosulfidic prebiotic synthesis was developed by John Sutherland and co-workers at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.
Don Shelton
Don Shelton (1928 – October 2, 2011) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Murray State University from 1960 to 1966, compiling a record of 26–41–3. Prior to that, he had an impressive run as the head coach at Henderson City High School in Henderson, Kentucky.

Shelton was a four-year letter winner at the University of Louisville from 1946 to 1949.

Henderson, Kentucky
Henderson is a home rule-class city along the Ohio River and the county seat of Henderson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 29,781 at the 2020 U.S. census. It is part of the Evansville–Henderson, Indiana–Kentucky Combined Statistical Area, locally known as the "Tri-State Area," and is considered the southernmost suburb of Evansville, Indiana.
Michael Edward Morrison
Michael Edward Morrison (February 10, 1885 – unknown) was a dentist and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Guysborough County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1928 to 1933 as a Liberal member.

Morrison was born in 1885 at River Bourgeois, Nova Scotia to Archibald Morrison and Margaret McNamara. He was educated at St. Francis Xavier University and Dalhousie University, receiving a Doctor of Dental Surgery degree in 1923. He married Evangeline Martell on June 28, 1927. He served overseas with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War from 1916 to 1919. He later served as a town councillor in Canso, Nova Scotia from February 10, 1926, to October 10, 1928.

He was elected in the 1928 Nova Scotia general election, and did not contest the 1933 Nova Scotia general election.

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
Baby It's Christmas (album)
Baby It's Christmas is the ninth studio and first Christmas album by Australian theatre performer, singer and TV presenter David Campbell, released through Sony Music Australia on 26 October 2018. The album includes 11 Christmas standards and one new track; (the title track), written by singer Rick Price.

Sony Music Australia
Sony Music Entertainment Australia is the predominant record label operated by American parent company Sony Music Entertainment in Australia. Prior to 1995, SMEA published and distributed video games in Australia & New Zealand on behalf of Sony Imagesoft and Sony Electronic Publishing Europe, and briefly operated Sony's PlayStation business in Australia & New Zealand on behalf of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe.

Sony Music Entertainment Australia, as of July 2017, also runs British multimedia Ministry of Sound Recordings' Australian operations on behalf of Sony Music UK, taking over from recently renamed TMRW Music, formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of Ministry of Sound until 2004.
Boița
Boița (German: Ochsendorf; Hungarian: Bojca; Latin: Caput Stenarum) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, at the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, 22 km (14 mi) south of the county capital Sibiu, in the Mărginimea Sibiului ethnographic area, on the main road between Sibiu and the southern part of Romania, the National road 7/European route 81, at the entrance of the Olt River defile. The commune is composed of four villages: Boița, Lazaret, Lotrioara (Latorvár), and Paltin. These were part of Tălmaciu town until 2004, when they were split off.

In 1910 the village had 1,657 inhabitants. At the 2021 census, Boița had a population of 1,410; of those, 96.6% were ethnic Romanians.

Defile (geography)
In geography, a defile is a narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills. The term originates from a military description of a route through which troops can march only in a narrow column or with a narrow front. On emerging from a defile (or something similar) into open country, soldiers are said to "debouch".
24 Hours (Sunmi song)
"24 Hours" (Korean: 24시간이 모자라; RR: 24sigani mojara; lit. '"24 Hours Is Not Enough"') is the solo debut single by South Korean singer Sunmi. It was released by JYP Entertainment on August 26, 2013. It was included in Sunmi's debut EP Full Moon which was released six months later.

J.Y. Park
Park Jin-young (Korean: 박진영; born December 13, 1971), also known by his stage names J. Y. Park and The Asiansoul or the initials JYP, is a South Korean singer-songwriter, record producer, record executive, and reality television show judge. Park rose to stardom as a singer following the release of his 1994 debut album, Blue City. In 1997, he became the founder of JYP Entertainment, one of the most profitable entertainment agencies in South Korea.

