hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Henryk Witek
Henryk A. Witek is a chemist of Polish origin, and is a Professor of Chemistry in the National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. He obtained his scientific degrees from the Jagiellonian University (MS) and the University of Tokyo (PhD). His research interests encompass quantum and physical chemistry, applied linear algebra, as well as perturbation theory.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Nagatinsky Zaton (Moscow Metro)
Nagatinsky Zaton (Russian: Нагатинский затон, lit. 'Nagatino bay'pronunciationⓘ) is a metro station on the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line of the Moscow Metro, between Klenovy Bulvar and Pechatniki. The name of the station derives from Nagatinsky Zaton District where it is located. The station was opened on 1 March 2023. The construction started in 2017.

The station is notable for its mosaics of fish that can be found in the nearby Moscow River. The mosaics draw inspiration from a 1st Century Roman mosaic depicting a fish now on exhibit at the State Historical Museum, Moscow.

Nagatinsky Zaton District
Nagatinsky Zaton District (Russian: район Нагатинский Затон) is a district in Southern Administrative Okrug of Moscow, Russia, located on the right bank of the Moskva River. The name Nagatino comes from a former village, known since the 14th century, which was engulfed by Moscow in 1960. District authorities control Kolomenskoye park, four permanently uninhabited islands on Moskva River and the peninsula of Nagatino Poima on its opposite, northern bank.

Nagatino-Sadovniki is a different district, west of Nagatinsky Zaton.
Jersey City Armory
The Jersey City Armory is an armory for the U.S. Army National Guard at 678 Montgomery Street in the McGinley Square neighborhood in Jersey City, New Jersey. Completed in 1937, the armory was designed by Chief Architect General Hugh A. Kelly of the Jersey City firm of Kelly and Gruzen in the Beaux-Arts style. In addition to being a military training and mustering facility of the New Jersey National Guard (New Jersey National Guard 2/113 Infantry 250 Jersey City), the WPA era armory has long been used as a sports arena, particularly for boxing, basketball, and track and field events, and more recently, mixed martial arts.

Under the auspices of the New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, the armory is leased to the city for community and political events and extracurricular sports programs. It has also been used as a film studio.

Army National Guard
The Army National Guard (ARNG) is an organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army. It is simultaneously part of two different organizations: the Militia of the United States (consisting of the ARNG of each state, most territories, and Washington D.C.), as well as the federal ARNG, as part of the National Guard as a whole (which includes the Air National Guard). It is divided into subordinate units stationed in each state or insular area, responsible to their respective governors or other head-of-government.

The Guard's origins are usually traced to the city of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1636. That year a regiment of militia drilled for the first time to defend a multi-community area within what is now the United States.
Mark Alexander (cricketer)
Mark Steven Alexander (born 5 April 1962) is an English first-class cricketer.  Alexander is a left-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break and who formerly played primarily as a wicketkeeper.  He was born at Farnborough, Kent.

Alexander represented the Kent Cricket Board in List A cricket.  His debut List A game came against Denmark in the 1999 NatWest Trophy.  From 1999 to 2001, he represented the Board in 9 List A matches, the last of which came against the Leicestershire Cricket Board in the 2nd round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2001.  In his 9 List A matches, he scored 182 runs at a batting average of 26.00, with a single century high score of 107*.  Behind the stumps he took 4 catches and made a single stumping.

He played club cricket for Tunbridge Wells Cricket Club in the Kent Cricket League.

Farnborough, London
Farnborough is a large village in Greater London, England. Historically within Kent, it is situated south of Locksbottom, west of Green Street Green, north of Downe and Hazelwood, and east of Keston, it is centred 13.4 miles (21.6 km) southeast of Charing Cross.

Suburban development following the Second World War resulted in the area becoming almost contiguous with the Greater London conurbation, but the village is still surrounded by open farmland. The area has formed part of the London Borough of Bromley local authority district since the formation of the ceremonial county of Greater London in 1965.
Lunds BK
Lunds BK is a football club from Lund, Sweden founded in 1919. The club currently plays in Division 1 Södra.

Despite their relative success Lunds BK has never competed in the Allsvenskan or Superettan, but has played nine seasons in the second highest level.  The club is well known for their youth football programme which has produced numerous players such as Martin Dahlin and Roger Ljung who have progressed to major clubs.

Superettan
Superettan (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsʉ̂ːpɛrˌɛtːan]; lit. 'the Super First (Division)') is an association football league and the second highest league in the league system of Swedish men's football. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Allsvenskan and Division 1. Seasons run from April to October, with teams playing 30 matches each, totalling 240 matches in the season.

