hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Latent internal energy
The latent internal energy of a system is the internal energy a system requires to undergo a phase transition. Its value is specific to the substance or mix of substances in question. The value can also vary with temperature and pressure. Generally speaking the value is different for the type of phase change being accomplished. Examples can include Latent internal energy of vaporization (liquid to vapor), Latent internal energy of crystallization (liquid to solid) Latent internal energy of sublimation (solid to vapor). These values are usually expressed in units of energy per mole or per mass such as J/mol or BTU/lb. Often a negative sign will be used to represent energy being withdrawn from the system, while a positive value represents energy being added to the system.

For every type of latent internal energy there is an opposite. For example, the latent internal energy of Freezing (liquid to solid) is equal to the negative of the Latent internal energy of melting (solid to liquid)

British thermal unit
The British thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of heat, which is a form of energy. It was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is also part of the United States customary units. The SI unit for energy is the joule (J); one Btu equals about 1,055 J (varying within the range of 1,054–1,060 J depending on the specific definition of Btu; see below).

While units of heat are often supplanted by energy units in scientific work, they are still used in some fields. For example, in the United States the price of natural gas is quoted in dollars per the amount of natural gas that would give 1 million Btu (1 "MMBtu") of heat energy if burned.
Alcimedon
Alcimedon (/alkĭ'mĭdon/; Ancient Greek: Ἀλκιμέδων) can refer to a number of people in Greek mythology and history:

Alcimedon, one of the Tyrrhenian sailors, who wanted to carry off the infant Dionysus from Naxos, but was metamorphosed, with his companions, into a dolphin.

Alcimedon, an Arcadian hero, from whom the Arcadian plain Alcimedon derived its name. He lived in a place near Mount Ostracina and had a daughter named Phialo, by whom Heracles had a son, Aechmagoras. Alcimedon exposed the latter but Heracles saved him.

Alcimedon, a son of Laerceus, and one of the commanders of the Myrmidons under Patroclus.

Alcimedon, a craftsman, mentioned or imagined by the Latin poet Virgil in his Eclogue 3, who had made two pairs of cups, one pair decorated with pictures of Conon of Samos and another astronomer, and the other pair with a picture of Orpheus.

Naxos (city)
Naxos (Greek: Νάξος), commonly referred to as Chora (Greek: Χώρα, meaning 'town'), is a city and a former municipality on the island of Naxos, in the Cyclades, Greece. The community has 8,897 inhabitants (2021 census). It is located on the west side of Naxos Island in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was an important centre of bronze age Cycladic culture and an important city in the ancient Greek Archaic Period. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Naxos and Lesser Cyclades, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.
Sweaty Betty
Sweaty Betty is a British retailer specialising in women's activewear, founded by Tamara and Simon Hill-Norton. It has over 50 boutiques in the United Kingdom, six boutiques in the United States and concessions in department stores Harrods and Bloomingdale's. In August 2021, Sweaty Betty was bought by American apparel manufacturer Wolverine Worldwide.

Bloomingdale's
Bloomingdale's Inc. is an upmarket American department store chain founded in 1861 by Joseph Bloomingdale and Lyman Bloomingdale. It was acquired by Federated Department Stores in 1930.  Federated purchased Macy's department store chain in 1994 and was renamed Macy's, Inc. in 2007.

As of 2024, Bloomingdale's had a total of 32 directly-owned department stores, 21 outlet stores and 4 Bloomie's by Bloomingdale's concept stores. Nordstrom is its primary competitor.  Internationally, Bloomingdale's has 3 franchised stores in Dubai and Kuwait.

Comparable sales rose 9% in the third quarter of 2025 — the strongest gain in 13 quarters. In 2025 and 2026, the company added  brands including Chloé, Burberry, Casablanca, Bottega Veneta, Jacquemus, Khaite, Roger Vivier, Skims, and Zimmermann. Its headquarters and flagship store are located at 59th Street and Lexington Avenue in  Manhattan, New York City. Its CEO is Olivier Bron.
1982 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 5
Group 5 consisted of five of the 34 teams entered into the European zone: Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, and Yugoslavia. These five teams competed on a home-and-away basis for two of the 14 spots in the final tournament allocated to the European zone, with the group's winner and runner-up claiming those spots.

Yugoslavia national football team
The Yugoslavia national football team represented Yugoslavia in international association football.

