hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Killefer
John Killefer (May 24, 1833 – July 1926) was a businessman and inventor. He apprenticed for two years as a blacksmith beginning in 1850, then moved to southern California and bought an orange grove. He soon noticed the phenomenon referred to as hardpan (the creation of a water resistant soil layer). Sometime in 1892 he designed and created the chisel plough for land tilling to prevent or defeat hardpanning. He founded Killefer Manufacturing Company in 1893 in San Bernardino, California. He relocated his company to Palmetto Street, Los Angeles, California in 1895 to lower overhead costs for the production of his plow. His son took over the company before it was sold to Deere & Company in 1937.

Hardpan
In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or soil pan is a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil that fuse and bind the soil particles. These deposits can range from dissolved silica to matrices formed from iron oxides and calcium carbonate. Others are man-made, such as hardpan formed by compaction from repeated plowing, particularly with moldboard plows, or by heavy traffic or pollution.
1990 DHL Singapore Open
The 1990 DHL Singapore Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Kallang Tennis Centre in Singapore and was part of the Tier IV category of the 1990 WTA Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and took place from 23 April through 29 April 1990. Unseeded Naoko Sawamatsu won the singles title.

WTA Tier IV tournaments
The WTA Tier IV tournaments were Women's Tennis Association fourth-level tournaments held from 1990 until the end of the 2008 season. The line-up of events varied over the years, with tournaments being promoted, demoted or cancelled. Some of the tournaments became Tier V events between 1990 and 1992, and later from 2001 to 2005, before being integrated back into Tier IV.

From 2009 WTA Tour, WTA changed the tournament categories, so that most of the Tier III and Tier IV tournaments from 2008 were in one category, WTA International tournaments.
34th Transport Aviation Division
The 34th Transport Aviation Division is a formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force. It was formed on 28 August 1963 initially with the 100th and 101st Regiments.

Today it is headquartered at Beijing Nanyuan Airport in the Central Theatre Command. It was equipped with Y-7, Y-8, and Il-18 transport aircraft, with the 100th, 101st, and 102nd Regiments.

The formation appears to have been reorganised in 2017, with the 101st, 202nd, and 203rd Regiment transformed into a Transportation and Search and Rescue Brigade, with only the 100th Regiment surviving as part of the division, flying Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma and EC225 helicopters.

Ilyushin Il-18
The Ilyushin Il-18 (Russian: Илью́шин Ил-18; NATO reporting name: Coot) is a large turboprop airliner that first flew in 1957 and became one of the best known Soviet aircraft of its era. The Il-18 was one of the Soviet Union's principal airliners for several decades and was widely exported. Due to the aircraft's durability, many examples achieved over 45,000 flight hours and the type remains operational in both military and to a lesser extent in civilian capacities. The Il-18's successor was the longer-range Ilyushin Il-62.
Oakland, Laclede County, Missouri
Oakland is an unincorporated community in Laclede County, in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. The community is located on Route B, two miles south of the junction of Route B with Missouri Route 32. The site lies five miles southeast of Lebanon.

Lebanon, Missouri
Lebanon is a city in and the county seat of Laclede County, Missouri, United States. The population was estimated at 15,013 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Laclede County. The Lebanon Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Laclede County. The original name of Lebanon, Missouri was Wyota, named after the original Native Americans that settled in the area. Later, Reverend Benjamin Hooker changed the name to his hometown in Lebanon, Tennessee.
Trawbreaga Bay
Trawbreaga Bay (Irish: Trá Bhréige) is a small bay (or sea lough) located on the northern tip of the Inishowen Peninsula, County Donegal, Ireland. It is a designated Special Protection Area (SPA) and its features of interest include: the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis), the light-bellied brent goose (Branta bernicla hrota), the chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) and diverse wetland and waterbirds.

