hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transportation theory (mathematics)
In mathematics and economics, transportation theory or transport theory is a name given to the study of optimal transportation and allocation of resources. The problem was formalized by the French mathematician Gaspard Monge in 1781.

In the 1920s A. N. Tolstoi was one of the first to study the transportation problem mathematically. In 1930, in the collection Transportation Planning Volume I for the National Commissariat of Transportation of the Soviet Union, he published a paper "Methods of Finding the Minimal Kilometrage in Cargo-transportation in space".

Major advances were made in the field during World War II by the Soviet mathematician and economist Leonid Kantorovich. Consequently, the problem as it is stated is sometimes known as the Monge–Kantorovich transportation problem. The linear programming formulation of the transportation problem is also known as the Hitchcock–Koopmans transportation problem.

Resource allocation
In economics, resource allocation is the assignment of available resources to various uses. In the context of an entire economy, resources can be allocated by various means, such as markets, or planning.

In project management, resource allocation or resource management is the scheduling of activities and the resources required by those activities while taking into consideration both the resource availability and the project time.
Route 12 (Paraguay)
National Route 12 (officially, PY12, better known as Ruta Doce) is a highway in Paraguay, which runs from Chaco'i, part of the district of Villa Hayes, to Pozo Hondo, part of the district of Dr. Pedro P. Peña, connecting the western Chaco region to the metropolitan area of Asunción. It's currently paved only from Chaco'i to Tinfunqué National Park.

Gran Asunción
Gran Asunción (lit. 'Greater Asunción') is the metropolitan area of Asunción, the capital city of Paraguay.

It consists of twenty cities: Asunción itself and the surrounding cities in Central Department. One in three Paraguayans live in this metropolitan area, which has more than 2.7 million inhabitants.
Les jeux sont faits (film)
Les jeux sont faits, known in English as The Chips are Down, is a 1947 French fantasy film directed by Jean Delannoy, based on the screenplay of the same name by French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. It was entered into the 1947 Cannes Film Festival.

1947 Cannes Film Festival
The 2nd Cannes Film Festival was held from 12 to 25 September 1947. The new building that was meant to host the festival, the Palais du Festival, was still not ready, and the festival was held amid many technical and financial problems. In 1947, the entire jury of the Festival was French. Six awards were given to films of different categories.
Fontechiari
Fontechiari is a town and comune in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, central Italy. Located in the Comino Valley, the town has borders with the municipalities of Arpino, Broccostella, Casalvieri, Posta Fibreno and Vicalvi.

Valle di Comino
The Valle di Comino (Italian: [ˈvalle di ˈkɔmino]) is a valley in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, in south Italy. It runs from San Biagio Saracinisco to Vicalvi and is adjacent to the Abruzzo mountains. It grossly corresponds to the upper valley of the Melfa river, which runs through it before joining the Liri.
David R. Walt
David R. Walt is an American scientist, educator and entrepreneur. Walt is the Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Bioinspired Engineering at Harvard Medical School and professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital. He is a Core Faculty Member of the Wyss Institute at Harvard University, Associate Member at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT and is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute professor. Trained as a chemist, Walt started his academic career in 1981 and spent 35 years in the Chemistry Department at Tufts University where he rose through the ranks to become both Department Chair and the Robinson Professor of Chemistry.  In 2014, he was appointed university professor. In 2017 Walt moved to Harvard University.  Walt was co-director of the Mass General Brigham Center for COVID Innovation.

Brigham and Women's Hospital
Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH or The Brigham) is a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School and the largest hospital in the Longwood Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. Along with Massachusetts General Hospital, it is one of the two founding members of Mass General Brigham, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts. Giles Boland, MD, serves as the hospital's current president.

