hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
De fato
De Fato (English: "Concerning Fate") is a partially lost philosophical treatise written by the Roman orator Cicero in 44 BC. Only two-thirds of the work exists; the beginning and ending are missing. It takes the form of a dialogue, although it reads more like an exposition,  whose interlocutors are Cicero and his friend Aulus Hirtius.

In the work, Cicero analyzes the concept of Fate, and suggests that free will is a condition of Fate. Cicero, however, does not consciously deal with the distinction between fatalism and determinism.

It appears that De Fato is an appendix to the treatise on theology formed by the three books of De Natura Deorum and the two books of De Divinatione. These three books provide important information regarding Stoic cosmology and theology.

Dialogue
Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is an interactive communication between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange. As a philosophical or didactic device, it is chiefly associated in the West with the Socratic dialogue as developed by Plato, but antecedents are also found in other traditions including Indian literature.
Laura Toenjes
Laura Toenjes is the superintendent of the Kyrene School District in Arizona. Since assuming the role in 2020, she oversees a district of approximately 12,000 students across 25 elementary and middle schools, serving the communities of Ahwatukee, south Tempe, and west Chandler.

Toenjes joined the Kyrene School District in 2016 during the tenure of Superintendent Dr. Jan Vesely. Following Vesely's retirement announcement in October 2020, the governing board appointed Toenjes to the position. Her contract currently runs through June 30, 2027. Prior to her time at Kyrene, she held leadership roles at the Sunnyside Unified School District and the Arizona Department of Education.

Arizona Department of Education
Arizona Department of Education (ADE) is a state-level department tasked in Arizona with oversight of public education from kindergarten to secondary school. The ADE is run by an elected Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Santa Sofia, Naples
Santa Sofia was a church on via Santa Sofia in the city of Naples, Italy, now deconsecrated.

It was founded around 308 by Constantine, though the present church was built in 1487 to house a congregation which worked to bury the poor. It has a 1754 maiolica pavement and its facade has two doors. It also contained paintings by Fabrizio Santafede and Marco Pino, but these were removed after the 1980 earthquake.

Marco Pino
Marco Pino or Marco da Siena (1521–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance and Mannerist period. Born in Costalpino and first trained in Siena, he later worked in Rome and in Naples, where he died. He was putatively a pupil of the painters Beccafumi and Daniele da Volterra. The biographer Filippo Baldinucci also says he worked for Baldassare Peruzzi.

Among his pupils in Messina was his son-in-law, Antonio Spanò. Fabrizio Santafede was his pupil in Naples.
Only Clouds Move the Stars
Only Clouds Move the Stars (Norwegian: Bare skyer beveger stjernene) is a 1998 Norwegian drama film written and directed by Torun Lian. Based on her novel of the same name, the film was Lian's directorial debut. The film was a critical and commercial success. It won the Amanda Award in 1999 in the category Best film, and has received more awards internationally than any other Norwegian film. It was the Norwegian submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Torun Lian
Torun Lian (born 15 January 1956) is a Norwegian playwright, film director and novelist. She made her literary début in 1988 with the collection Tre skuespill, for which she was awarded the Tarjei Vesaas' debutantpris. In 1995 she was awarded with the Nordic Children's Book Prize. Among her films are Bare skyer beveger stjernene from 1998, and Ikke naken, ikke kledt (engl. The Color of Milk) from 2000.
Geryon Montes
Geryon Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name Geryon Montes is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of 359 kilometres (223 mi). This mountain range was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991.

Classical albedo features on Mars
The classical albedo features of Mars are the light and dark features that can be seen on the planet Mars through an Earth-based telescope. Before the age of space probes, several astronomers created maps of Mars on which they gave names to the features they could see. The most popular system of nomenclature was devised by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who used names from classical antiquity. Today, the improved understanding of Mars enabled by space probes has rendered many of the classical names obsolete for the purposes of cartography; however, some of the old names are still used to describe geographical features on the planet.
Holloway Road
Holloway Road is a road in London, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in length. It is one of the main shopping streets in North London, and carries the A1 road as it passes through Holloway, in the London Borough of Islington. The road starts in Archway, near Archway Underground station, then heads south-east, past Upper Holloway railway station, Whittington Park, past the North London campus of London Metropolitan University near Nag's Head, past Holloway Road Underground station, and the main campus of the university, and then becomes Highbury Corner, near Highbury & Islington station.

