hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Murray v. Carrier
Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478 (1986), is a United States Supreme Court case decided in 1986. The Court held that the "cause and prejudice" rule applies to appeals, so a person ordinarily cannot file a habeas petition to review a constitutional problem that their lawyer did not complain about in their initial appeal. The lawyer must have deliberately declined to raise the constitutional issue rather than inadvertently failed to do so. More specifically, the Court held that "the existence of cause for a procedural default must ordinarily turn on whether the prisoner can show that some objective factor external to the defense impeded counsel's efforts to comply with the State's procedural rule." The majority opinion was authored by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. This case was part of a backlash in the early 1980s against an increase in the number habeas petitions, some of which delayed executions.

Procedural default
Procedural default is a concept in American federal law that requires a state prisoner seeking a writ of habeas corpus in federal court to have "present[ed] his federal law argument to the state courts in compliance with state procedural rules. Failure to do so will bar any attempt to present that argument to the federal courts on collateral review. A petitioner may evade this bar only by showing 'cause' and 'prejudice' for the default – that is, by stating a good reason for not presenting the federal claim to the state courts, and by showing that the federal error worked to the petitioner's 'actual and substantial disadvantage.'"
Karl Apfelbacher
Karl Apfelbacher was a German mathematician who served as minister for higher public education in Upper Bavaria-East.  He was a student of Arnold Sommerfeld and Heinrich Tietze at the University of Munich, where he received his doctorate in 1939. He went into teaching mathematics and science, as well as administration, in secondary schools. In 1964, he was cited as being Oberstudiendirektor at the Oberrealschule in Burghausen, Altötting. On October 16, 1964, the school was taken over by the Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Unterricht und Kultus.

Burghausen, Altötting
Burghausen (German pronunciation: [bʊʁkˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ) is the largest town in the Altötting district of Upper Bavaria in Germany. It is situated on the Salzach river, near the border with Austria. Burghausen Castle rests along a ridgeline, and is the longest castle in the world (1,051 m).
Dera Alampur Gondlan
Dera Alampur Gondlan (Urdu: ڈیرہ عالم پور گوندلاں) is a village in Tehsil Kharian, in Gujrat District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 32°47'N 73°49.4'E at an altitude of 900 feet. The village is linked to nearby cities by Mohri Road and by Dinga Road.

It has a population of 5,000 people.

Gujrat District
Gujrat (Punjabi, Urdu: ضلع گجرات) is a district of Gujrat Division in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The Gujrat District was created by the British Government in 1846. According to the 2023 Pakistani census, the population of the Gujrat District is 3,219,375.
Steamboat Springs (Nevada)
Steamboat Springs is a small volcanic field of rhyolitic lava domes and flows in western Nevada, located south of Reno. There is extensive geothermal activity in the area, including numerous hot springs, steam vents, and fumaroles. The residential portions of this area, located mostly east of Steamboat Creek and south of modern-day SR 341, are now known simply as Steamboat.

The state of Nevada has a Steamboat Springs Historical Marker (#198) situated along the eastern shoulder of the busy Carson–Reno Highway (US 395 Alt.), approximately 1.65 miles (2.66 km) south of the Mount Rose Junction (the intersection with SR 341 and SR 431). There were once several mineral spas operating here along Steamboat Creek, with at least one still in business called Steamboat Hot Springs Healing Center & Spa.

The water from the springs contains many minerals including: calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium sulfate, carbon dioxide, lithia, and silica.

Geothermal activity
Geothermal activity is a group of natural heat transfer processes, occurring on Earth's surface, caused by the presence of excess heat in the subsurface of the affected area, usually caused by the presence of an igneous intrusion underground. Geothermal activity can manifest itself in a variety of different phenomena, including, among others, elevated surface temperatures, various forms of hydrothermal activity, and the presence of fumaroles that emit hot volcanic gases.
Robert Burton (academic)
Robert Burton was a Master of University College, Oxford, England.

