hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Perrygrove Railway
Perrygrove Railway is a minimum-gauge railway of 15 in (381 mm) gauge. It is located at Perrygrove Farm in the Forest of Dean, near Coleford, Gloucestershire, England. Trains travel at frequent intervals on a round trip of 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) between four stations. Passengers can ride on the train to use activities including a Treetop Adventure, a covered picnic and play area at Foxy Hollow, an Indoor Village with secret passages, and a den-building area in the woods.

The railway was inspired by the minimum gauge estate railways or British narrow gauge railways developed by Sir Arthur Heywood at the end of the 19th century, including his pioneering Duffield Bank Railway and the later Eaton Hall Railway. Until mid 2014, based at Perrygrove were the Heywood Collection and associated replica vehicles built by James Waterfield, including the locomotive "Ursula" and the Duffield Bank Dining Carriage. These are now in private storage offsite.

Fifteen-inch–gauge railway
Fifteen-inch–gauge railways were pioneered by Sir Arthur Percival Heywood who was interested in what he termed a minimum-gauge railway for use as estate railways or to be easy to lay on, for instance, a battlefield. In 1874, he described the principle behind it as used for his Duffield Bank Railway, distinguishing it from a narrow-gauge railway. Having previously built a small railway of 9 in (229 mm) gauge, he settled on 15 in (381 mm) gauge as the minimum that he felt was practical.
Takane no Ringo
"Takane no Ringo" (高嶺の林檎) is the 9th single by NMB48. It was released on March 26, 2014. It debuted in number one on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart. It was the third best-selling single in March and it was the 9th best-selling single of the year, as of June 18. It has sold a total of 451,335 copies. It reached number one on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. It was the 15th best-selling single of the year in Japan, with 451,335 copies.

Nana Yamada
Nana Nakayama (中山 菜々, Nakayama Nana), known professionally as Nana Yamada (山田 菜々, Yamada Nana; born 3 April 1992 in Osaka Prefecture) is a former member of the Japanese idol girl group NMB48. She was a member of NMB48's Team M. She graduated from the group on April 3, 2015. Her younger sister, Suzu Yamada (born Suzu Nakayama), is also a former member of NMB48, and
her younger brother, Yuma Nakayama, is an actor formerly represented by Starto Entertainment, now currently a freelancer.
Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar International Convention and Exhibition Center
Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar International Convention and Exhibition Center, often referred as Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar ICEC, shortly ICEC, (Turkish: İstanbul Lütfi Kırdar Uluslararası Kongre ve Sergi Sarayı), formerly Istanbul Sports and Exhibition Hall (İstanbul Spor ve Sergi Sarayı), is a multi-purpose convention complex located in Harbiye neighborhood of Şişli district in Istanbul, Turkey.

Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar International Convention and Exhibition Center as the main building hosts along with its extension building, the "Rumeli Fair and Exhibition Center", important conventions, fairs, concerts, exhibitions as well as  social and cultural events.

Harbiye, Şişli
Harbiye is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şişli, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,157 (2022).

The neighbourhood takes its name from the Mekteb-i Harbiye (Ottoman War Academy) that functioned here for many years, albeit with intervals, in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Harbiye is separated from Kurtuluş to the west by busy Cumhuriyet Caddesi (Independence Street). To its north are the upmarket neighbourhoods of Nişantaşı and Teşvikiye, while to its east is leafy Maçka. To its south are the heavily built-up Elmadağ and Taksim neighbourhoods.

The nearest Metro station to Harbiye is Osmanbey on the M2 line but many buses and dolmuşes plough up and down Cumhuriyet Caddesi.
Mazovian Lowland
The Mazovian Lowland (Polish: Nizina Mazowiecka, pronounced [ɲiˈʑi.na ma.zɔˈvjɛt͡s.ka]), also known as the Masovian Plain, is the largest geographical region in central Poland, roughly covering the historical region of Masovia. Sometimes it is also categorized as including Mazovian-Podlasian Lowlands which together form part of the greater North European Plain.