As the head of JYP Entertainment from 1997 to 2011, Park has developed and managed successful K-pop artists including 2PM, Day6, Got7, Itzy, KickFlip, Miss A, Nmixx, Rain, Stray Kids, Twice, Xdinary Heroes and Wonder Girls, as well as Mandopop group Boy Story and J-pop groups Nexz and NiziU.
Madis Käbin
Madis Käbin (25 March 1877 Kohtla Parish (now Toila Parish), Kreis Wierland – 24 October 1954 Tallinn) was an Estonian politician. In 1920, representing the Estonian Labour Party, he replaced Eduard Kansman as a member of Estonian Constituent Assembly.

Estonian Labour Party
The Estonian Labour Party (Estonian: Eesti Tööerakond, ETE) was a political party in Estonia. It was formed in 1919 by a merger of the Radical Socialist Party and the Social Travaillist Party, and ceased to exist in 1932, when it merged with other centrist parties to form the National Centre Party. It was a member of government coalitions between 1919 and 1925, and again from 1927 until 1931.
Caroline Bohé
Caroline Bohé (born 23 July 1999) is a Danish racing cyclist. She rode in the women's road race event at the 2018 UCI Road World Championships. She also competed in the cross-country race at the 2020 and 2024 Summer Olympics.

2018 UCI Road World Championships
The 2018 UCI Road World Championships were held in Innsbruck, Austria. It was the 91st UCI Road World Championships and the third to be held in Austria.

The World Championships consisted of a total of twelve competitions, one road race, one team time trial and one individual time trial for men and women, as well as one road race and one individual time trial for U23 riders and juniors. The Tour de Suisse organisers were responsible for the operational organisation of the races. The competitions were very demanding: the 265-kilometre men's road race had nine climbs with around 5000 metres of altitude difference. Because of the many climbs, some sprinters did not participate in the World Championships because they saw no prospect of success for themselves. It was the last edition to feature a team time trial for UCI trade teams. From 2019 onwards it will be replaced by a mixed team time trial for national teams.
Susan Island
Susan Island is an island in the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. To its west is Finlayson Channel; to its east Mathieson Channel. Roderick Island lies to its north and Dowager Island to its south. James Johnstone, one of George Vancouver's lieutenants during his 1791-95 expedition, first charted its west and east coasts in 1793.

British Columbia Coast
The British Columbia Coast, popularly referred to as the BC Coast or simply the Coast, is a geographic region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. As the entire western continental coastline of Canada along the Pacific Ocean is in the province, it is synonymous with being the West Coast of Canada.

While the exact boundaries are variously defined, the region is generally defined to include the 15 regional districts that have coastline along the Pacific Ocean or Salish Sea, or are part of the Lower Mainland, a subregion of the British Columbia Coast. Other boundaries may exclude parts of or even entire regional districts, such as those of the aforementioned Lower Mainland.
Henri Lebesgue
Henri Léon Lebesgue ForMemRS (/ləˈbɛɡ/; French: [ɑ̃ʁi leɔ̃ ləbɛɡ]; June 28, 1875 – July 26, 1941) was a French mathematician known for his theory of integration, which was a generalization of the 17th-century concept of integration—summing the area between an axis and the curve of a function defined for that axis. His theory was published originally in his dissertation Intégrale, longueur, aire ("Integral, length, area") at the University of Nancy during 1902.

Nancy-Université
Nancy-Université was a French federal university which federated the three principal institutes of higher education in Nancy, Lorraine before their merger into the University of Lorraine:

Henri Poincaré University (UHP, also known as Nancy 1): natural sciences, wrapping several faculties and engineering schools;
École Supérieure des Sciences et Technologies de l'Ingénieur de Nancy: general engineering
Telecom Nancy: Computer science and engineering

Nancy 2 University: social sciences

Institut national polytechnique de Lorraine (Lorraine INP): It federates 11 engineering schools.

With over 50,000 students, Nancy had the fifth largest student population in France.
Perry W. Jenkins
Perry Wilson Jenkins (April 5, 1867 – June 19, 1955) was an American college football player and coach, college president, and state senator. He served as the head football coach at Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa in 1895, compiling a record of 1–1–1. Prior to that, Jenkins was a started quarterback at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.