Burton was a mature commoner and Fellow of University College. He was sentenced to excommunication for Lollardy leanings along with the then master John Castell, other Fellows, and indeed the entire College, in 1411 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Arundel.
He became Master of the College in 1420 and remained in the post until 1423 or 1424. A dispensation was granted to Burton in 1420 by Henry Chichele, the Archbishop of Canterbury at the time, to help the College due to its poor financial circumstances.

Burton continued with a successful career after his mastership.

Commoner (academia)
A commoner is a student at certain universities in the British Isles who historically pays for his own tuition and commons, typically contrasted with scholars and exhibitioners, who were given financial emoluments towards their fees.
St Columba's Church, Drumcliff
St Columba's Church is a parish church of the Church of Ireland, located in the village of Drumcliff, County Sligo. It is best known for its association with William Butler Yeats, who was buried in the churchyard in 1948, having previously been buried close to where he died, in France.

The church is also noted for being a fine example of neo-Gothic architecture, having been built using money from the Board of First Fruits in 1809.

Board of First Fruits
The Board of First Fruits (Irish: Bord na Prímhide) was an institution of the Church of Ireland that was established in 1711 by Anne, Queen of Great Britain to build and improve churches and glebe houses in Ireland. This was funded from taxes collected on clerical incomes which were in turn funded by tithes.

The board was replaced in 1833 by the Board of Ecclesiastical Commissioners.
Santa Olalla
Santa Olalla is a village in the province of Toledo and autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. 
According to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 3,326 inhabitants.

It is named for Saint Eulalia of Mérida.

Eulalia of Mérida
Eulalia of Mérida (Augusta Emerita in 292 - Augusta Emerita 10 December, 304) was a young Roman Christian martyred in Augusta Emerita, the capital of Lusitania (modern Mérida, Spain), during the Persecution of Christians under Diocletian. Other views place her death at the time of Trajan Decius (AD 249–51). There is debate whether Saint Eulalia of Barcelona, whose story is similar, is the same person. Up till the proclamation of James, son of Zebedee, Eulalia was invoked as the protector of Christian troops in the Reconquista and was patron of the territories of Spain during their formation.
Forontoniana
Forontoniana was a Roman town of the Roman province of Byzacena during late antiquity. The town has tentatively been identified with the ruins at Henchir-Bir-El-Menadla in modern Tunisia.

Forontoniana was also the seat of an ancient episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Church. The only known bishop of this diocese was Felix, who took part in the synod in Carthage in 484 called by the Vandal king Huneric, after which Felix was exiled. Today Forontoniana survives as a titular bishopric.

Byzacena
Byzacena (or Byzacium; Ancient Greek: Βυζάκιον, romanized: Byzakion) was a Late Roman province in the central part of Roman North Africa, which is now roughly Tunisia, split off from Africa Proconsularis.
Rhoda Perry
Rhoda Perry (born July 16, 1943) is an American politician who was formerly a Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate, representing the 3rd District (Providence's East Side). Perry was the chairwoman of  the Senate Committee on Health & Human Services and a member of the Senate Committee on Judiciary.

Rhode Island Senate
The Rhode Island Senate is the upper house of the Rhode Island General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Rhode Island, the lower house being the Rhode Island House of Representatives. It is composed of 38 Senators, each of whom is elected to a two-year term. Rhode Island is one of the 14 states where its upper house serves at a two-year cycle, rather than the normal four-year term as in most states. There is no limit to the number of terms that a Senator may serve. The Rhode Island Senate meets at the Rhode Island State Capitol in Providence.

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to executive departments, commissions and boards and Justices to the Rhode Island Judiciary.
Melançon
Melançon is a French surname which is often spelled Mélançon, Melancon or Melanson in English.  Notable people with the surname include:

André Melançon (1942–2016), Canadian actor, screenwriter and film director

Charlie Melançon (born 1947), U. S. representative for Louisiana

Claude Mélançon (1895–1973), Canadian naturalist, lecturer and author (novelist and journalist)

