hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dennis Murphy (Wisconsin politician)
Dennis Murphy was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Senate during the 1849 and 1850 sessions. He represented the 7th District. He was postmaster of Benton, Wisconsin.

Wisconsin's 7th Senate district
The 7th Senate district of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate.  Located in southeast Wisconsin, the district comprises eastern and southeastern Milwaukee County, including downtown, south side, and lakeshore areas of the city of Milwaukee, as well as the cities of Cudahy, Oak Creek, South Milwaukee, and St. Francis, and part of the city of Greenfield.  The district contains landmarks such as the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee campus, the Milwaukee Art Museum (Quadracci Pavilion), the Port of Milwaukee, Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport, and the Henry Maier Festival Park, site of Milwaukee's annual Summerfest.
Karl Gröger
Karl Gröger (German: [kaʁl ˈɡʁøːɡɐ] ⓘ; 7 February 1918 - 1 July 1943) was a member of a Dutch resistance group executed in 1943.

In collaboration with a Dutch resistance group, he destroyed the registration of address office of Amsterdam, thereby destroying file cards of Dutch people which would have faced forced labour and deportation to concentration camps.

In 1943 the SS and police court sentenced him to death in The Hague.

He was given the title "Righteous Among the Nations" in 1986 by Yad Vashem.

Forced labour
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families.

Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour, and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps.
Polophylax
Polophylax (Greek: guardian of the pole) was a southern constellation that lay where Tucana and Grus now are.

During the Renaissance several new constellations were created for recorded stars that were outside the boundaries of the existing Ptolemaic constellations. Polophylax was introduced (along with the constellation Columba) by Petrus Plancius in the small celestial planispheres on his large wall map of 1592. It is also shown on his smaller world map of 1594 and on world maps copied from Plancius.

It was superseded by the twelve constellations which Petrus Plancius formed in late 1597 or early 1598 from the southern star observations of Pieter Dircksz Keyser and Frederik de Houtman.

Frederick de Houtman
Frederick de Houtman (c. 1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer, navigator, and colonial governor who sailed on the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies from 1595 until 1597, during which time he made observations of the southern celestial hemisphere and contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations.
Caloptilia fraxinella
Caloptilia fraxinella (ash leaf cone roller moth) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada (Québec, Alberta, Ontario and Saskatchewan) and the United States (Michigan, Vermont, Ohio, Connecticut, New York and Maine).

It is considered a significant pest of horticultural ash.

The larvae feed on Fraxinus species (including Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus mandshurica, Fraxinus nigra and Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and Ligustrum species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Privet
A privet is a flowering plant in the genus Ligustrum. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees, with a native distribution from Europe to tropical and subtropical Asia, and with one species each native to Australia and north Africa. Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive where introduced. Privet was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen shrub Ligustrum vulgare, and later also for the more reliably evergreen Ligustrum ovalifolium and its hybrid Ligustrum × ibolium used extensively for privacy hedging, though now the name is applied to all members of the genus. The generic name was applied by Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) to L. vulgare. It is often suggested that the name privet is related to private, but the Oxford English Dictionary states that there is no evidence to support this.
Bistec de palomilla
Bistec de palomilla (meaning "butterflied beefsteak") is a Cuban dish consisting of beef round or cubed steak marinated in garlic, lime juice, salt and pepper then pan-fried. It is usually served with black beans and yellow or white rice.

In Spanish, palomillo means moth or butterfly, referring to the way that it is split in thickness to make two thin steaks of equal size. Because it is a tougher (but inexpensive) cut of meat, this makes it easier to chew, and more susceptible to being tenderized with a meat mallet, which is an essential part of the dish's preparation.

Steak
A steak is a cut of meat sliced across muscle fibers, sometimes including a bone. It is normally grilled or fried, and can be diced or cooked in sauce.