The Plain is located in the valleys of three large rivers: Vistula, Bug and Narew. Although relatively densely populated and urbanized, the Mazovian Lowland is covered by several large forest complexes that once were a part of a dense primaeval forest covering much of Poland: Kampinos Forest, Kurpie Forest, White Forest, Kozienice Forest and Green Forest.  Until the mid-17th century it was also the home of the last documented aurochs herds.

Bug (river)
The Bug or Western Bug is a major river in Central Europe that flows through Belarus (border), Poland, and Ukraine, with a total length of 774 kilometres (481 mi). A tributary of the Narew, the Bug forms part of the border between Belarus and Poland for 178 kilometres (111 mi) and part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185 kilometres (115 mi).

The Bug is connected with the Dnieper by the Dnieper–Bug Canal. Out of its 38,712 square kilometres (14,947 mi2) drainage basin, half is in Poland, just over a quarter in Belarus, and slightly under a quarter in Ukraine.
Jedd Philo Clark Cottrill
Jedd Philo Clark Cottrill (April 15, 1832 – February 8, 1889) was an American lawyer, Democratic politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate, representing northern Milwaukee County during the 1883 and 1885 sessions.

37th Wisconsin Legislature
The Thirty-Seventh Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 14, 1885, to April 13, 1885, in regular session.

Senators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 4, 1884. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of a four-year term, having been elected in the general election of November 7, 1882.

The governor of Wisconsin during this entire term was Republican Jeremiah M. Rusk, of Vernon County, serving his second two-year term, having won re-election in the 1884 Wisconsin gubernatorial election.
Busman's Honeymoon (film)
Busman's Honeymoon (US: Haunted Honeymoon) is a 1940 British detective film directed by Arthur B. Woods. An adaptation of the 1937 Lord Peter Wimsey novel Busman's Honeymoon by Dorothy L. Sayers, Busman's Honeymoon stars Robert Montgomery, Constance Cummings, Leslie Banks, Googie Withers, Robert Newton and Seymour Hicks as Mervyn Bunter.

Leslie Banks
Leslie James Banks CBE (9 June 1890 – 21 April 1952) was an English stage and screen actor, director and producer, now best remembered for playing gruff, menacing characters in black-and-white films of the 1930s and 1940s, but also the Chorus in Laurence Olivier's wartime version of Henry V.
Bisceglie (Milan Metro)
Bisceglie is a station on Line 1 of the Milan Metro in Milan, Italy. The station opened on 21 March 1992 as a one-station extension from Inganni. It is the western terminus of the branch. The station is located between Via Bisceglie and Via Ferruccio Parri, within the municipality of Milan.

This terminus station provides a connection to local and intercity buses operated by ATM at an adjoining bus station.

Milan Metro
The Milan Metro (Italian: Metropolitana di Milano) is the rapid transit system serving Milan, Italy, operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi. The network consists of five lines with a total network length of 111.8 kilometres (69.5 mi), and a total of 125 stations (+2 in construction), mostly underground. It has a daily ridership of about 1.4 million on weekdays. The Milan Metro is the largest rapid transit system in Italy in terms of length, number of stations and ridership; and the fifth longest in the European Union and the eighth in Europe.

The first line, Line 1, opened in 1964; Line 2 opened 5 years later in 1969, Line 3 in 1990, Line 5 (driverless) in 2013, and Line 4 (driverless) in 2022. There are also several extensions planned and under construction. The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by Franco Albini and Franca Helg, and the signs, designed by Bob Noorda, received the Compasso d'Oro award in 1964.
Anyanya
The Anyanya (also spelled Anya-Nya) were a southern Sudanese separatist rebel army formed during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972). A separate movement that rose during the Second Sudanese Civil War were, in turn, called Anyanya II. Anyanya means "snake venom" in the Ma'di language.

Maʼdi language
Maʼdi (pronounced [màɗɨ́]) is a Central Sudanic language spoken in Uganda and South Sudan. It is one of the Moru–Madi languages. The Madi people refer to their language as Maʼdi ti, literally "Maʼdi mouth".

