hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Johnson's Regiment of Militia
Johnson's Regiment of Militia also known as the 4th Essex County Militia Regiment was first called up for the Siege of Boston and Bunker Hill in 1775. Colonel Samuel Johnson was elected leader of the Regiment, his oldest son Samuel, being chosen 2nd Lieutenant.

The regiment was called up a second time at Andover, Massachusetts on August 14, 1777, as reinforcements for the Continental Army during the Saratoga campaign. The regiment marched quickly to join the gathering forces of General Horatio Gates as he faced British General John Burgoyne in northern New York. The regiment served in General Warners' brigade and would capture six British cannon at the Battle of Bemis Heights. With the surrender of Burgoyne's Army on October 17, the regiment was disbanded on November 30, 1777.

Convention Army
The Convention Army was a force of British and Hessian troops under General John Burgoyne captured by the Continental Army after Burgoyne's surrender at the Battles of Saratoga during the American Revolutionary War. It is named for the convention concluded between Burgoyne and American General Horatio Gates, later rejected by the Continental Congress, to allow Burgoyne's army to be evacuated to Britain with the promise that it would not to return to North America. The Continental Army's commander-in-chief, George Washington, repudiated the convention and Burgoyne's army was not allowed to leave American-held territory. Although the British and Hessian troops were not formally prisoners of war, they were not at liberty either. The Convention Army remained in the United States until the conclusion of the war in 1783, despite persistent British efforts to rescue them.
Duke Leopold
Duke Leopold may be

Leopold IV, Duke of Bavaria  (d. 1141)

Leopold, Duke of Austria
Leopold V, Duke of Austria (d. 1194)
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (d. 1230)
Leopold I, Duke of Austria of Habsburg (d. 1326)
Leopold III, Duke of Austria (d. 1386)
Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (d. 1411)
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (d. 1662)
Leopold V, Archduke of Austria (d. 1632)

Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany (=Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)

Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1729)

Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1817)

Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden (d. 1852)

Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1869)

Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1870)

Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt (d. 1871)

Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (d. 1884)

Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden
Leopold (29 August 1790 – 24 April 1852) succeeded in 1830 as the Grand Duke of Baden, reigning until his death in 1852.

Although a younger child, Leopold was the first son of Margrave Karl Friederich of Baden by his second, morganatic wife, Louise Karoline Geyer von Geyersberg. Since Luise Karoline was not of equal birth with the Margrave, the marriage was deemed morganatic and the resulting children were perceived as incapable of inheriting their father's dynastic status or the sovereign rights of the Zähringen House of Baden. Luise Karoline and her children were given the titles of baron and baroness, in 1796 count or countess von Hochberg.

Baden gained territory during the Napoleonic Wars. As a result, Margrave Karl Friederich was elevated to the title of Prince-Elector within the Holy Roman Empire. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, he took the title Grand Duke of Baden.
Big Noize
Big Noize, also written as Big Noise, were an American rock supergroup, including members of Deep Purple, Rainbow, Ozzy Osbourne, Dio, Black Sabbath, Quiet Riot, AC/DC, Skid Row, Dokken, Kiss and Bon Jovi. Bassist Phil Soussan was the band's only consistent member.

Carlos Cavazo
Carlos Cavazo (born July 8, 1957) is an American musician best known as the guitarist for heavy metal band Quiet Riot during their commercial peak.  He has also played with Snow, 3 Legged Dogg, Hollywood Allstarz, and Ratt.
Omegasome
The omegasome is a cell organelle consisting of lipid bilayer membranes enriched with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (abbreviated PI(3)P), and related to a process of autophagy. It is a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and has a morphology resembling the Greek capital letter Omega (Ω). Omegasomes are the sites from which phagophores (also called "isolation membranes") form, which are sack-like structures that mature into autophagosomes, and fuse with lysosomes in order to degrade the contents of the autophagosomes. The formation of omegasomes depends on various factors, however in general, formation of omegasomes is increased as a response to starvation, and in some biochemical situations the presence of PI(3)P leads to the formation of omegasomes.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes that helps to recruit a range of proteins, many of which are involved in protein trafficking, to the membranes. It is the product of both the class II and III phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases) activity on phosphatidylinositol.

