hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Disciplinary and Penal Code
The Disciplinary and Penal Code (German: Lagerordnung), also known as the Punishment Catalogue (Strafkatalog), was a set of regulations governing prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. The code was first written for the Dachau concentration camp and became the uniform code at all Schutzstaffel (SS) concentration camps in Nazi Germany on January 1, 1934. Guards were instructed to report violations of the code to the camp commandant’s office. The Concentration Camps Inspectorate was responsible for carrying out the resulting punishment, which was imposed without verification of the allegations or any possibility of appeal.

Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually legislation, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinct and clearly articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each branch. To put this model into practice, government is divided into structurally independent branches to perform various functions (most often a legislature, a judiciary and an administration, sometimes known as the trias politica). When each function is allocated strictly to one branch, a government is described as having a high degree of separation; whereas, when one person or branch plays a significant part in the exercise of more than one function, this represents a fusion of powers. When one branch holds unlimited state power and delegates its powers to other organs as it sees fit, as is the case in communist states, that is called unified power.
Gaetano Di Maso
Gaetano Di Maso (born 9 March 1945) is an Italian former professional tennis player.

Born in Naples, Di Maso competed on the international tour in the 1960s and played Davis Cup tennis for Italy.

During his career he featured in a total of two Davis Cup ties, both in 1966, as the doubles partner of Giordano Maioli against the Soviet Union and South Africa. He played in the second round at Roland Garros on three occasions, including in 1966 after coming from two sets down for a first round win over Ron Holmberg. In 1968 he won through to the third round of the Italian Open.

Di Maso married French tennis player Monique Salfati.

Ronald Holmberg
Ronald "Ronnie" Edward Holmberg (born January 27, 1938) is a former American tennis player who competed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He was ranked world No. 7 in 1959 and was ranked in the U.S. Top 10 for nine years. He is currently one of the USTA's select "Master Professionals" and devotes most of his time coaching, participating and directing charity events and clinics and other tennis related projects.
Moist Pacific Coast mangroves
The Moist Pacific Coast mangroves ecoregion (WWF ID:NT1423) covers a series of disconnected mangrove sites along the Pacific Ocean coast of Costa Rica and Panama.  These sites occur mostly on coastal flatlands around lagoons, particularly where rivers from the inland mountains reach the sea, bringing fresh water to the coastal forests.  The area is in a transition zone from the drier coastline to the north; rainfall in this ecoregions is over 2,000 mm/year, and reaches over 3,600 mm/year at the southern end.

Avicennia bicolor
Avicennia bicolor is a species of tropical mangrove in the family Acanthaceae. It grows in coastal and estuarine locations in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, from southern Mexico (Chiapas) along the Pacific coast of Central America to western Colombia.
Crohamhurst Observatory
The Crohamhurst Observatory is a heritage-listed observatory at 131 Crohamhurst Road, Crohamhurst, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1935. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 November 2008.

Observatory
An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geophysics, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed.

The term observatoire has been used in French since at least 1976 to denote any institution that compiles and presents data on a particular subject (such as public health observatory) or for a particular geographic area (European Audiovisual Observatory).
Battle of Tarvisio (1943)
Between the night of 8 September 1943 and 9 September 1943, in the city of Tarvisio, Italy, the members of the XVII° Guardia alla Frontiera guarding the coverage sector, followed the orders of their commanders and attempted to resist the Waffen SS Karstjäger under the command of colonel Hans Brand, in what would be known as the Battle of Tarvisio. It is the first battle ever fought by the Italian resistance against German occupation.

Guardia alla Frontiera
The Guardia alla Frontiera (GaF) (transl. "border guard"), was an Regio Esercito border guard created in 1937 who defended the 1,851 km of northern Italian frontiers with the "Vallo Alpino Occidentale" (487 km with France), "Vallo Alpino Settentrionale" (724 km with Switzerland and 420 km with Austria) and "Vallo Alpino Orientale" (220 km with Yugoslavia).

In 1940, the GaF had 21,000 military personnel, deployed in eight commands, 27 sectors, and seven regiments of artillery. It manned 1,000 fortifications, 6,000 machine guns, 1,000 mortars, 100 Cannone da 47/32 M35, and another thousand other medium and small-caliber cannons (75/27 and 149/35).

