hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1868 Hawaii earthquake
The 1868 Hawaiʻi earthquake was the largest recorded in the history of Hawaiʻi island, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 Mfa and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The earthquake occurred at 4 p.m. local time on April 2, 1868, and caused a landslide and tsunami that led to 77 deaths. The aftershock sequence for this event has continued up to the present day.

Time zone
A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.

Each time zone is defined by a standard offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The offsets range from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00, and are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in India and Nepal. Some areas in a time zone may use a different offset for part of the year, typically one hour ahead during spring and summer, a practice known as daylight saving time (DST).
Battye
Battye is a surname, a variant of Batty. Notable people with the surname include:

Colin Battye (1936–2018), English rugby league footballer

Don Battye (1938–2016), composer

Ian Battye (1952–2007), rugby league footballer

James Battye (1871–1954), librarian

John Battye (1926–2016), football player

Malcolm Battye (born 1941), rugby league footballer

Margaret Battye (1909–1949), lawyer

Neil Battye (born 1963), rugby league footballer

Susan Battye (born 1950), New Zealand playwright

Ian Battye
Ian David Battye (birth registered third 1⁄4 1952 – 28 February 2007), also known by the nickname of "Big Joe",  was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s. He played at club level for Kippax Welfare ARLFC and Castleford (Heritage No. 586).
Cornwall Birdwatching and Preservation Society
The Cornwall BirdWatching and Preservation Society is a conservation body dedicated to the preservation and enjoyment of birds in the county of Cornwall, England, UK. The society is involved in the management of six reserves, and provides news of bird sightings in Cornwall through its website.

South West Water
South West Water is a British private utility company responsible for the water supply and waste water treatment services throughout Devon and Cornwall and in small areas of Dorset and Somerset. The company also supplies water in the south of England area under the name Bournemouth Water. South West Water was created in 1989 with the privatisation of the water industry. It was preceded by the South West Water Authority which was formed by the Water Act 1973 as one of ten regional water authorities formed by a merger of various statutory and local authority water undertakings. South West Water is part of the Pennon Group.
Polyporoletus
Polyporoletus is a genus of fungi in the family Albatrellaceae. The genus was first described by mycologist Walter H. Snell in 1936 to accommodate an unusual terrestrial polypore with a stipe that had been found in the ground in pine-oak woods in Fentress County, Tennessee. He named this specimen Polyporoletus sublividus; the generic name refers to the possible relationship to both the boletes and the polypores. Although this species would be later transferred to the genus Scutiger, it is now considered to be Polyporoletus. Currently there are two other species in the genus, P. neotropicus Mata & Ryvarden (2007) and P. sylvestris (Overh. ex Pouzar) Audet, (2010)

Wally Snell
Walter Henry "Doc" Snell (May 19, 1889 – July 23, 1980) was an American baseball player and coach, college athletics administrator, and mycologist. He played briefly as a catcher in Major League Baseball with the Boston Red Sox during the 1913 season. Following his playing career, he became a successful mycologist who worked primarily at Brown University. Snell also coached the baseball team at Brown from 1922 to 1927 and served as the school's athletic director from 1943 to 1946.
Zhangfuyuan station
Zhangfuyuan station (simplified Chinese: 张府园站; traditional Chinese: 張府園站; pinyin: Zhāngfǔyuán Zhàn) is a station of Line 1 of the Nanjing Metro. It started operations on 3 September 2005 as part of the line's Phase I from Maigaoqiao to Andemen.

Line 1 (Nanjing Metro)
Line 1 of the Nanjing Metro (Chinese: 南京地铁1号线; pinyin: Nánjīng Dìtiě Yī Hào Xiàn) is a north-south line and the first operating metro line in the Nanjing Metro system, inaugurated on September 3, 2005. After the opening of the 25.08 km (15.58 mi)-long south extension line on May 28, 2010, the total length of Line 1 is now 37.9 km (23.5 mi), running from CPU to Baguazhoudaqiaonan.
Thomas Bumpsted
Thomas Brooks Bumpsted  (1822–1917) was an English surgeon and rower who won both the Diamond Challenge Sculls and Wingfield Sculls in 1844. He later died at the age of 94 in the Chesterton district.

Bumpsted was born at Berkley, Somerset. He studied medicine at St George's Hospital, London and became MRCS in 1844. In 1843 he stroked the St George's Club crew that won the Stewards' Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta.   In the same year he competed unsuccessfully in the Wingfield Sculls. In 1844, rowing for Scullers Club, he won the first Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley, beating H Morgan of Christ Church, Oxford and J W Conant of St John's College, Oxford. His time was 10 minutes 32 seconds Later that year he won the Wingfield Sculls beating the holder H Chapman. In 1845 he was beaten in the Wingfield Sculls by Chapman.