Inishowen
Inishowen (Irish: Inis Eoghain, meaning 'island of Eoghan') is a peninsula in the north of County Donegal in Ireland. Inishowen is the most northerly peninsula on the island of Ireland.

The Inishowen peninsula includes Ireland's most northerly point, Malin Head. The Grianan of Aileach, a ringfort that served as the royal seat of the over-kingdom of Ailech, stands at the entrance to the peninsula.
Émile Renouf
Émile Renouf (23 June 1845 – 4 May 1894) was a French painter and draughtsman of the realism-impressionism school.

He studied at the Académie Julian and was a pupil of Gustave Boulanger, Jules Lefebvre and Charles Duran, and first exhibited his works at the Salon de peinture et de sculpture in Paris between 1877 and 1881. He received a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle (1889) in Paris.

He painted marine and peasant themes especially after a trip to the Île de Sein. Because of the state of his Paris studio, he built a new atelier in Le Havre where he died. His works are in museums in France, Amiens, Le Havre, Rouen, Liège and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

Académie Julian
The Académie Julian (French pronunciation: [akademi ʒyljɑ̃]) was a private art school for painting and sculpture founded in Paris, France, in 1867 by French painter and teacher Rodolphe Julian (1839–1907). The school was active from 1868 through 1968. It remained famous for the number and quality of artists who attended during a great period of effervescence in the arts in the early twentieth century. After 1968, it integrated with the École supérieure de design, d'art graphique et d'architecture intérieure
(ESAG) Penninghen.
Pittsylvania County Clerk's Office
The Pittsylvania County Clerk's Office is a historic county clerk's office located at Chatham in Pittsylvania County, Virginia.  It was built in 1812, and is a one-story, L-shaped brick structure.  It housed the county clerk's office until 1853, when those offices were moved to the newly constructed Pittsylvania County Courthouse. The building was restored by the Pittsylvania County Historical Society and houses a small museum.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Pittsylvania County, Virginia
Pittsylvania County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 60,501. The county seat is Chatham.

Pittsylvania County is included in the Danville, VA Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The largest undeveloped uranium deposit in the United States (seventh largest in the world) is located in Pittsylvania County. (see Uranium mining in Virginia.)
Kent Olsson (orienteer)
Kent Olsson (born 16 November 1958) is a Swedish orienteering competitor, and winner of the 1987 Individual World Orienteering Championships. He also won silver medals in 1989 and 1991, as well as silver medal on the Short distance in 1991. He was part of the Swedish team that won bronze medals in 1983 and 1987, and silver medal in 1989 (World Championships, Relay).

Olsson was elected "Årets orienterare" by Swedish sports journalists in 1982, 1986 and 1987.

Orienteering
Orienteering is a group of sports in which participants use a map and compass to navigate from point to point in unfamiliar terrain as quickly as possible.

The sport originated from military land-navigation training in the late 19th century. It has since evolved into several competitive forms where participants race against the clock and other competitors while navigating through checkpoints. Variants include automobile, underwater, mountain bike, ski, and trail orienteering. The most common form is foot orienteering, also known as FootO.

In formal foot-orienteering competitions, participants are given a specially prepared orienteering map, usually topographical, which they use to locate control points.

Orienteering is part of the World Games and the World Police and Fire Games.
Utica Blue Sox
The Utica Blue Sox was the name of two minor league baseball teams based in Utica, New York.

In the 2010s, the Utica Blue Sox is the name of a collegiate summer baseball team of the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL) based in New York State.

Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League
The Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL) is a 16-team collegiate summer baseball league founded in 2010. As of 2025, all teams are within the state of New York save one in the province of Ontario, Canada. All players in the league must have NCAA eligibility remaining in order to participate. Players are not paid so as to maintain their college eligibility. Each team plays an eight-week, 48 game schedule from June to August with playoffs in early August.
Crouzeix's conjecture
Crouzeix's conjecture is an unsolved problem in matrix analysis. It was proposed by Michel Crouzeix in 2004, and it can be stated as follows:

where the set  is the field of values of a n×n (i.e. square) complex matrix   and  is a complex function that is analytic in the interior of  and continuous up to the boundary of .  Slightly reformulated, the conjecture can also be stated as follows: for all square complex matrices  and all complex polynomials :

holds, where the norm on the left-hand side is the spectral operator 2-norm.

