hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ecphantus the Pythagorean
Ecphantus or Ecphantos (Ancient Greek: Ἔκφαντος) or Ephantus (Έφαντος) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher. He is identified as a Pythagorean of the 4th century BC from Syracuse, Magna Graecia, but the details concerning his life are historically obscure; he may have not been a historical person, but rather a fictional character invented by Heraclides of Pontus for use in his philosophical dialogues. He also may have been the same figure as the attested Ecphantus of Croton. Ecphantus was also of Syracuse. He developed a theory about constellations moving.

According to Eusebius, Ecphantus, like Heraclides of Pontus, was a supporter of the heliocentric theory: he believed that the Earth turns around its centre from west to towards east, like a wheel, as if it has an axis, the state. Ecphantus also maintained that there is only one Cosmos (Universe) governed by providence (πρόνοια).

Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. AD 260/265 – 30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist from the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima.

Together with Pamphilus, Eusebius was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote the Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. His work Onomasticon is an early geographical lexicon of places in the Holy Land mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337.
Hereclean
Hereclean (Hungarian: Haraklány) is a commune located in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Badon (Bádon), Bocșița (Magyarbaksa), Dioșod (Diósad), Guruslău (Magyargoroszló), Hereclean and Panic (Szilágypanit).

Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (DUHR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ [ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒr ˈdɛmokrɒtɒ ˈsøvɛt͡ʃːeːɡ]; Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR) is a political party in Romania which aims to represent the significant Hungarian minority of Romania.

Officially considering itself a federation of minority interests rather than a party, from the 1990 general elections onwards UDMR has had parliamentary representation in the Romanian Senate and Chamber of Deputies. From 1996 onwards, UDMR has been a junior coalition partner in several governments. It has been described as having close ties with Hungary’s right-wing, socially conservative, longtime ruling Fidesz party and, implicitly, with Prime Minister Viktor Orbán.

The party is a member of the European People's Party and Centrist Democrat International.
Šventoji
Šventoji (literally: feminine gender of the holy) can refer to these objects in Lithuania:

Šventoji River, 246-kilometer long tributary of Neris

Šventoji River (Baltic), 73-kilometer long tributary of the Baltic Sea

Šventoji, Lithuania, resort town on the coast of the Baltic Sea

Šventoji (Neris)
The Šventoji (Lithuanian: [ɕvʲɛnˈtôːjɪ] ⓘ; lit. The Holy One) is the longest river that flows entirely within Lithuania and the largest tributary of the Neris. It originates from Lake Samanis in the Gražutė Regional Park and flows into the Neris near Jonava. The longest tributary of the Šventoji is the Širvinta.

The Šventoji passes through the cities of Anykščiai, Kavarskas and Ukmergė. In 1963–1964 a dam near Kavarskas was built to replenish the Nevėžis using water from the Šventoji. However, the dam is no longer used for being too expensive, ineffective, and violating environmental regulations of the European Union. In 1959, the Antalieptė Reservoir, the second largest artificial lake in Lithuania, was built on the Šventoji.
1997 Tri Nations Series
The 1997 Tri Nations Series was the second Tri Nations Series, an international rugby union competition contested by the men's national teams from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It was played from 19 July to 23 August, with each team playing each of the others twice – once at home and once away. New Zealand won all four of their matches to claim a second straight title.

New Zealand also won the Bledisloe Cup, a title contested only between themselves and Australia, for the third year in a row. They led 1–0 going into the Tri Nations, having won the test between them in Christchurch two weeks before the start of the series, and the two victories in the Tri Nations gave them a 3–0 final result.

Bledisloe Cup
The Bledisloe Cup is an annual rugby union competition between the national teams of Australia's Wallabies and New Zealand's All Blacks that has been contested since the 1930s. The frequency that the competition is held has varied, as has the number of matches played in each tournament, but it currently consists of an annual two-match series, with the matches counting towards The Rugby Championship. New Zealand has had the most success, winning the trophy in 2025 for the 53rd time and 22nd in succession (excluding the disputed inaugural competition in 1931), while Australia has won the trophy 12 times.
Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) is an exophytic (outward growing), (microscopically) nipple-shaped (or papillary) pre-malignant growth of the lining of the upper genitourinary tract (the urothelium), which includes the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder and part of the urethra.

PUNLMP is pronounced pun-lump, like the words pun and lump.

As their name suggests, PUNLMPs are neoplasms, i.e. clonal cellular proliferations, that are thought to have a low probability of developing into urothelial cancer, i.e. a malignancy such as bladder cancer.

Urethra
The urethra (pl.: urethras or urethrae) is the tube that transports urine from the bladder to the urethral meatus of the penis or vulva in placental mammals, and in males also transports semen during ejaculation.

