hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic endoscopy
Therapeutic endoscopy is the medical term for an endoscopic procedure during which treatment is carried out via the endoscope. This contrasts with diagnostic endoscopy, where the aim of the procedure is purely to visualize a part of the gastrointestinal, respiratory or urinary tract in order to aid diagnosis. In practice, a procedure which starts as a diagnostic endoscopy may become a therapeutic endoscopy depending on the findings, such as in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or the finding of polyps during colonoscopy.

A number of different techniques have been developed to allow treatment to be carried out endoscopically, to treat disorders such as bleeding, strictures and polyps.

Polyp (medicine)
A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, ear, sinus(es), urinary bladder, and uterus. They may also occur elsewhere in the body where there are mucous membranes, including the cervix, vocal folds, and small intestine.

If it is attached by a narrow elongated stalk, it is said to be pedunculated; if it is attached without a stalk, it is said to be sessile.

Some polyps are tumors (neoplasms) and others are non-neoplastic, for example hyperplastic or dysplastic, which are benign. The neoplastic ones are usually benign, although some can be pre-malignant, or concurrent with a malignancy.
Best Actor (film)
Best Actor is a 2010 Malayalam-language comedy drama film co-written and directed by Martin Prakkat. It stars Mammootty, Sruthi Ramakrishnan, Lal, Sreenivasan, Salim Kumar, Vinayakan, Nedumudi Venu, Joju George, K. P. A. C. Lalitha, Master Sreedharan Nampoothiri and Sukumari. The film marks the debut of Prakatt as director. It was produced by Naushad under the banner of Big Screen. Several film directors made cameo appearances in the film. The film is all about the travails of a schoolteacher who dreams of being a film actor. It features cinematography by Ajayan Vincent, music by Bijibal and editing by Don Max. The film was a commercial success at the box office.

Joju George
Joseph "Joju" George (born 22 October 1977) is an Indian actor, playback singer, director, writer and producer who primarily works in Malayalam cinema along with Tamil, and Telugu cinemas.

In 2015, he won the Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention for his supporting roles in Oru Second Class Yathra and Lukka Chuppi. His film Joseph got special mention at 66th National Film Awards.

In 2015, he stepped into film production and produced films such as Charlie and Udaharanam Sujatha before successfully launching his own production house Appu Pathu Pappu Production, which has produced several of his films. He is a recipient of more than 20 awards, awarded for either his acting or production.
Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)
The Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (French: Leader adjointe du gouvernement à la Chambre des communes) assists the Government House Leader and coordinates with the Chief Government Whip. The position is currently held by Arielle Kayabaga.

Party whip (Canada)
In Canada, a party whip is the member of a political party in the House of Commons of Canada, the Senate of Canada or a provincial legislative assembly charged with ensuring party discipline among members of that party's caucus. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling speakers from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the legislature.
2008 Fareham Borough Council election
The 2008 Fareham Council election took place on 1 May 2008 to elect members of Fareham Borough Council in Hampshire, England. Half of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Conservative 22

Liberal Democrat 9

Borough status in the United Kingdom
Borough status is granted by royal charter to local government districts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The status is purely honorary, and does not give any additional powers to the council or inhabitants of the district. In Scotland, similarly chartered communities were known as royal burghs, although the status is no longer granted.
1951–52 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe
In 1951–52 the South Africa national rugby union team toured England, France, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, playing a series of test matches, as well as games against club, regional, and representative teams. South Africa accomplished their third Grand Slam by winning all four tests against the Home Nations sides, and also won the test match against France. This was the sixth South Africa tour and the fourth tour of the Northern Hemisphere. It was also the first time the South Africans played the invitational British Barbarian team.

The tour was the most successful the South African team had undertaken; the team only lost a single match. In the tests played the team beat all four Home Nations, France and the Barbarians. The only team to beat the Springboks was the invitational London Counties team. The final tour record saw 31 matches played, with South Africa winning 30 and losing just the one game.

Home Nations
Home Nations is a collective terminology in sport usually referring to England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. When a sport is governed by a council representing the island of Ireland, such as the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), the term can refer to the nations of the constituent countries on the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and the island of Ireland as a whole.

The term was originally used when the whole island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The synonymous Home Countries (not to be confused with the home counties) is also sometimes used.
Columbus II
COLUMBUS II is an optical, repeatered, transatlantic telephone cable. It is approximately 12,102 km (7,520 mi; 6,535 nmi) in length. It entered into commercial service in 1994. The system, along with the Americas cable, was the first to use the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) as its optical amplifier repeaters. In 2009, the transatlantic section was retired, and as of 2023, only the Columbus-II-B section remains in use and has been upgraded.

