hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express
The 12033 / 12034 Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express is the Shatabdi train connecting Kanpur Central with New Delhi. The load of passengers in Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express was heavy from Kanpur Central. Due to the excessive passenger load on Lucknow Shatabdi from Kanpur Central and huge demand for a separate Shatabdi train from Kanpur Central, the Railway Ministry declared the new Shatabdi train from Central Station in 2009 Railway Budget. This train was flagged off by Union Railways minister Mamata Banerjee on 7 Feb 2010. It runs on all days of a week except Sunday.

In its initial days, it used to run non-stop between Kanpur and New Delhi. Later, Ghaziabad  and Etawah  were added as intermediate stops and from 9 July 2016  Aligarh was also added.

It is called Kanpur Reverse Shatabdi because it follows the reverse timetable of Lucknow Shatabdi; i.e. UP follows DOWN time table and vice versa.

Railway budget of India
Railway budget of India was the Annual Financial Statement for Indian Railways administered by the Railway Board, which handles rail transport in India. It was presented every year by the Minister of Railways, representing the Ministry of Railways, in the Parliament.

The Railway Budget was presented every year, a few days before the Union budget, till 2016. Modi government on 21 September 2016 approved merger of the Rail and General budgets from the next year, ending a 92-year-old practice of a separate budget for the nation's largest transporter.The decision to merge the Railway Budget with the Union Budget was made in 2016, following the submission of a white paper titled 'Dispensing with the Railway Budget' by the NITI Aayog Committee chaired by Bibek Debroy. The paper was presented to Railways Minister Suresh Prabhu said that this merger proposal was in the long term interest of railways as well as the country's economy and was a colonial practice that needed to be ended.
2007 Australian Formula Ford Championship
The 2007 Australian Formula Ford Championship was an Australian motor racing competition open to Formula Ford racing cars. Managed by Australian Formula Ford Management Pty. Ltd., it was recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS) as a National Championship. It was the 38th national series for Formula Fords to be contested in Australia and the 15th series to carry the Australian Formula Ford Championship name.

The championship was won by Tim Blanchard driving a Mygale SJ07A.

Motorsport Australia
Motorsport Australia, formerly the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS), is the nationally recognised governing and sanctioning body for four-wheeled motorsport in Australia. It is affiliated with the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).
Akhshunwar
Akhshunwar (Sogdian: əxšōnδār, Middle Persian: Xašnawāz) was a ruling title used by the Hephthalite kings in the 5th and 6th-centuries.

The title is of Eastern Iranian origin; according W.B. Henning, its original form was ʾxšʾwndʾr (axšōndār), meaning "king", "ruler." G. Widengren, however, suggests that the original form was the Sogdian ʾxšʾwnwʾr, "power bearer." In the New Persian epic Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") of the medieval Persian poet Ferdowsi, it was transformed into Khushnawaz (meaning "the beautiful player, musician"), and was used as a name instead. Some scholars support the theory that the name of the Kidarite king Kunkhas shared the same origin as Akhshunwar, which has in turn led to the suggestion that Akhshunwar was initially a title used by Kidarites, later to be adopted by Hephthalites when they supplanted them.

Ferdowsi
Ferdowsi (940-1025) was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries. Ferdowsi is celebrated as one of the most influential figures of Persian literature and one of the greatest in the history of literature.
Secretary of the Government
Secretary of the Government or Cabinet Secretary is a senior government official in the executive branch. Positions include:

Cabinet Secretary (Bangladesh)

Cabinet Secretary (India)

Cabinet Secretary (Pakistan)

Cabinet Office Permanent Secretary in the United Kingdom

Secretary of the Cabinet (New Zealand)

Secretary of the Government (Israel)

White House Cabinet Secretary in the United States

Cabinet Secretary (Bangladesh)
The highest ranking civil servant is the Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of the People's Republic of Bangladesh who is also the Cabinet Secretary. He is ex-officio Chairman of the Superior Selection Board and head of all civil services under the Rules of Business of the Government of Bangladesh. He also holds the 12th position in the Warrant of Precedence of Bangladesh. Cabinet Secretary is appointed from Bangladesh Civil Service (Administration) Cadre, known as Bangladesh Administrative Service.

