hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Saffron finch
The saffron finch  (Sicalis flaveola) is a tanager from South America that is common in open and semi-open areas in lowlands outside the Amazon Basin. They have a wide distribution in Colombia, northern Venezuela (where it is called "canario de tejado" or "roof canary"), western Ecuador, western Peru, eastern and southern Brazil (where it is called "canário-da-terra" or "native canary"), Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina, and Trinidad and Tobago. It has also been introduced to Hawaii, Panama, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and elsewhere. Although commonly regarded as a canary, it is not related to the Atlantic canary. Formerly, it was placed in the Emberizidae but it is close to the seedeaters.

Tanager
The tanagers (singular /ˈtænədʒər/) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds. As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the family Cardinalidae, and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.
Bagram torture and prisoner abuse
In 2005, The New York Times obtained a 2,000-page United States Army investigatory report concerning the homicides of two unarmed civilian Afghan prisoners by U.S. military personnel in December 2002 at the Bagram Theater Internment Facility (also Bagram Collection Point or B.C.P., now the Parwan Detention Facility) in Bagram, Afghanistan, and general treatment of prisoners. Two prisoners, Habibullah and Dilawar, were repeatedly chained to the ceiling and beaten, resulting in their deaths. Military coroners ruled that both prisoners' deaths were homicides. Autopsies revealed severe trauma to both prisoners' legs, describing the trauma as comparable to being run over by a bus. Seven soldiers were charged in 2005.

Hajimumin, another prisoner, told Al Jazeera that they tied them to chairs and applied electric shocks for 30 seconds a time for torture purposes.

Afghans
Afghans are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan. Afghans comprise various ethnic groups, of which Tajiks, Pushtuns, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest.

The two main languages spoken among the Afghan people are Dari (a variety of Persian) and Pashto. Historically, the ethnonym "Afghan" used to refer to Pashtuns, but later came to refer to all ethnicities in Afghanistan after the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan proposed by King Mohammad Zahir Shah.
Westhofen (Verbandsgemeinde)
Westhofen is a former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Alzey-Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde was in Westhofen. On 1 July 2014 it merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Wonnegau.

The Verbandsgemeinde Westhofen consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):

Bechtheim

Bermersheim

Dittelsheim-Heßloch

Frettenheim

Gundersheim

Gundheim

Hangen-Weisheim

Hochborn

Monzernheim

Westhofen

49°42′N 8°15′E﻿ / ﻿49.70°N 8.25°E﻿ / 49.70; 8.25

Gundersheim
Gundersheim (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʊndɐshaɪm]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Dima Barbanel
Dima Barbanel (born August 16, 1973, in Leningrad, USSR) is a Russian designer and art director, the head of the Masterskaya multidisciplinary team, Campus and DesignWorkout education projects.

Barbanel became known as the art director of the Russian editions of Esquire, Interni, Citizen K, The Art Newspaper, and Harper's Bazaar, as well as Vokrug sveta, The Firm's Secret, and Afisha magazines. With Masterskaya, he ran a number of notable projects, such as VDNKh rebranding.

In 2013, Barbanel launched the Campus educational project in the village of Fominskoye in the Moscow Region. The students (called co-workers) live on campus and work on real-world; projects with Barbanel and other experienced designers. The Campus aimed to encourage revolutionary thinking in design and implement the training practices Barbanel learned in the 1990s in the Fabrica research centre under the mentorship of Oliviero Toscani.

Afisha
Afisha (Russian: Афиша, lit. 'poster') was a Russian entertainment and lifestyle magazine published from April 1999 to December 2015 in Moscow, Saint Petersburg and 12 other Russia's major cities. In its peak years Afisha's readership reached approximately 1.5 million people. Its online version remains one of Russia’s most popular media brands with a monthly Internet audience of more than 4.5 million.
1993 European Sprint Swimming Championships
The 1993 European Sprint Swimming Championships were held in Gateshead, United Kingdom, from 11 to 13 November. The championships were organised by the Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN), with events held in a short course pool.

Only the 50 m individual stroke events, the 100 m individual medley and 4 × 50 m relay events were held at this edition. Backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly relays were held for the first time in a major international championships. Many of Europe's top swimmers did not attend the meet due to the timing of the World Short Course Championships being held less than three weeks after in Palma de Mallorca.