Gerard Melancon (born 1967), American thoroughbred jockey

Isabelle Melançon, Canadian politician

Joliane Melançon (born 1986), Canadian judoka

Larry Melancon (1955–2021), American thoroughbred jockey

Mark Melancon (born 1985), American professional baseball pitcher

Meiling Melançon (born 1980), American actress, writer, director and producer

Pierre-Yves Melançon, Canadian politician

Robert Melançon (born 1947), Canadian writer

Tucker L. Melancon (born 1946), American judge

Rydell Melancon (born 1962), American football player

Mei Melançon
Meiling "Mei" Melançon (Japanese: 明依) (born March 3, 1980) is an American actress, screenwriter and former fashion model. She has appeared in feature films as well as indie productions, television shows, and more than 100 commercials as a model and actress. She has also worked as screenwriter and producer.
Lovers Rock Tour
The Lovers Rock Tour was the fifth concert tour by English band Sade. Predominately visiting amphitheaters in North America, the tour supported the band's fifth studio album, Lovers Rock. Taking place in 2001, it was deemed by many critics as a comeback tour as it marked the band's first performances since 1994. Although many believed the trek would expand to other countries, this did not come to fruition. With over 40 shows, it became the 13th biggest tour in North America, earning over 26 million.

Amphitheatre
An amphitheatre  (American English: amphitheater) is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (amphitheatron), from ἀμφί (amphi), meaning "on both sides" or "around" and θέατρον (théātron), meaning "place for viewing".

Ancient Greek theatres were typically built on hillsides and semi-circular in design. The first amphitheatre may have been built at Pompeii around 70 BC. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast, both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area.

Modern English parlance uses "amphitheatre" for any structure with sloping seating, including theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round, and stadia. They can be indoor or outdoor.
Good Guys (American company)
The Good Guys, Inc., was an American chain of consumer electronics retail stores with 71 stores in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. The company was headquartered in Brisbane, California, in the Dakin Building in the early 1990s and subsequently in Alameda, California, until it was bought in late 2003 by Mexican businessman Carlos Slim, who also purchased CompUSA, OfficeMax, Barnes & Noble, Office Depot, Borders, and Circuit City. The Good Guys was founded in 1973 by Ron Unkefer on Chestnut Street, San Francisco. By 2006, all of the company's stores had closed.

OfficeMax
OfficeMax is an American office supplies retailer founded in 1988. As an independent chain, it was the third-largest office supply retailer in the United States. Following a 2013 merger, it is currently a brand and subsidiary of Office Depot.
Espiridion Laxa
Espiridion Dising Laxa (December 18, 1929 – September 15, 2009) was a Filipino lawyer and film producer. He founded Tagalog Ilang-Ilang Productions & EDL Productions and served as an official for several film festivals and associations.

Vilma Santos
Rosa Vilma Tuazon Santos (born November 3, 1953) is a Filipino actress and politician. Known for her versatile work on screen, she began her career as a child actress in the 1960s and was one of the biggest box-office draw from the 1970s to early 1980s. Her accolades include a Dhaka International Film Festival Award, thirteen FAMAS Awards, eleven Gawad Urian, and five Luna Awards. She served as the Mayor of Lipa from 1998 to 2007, then as Governor of Batangas in 23rd and 25th congress. She also served as the representative for Batangas' 6th district from 2016 to 2022, and as the House Deputy Speaker from 2019 to 2022.
John H. Gibbons (mayor)
John H. Gibbons (April 15, 1869 – May 16, 1949) was an American railroad switchman and politician who served one term as mayor of Lackawanna, New York. He was Lackawanna's first Socialist mayor, elected in the midst of the 1919 General Steel Strike.

1919 General Steel Strike
The Great Steel Strike of 1919 was an attempt by the American Federation of Labor to organize United States Steel, the leading company in the American steel industry. The AFL formed a coalition of 24 unions, all of which had grown rapidly during World War I. In the lead role would be the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers (AA) with a five-member steering committee. The strike began on September 22, 1919, and finally collapsed on January 8, 1920. The opposition led by Elbert H. Gary, president of U.S. Steel had triumphed.
Keyvan Vahdani
Keyvan Vahdani (Persian: کیوان وحدانی; 1 April 1991 – 20 March 2019) was an Iranian footballer. He played for Paykan, Nassaji and Pars Jonoubi.