Whittington Park
Whittington Park is a public park in Upper Holloway, North London. Like the nearby Whittington Hospital, it is named after Dick Whittington, and a large topiary cat, in reference to Whittington's legendary pet, stands at the Holloway Road entrance. Amenities include a raised Astroturf football pitch, children's playground, and experimental garden planted as part of an RSPB initiative to investigate the preferred habitat of house sparrows. In 2009 and 2010, renovations were carried out at Whittington Park, including the construction of a new community centre.
Matteo Messori
Matteo Messori (born 23 April 1976) is an Italian keyboard player, conductor, musicologist, composer and teacher. He performs on period instruments including the harpsichord, pipe organ, clavichord and pedal piano. He founded the early music ensemble Cappella Augustana.

Pedal piano
The pedal piano (also known as the piano-pédalier or simply pédalier) is a kind of piano that includes a pedalboard, enabling bass register notes to be played with the feet, as is standard on the organ.

There are two broad types of pedal pianos: either the pedal board may be an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard (e.g. the 19th century Érard pedal grand piano and Pleyel upright pedal piano), or it may consist of two independent pianos (each with its separate mechanics and strings) which are placed one above the other, either a regular piano played by the hands and a bass-register piano played by the feet (e.g. the 18th century pedal piano owned by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the 21st century Doppio Borgato made by Luigi Borgato), or two standard pianos of which the lower one is played from a pedalboard which acts on its (manual) keyboard through a special mechanism (e.g. the 21st century Pinchi Pedalpiano System).
Oreta miltodes
"Oreta" miltodes is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1903. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The Global Lepidoptera Names Index has this name as a synonym of Oreta jaspidea.

The wingspan is about 34 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous fuscous, strongly suffused with carmine pink, especially on the terminal area, where it becomes wholly carmine pink. There is a fuscous moderately broad antemedian shade, followed by a similar shade in the middle and there is a nearly straight rather narrower shade from the costa at three-fourths to the inner margin at about three-fourths. The hindwings have the same colour as the forewings and a subterminal streak as in the forewings. The costa is broadly grey whitish.

Carmine (color)
Carmine color is the general term for some deep red colors that are very slightly purplish but are generally slightly closer to pure red than the color crimson is. Some rubies have the color shown below as rich carmine. The deep dark red color shown at right as carmine is the color of the raw unprocessed pigment, but lighter, richer, or brighter colors are produced when the raw pigment is processed, some of which are shown below.

The first recorded use of carmine as a color name in English was in 1523.
Güresentepe Pass
Güresentepe Pass is a pass in Turkey that links Niğde to Aksaray through the towns of Yeşilburç, Çiftlik and Güzelyurt. Its elevation is about 2180 meters. Due to heavy snowfall and strong winds, the pass is sometimes closed to traffic in the winter.

Çiftlik, Niğde
Çiftlik is a town in Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çiftlik District. Its population is 4,464 (2022). It is 67 km from the town of Niğde, and 65 km from Aksaray. There is a much shorter route over the mountains to Niğde but that road is often under snow and closed in winter. Its elevation is 1,555 m (5,102 ft).

Çiftlik is Turkish for farm, appropriately in this rural area which was previously known as Melendiz. Obsidian is found in the area.
Žákovice
Žákovice is a municipality and village in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Žákovice lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Přerov, 33 km (21 mi) south-east of Olomouc, and 243 km (151 mi) east of Prague.

Olomouc
Olomouc (Czech pronunciation: [ˈolomouts] ⓘ; German: Olmütz) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 103,000 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city in the country. It is the administrative centre of the Olomouc Region.

Located on the Morava River, the city is the ecclesiastical metropolis and was a historical co-capital city of Moravia, before having been occupied by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as urban monument reservation. The Holy Trinity Column was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 for its quintessential Baroque style and symbolic value.
1955 New Jersey Senate election
The 1955 New Jersey Senate elections were held on November 8.

The elections took place midway through the first term of Governor Robert Meyner. Eleven of New Jersey's 21 counties held regular elections for Senator. The Democratic Party gained Camden, Essex and Salem counties.

Salem County, New Jersey
Salem County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Its western boundary is formed by the Delaware River, and it has the eastern terminus of the Delaware Memorial Bridge, which connects the county with New Castle, Delaware. Its county seat is Salem. The county is part of the South Jersey region of the state.

The county lies within the Philadelphia metropolitan area, also known as the Delaware Valley area. As of the 2020 census, the county retained its position as the state's least-populous county, with a population of 64,837, a decrease of 1,246 (−1.9%) from the 2010 census count of 66,083. The most populous place in Salem County is Pennsville Township with 12,684 residents as of the 2020 Census. Lower Alloways Creek Township covers 72.46 square miles (187.7 km2), the largest total area of any municipality.

