hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mahmud bin Küchük
Maḥmūd bin Muḥammad bin Tīmūr Khān (Turki and Persian: محمود بن محمد بن تیمور خان), also known as Mahmud Astrakhani (Tatar: Ästerxannıñ Mäxmüd) was one of Küchük Muhammad's sons and a Khan who founded the Khanate of Astrakhan in the 1460s.

Chagatai language
Chagatai (چغتای, Čaġatāy), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (Čaġatāy türkīsi), is a Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia. It remained the shared literary language in the region until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including western or Russian Turkestan (i.e. parts of modern-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Eastern Turkestan (where a dialect, known as Kaşğar tılı, developed), Crimea, the Volga region (such as Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), etc. Chagatai is the direct ancestor of the Uzbek and Uyghur languages. Kazakh and Turkmen, which are not within the Karluk branch but are in the Kipchak and Oghuz branches of the Turkic languages respectively, were nonetheless heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries.

Ali-Shir Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature.
Google Squared
Google Squared was an information extraction and relationship extraction product from Google. It was announced on May 12, 2009 in response to the launch of Wolfram Alpha and was launched on Google Labs on June 3, 2009. As part of the phasing out of Google Labs, Google Squared was shut down on September 5, 2011.

Squared was developed at Google's New York office. It was the first significant effort by Google to understand information on the web and present it in new ways.

Google Squared extracted structured data from across the web and presented its results in spreadsheet-like format. Each search query returned a table of search results which has its own set of columns - common attributes that are associated with the topic of a search. Nathania Johnson of Search Engine Watch described Squared as "quite possibly ... one of Google's significant achievements".

Search Engine Watch
Search Engine Watch (SEW) is a digital marketing website that provides news and analysis on search engines, search engine marketing, and search industry trends.

Search Engine Watch was started by Danny Sullivan in 1996. In 1997, Sullivan sold it for an undisclosed amount to Mecklermedia (now WebMediaBrands). In 2005, the website and related Search Engine Strategies conference series were sold to Incisive Media for $43 million. On November 30, 2006, Danny Sullivan left Search Engine Watch, after his resignation announcement on August 29, 2006. Rebecca Lieb was named editor-in-chief the following month.

In 2015, Incisive Media sold SES, Search Engine Watch, and ClickZ to Blenheim Chalcot.

Google's Matt Cutts has called Search Engine Watch "a must-read." Yahoo's Tim Mayer has said that it is the "most authoritative source on search."
Omega Men
The Omega Men are a fictional team of extraterrestrial superheroes who have appeared in various comic book series published by DC Comics. They first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #141 (June 1981), and were created by Marv Wolfman and Joe Staton.

Kyle Rayner
Kyle Rayner (/ˈreɪnər/), one of the characters known as Green Lantern, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is depicted as being associated with the Green Lantern Corps, an extraterrestrial police force of which he has been a member.

Rayner has been adapted into various media outside comics, including animated series and video games. He has been voiced by Michael P. Greco, Will Friedle, Josh Keaton, and John Rubinow.
1876 West Aberdeenshire by-election
The 1876 West Aberdeenshire by-election was fought on 10 May 1876.  The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, William McCombie.  It was won by the Liberal candidate Lord Douglas Gordon.

Lord Douglas Gordon
Lord Douglas William Cope Gordon (11 October 1851 – 4 August 1888), was a Scottish Liberal Party politician.

Gordon was the fourth son of Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly, and his second wife Maria Antoinetta (née Pegus). Charles Gordon, 11th Marquess of Huntly, was his elder brother. He entered Parliament for West Aberdeenshire in 1876, a seat he held until 1880, and then represented Huntingdonshire from 1880 to 1885.

Gordon died unmarried in August 1888, aged 36.
Brent Leggs
Demond "Brent" Leggs (born 22 November 1972) is an African-American architectural historian and preservationist from Paducah, Kentucky. Among his roles at the National Trust for Historic Preservation he has been the founding executive director of the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund, which has raised over $150 million since 2017 for the preservation of historic Black places across the country.

He has played a role in reframing the idea of historic preservation, expanding its scope and its approach, including ways of using preservation activities to encourage and develop community resilience and sustainability. Leggs' work is guided, he says, by the idea that preservation is "about economic development" and "the empowerment of people as much as it's about the history."

