hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gitlitz v. Commissioner
Gitlitz v. Commissioner, 531 U.S. 206 (2001), was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 2001. The case concerned a technical question of tax law dealing with the tax attributes of an S corporation.

Tax law
Tax law or revenue law is an area of legal study in which public or sanctioned authorities, such as federal, state and municipal governments (as in the case of the US) use a body of rules and procedures (laws) to assess and collect taxes in a legal context. The rates and merits of the various taxes, imposed by the authorities, are attained via the political process inherent in these bodies of power, and not directly attributable to the actual domain of tax law itself.

Tax law is part of public law. It covers the application of existing tax laws on individuals, entities and corporations, in areas where tax revenue is derived or levied, e.g. income tax, estate tax, business tax, employment/payroll tax, property tax, gift tax and exports/imports tax. There have been some arguments that consumer law is a better way to engage in large-scale redistribution than tax law because it does not necessitate legislation and can be more efficient, given the complexities of tax law.: 213
ERB-26
ERB-26 is a synthetic estrogen and a selective agonist of the ERβ. It is the active enantiomer of the racemic mixture ERB-79. Whereas ERB-79 shows 484-fold selectivity for the ERβ over the ERα, ERB-26 differs slightly in that it is even more selective, showing greater than 1,000-fold selectivity for transactivation of the ERβ relative to the ERα. Its EC50 value for the ERβ is 0.21 nM (4-fold weaker than estradiol) and for the ERα is 260 nM (10,000-fold weaker than estradiol). It has no antagonistic activity at either receptor. ERB-26 is active in prevention of prostate cancer development in preclinical models. In contrast to ERB-26, the selective ERα agonist ERA-45 induced prostate cancer development in preclinical models when it was given in combination with testosterone, whereas testosterone alone did not do so. These findings suggest opposing roles of the ERα and ERβ in the prostate gland. The chemical structure of ERB-26 does not appear to have been disclosed.

Preclinical development
In drug development,  preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.

The main goals of preclinical studies are to determine a starting, safe dose for first-in-human study and assess potential toxicity of the product, which typically include new medical devices, prescription drugs, and diagnostics.

Companies use stylized statistics to illustrate the risks in preclinical research, such as that on average, only one in every 5,000 compounds that enters drug discovery to the stage of preclinical development becomes an approved drug.
Eugeniusz Lerch
Eugeniusz Lerch (15 February 1939 – 20 January 2024) was a Polish football forward best known for his time at his hometown club Ruch Chorzów. After retirement, he went on to coaching.

Lerch featured in 294 matches in the Poland's highest league. He scored 106 goals during his career, representing both Ruch Chorzów and ROW Rybnik. Notably, Lerch won the Polish Championship with Ruch in 1960. He spent the last years of his career in Australia before retiring in 1976.

Lerch cited Gerard Cieślik as his inspiration, first having seen Cieślik play at the Silesian Stadium when Lerch was aged 9, and Ruch hosted Garbarnia in a league match.

Lerch died on 20 January 2024, at the age of 84. He was buried five days later at the cemetery on Dąbrowskiego Street in Chorzów.

Garbarnia Kraków
Garbarnia Kraków is a Polish football and sports club from Ludwinów, a historical district of the city of Kraków. The club's name comes from the nearby tannery (Polish: Garbarnia) of the Dłużyński brothers, which was the original club sponsor. As of the 2025–26 season, they compete in the IV liga Lesser Poland, the fifth tier of Polish football.
Gerald Lewis (basketball)
Gerald Lewis (born March 25, 1971) is an American retired basketball player. A 6'3" guard, he led the Euroleague in steals during the 1998–99 season with 2.5 per game. It was his first and last participation in the competition, playing for KK Zadar.

Lewis is a 1989 graduate of St. Martin's Episcopal School in Metairie, Louisiana. He was inducted into the school's Alumni Athletic Hall of Fame in 2011. From 1989 to 1993, Lewis played for the SMU Mustangs men's basketball team.

