hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Supply-side progressivism
Supply-side progressivism, also called supply-side liberalism, is a political ideology that emphasizes increasing the supply of essential goods and services to make them more abundant and affordable in order to achieve progressive outcomes. Supply-side progressivism holds that certain regulations artificially restrict the supply and drive up costs of essential goods and services, such as housing, healthcare, and higher education while other regulations, such as antitrust law, need to be implemented or enforced to encourage market competition and innovation. They also advocate for more investment in research and development for technologies such as sustainable energy sources in order to increase abundance and reduce costs over time.

Ideology
An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.

The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher, who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In political science, the term is used in a descriptive sense to refer to political belief systems.
Rose Zhang
Rose Zhang (Chinese: 张斯洋; pinyin: Zhāng Sī Yáng born May 24, 2003) is an American professional golfer. She won the 2020 U.S. Women's Amateur, and both the 2022 and 2023 NCAA Division I Championships, becoming the first woman to win the individual title twice. She competed in the 2019 U.S. Women's Open and was on the gold medal team at the 2019 Pan American Games. Less than two weeks after turning pro, she became the first player to win in her professional debut on the LPGA Tour since 1951.

Augusta National Women's Amateur
The Augusta National Women's Amateur (ANWA) is a golf tournament in Georgia, held at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta and Champions Retreat Golf Club in nearby Evans. The 54-hole stroke play event debuted in 2019.

The tournament is split between the two venues, with Champions Retreat hosting the opening rounds on Wednesday and Thursday with a field size of 72 players on the Island and Bluff nines. The field is cut to the top 30 players (with a playoff for the last spots if necessary) for the final round Saturday at Augusta National. A practice round is played on Friday at Augusta National with the full field. The tournament is held on the week directly preceding the Masters Tournament.

The winner of the tournament receives invitations to the next five ANWAs, that year's U.S. Women's Open and Women's British Open, and any USGA, R&A, and PGA of America amateur events for which she is otherwise eligible prior to the next ANWA – all providing she remains an amateur.
Ronald James Tree
Ronald James Tree (1914–1970) was a Welsh priest and teacher.

Tree was  born in Garnant and educated at the University of Wales and New College, Oxford. He was ordained deacon in 1940, and priest in 1941.  After curacies in Cwmaman and Aberystwyth he was a lecturer at St David's College, Lampeter. Tree was Warden of Llandovery College from 1957 to 1966. He became Vicar of Haverfordwest in 1966 and Archdeacon of St Davids in 1968.

Warden (college)
Warden is a title used by the heads of some university colleges, halls of residence, and other institutions. Its use in this sense dates back at least to the 13th century at Merton College, Oxford, as a translation of the Latin custos.
Vevring Municipality
Vevring is a former municipality in the old Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 125-square-kilometre (48 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now divided between Kinn Municipality, Askvoll Municipality, and Sunnfjord Municipality in the traditional district of Sunnfjord in Vestland county. The administrative centre was the village of Vevring which is on the north side of the Førdefjorden where Vevring Church is located. The village of Kvammen was the main village on the south side of the fjord.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 125.2-square-kilometre (48.3 sq mi) municipality was the 470th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Vevring Municipality was the 632nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 866. The municipality's population density was 6.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 8.6% over the previous 10-year period.

Sogn og Fjordane
Sogn og Fjordane (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsɔŋn ɔ ˈfjûːrɑnə] ⓘ; literally "Parish and the Fjords") was a county in western Norway, from 1 January 1919 to 31 December 2019, after it was merged to become part of Vestland county. It was surrounded by Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, Buskerud, and Hordaland counties. The county administration was in the village of Hermansverk in Leikanger Municipality. The largest town in the county was Førde.

Although Sogn og Fjordane has some industry, predominantly hydroelectricity and aluminium, it is predominantly an agricultural area. Sogn og Fjordane is also home to the Urnes Stave Church and the Nærøyfjord, which are both listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.