Paducah, Kentucky
Paducah (/pəˈduːkə/ ⓘ pə-DOO-kə) is a home rule-class city in the Upland South, and the county seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. The most populous city in the Jackson Purchase region, it is located in the Southeastern United States at the confluence of the Tennessee and the Ohio rivers, halfway between St. Louis, Missouri, to the northwest and Nashville, Tennessee, to the southeast. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,137, up from 25,024 in 2010. Twenty blocks of the city's downtown have been designated as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Paducah is the principal city of the Paducah metropolitan area, which includes McCracken, Ballard, Carlisle and Livingston counties in Kentucky and Massac County in Illinois.  The total population of the metro area was 103,481 in 2020.  The Paducah–Mayfield combined statistical area had a total population of 140,138.
Treason Act 1766
The Treason Act 1766 (6 Geo. 3. c. 53) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The long title was "An Act for altering the Oath of Abjuration and the Assurance; and for amending so much of an Act of the Seventh Year of her late Majesty Queen Anne, intituled, An Act for the Improvement of the Union of the two Kingdoms, as, after the Time therein limited, requires the Delivery of certain Lists and Copies therein mentioned to Persons indicted of High Treason, or Misprision of Treason."

Sections 1 and 2 of the act were concerned with the oath of abjuration. Section 3 of the act disapplied certain procedural requirements in cases of high treason consisting of counterfeiting the king's coin; namely the requirement in section 11 of the Treason Act 1708 (7 Ann. c. 21) that the accused be given a list of the witnesses and the jurors. (This requirement had only come into force in 1766, on the death of James Francis Edward Stuart, the Jacobite pretender to the throne.)

Counterfeit
A counterfeit is a fake or unauthorized replica of a genuine product, such as money, documents, designer items, or other valuable goods. Counterfeiting generally involves creating an imitation of a genuine item that closely resembles the original to deceive others into believing it is authentic.

Counterfeit products are often made to take advantage of the higher value of the original product, typically using lower-quality materials or production methods. Counterfeit food, drinks, medicines, and personal care products can contain harmful or inactive ingredients, causing anything from mild issues to serious, life-threatening ones. Counterfeit footwear, clothing, and accessories have been found to contain high levels of lead, arsenic, and phthalates.
Substance 3D Modeler
Substance 3D Modeler is 3D modeling software developed by Adobe Inc. It is part of the Substance 3D suite of tools designed for 3D digital content creation, specifically focusing on editing and sculpting 3D models.

GlTF
glTF (Graphics Library Transmission Format or GL Transmission Format and formerly known as WebGL Transmissions Format or WebGL TF) is a standard file format for three-dimensional scenes and models. A glTF file uses one of two possible file extensions: .gltf (JSON/ASCII) or .glb (binary). Both .gltf and .glb files may reference external binary and texture resources. Alternatively, both formats may be self-contained by directly embedding binary data buffers (as base64-encoded strings in .gltf files or as raw byte arrays in .glb files). An open standard developed and maintained by the Khronos Group, it supports 3D model geometry, appearance, scene graph hierarchy, and animation. It is intended to be a streamlined, interoperable format for the delivery of 3D assets, while minimizing file size and runtime processing by apps. As such, its creators have described it as the "JPEG of 3D."
Sean McMeekin
Sean McMeekin (born May 10, 1974) is an American historian. His work focuses on European history of the early 20th century, and his main research interests include modern German history, Russian history, communism, and the origins of the First and Second World Wars and the roles of the Russian and Ottoman empires.

He has written eight books, along with scholarly articles which have appeared in journals such as Contemporary European History, Common Knowledge, Current History, Historically Speaking, The World Today, and Communisme. He is currently Francis Flournoy Professor of European History and Culture at Bard College.

Communisme
Communisme is a French multidisciplinary academic journal in the field of communist studies, focusing in particular on the history of communism, founded in 1982 by Annie Kriegel and Stéphane Courtois. The starting objective of the journal has been to scientifically analyze the history of communism.
Too Much Finance
"Too Much Finance?" is a scholarly paper by Jean-Louis Arcand, Enrico Berkes, and Ugo Panizza. The paper was originally described in a 2011  VoxEU column, in 2012 it was issued as IMF working paper, and in 2015 was published by the Journal of Economic Growth.

Journal of Economic Growth
The Journal of Economic Growth is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in economic growth and dynamic macroeconomics. It was established in 1996 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The journal deals with both theories and their empirics, and examines the entire array of subject areas in economic growth, including neoclassical and endogenous growth models, growth and income distribution, human capital, fertility, trade, development, migration, money, the political economy, endogenous technological change, overlapping-generations models, and economic fluctuations.