Bumpsted was in medical practice in Cambridge and was surgeon at Cambridge County Gaol.

Bumpsted married Margaret Louisa Yaustin Doria of Flempton in 1856.

Flempton
Flempton is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. It is on the A1101 road 5 miles NW from Bury St Edmunds.

Flempton takes its name from the Flemings who came from Flanders and settled the area in Anglo-Saxon times. The Domesday Book records the population of Flempton in 1086 to be 16 households. According to the 2011 census the parish had a population of 149 in 68 households.

St Catherine's church is a grade II* listed building whose tower was rebuilt in 1839 after it collapsed.

Flempton is grouped with Hengrave to form a parish council made up of eight members, four from each parish.

The East of England Regional Assembly was based in Flempton House until 2010. The former village pub is The Greyhound on The Green which closed in 2016. It is close to the River Lark.

Flempton Forge and nearby Forge Cottage are grade II listed buildings on The Green. The forge has recently been converted to a holiday let.
Victorian Railways rail tractor
The Victorian Railways rail tractors are a fleet of small shunting units used by the Victorian Railways of Australia for moving railway wagons at country stations and in private sidings. Varying in power output and size, they generally consist of an agricultural tractor engine on top of a four-wheeled steel rail wagon frame, recycled from scrapped four-wheel goods wagons.

Tractor
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.  Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, and now many more. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
Santa Rock
Santa Rock (57°2′S 26°48′W﻿ / ﻿57.033°S 26.800°W﻿ / -57.033; -26.800) is a rock, 35 m high, lying 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) north-northwest of Vindication Island in the South Sandwich Islands. It was charted and named in 1930 by DI personnel on the Discovery II.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Santa Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Discovery Investigations
The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.

Discovery Investigations contributed greatly to knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on and their habitat's oceanography, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. They continued until 1951, with the final report published in 1980.

Collected specimens are in the Discovery Collections.
Search tree
In computer science, a search tree is a tree data structure used for locating specific keys from within a set. In order for a tree to function as a search tree, the key for each node must be greater than any keys in subtrees on the left, and less than any keys in subtrees on the right.

The advantage of search trees is their efficient search time given the tree is reasonably balanced, which is to say the leaves at either end are of comparable depths. Various search-tree data structures exist, several of which also allow efficient insertion and deletion of elements, which operations then have to maintain tree balance.

Search trees are often used to implement an associative array. The search tree algorithm uses the key from the key–value pair to find a location, and then the application stores the entire key–value pair at that particular location.

Name–value pair
A name–value pair, also known as an attribute–value pair, key–value pair, or field–value pair, is a fundamental data representation in computer systems and applications. Designers often desire an open-ended data structure that allows for future extension without modifying existing code or data. In such situations, all or part of the data model may be expressed as a collection of 2-tuples in the form <attribute name, value> with each element being an attribute–value pair. Depending on the particular application and the implementation chosen by programmers, attribute names may or may not be unique.

Common examples include JSON objects such as database records where a column maps to a stored value (e.g., username → johndoe), HTTP headers like Content-Type: text/html, and configuration files with settings expressed as settingType=1.
Popkov
Popkov (Russian: Попков) is a Russian masculine surname originating from the Russian masculine given name Pop (meaning priest), its feminine counterpart is Popkova. Notable persons with that name include:

Aleksandr Popkov (born 1994), Russian swimmer

Jurijs Popkovs (born 1961), Latvian footballer and football manager

Mikhail Popkov (born 1964), Russian serial killer and police officer

Natalya Popkova (born 1988), Russian long-distance runner

Sergei Popkov (born 1963), Russian football coach

Vera Popkova (1943–2011), Soviet sprinter

Viktor Popkov (1946–2001), Russian human rights activist and journalist

Vitaly Popkov (1922–2010), Soviet military aviator

Vitaly Popkov (cyclist) (born 1983), Ukrainian racing cyclist

Viktor Popkov
Viktor Alekseyevich Popkov (Russian: Ви́ктор Алексе́евич Попко́в; June 17, 1946 – June 2, 2001) was a Russian dissident, Christian, humanitarian, human rights activist and journalist.

A deeply religious Old Believer and pacifist, Popkov taught non-violence, and spent the last 15 years of his life in conflict areas of the collapsing Soviet Union, including the Abkhaz–Georgian conflict, the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, and the Chechen Wars.