Steaks are most commonly cut from cattle (beefsteak), but can also be cut from bison, buffalo, camel, goat, horse, kangaroo, sheep, ostrich, pigs, turkey, and deer, as well as various types of fish, especially salmon and large fish such as swordfish, shark, and marlin. Some cured meat, such as gammon, is commonly served as steak. Some cuts are categorized as steaks not because they are cut across the muscle fibers, but because they are relatively thin and cooked over a grill, such as skirt steak and flank steak.

Grilled portobello mushroom may be called mushroom steak, and similarly for other vegetarian dishes. Imitation steak is a food product that is formed into a steak shape from various pieces of meat. Grilled fruits such as watermelon have been used as vegetarian steak alternatives.
Wyvern College, Eastleigh
Wyvern College is a coeducational secondary school with academy status for students in the villages of Fair Oak, Bishopstoke, Horton Heath, Upham and Durley in southern Hampshire. The college is for students aged 11–16 and post-16 students go on to local sixth form colleges such as Barton Peveril and Eastleigh College, which are located in the neighbouring town of Eastleigh. It currently has over 1300 students, 95 teaching staff and 80 support staff.

Barton Peveril Sixth Form College
Barton Peveril Sixth Form College is an Ofsted 'Outstanding' sixth form college located in Eastleigh, Hampshire, UK with approximately 5,000 students, aged 16–18. It is part of the Wessex Group of Sixth Form Colleges.
National Union of Funeral Service Operatives
The National Union of Funeral Service Operatives was a trade union representing undertakers, crematorium workers, and workers in related businesses, such as florists, in the United Kingdom.

The union was founded in 1917 as the British Funeral Workers' Association.  By 1946, it had 1,300 members, although almost all were in London, with the only other branches being in Brighton, Gravesend and Southampton.  Early in the 1970s it was renamed the National Union of Funeral and Crematorium Workers, then soon took its final name, the "National Union of Funeral Service Operatives".  Membership peaked at 1,400, but fell back to 1,000 by 1978, when it merged into the Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union.

Gravesend
Gravesend /ˌɡreɪvzˈɛnd/ is a town in northwest Kent, England, situated 21 miles (35 km) east-southeast of Charing Cross (central London) on the south bank of the River Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. Located in the Diocese of Rochester, it is the administrative centre of the borough of Gravesham. Gravesend marks the eastern limit of the Greater London Built-up Area, as defined by the UK Office for National Statistics. It had a population of 58,102 in 2021.

Its geographical situation has given Gravesend strategic importance throughout the maritime and communications history of South East England. A Thames Gateway commuter town, it retains strong links with the River Thames, not least through the Port of London Authority Pilot Station, and has witnessed rejuvenation since the advent of High Speed 1 rail services via Gravesend railway station. The station was recently refurbished and has a new bridge.
Asterousia Mountains
The Asterousia Mountains are a range in southern Crete separating the Messara Plain from the Libyan Sea.  Evidence of ancient Cretan cultures have been found in excavations performed within sites contained in this range; moreover, one of the most significant Minoan sites on Crete has been excavated at nearby Phaistos to the north; apparently, the Phaistos palace was designed to permit views over the expansive Messara Plain and the Asterousi Mountains. A further historical name for this range is reported by Encyclopædia Britannica as the Kofinos Range, named after the highest peak of Asteroussia, Kofinas (1231 m).

The village of Kapetaniana sits on the southern slope of the mountains.

History of Crete
The history of Crete goes back to the 7th millennium BC, preceding the ancient Minoan civilization by more than four millennia. The Minoan civilization was the first civilization in Europe.

During the Iron Age, Crete developed an Ancient Greece-influenced organization of city-states, then successively became part of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Venetian Republic, the Ottoman Empire, an autonomous state, and the modern state of Greece.
Halitrephes
Halitrephes maasi, commonly known as the firework jellyfish, is a species of deep-sea hydrozoan of the family Halicreatidae. Sightings have been reported at depths of 4,000 to 5,000 feet (1,200 to 1,500 m) near the Revillagigedo Archipelago off the Baja California Peninsula.