The Western Norway University of Applied Sciences has campuses in Sogndalsfjøra and Førde.
Bogen (river)
The Bogen (Kazakh: Бөген Bögen, Russian: Бугунь Bugun) is a river in Baydibek and Otyrar districts, Turkistan Region, southern Kazakhstan. It has a length of 164 kilometres (102 mi) with a basin area of 4,680 square kilometres (1,810 sq mi).

In 1967 the Bogen Dam, with an area of 65 km2 (25 sq mi), was built on the river, connecting to the Syr Darya basin by means of the Arys-Turkestan Canal. The waters are used for irrigation.

Turkistan Region
Turkistan Region, formerly known as South Kazakhstan Region from 1992 to 2018 and Chimkent Region from 1963 to 1991, is the southernmost region of Kazakhstan, bordering Uzbekistan. It had a population of 2,088,510 as of the 2022 Kazakhstan census.

The region's capital is Turkistan, formerly Shymkent until 2018. Other cities in the region include Sayram, Kentau, Arys, Shardara, Zhetisai, Saryagash, and Lenger.
KPZ fixed point
In probability theory, the KPZ fixed point is a Markov field and conjectured to be a universal limit of a wide range of stochastic models forming the universality class of a non-linear stochastic partial differential equation called the KPZ equation. Even though the universality class was already introduced in 1986 with the KPZ equation itself, the KPZ fixed point was not concretely specified until 2021 when mathematicians Konstantin Matetski, Jeremy Quastel and Daniel Remenik gave an explicit description of the transition probabilities in terms of Fredholm determinants.

Stochastic modelling (insurance)
This page is concerned with the stochastic modelling as applied to the insurance industry.  For other stochastic modelling applications, please see Monte Carlo method and Stochastic asset models.  For mathematical definition, please see Stochastic process.

"Stochastic" means being or having a random variable. A stochastic model is a tool for estimating probability distributions of potential outcomes by allowing for random variation in one or more inputs over time. The random variation is usually based on fluctuations observed in historical data for a selected period using standard time-series techniques. Distributions of potential outcomes are derived from a large number of simulations (stochastic projections) which reflect the random variation in the input(s).

Its application initially started in physics. It is now being applied in engineering, life sciences, social sciences, and finance. See also Economic capital.
Hayelom Araya
Mējeri jēnerali Hadush "Hayelom" Araya (1955–1996) was a member of the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which was the leading member of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), known for his daring combat operations and leadership during the Ethiopian Civil War. While fighting as a TPLF fighter, he earned the nickname Hayelom, "Overpowering" for his brave and daring acts.

Military ranks of Ethiopia
The military ranks of Ethiopia are the military insignia used by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF). While Ethiopia is a landlocked country, it is in the process of reestablishing a Blue-water navy. On 8 January 2022, the rank of field marshal general was awarded for the first time to Birhanu Jula. At the same time, new ranks were introduced to the ENDF.
1,N6-Ethanoadenine
1,N6-Ethanoadenine or epsilonA is a tricyclic derivative of adenine, where an ethylene bridge connect the amine group to the adjacent carbon on the six member ring, to add another five membered ring. This kind of modification can take place as a mutation of DNA. As a DNA modification it is called an etheno (ε) DNA adduct. Chloroacetaldehyde and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) can react with adenine to form 1,N6-ethanoadenine.

Escherichia coli can fix these modifications using AlkB protein.

Another way to produce it is via cyclisation of N6-hydroxyethyladenine with DIAD and triphenylphosphine in the Mitsunobu reaction in a THF/MeCN solvent or by reacting with SOCl2.

Thionyl chloride
Thionyl chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SOCl2. It is a moderately volatile, colourless liquid with an unpleasant acrid odour. Thionyl chloride is primarily used as a chlorinating reagent, with approximately 45,000 tonnes (50,000 short tons) per year being produced during the early 1990s, but is occasionally also used as a solvent. It is toxic, reacts with water, and is also listed under the Chemical Weapons Convention as it may be used for the production of chemical weapons.