Popkov died on June 2, 2001, after being shot during a drive-by shooting while working as an aid worker in Chechnya days earlier.
Stjärnorna på slottet
Stjärnorna på slottet (English: Stars at the Castle) is a Swedish show featuring five film or music stars which is usually broadcast during the Christmas and New Year Eve weekend and a bit into January each year. The show was broadcast for the first time in January 2006 on SVT. The show has received a lot of attention in media and has had high ratings. The show has been filmed at several castles over the years, including Trolleholm Castle in Scania (2005 and 2007), Häckeberga Castle in Scania (2008), Thorskog House in Bohuslän (2009 and 2010), Görväln House in Uppland (2011), Bäckaskog Castle in Scania (2012–2013), Bjärsjölagård Castle in Scania (2014) and Ericsberg Palace in Södermanland (2015).

The show basis is that five famous people live together in a castle for five days. Each person has one day that focuses on them and their career, they eat dinners where they discuss the individual. In 2008 the show won "Entertainment show of the year" at Kristallen.

Bäckaskog Castle
Bäckaskog Castle (Swedish: Bäckaskog slott) in Kristianstad Municipality, Scania, southern Sweden, was originally a monastery built in the 13th century. It was transformed into a castle in the 16th century. The castle is located on the isthmus between Ivö Lake (Scania's largest lake) and Oppmanna Lake.

The monastery was closed down by the Danish Crown in 1537 during the Reformation. In 1584–1653, the noblemen Henrik Ramel and his son Henrik Ramel Junior gave the castle its present appearance.
David Blaney
David Blaney (born 3 March 1979, Ireland) is a rugby union player who played for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker. He left Bristol at the end of the 2010–11 season.

Educated in Terenure College, Dublin, he was the winning captain of the 1997 Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup. = References ==

Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup
The Leinster Schools Senior Challenge Cup is the premier rugby union competition for secondary schools affiliated to the Leinster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), and was first held in 1887.

Attendances are high for a schoolboy competition, with up to 25000 present at the final. This match traditionally took place on Saint Patrick's Day at Lansdowne Road. In 2008, the final was played at the Royal Dublin Society Grounds (RDS) after Donnybrook proved to be too small for the 2007 final, (Lansdowne Road was closed for redevelopment) and has been the home since. Since the move to the RDS and live television coverage, the attendance has decreased and is now typically 10,000 to 14,000.. Due to the redevelopment of the RDS finals are currently played in Tallaght Stadium

Blackrock College are the most successful school in the cup's history, having won 72 times, more than all other teams combined.
Traffic model
A traffic model is a mathematical model of real-world traffic, usually, but not restricted to, road traffic. Traffic modeling draws heavily on theoretical foundations like network theory and certain theories from physics like the kinematic wave model. The interesting quantity being modeled and measured is the traffic flow, i.e. the throughput of mobile units (e.g. vehicles) per time and transportation medium capacity (e.g. road or lane width). Models can teach researchers and engineers how to ensure an optimal flow with a minimum number of traffic jams.

Traffic models often are the basis of a traffic simulation.

Network traffic
Network traffic or data traffic is the amount of data moving across a network at a given point of time. Network data in computer networks is mostly encapsulated in network packets, which provide the load in the network. Network traffic is the main component for network traffic measurement, network traffic control and simulation.

Network traffic control - managing, prioritizing, controlling or reducing the network traffic

Network traffic measurement - measuring the amount and type of traffic on a particular network

Network traffic simulation - to measure the efficiency of a communications network

Traffic generation model - is a stochastic model of the traffic flows or data sources in a communication computer network.

Proper analysis of network traffic provides the organization with the network security as a benefit - unusual amount of traffic in a network is a possible sign of an attack. Network traffic reports provide valuable insights into preventing such attacks.
2024–25 Albanian A-1 League (women)
The 2024–25 Albanian A-1 League is the 79th season of the top division women's basketball league in Albania since its establishment in 1946. It starts in October 2024 with the first round of the regular season and ends in April 2025.

Tirana are the defending champions.

Flamurtari Vlorë won their fourteenth title after beating Tirana in the final.

KB Flamurtari
KB Flamurtari is an Albanian basketball team that plays in the Albanian Basketball League. The club was founded in 1924 as part of the multi disciplinary KS Flamurtari. Flamurtari's women team is one of the most successful teams in Albania winning the Albanian League 25 times.
2014 Harris County shooting
On July 9, 2014, a mass shooting occurred in a home located in northern Harris County, Texas, near the Spring census-designated place, a suburban area of the Greater Houston area, leaving six family members dead, four children, and a lone survivor. Ronald Lee Haskell, 34, was apprehended after a standoff that lasted several hours. Haskell was related to the victims via his ex-wife.

