hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Culture of Syria
Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history. The Syrian's taste for the traditional arts is expressed in dances such as the al-Samah, the Dabkeh in all their variations and the sword dance. Marriage ceremonies are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs.

The scribes of the city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra) created a cuneiform alphabet in the 14th century BC. The alphabet was written in the familiar order we use today like the English language, however with different characters.

Archaeologists have discovered extensive writings and evidence of a culture rivaling those of Iraq, and Egypt in and around the ancient city of Ebla (modern Tell Mardikh). Later Syrian scholars and artists contributed to Hellenistic and Roman thought and culture. Cicero was a pupil of Antiochus of Ascalon at Athens; and the writings of Posidonius of Apamea influenced Livy and Plutarch.

Ugarit
Ugarit (/juːˈɡɑːrɪt, uː-/; Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ủgrt /ʾUgarītu/) was an ancient Levantine coastal city located in what is today northern Syria. The site, with its corpus of ancient cuneiform texts, was discovered in 1928. The texts were written in a previously unknown Northwest Semitic tongue—the Ugaritic language. Archaeological excavations of Ugarit show evidence of occupation since the 8th millennium BC. Research has focused on the late Bronze Age levels; relatively little is known about earlier occupation. The ongoing archaeological investigation of Ugarit has proven to be invaluable to the study of the Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean.

Ugarit is 10 km (6.2 mi) north of the Syrian city Latakia; at its zenith it ruled an area roughly equivalent to the modern Latakia Governorate. The ruins are often called "Ras Shamra" or "Tell Shamra" after the local place names.
Division of Durack
The Division of Durack (/ˈdjuːræk/) is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia. It is the largest electorate in Australia by land area, at 1,410,947 km2 (544,769.7 sq mi). It stretches all the way along the coast from Guilderton to the Northern Territory border.

Since 2013, its MP has been Melissa Price of the Liberal Party.

Shire of York
The Shire of York is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, covering an area of 2,133 square kilometres (824 sq mi) just beyond the eastern fringe of Perth's metropolitan area. The Shire's seat of government is the town of York.
Gallowayella
Gallowayella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 15 species. The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by Sergey Kondratyuk, Natalya Fedorenko, Soili Stenroos, Ingvar Kärnefelt, Jack Elix, and Arne Thell, with Gallowayella coppinsii assigned as the type species. The generic name honours New Zealand lichenologist David John Galloway (1942–2014).

John Alan Elix
John Alan (Jack) Elix (born 1941) emeritus professor in chemistry at the Australian National University, is an organic chemist who has contributed in many fields: lichenology, lichen chemotaxonomy, plant physiology and biodiversity and natural product chemistry. He has authored 2282 species names, and 67 genera in the field of mycology. Elix edited the exsiccata series Lichenes Australasici exsiccati.

The standard author abbreviation Elix is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Chō Tsurahide
Chō Tsurahide (長 連豪, 1856 – July 27, 1878) was a samurai from Ishikawa Prefecture who was instrumental in the assassination of Ōkubo Toshimichi.

After Saigō Takamori began his uprising in Kagoshima Prefecture in 1877, Chō was among the first of the Kaga Domain (Kanazawa) figures to enact anti-government plans. He traveled twice to Kagoshima Prefecture to meet Saigō.

After Saigō's death, he aligned himself with Shimada Ichirō and his Sanko-ji faction in blaming Kido Takayoshi and Ōkubo. Since Kido died of an illness, they focussed on the successful assassination of Ōkubo alone. He was executed as punishment.

Kaga Domain
The Kaga Domain (加賀藩, Kaga-han), also known as the Kanazawa Domain (金沢藩, Kanazawa-han), was a domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1583 to 1871.

The Kaga Domain was based at Kanazawa Castle in Kaga Province, in the modern city of Kanazawa, located in the Chūbu region of the island of Honshu. The Kaga Domain was ruled for its existence by the tozama daimyō of the Maeda, and covered most of Kaga Province and Etchū Province and all of Noto Province in the Hokuriku region. The Kaga Domain had an assessed kokudaka of over one million koku, making it by far the largest domain of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Kaga Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 by the Meiji government and its territory was absorbed into Ishikawa Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture.
William Bruce Dickey
William Bruce Dickey (February 13, 1842 – November 2, 1902) was an American businessman and politician.