The current Cabinet Secretary of the Republic is Dr. Nasimul Gani. He is the 26th Cabinet Secretary to the government of Bangladesh. The Cabinet Secretary is considered as arguably the most powerful civil servant in Bangladesh.
Max Morath
Max Edward Morath (October 1, 1926 – June 19, 2023) was an American ragtime pianist, composer, actor, and author. He was best known for his piano playing and is referred to as "Mr. Ragtime". He was a touring performer as well as being variously a composer, recording artist, actor, playwright, and radio and television presenter. Rudi Blesh billed Morath as a "one-man ragtime army".

Colorado College
Colorado College is a private liberal arts college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. Founded in 1874 by Thomas Nelson Haskell in his daughter's memory, the college offers over 40 majors and 30 minors, and enrolls approximately 2,000 undergraduates at its 90-acre (36 ha) campus.

Colorado College is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, and is a QuestBridge partner. Notable alumni include Diana DeGette, Liz Cheney, Dutch Clark, Thomas Hornsby Ferril, James Heckman, Steve Sabol, Ken Salazar, and Marc Webb. Most of the university's varsity sports teams compete in NCAA Division III, with the exception of Division I teams in men's hockey and women's soccer.
Jan Sluyters
Johannes Carolus Bernardus (Jan) Sluijters, or Sluyters (17 December 1881 in 's-Hertogenbosch – 8 May 1957 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch painter and co-founder of the Moderne Kunstkring.

Sluijters (in English often spelled "Sluyters") was a leading pioneer of various Post-Impressionist movements in the Netherlands. He experimented with several styles, including Fauvism and Cubism, finally settling on a colorful expressionism. His paintings feature nude studies, portraits, landscapes, and still lifes. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

's-Hertogenbosch
's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch: [ˌsɛrtoːɣə(m)ˈbɔs] ⓘ), colloquially known as Den Bosch (pronounced [dɛm ˈbɔs] ⓘ), is a city and municipality in the Netherlands with a population of 160,783. It is the capital of the province of North Brabant and its fourth largest city by population. The city is directly south of the Maas river and near the Waal.
Yalta Rally
The Yalta Rally (also known as Yalta Rally Fest and Prime Yalta Rally) is a motorsport event for rally cars, located in Yalta, Ukraine at the Crimea peninsula. The first edition of the rally was held in 1986 and was held for 4 years, before it was canceled in the 1990s. In 2005 the Yalta Rally was revived as part of the Ukrainian Rally Championship. In 2011 the rally became part of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge with Juho Hänninen becoming the first international winner in the event. The event continued to be part of the IRC before its merger with the European Rally Championship in 2013.

Following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the rally was cancelled. A revival of the event was scheduled in 2018 as part of the Russia Cup, but that event was cancelled as well.

Juho Hänninen
Juho Ville Matias Hänninen (born 25 July 1981) is a Finnish rally driver. He is the 2010 Intercontinental Rally Challenge (IRC) champion and 2011 Super 2000 World Rally Championship (S-WRC) champion with co-driver Mikko Markkula driving a works entered Fabia S2000 for Red Bull Škoda. He also won the 2004 Group N Finnish Rally Championship title, and debuted in the World Rally Championship during the 2006 season.
Sachio Yamashita
Sachio Yamashita (1933–2009) was a Japanese-American artist primarily known as the creator of more than 100 public murals throughout the Midwest between 1968 and 1982, and later as an abstract painter and muralist in the San Francisco Bay Area. As a muralist, Yamashita identified as an "environmental" artist "who creates, or alters environments." Chicago art historian Rebecca Zorach observes that Yamashita "showed how murals could be understood not just as community-based art but as huge environmental installations, breaking free from the gallery, changing city dweller's consciousness."

