hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Menegazzia gallowayi
Menegazzia gallowayi is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in New Zealand, it was formally described as a new species in 2012 by Australian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas. The type specimen was collected near the Craigieburn stream (Craigieburn Range, South Island) at an altitude of 1,050 m (3,440 ft). Here it was found growing on a young mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides). The specific epithet honours New Zealand lichenologist David John Galloway. According to Kantvilas, his work Flora of New Zealand Lichens has "greatly advanced knowledge of the lichens of the Southern Hemisphere".

The lichen is only known from the type locality, where it grows in low, closed forest. The main characteristics that distinguish it from other members of Menegazzia are the eight-spored asci and the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid, a secondary chemical that is uncommon in the genus.

Gintaras Kantvilas
Gintaras Kantvilas (born 1956) is an Australian lichenologist, who earned his Ph.D. in 1985 from the University of Tasmania with the thesis Studies on Tasmanian rainforest lichens. He has authored over 432 species names, and 167 genera in the field of mycology.

Kanvilas completed his secondary education at St Virgil's College in Hobart in 1973.

In 1985, he was working for the Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1987 he was listing his affiliation as Department of Botany, University of Tasmania, in addition to the Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service. By 2001 his affiliation was listed as the Tasmanian Herbarium, and this has continued until at least 2018.

The lichen genera Gintarasia and Kantvilasia are named in his honour.

The standard author abbreviation Kantvilas is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Naval tactics in the Age of Steam
The development of the steam ironclad firing explosive shells in the mid-19th century rendered sailing ship tactics obsolete.

New tactics were developed for the big-gun Dreadnought battleships. The mine, torpedo, submarine and aircraft posed new threats, each of which had to be countered, leading to tactical developments such as anti-submarine warfare and the use of dazzle camouflage. By the end of the steam age, aircraft carriers had replaced battleships as the principal unit of the fleet.

Hydrophone
A hydrophone (Ancient Greek: ὕδωρ + φωνή, lit. 'water + sound') is a microphone designed for underwater use, for recording or listening to underwater sound. Most hydrophones contain a piezoelectric transducer that generates an electric potential when subjected to a pressure change, such as a sound wave.

A hydrophone can also detect airborne sounds but is insensitive of them because it is designed to match the acoustic impedance of water, a denser fluid than air. Sound travels 4.3 times faster in water than in air, and a sound wave in water exerts a pressure 60 times more than what is exerted by a wave of the same amplitude in air. Similarly, a standard microphone can be buried in the ground, or immersed in water if it is put in a waterproof container but will give poor performance because of the similarly-bad acoustic impedance match.
Harald E. Braun
Harald Ernst  Braun FRHistS is a German historian of late medieval and early modern political culture emphasizing on the integration of political and intellectual history, theological-political discourse, Iberian empires and the Catholic world. He is a Reader in European History (1300–1700) at the University of Liverpool. One of his major contributions has focused on the political thought of Spanish historian Juan de Mariana.

Political history
Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government, voters, parties and leaders. It is closely related to other fields of history, including diplomatic history, constitutional history, social history, people's history, and public history. Political history studies the organization and operation of power in large societies.

From approximately the 1960s onwards, the rise of competing subdisciplines, particularly social history and cultural history, led to a decline in the prominence of "traditional" political history, which tended to focus on the activities of political elites. In the two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, and the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%.
Thaumatichthyidae
Thaumatichthyidae, the wolftrap anglers or wolftrap seadevils: 368 ,wonderfishes,  is a small family of marine ray-finned fishes, classified within the suborder Ceratioidei, the deep-sea anglerfishes. They have distinctive upper jaws with movable premaxillaries that can be lowered to form a cage-like trap around the much shorter lower jaw.