Dickey was born in Smithfield, Madison County, New York. He moved to Minnesota in 1859 and settled in Zumbrota, Goodhue County, Minnesota with his wife and family. Dickey was involved with the mercantile business. Dickey served in the 8th Minnesota Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War and was commissioned a first lieutenant. Dickey served in the Minnesota Senate from 1899 until his death in 1902. He died in Thief River Falls, Minnesota.

Madison County, New York
Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68,016. Its county seat is Wampsville. The county is named after James Madison, the fourth president of the United States, and was first formed in 1806. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Madison County is part of the Syracuse metropolitan area, and is home to both the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum.
Sarcodon cyanellus
Sarcodon cyanellus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, where it associates with Pinaceae, it was described as new to science in 1964 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum cyanellum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. It has a vinaceous-violet to bluish-black cap.

Hydnoid fungi
The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps (fruit bodies) producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum ("hydnoid" means Hydnum-like), but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.
Some Remarks on Logical Form
"Some Remarks on Logical Form" (1929) was the only academic paper ever published by Ludwig Wittgenstein. It contained Wittgenstein's thinking on logic and the philosophy of mathematics immediately before the rupture that divided the early Wittgenstein of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus from the later Wittgenstein represented in the Philosophical Investigations. The approach to logical form in the paper reflected Frank P. Ramsey's critique of Wittgenstein's account of color in the Tractatus, and has been analyzed by G. E. M. Anscombe and Jaakko Hintikka, among others. In a letter to the editor of Mind in 1933 Wittgenstein referred to it as "a short (and weak) article".

Logical form
In logic, the logical form of a statement is a precisely specified semantic version of that statement in a formal system. Informally, the logical form attempts to formalize a possibly ambiguous statement into a statement with a precise, unambiguous logical interpretation with respect to a formal system. In an ideal formal language, the meaning of a logical form can be determined unambiguously from syntax alone. Logical forms are semantic, not syntactic constructs; therefore, there may be more than one string that represents the same logical form in a given language.

The logical form of an argument is called the argument form of the argument.
Gloomy
Gloomy can refer to:

melancholia

The song Gloomy Sunday

The song Gloomy from the self-titled album Creedence Clearwater Revival

The Gloomy Dean, nickname of William Ralph Inge

Gloomy Bear, a fictional character

Gloomy Galleon

Someone who is easily saddened or depressed

Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)
Creedence Clearwater Revival is the debut studio album by the American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival, released in June 1968, by Fantasy Records in the US. Featuring the band's first hit single, "Susie Q", which reached number 11 in the US charts, it was recorded shortly after the band changed its name from the Golliwogs and began developing a signature swamp rock sound.
Fuckart & Pimp
Fuckart & Pimp was a media hoax conceived by Alex Chappel and David C West in April 1998 which subjected London's Decima gallery to worldwide media attention and became a British front page newspaper sensation, as well as featuring on national television. The show was originally presented as a real event and managed to dupe many national newspapers in the UK before being revealed as a hoax.

Hoax
A hoax (pl.: hoaxes) is a widely publicised falsehood created to deceive its audience with false and often astonishing information, with the either malicious or humorous intent of causing shock and interest in as many people as possible.

Some hoaxers intend to eventually unmask their representations as having been a hoax so as to expose their victims as fools; seeking some form of profit, other hoaxers hope to maintain the hoax indefinitely, so that it is only when skeptical people willing to investigate their claims publish their findings, that the hoaxers are finally revealed as such.
Savat Mazi Ladki
Savat Mazi Ladki (transl. My Husband's Dear Second Wife) is a 1993 Indian Marathi-language comedy film directed and produced by Smita Talwalkar and distributed by Everest Entertainment.

