hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reichert value
The Reichert value (also Reichert-Meissl number, Reichert-Meissl-Wollny value or Reichert-Meissl-Wollny number) is a value determined when examining fats and oils. The Reichert value is an indicator of how much volatile fatty acid can be extracted from a particular fat or oil through saponification. It is equal to the number of millilitres of 0.1 normal hydroxide solution necessary for the neutralization of the water-soluble volatile fatty acids distilled and filtered from 5 grams of a given saponified fat. (The hydroxide solution used in such a titration is typically made from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or barium hydroxide.)

This number is a useful indicator of non-fat compounds in edible fats, and is especially high in butter.

The value is named for the chemists who developed it, Emil Reichert and Emerich Meissl.

The Polenske value and Kirschner value are related numbers based on similar tests.
The Reichert-Meissel value for milk ranges between 28.5 and 33.

Titration
Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed). A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volume. The titrant reacts with a solution of analyte (which may also be termed the titrand) to determine the analyte's concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the titration volume.
Lankaran operation
The Lankaran Operation (1919) was a military operation carried out by the Azerbaijani Army Corps (ADR) in the southern region of Azerbaijan to ensure the country's territorial integrity in August 1919.

When the ADR was announced, it could not immediately extend its sovereignty over the entire country, and the Lankaran Operation gradually evolved. During this time there was a struggle in the southern territories of the ADR, particularly in the districts of Javad and Lankaran, involving Azerbajani partisans, Bolsheviks, and the White Army. As a result of this struggle, the Azerbaijani forces emerged victorious, and the Lankaran Operation led to the complete dominance of the entire region under the authority of the ADR.

Karabakh
Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Qarabağ [ɡɑɾɑˈbɑɣ]; Armenian: Ղարաբաղ, romanized: Ġarabaġ [ʁɑɾɑˈbɑʁ]) is a geographic region in southwestern Azerbaijan and eastern Armenia, extending from the highlands of the Lesser Caucasus down to the lowlands between the rivers Kura and Aras. It is divided into three regions: Highland Karabakh, Lowland Karabakh (the steppes between the Kura and Aras rivers), and the eastern slopes of the Zangezur Mountains (roughly Syunik and Kalbajar–Lachin).
2011–12 Egyptian Premier League
The 2011–12 Egyptian Premier League was the fifty-fifth season of the Egyptian Premier League since its establishment in 1948. The season began on 14 October 2011, with a total of 19 teams contesting the league.  Al Ahly won the last seven league titles.

This season, the league increased from 16 to 19 teams due to no relegation in the 2010–11 season as a result of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.  Three teams were promoted from the second division.

Following the Port Said Stadium disaster on 1 February 2012, the season was suspended. At that time, teams had played between 14 and 17 games out of 30. Haras El-Hodood was in first place with a 12–1–1 record.  This result was considered a significant surprise by Al Ahram. On 10 March 2012, a decision was reached to cancel the remainder of the season.

Misr Lel Makkasa SC
Misr lel-Makkasa Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي مصر للمقاصة الرياضي), commonly known as Makkassa, is an Egyptian sports club based in Faiyum, Egypt. The club is related to Misr lel-Makkasa Company (Misr for Central Clearing, Depository and Registry).

Misr lel-Makkasa is mainly known for its professional football team, which currently plays in the Egyptian Second Division, the second highest league in the Egyptian football league system.

The club was formerly known as Hweidi Club and El-Fara'na before the current name was adopted.
Xanthoparmelia oribensis
Xanthoparmelia oribensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in South Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 1986 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale. The type specimen was collected from the Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (Natal) at an elevation of 300 m (980 ft), where it was found growing on flat sandstone exposures near a cliff. Its thallus is yellowish green and measure 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in) broad. It contains several secondary metabolites (lichen products): hypoprotocetraric acid, 4-O-demethylnotatic acid, usnic acid, skyrin, and minor levels of some unidentified substances.

Lichen product
Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 1000 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compounds are exclusively found in lichens. Examples of lichen products include usnic acid (a dibenzofuran), atranorin (a depside), lichexanthone (a xanthone), salazinic acid (a depsidone), and isolichenan, an α-glucan. Many lichen products have biological activity, and research into these effects is ongoing.
Kolb Firestar
The Kolb Firestar is a family of American open cockpit, high wing, pusher configuration, conventional landing gear-equipped ultralight aircraft that was produced in kit form by Kolb Aircraft of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania and intended for amateur construction.