The Maʼdi people are found in Magwi County in South Sudan, and in Adjumani and Moyo districts in Uganda. Their population is about 390,000 (90,000 in South Sudan).

Maʼdi is mutually intelligible with Oluʼbo, Lugbara, Moru, Avokaya, Kaliko and Logo, all of which are also Moru–Madi languages.
James J. Sullivan
James J. Sullivan Jr. is an American lawyer specializing in occupational safety and health law at the law firm of Cozen O'Connor. He previously was a member of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, from August 28, 2017 through March 23, 2021. Sullivan served as chairman of the Commission from July 22, 2019 through January 25, 2021. Before joining government, Sullivan was in private practice, representing employers and businesses at law  firms, including Cozen O'Connor and Buchanan, Ingersoll & Rooney. He was the management co-chair of the Occupational Safety and Health Law Committee of the American Bar Association's Labor Law Section from 2014 to 2017. Sullivan was the vice president of labor and employment law and deputy general counsel for Comcast from 2000 to 2002.

Cozen O'Connor
Cozen O'Connor P.C. is a multinational law firm headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., Minneapolis, Chicago, and Los Angeles.

Founded in 1970, it has expanded to more than 1,000 lawyers in 34 offices across North America and Europe. The firm was 77th on the Am Law 100 rankings of the largest 100 U.S. law firms by revenue in 2025, and 95th on the Global 200 in 2025.
Lomonosov Ridge
The Lomonosov Ridge (Russian: Хребет Ломоносова, Danish: Lomonosovryggen) is an unusual underwater ridge of continental crust in the Arctic Ocean. It spans 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) between the New Siberian Islands over the central part of the ocean to Ellesmere Island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The ridge divides the Arctic Basin into the Eurasian Basin and the Amerasian Basin. The width of the Lomonosov Ridge varies from 60 to 200 kilometres (37 to 124 mi). It rises 3,300 to 3,700 metres (10,800 to 12,100 ft) above the 4,200-metre (13,800 ft) deep seabed. The minimum depth of the ocean above the ridge is less than 400 metres (1,300 ft). Slopes of the ridge are relatively steep, broken up by canyons, and covered with layers of silt. It is an aseismic ridge.

The Lomonosov Ridge was first discovered by the Soviet high-latitude expeditions in 1948 and is named after Mikhail Lomonosov. The name was approved by the GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN).

Aseismic ridge
An aseismic ridge is "a long, linear and mountainous structure that crosses the basin floor of some oceans." They do not cause earthquakes.

It is called an "aseismic ridge" because they do not receive seismic activity. As a result, they tend to be stable. They are 700–5,000 kilometers (430–3,110 mi) in length.

Aseismic ridges going towards subduction zones can impact the process of subduction, causing a phenomenon known as flat slab subduction.
Arron Perry
Arron Perry is a former master corporal in the Canadian Forces who in March 2002 broke the 34-year-old record for the longest recorded sniper kill in combat, completing a kill at a range of 2,310 metres (2,526 yd) during the War in Afghanistan. This shot exceeded the previous record of 2,286 m (2,500 yd), set by Carlos Hathcock in 1968 during the Vietnam War.

Perry's record was surpassed a few days later, in March 2002, when another soldier in his unit, Corporal Rob Furlong, bested Perry's distance with a kill at a verified range of 2,430 m (2,657 yd).

Perry was a member of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry at the time of the record shot, but began his military career with a Halifax Militia unit, the Princess Louise Fusiliers.

Princess Louise Fusiliers
The Princess Louise Fusiliers is a Primary Reserve light infantry regiment of the Canadian Armed Forces.  Formed as 66th The Halifax Battalion of Infantry and then named 66th Battalion (Princess Louise Fusiliers) after Princess Louise in 1879,  it took its present name in May 1920. The 6th Machine Gun Battalion, CMGC amalgamated with the regiment in 1936
Acantholycosa altaiensis
Acantholycosa altaiensis is a species of wolf spider only known from the Tigiretsky Mountain Range in the Russian part of the Altai Mountains.