Premaxilla
The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla. The "premaxilla" of therian mammals has been usually termed as the incisive bone. Other terms used for this structure include premaxillary bone or os premaxillare, intermaxillary bone or os intermaxillare, and Goethe's bone.
Honeywell Uranium Hexafluoride Processing Facility
The Honeywell Uranium Hexafluoride Processing Facility, a uranium conversion facility, is located 1.9 miles (3 km) northwest of Metropolis, Illinois, United States. The plant, Honeywell Specialty Chemicals in Metropolis, Illinois, has a nominal capacity of 15,000 tU as uranium hexafluoride per year.  ConverDyn, a general partnership between affiliates of Honeywell and General Atomics, is the exclusive agent for conversion sales from the Honeywell Uranium Hexafluoride Processing Facility.

Yellowcake
Yellowcake (also called urania) is a type of powdered uranium concentrate obtained from leach solutions, representing an intermediate step in the processing of uranium ores. This material is produced after uranium mining but before either fuel fabrication or uranium enrichment. Yellowcake concentrates are created through various extraction and refining methods that vary depending on the ore types. The production involves milling and chemical processing of uranium ore, resulting in a coarse powder with a pungent odor that is insoluble in water. Yellowcake typically contains about 80% uranium oxide and melts at approximately 2880 °C.
Harold June
Harold Irving June (1895–1962) was a machinist, an aviator, a test pilot, and an explorer in Antarctica. He is best known for his 1928–1930 service in the first Antarctic expedition of Admiral Richard E. Byrd. Sitting in the co-pilot's seat with supplemental radio duties, he flew with Byrd, pilot Bernt Balchen, and photographer Ashley McKinley over the South Pole on November 29, 1929.

Liv Glacier
Liv Glacier (84°55′S 168°0′W﻿ / ﻿84.917°S 168.000°W﻿ / -84.917; -168.000) is a steep valley glacier, 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) long, emerging from the Antarctic Plateau just southeast of Barnum Peak and draining north through the Queen Maud Mountains to enter Ross Ice Shelf between Mayer Crags and Duncan Mountains. It was discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen, who named it for the daughter of Fridtjof Nansen.

Richard E. Byrd chose this glacier as his route to the Polar Plateau on 28 November 1929 when he flew from Little America to the South Pole.
Perfection Racing
Perfection Racing is a Danish auto racing team, who currently compete in the Danish Touring Car Championship under the banner of Chevrolet Motorsport Denmark. They are based in Odense and managed by Kent Bo Steffensen.

In September 2009 they will enter the World Touring Car Championship at the FIA WTCC Race of Germany at Motorsport Arena Oschersleben with a Chevrolet Lacetti for Michel Nykjaer, who won the 2008 European Touring Car Cup for the team, having won it for GR Asia the previous year.

They currently run two cars in the Danish series, for Nykjaer and Henrik Lundgaard. The team will leave the Danish championship at the end of the 2009 season.

FIA WTCR Race of Germany
The FIA WTCR Race of Germany, previously known as the FIA WTCC Race of Germany, is a round of the World Touring Car Cup, which originally was held at the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben in Germany.

The race ran at Oschersleben every year since the return of World Touring Car Championship from 2005 to 2011. It was left off the 2012 calendar. The event returned to the calendar in 2015, this time hosted at the Nürburgring Nordschleife as part of the 24 Hours Nürburgring weekend. The races are three laps each.
2021 Asian Le Mans Series
The 2021 Asian Le Mans Series was the ninth season of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest's Asian Le Mans Series. It is the fourth 24 Hours of Le Mans-based series created by the ACO, following the American Le Mans Series (since merged with the Rolex Sports Car Series to form the United SportsCar Championship), the European Le Mans Series and the FIA World Endurance Championship. The four-event season began at the Dubai Autodrome in Dubai on 13 February 2021 and ended at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi on 20 February 2021.

Automobile Club de l'Ouest
The Automobile Club de l'Ouest (English: Automobile Club of the West), sometimes abbreviated to ACO, is the largest automotive group in France. It was founded in 1906 by car building and racing enthusiasts, and is most famous for being the organising entity behind the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans race. The ACO also lobbies on behalf of French drivers on such issues as road building and maintenance, the availability of driving schools and road safety classes, and the incorporation of technical innovations into new vehicles. It also runs a roadside assistance service for its members.
Leflaur Leflah Eshkoshka
"Leflaur Leflah Eshkoshka" is a song by American hip hop group The Fab 5. It was released in 1995 via Duck Down/Priority Records as the lead single from Heltah Skeltah's debut studio album Nocturnal. Recording sessions took place at D&D Studios in New York City. Production was handled by Baby Paul with executive producers Buckshot and Drew "Dru-Ha" Friedman. The song contains a sample from The Catalyst's "Uzuri". Music video was directed by Marcus Turner.