Rebecca Zorach
Rebecca Zorach (born 1969) is an art historian and Mary Jane Crowe Professor in Art and Art History at Northwestern University. Her work focuses on early modern European art, contemporary and activist art.

Zorach earned her PhD from the University of Chicago in 1999.

Zorach won the 2006 Gustave O. Arlt Award from the Council of Graduate Schools and the 2005 book prize from the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women for her book Blood, Milk, Ink, Gold: Abundance and Excess in the French Renaissance.
Cosmetic dentistry
Cosmetic dentistry is generally used to refer to any dental work that improves the appearance (though not necessarily the functionality) of teeth, gums and/or bite. It primarily focuses on improvement in dental aesthetics in color, position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance. Many dentists refer to themselves as "cosmetic dentists" regardless of their specific education, specialty, training, and experience in this field. This has been considered unethical with a predominant objective of marketing to patients. The American Dental Association does not recognize cosmetic dentistry as a formal specialty area of dentistry. However, there are still dentists that promote themselves as cosmetic dentists.

Tooth enamel
Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, cementum, and dental pulp. It is a very hard, white to off-white, highly mineralised substance that acts as a barrier to protect the tooth but can become susceptible to degradation, especially by acids from food and drink. In rare circumstances enamel fails to form, leaving the underlying dentin exposed on the surface.
Bala Jones
John "Bala" Jones was a Wales international rugby union scrum-half who played club rugby for Aberavon and Devonport Albion RFC and county rugby for Glamorgan and Devon. He won just a single international cap, in 1901.

Aberavon RFC
Aberavon Rugby Club (Welsh: Clwb Rygbi Aberafan) is a rugby union club located in the Welsh town of Port Talbot, though the club's name refers to the older settlement of Aberavon which lies on the western side of the town.

The club was founded in 1876 as Afan Football Club, and changed names several times before settling on Aberavon Rugby Football Club. They joined the Welsh Rugby Union in 1887.
Gucheng County, Hubei
Gucheng County (simplified Chinese: 谷城县; traditional Chinese: 穀城縣; pinyin: Gǔchéng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, located in the eastern foothills of the Daba Mountains. It is under the administration of Xiangyang City, and is served by G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway. As of 2004, it had a total population of 540,000 residing in an area of 2,552 square kilometres (985 sq mi).

G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway
The Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway (Chinese: 福州—银川高速公路), designated as G70 and commonly referred to as the Fuyin Expressway (Chinese: 福银高速公路) is an expressway that connects China's cities of Fuzhou in Fujian province and Yinchuan in  Ningxia province. It is 2,397.55 km (1,489.77 mi) in length.

The expressway was completed with the opening of the Jiujiang Yangtze River Expressway Bridge. Previously, expressway traffic was rerouted over the Jiujiang Bridge that also carried local traffic on China National Highway 105.

In Ningxia, it is an important north-south route between Yinchuan and Guyuan.
Euroman Cometh
Euroman Cometh is the debut solo album by the Stranglers' bassist J.J. Burnel, released in April 1979 by United Artists. It is a concept album, as most of the songs concern the ideal of a united Europe, both culturally and economically. Upon release, the album was a contrast to the more melodic songs of the Stranglers, containing what Pat Gilbert of Record Collector describes as "a collection of dark, atmospheric soundscapes, embroidered with Burnel's intense, monotone theorising about a united Europe."

Dacorum Pavilion
The Dacorum Pavilion was a theatre and performance venue in Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire. The Pavilion closed in June 2002. The site is occupied by The Forum, which houses council offices and a library.

Acts to have performed at the Pavilion included David Bowie, Electric Light Orchestra, Eric Clapton, Elton John, Genesis, Rod Stewart and the Faces, Status Quo, Joy Division, Speedvark and U2. It was designed by the British modernist architect Clifford Culpin.