PtdIns3P is dephosphorylated by the myotubularin family of phosphatases, on the D3 position of the inositol ring, and can be converted to PtdIns(3,5)P2 by the lipid kinase PIKfyve.

Both FYVE domains and PX domains – found in proteins such as SNX1, HGS, and EEA1 – bind to PtdIns3P.

The majority of PtdIns3P appears to be constitutively synthesised by the class III PI 3-kinase, PIK3C3 (Vps34), at endocytic membranes. Class II PI 3-kinases also appear to synthesise PtdIns3P, their activity however appears to be regulated by a range of stimuli, including growth factors. This suggests that specific pools of PtdIns3P may be synthesised upon cell stimulation.
Julio Rojo
Domingo Julio Rojo Sr. (May 22, 1894 – December 27, 1958) was a Cuban professional baseball catcher, third baseman, first baseman, manager and coach who played, managed and coached in the Negro leagues, Cuban League, Mexican League and Dominican League from 1916 to 1954.

A native of Sagua la Grande, Cuba, Rojo made his Negro leagues debut in 1916 for the Cuban Stars (East), and enjoyed a long and productive career with multiple teams, including the Bacharach Giants, Baltimore Black Sox, and Lincoln Giants. He was often a player-manager throughout the course of his playing career, and afterwards continued to manage and eventually coach. He also played for and managed the Habana club in the Cuban League. Rojo died in 1958 at age 64.

Habana (Cuban League)
The Habana B.B.C. also known as the Habana Reds or, later, the Leones del Habana  was one of the oldest and most distinguished baseball teams in the old Cuban League, which existed from 1878 to 1961.  Habana, representing the city of Havana, was the only team to play in the league every season of its existence and was one of its most successful franchises.  In their early history they were known by their colors as the Reds; later they adopted the names of Leones or Lions.  Throughout their existence they had a famous rivalry with Almendares.

Habana won 30 Cuban League championships (more than any other club) and one Caribbean Series (in 1952).
Gluconasturtiin
Gluconasturtiin or phenethyl glucosinolate is one of the most widely distributed glucosinolates in the cruciferous vegetables, mainly in the roots, and is probably one of the plant compounds responsible for the natural pest-inhibiting properties of growing crucifers, such as cabbage, mustard or rape, in rotation with other crops. This effect of gluconasturtiin is due to its degradation by the plant enzyme myrosinase into phenethyl isothiocyanate, which is toxic to many organisms.

Gluconasturtiin is named from its occurrence in watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Among the vegetables, it is also found in horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) along with sinigrin. Both compounds elicit a pungent taste.

Pungency
Pungency (/ˈpʌndʒənsi/ ⓘ PUN-jən-see), commonly referred to as spiciness, hotness or heat,  is a sensation that contributes to the flavor of certain foods such as chili peppers. Highly pungent foods may be experienced as unpleasant. The term piquancy (/ˈpiːkənsi/ PEEK-ən-see) is sometimes applied to foods with a lower degree of pungency that are "agreeably stimulating to the palate". In addition to chili peppers, piquant ingredients include wasabi, horseradish and mustard. The primary substances responsible for pungency are capsaicin (in chilis), piperine (in peppercorns) and allyl isothiocyanate (in radishes, mustard and wasabi).
Coloma Road, Rescue
Coloma Road in Rescue, California is a historical road in El Dorado County, California.  A Historical Landmark was built at 4222 Green Valley Road in Rescue, California at the Rescue Junction General Store. The old Coloma Road opened in 1847, it ran from Sutter's Fort to the city of Coloma. James W. Marshall traveled the road to tell of his gold find to Captain John A. Sutter. During the 49ers miners gold rush thousands of miners traveled the road heading out to look for gold and claims. California's first stage line, California Stage Company, traveled the road starting in 1849, the line was founded by James E. Birch.

There is a second Coloma Road Historical Landmark Marker, No. 748. The No. 748 marker is in the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park's Gold Discovery parking area at 38°48′08″N 120°53′34″W﻿ / ﻿38.8023°N 120.8927°W﻿ / 38.8023; -120.8927.