He died in a landslide in Mazandaran province, Iran, on 20 March 2019 at the age of 27.

F.C. Pars Jonoubi Jam
Football Club Pars Jonoubi Jam (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال پارس جنوبی جم; Bashgah-e Futbal-e Pars Jinubi), commonly known as Pars Jonoubi Jam, is an Iranian football club based in Jam, Bushehr. They were promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League in 2016–17 season.

The football team plays their home games at the Shohada Stadium which has a seating capacity of 15,000. The club is owned and supported by the PSEEZ (Pars Special Energy Economic Zone) and is named after the South Pars Gas Field.
Regolith
Regolith (/ˈrɛɡəlɪθ/) is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock. It includes dust, broken rocks, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial planets and moons.

Superficial deposits
Superficial deposits (or surficial deposits) refer to geological deposits typically of Quaternary age (less than 2.6 million years old) for the Earth. These geologically recent unconsolidated sediments may include stream channel and floodplain deposits, beach sands, talus gravels and glacial drift and moraine.  All pre-Quaternary deposits are referred to as bedrock.
Mike Byrne (drummer)
Michael William Byrne (born February 6, 1990) is an American drummer who was a member of the rock band The Smashing Pumpkins. When Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan called for rehearsals to replace Jimmy Chamberlin, Byrne auditioned and was chosen out of thousands of applicants. He played drums in Sky Saxon tribute band Spirits in the Sky for six shows in August 2009, along with Corgan, Kerry Brown, Kevin Dippold, Mark Tulin, Linda Strawberry, Ysanne Spevack, Mark Weitz, and Dave Navarro, and also performs drums on the Pumpkins project, Teargarden by Kaleidyscope. As a part of Teargarden, Byrne contributed drumming duties on Oceania, the Pumpkins' eighth full-length album. On April 17, 2010, Byrne played his first show under the Smashing Pumpkins moniker in celebration of Record Store Day.

On June 13, 2014, Billy Corgan reported that Byrne had left the band.

Mark Weitz
Mark Stephen Weitz (born 1945) is an American musician. A keyboard player for the 1960s psychedelic rock group Strawberry Alarm Clock, Weitz was the principal composing member of the band.  Additionally, Weitz has been Hollywood's go to fish wrangler in films such as Batman, Seinfeld, and Hell's Kitchen. He now owns a fish store in North Hollywood, and builds custom aquariums.
Indianapolis Diesels
The Indianapolis Diesels, formerly known as the Indiana Diesels, were a team in the North American Basketball League (NABL). Based in Indianapolis, Indiana, the Diesels played their home games at Emmerich Manual High School south of downtown Indianapolis during their last seasons.

In their inaugural season in the American Basketball Association, the team finished with an 8–4 record and defeated the West Virginia Blazers in the first round of the playoffs before losing to the Chicago Steam. The next year, 2011, they moved to the Premier Basketball League (PBL) and played their next two seasons in Columbus, Indiana. In their last season playing in Columbus, the team reached the PBL semi-finals. The next season, after moving to Manual High School, the team reached the PBL Finals; however, they lost to the Rochester Razorsharks. The team joined the North American Basketball League in 2017, but apparently disbanded after 2018.

Emmerich Manual High School
Christel House Watanabe Manual High School, formerly known as Emmerich Manual High School or Manual High School, is a public high school in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It formerly was a traditional high school in the Indianapolis Public Schools (IPS) district. It is now one of the schools operated by Christel House Academy and is named Christel House High School. Originally known as Industrial Training School it was renamed and became Manual Training School and Charles E. Emmerich Manual Training High School.
Elisabeth Brooke, Marchioness of Northampton
Elisabeth Brooke (25 June 1526 – 2 April 1565) was an English courtier and noblewoman. She was the eldest daughter of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham of Kent and Anne Braye. Her relationship with William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, Katherine Parr's brother, would shape the politics of England for many years to come. As the Marchioness of Northampton, Elisabeth performed much of a queen’s role during the reign of Edward VI. Her husband was instrumental in putting Lady Jane Grey on the throne. When Mary I was proclaimed queen, she imprisoned the Marquess in the Tower and stripped him of all his titles. Her first cousin, Thomas Wyatt the Younger, was the leader of a rebellion against Queen Mary known as Wyatt's Rebellion. In the reign of Elizabeth, she became one of the most influential courtiers again.

