hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Graph-structured stack
In computer science, a graph-structured stack (GSS) is a directed acyclic graph where each directed path represents a stack.
The graph-structured stack is an essential part of Tomita's algorithm, where it replaces the usual stack of a pushdown automaton. This allows the algorithm to encode the nondeterministic choices in parsing an ambiguous grammar, sometimes with greater efficiency.

In the following diagram, there are four stacks: {7,3,1,0}, {7,4,1,0}, {7,5,2,0}, and {8,6,2,0}.

Another way to simulate nondeterminism would be to duplicate the stack as needed.  The duplication would be less efficient since vertices would not be shared.  For this example, 16 vertices would be needed instead of 9.

Ambiguous grammar
In computer science, an ambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar for which there exists a string that can have more than one leftmost derivation or parse tree. Every non-empty context-free language admits an ambiguous grammar by introducing e.g. a duplicate rule. A language that only admits ambiguous grammars is called an inherently ambiguous language. Deterministic context-free grammars are always unambiguous, and are an important subclass of unambiguous grammars; there are non-deterministic unambiguous grammars, however.

For computer programming languages, the reference grammar is often ambiguous, due to issues such as the dangling else problem. If present, these ambiguities are generally resolved by adding precedence rules or other context-sensitive parsing rules, so the overall phrase grammar is unambiguous. Some parsing algorithms (such as Earley or GLR parsers) can generate sets of parse trees (or "parse forests") from strings that are syntactically ambiguous.
Chorizema rhynchotropis
Chorizema rhynchotropis is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a straggling, sprawling or erect shrub with linear, sharply-pointed leaves, and orange or red and pink and yellow pea flowers.

Papilionaceous flower
Papilionaceous flowers (from Latin: papilion, a butterfly) are flowers with the characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla found in many, though not all, plants of the species-rich Faboideae subfamily of legumes. Tournefort suggested that the term Flores papilionacei originated with Valerius Cordus, who applied it to the flowers of the bean.
Thug Holiday
Thug Holiday is the fifth studio album by American rapper Trick Daddy. It was released on August 6, 2002 through Slip-N-Slide/Atlantic Records. Production was handled by Gorilla Tek, Supa a.k.a. Infa Red, Red Spyda, Cool & Dre, David Banner, Deep Fried Camp, Jazze Pha, Jim Jonsin, Lil' Jon, Majid "Chi" Hasan, Minnesota, Rob "Reef" Tewlow, Sean "Face" Foote, Signature, and DJ Nabs, with Ted Lucas serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Tre+6, Rick Ross, Supa a.k.a. Infa Red, Duece Poppito, Big Boi, Big LEXX, Birdman, CeeLo Green, Denny, LaTocha Scott, Milk, Mystic, Scarface, and Betty Wright's Children's Choir. The album debuted at number 6 on the Billboard 200 with 129,500 copies sold in the first week released. A month later the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for an excess of 500,000 copies.

Cool & Dre
Cool & Dre are a record production and songwriting duo from North Miami, Florida, consisting of Marcello "Cool" Antonio Valenzano and André "Dre" Christopher Lyon. The duo were first discovered by New York rapper Fat Joe and began their careers working in tandem to produce his albums Jealous Ones Still Envy (2001) and Loyalty (2002). Two years later, they produced the hit song "New York" by Ja Rule, and "Hate It or Love It" by the Game the following year, which peaked at numbers 27 and two on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Cool & Dre were later credited on the Billboard 200 number-one albums Tha Carter III (2008), Tha Carter IV (2011), and Tha Carter V (2018) by Lil Wayne, as well as the collaborative album, Everything Is Love (2018) by Jay-Z and Beyoncé, which won a Grammy Award.
Outdoor literature
Outdoor literature is a literature genre about or involving the outdoors. Outdoor literature encompasses several different subgenres including exploration literature, adventure literature and nature writing. Another subgenre is the guide book, an early example of which was Thomas West's guide to the Lake District published in 1778. The genres can include activities such as exploration, survival, sailing, hiking, mountaineering, whitewater boating, geocaching or kayaking, or writing about nature and the environment. Travel literature is similar to outdoor literature but differs in that it does not always deal with the out-of-doors, but there is a considerable overlap between these genres, in particular with regard to long journeys.