The Journal of Economic Growth is ranked #4 among all journals in the RePEc ranking. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it had a 2009 impact factor of 3.083, ranking it 11th out of 209 journals in the category "Economics". The editor in chief is Oded Galor (Brown University and Hebrew University).
Bryce J. Stevens
Bryce John Stevens (born 1957) is a horror writer, illustrator and editor. Born in Christchurch, New Zealand, he grew up in Hamilton, New Zealand, Marlborough District and Pelorus Sound attending primarily Maori/Pacific Islands schools. From childhood he was fascinated with the supernatural and terrifying consequences of events from stories such as "The Tinderbox", a predilection which continued through his high school years and beyond. After living in Auckland for some time, he moved to Sydney in the mid-1980s. In the early 2000s, Stevens discovered he was of Maori heritage.

The Tinderbox
"The Tinderbox" (Danish: Fyrtøjet) is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a soldier who acquires a magic tinderbox capable of summoning three powerful dogs to do his bidding. When the soldier has one of the dogs transport a sleeping princess to his room, he is sentenced to death but cunningly summons the dogs to save his life.

In the Aarne-Thompson tale index, "The Tinderbox" is type 562: The Spirit in the Blue Light. Other tales of this type include The Three Dogs and The Blue Light.
Independent Police Investigative Directorate
The Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID), formerly the Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD), is a department of the South African government responsible for investigating complaints against the South African Police Service and municipal police services.

The IPID was created in April 1997 as part of the post-apartheid reform of the South African Police. It investigates deaths in custody, crimes allegedly committed by police officers, violations of SAPS policy, and dissatisfaction with the service provided by the police.

Death in custody
A death in custody is a death of a person in the custody of the police or other authorities or while in prison. In the 21st century, death in custody remains a controversial subject, with the authorities often being accused of abuse, neglect and cover-ups of the causes of these deaths.
Keba Jeremiah
Keba Jeremiah Arul (born 18 October 1986) is an Indian guitarist and music producer. He works on musical soundtracks for Bollywood, Tollywood (Telugu), and Kollywood music industries, including gospel music.

Naresh Iyer
Naresh Iyer (born 3 January 1981) is an Indian playback singer. Born in Mumbai, Iyer is fluent in Tamil, Hindi and Marathi. Although his actual hometown was rumoured to be in Vadalur, Neyveli. Naresh Iyer has rendered  2000 film songs in several Indian languages and has several chart hits to his credit. His rendition of "Roobaroo" from the movie Rang De Basanti composed by A. R. Rahman topped the music charts for many weeks in 2006 and won him the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer. He won the Filmfare award in the R.D. Burman Musical Talent category.
North Carolina General Assembly of 2017–18
The North Carolina General Assembly 2017–18 was the 153rd State legislature that first convened on January 11, 2017. Members of the North Carolina Senate and the North Carolina House of Representatives were elected on November 7, 2016. This legislature was in session from January 11, 2017, through June 30, 2017. Additional sessions were held on August 3, August 18–25, August 28–31, and October 4–17 in 2017. The 2018 session was held from January 10, 2018, through July 4, 2018.

North Carolina House of Representatives
The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House, who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the North Carolina Senate. Representatives serve two-year terms.

The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that qualified voters that are 21 are eligible for candidacy except if otherwise disqualified by the constitution, and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although the latter provision is no longer enforced.

Prior to the Constitution of 1868, the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the North Carolina House of Commons.
Glenn Michael Souther
Glenn Michael Souther (January 30, 1957 – June 22, 1989), also known as Mikhail Yevgenyevich Orlov, was an American sailor who became a Soviet intelligence officer after defecting to the Eastern Bloc in 1986.

Souther had spied for the Soviet Union in the U.S. Navy from 1980 and transmitted important classified information to the Soviet secret services. Souther defected to the Soviet Union in 1986 after being investigated for espionage, gave up his U.S. citizenship, and was granted Soviet citizenship from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Souther settled in Moscow, promoted to the rank of major in the KGB, and later awarded the Order of Friendship. Souther committed suicide three years after his defection, at age 32.

Order of Friendship
The Order of Friendship (Russian: Орден Дружбы, Orden Druzhby) is a state decoration of the Russian Federation established by Boris Yeltsin by presidential decree 442 of 2 March 1994 to reward Russian and foreign nationals whose work, deeds and efforts have been aimed at the betterment of relations with the Russian Federation and its people. The design of order was created by Alexander Zhuk. Its statute was later amended by presidential decree 19 of 6 January 1999, presidential decree 1999 of 7 September 2010, presidential decree 1631 of 16 December 2011, and presidential decree 308 of 16 March 2012. The Order of Friendship is the direct successor of the Soviet Order of Friendship of Peoples and like the latter, its insignia was similarly designed by Alexander Zhuk.
Kamala Bahuguna
Kamala Bahuguna (30 December 1923 – 7 November 2001) was an Indian politician. She was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India, from Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh as member of the Janata Party in 1977.