Lewis has also worked as an assistant coach for the New Mexico State Aggies and Southeastern Louisiana Lions. He coached at David W. Carter High School before joining St. Augustine High School.

Metairie, Louisiana
Metairie (/ˈmɛtəri/ MET-ər-ee) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States, and is part of the New Orleans metropolitan area. With a population of 143,507 in 2020, Metairie is the largest community in Jefferson Parish, the fifth-largest CDP in the United States, and the largest outside Clark County, Nevada. It is an unincorporated area that (as of 2020) would have been Louisiana's fourth-largest city behind Shreveport if incorporated.
Jesús Valiente
Jesús Alberto Valiente Briceño (born 28 August 1974) is a Venezuelan football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He is the current coordinator of Trujillanos' youth categories.

During his playing career, Rodríguez notably represented Trujillanos, while also playing for other teams in the country. He also played for the Venezuela national team on nine occasions, and represented the nation in the 1997 Copa América.

1997 Copa América
The 1997 Copa America was the 38th edition of the Copa America. It was held in Bolivia from 11 to 29 June. It was organized by CONMEBOL, South America's football governing body.

In this edition, Costa Rica and Mexico were the invited teams to bring up the total number of competing teams to 12.

The tournament was won by Brazil, who became the first team to hold the Copa América and the World Cup at the same time, a feat they would repeat in 2004, and which Argentina would also achieve in 2024.
Hurlock
The name Hurlock can mean:

Hurlock, Maryland, a town in the United States

Madeline Hurlock (1899-1989), a silent film actress

Derek Hurlock (1920–1992), a British businessman who was managing director and chairman of AC Cars

Terry Hurlock (born 1958), a former professional footballer

A type of Darkspawn creature in the Dragon Age media franchise

Terry Hurlock
Terence Alan Hurlock (born 22 September 1958) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. Over the course of a 15-year career in the Football League, he had notable spells with Brentford and Millwall. He won England B international caps while with Millwall and is a member of the club's Hall of Fame. A physical player, Hurlock received seven red cards during his career and in 2007 was rated by The Times as the 23rd hardest player in football.
First Church of Windsor
The First Church in Windsor, Connecticut is the oldest Congregational church in Connecticut. Its origin can be traced back to 1630, when 140 men and women sailed out of Plymouth, England on the Mary & John. This was the first of 17 ships in the so-called Winthrop Fleet, bound for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. When they heard from the Indians about the fertile land along the Connecticut River in what is now called the Connecticut River Valley, a small contingent of settlers travelled southwest and established the first settlement in Connecticut at Windsor in 1633. Word soon spread that Windsor was a good place in which to settle: in 1635, the congregation of the First Church departed from their homes in Dorchester, Massachusetts to relocate to Connecticut.

Winthrop Fleet
The Winthrop Fleet was a group of 11 ships led by John Winthrop out of a total of 17 funded by the Massachusetts Bay Company which together carried between 700 and 1,000 Puritans plus livestock and provisions from England to New England over the summer of 1630, during the first period of the Great Migration.
Matthieu Rytz
Matthieu Rytz is a Canadian documentary filmmaker, most noted for his 2018 film Anote's Ark. He received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Cinematography in a Documentary at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards, and Prix Iris nominations for Best Documentary Film and Best Cinematography in a Documentary at the 21st Quebec Cinema Awards.

His second documentary film, Deep Rising, premiered at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival.

7th Canadian Screen Awards
The 7th Canadian Screen Awards were presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television on March 31, 2019, to honour achievements in Canadian film, television, and digital media production in 2018.