Whitewater
Whitewater forms in the context of rapids, in particular, when a river's gradient changes enough to generate so much turbulence that air is trapped within the water. This forms an unstable current that froths, making the water appear opaque and white.

The term "whitewater" also has a broader meaning, applying to any river or creek that has a significant number of rapids. The term is also used as an adjective describing boating on such rivers, such as  whitewater canoeing or whitewater kayaking.
Oriundo
The terms oriunda (feminine) and oriundo (masculine) (pronounced [oˈrjundo] (pronounced [oˈrjunda]; Italian plural oriundi) is an Italian and Portuguese noun describing an immigrant in a country, whose ancestry is from that same country. It comes from the Latin verb oriri (orior), "be born", and is etymologically related to Orient.

In Spanish oriundo means native or inhabitant, but this term was also used in Spain to refer to a series of athletes, born in Latin America, whose ancestors were Spanish emigrants. In Italian culture, an oriundo is someone who is living in a country other than the one of his or her origins (i.e. being of Italian descent and residing outside of Italy). Oriundi are usually foreigners to their country of origin in legal terms. Whether or not they maintain cultural and linguistic ties with their country of origin usually depends on their upbringing, family background and preservation of cultural values.

Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.
Comfort Asamoah
Comfort Asamoah was a Ghanaian politician. She was a member of parliament representing the Ashanti Region from 1960 to 1965 and the member of parliament for Asante Mampong from 1965 to 1966.

Asamoah was among the first women to enter the parliament of Ghana in 1960 under the representation of the people (women members) act. She was among the 10 women who were elected unopposed on 27 June 1960 on the ticket Convention People's Party.

Prior to entering parliament, she served with the Workers Brigade from 1957 to 1960.

Convention People's Party
The Convention People's Party (CPP) is a socialist political party in Ghana based on the ideas of the first President of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. The CPP was formed in June 1949 after Nkrumah broke away from the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC).
Australian and New Zealand television frequencies
Television frequency allocation has evolved since the start of television in Australia in 1956, and later in New Zealand in 1960. There was no coordination between the national spectrum management authorities in either country to establish the frequency allocations. The management of the spectrum in both countries is largely the product of their economical and political situation. New Zealand didn't start to develop television service until 1965 due to World War 2 and its economic harm in the country's economy.

The demand and planning for television in Australia intensified after WW2, with the Chifley government first favouring the existing British model (state monopoly) in 1948, and New Zealand used a similar model during the introduction of television in the 1960s. Private broadcasting did not come to the country until the 1980s, but there was no spectrum expansion to cope with the new arrangement.

State monopoly
In economics, a  government monopoly or public monopoly is a form of coercive monopoly in which a government agency or government corporation is the sole provider of a particular good or service and competition is prohibited by law. It is a monopoly created, owned, and operated by the government. It is usually distinguished from a government-granted monopoly, where the government grants a monopoly to a private individual or company.

A government monopoly may be run by any level of government—national, regional, local; for levels below the national, it is a local monopoly. The term  'state monopoly' usually means a government monopoly run by the national government.
2010 Japan–South Korea cyber conflict
On February 23, 2010, members of DC Inside, Humoruniversity, Ruliweb, Daum Truepicture, todayhumor, and various other Korean online communities formed the Terror Action Association (TAA) (Korean: 테러대응연합). On March 1, 2010, TAA attacked the Japanese website 2channel, coinciding with the 91st anniversary of the March 1st Movement. Since 2004, DC Inside and 2chan have had numerous conflicts, both large and small.