She was the second wife of Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna and lived with him in Allahabad and was the mother of their 3 children:

Their first son Vijay Bahuguna was the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand. He was a former judge of Allahabad High Court and Bombay High Court. Currently he is a member of Bharatiya Janata Party

Second son Shekhar Bahuguna.

Daughter Rita Bahuguna Joshi is also in politics and was UP Congress Chief. She was also Mayor of Allahabad. Currently she is member of Bharatiya Janata Party and former minister in Yogi cabinet.

Chief Minister of Uttarakhand
The chief minister of Uttarakhand is the Head of the government of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. In accordance with the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the legislative assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.Chief Minister also serves as Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.

Ten people have served as the state's chief minister since its formation on 9 November 2000. Seven of them, including the inaugural officeholder Nityanand Swami and the incumbent Pushkar Singh Dhami represented the (BJP) while the rest represented the Indian National Congress.
Stephanie Hicks
Stephanie Carinne Hicks is an American biostatistician and data scientist whose research involves the development of open-source software for genomics, epigenomics, and spatial transcriptomics, and applications involving single-cell sequencing. She is an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University in the Department of Biostatistics in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and with the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the Whiting School of Engineering.

Single-cell sequencing
Single-cell sequencing examines the nucleic acid sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing technologies, providing a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment. For example, in cancer, sequencing the DNA of individual cells can give information about mutations carried by small populations of cells. In development, sequencing the RNAs expressed by individual cells can give insight into the existence and behavior of different cell types. In microbial systems, a population of the same species can appear genetically clonal. Still, single-cell sequencing of RNA or epigenetic modifications can reveal cell-to-cell variability that may help populations rapidly adapt to survive in changing environments.
Robert J. Jones
Robert James Jones (born 1951) is an American crop physiologist, currently serving as the 34th president of the University of Washington since August 2025.

He served as the 10th chancellor of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign from September 2016 to June 2025 and as the 19th president of the State University of New York at Albany from January 2013 to September 2016.

University at Albany, SUNY
The State University of New York at Albany (also known as University at Albany, UAlbany, or SUNY Albany) is a public research university in Albany, New York, United States. Founded in 1844, it is one of four "university centers" of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. In 2024, the university enrolled 17,567 students in nine schools and colleges, which offer over 50 undergraduate majors and over 150 graduate degree programs. Portions of the campus extend into Guilderland, and the health sciences campus is located in neighboring Rensselaer, New York. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production". The research enterprise totaled expenditures of $115 million in fiscal year 2021 and was focused in four areas: social science, public law and policy, life sciences and atmospheric sciences. UAlbany is home to the New York State Writers Institute.
George Gomori (writer)
George Gomori (Hungarian: Gömöri György; born 3 April 1934) is a Hungarian-born poet, writer and academic. He has lived in England since 1956, after fleeing Budapest after the Hungarian Revolution, in which he played a pivotal role. He writes poems in Hungarian, many of which have been translated into English and Polish, and other writings across all three languages. He is a regular contributor to British newspaper The Guardian and to The Times Literary Supplement.

World Literature Today
World Literature Today (WLT) is an American magazine of international literature and culture, published at the University of Oklahoma. The magazine's stated goal is to publish international essays, poetry, fiction, interviews, and book reviews for a non-academic audience.  It was founded under the name Books Abroad in 1927 by Roy Temple House, a professor at the University of Oklahoma. In January 1977, the journal assumed its present name, World Literature Today.
Jamie Gonoud
Jamie Gonoud (born 1992/1993) is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Tyrrellspass and at senior level for the Westmeath county team. He plays as a corner-back.

He made his first championship appearance with Westmeath in 2013 but really nailed down a place in the Westmeath team when Westmeath reached the final of 2016 Leinster Senior Football Championship. He received a black card against Laois in the 2021 Leinster Senior Football Championship. Kildare defeated Westmeath in the 2022 Leinster Senior Football Championship but Gonoud scored a goal and was named on the team of the week, the only Westmeath player included.

Gonoud was part of the Westmeath side that won the 2022 Tailteann Cup, playing in the final.

At college level, he was captain of Maynooth in the Sigerson Cup.

Laois county football team
The Laois county football team (/liːʃ/ LEESH) represents Laois in men's Gaelic football and is governed by Laois GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions; the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the Leinster Senior Football Championship and the National Football League.

Laois's home ground is O'Moore Park, Portlaoise. The team's manager is Justin McNulty.

The team last won the Leinster Senior Championship in 2003 and the National League in 1986. Laois has never won the All-Ireland Senior Championship.