Klein Independent School District
Klein Independent School District (Klein ISD) is a school district that covers 87.5 square miles (227 km2) in Harris County, Texas, United States. It became an independent school district in 1938. Almost all of the territory is unincorporated; a small portion of Houston is within the district. In the 2020–2021 school year, Klein ISD had 52,824 students. Klein ISD is part of the taxation base for the Lone Star College System. As of 2022, Jenny McGown is Superintendent of Schools.

The district has 33 elementary schools (including a Pre-K designated school), ten intermediate schools, and five high schools. For the 2024–25 school year, the district received a score of 86 out of 100 from the Texas Education Agency.
Elimination rate constant
The elimination rate constant K or Ke is a value used in pharmacokinetics to describe the rate at which a drug is removed from the human system.

It is often abbreviated K or Ke. It is equivalent to the fraction of a substance that is removed per unit time measured at any particular instant and has units of T−1. This can be expressed mathematically with the differential equation

,

where  is the blood plasma concentration of drug in the system at a given point in time ,  is an infinitely small change in time, and  is the concentration of drug in the system after the infinitely small change in time.

The solution of this differential equation is useful in calculating the concentration after the administration of a single dose of drug via IV bolus injection:

Ct is concentration after time t

C0 is the initial concentration (t=0)

K is the elimination rate constant

Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon 'drug' and kinetikos 'moving, putting in motion'; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotics such as pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. PK attempts to analyze chemical metabolism and discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body. PK is based on mathematical modeling that places great emphasis on the relationship between drug plasma concentration and the time elapsed since the drug's administration. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects the drug, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects, as seen in PK/PD models.
Israel Christian
Israel Christian (c.1720–1784) was an 18th-century American frontiersman, militia officer, politician and businessman. One of the earliest landowners in Kentucky, he founded the town of Fincastle, Virginia. He was also a representative of Augusta County in the House of Burgesses from 1759 to 1761.

Four of sons-in-law were William Fleming, William Bowyer and Stephen Trigg, all colonels in the Kentucky Militia, and Presbyterian minister Caleb Wallace. Three counties in Kentucky, as well as the Town of Christiansburg, Virginia, were named in honor of his son William Christian, and two of his sons-in-law, Fleming and Trigg.: 140

Augusta County, Virginia
Augusta County is a county in the Shenandoah Valley on the western edge of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The second-largest county of Virginia by total area, it completely surrounds the independent cities of Staunton and Waynesboro. Its county seat is Staunton, but most of the administrative services have offices in neighboring Verona.

The county was created in 1738 from part of Orange County and was named after Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. It was originally a huge area, but many of its parts were carved out to form other counties and several states until the current borders were finalized in 1790.

As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 77,487. Along with Staunton and Waynesboro, it forms the Staunton–Waynesboro, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Bluff (poker)
In the card game of poker, a bluff is a bet or raise made with a hand which is not thought to be the best hand. To bluff is to make such a bet. The objective of a bluff is to induce a fold by at least one opponent who holds a better hand. The size and frequency of a bluff determines its profitability to the bluffer. By extension, the phrase "calling somebody's bluff" is often used outside the context of poker to describe situations where one person demands that another proves a claim, or proves that they are not being deceptive.

David Sklansky
David Sklansky (born December 22, 1947) is an American professional poker player and author. An early writer on poker strategy, he is known for his mathematical approach to the game. His key work The Theory of Poker presents fundamental principles on which much later analysis is based.
Peak bone mass
Peak bone mass is the maximum amount of bone a person has during their life. It typically occurs in the early 20s in females and late 20s in males. Peak bone mass is typically lower in females than males, and is also lower in White people and Asians compared to black populations. A way to determine bone mass is to look at the size and density of the mineralized tissue in the periosteal envelope and using the bone mineral density (BMD) of a person can help determine the strength of that bone. Research has shown that puberty affects bone size much more because during this time males typically undergo a longer bone maturation period than women which is why women are more prone to osteoporosis than men.

Asian people
"Asian people" (sometimes "Asiatic people") is an umbrella term for people who belong to any ethnic, racial, or national group with origins in Asia. It is most often used in contexts concerning the Asian diaspora, which consists of Asian people and their descendants living outside of the continent. The exact definition of the term may vary by country; some classifications of "Asian" may only refer to certain Asian-origin groups, as opposed to the population of the entire continent.