Thionyl chloride is sometimes confused with sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, but the properties of these compounds differ significantly. Sulfuryl chloride is a source of chlorine whereas thionyl chloride is a source of chloride ions.
Eryxias (dialogue)
Eryxias (/ɪˈrɪksiəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἐρυξίας) is a Socratic dialogue attributed to Plato, but which is considered spurious. It is set in the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, and features Socrates in conversation with Critias, Eryxias, and Erasistratus (nephew of Phaeax).

The dialogue concerns the topic of wealth and virtue. The position of Eryxias that it is good to be materially prosperous is defeated when Critias argues that having money is not always a good thing. Socrates then shows that money has only a conventional value. In an argument addressed to Critias, Socrates concludes that money can never be considered useful, even when it is used to buy something useful. The final conclusion of the Eryxias is that the most wealthy are the most wretched because they have so many material wants.

Socratic dialogue
Socratic dialogue (Ancient Greek: Σωκρατικὸς λόγος) is a genre of literary prose developed in Ancient Greece at the turn of the fourth century BC.  The earliest ones are preserved in the works of Plato and Xenophon and all involve Socrates as the protagonist. These dialogues, and subsequent ones in the genre, present a discussion of moral and philosophical problems between two or more individuals illustrating the application of the Socratic method. The dialogues may be either dramatic or narrative. While Socrates is often the main participant, his presence in the dialogue is not essential to the genre.
Pontus Segerström
Pontus Segerström (17 February 1981 – 13 October 2014) was a Swedish footballer who played as a defender.

He died of a brain tumor, 76 days after his last Allsvenskan game for IF Brommapojkarna, which he played as the captain.

2008 Tippeligaen
The 2008 Tippeligaen was the 64th completed season of top division football in Norway. The season began on 29 March and ended 2 November. Brann were the defending champions, having won their third Tippeligaen championship in 2007. The teams promoted from the 1. divisjon at the end of the previous season were champions Molde, automatic qualifiers HamKam, and play-off winners Bodø/Glimt.
Black persimmon
Black persimmon can refer to two dark-fruited species of the persimmon and ebony genus Diospyros:

Diospyros nigra (Black sapote) from Central America

Diospyros texana (Texas persimmon) from the lower Rio Grande region of Texas and Mexico

Ebony
Ebony is a dense black–brown hardwood, coming from several species in the genus Diospyros, which also includes the persimmon. A few Diospyros species, such as macassar and mun ebony, are dense enough to sink in water. Ebony is finely textured and has a mirror finish when polished, making it valuable as an ornamental wood. It is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world.
Allium talyschense
Allium talyschense is a critically endangered species of wild onion native to the South Transcaucasia region of Armenia, between the villages Gnishik, Khachik and in Talish. A. talyschense has no conservation actions.

South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia, or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, which are sometimes collectively known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles). The South Caucasus and the North Caucasus together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia.
Amorphophallus yaoi
Amorphophallus yaoi is a small to medium sized species of the genus Amorphophallus, endemic to Panay and the Romblon Islands of the Philippines. It belongs to the arum family (Araceae). The spadix is thin and tall to about 40 centimetres (16 in), while the spathe is oval-shaped, around 25–30 centimetres (9.8–11.8 in) long and 22–28 centimetres (8.7–11.0 in) wide.: 7  The species name honors botanist George C. Yao.

Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. This family of 114 genera and about 3,750 known species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions.
Coda (1987 film)
Coda is a 1987 Australian made-for-TV horror mystery film directed by Craig Lahiff who described it as "very much a telefilm. I suppose it's very Hitchcocky - and de Palma inspired". It was the first of three films Lahiff had arranged finance for which were made in succession. The film focuses on a serial killer targeting female university students.

It was shot on location at Flinders University on 16mm and features women in all the lead roles.