Although the team mainly represented the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the post-war SFR Yugoslavia, various iterations of the state were formally constituted in football, including the:

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1945)

Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1945)

Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)

It enjoyed success in international competition, reaching the semi-finals at the 1930 and 1962 FIFA World Cups. In 1992, during the Yugoslav wars, the team was suspended from international competition as part of the United Nations sanctions on Yugoslavia.
Keeler Township, Michigan
Keeler Township is a civil township in Van Buren County, Michigan, USA. At the 2020 census, the population was 1,968.

Keeler Township is largely agricultural, though it has a large influx of summer visitors who own cottages or stay at summer resorts in the Sister Lakes area in the township's southwest corner. The Sister Lakes area, though unincorporated, has the largest collection of retail establishments in the township. (The area extends into adjacent Silver Creek Township in Cass County.)

Township offices are in Keeler, which also has some stores.

Cass County, Michigan
Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 51,589. Its county seat is Cassopolis. Cass County is included in the South Bend-Mishawaka metropolitan area which has a total population of 316,663 and is considered part of the Michiana region.
Bohachi Bushido: Code of the Forgotten Eight
Bohachi Bushido: Code of the Forgotten Eight (ポルノ時代劇 忘八武士道, Poruno jidaigeki: Bōhachi bushidō) is a 1973 Japanese ero guro jidaigeki film directed by Teruo Ishii. and distributed by Toei. The film was adapted from the manga Bōhachi bushidō.

Teruo Ishii
Teruo Ishii (石井輝男, Ishii Teruo; January 1, 1924 – August 12, 2005) was a Japanese film director best known in the West for his early films in the Super Giant series, and for his films in the ero guro ("erotic-grotesque") subgenre of sexploitation such as Shogun's Joy of Torture (1968). He also directed the 1965 film Abashiri Prison, which helped to make Ken Takakura a major star in Japan. Referred to in Japan as "The King of Cult", Ishii had a much more prolific and eclectic career than was generally known in the West during his lifetime.
Phyllomedusa iheringii
Phyllomedusa iheringii is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is found in southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay. The specific name iheringii honors Hermann von Ihering, a German-Brazilian zoologist. However, common name southern walking leaf frog has been proposed for it.

Phyllomedusa iheringii occurs in shrubland at elevations less than 500 m (1,600 ft). It is arboreal. The eggs are laid on vegetation above standing water where the tadpoles develop. Phyllomedusa iheringii is common in parts of its range. It might be threatened by pet trade and habitat loss through conversion of native habitat to pastures. It might be present in the Lagoa do Peixe National Park (Brazil).

Lagoa do Peixe National Park
Lagoa do Peixe National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe) is a national park in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
It was created in 1986 to protect a wintering zone for migratory birds along the Lagoa dos Patos, the estuary of the Guaiba river or Guaíba Lake about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Porto Alegre.
Ted Byfield
Edward Bartlett Byfield (10 July 1928 – 23 December 2021) was a Canadian conservative teacher, journalist, historian, and publisher. He co-founded Saint John's Cathedral Boys' School and Saint John's School of Alberta, started the Alberta Report, BC Report and Western Report newsmagazines, and published two 12-volume history book series, Alberta In the 20th Century and The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years.

Winnipeg Free Press
The Free Press (or FP; founded as the Manitoba Free Press; previously known as the Winnipeg Free Press) is a daily (excluding Sunday) broadsheet newspaper in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It provides coverage of local, provincial, national, and international news, as well as current events in sports, business, and entertainment and various consumer-oriented features, such as homes and automobiles appear on a weekly basis.

The WFP was founded in 1872, only two years after Manitoba became part of Canada, in 1870. The WFP's founding predated Winnipeg's own incorporation, in 1873. The Winnipeg Free Press has since become the oldest newspaper in Western Canada that is still active.
Spring Night
Spring Night (Nynorsk: Vårnatt) is a 1954 novel by the Norwegian writer Tarjei Vesaas. It tells the story of two siblings who for the first time spend a night without their parents, and are visited by strangers who ask for room for the night. An English translation by Kenneth G. Chapman was published in 1964, in a shared volume with Vesaas' novel The Seed.

Spring Night was the basis for a 1976 film with the same title, directed by Erik Solbakken.

