hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sri Lankan independence movement
The Sri Lankan independence movement was a peaceful political movement which was aimed at achieving independence and self-rule for the country of Sri Lanka, then British Ceylon, from the British Empire. The switch of powers was generally known as peaceful transfer of power from the British administration to Ceylon representatives, a phrase that implies considerable continuity with a colonial era that lasted 400 years. It was initiated around the turn of the 20th century and led mostly by the educated middle class. It succeeded when, on 4 February 1948, Ceylon was granted independence as the Dominion of Ceylon. Dominion status within the British Commonwealth was retained for the next 24 years until 22 May 1972 when it became a republic and was renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

Peaceful transition of power
A peaceful transition or transfer of power is a concept important to democratic governments in which the leadership of a government peacefully hands over control of government to a newly elected leadership. This may be after elections or during the transition from a different kind of political regime, such as the post-communist period after the fall of the Soviet Union.

In scholarship examining democratization and emerging democracies, study of the successful transitions of power is used to understand the transition to constitutional democracy and the relative stability of that government. A 2014 study concluded that 68 countries had never had a peaceful transition of power due to an election since 1788.
Yamburg Airport
Yamburg Airport (ICAO: USMQ) is a small airport in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia located 21 kilometres (13 mi) northwest of Yamburg. It services medium-sized airliners and helicopters of all types.  The Yamburg area is located in remote area of northern Siberia in the Vorkuta region and is 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Cape Kameny Cape.

Vorkuta
Vorkuta (Russian: Воркута́; Komi: Вӧркута, romanized: Vörkuta) is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic of Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin, at the river Vorkuta. Population: 56,985 (2021 census); 70,548 (2010 census); 84,917 (2002 census); 115,646 (1989 Soviet census).

Vorkuta is among the top five cities north of the Arctic Circle and the easternmost town in Europe. It has the coldest recorded temperature of any European city, at −52 °C (−61 °F).

Vorkuta's population has dropped steadily since the fall of the Soviet Union, when mines were privatized and many people began moving farther south. Many of the mines have been abandoned, and by September 2020, the city's estimated population was only about 50,000.
University Reform Act (Spain)
The University Reform Act (Spanish: Ley de Reforma Universitaria, abbreviated LRU) was a Spanish law promoted by Socialist Education Minister José María Maravall and the PSOE under Felipe González in 1983. Officially titled Organic Law 11/1983, of August 25, on University Reform, commonly known as the University Reform Law, it was in effect from 1983 until January 13, 2002, when the Organic Law of Universities (Spain) (Ley Orgánica de Universidades, LOU) came into force.

University reform
University reform is a type of education reform applied to higher education.

Examples include:

Bologna Process

Chilean university reform

Reform of French universities
Law on Higher Education and Research (2007)
Liberties and Responsibilities of Universities (2013)

Norwegian university college reform
James Menzies (Wisconsin politician)
James Menzies (September 3, 1830 – March 22, 1913) was a Scottish American farmer and politician.

Born in Newtown of Tullymet, Perthshire, Scotland, Menzies emigrated to the United States in 1841 and settled in the town of Harmony, Rock County, Wisconsin Territory. He lived in Dane County, Wisconsin for seven years before returning to the town of Harmony and was a farmer. He was chairman of the Harmony Town Board and served on the Rock County Board of Supervisors. Menzies also served as the town superintendent of public schools. In 1881, Menzies served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Republican. Menzies died at his home in the town of Harmony as a result of ill health.

Rock County, Wisconsin
Rock County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 163,687. Its county seat is Janesville. Rock County comprises the Janesville–Beloit metropolitan statistical area and is included in the Madison–Janesville–Beloit combined statistical area.
Sardarpara
Sardarpara is a village in Bangladesh. This village is in Mirzapur Union, Atwari Upazila, Panchagarh District. It is about 5 kilometers north-east of the upazila headquarters. Sardarpara is fully surrounded by green leaf trees, vast lands and ponds. In this village a lot of fish found. People live here peacefully and respectfully. Although most of the Villagers are Muslim, there are several religions of people who live in Sardarpara.

Rosheya, majhgau, Maliparaa, Kanaparra, Vatapara, Gorpara, Hindupara. The famous graves of 12 religious person named The Bara Awliyar Majar is another notable place which is about 2 kilometers away from this village. There are three primary school and one high school. A village market name as 'Sardarpara Haat' is also in the heart of this village. Sardarpara Mosque is the oldest historical and tourist place.

Two big ponds named 'Boro Dighi' and 'Ghaat Baandha Pukur' are just nearer to the school fields.

