hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grammar Nazi
Grammar Nazi (also known as Grammar Pedant, or Spelling Nazi/Pedant) is an informal, pejorative term used to describe someone who regularly corrects or criticizes minor errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation in speech and writing. The term was coined in the 1990s on online discussion forums. While some corrections made by individuals labeled as "Grammar Nazis" are intended to be humorous, they can also be seen as perpetuating unnecessarily strict standards of language use. Discussions about such corrections often intersect with broader considerations of literacy privilege and societal norms in communication.

The use of "Nazi" in this context is controversial. Critics argue that the term trivializes the historical atrocities associated with Nazism.

Pejorative
A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a term is regarded as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others or may be originally pejorative but later adopt a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa) in some or all contexts.
Heydar Qoli Khan
Heydar Qoli Khan (Persian: حیدرقلی خان کنگرلی) was the first khan of the Nakhichevan Khanate, ruling from 1747 to 1762 under Iranian suzerainty.

He belonged to the Kangarlu tribe, a branch of the Turkoman Ustajlu tribe, which was part of the Qizilbash tribal confederacy. Nakhichevan is both the name of a city and historical region located in the Armenian highlands in the South Caucasus. In Safavid Iran (1501–1736), it was an administrative jurisdiction of the Erivan Province (also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd). Since the second half of the 17th-century, members of the Kangarlu had held the governorship of Nakhchivan. In 1747, following the death of the Afsharid shah (king) of Iran, Nader Shah, Heydar Qoli Khan established the Nakhichevan Khanate.

Before 1762, Heydar Qoli Khan was succeeded by Hajji Khan Kangarlu as the khan of Nakhichevan.

Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbash were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, Kurdistan, the Armenian highlands, and the Caucasus from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty in early modern Iran.

By the 18th-century, anyone involved with the Safavid state—militarily, diplomatically, or administratively—came to be broadly referred to as "Qizilbash". It was eventually applied to some inhabitants of Iran. In the early 19th-century, Shia Muslims from Iran could be referred as "Qizilbash", thus highlighting the influence of the distinctive traits of the Safavids, despite the Iranian shah (king) Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834) simultaneously creating a Qajar dynastic identity grounded in the pre-Islamic past.
Iran–Iraq football rivalry
The Iran and Iraq national football teams are sporting rivals since 1962.

According to The Malay Mail, "Emotions are always high when Iran and Iraq meet on the football pitch".

The most recent match between the two teams was in World Cup qualifier on 27 January 2022 hosted in Iran, where Iran won the game by 1–0.

2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
The 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification was the qualifying process that decided the 31 teams that would join hosts and debutants Qatar, who received an automatic spot, at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

Parallel tournaments were organised by FIFA's six confederations. Qualification began on 6 June 2019 with several matches of the AFC zone, the first being between Mongolia and Brunei, and ended on 14 June 2022 with an inter-confederation play-off between Costa Rica and New Zealand. Mongolian player Norjmoogiin Tsedenbal netted the first goal.

In contrast to previous editions, there was no general preliminary draw, with confederations carrying out separate draws due to their differing timelines. The qualification process suffered numerous postponements from March 2020 onwards due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
SW8
SW8 can refer to:

EMD SW8

(16453) 1989 SW8

Star Wars: The Last Jedi, also known as Star Wars Episode VIII

SW8 (roller coaster), a roller coaster at Alton Towers in Staffordshire, England.

Renjong LRT station, Singapore

EMD SW8
The EMD SW8 is a diesel switcher locomotive manufactured by General Motors Electro-Motive Division and General Motors Diesel between September 1950 and February 1954.  Power is supplied by an EMD 567B 8-cylinder engine, for a total of 800 hp (600 kW). A total of 
310 of this model were built for United States railroads and 65 for Canadian railroads. Starting in October 1953 a number of SW8s were built with either the 567BC or 567C engine.

The SW8 was succeeded in EMD's product catalogue by the slightly more powerful SW900, introduced in December 1953.
Tutti Frutti scandal
The Tutti Frutti scandal (in pt: Caso Tutti Frutti) is an investigation and political scandal that took place in Portugal in May 2023, which made public influence peddling between executives and members of the Socialist Party and Social Democratic Party in the preparation of lists for the 2017 Portuguese municipal elections. Among the main people involved were Fernando Medina, as former mayor of Lisbon, the Minister of the Environment Duarte Cordeiro and former PSD deputy Sérgio Azevedo.