Although not much is known regarding this species, H. maasi has been observed in both temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Antarctic, Mediterranean, and eastern Pacific. This hydromedusa is typically bathypelagic, most commonly found in oxygen-minimal zones and deep waters.

Like all cnidarians, H. maasi is a  diploblastic acoelomate metazoan. It has only one opening that functions as both its mouth and its anus.

Bathypelagic zone
The bathypelagic zone or bathyal zone (from Greek βαθύς (bathýs), deep) is the part of the open ocean that extends from a depth of 1,000 to 4,000 m (3,300 to 13,000 ft) below the ocean surface. It lies between the mesopelagic above and the abyssopelagic below. The bathypelagic is also known as the midnight zone because of the lack of sunlight; this feature does not allow for photosynthesis-driven primary production, preventing growth of phytoplankton or aquatic plants. Although larger by volume than the photic zone, human knowledge of the bathypelagic zone remains limited by ability to explore the deep ocean.
Argentina Palace
Argentina Palace (Portuguese: Palacete Argentina) is a historic building located in the Brazilian city of Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is a heritage site listed by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN).

National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage
The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (Portuguese: Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, IPHAN) is a heritage register of the federal government of Brazil. It is responsible for the preservation of buildings, monuments, structures, objects and sites, as well as the register and safeguard of intangible cultural heritage deemed of historic or cultural importance to the country.

IPHAN maintains 1,047 sites, which include historic buildings, city centers, and landscapes. It additionally lists a growing number of intangible cultural heritage entities.

The presidency of the institute was held by only two individuals over its first forty years. Rodrigo Melo Franco led SPHAN/IPHAN from 1937 until his retirement in 1967; his successor was the architect Renato Soeiro, who led the institute from 1967 to 1979.
Floral Hall
Floral Hall can refer to:

In the United Kingdom

Paul Hamlyn Hall, the former Covent Garden floral hall in London, England

Floral Hall, former theatre in Scarborough, North Yorkshire

Floral Hall, a former events venue in the grounds of Belfast Zoo.

In the United States

Floral Hall (Harlan, Iowa), listed on the NRHP in Iowa

Floral Hall (Tipton, Iowa), listed on the NRHP in Iowa

Floral Hall (Portland, Indiana), listed on the NRHP in Indiana

Floral Hall (Lexington, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky

Floral Hall (Bowling Green, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Ohio

Floral Hall (Mount Gilead, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Ohio

Floral Hall (Everett, Washington), listed on the NRHP in Washington

Floral Hall (Tipton, Iowa)
Floral Hall is a historic building located at the Cedar County Fairgrounds in Tipton, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.  The facility was built for use as a floral display area, and has maintained that use.  It was built in 1899 and replaced a previous Floral Hall that had occupied the same location.  The directors of the Tipton Fair Association determined that its construction would cost approximately $1,000.  H.L. Dean, the superintendent of construction, held to that figure. However, while the building was being built it was decided to install a hard-pine floor, which added $250 to its cost.

Floral Hall is an octagon-shaped structure with a large matching cupola on top.  Each side of the building has a width of 30 feet (9 m). A large sliding door is located on each of the four main directions. The interior is painted and mostly open with only its supports to break up the space.
Matthiessen
Matthiessen is a Danish-Norwegian patronymic surname meaning "son of Mathies" (equivalent of the Biblical Μαθθαιος, cf. English Matthew). Several spelling variants are used, including Matthiesen, Mathiesen, Matthissen (UK), Matthisen and Mathissen. A similar diversity of forms exist for the parallel given name Mathias.
There are several people with the surname Matthiessen:

Augustus Matthiessen (1831–1870), British physicist and chemist, notable for Matthiessen's rule

C. M. I. M. Matthiessen (born 1956), Swedish linguist

Francis Otto Matthiessen (1902–1950), U.S. literary critic

Frederick William Matthiessen (1835–1918), Industrialist, philanthropist, and former Mayor of LaSalle, Illinois