The single peaked at number 75 on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Buckshot (rapper)
Kenyatta Blake (born November 19, 1974), known professionally as Buckshot, is an American rapper from Brooklyn, New York, best known as a frontman of hip-hop groups Black Moon and Boot Camp Clik. He rose to prominence with Black Moon's debut 1993 album Enta da Stage, which is critically acclaimed and influential in hip-hop.

He is a founder of Duck Down Music record label with Drew "Dru-Ha" Friedman. He has released one solo studio album – three with producer 9th Wonder, one with KRS-One, four albums with Black Moon and four albums with the Boot Camp Clik. He is known for his line, "Straight from Crooklyn, better known as Brooklyn" (from Who Got da Props?) which features prominently on two songs by the Crooklyn Dodgers.
Willie Ryan (rower)
Willie Ryan (born 28 September 1953) is an Irish rower. He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Willie and his brother Ted are originally from Darrara, County Cork however he now lives in Kildare. He was a member of An Garda Siochana and only began rowing when he joined the police force.

His daughter Caroline was also a very successful athlete being the first Irish woman to win a trophy at Henley Royal Regatta and later switching to cycling where she represented Ireland.

Darrara
Darrara or Darrary (Irish: Dairbhre) is a rural townland near Clonakilty, County Cork in Ireland. The townland, of 1.4 km2 (0.54 sq mi), is home to Teagasc's Clonakilty Agricultural College (some structures of which date to the 1880s) and Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church (built in 1897). Evidence of ancient settlement in the area include a restored Iron Age ringfort and a megalithic standing stone (on the grounds of Sacred Heart church).
Aputula
Aputula, alternatively spelt Apatula (formerly Finke until the 1980s), is a remote Indigenous Australian community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is 317 km (197 mi) south of Alice Springs and 159 km (99 mi) east of Kulgera roadhouse on the Stuart Highway, near the border with South Australia. The Finke River (named after German explorer and pastoralist William Finke), runs within a few kilometres of the community. The river, which is part of the Lake Eyre basin, is dry for most of the year, but is subject to occasional floods.

Pukatja, South Australia
Pukatja (formerly Ernabella, Pitjantjatjara: Anapala) is an Aboriginal community in the  Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia, comprising one of the six main communities on "The Lands" (the others being Amata, Pipalyatjara, Fregon/Kaltjiti, Indulkana and Mimili).

Established as a Presbyterian mission in 1937 with enlightened practices which maintained the Pitjantjatjara language at the school and church services, Ernabella was handed over to the community in 1974 and was later named Pukatja. Ernabella Arts is Australia's oldest continuously running Indigenous art centre.
1936 Sugar Bowl
The 1936 Sugar Bowl, part of the 1935–36 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1936, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The competing teams were the LSU Tigers, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the TCU Horned Frogs, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). TCU won the game, 3–2.

Tulane Stadium
Tulane Stadium was an outdoor football stadium in the Southern United States on the campus of Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. It stood from 1926 to 1980 and was officially the Third Tulane Stadium, following the "Second Tulane Stadium", which was located where the Telephone Exchange Building is now.

The former site is currently bound by Willow Street to the south, Ben Weiner Drive to the east, the Tulane University property line west of McAlister Place, and the Hertz Basketball/Volleyball Practice Facility and the Green Wave's current home, Yulman Stadium, to the north.

Tulane Stadium hosted the Sugar Bowl through December 1974 and three of the first nine Super Bowls, in January 1970, 1972, and 1975.
Criminal Minds season 8
The eighth season of Criminal Minds premiered on CBS on September 26, 2012. The series was renewed on March 14, 2012.