By 10 June 1940 (Italy's entry into the war) the GaF (not counting colonies in Libya  and Albania) contained 23 sectors, 50,000 men, 28 battalions "Vallo Alpino", and 22 battalions of fascist militia.
A453 road
The A453 road was formerly the main trunk road connecting the English cities of Nottingham and Birmingham. However, the middle section of this mainly single-carriageway road has largely been downgraded to B roads or unclassified roads following the construction of the parallel M42-A42 link around 1990. The M42 was originally meant to pass further north than it does, and to join the M1 at Sandiacre in Derbyshire. The M42/A42 does not enter Derbyshire, but instead joins the M1 closer to the A453 junction at Kegworth. The A42 shadows the former A453 from Appleby Magna to Castle Donington. The road historically connected the East Midlands with the West Midlands.

River Tame, West Midlands
The River Tame is a river in the West Midlands of England, and one of the principal tributaries of the River Trent. The Tame is about 95 km (59 mi) long from the source at Oldbury to its confluence with the Trent near Alrewas, but the main river length of the entire catchment, i.e. the Tame and its main tributaries, is about 285 km (177 mi).

It forms part of the Severn-Trent flyway, a route used by migratory birds to cross Great Britain.
Legendre wavelet
In functional analysis, compactly supported wavelets derived from Legendre polynomials are termed Legendre wavelets or spherical harmonic wavelets. Legendre functions have widespread applications in which spherical coordinate system is appropriate. As with many wavelets there is no nice analytical formula for describing these harmonic spherical wavelets. The low-pass filter associated to Legendre multiresolution analysis is a finite impulse response (FIR) filter.

Wavelets associated to FIR filters are commonly preferred in most applications. An extra appealing feature is that the Legendre filters are linear phase FIR (i.e. multiresolution analysis associated with linear phase filters). These wavelets have been implemented on MATLAB (wavelet toolbox). Although being compactly supported wavelet, legdN are not orthogonal (but for N = 1).

Finite impulse response
In signal processing, a finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a filter whose impulse response (or response to any finite length input) is of finite duration, because it settles to zero in finite time. This is in contrast to infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which may have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely (usually decaying).

The impulse response (that is, the output in response to a Kronecker delta input) of an Nth-order discrete-time FIR filter lasts exactly  samples (from first nonzero element through last nonzero element) before it then settles to zero.

FIR filters can be discrete-time or continuous-time, and digital or analog.
1981 French Open – Men's doubles
The men's doubles tournament at the 1981 French Open was held from 25 May until 7 June 1981 on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Heinz Günthardt and Balázs Taróczy won the title, defeating Terry Moor and Eliot Teltscher in the final.

Terry Moor
Terry Moor (born April 23, 1952) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won two singles and three doubles titles during his professional career.

He reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on October 29, 1984, when he became world No. 32.

He is currently a database programmer in Memphis, Tennessee.
Charles Batuwantudawe
Charles de Silva Batuwantudawe (28 November 1877 – 13 September 1940) was a Ceylonese lawyer and politician.

Charles Batuwantudawe was born in Colombo on 28 November 1877 as the son of Pandit Don Andries de Silva Batuwantudawe. He received his education at Royal College, Colombo. After studying law in Ceylon he travelled to England in 1897. He was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn in June 1901. He returned to Ceylon after that.

In 1915, he was arrested by the British Government of Ceylon along with prominent Sinhalese leaders during the 1915 riots.

He was the Minister of Local Administration (1931–1936) in the State Council of Ceylon. As a supporter of trade unions, he was the President of the CWPA, the railway union of the workers of the Ceylon Government Railway (CGR).

He died whilst still in office on 13 September 1940.

State Council of Ceylon
The State Council of Ceylon was the unicameral legislature for Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), established in 1931 by the Donoughmore Constitution. The State Council gave universal adult franchise to the people of the colony for the first time. It replaced the Legislative Council of Ceylon, the colony's original legislative body.

There were only two State Councils: the First, elected in 1931, and the Second, elected in 1936. The 1947 Soulbury Constitution replaced the State Council with the Parliament of Ceylon, as part of a process of constitutional development leading up to independence, which took place on 4 February 1948.
The Wall of Sacrifice
The Wall of Sacrifice (spelled as Thè Wäll Öf Säcrificè on vinyl cover) is an experimental, dark folk album by Death in June. The original vinyl pressing, released in 1989, was limited to 666 copies. A CD version was released in 1990.