Jenkins served as the president of Amity College in College Springs, Iowa in the mid-1890s. He later served as the President of the Wyoming State Senate in 1927. He is nicknamed "The Father of Sublette County, Wyoming".

Indianola, Iowa
Indianola is a city in and the county seat of Warren County, Iowa, United States, located 19 miles (31 km) south of downtown Des Moines. The population was 15,833 at the time of the 2020 census. Indianola is home to the National Balloon Classic, a nine-day hot air balloon festival held annually in the summer, the Des Moines Metro Opera, a major American Summer Opera Festival, and Simpson College.
Benjamin Swearer
Benjamin Swearer (May 18, 1825 – November 2, 1902) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the American Civil War.

While serving as a Seaman aboard the steam sloop-of-war USS Pawnee on August 29, 1861, Swearer took part in the capture of Fort Clark at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina. For his service during this action, known as the Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries, Swearer was awarded the Medal of Honor on April 3, 1863.

USS Pawnee (1859)
The first USS Pawnee was a sloop-of-war in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. She was named for the Pawnee Indian tribe.

Pawnee was laid down in 1858 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard; launched 8 October 1859, sponsored by Miss Grace Tyler; and commissioned 11 June 1860, Commander H. J. Hartstene in command.
Us & Them (American TV series)
Us & Them is an American sitcom based on the British series Gavin & Stacey created by James Corden and Ruth Jones. It was adapted for an American audience by David J. Rosen. The series was scheduled to premiere on Fox, as a mid-season replacement in the 2013–14 season; however, Fox did not air the series. Instead, streaming service Crackle streamed all seven episodes on October 1, 2018.

Ruth Jones
Ruth Alexandra Elizabeth Jones (born 22 September 1966) is a Welsh actress, comedian, writer and producer. She co-wrote and co-starred in the critically acclaimed BBC sitcom Gavin & Stacey (2007–2010, 2019, 2024),  for which she won the BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance in 2025. She also co-wrote and starred in the Sky One comedy-drama Stella (2012–2017), for which she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance and the BAFTA Cymru Award for Best Screenwriter.

Jones has also appeared in various other television series, including Fat Friends (2000–2005), Little Britain (2003–2007), Nighty Night (2004–2005), Saxondale (2006–2007), Little Dorrit (2008) and The Street (2009). Jones was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours, for services to entertainment.
De Usu Flagrorum
Tractus de usu flagrorum in re Medica et Veneria is a 1639 treatise by Henricus Meibomius (1590–1655). The English title is A Treatise on the Use of Flogging in Medicine and Venery. It was published by the English publisher Edmund Curll.

It is the earliest printed work on the subject,  giving accounts of a number of examples. David Savran declared it was the authoritative text on the subject for two hundred years. In it the author, among other things, “rejoice[s]” to know that when someone doing flogging for sexual gratification was found in Germany, they would be burned alive.

David Savran
David Savran (born 1950) is a scholar of twentieth and twenty-first century theatre, music theatre, US theatre, popular culture, gender studies, and social theory. He is a Distinguished Professor of Theatre and holds the Vera Mowry Roberts Chair in American Theatre at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
Andes, New York
Andes is a town in Delaware County, New York, United States. The population was 1,114 at the 2020 census.

The town of Andes contains a hamlet (formerly a village) also named Andes. The town is on the southeastern border of the county.

Pepacton Reservoir
The Pepacton Reservoir is a reservoir in the New York City water supply system located in Delaware County, New York.  Lying in the Catskill Mountains on the East Branch of the Delaware River, it was formed by the construction of Downsville Dam, and impounds over one-quarter of the tributary's flow.
Charles Beckett (politician)
Charles  Jim Beckett (born July 25, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 23rd District, being first elected in 2002. He is a member of the Republican party. He resigned from the House on September 22, 2022, after Governor Tate Reeves appointed him executive director of the Mississippi Public Utilities Staff.

Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi, the upper house being the Mississippi Senate. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected for four-year terms. To qualify as a member of the House, candidates must be at least 21 years old, a resident of Mississippi for at least four years, and a resident in the district for at least two years. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
Fractionated spacecraft
A fractionated spacecraft is a satellite architecture where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across multiple modules which interact through wireless links. Unlike other aggregations of spacecraft, such as constellations and clusters, the modules of a fractionated spacecraft are largely heterogeneous and perform distinct functions corresponding, for instance, to the various subsystem elements of a traditional satellite.