It is in 3 segments has landing points in:

Columbus II - A (1121 km) - 560 MB/s

1. Cancún, Mexico
2. West Palm Beach, Florida, United States

Columbus II - B (2068 km) - 2500 MB/s

2. West Palm Beach, Florida, United States
3. Magens Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

Columbus II - C (9116 km) - 560 MB/s

3. Magens Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
4. Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
5. Sardina, Gran Canaria, Spain
6. Palermo, Sicily, Italy

Funchal
Funchal (Portuguese pronunciation: [fũˈʃal] ⓘ), officially City of Funchal (Portuguese: Cidade do Funchal), is the capital, largest city and a municipality in Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 105,795, making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of its high cultural and historical value, Funchal is one of Portugal's main tourist attractions; it is also popular as a destination for New Year's Eve, and it is the leading Portuguese port on cruise liner dockings.
Xoxo, Cape Verde
Xoxo (pronunciation: sho-sho) is a settlement in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão in Cape Verde. It is situated 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Ribeira Grande and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the island capital Porto Novo. The settlement lies in Cova-Paul-Ribeira da Torre Natural Park. The Ribeira da Torre flows through the settlement. The only road to Xoxo goes from Ribeira Grande through the Ribeira da Torre valley.

Santo Antão, Cape Verde
Santo Antão (Portuguese for "Saint Anthony") is the northwesternmost island of Cape Verde. At 785 km2 (303 sq mi), it is the largest of the Barlavento Islands group, and the second largest island of Cape Verde.: 25  The nearest island is São Vicente to the southeast, separated by the sea channel Canal de São Vicente. Its population was 38,200 in mid 2019, making it the fourth most populous island of Cape Verde after Santiago, São Vicente and Sal. Its largest city is Porto Novo located on the southern coast (population 9,310 in 2010).
Ghost Kid
Paul Dawson, best known as Ghost Kid, formally known as Hot Sauce or Hollywood Hot Sauce, is an American music producer and songwriter based in Los Angeles, California. In short, Paul has written, produced and/or co-produced singles including Rihanna's "As Real As You and Me", Ariana Grande's "Hands on Me", Young Jeezy's "Shady Life", Robin Thicke's "Sex Therapy", New Boyz's "Spot Right There", and Usher's "Hot Tottie".

Hot Tottie
"Hot Tottie" is a song by  recording artist Usher. It was written by Usher, Ester Dean, Jay-Z and Polow da Don, with the latter producing it. The song features guest vocals from rapper Jay-Z and background vocals by Ester Dean. It is the second single in the United States and Canada from his EP, Versus EP, which is an extension of his sixth studio album, Raymond v. Raymond. The song was sent to rhythmic and urban airplay on August 9, 2010. "Hot Tottie" samples Big Tymers's "Big Ballin'" off their 1998 album How You Luv That Vol. 2.

"Hot Tottie" is an R&B song with hip hop tones, accompanied by strobing, electronic beats. It peaked at number twenty-one on the US Billboard Hot 100, and was a top ten hit on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Usher performed the song on The Early Show and on his OMG Tour.
Aylesford
Aylesford is a village and civil parish on the River Medway in Kent, England, 4 miles (6 km) northwest of Maidstone.

Originally a small riverside settlement, the old village comprises around 60 houses, many of which were formerly shops. Two pubs, a village shop and other amenities are located on the high street. Aylesford's current population is around 5,000.

The Parish of Aylesford covers more than seven square miles (18 km2), stretching north to Rochester Airport estate and south to Barming, and has a total population of over 10,000 (as of 2011), with the main settlements at Aylesford, Eccles, Blue Bell Hill and (part of) Walderslade.

Aylesford Newsprint was a major employer in the area and the largest paper recycling factory in Europe, manufacturing newsprint. It closed in 2015.

Rochester Airport (Kent)
Rochester Airport (IATA: RCS, ICAO: EGTO) also known as Rochester Airfield, is a operational general aviation airport located 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) south of Rochester in South East England, with the River Medway 1.5 NM (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) from the end of runway 34, 3.4 mi (5.5 km) from Chatham and its Historic Dockyard and the Medway area.

Rochester Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P846) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Rochester Airport PLC). The airfield currently has no scheduled flights, and is only used to store privately owned aircraft in a cram hangar.
Song Qingwei
Song Qingwei (Chinese: 宋清渭; pinyin: Sòng Qīngwèi; born March 1929 – 27 December 2022) was a general in the People's Liberation Army of China who was a political commissar of the Jinan Military Region from 1987 to 1994.

He was a delegate to the 6th and 7th National People's Congress and a member of the standing committee of the 9th National People's Congress. He was a representative of the 13th, 14th and 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
The 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was convened from 12 to 18 October, 1992.  It was preceded by the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. 2,000 delegates represented the party's 51 million members.