The league was created in 2000. The second tier of Swedish football had previously consisted of a varying number of regionalized leagues operating under the Division 2 (1924–1986) and Division 1 (1987–1999) names.
The Ravens
The Ravens were an American R&B vocal group, formed in 1946 by Jimmy Ricks and Warren Suttles. They were one of the most successful and most influential vocal quartets of the period, and had several hits on the R&B chart in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Vocal Group Hall of Fame
The Vocal Group Hall of Fame & Museum Company Inc. was an American-based hall of fame that honored vocal groups throughout the United States.  James E. Winner Jr. was the financial and managing partner of the For-profit corporation. Winner and Anthony F. Butala were the corporate officers/stockholders of The Museum Company.  They set up an office located at Winner's business address on State Street in Sharon, Pennsylvania.

Control of the hall of fame has changed over the years. It went into hiatus and was closed in 2008.
Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia
The Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia (HEWA) from the Centre for Western Australian History at the University of Western Australia was published in June 2009. Although work on it started in 2003, the idea within the university for an historical encyclopaedia of Western Australia dates to the early 1990s.: viii

UWA Publishing
UWA Publishing, formerly known as the Text Books Board and then University of Western Australia Press, is a Western Australian publisher established in 1935 by the University of Western Australia. It produces a range of non-fiction and fiction titles.
HMS E48
HMS E48 was a British E-class submarine launched by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Govan in 1916 and was completed by William Beardmore and Company, Dalmuir. She was launched on 2 August 1916 and was commissioned in February 1917.

HMS E48 was used as a target in 1921.  She was sold to John Cashmore Ltd and scrapped at Newport in July 1928.

Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company
The Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Limited, was a Scottish shipbuilding company in the Govan area on the Clyde in Glasgow. Fairfields, as it is often known, was a major warship builder, turning out many vessels for the Royal Navy and other navies through the First World War and the Second World War. It also built many transatlantic liners, including record-breaking ships for the Cunard Line and Canadian Pacific, such as the Blue Riband-winning sisters RMS Campania and RMS Lucania. At the other end of the scale, Fairfields built fast cross-channel mail steamers and ferries for locations around the world. These included ships for the Bosporus crossing in Istanbul and some of the early ships used by Thomas Cook for developing tourism on the River Nile.
Dewajtis (tree)
The Dewajtis oak (Polish: Dąb Dewajtis) is a pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) located in Wola Osowińska, Poland. It is over 500 years old with a circumference of over 6 meters. It is a natural monument and one of the largest oaks in Radzyń Podlaski County in terms of trunk circumference.

Quercus robur
Quercus robur, the pedunculate (or "English") oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe, North Africa and western Asia, and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions. It grows on soils of near neutral acidity in the lowlands and is notable for its value to natural ecosystems, supporting a very wide diversity of herbivorous insects and other pests, predators and pathogens.
Giovanni Anapoli
Giovanni Anapoli (born 23 August 1974 in Montecchio Precalcino) is an Italian race car driver who has raced from the mid-1990s to 2002.

He began his career in 1994, driving in Italian Formula Europa Boxer, where he would race until 1995 when he moved to Formula Opel Euroseries. 
He later drove in the Barber Dodge Pro Series, Formula Nissan 2000, Porsche Supercup and both European and American Le Mans Series. He won the 1997 Formula Opel Nations Cup and competed in British Formula Three. He has not participated in any major professional auto races since 2002.
His only child, Fretta, is thinking of pursuing race car driving to follow in her father's footsteps.

American Le Mans Series
The American Le Mans Series (ALMS) was a sports car racing series based in the United States and Canada. It consisted of a series of endurance and sprint races, and was created in the spirit of the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

The American Le Mans' headquarters was in Braselton, Georgia, adjacent to Road Atlanta.

In 2014, the series merged with the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series to form the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.
Krumbach, Bavaria
Krumbach (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁʊmbax] ⓘ; officially Krumbach (Schwaben)) is a town with 13,000 residents in the district Günzburg in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is the second biggest town in the district.

