hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
D'Arcy Concession
The D'Arcy Concession (Persian: امتیازنامه دارسی, romanized: Emtiâznâmeh-ye Darsi) was a petroleum oil concession that was signed in 1901 between William Knox D'Arcy and Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar of Persia. The oil concession gave D'Arcy the exclusive rights to prospect for oil in Persia (Iran). During this exploration for oil, D'Arcy and his team encountered financial troubles and struggled to find sellable amounts of oil. Facing high costs, they were about to give up but eventually struck large commercial quantities of oil in 1908. The Burmah Oil Company created the Anglo-Persian Oil Company to take over the concession in 1909.

The D'Arcy Concession was cancelled in 1932.

Hydrocarbon exploration
Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits, particularly petroleum and natural gas, in the Earth's crust using petroleum geology.
Vince Alascia
Vincent Alascia (January 14, 1914 – September 3, 1998), also known as Nicholas Alascia, was an American comic book artist known for his work on Captain America during the Golden Age of comics, and for his 23-year run as inker on a single creative team, with penciler Charles Nicholas Wojtkowski (as "Charles Nicholas") and writer Joe Gill at Charlton Comics from 1953 to 1976.

Penciller
A penciller (or penciler) is an artist who works on the creation of comic books, graphic novels, and similar visual art forms, with a focus on the initial pencil illustrations.

In the American comic book industry, the penciller is the first step in rendering the story in visual form, and may require several steps of feedback with the writer. These artists are concerned with layout (positions and vantages on scenes) to showcase steps in the plot.
1979 Israel Super Cup
The 1979 Israel Super Cup was the ninth Israel Super Cup (14th, including unofficial matches, as the competition wasn't played within the Israel Football Association in its first 5 editions, until 1969), an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and Israel State Cup.

The match was played between Maccabi Tel Aviv, champions of the 1978–79 Liga Leumit and Beitar Jerusalem, winners of the 1978–79 Israel State Cup.

This was Maccabi Tel Aviv's 5th Israel Super Cup appearance (including unofficial matches) and Beitar's third. At the match, played at Bloomfield Stadium, Maccabi Tel Aviv won 2–0.

Israel Football Association
The Israel Football Association (IFA; Hebrew: ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל HaHiṯəʼaḥăḏūṯ ləKaddūreḡel bəYiśrāʼēl, lit. 'The Association of Football in Israel') is the governing body of football in Israel. It organizes a variety of association football leagues where the highest level is the Israeli Premier League; as well as national cups such as the Israel State Cup, the Toto Cup, and the Israel Super Cup; also, the Israel national football team. The IFA was originally founded in 1928, in Mandatory Palestine, and is based in Ramat Gan.
A Piece of the Action (Star Trek: The Original Series)
"A Piece of the Action" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by David P. Harmon and Gene L. Coon, and directed by James Komack, it was first broadcast on January 12, 1968.

The Enterprise visits a planet with an Earth-like 1920s gangster culture, with Runyonesque dialog and costumes.

This was the last Star Trek script credited to Gene L. Coon. Its repeat on August 30, 1968, was the last episode to air in the 8:30 pm time slot on Friday nights on NBC.

Memory Alpha
Memory Alpha is a wiki encyclopedia for topics related to the Star Trek fictional universe. Created by Harry Doddema and Dan Carlson, it uses the wiki model and is hosted by Fandom on the MediaWiki software. As of November 2025, Memory Alpha contains over 63,000 articles in its English language edition. The site is also available in several other languages.
Phonological history of English close back vowels
Most dialects of modern English have two close back vowels: the near-close near-back rounded vowel /ʊ/ found in words like foot, and the close back rounded vowel /uː/ (realized as central [ʉː] in many dialects) found in words like goose. The STRUT vowel /ʌ/, which historically was back, is often central [ɐ] as well. This article discusses the history of these vowels in various dialects of English, focusing in particular on phonemic splits and mergers involving these sounds.

Vowel
A vowel (/ˈvaʊ.əl/) is a speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, loudness, and length. They are usually voiced and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress. The nucleus, or "center", of a syllable typically consists of a vowel sound (though this is not always the case).

The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis, meaning "vocal" (i.e. relating to the voice). 
In English, the word vowel is commonly used to refer both to vowel sounds and to the written symbols that represent them: ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, and sometimes ⟨y⟩, and ⟨w⟩.
Giulia Morlet
Giulia Morlet (born 14 January 2002) is a French tennis player.

Morlet has a career high WTA singles ranking of 1055 achieved on 18 October 2021.

Morlet made her WTA main draw debut at the 2017 French Open in the doubles draw partnering Diane Parry. They were defeated by Kiki Bertens and Johanna Larsson in the first round.