The Public Ministry formally assumes suspicions for various crimes, advanced by CNN Portugal and TVI.

Televisão Independente
TVI (Televisão Independente – "Independent Television") is Portugal's fourth terrestrial television channel, launched in 1993. It was the most watched channel in Portugal from 2005 to 2019, and again from 2024 to 2025. It competes directly with SIC and RTP1. It is one of the two private free-to-air channels in Portugal, among the seven terrestrial free-to-air channels broadcasting from the country.
John Forsberg
John Forsberg (born 15 April 1932) is an Australian Paralympic lawn bowls player.   He was born in Melbourne and is an amputee. At the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Games, he won two silver medals in the Men's Pairs A6/8 and Men's Singles A6/8events. At the 1988 Seoul Paralympics, he won a bronze medal in the Men's Singles LB3 event. He won five gold medals at the 1990 and 1993 world championships. He also competed in lawn bowls at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics.

1996 Summer Paralympics
The 1996 Summer Paralympic in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, were held from August 15 to 25. It was the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship, and had a budget of USD $81 million.

It was the first Paralympic Games where International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability athletes were given full medal status.
Peter Fallon (politician)
Peter Fallon (23 February 1881 – 9 February 1956) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Tamworth to brickmaker Joseph Patrick Fallon and Mary Ann Riley. He was a tailor, and was involved in the foundation of the Tailors' Union, serving as president in 1904. On 11 April 1910 he married Agnes Roche, with whom he had four children. He was state secretary of the Federated Clothing and Allied Trades Union from 1923 to 1955. From 1952 to 1956 he was a Labor member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. He died at St Leonards in 1956.

St Leonards, New South Wales
St Leonards is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, Australia. St Leonards is located 5 km (3.1 mi) north-west of the Sydney central business district and lies across the local government areas of Municipality of Lane Cove, North Sydney Council and the City of Willoughby.
Kakutani's theorem (geometry)
Kakutani's theorem is a result in geometry named after Shizuo Kakutani.  It states that every convex body in 3-dimensional space has a circumscribed cube, i.e. a cube all of whose faces touch the body. The result was further generalized by Yamabe and Yujobô to higher dimensions, and by Floyd to other circumscribed parallelepipeds.

Parallelepiped
In geometry, a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning). By analogy, it relates to a parallelogram just as a cube relates to a square.

Three equivalent definitions of parallelepiped are

a hexahedron with three pairs of parallel faces,

a polyhedron with six faces (hexahedron), each of which is a parallelogram, and

a prism of which the base is a parallelogram.

The rectangular cuboid (six rectangular faces), cube (six square faces), and the rhombohedron (six rhombus faces) are all special cases of parallelepiped.

"Parallelepiped" is now usually pronounced /ˌpærəˌlɛlɪˈpɪpɪd/ or /ˌpærəˌlɛlɪˈpaɪpɪd/; traditionally it was /ˌpærəlɛlˈɛpɪpɛd/ PARR-ə-lel-EP-ih-ped because of its etymology in Greek παραλληλεπίπεδον parallelepipedon (with short -i-), a body "having parallel planes".

Parallelepipeds are a subclass of the prismatoids.
Binyamin Gibli
Binyamin Gibli (Hebrew: בנימין גיבלי; January 1, 1919 – August 19, 2008) was an Israeli general who served as the head of Israeli Military Intelligence from June 1950 to March 1955. Gibli was forced to resign in the wake of the Lavon Affair, a failed Israeli operation in Egypt in 1954.

Petah Tikva
32°05′20″N 34°53′11″E﻿ / ﻿32.08889°N 34.88639°E﻿ / 32.08889; 34.88639

Petah Tikva (Hebrew: פתח תקווה, pronounced [ˈpetaχ ˈtikva] ⓘ), also spelt Petah Tiqwa and known informally as Em HaMoshavot (lit. 'Mother of the Moshavot, or colonies'), is a city in the Central District of Israel, 10.6 km (6.6 mi) east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by Haredi Jews of the Old Yishuv, and became a permanent settlement in 1883 with the financial help of Edmond Rothschild.