Panchagarh District
Panchagarh District (Bengali: পঞ্চগড় জেলা) is a district of the Rangpur Division in Northern Bangladesh. Panchagarh is the northernmost district of Bangladesh. It lies between 26º00' and 26º38' north latitudes and between 88º19' and 88º49' east longitudes. It was established as a district on 1 February 1984.
Seebach (Regnitz)
Seebach (German pronunciation: [ˈzeːbax]) is a river of Bavaria, Germany.

The Seebach is a left tributary of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, which is connected with the Regnitz. Before the canal was built, it was a direct tributary of the Regnitz.

Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
49°11′30″N 11°15′3″E﻿ / ﻿49.19167°N 11.25083°E﻿ / 49.19167; 11.25083﻿ (Rhine–Main–Danube Canal)

The Rhine–Main–Danube Canal (German: Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanal; also called Main-Danube Canal, RMD Canal or Europa Canal) is a canal in Bavaria, Germany.  Connecting the Main and the Danube rivers across the European Watershed, it runs from Bamberg via Nuremberg to Kelheim. The canal connects the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, providing a navigable artery between the Rhine delta (at Rotterdam in the Netherlands), and the Danube Delta in south-eastern Romania and south-western Ukraine (or Constanța, through the Danube–Black Sea Canal). The present canal was completed in 1992 and is 171 kilometres (106 mi) long.
Hexamilium
Hexamilium was a Roman and Byzantine-era bishopric possibly centered on Lysimachia, on the Gallipoli Peninsula in modern Turkey.

It was located in the Roman province of Europa. and was mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus  and was known in the Late Roman Empire.

No bishops are known. It remains a vacant and titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicized as Ammian (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born c. 330, died c. 391 – 400), was a Greek and Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius). Written in Latin and known as the Res gestae, his work chronicled the history of Rome from the accession of Emperor Nerva in 96 to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Only the sections covering the period 353 to 378 survive.
Jill Burton
Jill Burton (born 1952) is an American improviser, extended vocalist, dancer, performance artist and energy worker. Noted as one of the great foundation improvisors of America, she is also known for incorporating spiritual healing with improvised performance. Active in the American improv scene since the early 1970s, she has lived and worked all over the country, including a ten-year stint in the 1980s as part of the downtown East Village experimental arts community, and six years in Sitka, Alaska, where she worked with Tlingit storytellers providing musical accompaniment for their healing stories. Burton is unusual for a musician in that her work is ephemeral, in-the-moment, and therefore recordings of her work are rare. She has collaborated with many notable experimental musicians and dancers, including LaDonna Smith, Davey Williams, Jane Scarpantoni, Judy Dunaway, David First, Rain Worthington, Gino Robair, Jack Wright, and Scott Walton.

Sitka, Alaska
Sitka (Tlingit: Sheetʼká; Russian: Ситка) is a unified city-borough in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Alaska. It was under Russian rule from 1799 to 1867. The city is situated on the west side of Baranof Island and the south half of Chichagof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean (part of the Alaska Panhandle). As of the 2020 census, Sitka had a population of 8,458, making it the fifth-most populated city in the state.

With a consolidated land area of 2,870.3 square miles (7,434 square kilometers) and total area (including water) of 4,811.4 sq mi (12,461 km2), Sitka is the largest city by total area in the U.S.
1953 Sindh provincial election
Provincial elections were held in Sindh province of Pakistan in 1953. The elections, were first attempt at participatory democracy for the young nation, which received its independence six years earlier. It was neither free nor fair.

The election took place in May after several instances of rescheduling and suffered from the same voting irregularities that other states experienced in the 1951 provincial elections. Just five years later, President Iskander Mirza suspended elections, declared martial law, and seized power for twenty days until General Ayub Khan overthrew him in the 1958 coup d'état, the country's first military coup d'état.

Participatory democracy
Participatory democracy, participant democracy, participative democracy, or semi-direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. Elements of direct and representative democracy are combined in this model.
Mercury Interactive
Mercury Interactive Corporation was an Israeli company acquired by the HP Software Division. Mercury offered software for application management, application delivery, change and configuration management, service-oriented architecture, change request, quality assurance, and IT governance.

BMC Software
BMC Software, Inc. is an American multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting, and enterprise software company. In 2025, the company's Helix product was spun off into the independent IT service and operations-focused company BMC Helix. Both companies are owned by KKR and based in Houston, Texas.
Freedom of religion in Bhutan
The Bhutanese Constitution of 2008 and previous law provide for freedom of religion in Bhutan; however, the government has limited non-Buddhist missionary activity, barring non-Buddhist missionaries from entering the country, limiting construction of non-Buddhist religious buildings, and restricting the celebration of some non-Buddhist religious festivals.