Morlet played college tennis at Arizona State University.

Kiki Bertens
Kiki Bertens (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkiki ˈbɛrtəns]; born 10 December 1991) is a Dutch former professional tennis player. Her career-high singles ranking was world No. 4, which she reached on 13 May 2019, becoming the highest-ranked Dutch female player ever.
Her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 16, she achieved in April 2018. She won ten singles and ten doubles titles on the WTA Tour, including 2018 Cincinnati Open and 2019 Madrid Open. Bertens was widely regarded as a clay court specialist, but also was successful on hardcourt.
Kievlyanin
Kievlyanin (Russian: Кіевлянинъ) was a conservative Russian newspaper, published in Kiev in 1864–1919.

The newspaper was labeling Ukrainians as "Mazepinists" (precursor of Banderites). Ukrainian poet and statesman Pavlo Tychyna considered the publishing as "chauvinistic".

Pavlo Tychyna
Pavlo Hryhorovych Tychyna (Ukrainian: Павло Григорович Тичина; 23 January [O.S. 11 January] 1891 – September 16, 1967) was a major Ukrainian poet, translator, publicist, public activist, academician, and statesman. He composed the lyrics of the Anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Gojko Barjamovic
Gojko Johansen Barjamovic is Senior Lecturer in Assyriology and Senior Research Scholar at Yale University. He received his training at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and taught at Harvard University 2013-2024.

He is a specialist in the political and social history of Assyria in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC, and particularly trade and the development of early markets. He has also worked on absolute dating and the chronology of the  Ancient Near East. He was a member of the team that used statistical methods to interrogate the records of ancient merchants found at Kültepe/Kanesh near the modern Turkish city of Kayseri to locate the probable location of ancient cities. His research also focuses on the development of early markets, trans-regional interaction, early state power, and the functioning of royal courts.

He has written or edited multiple books including A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period (2011).

Chronology
Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, 'time'; and -λογία, -logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as in a timeline or other sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".

Chronology is a part of periodization. It is also a part of the discipline of history including earth history, the earth sciences, and study of the geologic time scale.
Luigi Torelli
Luigi Torelli (9 February 1810 – 14 November  1887) was born in Villa di Tirano, in the Valtellina of Lombardy, at the time part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

Being a patriot, he took part in the Five Days of Milan, most noted in driving out the Tyrolian Kaiserjäger from Piazza del Duomo and, together with fellow patriot Scipione Bagaggia, for raising the tri-colour atop the Cathedral.

Torelli was a member of diverse scientific and  economic institutions. In 1860  he was made a Senator and in 1864 became Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce of the Kingdom of Italy.

He died at Tirano in 1887.

Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d'Italia; French: Royaume d'Italie) was a kingdom in Northern Italy (formerly the Italian Republic) that was a client state of Napoleon's French Empire. It was fully influenced by revolutionary France and ended with Napoleon's defeat and fall. Its government was assumed by Napoleon as King of Italy and the viceroyalty delegated to his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais. It covered some of Piedmont and the modern regions of Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino, South Tyrol, and Marche. Napoleon I also ruled the rest of northern and central Italy in the form of Nice, Aosta, Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, but directly as part of the French Empire (as departments), rather than as part of a vassal state.

At its peak, the kingdom covered 84,000 square kilometers and had a population of 6.5 million.
Oreopithecus
Oreopithecus (from the Greek ὄρος, oros and πίθηκος, pithekos, meaning "hill-ape") is an extinct genus of ape from the Miocene epoch whose fossils have been found in today's Tuscany and Sardinia in Italy. It existed 9–7 million years ago in that region when it formed an isolated island in a chain of islands stretching from central Europe to northern Africa in what was becoming the Mediterranean Sea.

Oreopithecus was one of many European immigrants that settled this area in the Vallesian–Turolian transition and one of few hominoids, together with Sivapithecus in Asia, to survive the so-called Vallesian Crisis. To date, dozens of individuals have been discovered at the Tuscan localities of Montebamboli, Montemassi, Casteani, Ribolla and, most notably, in the fossil-rich lignite mine in the Baccinello Basin, making it one of the best-represented fossil apes.

Montemassi
Montemassi is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively part of the comune of Roccastrada, in the province of Grosseto. It is located on a hill about 140 m (460 ft) above sea level.

The village originated as a fortified village of the Aldobrandeschi family. The Republic of Siena conquered it in the mid-13th century, but in the following century it was held by the Pannocchieschi and the Cappucciani of Sticciano families. In 1328 it was conquered by the condottiero Guidoriccio da Fogliano, fighting for Siena; the event is depicted in a famous fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico of Siena.

In the mid-16th century it became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, following its history thenceforth.