The film was released in Maharashtra on 30 August 1993 and stars Mohan Joshi, Neena Kulkarni, Varsha Usgaonkar and Prashant Damle in lead roles. At Maharashtra State Film Awards Film Won Many Awards Including Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Second Film, Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress For Kulkarni, Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor For Joshi, Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress For Usgaonkar And Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor For damle.

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Second Film
The Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film is an award presented annually at the Maharashtra State Film Awards of India to the best film in Marathi cinema. The awards are managed directly by the Maharashtra Government under the Department of Cultural Affairs of the Government of Maharashtra.

The inaugural award was named as "Baburao Painter Award for Best Feature Film" and was awarded to Suvasini, directed by Raja Paranjape.
Omri Gandelman
Omri Gandelman (Hebrew: עמרי גנדלמן also spelled עומרי גאנדלמן; born (2000-05-16)16 May 2000) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club Lecce and the Israel national team.

Israel Football Association
The Israel Football Association (IFA; Hebrew: ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל HaHiṯəʼaḥăḏūṯ ləKaddūreḡel bəYiśrāʼēl, lit. 'The Association of Football in Israel') is the governing body of football in Israel. It organizes a variety of association football leagues where the highest level is the Israeli Premier League; as well as national cups such as the Israel State Cup, the Toto Cup, and the Israel Super Cup; also, the Israel national football team. The IFA was originally founded in 1928, in Mandatory Palestine, and is based in Ramat Gan.
Edele Kruchow
Clara Edele Bengta Kruchow née Langberg (1915–1989) was a Danish headmistress and politician. In 1965, the Danish Women's Council (DKN) appointed her to serve on the country's delegation to the United Nations. On her return to Denmark in 1967,  she chaired the DKN until 1972. She later became a member of the Danish Commission to UNESCO. Representing the Social Liberal Party, she was a member of the Folketing from 1971 to 1977. During this period, she represented Denmark at the European Council, the European Parliament and the United Nations General Assembly.

Kvinderådet
Kvinderådet (known in English as The Women's Council in Denmark), formerly Danske Kvinders Nationalråd), was established in 1899 as the Danish arm of the International Council of Women. It acts as an umbrella organization for all the Danish women's associations, working in the areas of women's rights as well as social, professional and economic interests.
West Riding of Yorkshire
The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. From 1889 to 1974 the riding was an administrative county named County of York, West Riding. The lieutenancy at that time included the city of York and as such was named "West Riding of the County of York and the County of the City of York". The riding ceased to be used for administrative purposes in 1974, when England's local government was reformed.

Contemporary local government boundaries in Yorkshire largely do not follow those of the riding. All of South Yorkshire (except Finningley) and West Yorkshire were historically within its boundaries, as were the south-western areas of North Yorkshire (including Ripon), the Sedbergh area of Cumbria, the Barnoldswick and Slaidburn areas of Lancashire, the Saddleworth area of Greater Manchester and the part of the East Riding of Yorkshire around Goole and southwest of the River Ouse.

Administrative county
An administrative county was a first-level administrative division in England and Wales from 1888 to 1974, from 1899 until 1973 in Northern Ireland, and from 1899 to 2002 in the Republic of Ireland. They are now abolished, although most Northern Ireland lieutenancy areas and Republic of Ireland counties have the same boundaries as former administrative countries.
Hugh Gregory Fitton
Brigadier-General Hugh Gregory Fitton CB DSO (November 1863 – 20 January 1916) was a British Army officer. He was killed in Ypres, Belgium, whilst in command of the 34th Division's 101st Infantry Brigade.

Ypres
Ypres (/ˈiːprə/ EE-prə, French: [ipʁ] ⓘ;  Dutch: Ieper [ˈipər] ⓘ; West Flemish: Yper; German: Ypern [ˈyːpɐn] ⓘ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though 
the Dutch name Ieper is the official one, the city's French name Ypres is most commonly used in English. The municipality comprises the city of Ypres/Ieper and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants.