The Firestar was designed to comply with the American FAR 103 ultralight regulations, including that category's maximum 254 lb (115 kg) empty weight and was later a developed into the current production Kolb Firefly.

Ultralight aircraft in the United States
Ultralight aircraft in the United States   are not considered to be light-sport aircraft, are not regulated as aircraft, and are exempt from aircraft rules by the FAA. Instead, they are treated as powersport items and have to follow their own ruleset, FAR-103, which is the most compact aviation regulation in existence.

While ultralights in other countries might have airworthiness certificates, an airworthiness certificate is not allowed for an ultralight vehicle in the USA. Any existing airworthiness certificate has to be surrendered to the issueing agency, including foreign agencies, before usage as an ultralight vehicle becomes legal. The FAA emphasizes that airworthiness and compliance with FAR-103 is the responsibility of the user during every flight.

In the United States, ultralights are not registered, nor is the pilot required to have a pilot's certificate.
Mount McClintock
Mount McClintock (80°13′S 157°26′E﻿ / ﻿80.217°S 157.433°E﻿ / -80.217; 157.433﻿ (Mount McClintock)) is the highest mountain (3,490 m (11,450 ft)) in the Britannia Range in Antarctica, surmounting the south end of Forbes Ridge, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of Mount Olympus.

Richard E. Byrd
Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957) was an American naval officer, and pioneering aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau. He is also known for discovering Mount Sidley, the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica.

Byrd claimed to be the first to reach both the North and South Poles by air. However, there is some controversy as to whether he was actually the first person to reach the North Pole. It is generally believed that the distance he claimed to have flown was longer than the possible fuel range of his airplane.

He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration, and the Navy Cross, the second highest honor for valor given by the U.S. Navy.
A Thousand Winding Roads
A Thousand Winding Roads is the debut studio album by American country music artist Joe Diffie. The album's title is derived from a line in its lead-off single "Home", which reached #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts in late 1990. Other singles from this album include "If You Want Me To" (#2) "If the Devil Danced (In Empty Pockets)" (#1), and "New Way (To Light Up an Old Flame)" (#2). "There Goes The Neighborhood" would later be recorded by Shania Twain on her debut album and "Stranger in Your Eyes" would later be recorded by Ken Mellons on his 1995 album, Where Forever Begins.

Ken Mellons
Kenneth Edward Mellons (born July 10, 1965) is an American country music artist who released his self-titled debut album in 1994. This album produced the single "Jukebox Junkie", a Top Ten hit on the Hot Country Songs charts. Mellons followed up his debut album with three more albums – 1995's Where Forever Begins, 2001's The Best of Ken Mellons and 2004's Sweet — in addition to charting six more singles on the country charts.
Kombdi vade
Kombdi vade is a dish native to the Konkan region in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The dish consists of a traditional chicken curry (including chicken pieces with bones), vade (fluffy fried dumplings made of rice flour, and occasionally of wheat and Ragi flour), onions, lemon juice and solkadhi (a gravy made from coconut milk). This dish is majorly prepared on "Gatahari (Deep Amavasya)" "Gauri Ovase", "Dev Diwali" and "Shimga" in Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan. Generally this dish is available throughout the year especially in the coastal area of Maharashtra including Mumbai.

Finger millet
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is an annual herbaceous plant. It is a tetraploid and self-pollinating species probably evolved from its wild relative Eleusine africana.

Finger millet is native to the Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands. It has the ability to withstand cultivation at altitudes over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and a high drought tolerance. The grain is suitable for decades-long storage. It is widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia.
Trevon Duval
Trevon Tyler Anthony Duval (born August 3, 1998) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Sabah BC of the Azerbaijan Basketball League. He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils.

Two-way contract
A two-way contract is a professional sports contract that stipulates that an athlete's salary is dependent upon the league in which the athlete is assigned to play. This is opposed to a one-way contract that would pay the same salary regardless of where the athlete is assigned to play.
7Bravo
7Bravo is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel, which was launched by the Seven Network under license from NBCUniversal International Networks on 15 January 2023. The channel contains programming from NBCUniversal's American networks, including Bravo, E! and Oxygen, along with entertainment and talk show programming from NBC and its American broadcast syndication division.