James E. Birch (entrepreneur)
James E. Birch (November 30, 1827 – September 1857) was a stagecoach line entrepreneur, founder of the California Stage Company, the largest stage line in California in the 1850s; and in 1857 the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line, the first transcontinental mail route in the United States.
Jean-Philippe Grandclaude
Jean-Philippe Grandclaude (born 4 August 1982 in Fréjus, Var) is a French rugby union footballer who plays for USA Perpignan. He mainly plays at centre.

His professional career started with Béziers in 1998. He played with them until 2003; this included three caps in the 2001–02 European Challenge Cup, and five caps in the 2002-03 Heineken Cup.

In 2003 he joined US Colomiers whom he played for one season. In 2004 Grandclaude joined USA Perpignan and has played for them ever since.

He made his Test debut for France in 2005 when he came on as a substitute against England in France's 18-17 victory. He played once more during the 2005 Six Nations Championship, and did not receive his third cap until 2007 when he faced the All Blacks in New Zealand.

2001–02 European Challenge Cup
The 2001–02 European Challenge Cup (known as the Parker Pen Shield for sponsorship reasons) was the 6th season of the European Challenge Cup, Europe's second-tier club rugby union competition below the Heineken Cup. A total of 32 teams participated, representing seven countries.

The pool stage began when Connacht hosted Narbonne on 28 September 2001 and ended with four matches on 13 January 2002.  The knockout stages followed, culminating in the final at the Kassam Stadium in Oxford on 26 May 2002.

The defending champions, Englands's Harlequins, did not have a chance to defend their crown because they qualified to play in the Heineken Cup.  Sale Sharks claimed a narrow victory over Pontypridd in the final and picked up their first piece of European Club silverware.
Pieter de Jode II
Pieter de Jode II or Pieter de Jode the Younger (1606–1674) was a Flemish Baroque printmaker, draughtsman, painter and art dealer.  A scion of an important dynasty of printmakers active in Antwerp, he created many prints after the works of leading painters and was a close collaborator of Anthony van Dyck for whom he engraved many portraits.

Flemish people
Flemish people or Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen [ˈvlaːmɪŋə(n)] ⓘ; French: Flamands) are one of three Belgian main ethnic groups native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Flemish Dutch. Flemish people make up the majority of Belgians, at about 60%.

Flemish was historically a geographical term, as all inhabitants of the medieval County of Flanders in modern-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands were referred to as "Flemings" irrespective of their ethnicity or language. The contemporary region of Flanders comprises a part of this historical county, as well as parts of the medieval Duchy of Brabant and the medieval County of Loon, where the modern national identity and culture gradually formed.
Love at First Bite (1950 film)
Love at First Bite is a 1950 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Shemp Howard). It is the 123rd entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

Slapstick
Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity that exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. Slapstick may involve both intentional violence and violence by mishap, often resulting from physical abuse and/or inept use of props such as saws and ladders.

The term arises from a device developed for use in the broad, physical comedy style known as commedia dell'arte in 16th-century Italy. The "slap stick" consists of two thin slats of wood, which makes a "slap" when striking another actor, with little force needed to make a loud—and comical—sound. The physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular Punch and Judy puppet show. More contemporary examples of slapstick humor include The Three Stooges, The Naked Gun and Mr. Bean.
Chipetaia
Chipetaia is an extinct genus of primate in the family Omomyidae, containing the sole species Chipetaia lamporea, known from the middle Eocene of North America. Described in 1996 by D. Tab Rasmussen, the species is known from fossil teeth, femur fragments and hind foot bones Estimates of life weight based on the size of teeth and leg bones range from 500 to 700 g (1.1 to 1.5 lb) to as high as 1,000 g (2.2 lb). The genus name honors the Native American Ute diplomat Chipeta, while the specific name is Greek for "of the Shining Mountains," the Ute name for the Rocky Mountains.

Chipeta
Chipeta or White Singing Bird (1843 or 1844 – August 9, 1924) was a Native American leader, and the second wife of Chief Ouray of the Uncompahgre Ute tribe. Born a Kiowa Apache, she was raised by the Utes in what is now Conejos, Colorado. An advisor and confidant of her husband, Chipeta continued as a leader of her people after his death in 1880.