During the First World War, Ypres (or "Wipers" as it was commonly known by the British troops) was the centre of the Battles of Ypres between German and Allied forces.
Sierpiński's theorem on metric spaces
In mathematics, Sierpiński's theorem is an isomorphism theorem concerning certain metric spaces, named after Wacław Sierpiński who proved it in 1920.

It states that any countable metric space without isolated points is homeomorphic to  (with its standard topology).

Wacław Sierpiński
Wacław Franciszek Sierpiński (Polish: [ˈvat͡swaf fraɲˈt͡ɕiʂɛk ɕɛrˈpij̃skʲi] ⓘ; 14 March 1882 – 21 October 1969) was a Polish mathematician. He was known for contributions to set theory (research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis), number theory, theory of functions, and topology. He published over 700 papers and 50 books.

Three well-known fractals are named after him (the Sierpiński triangle, the Sierpiński carpet, and the Sierpiński curve), as are Sierpiński numbers and the associated Sierpiński problem.
Aulacopone
Aulacopone is a monotypic genus of ants in the subfamily Ectatomminae containing the single species Aulacopone relicta. The genus was described by Arnoldi (1930) from a unique dealate female collected at Ələzəpin (Alazapin), near Lankaran, in Azerbaijan S.S.R., Soviet Union (now Azerbaijan), near its border with Iran. The specimen was taken in galleries of the formicine ant Lasius emarginatus, under the bark of an oak stump, in mid-montane forest.

Formicinae
The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae family containing ants of moderate evolutionary development.

Formicines retain some primitive features, such as the presence of cocoons around pupae, the presence of ocelli in workers, and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species, except subterranean groups. Extreme modification of mandibles is rare, except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus. However, some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans. Finally, all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs, with the venom gland, specialized (uniquely among ants) for the production of formic acid.

All members of the Formicinae "have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale".
Cipher (comics)
Cipher (Alisa Tager) is a  mutant superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is a young African-American woman who first appeared in Young X-Men #8 (Nov. 2008) and was created by Marc Guggenheim and Rafa Sandoval.

Marc Guggenheim
Marc Guggenheim (born September 24, 1970) is an American screenwriter, television producer, comic book writer, and novelist. He is best known as the creator of the television series Eli Stone (2008–2009), Arrow (2012–2020), and Legends of Tomorrow (2016–2022), executive producer of the animated series Tales of Arcadia (2016–2021), as well as the writer of the feature films Green Lantern (2011) and Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013).
Lytham Lifeboat Station
Lytham Lifeboat Station is a former lifeboat station (by virtue of its merger), located in the Fylde coast town of Lytham, Lancashire.

A lifeboat was first stationed at Lytham by the Shipwrecked Fishermen and Mariners' Royal Benevolent Society (SFMRBS) in 1851. Management of the station was passed to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) on 7 December 1854.

In 1931, the Lytham station merged with the St Annes RNLI branch, becoming Lytham St Annes Lifeboat Station, which continues to this day.

The Fylde
The Fylde (/ˈfaɪld/) is a coastal plain in western Lancashire, England.  It is roughly a 13-mile-long (21-kilometre) square-shaped peninsula, bounded by Morecambe Bay to the north, the Ribble estuary to the south, the Irish Sea to the west, and the foot of the Bowland hills to the east which approximates to a section of the M6 motorway and West Coast Main Line.
Ramsgill
Ramsgill is a small village in Nidderdale, North Yorkshire, England, about 2 miles (3.2 km) south-east of Lofthouse, located near Gouthwaite Reservoir. It is chiefly known for the Yorke Arms, formerly a Michelin-starred restaurant on the village green which takes its name from the lords of the manor, the Yorke family, who once lived in nearby Gouthwaite Hall. The Yorke Arms is now an event venue.

St Mary's Church, Ramsgill was built in 1842, near to the remains of a Grade II listed medieval chapel which was originally part of a large grange built by the monks of Byland Abbey.

Ramsgill had a railway station on the Nidd Valley Light Railway, located in the hamlet of Bouthwaite. It opened in 1907 and closed in 1930.

The murderer Eugene Aram was born in Ramsgill.