Todayhumor
Todayhumor (Korean: 오늘의유머) frequently noted under the initialism 오유 (OU), is a South Korean internet forum. Initially established as a community dedicated to humor, it became a left-leaning political website due to its unique nature.
History of guerrilla warfare
The history of guerrilla warfare stretches back to ancient history. While guerrilla tactics can be viewed as a natural continuation of prehistoric warfare, the Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War (6th century BCE), was the earliest to propose the use of guerrilla warfare. This directly inspired the development of modern guerrilla warfare. Communist leaders like Mao Zedong and North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh both implemented guerrilla warfare in the style of Sun Tzu, which served as a model for similar strategies elsewhere, such as the Cuban "foco" theory and the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan. While the tactics of modern guerrilla warfare originate in the 20th century, irregular warfare, using elements later characteristic of modern guerrilla warfare, has existed throughout the battles of many ancient civilizations.

Moro Rebellion
The Moro Rebellion (1902–1913) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine–American War. The rebellion occurred after the conclusion of the conflict between the United States and First Philippine Republic, and saw the US move to impose its authority over the Muslim states in Mindanao, Jolo and the neighboring Sulu Archipelago.
1933 Argentine Primera División
The 1933 Primera División was the 42nd season of top-flight football in Argentina. It continued with both associations organising tournaments. The official AFA season did not have relegations at the end of the championship while Sportivo Acassuso made its debut in Primera. On the other hand, the dissident professional league (LAF) organised its 3rd. championship, in which relegation took place for the first time, with 5 teams sent to the second division.

The amateur AFA season was won by Dock Sud, achieving its first title in Primera División, with Alfonso Lorenzo (Barracas Central) being the topscorer with 16 goals.

The professional LAF tournament was won by San Lorenzo de Almagro that obtained its 4° Primera División title. Francisco Varallo of Boca Juniors was the top goalscorer with 34 goals.

Liga Argentina de Football
The Liga Argentina de Football (LAF) was a dissident football association of Argentina that organised its own professional championships from 1931 to 1934. The Argentine Football Association (that had remained amateur) did not recognise those championships until both associations were merged in 1934. Currently all the championships organised by the LAF are considered officials by the AFA.
Enoch Train (band)
Enoch Train was an American folk group formed in 1997 in Salt Lake City, UT. The band's lineup comprised Clive Romney (artistic director and multi-instrumentalist), Rich Dixon (dobro, guitar, vocals), Daron Bradford (accordion, flute, shakuhachi, tin whistle, recorder, clarinet, oboe, horn (English), oboe d'amore, piano, harpsichord, vocals), Tom Hewitson (guitar, mandolin, banjo, bass, harmonica, percussion), Janice Andersen, Dave Compton (keyboard, guitar), Rob Honey (bass) and Jay Lawrence.

Cor anglais
The cor anglais (UK: /ˌkɔːr ˈɒŋɡleɪ/, US: /- ɑːŋˈɡleɪ/ or original French: [kɔʁ ɑ̃ɡlɛ]; plural: cors anglais), or English horn (mainly North America), is a double-reed woodwind instrument in the oboe family. It is approximately one and a half times the length of an oboe, making it essentially an alto oboe in F.

The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F, a perfect fifth lower than the oboe (a C instrument). This means that music for the cor anglais is written a perfect fifth higher than the instrument sounds. The fingering and playing technique used for the cor anglais are essentially the same as those of the oboe, and oboists typically double on the cor anglais when required.  The cor anglais normally lacks the lowest B♭ key found on most oboes, and so its sounding range stretches from E3 (written B♮) below middle C to C6 two octaves above middle C. Some versions have a Low B♭ key to extend the range down one more note to sounding E♭3.
Tyler Hall (American football)
Tyler Hall (born October 31, 1998) is an American professional football cornerback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2020 following his college football career with the Wyoming Cowboys. He has also played in the NFL for the Los Angeles Rams, with whom he won Super Bowl LVI, and Las Vegas Raiders.