The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. The internal sphincter, formed by the involuntary smooth muscles lining the bladder neck and urethra, is innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and is found both in males and females.
Wingmen (novel)
Wingmen is a war novel by American author Ensan Case. It was originally published on November 28, 1979, by Avon Books. The novel follows the lives and the relationship development between Ensign Fred Trusteau and Lieutenant commander Jack Hardigan, two United States Navy fighter pilots who are part of the fictional fighter squadron VF-20, during World War II.

After its original publishing, Wingmen soon went out of print and fell into obscurity. However, through the years, the novel started gaining a cult following and recognition as one of the first instances of gay protagonism in the genre, which led to its first republication in 2012, by Cheyenne Publishing. It's Case's first and most known of his two published novels.

War novel
A war novel or military fiction is a novel about war. It is a novel in which the primary action takes place on a battlefield, or in a civilian setting (or home front), where the characters are preoccupied with the preparations for, suffering the effects of, or recovering from war.  Many war novels are historical novels.
Mary McKay Scott
Mary McKay Scott (pen name, Yarrow; 1851–1932) was a Canadian temperance reformer and the proprietor, publisher, and editor of a woman's journal. She also wrote travel articles and short stories. She held memberships in several organizations, serving in leadership roles in some of them.

Prohibition in Canada
Prohibition in Canada was a ban on alcoholic beverages that arose in various stages, from local municipal bans in the late 19th century (extending to the present in some cases), to provincial bans in the early 20th century, and national prohibition (a temporary wartime measure) from 1918 to 1920. The relatively large and powerful beer and alcohol manufacturing sector, and the huge working class that purchased their products, failed to convince any of the governments to reverse their stance on prohibition. Most provinces repealed their bans in the 1920s, though alcohol was illegal in Prince Edward Island from 1901 to 1948. By comparison, the Ontario Temperance Act was in effect from 1916 to 1927.

As legislation prohibiting the consumption of alcohol was repealed, it was typically replaced with regulation imposing restrictions on the sale of alcohol to minors, and with excise taxes on alcoholic products.
Colfe's School
Colfe's School, previously Colfe's Grammar School, is a co-educational private day school in Horn Park in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, in southeast London, England, and one of the oldest schools in London. The school is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. The official Visitor to the school is Prince Michael of Kent.

Visitor
A visitor, in English and Welsh law and history, is an overseer of an autonomous ecclesiastical or eleemosynary institution, often a charitable institution set up for the perpetual distribution of the founder's alms and bounty, who can intervene in the internal affairs of that institution. Those with such visitors are mainly chapters, chapels, schools, colleges, universities, and hospitals.
Alexandra Lisney
Alexandra Lisney (née Green; born 2 July 1987) is an Australian rower and cyclist. She won a bronze medal in the Women's Individual Pursuit C4 at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She represented Australian at the 2016 Rio Paralympics.

Montichiari
Montichiari (Brescian: Munticiàr) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on December 27, 1991.
The town is home to the Gabriele D'Annunzio airport (Italian: Aeroporto Gabriele D'Annunzio), the fair center Centro Fiera del Garda and the Bonoris castle (Italian: Castello Bonoris).

Giovanni Treccani, publisher of the eponymous encyclopedia, was born in Montichiari.
Porter v Magill
Porter v Magill [2001] UKHL 67 is a UK administrative law case decided by the House of Lords which arose out of the Homes for votes scandal involving Dame Shirley Porter.

Under English law, the test for establishing bias was set out in Porter v Magill – whether a "fair minded and informed observer", having considered the facts, would conclude that there was a "real possibility" of bias.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
The Boy That Never Was
The Boy That Never Was is an Irish television drama series directed by Hannah Quinn and starring Colin Morgan and Toni O'Rourke. It is based on the novel of the same name by Karen Perry, adapted by Jo Spain. The series was broadcast on RTÉ Television from 1 September 2024.

Screen Ireland
Fís Éireann / Screen Ireland, formerly known as Bord Scannán na hÉireann or the Irish Film Board, is Ireland's state development agency for the Irish film, television and animation industry. It provides funding for the development, production and distribution of feature films, feature documentaries, short films, TV animation series and TV drama series.
Čudinska planina
Čudinska planina (Serbian Cyrillic: Чудинска планина) or Chudinska planina (Bulgarian: Чудинска планина), is a mountain range on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia, near the city of Kyustendil in Bulgaria and the town of Bosilegrad in Serbia. Its highest peak Aramliya/Aramlija has an elevation of 1,496 meters above sea level.

Bosilegrad
Bosilegrad (Serbian Cyrillic: Босилеград; Bulgarian: Босилеград) is a town and municipality located in the Pčinja District of southern Serbia. The municipality comprises an area of 571 km2 (220 sq mi). According to the 2022 census, the town has a population of 2,348, while the municipality has 6,065 inhabitants.