She was an Indian rights advocate and diplomat. She used diplomacy to try to achieve peace with the white settlers in Colorado. In 1985, Chipeta was inducted into Colorado Women's Hall of Fame for her "courage and valor she demonstrated in her efforts to mediate between Native Americans and whites."
Team Exergy
Team Exergy was a professional cycling team, classified as a Continental pro team as of 2009. They participated in the 2011 and 2012 USA Pro Cycling Challenge. Former Tour de France rider Fred Rodriguez was a member of the 2012 team.

On 29 November 2012, it was announced that Exergy Development Group would drop its sponsorship of cycling for 2013, citing the doping scandals that had occurred at the time, namely the USADA doping investigation of Lance Armstrong and the U.S. Postal Service cycling team. As a result, the team collapsed.

Fred Rodriguez
Fred "Freddie" Rodriguez (born September 3, 1973) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. His nickname, Fast Freddie, is due to his reputation as a sprint specialist. Rodriguez won the United States National Road Race Championships four times, and won four stages at the Tour de Georgia. He competed in the men's individual road race at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Other notable results include high stage finishes in all three Grand Tours as well as second places in both in both Milan–San Remo and Gent–Wevelgem in 2002. Rodriguez participated in all three Grand Tours including the Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España one time each where he had multiple stage podiums in the Vuelta and won stage 9 of the 2004 Giro d'Italia. He started the Tour de France seven times finishing it twice, and while he never won any stages he was often competitive on sprint stages with several top 5's.

Rodriguez retired at the end of the 2015 season.
1986 FA Charity Shield
The 1986 FA Charity Shield (also known as the General Motors – FA Charity Shield for sponsorship reasons) was the 64th Charity Shield, a football match contested by the holders of the Football League First Division and FA Cup. This edition featured a Merseyside derby between Liverpool and Everton at Wembley Stadium. Liverpool achieved a First Division and FA Cup double in 1985–86 so they faced Everton who finished as runners-up in the League. The match was played on 16 August 1986.

Adrian Heath opened the scoring for Everton in the 80th minute when he ran in on goal to shoot right footed to the left of the goalkeeper from six yards. Ian Rush equalised in the 88th minute when he side footed to the net from six yards after a low cross from the right. The match finished 1–1. The two clubs shared the title, each holding the shield for six months.

Adrian Heath
Adrian Paul Heath (born 11 January 1961) is an English football manager and former player. He most recently served as head coach of Major League Soccer club Minnesota United until October 2023. As a player, he is best known for his six seasons at Everton, where he won two First Division titles and an FA Cup. As a manager, Heath initially worked in his native England before moving abroad to Orlando City, an expansion side in the American second division. Orlando City had the best start of any newly founded team in the history of American soccer, winning multiple honours before joining MLS in 2015.
20 minutes (Switzerland)
20 minutes (French pronunciation: [vɛ̃ minyt] ⓘ vingt minutes) is a French-language newspaper published in Switzerland, launched on 8 March 2006 by Tamedia for the Romandie. It is a free tabloid that gets revenue from advertising.  As of 2008, it had a circulation of 221,560.

Romandy
Romandy is the French-speaking historical and cultural region of Switzerland. In 2020, about 2 million people, or 22.8% of the Swiss population, lived in Romandy. The majority of the romand population lives in the western part of the country, especially the Arc Lémanique region along Lake Geneva, connecting Geneva, Vaud, and the Lower Valais.

French is the sole official language in four Swiss cantons: Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Jura. Additionally, French and German have co-official status in three cantons: Fribourg/Freiburg, Valais/Wallis, and Berne/Bern.
Robert Ditter
Robert Ditter (23 January 1924, Lauda, Baden − 24 January 2007, Schramberg) was principal of the  Gymnasium Schramberg from 1964 to 1988.
He was also chief editor of "D'Kräz", a journal for local history in Schramberg.