Peter Matthiessen (1927–2014), American novelist

C. M. I. M. Matthiessen
Christian Matthias Ingemar Martin Matthiessen (born 1956) is a Swedish-born linguist and a leading figure in the systemic functional linguistics (SFL) school, having authored or co-authored more than 100 books, refereed journal articles, and papers in refereed conference proceedings, with contributions to three television programs. One of his major works is Lexicogrammatical cartography (1995), a 700-page study of the grammatical systems of English from the perspective of SFL. He has co-authored a number of books with Michael Halliday. Since 2008 he has been a professor in the Department of English at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Before this, he was Chair of the Department of Linguistics at Macquarie University in Sydney.
Ma Wanfu
Ma Wanfu (Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ وًا ﻓُﻮْ; 1849–1934), also known as Hajji Guoyuan (果园哈只), was a Dongxiang Imam of Guoyuan village (果园村) in Hezhou (present day Dongxiang Autonomous County in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province). He studied in Mecca and founded the Ikhwan (Yihewani 伊赫瓦尼) movement in 1888, also known as the "New Sect" (Chinese Xinjiao pai, 新教派 or Xinxinjiao, 新新教), spreading in Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai. He (along with the Yihewani movement) opposed Sufism.

Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture
Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 临夏回族自治州; traditional Chinese: 臨夏回族自治州; pinyin: Línxià Huízú Zìzhìzhōu, Xiao'erjing: لٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُوْ زِجِ‌جِوْ‎), formerly known as Hezhou (河州) and Baohan (枹罕), is located in Gansu Province, south of the provincial capital Lanzhou, bordering Qinghai to the west. It is an autonomous prefecture for the Muslim Hui people, a large Chinese ethnic group. It also includes two autonomous counties for other Muslim groups, namely Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar.
Chanois Coal Mine
The Chanois coal mine is one of the main shafts of the Ronchamp coal mines, in the French commune of Ronchamp, within the Haute-Saône department, belonging to the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It was the center of Ronchamp's coal mining operations from the late 19th century until the mines closed in 1958. It was therefore chosen as the site for the coal mine's ancillary facilities, including a coal preparation plant, a coking plant, and a power station. It succeeded the Saint Joseph shaft in 1895 and ceased mining in 1951.

At the beginning of the 21st century, many remnants of these facilities (ruins, a large concrete hopper, converted buildings, and two imposing spoil tips) remain.

Spoil tip
A spoil tip (also called a boney pile, culm bank, gob pile, waste tip or bing) is a pile built of accumulated spoil – waste material removed during mining.  Spoil tips are not formed of slag, but in some areas, such as England and Wales, they are referred to as slag heaps and sometimes as pit heaps.  In Scotland the word bing is used. In North American English the term is mine dump or mine waste dump.

The term "spoil" is also used to refer to material removed when digging a foundation, tunnel, or other large excavation. Such material may be ordinary soil and rocks (after separation of coal from waste), or may be heavily contaminated with chemical waste, determining how it may be disposed of. Clean spoil may be used for land reclamation.

Spoil is distinct from tailings, which is the processed material that remains after the valuable components have been extracted from ore.
Weierstrass–Enneper parameterization
In mathematics, the Weierstrass–Enneper parameterization of minimal surfaces is a classical piece of differential geometry.

Alfred Enneper and Karl Weierstrass studied minimal surfaces as far back as 1863.

Let  and  be functions on either the entire complex plane or the unit disk, where  is meromorphic and  is analytic, such that wherever  has a pole of order ,  has a zero of order  (or equivalently, such that the product  is holomorphic), and let  be constants.  Then the surface with coordinates  is minimal, where the  are defined using the real part of a complex integral, as follows:

The converse is also true: every nonplanar minimal surface defined over a simply connected domain can be given a parametrization of this type.

For example, Enneper's surface has f(z) = 1, g(z) = zm.