Palma de Mallorca
Palma, also known as Palma de Mallorca (officially between 1983–1988, 2006–2008, and 2012–2016), is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. It is situated on the south coast of Mallorca on the Bay of Palma. With a population of 438,234 as of 2024, it is the 8th-largest city in Spain.

The Cabrera Archipelago, though widely separated from Palma proper, is part of the municipality.
Wang Yucheng
Wang Yucheng (or Yu-Ch'eng) (王禹偁, 954–1001) was a Chinese poet from Juye in the Shandong province during the Song dynasty. He served in a government post and was known for forthright criticism of policies; this led to his eventual banishment to the South.

His text Jianlong yishi (建隆遺事), discussed by historian Li Tao in Xu zizhi tongjian changbian (續資治通鑑長編), is no longer extant.

The book Wang Yucheng yanjiu (王禹偁研究) by Huang Chi-fang of National Taiwan University examines the development of Song-era guwen.

Li Tao (historian)
Li Tao (1115–1184), courtesy name Renfu or Zizhen, art name Xunyan, was a Song dynasty historian and scholar-official who devoted four decades of his life compiling Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, a monumental reference book chronicling the history of the Northern Song (960–1127).
Soslan Daurov
Soslan Tamazovich Daurov (Russian: Сослан Тамазович Дауров, Belarusian: Саслан Тамазавіч Даураў, born 15 January 1991) is a Russian Greco-Roman wrestler who represents Belarus in the 59 kg and 67 kg category. He won a silver medal at the 2015 European Games, but was eliminated in the first bout at the 2016 Olympics.

Daurov was born in Vladikavkaz, Russia, where he took up wrestling in 2001. In 2011 he moved to Belarus with his family, and in 2012 received Belarusian citizenship. He studies physical education at the Hrodna State University.

In March 2021, he competed at the European Qualification Tournament in Budapest, Hungary hoping to qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.

Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno
Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno (Belarusian: Гродзенскі дзяржаўны унівэрсітэт імя Янкі Купалы; Russian: Гродненский государственный университет имени Янки Купалы) is а higher education institution located in Grodno, Belarus. It is the largest regional higher education institution in the country, integrating all levels of education. It is named after the poet and writer Yanka Kupala.

According to the international Webometrics ranking  (July 2011), YKSUG ranks second among Belarusian universities and 3103 among 12 000 world universities.

It is the second (after BSU) education institution in the Republic of Belarus where the system of electronic student identification card was introduced.
Lophodiodon
Lophodiodon calori, also known as the four-bar porcupinefish, is a species of porcupinefish native to the Indo-Pacific where it is found in environments with a substrate composed of rubble and sand at depths of at most 100 metres (330 ft), often above the continental shelf.  Although adults of the species are benthic in nature, juveniles are pelagic. It feeds on hard-shelled invertebrates and is noted to be an uncommon species. The species grows to a length of 30 centimetres (12 in) SL and is the only known member of its genus.

Demersal fish
Demersal fish, also known as groundfish, live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes (the demersal zone). They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters, they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters, they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.

Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish, which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column.
Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four per cent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 per cent.
Dolynske oil field
The Dolynske oil field is a Ukrainian oil field that was discovered in 1959. It began production in 1960 and produces oil. The total proven reserves of the Dolynske oil field are around 272 million barrels (43,200,000 m3), and production is centered on 2,000 barrels per day (320 m3/d).

In the 1960s it was the oil field that produced the largest amount of oil of the whole Soviet Union.  (Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union from 1920 till Ukraine declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 24 August 1991.) It is the most powerful oil field of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (region).

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківська область, romanized: Ivano-Frankivska oblast), also referred to as Ivano-Frankivshchyna (Івано-Франківщина) or simply Frankivshchyna, is an oblast (region) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. It has a population of 1,351,822 (2022 estimate).

The area, also known as Prykarpattia, was part of the historical region of Galicia, where the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia flourished. After World War I, the area became part of the Second Polish Republic and was administered as part of Stanisławów Voivodeship until the invasion of Poland. The area was annexed by the Soviet Union and was known as Stanislav Oblast until 1962, when its administrative center was renamed after the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Kolomyia was a historical center of the oblast and remains a major cultural center of Pokuttia, the traditional name for the southern part of the oblast.
Rufous-capped antthrush
The rufous-capped antthrush (Formicarius colma) is a small species of bird in the family Formicariidae located in the order Passeriformes.
It is considered to be uncommon but widespread, found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The rufous-capped antthrush is typically found inhabiting the shady floor of tall, humid forests on solid ground, and is occasionally spotted in transitional forests (várzea) and savanna forests (Suriname).