Nominations were announced by the Academy on February 7, 2019. Early coverage of the nominations highlighted the fact that the Best Picture category consisted entirely of French-language films from Quebec, with not a single English-language film named in the category. This was also the first year that the ceremony did not have a host.
Shri Krishan Chander Government Degree College, Poonch
Shri Krishan Chander Government Degree College, Poonch, established in 1955, is a co-educational general degree college in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India. This college serves the people of the Poonch and its adjoining areas. This college is one of the oldest degree colleges in Jammu and Kashmir and offers courses in arts, science and commerce. It is affiliated to  University of Jammu.

Poonch (town)
Poonch (or Punch), (called Prunts in the Kashmiri, Gojri & Pahari languages) is a town and the administrative headquarters of the Poonch district, of the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger disputed territory of Kashmir. It is located near the Line of Control – the de facto border in the disputed region. Poonch shares a de facto border with the Poonch district of the Pakistan-administered, self-governing territory of Azad Kashmir.
Alexandre aux Indes
Alexandre aux Indes (Alexander in India) is an opera by the French composer Nicolas-Jean Lefroid de Méreaux, first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera) on 26 August 1783. It takes the form of a tragédie lyrique in three acts. The libretto, by Étienne Morel de Chédeville, concerns Alexander the Great and the Indian king Porus. The plot has similarities with Racine's tragedy Alexandre le Grand (1665) and Metastasio's libretto Alessandro nell'Indie.

Porus
Porus or Puru (Ancient Greek: Πῶρος Pôros; fl. 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines) in the Punjab region. He is only mentioned in Greek sources.
Said to be a warrior with exceptional skills, Porus fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC). Following the conflict, Porus retained his kingship. Alexander not only reinstated him as his satrap but also expanded his jurisdiction to include dominion over lands to the south-east extending as far as the Hyphasis (Beas). Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.
Junction Bridge, Tumut
The Junction Bridge is a heritage-listed road bridge that carries the Tumut Plains Road across the Tumut River, from Tumut to Tumut Plains in New South Wales, Australia. The bridge is owned by Transport for NSW. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 June 2000.

Transport for NSW
Transport for NSW (TfNSW) is a New South Wales Government transport services and roads agency established on 1 November 2011. The agency is a different entity to the NSW Department of Transport, which is a department of the state government of New South Wales, and the ultimate parent entity of Transport for NSW.

The agency's function is to build transport infrastructure and manage transport services in New South Wales. Since absorbing Roads and Maritime Services (RMS) in December 2019, the agency is also responsible for building and maintaining road infrastructure, managing the day-to-day compliance and safety for roads and waterways and vehicle and driving license registrations.

The agency reports to the New South Wales Minister for Transport, Minister for Roads and the Minister for Regional Transport. The ministers are accountable to the Parliament of New South Wales.
Kazakhstan's 9th electoral district
The Electoral district No. 9 (Kazakh: №9 сайлау округі, romanized: №9 sailau okrugı; Russian: Избирательный округ №9) is a single-mandate territorial constituency in Kazakhstan, represented in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Parliament. It covers the entirety of Akmola Region, including all its regional districts, with its seat being located in Kokshetau.

The constituency was originally formed for the 2004 legislative election and existed until being abolished in 2007. However, it has been reestablished in 2022 and is currently represented by deputy Aina Mysyrälimova (Amanat) since March 2023.

Kazakh alphabets
The Kazakh language was written mainly in four scripts at various points of time – Old Turkic, Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic – each having a distinct alphabet. The Arabic script is used in Iran, Afghanistan, and China, while the Cyrillic script is used in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Mongolia. In October 2017, a presidential decree in Kazakhstan ordered a transition from the Cyrillic to Latin script to be implemented by 2025. In January 2021, the target year for finishing the transition was pushed back to 2031.
2014–15 Welsh Women's Cup
The 2014–15 FAW Women's Cup is the 23rd season of Wales' national women's association football knock-out competition. 30 teams took part in the competition. Cardiff Met. Ladies F.C. were the defending champions.

FAW Women's Cup
The FA of Wales Women's Challenge Cup, better known as the Welsh Women's Cup is the national women's football cup competition for Wales. It is run by the Football Association of Wales.