Along with Dimitrovgrad (Tsaribrod), Bosilegrad is an economic and cultural centre of Serbia's ethnic Bulgarian community.
Antonio Obá
Antonio Obá (born 1983) is a contemporary artist from Ceilândia, Brazil. He has participated in individual and collective exhibitions since 2001 with works involving the body, personal experiences, and the revisiting of historical episodes, particularly in relation to Brazilian iconographies and significant events in the struggle for the rights of Black people. His works feature in international collections including the Tate Modern, Pinault Collection, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo.

Ceilândia
Ceilândia (Portuguese pronunciation: [sejˈlɐ̃dʒjɐ]) is an administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. It is bordered by Brazlândia to the north, Taguatinga to the east, and Samambaia and Sol Nascente/Por do Sol to the south. With about 398,374 inhabitants, it is the administrative region of largest population in the Federal District. Ceilândia was created in 1971 by Hélio Prates da Silveira, originally created as the "CEI" (Portuguese: Campanha de Erradicação de Invasões, lit. 'Invasions Eradication Campaign') in 1969, a campaign to combat irregular settlements near Brasília.
Simon Backman
Simon Backman (born June 12, 1984) is a Finnish former ice hockey defenceman.

Backman played in Liiga for TPS and SaiPa. He also played in the Metal Ligaen in Denmark for EfB Ishockey and in the HockeyAllsvenskan in Sweden for IF Björklöven.

HockeyAllsvenskan
HockeyAllsvenskan (previously Allsvenskan and SuperAllsvenskan) is a professional ice hockey league, and the second-highest league in the Swedish ice hockey system, after the SHL. Since the 2009–10 season, the league has consisted of fourteen teams.
Belmont railway line, New South Wales
The Belmont railway line is an abandoned railway line from Adamstown to Belmont in Newcastle, New South Wales. It was a private railway line owned by the New Redhead Estate and Coal Company, and was used for both coal haulage and passenger services. The line closed in December 1991. It has since been converted into the Fernleigh Track, a cycleway rail trail along the route of the former line.

Cycling infrastructure
Cycling infrastructure is all infrastructure cyclists are allowed to use. Bikeways include bike paths, bike lanes, cycle tracks, rail trails and, where permitted, sidewalks. Roads used by motorists are also cycling infrastructure, except where cyclists are barred such as many freeways/motorways. It includes amenities such as bike racks for parking, shelters, service centers and specialized traffic signs and signals. The more cycling infrastructure there is, the more people travel by bicycle.

Good road design, road maintenance and traffic management can make cycling safer and more useful. Settlements with a dense network of interconnected streets tend to be places for getting around by bike. Their cycling networks can give people direct, fast, easy and convenient routes.
Erigeron flagellaris
Erigeron flagellaris is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common names trailing fleabane.

Erigeron flagellaris is widespread across much of western North America. It has been found in western Canada (Alberta + British Columbia), the western United States (primarily the Rocky Mountains and Intermountain regions) and northern Mexico (from Chihuahua east to Tamaulipas and south to Durango).

Erigeron flagellaris is a small perennial herb rarely more than 15 centimeters (8 inches) in height. Most of the leaves are clustered around the base of the stems. The plant reproduces by means of stolons, which are horizontal stems running along the surface of the ground, forming new roots and shoots at frequent intervals. Thus the plant can form extensive mats of clones. Each stem usually produces only 1 flower head per stem, though occasionally 2 or 3. Each head contains as many as 125 white ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets.

Durango
Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the states which make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650, the 8th lowest of Mexico's states, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
Leo Lake (Manitoba)
Leo Lake is a small glacial lake approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northeast of Bakers Narrows which drains into Thompson Lake. It is part of the Nelson River watershed, in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada.

Hudson Bay drainage basin
The Hudson Bay drainage basin is the drainage basin in northern North America where surface water empties into the Hudson Bay and adjoining waters. Spanning an area of about 3,861,400 square kilometres (1,490,900 sq mi) and with a mean discharge of about 30,900 m3/s (1,090,000 cu ft/s), the basin is almost entirely within Canada. It encompasses parts of the Canadian Prairies, Central Canada, and Northern Canada. A small area of the basin is in the northern part of the Midwestern United States.