In 2023, the city had a population of 267,196, thus being the fourth-largest city in Israel. Its population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre (16,260/sq mi). Its jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9 km2 or 15 sq mi). Petah Tikva is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area.
Ugly Cry (film)
Ugly Cry is an upcoming American horror film written and directed by Emily Robinson, in her directorial debut. It stars Robinson, Ryan Simpkins, Aaron Dominguez, and Robin Tunney.

It is scheduled to have its world premiere at the 2026 South by Southwest Film & TV Festival on March 12, 2026.

Melinda McGraw
Melinda McGraw (born October 25, 1968) is an American actress. She has appeared in movies such as The Dark Knight (2008), Wrongfully Accused (1998), and Skateland (2010), and is also known for her television performances on Mad Men, Men of a Certain Age, The X-Files, The West Wing, and NCIS.
Jan Mikołaj Daniłowicz
Jan Mikołaj Daniłowicz (born 1607 in Vilnius – 20 November 1650) was a Polish–Lithuanian noble and politician. Crown Podstoli from 1620, Crown Court Treasurer from 1627, and from 1632, Grand Crown Treasurer.

He was the son of Mikołaj Daniłowicz, Grand Crown Treasurer from 1617 to 1624.

Known as a skillful administrator and commended for the ability to gather funds for the Polish-Swedish wars and Smolensk War. At the same time he was one of the wealthiest, if not the wealthiest, magnates in the Commonwealth.

He married Sophie Tęczyńską, the daughter of Gabriel Tęczyński. He died without issue.

Podstoli
Deputy pantler (Lithuanian: pastalininkis, Polish: podstoli) was a court office in Poland and Lithuania. They were the deputy of a pantler, and was responsible for the King's and Grand Duke's pantry.

From the 14th century, this was an honorary court title and a district office in Crown of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Podstoli wielki koronny - Crown Great Deputy Master of the Pantry

Podstoli wielki litewski - Lithuanian Great Deputy Master of the Pantry

Podstoli koronny - Crown Deputy Master of the Pantry

Podstoli litewski - Lithuanian Deputy Master of the Pantry

Podstoli nadworny koronny - Crown Deputy Court Master of the Pantry

Podstoli nadworny litewski - Lithuanian Deputy Court Master of the Pantry

Podstoli ziemski - District Master of the Pantry
Karem A. Sakallah
Karem Sakallah is an American electrical engineer and computer scientist, a professor at University of Michigan known for his work on computational logic, functional verification, SAT solvers, satisfiability modulo theories, and the Graph automorphism problem. He was elevated to the rank of IEEE Fellow in 1998. 
In 2009, he shared the CAV (Computer Aided Verification) award with eight other individuals "for major advances in creating high-performance Boolean satisfiability solvers." In 2012, Sakallah became an ACM Fellow "for algorithms for Boolean Satisfiability that advanced the state-of-the-art of hardware verification."

In 2014, Sakallah help shape the development of the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI) in Doha and supervised the growth of the Cyber Security Research Area.

Graph automorphism
In the mathematical field of graph theory, an automorphism of a graph is a form of symmetry in which the graph is mapped onto itself while preserving the edge–vertex connectivity.

Formally, an automorphism of a graph G = (V, E) is a permutation σ of the vertex set V, such that the pair of vertices (u, v) form an edge if and only if the pair (σ(u), σ(v)) also form an edge. That is, it is a graph isomorphism from G to itself. Automorphisms may be defined in this way both for directed graphs and for undirected graphs. 
The composition of two automorphisms is another automorphism, and the set of automorphisms of a given graph, under the composition operation, forms a group, the automorphism group of the graph. In the opposite direction, by Frucht's theorem, all groups can be represented as the automorphism group of a connected graph – indeed, of a cubic graph.
Eka Lakhani
Eka Lakhani (born 1987) is an Indian fashion costume designer, who has worked in the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu film industries. After beginning her career as an intern on the sets of Raavan (2010), she has become director Mani Ratnam's costume designer for his films since 2013. She has also worked in projects by directors Rajkumar Hirani, Karan Johar and Gautham Menon.