Flinders University
Flinders University, established as The Flinders University of South Australia, is an Australian public research university based in Adelaide, South Australia, with a footprint extending across a number of locations in South Australia and the Northern Territory. The main campus is in Bedford Park, about 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the Adelaide city centre. Other campuses include Tonsley, Adelaide central business district, Renmark, Alice Springs and Darwin.

Founded in 1966, it was named in honour of the British navigator Matthew Flinders who had explored and surveyed the Australian coastline in the early 19th century. In 2022, there were 25,247 students enrolled at the university.
Ambika (goddess)
Ambika (Sanskrit: अम्बिका, IAST: Ambikā) is generally an epithet or form of Mahadevi, the supreme goddess of Hinduism. In Shaktism, she is revered as Adi Parashakti, the mother of the universe and all beings. She is often identified with various incarnations such as Chandi, Durga, Bhagavati, Lalitambika, Bhavani, Ambabai and many others.
In her iconography, she is typically depicted with eight arms holding multiple weapons.

Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur
Mahalakshmi Temple (also known as Ambabai Mandir) is an important Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess Mahalakshmi, who is worshipped by locals as Ambabai. Goddess Mahalakshmi Ambabai is the consort of Lord Vishnu and it is customary among Hindus to visit Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Kolhapur Mahalakshmi Temple and Padmavathi Temple as a yatra (pilgrimage). It is believed that visiting these temples as a pilgrimage helps achieve moksha (salvation).
Majri
Majri is a small size village in Kotkasim tehsil Alwar District in the state of Rajasthan, It is located around 75 km south of Delhi, 75 km north of Alwar, and about 200 km north of Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. MAJRI is part of Greater Bhiwadi and National Capital Region (NCR). India.

Majri is a part of the Ahirwal region and about 80 percent of the total population are Yadav. Most of the Yadavs belong to the gotra (clan) of the khaliyav and lamba.

Ahirwal
Ahirwal is a region of southern Haryana, north-eastern Rajasthan, and South-Western Delhi The region was once a small principality based from the town of Rewari and controlled by members of the Ahir community from around the time when the Mughal Empire was in decline.
Carla Bazzanella
Carla Bazzanella (6 August 1947 – 1 July 2022) was an Italian linguist.

Bazzanella was born in Turin. After graduating in classics from the University of Turin in 1971, Carla Bazzanella became a lecturer and researcher at the University of Pavia. She held this post from 1976 to 1983. After that she moved back to Turin, and taught glottology and philosophy of language until 1998. Since 2001, she had been an associate professor of linguistics at the University of Turin, where she taught both general linguistics and cognitive linguistics. She retired in 2012, but was active in the academic debate.

Bazzanella was a contributor to Journal of Pragmatics, Pragmatics and Cognition, and Language Sciences. She was also a member of the Società di Linguistica Italiana, the Associazione Italiana di Scienze Cognitive, and the International Pragmatics Association.

International Pragmatics Association
The International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) is a scientific organization that focuses on the study of language use. It was established as a non-profit organization in 1986.

IPrA represents the interdisciplinary field of pragmatics, offering a functional perspective on language and communication from cognitive, social, and cultural viewpoints.
Dennis Mepham
Dennis Mepham (born January 28, 1958) is an American retired soccer defender who played professionally in the North American Soccer League, American Soccer League, United Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League

American Soccer League (1933–1983)
The American Soccer League has been a name used by four different professional soccer sports leagues in the United States. The second American Soccer League was established in summer 1933 following the collapse of the original American Soccer League, which lasted from 1921 until spring 1933. The new league was created on a smaller scale and with smaller budgets. This league existed until over-expansion and financial limitations led to its collapse in 1983. Two successor leagues later operated.
Gibellina (fungus)
Gibellina is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae, from Italy.

The genus name of Gibellia is in honour of Giuseppe Gibelli (1831 – 1898), who was an Italian botanist and lichenologist who was a native of Santa Cristina e Bissone.