Neofolk
Neofolk (originally known as apocalyptic folk) is a music genre that originally emerged during the 1980s through the British post-punk and industrial music scene. It is primarily characterized by acoustic instrumentation and draws influences from dark wave and post-industrial styles such as dark ambient.
NNF
NNF may mean:Net financial flows: financial assets- financial liabilities

Name Not Final, an abbreviation in creative works placed after a Working title

Namibia National Front

Namibia Nature Foundation

Food Union NNF, a Danish trade union

Negation Normal Form (in mathematics, computer science, logic)

Never Not Funny, Jimmy Pardo's award-winning weekly podcast

NoNonsense Forum, an open-source easy-to-deploy forum solution

Norwegian Narcotic Officers Association, lobbying organization

Working title
A working title is a preliminary name for a product or project. The usage is especially common in film and TV, gaming, music and publishing. It is often styled in trade publications as (wt) and is synonymous with production title and tentative title.
Aklan Provincial Board
The Aklan Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Aklan.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into two districts, each sending five members to the provincial board; the electorate votes for five members, with the five candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

Casting vote
A casting vote is a vote that someone may exercise to resolve a tied vote in a deliberative body. A casting vote is typically by the presiding officer of a council, legislative body, committee, etc., and may only be exercised to break a deadlock.

Examples of presiding officers who hold casting votes are the speaker of the House of Commons in the United Kingdom and the president of the United States Senate (an ex-officio role of the vice president of the United States).
Temple Crag
Temple Crag is a mountain peak in the Palisades group of peaks of the Sierra Nevada with an elevation of 12,982 feet (3,957 m). The peak lies east of the Sierra Crest, between Mount Gayley and Mount Alice, straddling the drainages of the North and South Forks of Big Pine Creek. The peak's north face forms the backdrop for part of the North Fork Big Pine Creek hiking trail in the John Muir Wilderness and Inyo National Forest. It is also a rock climbing destination, with its arêtes hosting the routes Venusian Blind, Moon Goddess Arete, Sun Ribbon Arete, and Dark Star.

Glossary of climbing terms
Glossary of climbing terms relates to rock climbing (including aid climbing, lead climbing, bouldering, and competition climbing), mountaineering, and to ice climbing.

The terms used can vary between different English-speaking countries; many of the phrases described here are particular to the United States and the United Kingdom.
2019 EAFF E-1 Football Championship (women)
The 2019 EAFF E-1 Football Championship was the seventh edition of the women's tournament of the EAFF E-1 Football Championship, the women's football championship of East Asia. It was held in South Korea in December 2019.

On 30 October 2019, EAFF announced that North Korea, who automatically qualified for the final round, withdrew from the tournament; Chinese Taipei was chosen as the replacement.

North Korea women's national football team
The North Korea women's national football team (Munhwaŏ Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국 녀자 국가종합팀, recognized as Korea DPR by FIFA) represents North Korea in international women's football.

North Korea is one of the Asian Football Confederation women's powerhouses alongside Japan, China and Australia. The Eastern Azaleas won the AFC Women's Asian Cup in 2001 (scoring 53 goals in 6 matches, a record that still stands), 2003, and 2008, and reached the quarterfinals of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Johan Gerhard Theodor Ameln
Johan Gerhard Theodor Ameln (12 March 1838 – 19 June 1917) was a Norwegian merchant and politician.

Ameln was born at Bergen in Hordaland, Norway. 	He was the son of Christian Gerhard Ameln  (1809-1872) and Laura Therese Pauline (Wennberg) Ameln (1817-1888).  He was from a merchant family and was  an uncle of Henrik Ameln and Haakon Ameln. He worked as a merchant and shipowner. He was the mayor of Bergen and was the chairman of the Bergen Chamber of Commerce.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1889 representing the constituency of Bergen.

Hordaland
Hordaland (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn] ⓘ) was a county in Norway, bordering Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Telemark, and Rogaland counties. Hordaland was the third largest county, after Akershus and Oslo, by population. The county government was the Hordaland County Municipality, which is located in Bergen. Before 1972, the city of Bergen was its own separate county, apart from Hordaland. On 1 January 2020, the county was merged with neighbouring Sogn og Fjordane county, to form the new Vestland county.
Mostafa Naeijpour
Mostafa Naeijpour (Persian: مصطفي نائيج‌پور; born March 23, 1993) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a defender who currently plays for Iranian club Naft Masjed Soleyman in the Persian Gulf Pro League.

Persian Gulf Pro League
The Persian Gulf Pro League (Persian: لیگ برتر خلیج فارس, Lig-e Bartar-e Xalij-e Fârs), formerly known as the Iran Pro League (Persian: لیگ برتر ایران, Lig-e bartar-e Irân), is a professional association football league in Iran and the highest level of the Iranian football league system. It is controlled by the FFIRI and is contested by 16 teams over a 30-matchday period.

Each year, its top team becomes the Iranian football champion, and the two lowest finishers are relegated to the Azadegan League.