Várzea forest
A várzea forest is a seasonal floodplain forest inundated by whitewater rivers that occurs in the Amazon biome. Until the late 1970s, the definition was less clear and várzea was often used for all periodically flooded Amazonian forests.

Although sometimes described as consisting only of forest, várzea also contains more open, seasonally flooded habitats such as grasslands, including floating meadows.
F. P. Raynham
Frederick Phillips Raynham (15 July 1893–30 April 1954) was a British pilot from the early days of aviation, gaining his aviator's certificate in 1911. He test-flew Avro, Martinsyde, Sopwith and Hawker aircraft before and after World War I.  He later formed the Aircraft Survey Co. and the Indian Air Survey and Transport Co., flying in India and Burma.

Avro
Avro (an initialism of the founder's name) was a British aircraft manufacturer. Its designs include the Avro 504, used as a trainer in the First World War, the Avro Lancaster, one of the pre-eminent bombers of the Second World War, and the delta wing Avro Vulcan, a stalwart of the Cold War.

Avro was founded in 1910 by Alliott Verdon Roe at the Brownsfield Mill on Great Ancoats Street in Manchester. The company remained based primarily in Lancashire throughout its 53 years of existence, with key development and manufacturing sites in Alexandra Park, Chadderton, Trafford Park, and Woodford, Greater Manchester. The company was merged into Hawker Siddeley Aviation in 1963, although the Avro name has been used for some aircraft since then.
Spring Lake High School
Spring Lake High School   is located in Spring Lake, Michigan, in the United States, in the Spring Lake Public Schools District, serving grades 9-12. It serves most of Spring Lake Township in Ottawa County, except slivers zoned to Grand Haven Area Public Schools and Fruitport Community Schools.

Fruitport Community Schools
Fruitport Community Schools is a public school district headquartered in Fruitport, Michigan and serving portions of Muskegon and Ottawa counties in West Michigan. In Muskegon County, it serves most of Fruitport Township, including its namesake village, and portions of Sullivan Township. In Ottawa County, it serves parts of Crockery and Spring Lake townships.
Kay Burley (TV programme)
Sky News Breakfast (previously Kay Burley @ Breakfast) is a British breakfast television programme that airs Monday to Friday from 6-10 am on Sky News. The show launched on Monday, 14 October 2019 as part of a replacement for long-running breakfast show Sunrise, which also includes The Early Rundown.

The show is presented from Sky's Westminster studios at Four Millbank.

Breakfast television
Breakfast television (Europe and Australia) or morning show (Canada and the United States) is a type of news or infotainment television programme that broadcasts live in the morning (typically scheduled between 5:00 and 10:00 a.m., or if it is a local programme, as early as 4:00 a.m.). Often presented by a small team of hosts, these programmes are typically marketed towards the combined demography of people getting ready for work and school and stay-at-home adults and parents.

The first – and longest-running – national breakfast/morning show on television is Today, which set the tone for the genre and premiered on 14 January 1952 on NBC in the United States. For the next 70 years, Today was the number one morning program in the ratings for the vast majority of its run and since its start, many other television stations and television networks around the world have followed NBC's lead, copying that program's successful format.
Victor Simunja
Victor Simunja (born 23 March 1958) is a Namibian politician. A member of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Simunja was appointed to the National Assembly of Namibia in 2000 and served as Deputy Minister of Defense from 2000 to 2009. Simunja rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Namibian Defence Force prior to entering political office. He is a member of the Mafwe ethnic group, indigenous to the Caprivi Strip.

National Assembly (Namibia)
The National Assembly is the lower chamber of Namibia's bicameral Parliament. Its laws must be approved by the National Council, the upper house. Since 2014, it has a total of 104 members. 96 members are directly elected through a system of closed list proportional representation and serve five-year terms. Eight additional members are appointed by the President. Since March 2025, SWAPO member Saara Kuugongelwa has been the Speaker of the National Assembly.