Dinner Date
Dinner Date is a British dating game show, which first aired on ITV from 9 August 2010 to 28 December 2012, with subsequent new series airing on sister channel ITVBe from 8 October 2014 to 4 June 2023. The programme format was created by Jimmy Baker and Joseph Varley. The programme makes up a significant proportion of ITVBe's output, with several repeats airing daily. New-to-air episodes are generally scheduled on a weekly basis, although some episodes from the fifth series were stripped daily across weeknights.
Felton Earls
Felton James 'Tony' Earls (born January 1942) is an American child psychiatrist and epidemiologist, currently Professor of Social Medicine, Emeritus, Harvard Medical School, and Professor of Human Behavior and Development, Emeritus, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; and formerly the Blanche F. Ittleson Professor of Child Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is known for a long-term study of the influence of neighbors' willingness to help each other on the neighborhood's crime rate.

Child and adolescent psychiatry
Child and adolescent psychiatry (or pediatric psychiatry) is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders in children, adolescents, and their families. It investigates the biopsychosocial factors that influence the development and course of psychiatric disorders and treatment responses to various interventions. Child and adolescent psychiatrists primarily use psychotherapy and/or medication to treat mental disorders in the pediatric population.
Rock Star (N.E.R.D. song)
"Rock Star" is a song by American rock and hip-hop band N.E.R.D. It was released as the second single from their debut studio album In Search of... (2001). The song, the second single off the album, performed better in the United Kingdom than their previous single "Lapdance", peaking at number 15. It also became the group's first single to chart in Australia.

The song acted as a "second first single" of sorts, as it followed the group's debut "Lapdance", but was the first single to be released from the second, more streamlined version of In Search Of... rerecorded courtesy of Spymob rather than the Neptunes' trademark synths and electronic drum programming.

Jason Nevins
Jason Nevins (born December 15, 1972) is an American songwriter, record producer and remixer, who is most widely known for his pop and dance productions, including his multi-platinum, multi-million selling production of "It's Like That" by American hip-hop group Run–D.M.C. and his multi-million selling production of "Cruise" by Florida Georgia Line featuring Nelly.
The Investigators (British TV series)
The Investigators is a BAFTA-nominated children's science program, presented by children, on Channel 4 in Great Britain. It showed various interesting experiments from how to blow a balloon up with yeast to building bridges. Other experiments included on the program were making salmon flavoured ice cream and making periscopes.
It aired on Saturday morning.

Periscope
A periscope is an device for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.

In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. This form of periscopic device, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles.

More complex periscopes using prisms or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors and providing magnification operate on submarines and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.
Calgary Stampeders (ice hockey)
The Calgary Stampeders were a defunct ice hockey team that was based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The team existed from 1938 until 1972, playing in various senior amateur and minor professional leagues during that time. In 1946, the Stampeders captured the Allan Cup as Canadian senior hockey champions, the first Alberta based club to do so.

A team of this same name also played the 1978–79 season in the Western International Hockey League.

Senior ice hockey
Senior hockey refers to amateur or semi-professional ice hockey competition. There are no age restrictions for Senior players, who typically consist of those whose Junior eligibility has expired.

Most senior hockey leagues operate under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada or USA Hockey. They are not affiliated in any way with professional hockey leagues. Many former professional players play Senior hockey after their pro careers are over. The top Senior teams in Canada (Senior AAA) compete annually for the Allan Cup.
Chandra Kala Thapa
Chandra Kala Thapa (Nepali: चन्द्रकला थापा) (born September 2, 1980 in Urlabari, Morang District) is a track and field sprint athlete who competes internationally for Nepal.

Thapa represented Nepal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She competed at the 100 metres sprint and placed 9th in her heat without advancing to the second round. She ran the distance in a time of 13.15 seconds.

Nepal at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Nepal competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics which were held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. The country was represented by eight athletes, who competed in judo, shooting, swimming and taekwondo.

This was the nation's first Olympic appearance as a new republic following the civil war which the monarchy rule was ceased to exist in 2006.
Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000
Soundscape S-2000 was Ensoniq's first direct foray into the PC sound card market. The card arrived on the market in 1994. It is a full-length ISA digital audio and sample-based synthesis device, equipped with a 2 MiB Ensoniq-built ROM-based patch set.  Some OEM versions of the card feature a smaller 1 MiB patch set.  It was praised for its then-high quality music synthesis and sound output, high compatibility and good software support.

MPU-401
The MPU-401, where MPU stands for MIDI Processing Unit, is an important but now obsolete interface for connecting MIDI-equipped electronic music hardware to personal computers. It was designed by Roland Corporation, which also co-authored the MIDI standard.
Jean-Charles François
Jean-Charles François (4 May 1717 – 22 March 1769) was a French engraver.