The cost of constructing the Pavilion was estimated at £341,500 in 1964.

Photographs of the pavilion by Henk Snoek are in the collection of the British Architectural Library.

The local activist group AViD (Arts Venue In Dacorum) are campaigning for the return of an arts venue in Hemel Hempstead.
Brahim Ould Malha
Brahim Ould Malha (Arabic: ابراهيم ولد مالحة; born 30 November 1976) is a Mauritanian former professional footballer who played as a striker. He scored five goals and made twenty-three appearances for the Mauritania national team.

Mauritania national football team
The Mauritania national football team (Arabic: منتخب مُورِيتَانْيَا لِكُرَةِ الْقَدَم), nicknamed Al-Murabitun represents Mauritania in men's international football. It is controlled by the Féderation de Football de la République Islamique de Mauritanie, and is a member of the Confederation of African Football. They have not qualified for the FIFA World Cup. However, in the Amílcar Cabral Cup, a regional tournament for West Africa, Mauritania came fourth in 1980 on hosting the competition. The national football team of Mauritania was later runners-up in 1995, losing on penalties to Sierra Leone after the final finished 0–0.

On 18 November 2018, Mauritania qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations for the first time in history, after they won 2–1 against Botswana to seal a spot in the 2019 tournament.
A. Muhamed Mustaque
A. Muhamed Mustaque (born as Muhamed Mustaque Ayumantakath on 1 June 1967) is an Indian jurist currently serving as the Chief justice of the Sikkim High Court. He is former Judge of the Kerala High Court where he also served as the Acting Chief Justice.

Acting (law)
In law, a person is acting in a position if they are not serving in the position on a permanent basis. This may be the case if the position has not yet been formally created, the person is only occupying the position on an interim basis, the person does not have a mandate, or if the person meant to execute the role is incompetent or incapacitated.
Stabat Mater in F minor (Schubert)
Stabat Mater in F minor, D 383, is a musical setting of the Stabat Mater sequence, composed by Franz Schubert in 1816. It is scored for soprano, tenor and bass soloists, SATB choir, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 2 french horns, 3 trombones, violin I and II, viola, cello and double bass.

Rather than setting the Latin sequence of the Stabat Mater, Schubert used a German paraphrase by F. G. Klopstock, Jesus Christus schwebt am Kreuze. The work is sometimes referred to as the Deutsches Stabat Mater, and was written for the composer's brother Ferdinand.

Schubert had written a shorter setting of the Latin Stabat Mater in 1815, Stabat Mater in G minor, D 175, a single-movement piece of approximately six minutes' duration, using only four verses of the twenty stanzas of the sequence.

Sequence (musical form)
A sequence (Latin: sequentia, plural: sequentiae) is a chant or hymn sung or recited during the liturgical celebration of the Eucharist for many Christian denominations, before the proclamation of the Gospel. By the time of the Council of Trent (1543–1563) there were sequences for many feasts in the Church's year.

The sequence had always been sung directly before the Gospel, after the Alleluia. The 2002 edition of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, however, reversed the order and places the sequence before the Alleluia.

The form of this chant inspired a genre of Latin poetry written in a non-classical metre, often on a sacred Christian subject, which is also called a sequence.
Chislehurst Junction
Chislehurst Junction is an important railway junction near Chislehurst in the London Borough of Bromley, England. It is the point where the South Eastern Main Line and the Chatham Main Line pass over each other, with diversion chords between each line. These are arranged such that a London-bound train on one line can transfer to the other, and likewise for services heading away from the capital.