Elisabeth was described as vivacious, kind and one of the most beautiful women at court.

Wyatt's rebellion
Wyatt's Rebellion was a limited and unsuccessful uprising in England in early 1554 led by four men, one of whom was Thomas Wyatt the Younger. It was given its name by the lawyer at Wyatt's arraignment, who stated for the record that "this shall be ever called Wyatt's Rebellion". The rebellion arose out of concern over Queen Mary I's determination to marry a foreigner, Philip II of Spain, and to return England to the Catholic Church and papal authority. The uprising failed, with consequences for the rebels that ranged from death to forgiveness.
Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca
The Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca (Romanian: Opera Națională Română din Cluj-Napoca) is one of the national opera and ballet companies of Romania. The Opera shares the same building with the National Theatre in Cluj-Napoca.

Aida
Aida (or Aïda, Italian: [aˈiːda]) is a tragic opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt, it was commissioned by Cairo's Khedivial Opera House and had its première there on 24 December 1871, in a performance conducted by Giovanni Bottesini. Today the work holds a central place in the operatic canon, receiving performances every year around the world. At New York's Metropolitan Opera alone, Aida has been sung more than 1,100 times since 1886. Ghislanzoni's scheme follows a scenario often attributed to the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, but Verdi biographer Mary Jane Phillips-Matz argues that the source is actually Temistocle Solera.
Edward D. Holton
Edward Dwight Holton (April 28, 1815 – April 21, 1892) was an American business leader, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was Milwaukee County's first elected sheriff and served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly (1860).  He was influential in the early political development of the state as a leader in Wisconsin's abolitionist and temperance movements, and as a co-founder of the Republican Party. He also had a strong influence on the economic development of the state through his involvement in the banking, railroad, and insurance businesses.

Temperance movement in the United States
The temperance movement in the United States, which sought to curb the consumption of alcohol, had a large influence on American politics and American society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, culminating in the prohibition of alcohol, through the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, from 1920 to 1933. Today, there are organizations that continue to promote the cause of temperance.
Here you have
Here you have is a computer worm that successfully attacked tens of thousands of Windows computers in 2010 when it was sent as a link inside an email message with the text "Here you have" in the subject line. The worm arrived in email inboxes on and after September 9, 2010 with the simple subject of "Here you have". The final extension of the link was hidden by default, leading unsuspecting users to think it was a mere PDF file. Upon opening the attachment, the worm sent a copy of itself to everyone in the Windows Address Book.

Windows Address Book
Windows Address Book was a component of Microsoft Windows that lets users keep a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple programs. It is most commonly used by Outlook Express. It was introduced with Internet Explorer 3 in 1996 and improved in subsequent versions. The Windows Address Book API can query LDAP servers or read/write data to a local .wab file. In Windows Vista, Windows Address Book was replaced with Windows Contacts.
Eliot Weinberger
Eliot Weinberger (born 6 February 1949 in New York City) is an American writer, essayist, editor, and translator. He is primarily known for his essays and political articles, the former characterized by their wide-ranging subjects and experimental style, verging on a kind of documentary prose poetry, and the latter highly critical of American politics and foreign policy. His work regularly appears in translation and has been published in more than thirty languages.

Vicente Huidobro
Vicente García-Huidobro Fernández (Latin American Spanish: [biˈsente ɣwiˈðoβɾo]; January 10, 1893 – January 2, 1948), known by the pseudonym Vicente Huidobro, was a Chilean poet, writer, editor and literary critic. A proponent of the avant-garde, Huidobro was the founder of Creationism (Spanish: creacionismo) and is considered one of the four greats of Chilean poetry.