Homogeneity and heterogeneity
Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity of a substance, process or image. A homogeneous feature is uniform in composition or character (i.e., color, shape, size, weight, height, distribution, texture, language, income, disease, temperature, radioactivity, architectural design, etc.); one that is heterogeneous is distinctly nonuniform in at least one of these qualities.
K. S. Ramaswamy
K. S. Ramaswamy Gounder (Tamil: ராமசாமி கவுண்டர்) (1922 – 4 December 2004) was an Indian politician and former Member of Parliament elected from Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Gobichettipalayam constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1957 and 1977 election. He was the union deputy minister for Home, Education and Social Welfare in Indira Gandhi's ministry. He is the son of the freedom fighter K.K Subbanna Gounder. He was appointed President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee. He was awarded Chevalier and Sir.

1957 Indian general election in Madras State
The 1957 Indian general election polls in Tamil Nadu were held for 34 seats in the state. The result was a victory for Indian National Congress winning 24 out of 34 seats. The major opposition for INC, the CPI, managed to only win 2 seats.  This election also saw the entry of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in their first national election, who ended up winning 2 seats. Due to the nonrecognition of state parties such as the DMK, they were grouped under independent parties, which won a total of 8 seats.
Peter Tom-Petersen
Peter Tom-Petersen (5 March 1861 – 27 July 1926) was a Danish painter and graphic artist, known primarily for cityscapes, interiors and other architectural paintings. His name was Peter Thomsen Petersen until 1920, when he had it legally changed to match his signature: "Tom P."

Cityscape
In the visual arts, a cityscape (urban landscape) is an artistic representation, such as a painting, drawing, print or photograph, of the physical aspects of a city or urban area. It is the urban equivalent of a landscape. Townscape is roughly synonymous with cityscape, though it implies the same difference in urban size and density (and even modernity) implicit in the difference between the words city and town.  In urban design the terms refer to the configuration of built forms and interstitial space.
Bofors 20 mm automatic gun L/70
Bofors 20 mm automatic gun L/70 (Swedish military designation: 20 mm automatkanon m/40, 20 mm akan m/40, lit. '20 mm autocannon m/40') is a Swedish 20 mm calibre autocannon, constructed by Bofors during the latter 1930s. The weapon was intended for both anti-tank and anti-aircraft use.

Anti-tank warfare
Anti-tank warfare refers to the military strategies, tactics, and weapon systems designed to counter and destroy enemy armored vehicles, particularly tanks. It originated during World War I following the first deployment of tanks in 1916, and has since become a fundamental component of land warfare doctrine. Over time, anti-tank warfare has evolved to include a wide range of systems, from handheld infantry weapons and anti-tank guns to guided missiles and air-delivered munitions.

Anti-tank warfare evolved rapidly during World War II, leading to infantry-portable weapons.

Through the Cold War of 1947–1991, the United States, anti-tank weapons have also been upgraded in number and performance.

Since the end of the Cold War in 1992, new threats to tanks and other armored vehicles have included remotely detonated improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, drones and loitering munitions have attacked and destroyed tanks.
Parul Mukherjee
Parul Mukherjee (1915 – 1990) was an Indian revolutionary active in the Indian independence movement in the early 20th century. Mukherjee was an influential member of the revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti, with which she partook in militant activities and helped recruit new members. She was particularly important in strengthening the women's wing of Anushilan Samiti through efforts such as recruitment, the organisation of study circles and the teaching of self-defence techniques.

Mukherjee was arrested in Titagarh on 20 January 1935 after being caught in a house with other revolutionaries and explosives. She spent four years in prison, being released in 1939 as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners. After her release, Mukherjee retired from public life. In the aftermath of the partition of India, she became the supporter of a refugee colony in Kolkata, where she stood vigil and established schools.

Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
The Revolutionary movement for Indian Independence was part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi.

The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, the United Provinces and Punjab. More groups were scattered across India.