Salem County, along with adjacent Gloucester County, also in South Jersey, have become an East Coast epicenter for logistics and warehouse construction.
Mehmet Ali Ülgen
Mehmet Ali Ülgen (1887 – 1952) was a Turkish admiral who served as commander-in-chief of the Turkish Naval Forces from 1 July 1949 to 6 June 1950. He joined the Navy in 1905 after graduating from the Turkish Naval Academy an ensign.

Born and raised in Istanbul, Ülgen was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander in 1925, rear admiral in 1936, vice admiral in 1945, and admiral in 1948 before retiring voluntarily in 1949. He commanded Kocaeli Fortified Area, Marmara Naval Base, and Turkish Fleet Forces Command. He also served as commander of War Fleet, and undersecretary to the Ministry of National Defense after 1948.

Turkish Naval Forces
The Turkish Naval Forces (Turkish: Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri), or Turkish Navy (Turkish: Türk Donanması), is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.

The modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was established as the Directorate of Naval Affairs during the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since July 1949, the service has been officially known as the Turkish Naval Forces.

In 2008, the Turkish Navy had a reported active personnel strength of 48,600; this figure included an Amphibious Marines Brigade as well as several Special Forces and Commando detachments. As of early 2021, the navy operates a wide variety of ships and 60 maritime aircraft.
Angel of Babylon
Angel of Babylon is the fifth full-length album by Tobias Sammet's German metal opera project Avantasia, released on 3 April 2010, along with The Wicked Symphony. Angel Of Babylon was released both as part of a box set, with the two albums combined and as an individual album. It is the third and final part of "The Wicked Trilogy".

Power metal
Power metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music combining characteristics of traditional heavy metal with speed metal, often within a symphonic context. Generally, power metal is characterized by a faster, lighter, and more uplifting sound, in contrast with the heaviness and dissonance prevalent in, for example, extreme metal. Power metal bands usually have anthemic songs with fantasy-based subject matter and strong choruses, thus creating a theatrical, dramatic and emotionally "powerful" sound.

The term was first used in the mid-1980s and refers to two different but related styles: the first largely practiced in North America with a harder sound similar to speed metal; and a later, more widespread and popular style based in Europe with a lighter, more melodic sound and frequent use of keyboards.
Eupoecila intricata
Eupoecila intricata is a rare species of the Australian-endemic scarab beetle genus Eupoecila. E. intricata was described by Lea (1914) as a subspecies of E. australasiae and is still often confused with the species. It was raised to species status by Allard (1995).

Scarabaeidae
The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change. Several groups formerly treated as subfamilies have been elevated to family rank (e.g., Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Hybosoridae, Ochodaeidae, and Pleocomidae), and some reduced to lower ranks. The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Catalog of Life (2023).
Lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase
Lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase is an oxidoreductase enzyme involved in methane metabolic pathways in microbial metabolism. This enzyme was first isolated from the methylacidiphilum fumariolicum and others in the methylacidiphilum species. The enzyme requires La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+ or Nd3+. Higher lanthanides show decreasing activity with Sm3+, Eu3+ and Gd3+. The lanthanide atom in the enzyme is coordinated by pyrroloquinoline quinone. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction:

2 Fe(III)-cytochrome cL + methanol -> 2 Fe(II)-cytochrome cL + formaldehyde + 2 H+

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
East Malling Stream
The East Malling Stream, known locally as "The Stream", rises at Well Street, East Malling, Kent, and flows in a generally easterly direction to join the River Medway at Mill Hall, Aylesford. It powered six watermills. The stream may have formerly been known as the Bradbourne, Bradbourne Lane in Ditton bearing witness to this name.

Ford (crossing)
A ford is a shallow section of a river or stream where it may be crossed by wading, on horseback, or inside a vehicle. A ford may occur naturally or be constructed. Fords may be impassable during high water. A low-water crossing is a low bridge that allows crossing over a river or stream when water is low but may be treated as a ford when the river is high and water covers the crossing.

The word ford is both a noun (describing the water crossing itself) and a verb (describing the act of crossing a ford).
Ovakışla
Ovakışla, formerly Purhus, (Armenian: Prkhus, Kurdish: Pirxûs) is a town (belde) in Ahlat District, Bitlis Province, Turkey. The town is populated by Kurds and had a population of 4,142 in 2021.

It formerly had an Armenian population.

Belde
Belde (literally "town", also known as kasaba) means "large village with a municipality" in Turkish.

All Turkish province centers and district centers have municipalities, but the villages are usually too small to have municipalities. The population in some villages may exceed 2000 and in such villages a small municipality may be established depending on residents' choice. Such villages are called belde. Up to 2014 the number of belde municipalities was about 1400.

