hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coverdale, North Yorkshire
Coverdale is a dale in the far east of the Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England. It takes its name from the River Cover, a tributary of the River Ure.  The dale runs south-west from the eastern end of Wensleydale to the dale head at a pass, known as Park Rash Pass, between Great Whernside to the south and Buckden Pike to the north.  It is accessible by a single track road, which runs the length of the dale and over the pass to Kettlewell in Wharfedale. The name is taken from that of the River Cover, which is of Brittonic origin.  Ekwall suggested that it might mean "hollow stream", but more recently Andrew Breeze has argued that it is cognate with Welsh gofer "streamlet".

Dale (landform)
A dale is a valley, especially an open, gently-sloping ground between low hills with a stream flowing through it. It is used most frequently in  Yorkshire and the Southern Uplands of Scotland; the term "fell" commonly refers to mountains or hills that flank a dale. As with many other words, dale was preserved by Viking influence in Northern England.

It appears in various contexts, such as “up hill and down dale”, “over every hill and dale”, and “up all hills, down all dales”.
Digital Enterprise Research Institute
The Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI) is a former research institute at NUI Galway. It is now part of the Insight Centre for Data Analytics. Insight was established in 2013 by Science Foundation Ireland with funding of €75m.

DERI's focus is research into the Semantic Web and linked data. It was originally established as a Centre for Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET) in 2003 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland. Additional funding sources were EU Framework Programs, Enterprise Ireland, IRCSET, and industry.

Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9, are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named Horizon.

The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, Horizon Europe, has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over 7 years.

The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In Horizon 2020, the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies.
Marc Raynaud
Marc Raynaud (born 19 March 1973) is a French former professional rugby union player.

Raynaud was born in Narbonne and came through the junior ranks of RC Narbonne to play senior rugby for the club from 1996 to 2002. A back row forward, he gained two caps for France during the 1999 Five Nations Championship, against Wales at Stade de France and England at Twickenham, both in losing causes. He was with ASM Clermont from 2002 to 2005, then played for US Montauban, where he became head coach after retiring in 2009.

RC Narbonne
Racing Club de Narbonne Méditerannée (also known as RCNM) is a French rugby union club that play in the third-level Nationale.

They are based in Narbonne in the Aude département of Occitania. They were founded in 1907. They play at Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié (capacity 12,000). They wear orange and black.
Pandemis canadana
Pandemis canadana, the green aspen leaftier, is a moth of the  family Tortricidae. The species was first described by William D. Kearfott in 1905. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to Colorado, Illinois and Maine. The habitat consists of deciduous forests and shrubs.

The wingspan is 19–20 mm. Adults are on wing from early July to mid-August.

The larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs.

William D. Kearfott
William D. Kearfott (January 12, 1864 – November 12, 1917) was an American engineer and amateur entomologist. Kearfott was educated in primary schools in Richmond and Philadelphia and was connected with the Morton Poole Company and the International Navigation Company in his early career. Kearfott was also associated with the Worthington Steam Pump Company and was considered an authority on his branch of engineering.

Kearfott worked on Lepidoptera, especially Tortricidae, and built up a large collection. Kearfott was known for his peculiar approach to naming new species.
Josef Malý
Josef Malý (25 March 1894 – 23 March 1943) was a Czech gymnast who competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Prague and died in Berlin. In 1920 he was a member of the Czechoslovak gymnastic team which finished fourth in the team event.  Additionally, he competed at the 1922 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships where he helped his team to the gold medal and also where he won an individual gold medal on rings.

Gymnastics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's team
The men's team was an artistic gymnastics event held as part of the gymnastics at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of the event, which was one of three team gymnastics events held in 1920 (along with the free system team event and the Swedish system team event). The competition was held on Monday, 23 August 1920 and on Tuesday, 24 August 1920. Five teams competed, for a total of 120 gymnasts.
Raghed Al-Najjar
Raghed Al-Najjar (Arabic: رَاغِد النَّجَّار; born 20 September 1996) is a Saudi Arabian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Pro League club Al-Nassr. He has also earned one cap for the Saudi Arabia national team.

Al Taawoun FC
Al-Taawoun FC (Arabic: نادي التعاون) is a Saudi Arabian professional football and multi-sports club based in Buraidah, Saudi Arabia, that competes in the Saudi Pro League, the top tier of the Saudi football league system.

The club plays its home matches at King Abdullah Sport City Stadium, located in the city of Buraidah, which it shares with city rivals Al-Raed, with whom it contests the Qassim Derby. Additionally, the club uses the smaller Al-Taawoun Stadium for less prominent fixtures. The name "Al Taawoun" translates to "cooperation" in Arabic.
George Masters (make-up artist)
George Masters (April 1, 1936 – March 6, 1998) was an American hairstylist and make-up artist. He won a British Academy Film Award in the category Best Makeup and Hair for the film Tootsie.

Masters died on March 6, 1998 of natural causes at his home in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 61.

Hairdresser
A hairdresser is a person whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of hair coloring, haircutting, and hair texturing techniques. A hairdresser may also be referred to as a 'barber' or 'hairstylist'.
Littorella uniflora
Littorella uniflora (vernacular name: (American) shoreweed) is a species of aquatic flowering plant native to the Azores, Morocco, most of Europe excluding the dry southeast, Iceland, and the Faroes. It prefers to live mostly submerged in nutrient-poor freshwater habitats. When submerged, it draws CO2 mostly through its roots and uses a mix of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C3 carbon fixation for photosynthesis. If the water level drops and exposes the roots, it ceases using CAM.