Namibia's National Assembly emerged on Independence Day on 21 March 1990 from the Constituent Assembly of Namibia, following the elections of November 1989. That election, under guidelines established by the United Nations, included foreign observers in an effort to ensure a free and fair election process. The current National Assembly was formed following elections on 27 November 2024.
Maol Choluim I, Earl of Lennox
Mormaer Maol Choluim I of Lennox (English: Malcolm I) ruled the Mormaerdom of Lennox, between 1250 and 1303, succeeding his father Maol Domhnaich.

He was an early supporter of the Bruces, and appeared before Edward I of England in 1292 amongst the supporters of Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale. Maol Choluim joined the revolt of Andrew de Moray and William Wallace.

Maol Choluim married a woman named Marjorie, and fathered his successor Maol Choluim II

He died in 1303.

Mormaer
In early medieval Scotland, a mormaer was the Gaelic name for a regional or provincial ruler, theoretically second only to the King of Scots, and the senior of a Toísech (chieftain). Mormaers were equivalent to English earls or Continental counts, and the term is often translated into English as 'earl'.
Rosemont, West Virginia
Rosemont is an unincorporated community in Taylor County, West Virginia, United States. Rosemont is located on West Virginia Route 76, 5 miles (8.0 km) east-southeast of Bridgeport. Rosemont has a post office with ZIP code 26424.

West Virginia Route 76
West Virginia Route 76 is an east–west state highway in northern West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 50 in the shadow of Bridgeport's Benedum Airport. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 119 and U.S. Route 250 three miles (5 km) north of Philippi.
Politics of Sardinia
The politics of Sardinia, a region of Italy,  takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council of Sardinia.

Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (since 2015), each region is divided into a number of provinces.
Johnny Green (gridiron football)
John Edward Green (October 12, 1937 – April 24, 2019) was an American professional football player who was a quarterback for four American Football League (AFL) seasons from 1960 to 1963 for the Buffalo Bills and the New York Titans and one season in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Toronto Argonauts. He played college football for the Chattanooga Mocs.

Chattanooga Mocs football
The Chattanooga Mocs football program is the intercollegiate college football team for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Southern Conference. The school's first football team was fielded in 1904. The team plays its home games at the 20,668 seat Finley Stadium. They are coached by UTC alumni, Rusty Wright. He was an assistant coach under Russ Huesman.

Hall of Fame wide receiver Terrell Owens played for the Mocs from 1992 to 1995.
Jah Hut people
Jah Hut people are one of the Orang Asli tribes living in Pahang, Malaysia. As of 2000, the population of the Jah Hut people are 2,442 and by 2005, it is estimated that there are approximately 4,000 people living in 11 kampungs (villages) that are located along the west bank of the Pahang River from the north in Jerantut to the south in Temerloh, Pahang.

These 11 kampungs also includes Kampung Pos Penderas and Kampung Keboi which are situated in the tropical jungles of Jerantut, Pahang. Kampung Keboi is one of the smallest kampungs among the Jah Hut settlements with only about 100 people. The Jah Hut people live in houses built on stilts, similar to Malay Houses.

Temerloh
Temerloh is a municipality in central Pahang, Malaysia. Located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) from Kuala Lumpur along the Kuantan–Kuala Lumpur trunk road, Temerloh is the second largest urban area in Pahang after Kuantan, the state capital city. It is situated at the confluence of the Pahang and Semantan Rivers. Today, Temerloh usually refers to the territory under the administration of Temerloh Municipal Council which includes Mentakab, Lanchang, Kuala Krau and Kerdau.

An old town with some colonial buildings and shophouses, the town has prospered in recent years as a transport hub and new industrial centre. There have been many new commercial and industrial hubs built in Temerloh in recent years. Cutting travel time in half, the East Coast Expressway links the town to Kuala Lumpur and Kuantan and adds to the growth of Temerloh.
Central Andean Pluvial Event
The Central Andean Pluvial Event is a two-stage climate oscillation in the Central Andes between 18,000 and 9,700 years before present. The first, wetter episode occurred 17,500-15,900 years ago; the second was drier and continued into the early Holocene (until 9,700-8,500 years ago). During this climate oscillation, Lake Tauca formed in the Altiplano and the climate became moister and more conducive to vegetation development.

Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before Physics", which refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for when using radiocarbon dating for dates of origin that may fall after this year.

In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".