Brigham and Women's Hospital conducts the second largest hospital-based research program in the world, with an annual research budget of more than $630 million.
Caehopkin
Caehopkin (Welsh: Cae Hopcyn) is a village in Powys, Wales. It lies between Abercraf and Coelbren in the Swansea Valley on the border of the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Previously it was a mining community, however many of the mines in the area closed in the 1960s such as Abercrave Colliery and Ynyscedwyn Colliery. Now only the Nant Helen opencast coal site remains in the area. The Wales Ape and Monkey Sanctuary lies just outside the village near Abercraf.

It is in the community of Tawe-Uchaf.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh line
The Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh line is a railway line connecting Barkakana and Gomoh in India. This 105-kilometre long (65 mi) track is under the jurisdiction of East Central Railway.  The section links to South Eastern Railway through Bokaro Steel City and Adra.

Glossary of rail transport terms
Rail transport terms are a form of technical terminology applied to railways. Although many terms are uniform across different nations and companies, they are by no means universal, with differences often originating from parallel development of rail transport systems in different parts of the world, and in the national origins of the engineers and managers who built the inaugural rail infrastructure. An example is the term railroad, used (but not exclusively) in North America, and railway, generally used in English-speaking countries outside North America and by the International Union of Railways. In English-speaking countries outside the United Kingdom, a mixture of US and UK terms may exist.

Various terms, both global and specific to individual countries, are listed here. The abbreviation "UIC" refers to terminology adopted by the International Union of Railways in its official publications and thesaurus.
Mehmed I Giray
Mehmed I Giray (1465–1523, reigned 1515–1523) was khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was preceded by his father Meñli I Giray (r. 1478–1515) and followed by his son Ğazı I Giray (1523–1524). He gained control of the steppe nomads, put his brother on the throne of Kazan and was killed after taking Astrakhan.

Nogais
The Nogais (/noʊˈɡaɪ/ noh-GY) are a Turkic people who speak Nogai, a language from the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages. They live in Eastern Europe, the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Central Asia, and Turkey. Most are found in northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya, and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Dobruja (Romania and Bulgaria), Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and a small Nogai diaspora is found in Syria and Jordan. They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde. There are nine main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai, the Karagash, the Koban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Achikulak-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars, the Bug-Nogai, and the Yurt-Nogai.
NexTraq
NexTraq is a fleet tracking company based in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Acquired by Francisco Partners in 2009, NexTraq provides Global Positioning System (GPS) vehicle management and fleet tracking. The NexTraq Fleet Tracking platform (formerly MARCUS ) is a cloud-based application used by service and distribution businesses to manage fleet operations. Its reporting functionality provides key performance indicators (KPIs).

On Oct 30, 2013, NexTraq was acquired by FleetCor Technologies, Inc.

On June 14, 2017, it was announced that Michelin acquired the company.

Fleet vehicle
A fleet vehicle is a vehicle owned or leased by a business, government agency, or other organization rather than by an individual or family. Typical examples include vehicles operated by car rental companies, taxicab companies, public utilities, public transport, and emergency services.

Many businesses purchase or lease fleet vehicles to deliver goods to customers, as well as providing vehicles for sales representatives to travel to clients. In some jurisdictions and countries, fleet vehicles can also be privately owned by employees. These vehicles are often called the "grey fleet" and are used for work purposes. Fleet vehicles can be managed by a fleet manager or transport manager using fleet management software. Vehicles may be connected to a fleet telematics system by way of a Fleet Management System, also known as an FMS.
South Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
South Memphis, one of the oldest portions of Memphis, Tennessee, is a community stretching from Riverside Drive and E. H. Crump Blvd just south of Downtown south and east to Pendleton St. & Ketchum Rd., south of Orange Mound. In its early days, it was primarily an agrarian community. It was an independent city from 1846 to 1849, when it was annexed to Memphis.

Neighborhoods include Lauderdale Sub, Longview, Riverside, Lakeview Gardens, Prospect Park, Dukestown, Gaslight Square, Wilbert Heights, Mallory Heights, Dixie Heights, Barton Heights, Elliston Heights, Handy Holiday, Chickasaw Village, Pine Hill, Indian Hills, Bunker Hill, Boxtown, West Junction, Walker Homes, Nehemiah, and French Fort. Many locations in South Memphis are considered a hotbed for crime and violence due to the high amount of gang influence and the overall poverty level of the area. South Memphis is notable for its plentiful houses of worship.