The genus was circumscribed by Giovanni Passerini in Revue Mycol. Toulouse Vol.8 on page 177 in 1886.

Giovanni Passerini
Giovanni Passerini was an Italian botanist and entomologist, born on June 16, 1816, in Pieve di Guastalla. He died on April 17, 1893, in Parma .

In 1836 he studied medicine at the University of Parma, where from 1844 onward, he was a professor of botany and director of the Orto Botanico di Parma. He is the author of several works on the aphids.  His collection, of 5,500 specimens in 52 genera kinds and 89 species, is in the natural history museum of the University of Parma.

In 1875, he was the first president of the Italian-Parma section of the Alpine Club (Club Alpino Italiano a Parma). With Vincenzo de Cesati and Giuseppe Gibelli, he was co-author of a compendium of Italian flora, titled "Compendio della flora italiana".

In 1875 Pier Andrea Saccardo named the fungal genus Passerinula in his honor. Then in 1892, Augusto Napoleone Berlese named the fungal genus Passeriniella in his honor as well.
Minerva Academy FC
Minerva Academy Football Club (often referred to as Minerva Punjab) is an Indian professional football club based in Mohali/Chandigarh, Punjab. It is part of the multi-sports club which also has cricket and futsal teams. The club's football section predominantly competed in the Punjab State Super League.

Minerva previously participated in the I-League, then the highest division of the Indian football league system. After selling Punjab FC to Roundglass Sports, owner Ranjit Bajaj bought stakes in Delhi FC. However, Minerva Academy remained active since its inception.

After being promoted into the I-League in 2016, the academy based club was rebranded as Minerva Punjab FC, and in 2019 the football section was relabeled as Punjab FC. The club has won the I-League title once, in 2017–18. Widely known as "the factory" of Indian football, Minerva is one of the most successful sports academies in the country.

Indian football league system
The Indian football league system is the league structure of football club competitions in India. The highest level of men's club football competition is the Indian Super League. Indian Women's League, founded in 2016, is the highest level of women's football club competition in India.
2016 Trofeo Laigueglia
The 2016 Trofeo Laigueglia was a one-day road cycling race that took place on 14 February 2016 in and around Laigueglia. It was the 53rd edition of the Trofeo Laigueglia and was rated as a 1.HC event as part of the 2016 UCI Europe Tour. The champion of the 2015 Trofeo Laigueglia, Davide Cimolai, was not selected as part of the Lampre–Merida team.

The race was won by Andrea Fedi (Southeast–Venezuela). He broke away with a small group in the closing kilometres, then attacked on the final climbs. He held off a small chasing group to take a solo win, with Sonny Colbrelli (Bardiani–CSF) second and Grega Bole (Nippo–Vini Fantini) third. It was the first professional victory of Fedi's career.

UCI .HC road races
The UCI 1.HC and UCI 2.HC were the second tier classification of road cycling races by the UCI, after the UCI World Tour (or its predecessor, the UCI ProTour). They are now replaced by the UCI ProSeries. The races were part of the various UCI Continental Circuits. The 1.HC events were one-day races, whereas the 2.HC events were stage races. 'HC' stands for the  French phrase hors catégorie, which means beyond categorization. In 2020, the .HC races were replaced by the UCI ProSeries
Svenja Voigt
Svenja Voigt (born 29 March 2004) is a German ice hockey player and member of the German national team, currently playing in the NCAA Division I with the St. Cloud State Huskies women's ice hockey program.

She represented Germany at the IIHF Women's World Championship in 2021 and 2023.

Germany women's national ice hockey team
The German women's national ice hockey team represents Germany at the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) Women's World Championship and other international ice hockey tournaments. The women's national team was ranked eighth in the IIHF World Ranking in 2025. It is organized under the direct administration of the Deutscher Eishockey-Bund (DEB).

Women's participation in ice hockey in Germany has slowly increased in the past decades – in 2011 the country had 2,549 female players registered with the IIHF and reported 3,168 in 2025.