Swabia (Bavaria)
Swabia (German: Schwaben, Swabian: Schwaabe, Bavarian: Schwobm) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany. It consists of ten districts and 340 municipalities (including four cities) with Augsburg being the administrative capital.
Ust-Srednekan
Ust-Srednekan (Russian: Усть-Среднекан) is a rural locality (a selo) in Srednekansky District of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kolyma River, where it is joined by its tributary the Srednekan, 45 kilometers (28 mi) from Seymchan, the administrative center of the district. Population: 27 (2010 Census). Ust-Srednekan has been completely depopulated since 2013, but it has not been officially abolished.On 5 July 2022, a maximum temperature of 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) was registered.

Magadan Oblast
Magadan Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Magadan Oblast has a population of 136,085 (2021 Census), making it the least populated oblast and the third-least populated federal subject in Russia.

Magadan is the largest city and the capital of Magadan Oblast with the majority of the oblast's inhabitants living in the city itself. The coastline has a less severe climate than the interiors, although both are relatively cold for their latitudes.

It borders Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the north, Kamchatka Krai in the east, Khabarovsk Krai in the south and the Sakha Republic in the west. The economy is primarily based on mining, particularly gold, silver and other non-ferrous metals.
Nyctimystes kubori
Nyctimystes kubori is a species of frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae of the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea and is widespread in the New Guinea Highlands between 141°E and 147°E and in the mountains of the Huon Peninsula. The specific name kubori refers to its type locality in the Kubor Mountains. Common name sandy big-eyed treefrog has been coined for this species.

New Guinea Highlands
The New Guinea Highlands, also known as the Central Range or Central Cordillera, is a long chain of mountain ranges on the island of New Guinea, including the island's highest peak, Puncak Jaya, Indonesia, 16,024 ft (4,884 m), the highest mountain in Oceania. The range is home to many intermountain river valleys, many of which support thriving agricultural communities. The highlands run generally east-west the length of the island, which is divided politically between Indonesia in the west and Papua New Guinea in the east. These mountains stretch from the Weyland Mountains starting in Wondama Bay Regency in the west to the Milne Bay Province in the east.
1960 Croke Cup
The 1960 Croke Cup was the ninth staging of the Croke Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1944. The competition ran from 27 March to 8 May 1960.

St Kieran's College were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by St Peter's College in the Leinster final.

The final was played on 8 May 1960 at Croke Park in Dublin, between the North Monastery and St Peter's College, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. The North Monastery won the match by 1–09 to 1–04 to claim their first ever Croke Cup title.

Paddy Fahy was the top scorer with 1-06.

St Peter's College, Wexford
St Peter's College, Wexford is an Irish secondary school and former seminary located in Summerhill, overlooking Wexford town. It is a single-sex school for male pupils. Currently, the school has 785 students enrolled.
Der Volkswille (Augsburg, 1919)
Der Volkswille ('The Popular Will' or 'The People's Will') was a newspaper published in Augsburg, Germany from 1919 to 1921. The newspaper was founded in September 1919 as a daily organ for the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) in Swabia and Neuburg. The editor of Der Volkswille was Wendelin Thomas, an USPD Reichstag member.

In October 1919 Bertolt Brecht became a regular opera and theatre critic for Der Volkswille, he remained in this position until the end of the existence of the publication. Between 25 October 1919 and 12 January 1921 Brecht contributed with 25 reviews in Der Volkswille.

On 1 December 1920 Der Volkswille became an organ of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).

Der Volkswille was banned in early 1921. Bayerische Arbeiterzeitung ('Bavarian Workers Newspaper') was founded as a successor of Der Volkwille.

It is not to be confused with Volkswille that began publication in Augsburg in 1876.

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of anti-war members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), from the left of the party as well as the centre and the right. The organization attempted to chart a course between electorally oriented reformism on the one hand and Bolshevik revolutionism on the other. After several splits and mergers, the last part of the organization was terminated in 1931 through merger with the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).
Weyburn-Bengough
Weyburn-Bengough is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. Located in southeastern Saskatchewan, the constituency was created as Weyburn-Big Muddy for the 1995 general election by combining parts of Weyburn and Bengough-Milestone.

The largest centre in the constituency is the city of Weyburn (pop. 9,433). Smaller communities in the district include the towns of Willow Bunch, Coronach, Ogema and Bengough; and the villages of Minton, Pangman and Mctaggart.

For the 2024 general election, the riding was renamed Weyburn-Bengough and shifted to the north, gaining significant territory from Indian Head-Milestone, Lumsden-Morse, and Moosomin and losing territory to Estevan-Big Muddy and Cannington.