Agrarian society
An agrarian society, or agricultural society, is any community whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland. Another way to define an agrarian society is by seeing how much of a nation's total production is in agriculture. In  agrarian society, cultivating the land is the primary source of wealth. Such a society may acknowledge other means of livelihood and work habits but stresses the importance of agriculture and farming. Agrarian societies have existed in various parts of the world as far back as 10,000 years ago and continue to exist today. They have been the most common form of socio-economic organization for most of recorded human history.
Azurée
Azurée is a leather/animalic chypre fragrance created in 1969 for Estée Lauder. Its name is French for "azure". Azurée was inspired by the Mediterranean warmth near Mrs. Estée Lauder's vacation home in Cap d'Antibes.
It has top notes of basil, jasmine and citrus, middle notes of armoise, vetiver and rose, and base notes of patchouli, oakmoss and amber.

Chrysopogon zizanioides
Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver and khus, is a perennial bunchgrass of the family Poaceae.

Vetiver is most closely related to sorghum while sharing many morphological characteristics with other fragrant grasses, such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), and palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii).
Klidson Abreu
Klidson Abreu (born 24 December 1992) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist competing in the Heavyweight division. He formerly competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and Professional Fighters League (PFL).

Heavyweight (MMA)
The heavyweight division in mixed martial arts (MMA) generally includes fighters between 206–265 lb (93.4–120.2 kg).

Although many ambiguities exist within the lowerweight classes regarding division naming and weight limits, the heavyweight division is, for the most part, uniform.  The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and most other North American MMA organizations such as Bellator MMA, WSOF, and King of the Cage (KOTC) abide by this interpretation to their 206–265 lb athletes as heavyweights. ONE Championship's heavyweight division is at 226–265 lb. Pancrase's overweight division was 198.4–220.5 lb (90.0–100.0 kg) before being revised to its current 205–264.5 lb (93.0–120.0 kg).

The heavyweight upper weight limit, as defined by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and the Association of Boxing Commissions is 265 lb (120 kg).
Mount Kaukau
Mount Kaukau (Māori: [kaʉkaʉ]) is a large hill in the northern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand near Johnsonville, Khandallah and Ngaio. The summit is 445 m (1,460 ft) above sea level and is the most visible high point in the Wellington landscape further accentuated by Wellington's main television transmitter mast, which stands 122 m (400 ft) from the summit. The city, harbour and the Remutaka and Tararua Ranges can be seen from the summit. On a clear day Mount Tapuae-o-Uenuku and the Kaikōura Ranges in the South Island may be seen, whilst northwest is the Porirua Basin and the Tasman Sea.

Tararua Range
The Tararua Range, often referred to as the Tararua Ranges or Tararua, is one of several mountain ranges in the North Island of New Zealand.

The Tararua Range runs northeast–southwest for 80 km (50 mi) from near Palmerston North to the upper reaches of the Hutt Valley, where the northern tip of the Remutaka Range begins. It is separated in the north from the southern end of the Ruahine Range by the Manawatū Gorge. Most of the Range is wilderness, protected as the Tararua Forest Park.

The highest peak in the Tararua Range is Pukeamoamo / Mitre (not to be confused with Mitre Peak) at 1,570 m (5,150 ft). Other prominent peaks include Mount Bannister at 1,537 m (5,043 ft) and Mount Hector at 1,529 m (5,016 ft), which is named after the scientist Sir James Hector. Its Māori name is Pukemoumou, or 'hill of desolation'.
Han Po
Han Po was a twice-weekly Chinese Indonesian newspaper based in Palembang which was published between 1926 and 1934. The newspaper began publication on 8 November 1926 after initially publishing several sample editions. It was a primarily commercial newspaper and focused on commercial news, charging f 4 per three months for subscribers within the Indies. It published on Mondays and Thursdays.