As Wales had no national league for women until the establishment of the Welsh Premier League in the 2009–10 season the Welsh Cup was the only ticket to the Women's Champions League. Unlike in the men's game, however, English-oriented clubs are allowed to participate. Cardiff City Ladies won eight consecutive cups from 2003 to 2010.
Roast Fish Collie Weed & Corn Bread
Roast Fish Collie Weed & Corn Bread is a studio album by the Jamaican musician Lee Perry, released in 1978. Although Perry had been in the Jamaican music business for a long time by 1978, this album, produced by himself at his Black Ark studio, was the first to consist entirely of songs sung by himself. The album is very experimental.

Island Records, which had released earlier Lee Perry productions like Super Ape and War Ina Babylon, rejected the album. This angered Perry, and his relationship with the record company deteriorated.

Lee "Scratch" Perry
Lee "Scratch" Perry OD (born Rainford Hugh Perry; 20 March 1936 – 29 August 2021) was a Jamaican record producer, songwriter and singer noted for his innovative studio techniques and production style. Perry was a pioneer in the 1970s development of dub music with his early adoption of remixing and studio effects to create new instrumental or vocal versions of existing reggae tracks. He worked with and produced for a wide variety of artists, including Bob Marley and the Wailers, Junior Murvin, the Congos, Max Romeo, the Heptones, Adrian Sherwood, the Beastie Boys, Ari Up, the Clash, the Orb, and many others.
Olivella mayabe
Olivella mayabe is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Olivellinae, in the family Olividae, the olives.  Species in the genus Olivella are commonly called dwarf olives.

Olivellinae
Olivellinae, are a subfamily of small predatory sea snails with smooth, shiny, elongated oval-shaped shells, in the family Olividae. The shells sometimes show muted but attractive colors, and may have some patterning.

These animals are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Olivoidea, within the order Neogastropoda according to the taxonomy of Bouchet and Rocroi.
Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities
The Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities (CBMH) is located at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) in Jackson, Mississippi.  The center is designed to support the education, research and clinical missions of UMMC by focusing on ethics, professionalism, and the social context of modern health care.
The center was established in 2008 by a challenge grant from the Bower Foundation and is directed by Dr. Ralph Didlake.  The core faculty of the CBMH consists of full-time UMMC faculty members who have specific training and expertise in the broad spectrum of bioethics issues addressed by the center.

University of Mississippi Medical Center
University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) is the health sciences campus of the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) and is located in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. UMMC, also referred to as the Medical Center, is the state's only  academic medical center.

UMMC houses seven health science schools: Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Health Related Professions, Graduate Studies in the Health Sciences, Population Health and Pharmacy. (The main School of Pharmacy is headquartered on the University of Mississippi (UM) campus in Oxford, Mississippi.) The 164-acre campus also includes University Hospital, Wiser Hospital for Women and Infants, Conerly Critical Care Hospital, Children's of Mississippi (including the Blair E. Batson Tower and the Kathy and Joe Sanderson Tower), the state's only children's hospital, and Rowland Medical Library.
Giger
Giger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Giger (1946–2021), Swiss cross-country skier