Analytic function
In mathematics, an analytic function is a function that is locally given by a convergent power series. There exist both real analytic functions and complex analytic functions. Functions of each type are infinitely differentiable, but complex analytic functions exhibit properties that do not generally hold for real analytic functions.

A function is analytic if and only if for every  in its domain, its Taylor series about  converges to the function in some neighborhood of ⁠⁠. This is stronger than merely being infinitely differentiable at ⁠⁠, and therefore having a well-defined Taylor series; the Fabius function is an example of a function that is infinitely differentiable but not analytic.
Ella Seaver Owen
Ella Seaver Owen (February 26, 1852 – November 11, 1910) was an American artist and teacher. For many years, she taught oil, watercolor, and china painting, and was one of the pioneers, outside of New York City, in china firing. Owen was one of the first women admitted to the University of Vermont, and was one of the founders of the Alpha Rho out of which grew Lambda of Kappa Alpha Theta.

Kappa Alpha Theta
Kappa Alpha Theta (ΚΑΘ), commonly referred to simply as Theta, is an international women's fraternity founded on January 27, 1870, at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. It was the first Greek-letter fraternity established for women. The organization has 147 chapters at colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization was the first women's fraternity to establish a chapter in Canada. Theta's total living initiated membership, as of 2020, was more than 250,000. There are more than 200 alumnae chapters and circles worldwide.

Kappa Alpha Theta is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference (NPC), an umbrella organization that encompasses 26 social sororities found throughout North America. The organization's own headquarters are located in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Consumer price index
A consumer price index (CPI) is a statistical estimate of the level of prices of goods and services bought for consumption purposes by households. It is calculated as the weighted average price of a market basket of consumer goods and services. Changes in CPI track changes in prices over time. The items in the basket are updated periodically to reflect changes in consumer spending habits. The prices of the goods and services in the basket are collected (often monthly) from a sample of retail and service establishments. The prices are then adjusted for changes in quality or features. Changes in the CPI can be used to track inflation over time and to compare inflation rates between different countries. While the CPI is not a perfect measure of inflation or the cost of living, it is a useful tool for tracking these economic indicators. It is one of several price indices calculated by many national statistical agencies.

Consumer spending
Consumer spending is the total money spent on final goods and services by individuals and households.

There are two components of consumer spending: induced consumption (which is affected by the level of income) and autonomous consumption (which is not).
Michael Wright (academic)
Michael Wright  (1952 – 25 November 2019) was a fellow of the British Academy elected in 2016 and Professor of Entrepreneurship at Imperial College Business School. Wright was also Director of the Centre for Management Buy-out Research, the first centre to be established devoted to the study of private equity and buyouts, which was founded in March 1986 at the Nottingham University Business School. He wrote over 40 books and more than 300 papers in academic and professional journals on management buy-outs, venture capital, habitual entrepreneurs, academic entrepreneurs, and related topics. Wright was a Fellow of the British Academy, Academy of Social Sciences and The British Academy of Management. Wright made an outstanding contribution to the business and management research community and was one of Britain's best-known academics.

Imperial Business School
Imperial Business School is the business school of Imperial College London.  Established in 2003, the business school was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in London, United Kingdom.

The business school offers a Master of Business Administration, Masters specialisation, PhD, and executive education programmes. Degrees are triple accredidated in the United Kingdom (AMBA), United States (AACSB), and Europe (EQUIS).

In the most recent Research Excellence Framework, the business school ranked second in the UK for business and management studies. In the latest QS MBA Rankings, Imperial’s MBA programme ranked third worldwide and first in europe for career specialisation in entrepreneurship.
Echinodorus pubescens
Echinodorus pubescens is a species of aquatic plant in the family Alismataceae. Rataj places it in his section Paniculati – subgenus Echinodorus.

Note: described and known from only one specimen. Almost certainly not in cultivation.

Alismataceae
The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the species are herbaceous aquatic plants growing in marshes and ponds.