It features a large polygonal rocca and a line of walls.
Mineral Springs
Mineral Springs is the name of several locations in the United States:

Mineral Springs, Arkansas

Mineral Springs, Bartholomew County, Indiana

Mineral Spring, Missouri

Mineral Springs, North Carolina

Mineral Springs Township, North Dakota

Mineral Springs, Ohio

Mineral Springs at Green Springs, Ohio

Mineral Springs, Marion County, Tennessee

Mineral Springs, Overton County, Tennessee

Mineral Springs, Texas

Mineral Springs, West Virginia

Mineral Spring Turnpike

Sycamore Mineral Springs Resort in California

Mineral Springs Falls, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Mineral Springs Resort in Washington

Mineral Springs, West Virginia
Mineral Springs is an unincorporated community located in Wayne County, West Virginia, United States.

Northwest for about four miles north, both along and off US Route 52, are a string of smaller hamlets, including Hewlet.
Nominosuchus
Nominosuchus is a genus of protosuchian-grade crocodyliform. It is known from several specimens discovered in ancient lake deposits of the Tithonian-age Upper Jurassic Ulan Malgait Formation, southwestern Mongolia. The type specimen is PIN 4174/4, a partial skull. Nominosuchus was not large; its skull length is estimated at 60 millimetres (2.4 in). It was similar to Shartegosuchus, and is assigned to the same family (Shartegosuchidae). Nominosuchus was described in 1996 by Mikhail Efimov, and the type species is N. matutinus.

Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.

In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
Modifier letter left half ring
The modifier letter left half ring ⟨ʿ⟩ is a character found in Unicode in the Spacing Modifier Letters range (although it is not a modifier, but a standalone grapheme). It is used in romanization to transliterate the Semitic abjad letter ayin after it was used by The Encyclopedia of Islam (later the International Journal of Middle East Studies), representing the sound ⟨ʕ⟩ (a voiced pharyngeal fricative, as in Arabic ع ʿayn). In informal contexts, the backtick ⟨`⟩ or the apostrophe ⟨'⟩ is commonly used as a substitute, but this can lead to confusion with the modifier letter right half ring.

Abjad
An abjad (/ˈæbdʒæd/ ⓘ; or abgad lit. 'alphabet') is a writing system in which only consonants are represented by letter signs, leaving the vowels to be inferred by the reader (unless represented otherwise, such as by diacritics). This contrasts with alphabets that provide graphemes for both consonants and vowels. The term was introduced in 1990 by Peter T. Daniels. Other terms for the same concept include partial phonemic script, segmentally linear defective phonographic script, consonantary, consonant writing, and consonantal alphabet.

Impure abjads, such as the Arabic and Hebrew scripts, represent vowels with either optional diacritics or a limited number of distinct vowel graphemes, or both.
Prey (novel)
Prey is the thirteenth novel by Michael Crichton under his own name and his twenty-third novel overall. It was first published in November 2002, making it his first novel of the twenty-first century. An excerpt was first published in the January–February 2003 issue of Seed magazine. Prey brings together themes from two earlier Crichton best-selling novels, Jurassic Park and The Andromeda Strain and serves as a cautionary tale about developments in science and technology, in particular, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and distributed artificial intelligence.

The book features relatively new advances in the computing/scientific community, such as artificial life, emergence (and by extension, complexity), genetic algorithms, and agent-based computing. Fields such as population dynamics and host-parasite coevolution are also at the heart of the novel.

Film rights to the book were purchased by 20th Century Fox in 1997, although no such film was produced.

Emergence
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole.

Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry and physics.

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism.
Poolsbrook
Poolsbrook (grid reference SK442736) is a former mining village near Staveley in Chesterfield, England. The village was built by Staveley Coal and Iron Company towards the end of the 19th century to provide housing for workers employed at the nearby Speedwell and the later Ireland Collieries. Since then new houses have been built (dubbed the "new village" by locals) and the old houses have been knocked down.

Mining village
A pit village, colliery village or mining village is a settlement built by colliery owners to house their workers. The villages were built on the coalfields of Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution where new coal mines were developed in isolated or unpopulated areas. Such settlements were developed by companies for the incoming workers.
Paleo Trikeri
Paleo Trikeri (Greek: Παλαιό Τρίκερι) or Old Trikeri, also known as Trikeri Island, is a small island in the Pagasitic Gulf off the end of the Pelion peninsula in Thessaly, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Trikeri within the municipality of South Pelion. In the 2001 census it was reported to have a population of 87, but the year-round population has been estimated at 15.  The island has an area of about 2.5 square kilometres (0.97 sq mi) There are no cars or roads on the island. In antiquity, the island was called Cicynethus (Ancient Greek: Κικύνηθος, romanized: Kikynethos). Ancient Kikynethos formed as polis (city-state) of Magnesia, ancient Thessaly.