This uniformly dark brown spider is up to 9 mm in length. It can only be separated from its closest congeners by details of the genitalia.

Spider anatomy
The anatomy of spiders includes many characteristics shared with other arachnids. These characteristics include bodies divided into two tagmata (sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed.

Spiders also have several adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids. All spiders are capable of producing silk of various types, which many species use to build webs to ensnare prey. Most spiders possess venom, which is injected into prey (or defensively, when the spider feels threatened) through the fangs of the chelicerae. Male spiders have specialized pedipalps that are used to transfer sperm to the female during mating. Many species of spiders exhibit a great deal of sexual dimorphism.
Pamela Franklin
Pamela Franklin (born 3 February 1950) is a British former actress. She is best known for her role as Sandy in the film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969), for which she won a NBR Award and received a BAFTA Award nomination.

Franklin made her acting debut at the age of 11 in the film The Innocents (1961). She later established herself as a scream queen in the 1970s by appearing in the films Necromancy (1972) and The Legend of Hell House (1973).

Scream queen
A scream queen (a wordplay on screen queen) is an actress who is prominent and influential in horror films, either through a notable appearance or recurring roles. The title is a buzzword used by critics and has gained positive and negative responses. Scream King is the male version of the title. Notable scream queen examples include Fay Wray, Jamie Lee Curtis, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Sigourney Weaver, Neve Campbell, Mia Goth, Melissa Barrera, Shawnee Smith, Bipasha Basu, Angela Bassett and Linnea Quigley.
Canning (Liverpool ward)
53°24′03.1″N 2°57′51.8″W﻿ / ﻿53.400861°N 2.964389°W﻿ / 53.400861; -2.964389

Canning ward is an electoral district of Liverpool City Council within the Liverpool Riverside Parliamentary constituency.

The ward was created for the elections held on 4 May 2023 following a 2022 review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, which decided that the previous 30 wards each represented by three Councillors should be replaced by 64 wards represented by 85 councillors with varying representation by one, two or three councillors per ward. The Canning ward was created as a two-member ward from the parts of the former Central, Picton and Princes Park wards. The ward includes Rodney Street, the Philharmonic Hall, the University of Liverpool, and the Liverpool Women's Hospital The ward boundaries follow Upper Parliament Street, Hope Street, Upper Duke Street, Roscoe Street, Mount Pleasant, Myrtle Street, Grove Street, Irvine Street, and Overbury Street.

Mount Pleasant, Liverpool
Mount Pleasant is a street in Liverpool city centre. It is towards one end of Hope Street, and is the location of the Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.

It is situated on the site of one of the hills which surrounded the village of Liverpool before it expanded to be one of the United Kingdom's major cities.

William Roscoe, the historian was born in Mount Pleasant in 1753. See  The House in which Roscoe was Born., painted by Samuel Austin.
Holodomor in modern politics
The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор, derived from Ukrainian: морити голодом, romanized: moryty holodom, lit. 'to kill by starvation') was a 1932–33 man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine and adjacent Ukrainian-inhabited territories that killed millions of Ukrainians. Opinions and beliefs about the Holodomor vary widely among nations. It is considered a genocide by Ukraine, and Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has sought international recognition of the famine as a genocide. By 2022, the Holodomor was recognized as a genocide by the parliaments of 23 countries and the European Parliament, and it is recognized as a part of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 by Russia. As of January 2025, 35 countries recognise the Holodomor as a genocide (last being Switzerland on September 24, 2024).

Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to: war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality. Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Southeast and South Asia, as well as Eastern and Central Europe, suffered the greatest number of fatalities due to famine. Deaths caused by famine declined sharply beginning in the 1970s, with numbers falling further since 2000. Since 2010, Africa has been the most affected continent in the world by famine. As of 2025,  Haiti and Afghanistan are the two countries with the most catastrophic and widespread states of famine, followed by Sudan.
Derek M. Yellon
Derek Miles Yellon is a South African-British researcher in the biomedical sciences, known for his work in cardiovascular medicine.  He is a professor of molecular and cellular cardiology at University College London, and is director of the Hatter Cardiovascular Institute at University College London Hospitals and Medical School.