The Hudson Bay drainage basin coincides almost completely with the former territory of Rupert's Land, claimed by the Hudson's Bay Company in the 17th century. It was an ideal area for the early North American fur trade.
Alani (given name)
Alani is a name with multiple, unrelated origins from different cultures. It is a Hawaiian name meaning orange. It might be considered a modern English variant of the names Alan or Alanna. The popularity of the name coincides with the popularity of other names of Hawaiian origin such as Leilani or modern, created names using the fashionable suffix -lani, which means sky or heaven in Hawaiian. Alani or Àlàní is also a Yoruba masculine name in use in Nigeria. One source gives its meaning as peaceful. One source states it means “one we survived to have.”

Alanna
Alana, Alanna, Alannah, or other variants, is a female given name. It is latinized feminine form of Alan and its usage is relatively modern.  The Alannah spelling was possibly influenced by biblical spelling of the Hebrew names such as Hannah and Susannah, or influenced by the Anglo-Irish term of endearment alannah, from the Gaelic a leanbh "O child".
Anna Rose
Anna Rose (born 14 April 1983) is an Australian author, activist and environmentalist. She co-founded the Australian Youth Climate Coalition (AYCC) in late 2006 with Amanda McKenzie. In 2012 she co-starred in an ABC documentary, I Can Change Your Mind on Climate Change and released her first full-length book, Madlands: A Journey to Change the Mind of a Climate Sceptic. Rose is the founder and CEO of Environment Leadership Australia, a not-for-profit, non-partisan organisation championing community and political leadership on climate change. She sits on the Board of Directors of Farmers for Climate Action, is a Governor of WWF-Australia, an advisory board member for Australian Geographic Society, and a former Myer Foundation Innovation Fellow.

Australian Geographic
Australian Geographic is a media business that produces the Australian Geographic and Australian Geographic Adventure magazine, australiangeographic.com.au and operates, either itself or business partners, Australian Geographic stores, Australian Geographic Travel and various other businesses.

Australian Geographic magazine, originally titled Dick Smith's Australian Geographic, is a bi-monthly geographical journal created by Dick Smith in 1986. The magazine focuses mainly on stories about Australia, or about Australian people in other countries. The six editions published each year are available by subscription and on newsstands. They include posters or sheet maps in each edition, as well as photographs and detailed technical illustrations.

The entire Australian Geographic magazine archive is available on its website to subscribers.

The profits earned by Australian Geographic Holdings are contributed to the Australian Geographic Society which is a registered Australian Charity.
DW Gibson
David-William Gibson is an American journalist, author, radio host, and cultural critic. He shared a 2016 National Magazine Award for his work on “This Is the Story of One Block in Bed-Stuy, Brooklyn” for New York magazine.

Gibson has published two oral histories: Not Working: People Talk About Losing a Job and Finding Their Way in Today’s Changing Economy and The Edge Becomes the Center: An Oral History of Gentrification in the 21st Century, which won the inaugural Brooklyn Eagle Literary Prize awarded by the Brooklyn Public Library and a 2016 Independent Publisher Book Awards Gold Medal. He has written for Harper’s, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Nation, and The Village Voice. He has contributed on-air to NPR’s All Things Considered and Midday on WNYC

Independent Publisher Book Awards
The Independent Publisher Book Awards, also styled as the IPPY Awards, are a set of annual literary awards for independently published books. They are the longest-running unaffiliated contest open exclusively to independent presses. The IPPY Awards are open to authors and publishers worldwide who produce books written in English and intended for the North American market. According to the IPPY website, the awards 'reward those who exhibit the courage, innovation, and creativity to bring about change in the world of publishing.'
Friedrichshafen Stadt station
Friedrichshafen Stadt (city) station is the largest railway station of the city of Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance (Bodensee) and a railway junction in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It has five tracks and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station. Each day it is used by about 160 trains operated by Deutsche Bahn and the Bodensee-Oberschwaben-Bahn (BOB). Ulm–Friedrichshafen railway from Ulm ends at the station, where it meets the Stahringen–Friedrichshafen railway and the Friedrichshafen–Lindau railway. Another major railway station in the city, Friedrichshafen Hafen station (Friedrichshafen port station), which is operated as part of Friedrichshafen Stadt station, was used until 1976 for loading and unloading carriages on the Lake Constance train ferry to Romanshorn in Switzerland.

Ulm–Friedrichshafen railway
The Ulm–Friedrichshafen railway, also known as the Württembergische Südbahn (Württemberg Southern Railway), is an electrified main line in the state of Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany. It was built from 1846 to 1850 and doubled from 1905 to 1913. During that time many of the station buildings were rebuilt. Its kilometre numbering (chainage) begins as the Fils Valley Railway in Stuttgart Hbf. The line was upgraded and electrified from the spring of 2018. Electric operations commenced in December 2021.

The line begins in Ulm and runs via Biberach an der Riß, Aulendorf and Ravensburg to Friedrichshafen. Some trains continue on the single-tracked line of the Friedrichshafen–Lindau railway to Lindau.