Early in its publication, along with other Chinese Indonesian newspapers such as Sin Po, Han Po opted to reject the use of the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System in its orthography in favor of older, nonstandardized spelling systems.: 58–60  The paper was a vocal critic of the colonial government's policy to deny Chinese Indonesians citizenship, even if they had been born within the colony. It also adopted a pro-assimilation editorial stance in contrast to Sin Po. Following the Great Depression, reduced revenues forced the newspaper to cease publication, its final edition being on 18 January 1934.

Sin Po (newspaper)
Sin Po (Chinese: 新報; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-pò; lit. '(The) News') was a Peranakan Chinese Malay-language newspaper published in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It expressed the viewpoint of Chinese nationalism and defended the interests of Chinese Indonesians and was for several decades one of the most widely read Malay newspapers in the Indies. It existed under various names until 1965.
Robert Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley
Robert Molesworth Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley (21 November 1871 – 20 July 1954) was an English businessman, stockbroker, merchant banker, and public servant who organised the National Savings Movement.

National Savings and Investments
National Savings and Investments (NS&I), formerly called the Post Office Savings Bank and National Savings, is a state-owned savings bank in the United Kingdom. It is both a non-ministerial government department and an executive agency of HM Treasury. The aim of NS&I has been to attract funds from individual savers in the UK for the purpose of funding the government's deficit. NS&I attracts savers through offering savings products with tax-free elements on some products, and a 100% guarantee from HM Treasury on all deposits. As of 2017, approximately 9% of the government's debt is met by funds raised through NS&I, around half of which is from the Premium Bond offering.
Evansville Agogans
Also see: Sports in Evansville.

The Evansville Agogans were a professional basketball team who played in Evansville, Indiana, in 1951 and were a member of the Western Division of the National Professional Basketball League.

Sports in Evansville, Indiana
Evansville, Indiana is the home to two minor league professional sports teams and one amateur sports team. The city is also the home to two NCAA collegiate teams, and nine high schools that participate in the Indiana High School Athletic Association. Evansville is also the host to the annual Hoosier Nationals and Demolition City Roller Derby.
Piranhas River
The Piranhas River (Portuguese: Rio Piranhas-Açu), also known as the Açu River, is a river of northeastern Brazil. It originates in southeastern Paraíba state, near the border with Ceará, and flows north-northeast through Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte states to empty into the Atlantic Ocean near Macau. Its chief tributary is the Seridó, which originates in the Borborema Plateau of central Paraíba and flows northwest to meet the Piranhas.

Borborema Plateau
The Borborema Plateau (Portuguese Planalto da Borborema, also known as the Serra da Borborema) is a plateau in northeastern Brazil which extends across the states of Pernambuco, Paraíba, and Rio Grande do Norte. The plateau is the northeasternmost portion of the Brazilian Highlands and is the most relevant watershed of its region. It ranges approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) from north to south and 200 kilometres (120 mi) from east to west. More than 100 rivers originate from the plateau, including the  Moxotó, Mundaú, Pajeú, Paraíba do Norte, Seridó, and Una.

The Borborema Plateau serves as an orographic barrier, despite its relatively low elevation, against the moist easterly winds of the Atlantic Ocean. Areas west of the plateau, which make up part of the sertão, are arid and prone to drought. The Pajeú River, the largest tributary of the São Francisco River, originates from the Borborema.
Grigory Petrov (revolutionary)
Grigory Constantinovich Petrov (Russian: Григорий Константинович Петров) (1892-20 September 1918) was a Russian Left Socialist-Revolutionary activist in Baku, Azerbaijan, during the Russian Civil War. Petrov became one of the 26 Baku Commissars of the Soviet Commune that was established in the city after the October Revolution. He was the Military Commissar of the Baku region. When the Commune was toppled by the Centro Caspian Dictatorship, a British-backed coalition of Dashnaks, SRs and Mensheviks, Petrov and his comrades were captured by British troops and executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma of Transcaucasian Railroad on the night of 20 September 1918.