Politics of Bhutan
The politics of Bhutan historically took place under an absolute monarchy, but has since 2008 been characterized as a constitutional monarchy. The King of Bhutan is the head of state. The executive power is exercised by the Lhengye Zhungtshog, or council of ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral Parliament, both the upper house, National Council, and the lower house, National Assembly.

Historically, Bhutan was governed as an absolute monarchy. Democratization occurred with the 2007–2008 Bhutanese National Council election.  A royal edict issued on April 22, 2007 lifted the previous ban on political parties in anticipation of the National Assembly elections in the following year. In 2008, Bhutan adopted its first modern Constitution, codifying the institutions of government and the legal framework for a democratic multi-party system.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Bhutan a "hybrid regime" in 2023.
Samad, Syria
Samad (Arabic: صماد; transliteration: Ṣamād, also spelled Smad) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Daraa Governorate, located east of Daraa and immediately southeast of Bosra. Other nearby localities include al-Qurayya to the northeast, Hout to the east and Dhibin to the southeast. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Samad had a population of 3,098 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslim.

Daraa Governorate
Daraa Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة درعا Muḥāfaẓat Dar‘ā) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the south-west of the country and covers an area of 2594 km2. It is bordered by Jordan to the south, Quneitra Governorate and Golan Heights to the west, Rif Dimashq Governorate to the north and Suwayda Governorate to the east. The capital is the city of Daraa.

The governorate had a population of 843,478 in the 2004 census.
Several clashes have occurred within the governorate throughout the Syrian civil war.
Ruslan and Lyudmila (opera)
Ruslan and Lyudmila (Russian: Руслан и Людмила, romanized: Ruslán i Lyudmíla listenⓘ) is an opera in five acts (eight tableaux) composed by Mikhail Glinka between 1837 and 1842.

The libretto was written in Russian by Valerian Shirkov, with minor contributions by Mykola Markevych, Nestor Kukolnik, and the composer based on the 1820 narrative poem of the same name by Alexander Pushkin. Pushkin had planned to write the libretto himself but died in a duel before he could do so.

Today, the best-known music from the opera is its overture.

Nestor Kukolnik
Nestor Vasilievich Kukolnik (Russian: Не́стор Васи́льевич Ку́кольник; 20 September [O.S. 8 September] 1809 – 20 December [O.S. 8 December] 1868) was a Russian playwright and prose writer of Carpatho-Rusyn origin. Immensely popular during the early part of his career, his works were subsequently dismissed as sententious and sentimental. Today, he is best remembered for having contributed to the libretto of the first Russian opera, A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka. Glinka also set many of his lyrics to music.
Kolychevo, Kursk Oblast
Kolychevo (Russian: Колычево) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Bolshezhirovsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:  7 (2010 Census); 11 (2002 Census);

Kursk Oblast
Kursk Oblast (Russian: Курская область, romanized: Kurskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [ˈkurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. As of the 2021 census, Kursk Oblast had a population of 1,082,458.
Agibalovo
Agibalovo (Russian: Агибалово) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Agibalovo, Sudbishchensky Selsoviet, Novoderevenkovsky District, Oryol Oblast, a village in Sudbishchensky Selsoviet of Novoderevenkovsky District in Oryol Oblast

Agibalovo, Surovsky Selsoviet, Novoderevenkovsky District, Oryol Oblast, a village in Surovsky Selsoviet of Novoderevenkovsky District in Oryol Oblast

Agibalovo, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Agibalovskoye Rural Settlement of Kholm-Zhirkovsky District in Smolensk Oblast

Oryol Oblast
Oryol Oblast (Russian: Орло́вская о́бласть, romanized: Orlovskaya oblastʹ), also known as Orlovshchina (Russian: Орловщина), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Oryol. Population: 713,374 (2021 census); 786,935 (2010 census);
Pita Moko
Pita Te Turuki Tamati Moko (9 May 1885 – 8 June 1943) was a New Zealand land agent, and as an early adherent of T. W. Ratana's Rātana movement, Moko served as a secretary or executive officer for T. W., being later described as his "mouthpiece".

Moko was born in Rotorua, New Zealand on 9 May 1885. Of Māori descent, he was of the Ngati Whakaue and Te Arawa tribes.

He stood in Eastern Maori in the 1928 and 1931 general elections, coming second to Āpirana Ngata.

1931 New Zealand general election
The 1931 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 24th term. It resulted in the newly formed coalition between the United Party and the Reform Party remaining in office as the United–Reform Coalition Government, although the opposition Labour Party made some minor gains despite tallying more votes than any other single party.
1993 European Sprint Swimming Championships
The 1993 European Sprint Swimming Championships were held in Gateshead, United Kingdom, from 11 to 13 November. The championships were organised by the Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN), with events held in a short course pool.