Nynorsk
Nynorsk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈnŷːnɔʂk] ⓘ; lit. 'Modern Norwegian'  or 'New Norwegian')  is one of the two official written standards of the Norwegian language, the other being Bokmål. From 12 May 1885, it became the state-sanctioned version of Ivar Aasen's standard Norwegian language (Landsmål), parallel to the Dano-Norwegian written standard known as Riksmål. The name Nynorsk was introduced in 1929. After a series of reforms, it is still the written standard closer to Landsmål, whereas Bokmål is closer to Riksmål and Danish.

Between 10 and 15 percent of Norwegians (primarily in the west around the city of Bergen) have Nynorsk as their official language form, estimated by the number of students attending secondary schools. Nynorsk is also taught as a mandatory subject in both high school and middle school for all Norwegians who do not have it as their own language form.
NASAA
NASAA can mean:

National Association for Sustainable Agriculture Australia

National Assembly of State Arts Agencies

National Association of State Approving Agencies

North American Securities Administrators Association

National Association of State Approving Agencies
National Association of State Approving Agencies (NASAA) is a member association that facilitates the efforts of its member State Approving Agencies (SAAs) in the United States of America, to promote and safeguard quality education and training programs for veterans, ensuring greater education and training opportunities for veterans, and protecting the integrity of the GI Bill.
Colin Cadman
Dr Colin Houghton Cadman FRSE (16 July 1916 – 27 September 1971) was a Scottish botanist who served as Director of the Scottish Horticultural Institute 1956 to 1971. He specialised in plant pathology, with a detailed knowledge relating to raspberries. He was also President of the Association of Applied Mycologists in 1971 and President of the Association of Applied Biologists from 1969 to 1970.

Plant pathology
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.
Rans S-12 Airaile
The Rans S-12 Airaile is a family of related American single-engined, pusher configuration, high-wing monoplanes designed by Randy Schlitter and manufactured by Rans Inc. The aircraft are available in kit form for amateur construction.

Production of the S-12S Airaile, S-14 Airaile, S-17 Stinger and S-18 Stinger II was ended as part of Rans' extensive reorganization of its product line on 1 June 2006. The S-12XL Airaile was originally intended to be cut from the line at the same time, but customer demand convinced the company to retain the model. As of 2015, the model is still available as a special order.

Ultralight aircraft in the United States
Ultralight aircraft in the United States   are not considered to be light-sport aircraft, are not regulated as aircraft, and are exempt from aircraft rules by the FAA. Instead, they are treated as powersport items and have to follow their own ruleset, FAR-103, which is the most compact aviation regulation in existence.

While ultralights in other countries might have airworthiness certificates, an airworthiness certificate is not allowed for an ultralight vehicle in the USA. Any existing airworthiness certificate has to be surrendered to the issueing agency, including foreign agencies, before usage as an ultralight vehicle becomes legal. The FAA emphasizes that airworthiness and compliance with FAR-103 is the responsibility of the user during every flight.

In the United States, ultralights are not registered, nor is the pilot required to have a pilot's certificate.
24 Capricorni
24 Capricorni or A Capricorni is a single star in the southern constellation of Capricornus. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.49. It is approximately 460 light years from the Sun, based on parallax. The star is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +32 km/s.

This is an aging red giant, currently on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M1− III; a star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and expanded to 54 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 611 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,903 K.

Stellar core
A stellar core is the extremely hot, dense region at the center of a star. For an ordinary main sequence star, the core region is the volume where the temperature and pressure conditions allow for energy production through thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. This energy in turn counterbalances the mass of the star pressing inward; a process that self-maintains the conditions in thermal and hydrostatic equilibrium. The minimum temperature required for stellar hydrogen fusion exceeds 107 K (10 MK), while the density at the core of the Sun is over 100 g/cm3. The core is surrounded by the stellar envelope, which transports energy from the core to the stellar atmosphere where it is radiated away into space.
Paul Bishop (police officer)
Paul Bishop is an author and a detective in the Los Angeles Police Department retiring with the rank of Detective III. He is a published novelist and has produced episodic television and feature film scripts. As a nationally recognized interrogator, Paul also co-starred with his professional partner, bestselling author and prosecutor, Mary Hanlon-Stone, as the regular interrogators and driving force behind the ABC reality show Take The Money and Run from producers Bertram Van Munster and Jerry Bruckheimer.

Detective
A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court. A detective may work for the police or privately.
Aleksander Kossakowski
Aleksander Kossakowski (born 15 March 1994) is a Polish Paralympic athlete who competes in middle-distance running at international elite events. He has won three bronze medals at the World Para Athletics Championships and two gold medals at the World Para Athletics European Championships in the 1500 metres.