Square matrix
In mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order . Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied.

Square matrices are often used to represent simple linear transformations, such as shearing or rotation. For example, if  is a square matrix representing a rotation (rotation matrix) and  is a column vector describing the position of a point in space, the product  yields another column vector describing the position of that point after that rotation. If  is a row vector, the same transformation can be obtained using , where  is the transpose of .
String Quintet No. 1 (Brahms)
Johannes Brahms' String Quintet No. 1 in F major, Op. 88, was composed in 1882 in the spa town of Bad Ischl, Upper Austria, and published by the firm of Fritz Simrock.  It was first performed at a chamber music evening in Frankfurt on 29 December 1882.

It is a "viola quintet" in that it is scored for string quartet with a second viola. Brahms composed the work in three movements:

Brahms described the quintet to his friend Clara Schumann as "one of [his] finest works" and told Simrock, "You have never before had such a beautiful work from me."

Spa town
A spa town is a resort town based on a mineral spa (a developed mineral spring). Patrons may visit spas to "take the waters" for their purported health benefits.

Thomas Guidott set up a medical practice in the English town of Bath in 1668. He became interested in the curative properties of the hot mineral waters there and in 1676 wrote A discourse of Bathe, and the hot waters there. Also, Some Enquiries into the Nature of the water. This brought the purported health-giving properties of the waters to the attention of the aristocracy, who started to partake in them soon after.

The term spa is used for towns or resorts offering hydrotherapy, which can include cold water or mineral water treatments and geothermal baths, and comes from the Belgian town Spa.
Miķelis Ežmalis
Miķelis Ežmalis (born 12 August 1990 in Limbaži) is a Latvian sprint canoer who competed in the late 2000s. He participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and was the youngest member of the Latvian team at 17. He was eliminated in the semifinals of both the C-1 500 m and the C-1 1000 m events.

Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's C-1 500 metres
The men's C-1 500 metres competition in canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park in Beijing.  The C-1 event is raced in single-man sprint canoes. This would be the last time the event would take place at the Summer Olympics. On 13 August 2009, it was announced by the International Canoe Federation that the men's 500 m events would be replaced by 200 m events at the 2012 Summer Olympics with one of them being K-1 200 m for the women. The other events for men at 200 m will be C-1, C-2, and K-1.

Competition consists of three rounds: the heats, the semifinals, and the final. All boats compete in the heats. The top finisher in each of the three heats advances directly to the final, while the next six finishers (places 2 through 7) in each heat move on to the semifinals. The top three finishers in each of the two semifinals join the heats winners in the final.

Heats took place on August 19, semifinals on August 21, and finals on August 23.
Abeshge
Abeshge is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Gurage Zone, Abeshge is bordered on the south by the Wabe River which separates it from Cheha, on the west and north by the Oromia Region, and on the east by Kebena. It was part of former Goro woreda.
8°17′18.4″N 37°46′47.8″E﻿ / ﻿8.288444°N 37.779944°E﻿ / 8.288444; 37.779944

Districts of Ethiopia
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (Amharic: ወረዳ; Oromo: woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states.

These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia.
Graeme Catto
Sir Graeme Robertson Dawson Catto FRSE, Hon FRCSE, FRCP(Lon, Edin & Glasg), FRCGP, FFPM, FAoP, FMedSci FKC (born 24 April 1945) is a Scottish doctor who was president, later chair, of the General Medical Council until April 2009. He is also currently emeritus professor of medicine at the Universities of London and Aberdeen and was an honorary consultant nephrologist at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Aberdeen Royal Infirmary.

Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust is an NHS foundation trust of the English National Health Service, one of the prestigious Shelford Group.  It runs Guy's Hospital in London Bridge, St Thomas' Hospital in Waterloo, Evelina London Children's Hospital, two specialist heart and lung hospitals,  Royal Brompton and Harefield and community services in Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham.
Baychester, Bronx
Baychester is a neighborhood geographically located in the northeast part of the Bronx, New York City. Its boundaries are East 222nd Street to the northeast, the New England Thruway (Interstate 95) to the east, Gun Hill Road to the southwest, and Boston Road to the northwest. Eastchester Road is the primary thoroughfare through Baychester.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 12. Many homes are located on streets in the 201s and advancing to the 220s. While 10469 is the primary ZIP Code of Baychester, it also covers the adjacent neighborhood of Pelham Gardens, Bronx. The area is patrolled by the 47th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

White Plains, New York
White Plains is a city in and the county seat of Westchester County, New York, United States. It is an inner suburb of New York City, and a commercial hub of Westchester County, a densely populated suburban county that is home to about one million people. White Plains is located in south-central Westchester County. Its downtown (Mamaroneck Avenue) is 25 miles (40 km) north of Midtown Manhattan.

The city's total population was 59,599 in the 2020 census, up from 53,077 at the 2010 census. According to the city government, the daytime weekday population is estimated at 250,000.
Special routes of U.S. Route 82
Eight special routes of U.S. Route 82 currently exist. Three of them lie within the state of Arkansas, with five more in Texas, and one in Georgia. Seven more existed in the past but have since been decommissioned.

Glossary of road transport terms
Terminology related to road transport—the transport of passengers or goods on paved (or otherwise improved) routes between places—is diverse, with variation between dialects of English. There may also be regional differences within a single country, and some terms differ based on the side of the road traffic drives on. This glossary is an alphabetical listing of road transport terms.
When the Sun Goes Down in Normandie (Then Is When I Sit and Dream of You)
"When the Sun Goes Down in Normandie (Then Is When I Sit and Dream of You)" is a World War I era song released in 1918. Jeff Branen wrote the lyrics. Evans Lloyd composed the music. The song was published by Jeff Branen Publisher of New York, New York. The sheet music cover features a group of soldiers sitting around the camp fire. In the foreground is an armed soldier on guard duty walking through the campground. The song was written for both voice and piano.

The lyrics begins with a woman proudly declaring that her soldier boyfriend has sent her a letter. The chorus is the contents of the letter:

When the sun goes down in Normandy

And the campfires are all a-glow

I'm dreaming of my lady love

Who's so far away across the waters

One of America's fairest daughters

Gee! Tonight I'm lonesome and blue

and gee! I know that you're lonesome too

When the sun goes down in Normandy

Then is when I sit and dream of you

The sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

Pritzker Military Museum & Library
The Pritzker Military Museum & Library (formerly Pritzker Military Library) is a non-profit museum and research library for the study of military history located in a state-of-the art facility in Kenosha, WI. The institution was founded in 2003, and its specialist collections include material relating to Winston Churchill and war-related sheet music.
Sagamore Sam
Sagamore Sam (died 1676), also known as Upchattuck, Shoshanim, and Uskattuhgun, was a sachem of the Nashaway tribe of Massachusetts. He was an active leader during King Phillip's War. Sam was a major insurgent against white settlers, acting alongside other tribal leaders such as Monoco.

Nashaway
The Nashaway (or Nashua or Weshacum) were a tribe of Algonquian Indians inhabiting the upstream portions of the Nashua River valley in what is now the northern half of Worcester County, Massachusetts, mainly in the vicinity of Sterling, Clinton, ⁣Lancaster and other towns near Mount Wachusett, as well as southern New Hampshire. The meaning of Nashaway is "between," an adverbial form derived from "nashau" meaning "someone is between/in the middle" = adverbial suffix "we"
Dina Wein Reis
Dina Wein Reis (born 1964) is a financial criminal who employed business scams to defraud her victims of tens of millions of dollars.