Only the 50 m individual stroke events, the 100 m individual medley and 4 × 50 m relay events were held at this edition. Backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly relays were held for the first time in a major international championships. Many of Europe's top swimmers did not attend the meet due to the timing of the World Short Course Championships being held less than three weeks after in Palma de Mallorca.

Gateshead
Gateshead (/ˈɡeɪts(h)ɛd/) is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. At the 2021 census, the population was 196,151.

Historically part of County Durham, under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough, meaning it was administered independently of the county council.

The town's attractions include the twenty-metre-tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.
1999 Eastbourne Borough Council election
The 1999 Eastbourne Borough Council election took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Eastbourne Borough Council in East Sussex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats lost overall control of the council to no overall control.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Liberal Democrats 15

Conservative 15

Borough status in the United Kingdom
Borough status is granted by royal charter to local government districts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The status is purely honorary, and does not give any additional powers to the council or inhabitants of the district. In Scotland, similarly chartered communities were known as royal burghs, although the status is no longer granted.
Don't Set Your Dogs on Me
Don't Set Your Dogs on Me is a studio album by Polish rock band Coma, released on 8 February 2013. The album is distributed in Poland through Mystic Production, and worldwide through German label earMUSIC/Edel. The album was produced by Tomasz Zalewski.

Coma (band)
Coma is a Polish rock band which was founded in June 1998 in Łódź. It is one of the most successful rock bands on the Polish music scene of the last decade. As of 2013, the band has released four Polish-language studio albums (three of which have topped the Polish sales chart OLiS), two English-language studio albums, and two live albums. It disbanded in 2019.

The name "Coma" was chosen at random: the band members tossed a coin to decide on it, as they had an appointment for an interview with Radio Łódź.
Carleson measure
In mathematics, a Carleson measure is a type of measure on subsets of n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn. Roughly speaking, a Carleson measure on a domain Ω is a measure that does not vanish at the boundary of Ω when compared to the surface measure on the boundary of Ω.

Carleson measures have many applications in harmonic analysis and the theory of partial differential equations, for instance in the solution of Dirichlet problems with "rough" boundary. The Carleson condition is closely related to the boundedness of the Poisson operator. Carleson measures are named after the Swedish mathematician Lennart Carleson.

Poisson kernel
In mathematics, and specifically in potential theory, the Poisson kernel is an integral kernel, used for solving the two-dimensional Laplace equation, given Dirichlet boundary conditions on the unit disk. The kernel can be understood as the derivative of the Green's function for the Laplace equation. It is named for Siméon Poisson.

Poisson kernels commonly find applications in control theory and two-dimensional problems in electrostatics.
In practice, the definition of Poisson kernels are often extended to n-dimensional problems.
Jim Cowrey Is Dead
Jim Cowrey is Dead (German: Jim Corwey ist tot) is a 1921 German silent drama film directed by Edmond Gottschalk Stratton and starring Hedda Vernon, Otto Flint and Loo Hardy. It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin on 12 July 1921.

Marmorhaus
The Marmorhaus (English: Marble House) was a cinema that used to be located on the Kurfürstendamm in Berlin. Opened in 1913, it takes its name from a large marble façade. Designed by the architect Hugo Pál, the walls of the foyer and auditorium were decorated by the expressionist artist Cesar Klein.

During the silent era it was a common venue for premieres of new films. These included The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Johannes Goth, The Woman in Heaven, The Head of Janus, Genuine, Four Around a Woman, Wandering Souls,  and The Haunted Castle.

Owned by the giant UFA company for many years, it was later developed into a multiplex.

In 2001 the cinema closed, and the property was sold to the Spanish retailer Zara, which remodeled it as a store. It has since been converted to a MUJI store.
Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov
The Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov (Latin: Dioecesis Saratoviensis Sancti Clementis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Russia. The diocese's episcopal see is located in the city of Saratov. The Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Mother of God at Moscow.

Clemens Pickel
Clemens Pickel (Russian: Кле́менс Пи́ккель, born 17 August 1961 in Colditz, Bezirk Leipzig, East Germany) is a German-Russian Roman Catholic prelate, and Bishop of Saratov, Russia. Pickel is the current chairman of the Episcopal Conference of Russia.
38th Delaware General Assembly
The 38th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held on the first Tuesday of October and terms began on the first Tuesday of January. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening on January 4, 1814, two weeks before the beginning of the first year of the administration of Governor Daniel Rodney.

The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three senators and seven representatives for each of the three counties. The population of the county did not affect the number of delegates. Both chambers had a Federalist majority.

Daniel Rodney
Daniel Rodney (September 10, 1764 – September 2, 1846) was an American merchant and politician from Lewes in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the National Republican Party, who served as Governor of Delaware, U. S. Representative from Delaware and U.S. Senator from Delaware.