Wyoming Cowboys football
The Wyoming Cowboys football program represents the University of Wyoming in NCAA college football. They compete in the Mountain West Conference of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of NCAA Division I and have won 14 conference titles. Their current head coach is Jay Sawvel who is entering his second season as head coach in 2025 after serving as the programs Defensive Coordinator for the previous four seasons.

The Cowboy football program has been among the most notable of "stepping stone" programs due to the success of its former coaches. Coaches such as Bowden Wyatt, Bob Devaney, Fred Akers, Pat Dye, Dennis Erickson and Joe Tiller were at Wyoming immediately prior to gaining notoriety at bigger football powerhouses.
German Evangelical Immanuel Congregational Church
The German Evangelical Immanuel Congregational Church (Immanuel Congregational Church; Immanuel Congregational United Church of Christ) in Brush, Colorado is a historic church at 209 Everett Street.  It was built in 1927 and was added to the National Register in 2005.

It was deemed notable " for its architectural significance. The church embodies the distinctive characteristics of the Late Gothic Revival style of architecture, including its brick construction, two corner towers with decorative corner pilasters, pointed arch windows, two slightly recessed entrances, and its steeply-pitched cross-gable roof. The building is also architecturally significant because it was designed by Denver architect, Walter H. Simon and to a lesser degree because it was constructed under the direction of Frank M. Kenney, a well-known Colorado building contractor."

Brush, Colorado
Brush is a statutory city located in Morgan County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 5,339 at the 2020 United States census. Brush is a part of the Fort Morgan, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Kraken: Tentacles of the Deep
Kraken: Tentacles of the Deep, also known as Deadly Water, is a 2006 television natural horror B movie produced by Nu Image Films and Brightlight Pictures as a Sci Fi Channel original film. It premiered on the Sci Fi channel on September 23, 2006. Directed by Tibor Takács and starring Charlie O'Connell, Victoria Pratt and Jack Scalia, the film focuses on a marine biologist and a sailor who join forces to find lost Trojan treasures while battling the giant squid who killed the sailor's parents when he was a child and a treasure hunting mobster; who wants the items for himself. The film was primarily panned by critics for the special effects, far-fetched plot and scarcity of scenes involving the titular creature.

Millennium Media
Millennium Media (formerly Nu Image and Millennium Films) is an American independent film production and financing company that was founded by Avi Lerner, Trevor Short, Danny Dimbort and Danny Lerner in 1992, and is one of Hollywood's longest running independent film companies. Millennium creates, produces, finances, and sells films worldwide. The company produces action films, most of which are filmed primarily in South Africa and Bulgaria (by 2005, it acquired Nu Boyana Film Studios), among other locations.
Taenaris catops
Taenaris catops, the silky owl, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in New Guinea and surrounding islands.

The wingspan is 75–95 mm.

The larvae feed on Cordyline terminalis, Musa species, Areca catechu, and Caryota rumphiana.

Areca catechu
Areca catechu is a species of palm native to the Philippines cultivated for areca nuts. It was carried widely through the tropics by the Austronesian migrations and trade since at least 1500 BCE due to its use in betel nut chewing. It is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in much of tropical Asia and in Taiwan, southern China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Madagascar, parts of the Pacific Islands, and also in the West Indies.

Its fruits (called areca nuts or betel nuts) are chewed together with slaked lime and betel leaves for their stimulant and narcotic effects.
Mike Kellogg
Michael S. Kellogg (September 27, 1941 – June 25, 2023) was an American radio announcer and personality. He was known as the senior announcer with Moody Radio and host for Music Thru The Night until his retirement in 2014.