Lauda-Königshofen
Lauda-Königshofen (German pronunciation: [ˈlaʊda ˌkøːnɪçsˈhoːfn̩] ⓘ) is a town in the Main-Tauber district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated on the river Tauber, 7 km southeast of Tauberbischofsheim, and 30 km southwest of Würzburg. Most of the roughly 300 houses in the traditional village of Königshofen date to between the 16th century and mid-19th century, and it is known for the 500+ year-old Königshöfer Messe, an annual festival that attracts 150,000 people over the 10-day festival. Lauda station is at a junction of the Franconia Railway and the Tauber Valley Railway.
Lower Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge
Lower Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge, part of the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge system, is a 9,451-acre (38.25 km2) area of wetlands associated with the confluence of the Hatchie River and the Forked Deer River in West Tennessee near the confluence of the Hatchie River with the Mississippi River. Located in parts of southwestern Lauderdale and northern Tipton counties, it is a rich environment for both aquatic life and waterfowl.

Tipton County, Tennessee
Tipton County is a county located on the western end of the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the Mississippi Delta region. As of the 2020 census, the population was 60,970. Its county seat is Covington. Tipton County, founded in 1823, is part of the Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Dhumal
Dhumal is a surname of Indian origin. People with that name include:

Dhumal (actor) (Anant Balwant Dhumal, 1914-1987), Bollywood actor

Aditya Dhumal (born 1994), Indian cricketer for Mumbai

Madhukar Dhumal (born 1960), Indian musician

Nikit Dhumal (born 1991), Indian cricketer for Maharashtra

Prem Kumar Dhumal (born 1944), Indian politician

Yusuf Osman Dhumal (active from 1988), Somali military official

Dhumal (actor)
Anant Balwant Dhumal (29 March 1914 – 13 February 1987), popularly known as Dhumal, was an actor in Bollywood films known for playing character roles. He acted in many movies and was active from the mid 1940s till the late 1980s. He started his acting career from Marathi theatre, which paved way for Marathi cinema and later he moved to Hindi cinema, where he mostly played comedy roles and later in his career, character roles. He worked in notable films such as Howrah Bridge (1958), Bombai Ka Babu (1960), Kashmir Ki Kali (1964), Gumnaam (1965), Do Badan (1966), Love in Tokyo (1966) and Benaam (1974).
Duff Cooper
Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich, GCMG, DSO, PC (22 February 1890 – 1 January 1954), known as Duff Cooper, was a British Conservative Party politician and diplomat who was also a military and political historian and writer.

First elected to Parliament in 1924, he lost his seat in 1929 but returned to Parliament in the 1931 Westminster St George's by-election, which was seen as a referendum on Stanley Baldwin's leadership of the Conservative Party. He later served in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for War and First Lord of the Admiralty. He resigned from the cabinet over the Munich Agreement of 1938.

When Winston Churchill became prime minister in May 1940, he named Cooper as Minister of Information. In 1941, as a member of the Cabinet, Cooper served as British Minister in Singapore before its fall to the Japanese. He later served an important role as representative to Charles de Gaulle's Free France (1943–1944) and ambassador to France from 1944 to 1948.

Agnes Duff, Countess Fife
Agnes Georgiana Elizabeth Duff, Countess Fife (née Hay; 12 May 1829 – 18 December 1869) was a Scottish noblewoman and philanthropist who served as Countess of Fife following her husband's succession in 1857.
Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center metro station
Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center (Chinese: 南港展覽館; pinyin: Nángǎng Zhǎnlǎnguǎn) is a metro station in Taipei, Taiwan served by Taipei Metro. It is a terminal station on both Wenhu line and Bannan line, and serves the Nangang, Neihu, and Xizhi districts.

Neihu District
Neihu District is a district of Taipei City, Taiwan. Neihu means "inner lake." The older name originates from the Ketagalan word Tayour (transliterated by the Dutch as Cattajo), meaning woman's head ornament.

Many mountainous roads and paths, which are ideal for hiking, connect Neihu with the neighboring Shilin District and Yangmingshan National Park. The Tri-Service General Hospital, which is a teaching hospital of the National Defense Medical Center, is also in Neihu. The Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery borders Neihu.