In Canada, season eight aired one day earlier on CTV than on CBS in the United States.

Criminal Minds
Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Jeff Davis that premiered on CBS on September 22, 2005. It follows a group of criminal profilers who work for the FBI as members of its Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU).

Criminal Minds became a ratings success for CBS, consistently ranking among the network’s most-watched programs and winning the People’s Choice Award for Best TV Crime Drama in 2017. Its success has spawned a media franchise, with several spinoffs, a South Korean adaptation, and a video game.

Criminal Minds originally culminated after its fifteenth season on February 19, 2020; however, it was revived and re-titled Criminal Minds: Evolution for its sixteenth season, which premiered on Paramount+ in November 2022. In March 2025, Criminal Minds was renewed for a nineteenth season.
Ivan Gel
Ivan Andriiovych Gel (Ukrainian: Іван Андрійович Гель, July 17, 1937 – March 16, 2011) was a Ukrainian politician and dissident. He was a member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group and the Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party.

Dissident
A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th century, coinciding with the rise of authoritarian governments in countries such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Francoist Spain, the Soviet Union (and later Russia), North Korea, China, Turkmenistan and the Middle East. In the Western world, there are historical examples of people who have been considered and have considered themselves dissidents, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. In totalitarian countries, dissidents are often incarcerated or executed without explicit political accusations, or due to infringements of the very same laws they are opposing, or because they are supporting civil liberties such as freedom of speech.
Jagdfliegerführer Rumänien
Jagdfliegerführer Rumänien was formed July 1943 in Otopeni (Bucharest), Romania subordinated to Luftflotte 4. The headquarters was located at Otopeni, and from August 1944 in Budak. The unit was disbanded on 4 September 1944.

The unit was known as Jagdfliegerführer Rumänien until 7 February 1944, when it was redesignated Jagdfliegerführer Balkan. It then was reformed on 7 February 1944 as Jagdabschnittsführer Rumänien. Stab/Jafü Rumänien used Bü 131 and Fi 156 aircraft.

Otopeni
Otopeni (Romanian pronunciation: [otoˈpenʲ]) is a town in Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, neighbouring the north of Bucharest along the DN1 road to Ploiești. It has 21,750 inhabitants, of which 99.0% are ethnic Romanians. One village, Odăile, is administered by the city.

Henri Coandă International Airport is located inside Otopeni. The head office of the airline TAROM is located inside the International Departures Terminal in the airport. In addition the head office of Țiriac Air is in Otopeni.
Llewellyn Treharne
Llewellyn "Llew" Treharne (birth unknown – death unknown) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Penygraig RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Wigan, as a wing or centre.

Penygraig RFC
Penygraig Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team based in Penygraig, Wales. Penygraig RFC formed in 1877, one of the earlier rugby clubs to emerge, and by the 1890s were a strong voice in the Welsh Rugby Union, one of four clubs from the Rhondda Valley that held WRU representation.
Jussi Kekkonen
Uuno Johannes (Jussi) Kekkonen (30 September 1910 – 1 April 1962) was a Finnish major, CEO and the younger brother of President of Finland Urho Kekkonen. Jussi Kekkonen fought successfully in the Winter War in the direction of Kuhmo but lost his sight when he was wounded in the early stages of the Continuation War.

Kekkonen was born in Iisalmi as the son of Juho Kekkonen. He attended the Cadet School in the early 1930s and served as an officer in the Kuhmo border squad. Kekkonen was seen as a devoted and folk-like officer.

Iisalmi
Iisalmi (Finnish: [ˈiːsɑlmi]; Swedish: Idensalmi) is a town and municipality in the region of North Savo in Finland. It is located 87 kilometres (54 mi) north of Kuopio and south of Kajaani. The municipality has a population of 20,330 (30 June 2025), which makes it the second largest of the five towns in North Savo in population, only Kuopio being larger. It covers an area of 872.20 square kilometres (336.76 sq mi)  of which 109.22 km2 (42.17 sq mi) is water. The population density is 26.65 inhabitants per square kilometre (69.0/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

In the 2010s, Iisalmi is known as an export industry town, as well as a significant study town in the region.
Arthur Dudley Dobson Memorial
The Arthur Dudley Dobson Memorial is a memorial obelisk at Arthur's Pass in New Zealand's Southern Alps. Unveiled in 1937 by former Prime Minister George Forbes, it commemorates Sir Arthur Dudley Dobson (1841–1934), after whom the pass is named.