Ancient Thessaly
Thessaly or Thessalia (Attic Greek: Θεσσαλία, Thessalía or Θετταλία, Thettalía) was one of the traditional regions of Ancient Greece. During the Mycenaean period, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, a name that continued to be used for one of the major tribes of Greece, the Aeolians, and their dialect of Greek, Aeolic.
Maxim Grigoriev (author)
Maxim Grigoriev is a Swedish writer and translator of Russian origin. He was born in 1980 in Moscow and only moved to Sweden in his teens.

His first book, a short story collection titled Städer (Cities) won Borås Tidnings debutantpris for debut authors. In 2016, his first novel Nu (Now) appeared. In 2021, he won the EU Prize for Literature for his novel Europa.

He is a regular contributor to Svenska Dagbladet and the Swedish magazine Axess. Grigoriev is also a literary translator, and has translated the works of Olga Slavnikova and Venedikt Yerofeyev from Russian into Swedish.

He has lived in Berlin and Porto and now lives in Paris with his wife and two children.

Borås Tidnings debutantpris
Borås Tidnings debutantpris (Borås Tidning award for best literary debut) is an annual award to a Swedish debut literary work awarded by newspaper Borås Tidning and University of Borås. It was first awarded in 2001 to Lotta Lotass for Kallkällan, winning 100,000 SEK.

The award has become a prestigious prize in Swedish literature. In a 2010 study, Borås Tidnings debutantpris was the fourth most reported literary award in Sweden, after the August Prize, the Nordic Council Literature Prize, and Sveriges Radios romanpris, in one metric shared fourth with Piratenpriset. As of 2025, the award sum is 150,000 SEK, handed out at Borås City Theatre.

Korparna by Tomas Bannerhed was the first work to win both the August Prize and Borås Tidnings debutantpris in 2012. The 2020 winner Osebol by Marit Kapla has also won both awards.

The 2025 jury was author and literature critic Aase Berg, secondary-school teacher and critic Björn Kohlström, and University of Borås researcher Linnéa Lindsköld.
Irish grammar
The morphology of Irish is in some respects typical of an Indo-European language. Nouns are declined for number and case, and verbs for person and number. Nouns are classified by masculine or feminine gender. Other aspects of Irish morphology, while typical for an Insular Celtic language, are not typical for Indo-European, such as the presence of inflected prepositions and the initial consonant mutations. Irish syntax is also rather different from that of most Indo-European languages, due to its use of the verb–subject–object word order.

Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.
Jennifer Niederst Robbins
Jennifer Niederst Robbins has been a web designer since 1993. She designed the web's first commercial site, O'Reilly's Global Network Navigator (GNN).

A graduate of the University of Notre Dame, Robbins is the author of Web Design in a Nutshell, Learning Web Design, and HTML and XHTML Pocket Reference. She has also written corporate identity style guides for clients such as Harcourt Publishing, Americanexpress.com, and OrangeImagineering.

Since 2000, Robbins has lived in Providence, Rhode Island, where she has worked as a freelance designer, teacher, lecturer and consultant through her company Littlechair, Inc. According to the O'Reilly Community site, "She has spoken at major design and Internet events including SXSW Interactive, Seybold Seminars, the GRAFILL conference (Geilo, Norway), and one of the first W3C International Expos." She has taught at Johnson & Wales University and at the Massachusetts College of Art.

Johnson & Wales University
Johnson & Wales University (JWU) is a private university with its main campus in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Founded as a business school in 1914 by Gertrude I. Johnson and Mary T. Wales, JWU enrolled 7,357 students across its campuses in the fall of 2020. The university is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.
World's End (comics)
"World's End" is a 2008–2009 comic book crossover storyline published by Wildstorm and taking place in the Wildstorm Universe. The event takes place in the issues of all of Wildstorm's Wildstorm Universe ongoing series.

Ongoing series
In comics, an ongoing series is a series that runs indefinitely. This is in contrast to limited series (a series intended to end after a certain number of issues thus limited), a one shot (a comic book which is not a part of an ongoing series), a graphic novel, or a trade paperback, but a series of graphic novels may be considered ongoing as well. The term may also informally refer to a current or incomplete limited series with a predetermined number of issues.
1890 Epsom Derby
The 1890 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on 2 June 1890. It was the 110th running of the Derby, and it was won by Sainfoin. The winner was ridden by John Watts and trained by John Porter.

John Watts (jockey)
John Watts (1861–1902) was a British flat-race jockey. In a career that lasted from 1880 until 1900 he rode the winners of 19 Classics. He was noted for his quiet and unspectacular style and undemonstrative personality.  On his retirement from riding he became a trainer, but died two years later.