On May 19, 2011, Wein Reis pleaded guilty to one count of intent to commit fraud after being charged in 2006 on six counts associated with a 15-year-long series of illegal business activities. Her multi-million dollar crime was covered by the CNBC television series American Greed, in the second half of the 2016 episode "Seattle Roasted / The Stealing Socialite". Her plea agreement limited her to a $1 million fine, federal prison time of 19 months, and $5.7 million in restitution on the $80 million that she defrauded from her victims.

American Greed
American Greed (also known as American Greed: Scams, Scoundrels and Scandals and as American Greed: Scams, Schemes and Broken Dreams) is an American documentary television series on CNBC. The series focuses on cases of Ponzi schemes, embezzlement and other white collar crimes and features interviews with police investigators, fraud victims and sometimes fraudsters.

It was initially created by Mark Hoffman, the President, CEO and Chairman of the Board of Trustees and Directors of CNBC, and it is produced by Bill Kurtis' Kurtis Productions. The program is narrated by Stacy Keach Jr., who was recruited because Kurtis himself was unavailable for that purpose. It premiered on June 21, 2007. As of July 2024 the series is currently on a hiatus, but has not been cancelled.
Ormond Memorial Art Museum and Gardens
Ormond Memorial Art Museum and Gardens is in Ormond Beach, Volusia County in central Florida. Exhibitions include artwork from regional Florida artists and national artists as well as an annual student exhibition, and programs for veterans. The art museum includes "spiritual oil paintings" by Malcolm Fraser and a botanical garden that is home to the 1885 Emmons Cottage.

The museum and gardens were founded as a memorial to veterans of World War I and World War II, and there is an American flag and monument to soldiers who served in World War I as well as a bronze plaque inside the Museum listing Ormond Beach residents who served in World War II, including an honor roll recognizing those who died in the war. There are also sculptures in the Memorial Gardens dedicated to American soldiers who fought in the Korean War and Vietnam War.

Volusia County, Florida
Volusia County (/vəˈluːʃə/ ⓘ, və-LOO-shə) is a county located in the east-central part of the U.S. state of Florida between the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2020 census, the county was home to 553,543 people, an increase of 11.9% from the 2010 census. It was founded on December 29, 1854, from a portion of Orange County, and was named for the community of Volusia, located in northwestern Volusia County. The original county seat was Enterprise. Since 1887, the county seat has been DeLand. Volusia County is part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach metropolitan statistical area, as well as part of the larger Orlando–Deltona–Daytona Beach Combined statistical area.
Selkirkshire
Selkirkshire (or the County of Selkirk) is a historic county and registration county of Scotland. It borders Peeblesshire to the west, Midlothian to the north, Roxburghshire to the east, and Dumfriesshire to the south. It derives its name from its county town, the royal burgh of Selkirk. The county was historically also known as Ettrick Forest.

Unlike many historic counties, Selkirkshire does not have its own lieutenancy area, but forms part of the Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale lieutenancy area.

Midlothian
Midlothian (/mɪdˈloʊðiən/; Scottish Gaelic: Meadhan Lodainn) is registration county, lieutenancy area and one of 32 council areas of Scotland used for local government. Midlothian lies in the east-central Lowlands, bordering the City of Edinburgh council area, East Lothian and the Scottish Borders. The modern council area was formed in 1975 when the historic county of Midlothian, also known as Edinburghshire, was altered substantially as part of local government reforms; its southern part formed a new Midlothian District within the Region of Lothian, whilst areas on the peripheries were assigned to other districts and the city of Edinburgh, which had always been autonomous to an extent, was formally separated as the City of Edinburgh District. In 1996 Midlothian became a unitary authority area, using the same name and territory as in 1975.