University College Hospital
University College Hospital (UCH) is a teaching hospital in the Bloomsbury area of the London Borough of Camden, England. The hospital, which was founded as the North London Hospital in 1834, is closely associated with University College London (UCL), whose main campus is situated next door. The hospital is part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

The hospital is on the south side of Euston Road and its tower faces Euston Square tube station on the east side. Warren Street tube station lies immediately west and the major Euston terminus station is beyond 200 metres east, just beyond Euston Square Gardens.
Banco Santiago del Estero
The Banco Santiago del Estero is the most important financial entity in the Santiago del Estero Province. It is a commercial bank mainly serving the retail financial market, and is also the main financial agent of the State of the province of Santiago del Estero.

Its headquarters are located at Avenida Belgrano 529, City of Santiago del Estero. It also has several payment centers and various branches in the interior of the province, as well as branches in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Catamarca, Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy.

Córdoba Province, Argentina
Córdoba (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkoɾðoβa]) is a province of Argentina, located in the center of the country. Its neighboring provinces are (clockwise from the north) Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, La Pampa, San Luis, La Rioja, and Catamarca. Together with Santa Fe and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economic and political association known as the Center Region.

Córdoba is the second-most populous Argentine province, with 3,978,984 inhabitants, and the fifth by size, at about 165,321 km2 (63,831 sq mi). Almost 41% of its inhabitants reside in the capital city, Córdoba, and its surroundings, making it the second most populous metro area in Argentina.
Neilson River (Bras du Nord)
The Neilson River flows into the territory of the municipality of Saint-Raymond, in the Portneuf Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of the Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, in Canada.

The Neilson River is mainly served by the rang Saguenay road which runs on the east bank of the river.

The main economic activities in the sector are forestry and recreational tourism activities.

The surface of the North Arm (except the rapids zones) is generally frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, but the safe circulation on the ice is generally made from the end of December to the beginning of March.

Portneuf Regional County Municipality
Portneuf (French pronunciation: [pɔʁnœf]) is a regional county municipality (RCM) in the Capitale-Nationale administrative region of Quebec, Canada. RCM of Portneuf has been established on January 1, 1982. It is composed of 21 municipalities: nine cities, seven municipalities, two parishes and three unorganized territories. The county seat is located in Cap-Santé.
Kfar Ruppin
Kfar Ruppin (Hebrew: כפר רופין, lit. 'Kfar Ruppin') is a kibbutz in the Beit She'an Valley, about 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Beit She'an in northern Israel. A member of the Kibbutz Movement, it falls under the jurisdiction of Valley of Springs Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 606.

Emek HaMaayanot Regional Council
Emek HaMa'ayanot Regional Council (Hebrew: מועצה אזורית עמק המעיינות, Mo'atza Azorit Emek HaMa'ayanot, lit. Valley of the Springs Regional Council) is a regional council in the Northern District of Israel that encompasses most of the settlements in the Beit She'an Valley. Until 2008 it was known as the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council (Mo'atza Azorit Bik'at Beit She'an).
Law schools in South Korea
Traditionally, Korean legal education followed the German and Japanese models. Recent reforms are shifting professional education from an undergraduate LL.B. to a postgraduate J.D. type of education. In addition, many Korean universities continue to offer legal education in academic and scholastic frameworks, offering graduate degrees, including Ph.D.s in Law. 
Further, several universities focus on legal systems outside of Korea, such as on Common Law.

Law of Japan
The law of Japan refers to the legal system in Japan, which is primarily based on legal codes and statutes, with precedents also playing an important role. Japan has a civil law legal system with six legal codes, which were greatly influenced by Germany, to a lesser extent by France, and also adapted to Japanese circumstances. The Japanese Constitution enacted after World War II is the supreme law in Japan. An independent judiciary has the power to review laws and government acts for constitutionality.