François was born in Nancy then in the Duchy of Lorraine. He was among the pioneers of the so-called "manière de crayon" ("crayon manner") of printmaking, which simulated the appearance of crayon and chalk drawings. He was pensioned by King Louis XV, who employed him extensively. His most noted works represent Louis XV, Marie Leszczyńska, Pierre Bayle, Erasmus, John Locke, and Nicolas Malebranche.

He died in 1769 in Paris, aged 51.

Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed under the sea by the accumulation and lithification of hard parts of organisms, mostly microscopic plankton, which had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum.
Bierbaum am Auersbach
Bierbaum am Auersbach is a former municipality in the district of Südoststeiermark in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Sankt Peter am Ottersbach.

Südoststeiermark District
Bezirk Südoststeiermark (Austrian German: [sydˈɔstˌʃtaɪɐmark]; "South East Styria") is a district of the state of Styria in Austria. It was formed on January 1, 2013 through a merger of the former Radkersburg District and Feldbach District.
Dagmar Möller
Dagmar Möller (born Dagmar Henriette Bosse; 19 December 1866 – 13 January 1956), was a Swedish singer (soprano) and vocal pedagogue. She was the dedicatee of Edvard Grieg's song cycle Haugtussa and took past in many theatrical productions during her musical career.

Edvard Grieg
Edvard Hagerup Grieg (/ɡriːɡ/ GREEG, Norwegian: [ˈɛdvaʁd ˈhɑ̀ːɡəʁʉp ˈɡʁɪgː]; 15 June 1843 – 4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist. He is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers, and his music is part of the standard classical repertoire worldwide. His use of Norwegian folk music in his own compositions brought the music of Norway to fame, as well as helping to develop a national identity, much as Jean Sibelius did in Finland and Bedřich Smetana in Bohemia.

Grieg is the most celebrated person from the city of Bergen, with numerous statues that depict his image and many cultural entities named after him: the city's largest concert building (Grieg Hall), its most advanced music school (Grieg Academy) and its professional choir (Edvard Grieg Kor). The Edvard Grieg Museum at Grieg's former home, Troldhaugen, is dedicated to his legacy.
Hercules in the Valley of Woe
Hercules in the Vale of Woe (Italian: Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai/ Maciste vs Hercules in the Valley of Woe), a.k.a. Hercules in the Valley of Woe, is a 1961 Italian Franco and Ciccio comedy film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Kirk Morris as Maciste and Frank Gordon as Hercules.  The film is a comical take on the popular sword-and-sandal epics of the 1950s and 1960s.

Mario Mattoli
Mario Mattoli (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmaːrjo matˈtɔːli]; 30 November 1898 – 26 February 1980) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. He directed 86 films between 1934 and 1966.

His 1939 film Defendant, Stand Up! was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival.
Lie's third theorem
In the mathematics of Lie theory, Lie's third theorem states that every finite-dimensional Lie algebra  over the real numbers is associated to a Lie group . The theorem is part of the Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence.

Historically, the third theorem referred to a different but related result. The two preceding theorems of Sophus Lie, restated in modern language, relate to the infinitesimal transformations of a group action on a smooth manifold. The third theorem on the list stated the Jacobi identity for the infinitesimal transformations of a local Lie group. Conversely, in the presence of a Lie algebra of vector fields, integration gives a local Lie group action. The result now known as the third theorem provides an intrinsic and global converse to the original theorem.

Sophus Lie
Marius Sophus Lie (/liː/ LEE; Norwegian: [liː]; 17 December 1842 – 18 February 1899) was a Norwegian mathematician. He largely created the theory of continuous symmetry and applied it to the study of geometry and differential equations. He also made substantial contributions to the development of algebra.
Ithu Pathiramanal
Ithu Pathiramanal (English: This is Pathiramanal) is a 2013 Malayalam action film directed by M. Padmakumar starring Unni Mukundan in the lead role along with Jayasurya in a cameo role. It also stars Ramya Nambeeshan and Pradeep Rawat in supporting roles. The shooting locations are in Marayur, Pathiramanal and Alapuzha. The film become a flop at the box office.

M. Padmakumar
M. Padmakumar is an Indian film director working in Malayalam cinema. He began his career working as an assistant director to a number of leading directors and later became an independent director through Ammakilikkoodu in 2003. His best known works include Vaasthavam (2006), Shikkar (2010), Jalam (2015), Joseph (2018) and Mamangam (2019).