On 30 March 2014 by the act no. 6360 all villages (those with and without municipality) were included in the urban fabric of the district municipalities in 30 provinces. Thus belde municipalities in 30 provinces were abolished. The number of abolished belde municipalities is 1040.

Presently, in 51 provinces, which are not in the scope of the act no 6360, there are still 394 belde municipalities.
Tran T. Kim-Trang
Tran T. Kim-Trang is a Vietnamese-American artist who lives and works in Los Angeles.  She works across multiple media, including video, new media, and installation.  Major themes in her works include visual dynamics, immigration, biotechnology, and relationships to technology. She has exhibited work at the Museum of Modern Art (1999) and the Whitney Biennial (2000). Tran is a Professor of Art and Media at Scripps College in Claremont, California.

Whitney Biennial
The Whitney Biennial is a biennial exhibition of contemporary American art organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. The event began as an annual exhibition in 1932; the first biennial was held in 1973. It is considered the longest-running and most important survey of contemporary art in the United States. The Biennial helped bring artists including Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock, and Jeff Koons, among others to prominence.
Springville-Griffith Institute
Springville-Griffith Institute is a public high school located in Springville, Erie County, New York, U.S.A., and is the only high school operated by the Springville-Griffith Institute Central School District, which was originally established in 1830.

Springville, New York
Springville is a village in the southeastern section of the town of Concord in Erie County, New York, United States. Springville is the principal community in the town and a major business location in the "southtowns" of Erie County. The population was 4,296 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area. Springville was originally named "Fiddler's Green" before it was renamed "Springville". Springville is well known for being home to Glenn "Pop" Warner, an important figure in American Football history.
The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver
The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism is a 2004 book by Kamala Elizabeth Nayar published by the University of Toronto Press. The book discusses three generations of the Sikh diaspora, a subset of the Indo-Canadians, in Greater Vancouver.

Sikh diaspora
The Sikh diaspora is the modern Sikh migration from the traditional area of the Punjab region of South Asia. Sikhism is  a religion native to this region. The Sikh diaspora is largely a subset of the Punjabi diaspora.

The diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun after the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849 and the empire's subsequent annexation into British India. The onset of the Sikh diaspora is represented by Duleep Singh, the last emperor of the Sikhs, who was forced into exile by the British. Starting with this event, the rate of Sikh migration from Punjab has remained high and included a number of international destinations.

Emigration out of Punjab abroad was historically mostly confined to the Doaba region and parts of Ludhiana and Moga districts of the Malwa region but has since become a pan-Punjabi phenomenon.
Gascoyne (surname)
Gascoyne is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chris Gascoyne (b. 1968), English actor known for his role as Peter Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street

Crisp Gascoyne (1700–1761), English businessman who became Lord Mayor of London

David Gascoyne (1916–2001), English poet associated with the Surrealist movement

Isaac Gascoyne (1763–1841), British Army officer and Tory politician

James Gascoyne DFC (1892–1976), English World War I flying lieutenant

James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury (1791–1868), English Conservative politician

James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury (1861–1947), Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

Joel Gascoyne (bap. 1650–1704), English chartmaker, mapmaker and surveyor

Mike Gascoyne (b. 1963), British Formula One designer and engineer

Thomas Gascoyne (1876–1917), English professional cycling champion

David Gascoyne
David Gascoyne (10 October 1916 – 25 November 2001) was an English poet associated with the Surrealist movement, in particular the British Surrealist Group. Additionally, he translated work by French surrealist poets.
Transport in Greece
Transport in Greece has undergone significant changes in the past two decades, vastly modernizing the country's infrastructure and transportation. Although ferry transport between islands remains the prominent method of transport between the nation's islands, improvements to the road infrastructure, rail, urban transport, and airports have all led to a vast improvement in transportation. These upgrades have played a key role in supporting Greece's economy, which in the past decade has come to rely heavily on the construction industry.

Gross tonnage
Gross tonnage (GT, G.T. or gt) is a nonlinear measure of a ship's overall internal volume.  Gross tonnage is different from gross register tonnage.  Neither gross tonnage nor gross register tonnage should be confused with measures of mass or weight such as deadweight tonnage or displacement.

Gross tonnage, along with net tonnage, was defined by the International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969, adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1969, and came into force on 18 July 1982.  These two measurements replaced gross register tonnage (GRT) and net register tonnage (NRT).  Gross tonnage is calculated based on "the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship" and is used to determine things such as a ship's manning regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port dues, whereas the older gross register tonnage is a measure of the volume of only certain enclosed spaces.