Since 2013, the league comprises 16 teams. The winner of the Persian Gulf Pro League along with the Hazfi Cup champion automatically qualify for the AFC Champions League Elite group stages. The third of the Persian Gulf Pro League is qualified for the AFC Champions League Elite Play-off round. The bottom two teams in the league are relegated to Azadegan League. In the past, the format and number of teams were changed for various times.
USCGC Manowar
USCGC Manowar (WPB-87330) is an 87-foot (27 m) long Marine Protector-class patrol boat of the United States Coast Guard built by Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana and was the thirtieth vessel commissioned in her class. Manowar is homeported at Mobile, Alabama, and her primary missions are ports, waterways and coastal security, search and rescue, law enforcement, marine environmental response, recreational boating safety and military readiness. She was commissioned in 2001.

Home port
A vessel's home port is the port at which it is based, which may not be the same as its port of registry shown on its registration documents and lettered on the stern of the ship's hull. In the cruise industry the term "home port" is also often used in reference to the port in which a ship will take on/change over most of its passengers while taking on stores, supplies and fuel.
1897 Quebec general election
The 1897 Quebec general election was held on May 11, 1897, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Liberal Party, led by Félix-Gabriel Marchand, defeated the incumbent Quebec Conservative Party, led by Edmund James Flynn.

This marked the start of over 39 consecutive years in power for the Liberals. The Conservative Party never held power again in Quebec, and ceased to exist in 1936 when it merged with the Action libérale nationale to form the Union Nationale, which formed a government later that year.

Marchand died in office in 1900, and was succeeded by Simon-Napoléon Parent as Liberal leader and premier.

Union Nationale (Quebec)
The Union nationale (French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal]) was a conservative and nationalist provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that identified with Québécois autonomism.  It was created during the Great Depression and held power in Quebec from 1936 to 1939, from 1944 to 1960 and from 1966 to 1970. The party was founded by Maurice Duplessis, who led it until his death in 1959.

The party was often referred to in English as the National Union, especially when it was still an electoral force, by both the media and, at times, the party.
Sport in Leeds
Leeds has a strong sporting heritage, with the Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Leeds Rhinos (the rugby league team) playing at Headingley Stadium, Leeds Tykes (the rugby union team) playing at The Sycamores, Bramhope and Leeds United F.C. playing at Elland Road. The Headquarters of the Rugby Football League is also based in Leeds. Leeds City Council also offer a wide variety of sport, leisure and fitness sessions both in their leisure centres and the community.

Rugby Football League
The Rugby Football League (RFL) is the governing body for rugby league in England. Founded in 1895 as the Northern Rugby Football Union following 22 clubs resigning from the Rugby Football Union, it changed its name in 1922 to the Rugby Football League.

Based at Sportcity in Manchester, it is responsible for organising professional competitions and, in association with the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA), the community game. It also provides match officials for every level as well as administering the England national team

The Rugby Football League has been a member of the International Rugby League (IRL) since 1948 and European Rugby League (ERL) since its foundation in 2003.
Society for Economic Anthropology
The Society for Economic Anthropology (SEA) is a group of anthropologists, archaeologists, economists, geographers and other scholars interested in the connections between economics and social life. Its members take a variety of approaches to economics: some have a substantivist perspective, while others are interested in the new institutional economics. Every year the SEA holds a spring meeting focused on a specific topic in economic anthropology. The journal Economic Anthropology  is also produced annually, based on the meeting. The SEA is a section of the American Anthropological Association.

The society was founded in 1980. Harold K. Schneider served as the first president, from 1980 until 1982.

New institutional economics
New Institutional Economics (NIE) is an economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the institutions (that is to say the social and legal norms and rules) that underlie economic activity and with analysis beyond earlier institutional economics and neoclassical economics.

The NIE assume that individuals are rational and that they seek to maximize their preferences, but that they also have cognitive limitations, lack complete information and have difficulties monitoring and enforcing agreements. As a result, institutions form in large part as an effective way to deal with transaction costs.

NIE rejects that the state is a neutral actor (rather, it can hinder or facilitate effective institutions), that there are zero transaction costs, and that actors have fixed preferences.
Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Group A
Group A of the 1968 Summer Olympics football tournament took place from 13 to 17 October 1968. The group consisted of host nation Mexico, as well as Colombia, France and Guinea. The top two teams, France and Mexico, advanced to the quarter-finals.

Colombia national under-23 football team
The Colombia national under-23 football team represents Colombia at the Summer Olympic Games and in international under-23 football competitions and is overseen by the Colombian Football Federation.

The team played its first match in 1950. From that year to 1992 the team played as a Colombia national amateur football team. Since 1992, the team played as Colombia national under-23 football team until 2004, when the qualification for the Olympic Games was changed to South American Youth Football Championship for under-20 teams (before this, the qualification tournament was CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament). The team was inactive since 2004, however with the qualification to the 2016 Summer Olympics qualification play-off the team was resurrected.