The Congress elected the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Building socialism with Chinese Characteristics was advanced. The congress outlined the major tasks in the reform, economic and social development in the 1990s. It declared that the target of China's economic restructuring was to establish a socialist market economic system. It was succeeded by the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
Chandana Abayarathna
Chandana Abayarathna is a Sri Lankan politician currently serving as the Minister of State Administration, Provincial Councils and Local Government. He was elected to the Sri Lankan Parliament from Puttalam Electoral District as a member of the National People's Power in 2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election.

Puttalam Electoral District
Puttalam electoral district is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Puttalam in the North Western province. The district currently elects 8 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 495,575 registered electors in 2010. The district is Sri Lanka's Electorate Number 16.
Mitchelton State School
Mitchelton State School is a heritage-listed state school and state school at 47 Glen Retreat Road, Mitchelton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Boulton & Paul, Ltd and Department of Public Works (Queensland) and built from 1950 to 1960. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 August 2018.

Boulton & Paul Ltd
Boulton & Paul Ltd was a British general manufacturer from Norwich, England that became involved in aircraft manufacture.

Jeld Wen Inc. bought Boulton & Paul (along with another joinery company John Carr) from the Rugby Group plc in 1999 to form its British subsidiary.
Texas Wesleyan University
Texas Wesleyan University is a private Methodist university in Fort Worth, Texas. It was founded in 1890 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The main campus is located in the Polytechnic Heights neighborhood of Fort Worth. Its mascot is the ram.

Ovis
Ovis is a genus of mammals, part of the Caprinae subfamily of the ruminant family Bovidae. Its seven species are highly sociable, and are known as sheep or ovines. Domestic sheep are members of the genus, and are thought to be descended from the wild mouflon of central and southwest Asia.
Robert-Bisson Hospital Centre
The Robert-Bisson Hospital Centre is a public hospital located in Lisieux, Calvados, in the Normandy region of France. It serves as the primary hospital for the eastern part of the Calvados department, catering to a population of approximately 138,170 residents as of 1999. Its area of influence extends into the Eure department, including the hospitals of Bernay and Pont-Audemer, and the northern part of the Orne department.

Henry Chéron
Henry Frédéric Chéron (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi fʁedeʁik ʃeʁɔ̃]; 11 May 1867 – 14 April 1936) was a French lawyer and politician who became active in local politics in the Calvados department of Normandy while still a young man, and always maintained his roots in Normandy. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies and then to the Senate, and held various ministerial posts between 1913 and 1934. He generally held moderately conservative views, believed in fiscal responsibility and balanced budgets, and felt strongly that agriculture was the foundation of France's prosperity.
Glossary of education terms
The follow articles comprise the glossary of education-related terms:

Glossary of education terms (A–C)

Glossary of education terms (D–F)

Glossary of education terms (G–L)

Glossary of education terms (M–O)

Glossary of education terms (P–R)

Glossary of education terms (S)

Glossary of education terms (T–Z)

Glossary of education terms (T–Z)
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with T – Z. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.
Olavi Tupamäki
Olavi Tupamäki (born 21 October 1944) is a Finnish engineer and retired politician, born in Petäjävesi in the Central Finland region. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland, representing the Finnish Rural Party (SMP) from 1970 to 1972 and the Finnish People's Unity Party (SKYP) from 1972 to 1975.

Regions of Finland
Finland is divided into 19 regions (Finnish: maakunta; Swedish: landskap)
which are governed by regional councils that serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of each region. The councils are composed of delegates from the municipal councils. The main tasks of regional councils are regional planning, the development of enterprises, and education. Between 2004 and 2012, the regional council of Kainuu was elected via popular elections as part of an experimental regional administration.

In 2022, new Wellbeing services counties were established as part of a health care and social services reform. The wellbeing services counties follow the regional borders, and are governed by directly elected county councils.
Donald R. Blake
Donald R. Blake (born December 19, 1952, in Orange, California) is an American atmospheric chemist and Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Irvine.

He is known for his work in the measurement and analysis of trace gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, particularly those that contribute to air pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change. His research has informed international environmental policy and contributed to the scientific understanding of atmospheric composition and greenhouse gas trends.

Environmental policy
Environmental policy is the pledge by governments or organizations to adopt laws, regulations, and other policy tools aimed at addressing environmental issues. These typically involve air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem protection, biodiversity conservation, management of natural resources, and safeguarding wildlife and endangered species
For example, concerning environmental policy, the implementation of an eco-energy-oriented policy at a global level to address the issue of climate change could be addressed.