Designer
A designer is a person who plans the form or structure of something before it is made, by preparing drawings or plans. In practice, anyone who creates tangible or intangible objects, products, processes, laws, games, graphics, services, or experiences can be called a designer.
Daysormay
Daysormay (stylized as daysormay) is a Canadian alternative band based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The band was formed in 2010 in Vernon, British Columbia by Aidan Andrews, twins Nolan and Carson Bassett, Eli Garlick, and Craig Matterson. Garlick and Matterson left the group in 2019. They are best known from their collaborations with Tessa Violet, as well as opening for Cold War Kids, Tessa Violet, Peach Pit, Walk off the Earth, and Arkells. In 2014, they independently released their first album, Lee, and later an EP, Talk Peace to a Wolf (2016). Daysormay then signed with The Artist Group label (T∆G Music) in 2019 and released their second album, Just Existing (2021).

Arkells
Arkells is a Canadian rock band, formed in Hamilton, Ontario. In 2006, they signed with Dine Alone Records, and have since signed with Universal Music Canada. They have released nine albums: Jackson Square (2008), Michigan Left (2011), High Noon (2014), Morning Report (2016), Rally Cry (2018), Blink Once (2021), Blink Twice (2022), Laundry Pile (2023) and Disco Loadout, Volume 1 (2024). The band has been nominated for over 15 Juno Awards; winning Rock Album of the Year for High Noon and Rally Cry, and  six times for Group of the Year.
Navader Castle
Navader castle (Persian: قلعه نوادر) is a historical castle located in Abhar County in Zanjan Province, The longevity of this fortress dates back to the Early centuries of historical periods after Islam.

Zanjan province
Zanjan province (Persian: استان زنجان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Zanjan. It is a mountainous province with close to 22,000 km2 of land placed in Iran's Region 3. Two-thirds of the people of the province live in the cities, mainly the capital and Abhar.
1978–79 WFA Cup
The 1978–79 WFA Cup was an association football knockout tournament for women's teams, held between 8 October 1978 and 6 May 1979. It was the 9th season of the WFA Cup and was won by Southampton, who defeated Lowestoft in the final.

The tournament consisted of one preliminary round and seven rounds of competition proper.

All match results and dates from the Women's FA Cup Website.

Women's FA Cup
The Women's FA Challenge Cup is the top annual cup tournament for women's clubs in English football. Founded in 1970, it has been named the WFA Cup, FA Women's Cup, and now Women's FA Cup (currently known as the Adobe Women's FA Cup for sponsorship reasons).

Designed as an equivalent to the FA Cup in men's football, the competition began in 1970–71 as the Mitre Challenge Trophy, organised by the Women's Football Association (WFA). There were 71 entrants, including teams from Scotland and Wales.

The WFA ran the competition for the first 23 editions, during which time Southampton won the cup eight times. The Football Association (FA) began administering English women's football in mid-1993.

Arsenal holds the record for most titles overall, having won fourteen times. The current cup holders are Chelsea, who defeated Manchester United 3–0 in the 2025 final to win their sixth FA Cup title.
Springdale Caldera
The Springdale Caldera is a large Early Silurian caldera in west-central Newfoundland, Canada. It is at least 60 km (37 mi) long and 35 km (22 mi) wide, covering an area of more than 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). It is one of the few calderas in Newfoundland that form a large Silurian age volcanic field. Basalt, andesite, rhyolite, pyroclastic rocks, debris flows, breccias and red sandstone are present at the Springdale Caldera.

Rhyolite
Rhyolite (/ˈraɪ.əlaɪt/ RY-ə-lyte) is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks. It is generally glassy or fine-grained (aphanitic) in texture, but may be porphyritic, containing larger mineral crystals (phenocrysts) in an otherwise fine-grained groundmass. The mineral assemblage is predominantly quartz, sanidine, and plagioclase. It is the extrusive equivalent of granite.

Its high silica content makes rhyolitic magma extremely viscous. This favors explosive eruptions over effusive eruptions, so this type of magma is more often erupted as pyroclastic rock than as lava flows. Rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs are among the most voluminous of continental igneous rock formations.

Rhyolitic tuff has been used extensively for construction. Obsidian, which is rhyolitic volcanic glass, has been used for tools from prehistoric times to the present day because it can be shaped to an extremely sharp edge. Rhyolitic pumice finds use as an abrasive, in concrete, and as a soil amendment.
Losynivka
Losynivka (Ukrainian: Лосинівка; Russian: Лосиновка) is a rural settlement in Nizhyn Raion, Chernihiv Oblast, northern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Losynivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 3,583 (2022 estimate).