World Para Athletics European Championships
The World Para Athletics European Championships (European Para Athletics Championships), known prior to 2018 as the IPC Athletics European Championships is an event organized by World Para Athletics, the international athletics federation established under the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) in 2016. Athletes with a physical disability compete, and there is also a specific category for athletes with an intellectual disability. Organised biennially, the original Games ran from 2003 to 2005 as an Open Championship but the event was frozen in 2005, but returned in 2012 in Stadskanaal, Netherlands.

The first IPC Athletics European Championships was held in Assen, Netherlands in 2003 as an Open Championship.
Copythorne Common
Copythorne Common is a  17-hectare (42-acre) nature reserve west of Southampton in Hampshire. It is managed by the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust. It is part of the New Forest, which is a Special Area of Conservation and a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The common has grassland, woods and dry heath. Birds include long-tailed tits and woodlarks, while there are reptiles such as slow worms, adders and common lizards.

Special Area of Conservation
A special area of conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are to protect the 220 habitats and approximately 1,000 species listed in annex I and II of the directive which are considered to be of European interest following criteria given in the directive. They must be chosen from the sites of Community importance by the member states and designated SAC by an act assuring the conservation measures of the natural habitat.

SACs complement special protection areas and together form a network of protected sites across the European Union called Natura 2000.  This, in turn, is part of the Emerald network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCIs) under the Berne Convention.
Hygrophorus speciosus
Hygrophorus speciosus, commonly known as the larch waxy cap, is a species of fungus in the genus Hygrophorus. It has a bright red-orange cap which yellows with age, and a white or yellow stem; both are slimy, but the fruit bodies are less so with age. The gills are whitish to light yellow, and decurrent. Lookalike species include H. hypothejus and H. pyrophilus.

The species can be found inland within the Pacific Northwest, in areas where larch is plentiful.
While edible, the flavor of most Hygrophorus species is considered bland.

Larch
Larches are deciduous conifers in the genus Larix, of the family Pinaceae. Growing to as much as 60 m (195 ft) tall, they are native to the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They grow in lowland forests in the far north, and high in mountains further south. Larches are among the dominant plants in the boreal forests of Siberia and Canada, making them the most abundant genus of trees on earth. Larch wood is tough and relatively durable; it is used in boatbuilding, cladding, decking, garden furniture, fencing, and construction. Products extracted from larch include arabinogalactan, rosin, turpentine, and an essential oil.
Eleanore Sullivan
Anna Eleanore Sullivan, previously  Eleanora Franchi (12 June 1750 in Lucca – 14 September 1833) was an Italian courtesan, mostly known in history for her relationship with Axel von Fersen, the alleged lover of the French queen Marie Antoinette. She participated in the famous Flight to Varennes, the attempt of the French royal family to leave France during the French Revolution, with the assistance of Fersen.

Lucca
Lucca (/ˈluːkə/ LOO-kə, Italian: [ˈlukka] ⓘ) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain.

The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance-era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower, a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century  and the Cathedral of San Martino.

The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.
Universal portfolio algorithm
The universal portfolio algorithm is a portfolio selection algorithm from the field of machine learning and information theory. The algorithm learns adaptively from historical data and maximizes log-optimal growth rate in the long run, per the Kelly criterion. It was introduced by the late Stanford University information theorist Thomas M. Cover.

The algorithm rebalances the portfolio at the beginning of each trading period. At the beginning of the first trading period it starts with a naive diversification. In the following trading periods the portfolio composition depends on the historical total return of all possible constant-rebalanced portfolios.

The universal portfolio algorithm is the predecessor of the various online portfolio selection methodologies.

Thomas M. Cover
Thomas M. Cover (/ˈkoʊvər/; August 7, 1938 – March 26, 2012) was an American information theorist and professor jointly in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University. He devoted almost his entire career to developing the relationship between information theory and statistics.
Inocarpus
Inocarpus is a small genus of flowering plants belonging to the subfamily Faboideae of the legume family, Fabaceae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae.

Faboideae
The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.

Members include the pea, the sweet pea, the laburnum, and other legumes. The pea-shaped flowers are characteristic of the Faboideae subfamily and root nodulation is very common. The papilionaceous species vary enormously in size from the tiny Lupinus uncialis only 2 cm in height to Pterocarpus mildbraedii subsp. usumbarensis at up to 75 m (246 ft) height.