Byland Abbey
Byland Abbey is a ruined abbey and a small village in Byland with Wass civil parish, in the county of North Yorkshire, England, in the North York Moors National Park.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of Ryedale District, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Manoj G. Tirodkar
Manoj G. Tirodkar (born 5 October 1964) is an Indian entrepreneur. He is the founder of the Global Group Enterprises.

Brought up in Mumbai, India, Tirodkar opted out of college to start his own business in the name "Global" (not to be confused with the British "Global Group").

In 2010, Manoj Tirodkar was placed 74th on Forbes list of India's Richest. He is also recipient of several awards and recognitions for his contribution to the telecom industry. He was the first Indian to win the prestigious "World Young Business Achiever Award 2000" (WYBA) presented by Worldcom Group In 2016–17, Manoj Tirodkar was featured in The Economic Times, "Most Promising Business Leaders of Asia".

Global Media & Entertainment
Global Media & Entertainment Limited, trading as Global, is a British media company formed in 2007. It is the owner of the largest commercial radio company in Europe having expanded through a number of historical acquisitions, including Chrysalis Radio, GCap Media, and GMG Radio. Global owns and operates seven core radio brands, all employing a national network strategy, including Capital, Heart, Smooth, Radio X, Gold, Classic FM, and LBC.

Global is also one of the leading out-of-home advertising (OOH) companies in the UK.
Magnus Minniskiöld
Magnus Minniskiöld (also spelled Minnisköld or Minnesköld, circa 1175—1208?) was a medieval Swedish magnate from the House of Bjälbo. He is best known as the father of the renowned statesman Birger Jarl, and the ancestor of the later Swedish kings. He is sometimes believed to have perished in the Battle of Lena in 1208, though the evidence is not conclusive.

Lawspeaker
A lawspeaker or lawman (Swedish: lagman, Old Swedish: laghmaþer or laghman, Danish: lovsigemand, Norwegian: lagmann, Icelandic: lög(sögu)maður [ˈlœɣ(ˌsœːɣʏ)ˌmaːðʏr̥], Faroese: løgmaður, Finnish: laamanni, Greenlandic: inatsitinuk) is a unique Scandinavian legal office. It has its basis in a common Germanic oral tradition, where wise people were asked to recite the law, but it was only in Scandinavia that the function evolved into an office. At first, lawspeakers represented the people, and their duties and authority were connected to the assemblies (things). For most of the last thousand years, however, they were part of the king's administration.

Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241) of Iceland was a famous lawspeaker. He wrote about an 11th-century lawspeaker named Torgny, but historians doubt the account.
Zhou Dunyi
Zhou Dunyi (Chinese: 周敦頤; Wade–Giles: Chou Tun-i; 1017–1073) was a Chinese cosmologist, philosopher, and writer during the Song dynasty. He conceptualized the Neo-Confucian cosmology of the day, explaining the relationship between human conduct and universal forces. In this way, he emphasizes that humans can master their qi ("spirit") in order to accord with nature. He was a major influence to Zhu Xi, who was the architect of Neo-Confucianism.  Zhou Dunyi was mainly concerned with Taiji (supreme polarity) and Wuji (limitless potential), the yin and yang, and the wu xing (the five phases).

Qi
In the Sinosphere and Chinese philosophy, qi (/ˈtʃiː/ CHEE; simplified Chinese: 气; traditional Chinese: 氣; pinyin: qì) is a vital force traditionally believed to be a part of all living entities. Literally meaning 'vapor', 'air', 'gas', or 'breath', the word qi is polysemous, often translated as 'vital energy', 'vital force', 'material energy', or simply 'energy'. Qi is also a concept in traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese martial arts. The attempt to cultivate and balance qi is called qigong.

Believers in qi describe it as a vital force, with one's good health requiring its flow to be unimpeded. Originally prescientific, today it is a pseudoscientific concept, i.e. not corresponding to the concept of energy as used in the physical sciences.

Chinese gods and immortals, especially anthropomorphic gods, are sometimes thought to have qi and be a reflection of the microcosm of qi in humans, both having qi that can concentrate in certain body parts.