London Borough of Bromley
The London Borough of Bromley (/ˈbrɒmli/ ⓘ) is a borough in Greater London, England. It is the largest and southeasternmost borough in London, and borders the counties of Surrey and Kent, the latter of which it formed part until 1965. The borough's population in the 2021 census was 329,991. It is named after Bromley, its principal town. Other districts are Penge, Hayes, West Wickham, Chislehurst, Beckenham and Orpington. The local authority is Bromley London Borough Council.
2022 Nepalese general election
General elections were held in Nepal on 20 November 2022 to elect the 275 members of the House of Representatives. There were two ballots in the election; one to elect 165 members from single-member constituencies via FPTP, and the other to elect the remaining 110 members from a single nation-wide constituency via party-list proportional representation.

The election was held alongside provincial elections for the seven provincial assemblies.

After power sharing talks between the outgoing Democratic Left Alliance broke down on 25 December 2022, CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal became prime minister, its eight-member cabinet consisting of MPs from his party, CPN (UML), Rastriya Swatantra Party and Janamat Party, with the confidence and supply of RPP, JSP, NUP and three independents.

Party-list proportional representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats  roughly proportional to their share of the vote.

In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in Spain, Turkey, and Israel (closed lists); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to determine the share of representation of their respective parties, as in Finland, Brazil, and the Netherlands (mixed single vote or panachage).
Republic of Fiji Islands v Prasad
Republic of Fiji Islands v Prasad is a 2001 landmark decision of the Court of Appeal of Fiji which upheld the 1997 Constitution of Fiji in the aftermath of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état. The court agreed with the previous High Court of Fiji ruling that the constitution had not been overturned and that Parliament had not been dissolved, but only prorogued. It also found that the office of President of Fiji had only become vacant in December 2000 after Kamisese Mara resigned following the High Court ruling.

The interim government accepted the decision, and new elections were held in August and September 2001.

2001 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji in August and September 2001. The Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua party won 18 of the 23 seats reserved for ethnic Fijians and one of three "general electorates" set aside for Fiji's European, Chinese, and other minorities. It also won 13 of the 25 "open electorates," so-called because they are open to candidates of any race and are elected by universal suffrage.  The remaining five ethnic Fijian seats, and one open electorate, were won by the Conservative Alliance, one of whom was George Speight who had led the putsch against the lawful government the year before. Chaudhry's Labour Party won all 19 Indo-Fijian seats and eight open electorates.  The New Labour Unity Party, formed by defectors from the FLP, won one general electorate and one open electorate.  The three remaining seats (one general electorate, one open electorate, and the Rotuman Islanders' seat) were won by minor parties and independent candidates.
Planktology
Planktology is the study of plankton, various small drifting plants, animals and microorganisms that inhabit bodies of water. Planktology topics include primary production, energy flow and the carbon cycle.

Plankton drive the "biological pump", a process by which the ocean ecosystem transports carbon from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's depths. Such processes are vital to carbon dioxide sinks, one of several possibilities for countering global warming. Modern planktology includes behavioral aspects of drifting organisms, engaging modern in situ imaging devices.

Some planktology projects allow the public to participate online, such as the Long-term Ecosystem Observatory.

There are a very large number of, often closely related or similar looking, plankton species which makes classification a challenge for scientists. Their habitat also adds challenges to their study.

Primary production
In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide.  It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy.  Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are known as primary producers or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain. In terrestrial ecoregions, these are mainly plants, while in aquatic ecoregions algae predominate in this role. Ecologists distinguish primary production as either net or gross, the former accounting for losses to processes such as cellular respiration, the latter not.
Pig Point
Pig Point (54°4′S 37°9′W﻿ / ﻿54.067°S 37.150°W﻿ / -54.067; -37.150) is a point which forms the south side of the entrance to North Bay, Prince Olav Harbor, on the north coast of South Georgia. Probably named by DI personnel who charted Prince Olav Harbor in 1929.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Pig Point". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Discovery Investigations
The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.

Discovery Investigations contributed greatly to knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on and their habitat's oceanography, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. They continued until 1951, with the final report published in 1980.

Collected specimens are in the Discovery Collections.