Until 26 January 2024, Losynivka was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Losynivka became a rural settlement.

Chernihiv Oblast
Chernihiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Чернігівська область, romanized: Chernihivska oblast), also referred to as Chernihivshchyna (Ukrainian: Чернігівщина), is an oblast (province) in northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Chernihiv. There are 1,511 settlements in the oblast, with a total population of 959,315 (2022 estimate).
Salzhausen
Salzhausen is a municipality in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 40 km southeast of Hamburg, and 15 km west of Lüneburg.

Salzhausen is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Salzhausen.

Lüneburg
Lüneburg, officially the Hanseatic City of Lüneburg and also known in English as Lunenburg, is a town in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is located about 50 km (31 mi) southeast of another Hanseatic city, Hamburg, and belongs to that city's wider metropolitan region. The capital of the district which bears its name, it is home to roughly 77,000 people. Lüneburg's urban area, which includes the surrounding communities of Adendorf, Bardowick, Barendorf and Reppenstedt, has a population of around 103,000. Lüneburg has been allowed to use the title Hansestadt ('Hanseatic Town') in its name since 2007, in recognition of its membership in the former Hanseatic League. Lüneburg is also home to Leuphana University.
Asthram (1983 film)
Asthram (transl. Arrow) is a 1983 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by P. N. Menon. The film stars Bharath Gopi, Mammootty, Mohanlal, Nedumudi Venu and Jyothi in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Shyam. This movie  is loosely based on the Nanavati murder case. Author Bibekanada Ray described the film as one of Menon's films "dealing with various contemporary political and social concerns" in her book about India's offbeat cinema.

Nedumudi Venu
Kesavan Venugopal (22 May 1948 – 11 October 2021), better known by his stage name Nedumudi Venu, was an Indian actor and screenwriter from Kerala, who predominantly worked in Malayalam cinema. He acted in more than 500 films, primarily in Malayalam and also in Tamil, in a career spanning nearly five decades. He wrote screenplays and directed one film. Nedumudi Venu won three National Film Awards, three Filmfare Award South and six Kerala State Film Awards for his performances in various movies.
St John's Church, Skipton-on-Swale
St John's Church is a closed church in Skipton-on-Swale, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.

Skipton was long in the parish of St Columba's Church, Topcliffe.  A church was built in 1842, at a cost of £700.  A vestry was added on the north side in the 20th century.  The building was grade II listed in 1988.  The church closed for worship in 2022.

The church is built of stone with a Welsh slate roof. It consists of a three-bay nave with a south porch, and a single-bay chancel with a north vestry. On the west gable is a gabled bellcote with a four-centred arched opening. The porch contains a four-centred arch, and a gable with kneelers and stone coping. The windows have two lights, flat heads, chamfered mullions, lights with cusped heads, and hood moulds.

Chamfer
A chamfer (/ˈ(t)ʃæmfər/ SHAM-fər, CHAM-) is a transitional edge between two faces of an object.  Sometimes defined as a form of bevel, it is often created at a 45° angle between two adjoining right-angled faces.

Chamfers are frequently used in machining, carpentry, furniture, concrete formwork, mirrors, and to facilitate assembly of many mechanical engineering designs.
Frederick Morris
Frederick Reginald Morris (born 1 December 1929) is a retired Irish judge who served as President of the High Court from 1998 to 2001 and a Judge of the High Court from 1990 to 2001.

Born in Kilkenny in 1929, he was called to the bar in 1959 and became a Senior Counsel in 1973. He was made a High Court judge in 1990 and appointed to the Special Criminal Court the following year. He was President of the High Court from 1998 to 2001, and therefore an ex-officio member of the Supreme Court of Ireland. He was the Chairperson of the Referendum Commission in 2002 for the 25th Amendment Bill 2002.

From 2002 to 2008, he was the chairman and Sole Member of the Morris Tribunal, which investigated allegations of corrupt and dishonest policing in County Donegal.

Referendum Commission
A Referendum Commission (Irish: An Coimisiún Reifrinn) was an independent statutory body in Ireland which had been set up in advance of referendums in Ireland from 1998 to 2019. The Referendum Act 1998 as amended by the Referendum Act 2001 provided for the establishment of the body. It was superseded in 2023 by the Electoral Commission, established on a permanent basis.