Fabrice Giger (born 1965), Swiss publisher and film producer

H. R. Giger (1940–2014), Swiss painter, sculptor, and set designer

Paul Giger (born 1952),  Swiss violinist and composer

Peter Giger (born 1939), Swiss percussionist and bandleader

Walter Giger (1943–2025), Swiss environmental chemist

Werner Giger (1949–1974), Swiss motorcycle racer

Albert Giger
Albert Giger (7 October 1946, Rhäzüns – 4 September 2021) was a Swiss cross country skier who competed in the early 1970s. He won a bronze in the 4 x 10 km cross-country skiing relay at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. He was also a five-times winner of the Engadin Skimarathon.
Salle de la Bouteille
The Salle de la Bouteille (French pronunciation: [sal də la butɛj]) or Salle du Jeu de Paume de la Bouteille ([sal dy ʒø də pom də la butɛj]), later known as the Hôtel [de] Guénégaud ([otɛl də ɡeneɡo]) or Guénégaud Theatre, was a 1671 theatre located in Paris, France, between the rue de Seine and the rue des Fossés de Nesle (now 42 rue Mazarine, at its intersection with the rue Jacques Callot). It was across from the rue Guénégaud, which ran behind the garden of a townhouse formerly known as the Hôtel de Guénégaud on the quai de Nevers. The theatre was the first home of the Paris Opera and in 1680 became the first theatre of the Comédie-Française. It closed in 1689 and was later partially demolished and remodeled for other purposes.

Rue de Seine
The Rue de Seine (French pronunciation: [ʁy d(ə) sɛn]) is a street in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It is one of the most sought after streets in Paris due to its history and very close proximity to the Louvre and other famous Parisian landmarks.

The Rue de Seine and surrounding streets are host to the highest concentration of art galleries and antique dealers in the world. Other nearby famous landmarks include the Café de Flore, Les Deux Magots and the Jardin du Luxembourg. The neighbourhood of the Rue de Seine also includes famous fashion houses, such as Dior, Yves Saint Laurent and Hugo Boss.
Stuart Parish (Cowper County), New South Wales
Stuart Parish is a Rural locality of Bogan Shire at 30°51′22″S 146°46′17″E and civil Parish of Cowper County, New South Wales.

Stuart parish has a Köppen climate classification of BSh (Hot semi arid).

Bogan Shire
Bogan Shire is a local government area in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire is located adjacent to the Mitchell and Barrier highways and its only significant town is Nyngan.

The Municipality of Nyngan was proclaimed on 17 February 1891 with Nyngan having a population of 1,355. Bogan Shire was proclaimed on 7 May 1906. Bogan Shire absorbed the Municipality of Nyngan on 1 January 1972.

The mayor of Bogan Shire Council is Cr. Glen Neill, who is unaligned with any political party.
FieldCraft (company)
FieldCraft, founded in 2001, is an Australian information services business specialising in general research, project management, software development, standards compliant web development, and geological services including sedimentology, petroleum geology, well site geology, and drilling rig supervision.

Petroleum geology
Petroleum geology is the study of the origins, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons (oil exploration).
2024 FSA Federation Cup
The 2024 Football South Australia Federation Cup, also known as the Australia Cup South Australian preliminary rounds until the semi-finals, was the 111th running of the Federation Cup, the main soccer knockout cup competition in South Australia. The competition also functioned as part of the 2024 Australia Cup preliminary rounds, with the two finalists qualifying for the main knockout competition.

Campbelltown City were champions for the third time, defeating Modbury Jets 3–0 in the final. North Eastern MetroStars were the defending champions, losing 1–2 in the third round to Adelaide Olympic.

Football South Australia
Football South Australia (FSA) is the governing body of soccer in the state of South Australia. It was established in 2006 under the name Football Federation South Australia (FFSA), which succeeded the former organisation, the South Australian Soccer Federation (SASF).

FSA oversees the highest levels of soccer in South Australia, as well as collaborating with regional competitions and amateur leagues, and organise the Football SA Federation Cup.
Thomas Skinner (television executive)
Thomas Skinner is an American television and film executive. Skinner has received four Emmy Awards, three Peabody Awards, and a Dupont/Columbia award. He is known for his work in public television as Executive Producer of National Geographic Specials and other programming for PBS and WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the Free to Choose Network.

Journey into Self
Journey into Self is a 1968 documentary film introduced by Stanley Kramer, and produced and directed by Bill McGaw.

The film portrays a 16-hour group therapy session for eight well-adjusted people who had never met before. The session was led by psychologists  Carl Rogers and Richard Farson. The participants included a cashier, a theology student, a teacher, a principal, a housewife, and three businessmen.

It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 1968.