Policies concerning energy or regulation of toxic substances including pesticides and many types of industrial waste are part of the topic of environmental policy. This policy can be deliberately taken to influence human activities and thereby prevent undesirable effects on the biophysical environment and natural resources, as well as to make sure that changes in the environment do not have unacceptable effects on humans.
Fornelli (surname)
Fornelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bob Fornelli (born 1966), American college baseball coach

Cynthia M. Fornelli (fl. early 21st century), American accountant and securities lawyer

Bob Fornelli
Robert William Fornelli (born August 9, 1966) is a retired American college baseball coach, who coached at Pittsburg State University from 2019 to 2025. Previously, Fornelli coached at his alma mater, Emporia State University, from 2004 to 2018 where he guided the Hornets to five Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association regular season championships and two conference tournament championships, 13 trips to the NCAA Tournament, two World Series appearances and a national runner-up finish. Fornelli was the coach at Fort Hays State from 1996 to 2003.
Joanna Denny
Joanna Denny (fl. 2005 - died 2006) was a historian and author specialising in the court of King Henry VIII. Her books include Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy and Anne Boleyn. Her books are usually considered to be sympathetic towards these women. She was published by Portrait Books, an imprint of Piatkus. She is a descendant of Sir Anthony Denny, Henry VIII's trusted servant. She died in 2006, shortly before the publication of her book on Anne Boleyn.

Little, Brown Book Group
Little, Brown Book Group is a UK publishing company created in 1988, with multiple predecessors. Since 2006 Little, Brown Book Group has been owned by Hachette UK, a subsidiary of Hachette Livre. It was acquired in 2006 from  Time Warner of New York City, who then owned LBBG via the American publisher Little, Brown and Company.

Little, Brown has won the Publisher of the Year Award four times – in 1994, 2004, 2010 and 2014.
Seven Brothers of Lazia
The Seven Brothers of Lazia are the seven martyred brothers: Orentius, Cyriacus, Firminus, Firmus, Heros, Longinus, and Pharnacius. They were soldiers in the Roman Army, supposedly joined Diocletian's army at Antioch, saw service in Thrace, were condemned for their Christian faith and suffered martyrdom during the persecutions of co-Emperor Maximian.

Roman army
The Roman Army (Latin: Exercitus Romanus) served ancient Rome and the Roman people enduring through the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476/1453), including the Western Roman Empire (collapsed AD 476/480) and the Eastern Roman Empire (collapsed AD 1453). It is thus a term that broadly spans approximately 2,206 years, during which the force underwent numerous permutations in size, composition, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions.
Idolle Ramayana
Idolle Ramayana (transl. It's a good Ramayana) in Kannada, shot simultaneously in Telugu as Mana Oori Ramayanam (transl. Our village's Ramayana), is a 2016 Indian comedy drama film directed by Prakash Raj. The film was produced by Prakash himself with Ramjee Narasiman under Prakash Raj Productions and First Copy Pictures. The film is a remake of 2012 Malayalam film Shutter with Jogi and Raman Gopisetti writing the dialogues for both versions simultaneously.

The film is shot in two languages, Kannada and Telugu, each with a slightly different cast. It stars Prakash Raj and Priyamani with Achyuth Kumar, Rangayana Raghu, Raghubabu, Prudhviraj, Aravind Kuplikar and Satyadev portraying supporting roles. The film's soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Both versions were released worldwide on 7 October 2016.

Prudhvi Raj
Balireddy Prudhviraj (born 6 August 1964) is an Indian actor and politician known for his roles in Telugu films. He has appeared in over 100 films, primarily in comedic roles, and is widely recognised for his iconic dialogue "30 years industry" from the 2002 film Khadgam.

In addition to his career in cinema, Prudhviraj has been actively involved in politics. In February 2019, he was appointed as the state secretary of the YSR Congress Party in Andhra Pradesh. He also served as the chairman of the SVBC TV channel, which is operated by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, until January 2020. Prudhviraj is currently a member of the Janasena Party.
New College, Oxford
New College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1379 by Bishop William of Wykeham in conjunction with Winchester College as New College's feeder school, New College was one of the first colleges in the university to admit and tutor undergraduate students.

The college is in the centre of Oxford, between Holywell Street and New College Lane (known for Oxford's Bridge of Sighs). Its sister college is King's College, Cambridge. The choir of New College has recorded over one hundred albums, and has won two Gramophone Awards.

Norrington Table
The Norrington Table is a ranking of the colleges of the University of Oxford based on a score computed from the proportions of undergraduate students earning each of the various degree classifications based on that year's final examinations. Rankings were last published by the university in 2022 but undergraduates continue to be members of colleges and receive degree classifications meaning that rankings can still be calculated.