Valparaiso, Indiana
Valparaiso (/ˌvælpəˈreɪzoʊ/ VAL-pə-RAY-zoh), colloquially Valpo, is a city in and the county seat of Porter County, Indiana, United States. The population was 34,151 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Chicago metropolitan area.
Forum of Theodosius
The Forum of Theodosius (Greek: Φόρος Θεοδοσίου, today Beyazıt Square) was probably the largest square in Constantinople and stood on the Mese, the major road that ran west from Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya). It was originally built by Constantine I and named the Forum Tauri ("Forum of the Bull"). In 393, however, it was renamed after Emperor Theodosius I, who rebuilt it after the model of Trajan's Forum in Rome, surrounded by civic buildings such as churches and baths and decorated with a triumphal column at its centre. This forum should not be confused with the Strategion, a probably Hellenistic agora renewed by Theodosius I, lying near today's Sirkeci and also named after him Forum Theodosii.

Sirkeci
Sirkeci (pronounced [ˈsiɾkedʒi]) is a neighborhood in the Eminönü quarter of the Fatih district in Istanbul, Turkey. In the Byzantine period, the area was known as Prosphorion (Ancient Greek: Προσφόριον).

The neighborhood borders to the north the mouth of the Golden Horn, to the west the neighborhood of Bahçekapı, to the east the Topkapı Palace area, and to the south the Cağaloğlu neighborhood. It hosts the Sirkeci railway station, the easternmost terminus of the Orient Express, a historic long-distance passenger train service in Europe that operated between Paris and Istanbul in the period between 1883 and 2009.

The neighborhood consists mostly of commercial and tourist-oriented buildings. A combination of small shops, hans (larger workshops) and offices intermingle with boutique hotels, traditional Turkish restaurants, Turkish and foreign-language bookstores, and tourist offices.
Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria
The Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and of the Grand Duchy of Cracow was the regional assembly of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a crown land of the Austrian Empire, and later Austria-Hungary. In the history of the Polish parliaments, it is considered the successor of the former sejm walny, or general sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and also of the sejmik, or local councils, in the territories of the Austrian Partition. It existed from 1861 until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918.

Sylwester Sembratowicz
Sylwester Sembratowicz (Ukrainian: Sylvester Sembratovych/Сильвестр Сембратович; 3 September 1836 – 4 August 1898) was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from 1885 until his death in 1898 and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church.
International Business District station
International Business District Station (Korean: 국제업무지구역; Hanja: 國際業務地區驛) is a Line 1 subway station of the Incheon Subway in Yeonsu District, Incheon, South Korea. It is located in the Songdo International Business District.

Incheon Subway Line 1
Incheon Subway Line 1 (Korean: 인천도시철도 1호선) is a 30.3-kilometer (18.8 mi) north-south subway line, part of the Incheon Subway system. The line is also included as a part of the overall Seoul Metropolitan Subway network; Bupyeong Station has a free transfer with Seoul Subway Line 1, Gyeyang Station connects with the AREX Line which leads to Incheon International Airport and Seoul Station, Bupyeong-gu Office Station has a free transfer with Seoul Subway Line 7, and Woninjae Station has a free transfer with the Suin-Bundang Line.
Ot el bruixot
Ot el bruixot ([ɔt ɛl bɾuˈʃɔt], Catalan: Ot the Warlock) is a comic strip created by Picanyol in 1971 and is his most popular. It typically includes a one to five panels and a simple joke based on Ot's use of magic. Text only appears when the strip's characters can read it, or as an onomatopoeia, such as to show a spell has been cast.

Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a type of word, or the process of creating a word, that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests a sound that it refers to. Common onomatopoeias in English include animal noises such as oink, meow, roar, and chirp, among various other noise-based verbs and nouns such as beep, simmer, or hiccup. Among the many words that likely began as onomatopoeias but whose original expressive iconicity goes unrecognized by modern speakers, examples include fanfare, pigeon, and cough.

Onomatopoeia tends to differ by language: it conforms to the broader linguistic system (conforming to its particular phonetic rules. Hence, the sound of a clock may be expressed variously across languages: as tick tock in English, tic tac in Spanish and Italian (see photo),  dī dā in Mandarin, kachi kachi in Japanese, or ṭik-ṭik in Hindi, Urdu, and Bengali.