Minton, Saskatchewan
Minton (2016 population: 55) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Surprise Valley No. 9 and Census Division No. 2. It is on Highway 6 just north of its intersection with Highway 18, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of the Raymond-Regway Border Crossing on the Montana-Saskatchewan border. The village was named after Minton, Shropshire in England. The name was given by the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Sahir Ali Bagga
Sahir Ali Bagga is a Pakistani singer, music director and composer from Lahore, who composes music for Lollywood and other independent singers.

Recently he has composed music for the Pakistani movie, Zinda Bhaag (2013). He also worked on the soundtrack of Pakistani movies, Hijrat (2016) and Tamanna (2014), contributing two songs to the latter; Koi Dil Mein and Chell Oi.

He has also composed music of Hum TV's Ishq-e-Benaam. He gained some added recognition by appearing on Coke Studio (Pakistan). "Yeh mumkin tou nahin", "Malang", "Baazi", "Rab Waaris", "Roye Roye", "Dhola" and "Badnamiyan" are his famous soundtracks.

Coke Studio Pakistan
Coke Studio Pakistan (Urdu: کوک اِسٹوڈیو پاکستان) is a Pakistani television programme and a part of the international music franchise, Coke Studio, which features studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists. It is the longest-running annual television music show in Pakistan, airing annually since 2008. The programme's concept originated in Brazil and has subsequently expanded its reach worldwide.

The show combines a myriad of musical influences, from traditional Pakistani classical, folk, Sufi, qawwali, ghazal and bhangra music to contemporary hip hop, rock and pop music. It is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from various regions and languages to collaborate musically.
Lars Lystad
Lars Lystad is a Norwegian ski-orienteering competitor and world champion. He won a gold medal in the relay event at the World Ski Orienteering Championships in Batak in 1986, together with Sigurd Dæhli, Audun Knutsen and Vidar Benjaminsen, and again in Val di Non in 1994, with Kjetil Ulven, Harald Svergja and Vidar Benjaminsen. He received a silver medal in the long distance in 1994.

He finished second in the overall World Cup in Ski Orienteering in 1993.

Non Valley
The Non Valley (Italian: Val di Non or Valle di Non; Nones: Val de Nòn; German: Nonstal; Latin: Anaunia) is a valley mainly in the Trentino. Moreover, the Deutsch Nonsberg (also known as simply Nonsberg, Alta Val di Non in italian), a subregion, consists of three primarily German-speaking municipalities in the province of South Tyrol, Northern Italy.

The most populous municipalities in the valley are Cles (the main town), Predaia, Ville d'Anaunia, Novella and Borgo d'Anaunia.

There are a total of 23 municipalities (comune):

The German-speaking Deutschnonsberg municipalities are:

Laurein

Proveis

Unsere Liebe Frau im Walde-St. Felix

The latter comune is connected to the rest of its province by the Gampenpass, while the other two are accessible through a tunnel under the Hofmahdjoch from the rest of South Tyrol since 1998.

The Nones language is named after and spoken in the valley.
Karaçerçili, Tarsus
Karaçerçili (literally Black-peddler) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 290 (2022). It is situated in Çukurova (Cilicia of the antiquity) to the southeast of Tarsus and to the west of Berdan River. Its distance to Tarsus is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) and 60 kilometres (37 mi) to Mersin. The main economic activity is agriculture and the main crop is cotton.

Cilicia
Cilicia (/sɪˈlɪʃə/, sil-ISH-ə) is a geographical region of southern Anatolia in West Asia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia borders Pamphylia to the west, Lycaonia and Cappadocia to the north, Commagene to the north-east, Syria to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilician plain (Turkish: Çukurova). The region includes the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Van Eeden v Minister of Safety & Security
In Van Eeden v. Minister of Safety and Security (Women's Legal Centre Trust, as Amicus Curiae), an important case in the South African of law of delict as well as the country's criminal law, the appellant, Ghia Van Eeden, was assaulted, raped, and robbed by a known, dangerous criminal who had escaped from police custody. The court held that the state was obliged to protect individuals by taking active steps to prevent violations of the constitutional right to freedom and security of the person, inter alia by protecting everyone from violent crime. It was also obliged under international law to protect women specifically from violent crime.

In light of these imperatives, the court could no longer support the requirement of a special relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant for the imposition of a legal duty; it held that the police have a duty to protect the public in general from known dangerous criminals in their custody.

Defendant
In court proceedings, a defendant is a person or object who is the party either accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

Terminology varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots law, the terms "accused" or "panel" are used instead in criminal proceedings and "defender" in civil proceedings. Another term in use is "respondent".