Execution by firing squad
Execution by firing squad, historically called fusillading (from the French fusil, rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are usually readily available and a gunshot to a vital organ, such as the brain or heart, most often will kill relatively quickly.
Massimo Brambilla
Massimo Brambilla (born 4 March 1973) is an Italian professional football coach and former player who played as an attacking midfielder. He is currently head coach of Serie C Group B club Juventus Next Gen.

Serie C
The Serie C (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈtʃi]), officially known as Serie C Sky Wifi for sponsorship purposes, is the third-highest division in the Italian football league system after the Serie B and Serie A. The Lega Italiana Calcio Professionistico (Lega Pro) is the governing body that operates the Serie C.

The unification of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione and the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as Lega Pro Divisione Unica (often also abbreviated as Lega Pro) in 2014 reintroduced the format of the original Serie C that existed between 1935 and 1978 (before the split into Serie C1 and Serie C2). In May 2017, the Lega Pro assembly unanimously approved renaming the competition to its original name, Serie C.
Elsa Noguera
Elsa Margarita Noguera de la Espriella (born 30 September 1973) is a Colombian politician. She was the vice presidential nominee for the Radical Change in 2010, and in 2012 she was elected mayor of Barranquilla, the capital of Atlantico. She later served as the Minister of Housing, City and Territory. In 2020 she was elected the governor of the Atlantico Department, where Barranquilla is located.

Noguera received a degree in international business from the American University in Washington D.C. She earned a master's degree in business administration and finance from Universidad del Norte.

Radical Change
Radical Change (Spanish: Cambio Radical, CR, stylised as CЯ, with a backwards "R") is a conservative liberal political party in Colombia.

After the elections on 12 March 2006, the party became one of the most important in the new Congress, receiving 20 seats in the lower house and 15 in the upper house. Along with the Social Party of National Unity, or "Party of the U" (the largest party in the lower house and the second-largest in the upper house) and the Conservative Party, it was president Álvaro Uribe's main ally in Congress and formed part of his majority.

It is currently in opposition to the left-wing government of Gustavo Petro.
Nhung
Nhung is a given name. Notable people called Nhung include:

Âu Hồng Nhung (born 1993), member of the Vietnam women's national volleyball team

Bùi Thị Nhung (born 1983), Vietnamese high jumper

Hồng Nhung (born 1970), Vietnamese singer

Khương Thị Hồng Nhung (born 1972), Vietnamese chess player, Woman International Master

Lê Ngọc Nguyên Nhung (born 1984), Vietnamese badminton player

Nguyễn Văn Nhung (1919–1964), officer in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)

Phi Nhung (1970–2021), Vietnamese-American singer, actress and humanitarian

Trần Thị Hồng Nhung (born 1992), Vietnamese footballer

Vũ Thị Nhung (born 1992), Vietnamese footballer

Bùi Thị Nhung
Bùi Thị Nhung (born 21 January 1983 in Hải Phòng) is a Vietnamese high jumper. Her personal best jump is 1.94 metres, achieved in June 2005 in Bangkok.

She won the gold medal at the 2003 Asian Championships, and finished fourth at the 2006 Asian Games. She also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games without reaching the final.
Johnson County Courthouse (Old Public Square, Warrensburg, Missouri)
Johnson County Courthouse, also known as Old Johnson County Courthouse, is a historic courthouse located at Warrensburg, Johnson County, Missouri. It was built between 1838 and 1841, and is a two-story, Federal style stuccoed brick building.  It has a hipped roof and simple cornice.  It was replaced by the Johnson County Courthouse on Courthouse Square.: 3   The building houses the Johnson County Historical Society.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Johnson County, Missouri
Johnson County is a county located in western portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 54,013. Its county seat is Warrensburg. The county was formed December 13, 1834, from Lafayette County and named for Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson.

Johnson County comprises the Warrensburg Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.