Arthur Dudley Dobson
Sir Arthur Dudley Dobson (9 September 1841 – 5 March 1934) was a New Zealand surveyor, engineer and explorer. Born in London, he came to Lyttelton, New Zealand, in 1850 on one of the First Four Ships. He is best known for taking the first party of Europeans over Arthur's Pass.
Mayaca fluviatilis
Mayaca fluviatilis, also known as bog moss,  is a perennial herbaceous submerged plant in the monogeneric family Mayacaceae. It is native to Central and South America, the Caribbean, and the United States where it is often sold as an aquarium plant. Through the aquatic plant trade, it has recently become naturalized in Sri Lanka, Singapore, and China. It has been identified in three locations in Australia (Innisfail and Mossman in Queensland and Taree in New South Wales) but more populations are likely in other parts of Australia as well.

Mossman, Queensland
Mossman is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It is the administrative centre for the Douglas Shire Council In the 2021 census, the locality of Mossman had a population of 1,935 people.
Franwilsia bastowii
Franwilsia bastowii is a species of ramicolous (twig-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. It was transferred to the genus Franwilsia in 2014. The species epithet bastowii honours the Scottish naturalist Richard Austin Bastow, who collected the type specimen in Mornington (Gippsland plain) in 1901. The lichen is known to occur in Western Australia, South Australia, and Victoria, where it grows on the twigs of various shrubs and trees.

Sergey Kondratyuk
Sergey Yakovlevich Kondratyuk (Ukrainian: Сергій Якович Кондратюк) (born 17 May 1959) is a Ukrainian botanist specialising in lichenology. His research deals with the taxonomy, floristics, ecology and geography of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. He has worked at the M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for more than 40 years. In 2014 Kondratyuk was awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology.
Benjamin Kogo
Benjamin Kogo (30 November 1944 – 20 January 2022) was a Kenyan athlete who specialised in 3000 metre steeplechase running.

Kogo was born on 30 November 1944. He was from Arwos, Nandi County, Kenya.

He became the first Kenyan to run steeplechase event in Olympics, was a silver medalist from 1968 Summer Olympics, in an event won by his compatriot Amos Biwott. At the 1964 Summer Olympics he failed to make the final at steeplechase. He won gold at the first All-Africa Games held in 1965 in Brazzaville. Kogo was also bronze medalist from the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games.

Kogo died on 20 January 2022, at the age of 77. He had been diagnosed with prostate cancer one year prior.

Steeplechase (athletics)
A steeplechase is an obstacle race in athletics which derives its name from the steeplechase in horse racing. The foremost version of the event is the 3000 metres steeplechase. The 2000 metres steeplechase is the next most common distance. In youth athletics, a distance of 1000 metres is occasionally used for steeplechase races.
RV Thomas G. Thompson
Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name Thomas G. Thompson, in honor of oceanographer Thomas G. Thompson (1888–1961).

USNS Thomas G. Thompson (T-AGOR-9), was a Robert D. Conrad-class oceanographic research ship, launched in 1964, and leased to the University of Washington (UW) in 1965. Renamed and redesignated MV Pacific Escort (IX-517), and RV Gosport in 1995, the ship was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 2004, and sunk as part of a NATO exercise.

RV Thomas G. Thompson (T-AGOR-23), is a Thomas G. Thompson-class oceanographic research ship, launched in 1990 and leased to the University of Washington School of Oceanography in 1991.

Research vessel
A research vessel (RV or R/V) is a ship or boat designed, modified, or equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles which can be combined into a single vessel but others require a dedicated vessel. Due to the demanding nature of the work, research vessels may be constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to operate in polar waters.