Crassulacean acid metabolism
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but they open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2) and allow it to diffuse into the mesophyll cells. The CO2 is stored as four-carbon malic acid in vacuoles at night, and then in the daytime, the malate is transported to chloroplasts where it is converted back to CO2, which is then used during photosynthesis. The pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. This mechanism of acid metabolism was first discovered in plants of the family Crassulaceae.
Death and state funeral of Manmohan Singh
On 26 December 2024, Manmohan Singh, the 13th prime minister of India and 24th minister of finance, died due to various health complications at the age of 92. Following his death, the Government of India announced a nationwide seven-day state mourning period until 1 January 2025. He was given a state funeral on 28 December 2024. His lying in state occurred at the All India Congress Committee headquarters in Delhi.

Lying in state
Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a deceased official, such as a head of state, is placed in a state building, either outside or inside a coffin, to allow the public to pay their respects. It traditionally takes place in a major government building of a country, state, or city. While the practice differs among countries, in the United States, a viewing in a location other than a  government building, such as a church, may be referred to as lying in repose. These rituals are in effect a more formal and public wake or funeral viewing. Lying in state may precede a state funeral, or it may be the public honor preceding a private funeral.
1913 Wake Forest Baptists football team
The 1913 Wake Forest Baptists football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest College (now known as Wake Forest University) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their third year under head coach Frank Thompson, the team compiled an 0–8 record.

1913 college football season
The 1913 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Auburn, Chicago, and Harvard as having been selected national champions. All three teams finished with undefeated records. Chicago and Harvard officially claim national championships for the 1913 season.

Chicago was also the champion of the Western Conference, Missouri was champion of the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA), and Colorado won the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference.
Decree of War to the Death
The Decree of War to the Death, in Spanish Decreto de Guerra a Muerte, was a decree issued by the South American leader Simón Bolívar which permitted murder and any atrocities whatsoever to be committed against civilians born in Spain, other than those actively assisting South American independence, and furthermore exonerated people from the Americas who had already committed such murders and atrocities. The phrase "war to the death" was used as a euphemism for these atrocities.

The decree was an explicit "war of extermination" in Bolívar's attempt to maintain Venezuelan independence in the war with Spain, since he felt that the Spanish Army's use of atrocities against those who supported the First Republic of Venezuela had contributed decisively to its defeat.: 142–143

Bolívar promulgated the decree on June 15, 1813, in the Venezuelan city of Trujillo.

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.
Qazax
41°05′36″N 45°21′58″E﻿ / ﻿41.09333°N 45.36611°E﻿ / 41.09333; 45.36611

Qazax (Gazakh; (listen)ⓘ) is a city in and the capital of the Gazakh District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 20,900. Gazakh is a city and administrative district in the west of Azerbaijan, the "western gate" of Azerbaijan.

Agstafa
41°07′08″N 45°27′14″E﻿ / ﻿41.11889°N 45.45389°E﻿ / 41.11889; 45.45389

Agstafa (Azerbaijani: Ağstafa) is a town, municipality (assigned in 1941) and the capital of the Aghstafa District of Azerbaijan. Agstafa district was established in 1939, abolished in 1959 and merged with Gazakh district, and made into an independent district again in 1990.
Earnscliffe Woolen-Paragon Worsted Company Mill Complex
The Earnscliffe Woolen-Paragon Worsted Company Mill Complex (M&F Worsted; Artcraft Braid; Cathedral Art Metal Co.) is a historic mill at 25 and 39 Manton Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island.  It consists of a grouping of eleven industrial buildings on 4.4 acres (1.8 ha) in the Olneyville neighborhood of Providence, on the banks of the Woonasquatucket River.  The buildings were built between 1898 and about 1939.  Building 1, the oldest building, began in 1898 as a two-story rectangular brick structure with a three-story tower and a monitor roof, but was expanded over the years, obscuring both the tower and the monitor.  The complex was begun by the Earnscliff Woolen Company, which failed in 1909.  The Paragon Worsted Company purchased the property, and operated on the premises until 1960, when the company closed the mill.

The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Woonasquatucket River
The Woonasquatucket River (pronounced /wuːˈnɑːskwəˌtʌkɪt/ woo-NAH-skwə-TUK-it, Algonquian for "where the salt water ends"), sometimes called "the Woony", is a river in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows approximately 15.8 miles (25.4 km) and drains a watershed of 130 km2 (50 sq mi).

Together with the Blackstone River to the north, the Woonasquatucket was designated an American Heritage River in 1998.  Both rivers played active roles in the Industrial Revolution and the history of Rhode Island in the 19th century. Evidence of this industrial history remains in the fact that there are 18 dams along the river's length.
Charles R. MacIver
Charles R. MacIver (26 October 1890 – 25 April 1981) was a British sailing competitor at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Sources give his name as Charles Ronald MacIver, the son of Charles MacIver.

He was a crew member on the Mouchette which finished second of two teams competing in the 12 metre class. At the time, only the helmsman and mate were awarded silver medals, while the crew received bronze medals. However, MacIver is credited as having received a silver medal in the official Olympic database.

Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 12 Metre
The 12 Metre was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics program in Hunters Quay.  Three races were scheduled. Each nation could enter up to 2 boats. 20 sailors, on 2 boats, from 1 nation competed.
Norman Hipel
Norman Otto Hipel (March 21, 1890 – February 16, 1953) was a Canadian politician, noted for his service as Minister of Labour for Ontario in the cabinet of Mitchell Hepburn. He served as MLA for Waterloo South.

Ministry of Labour (Ontario)
The Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development is responsible for labour issues in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development and its agencies are responsible for employment equity and rights, occupational health and safety, labour relations, and supporting apprenticeships, the skilled trades, and industry training. The ministry's three program responsibilities are delivered from a head office in Toronto and 19 offices organized around four regions, centred in Ottawa, Hamilton, Sudbury and Toronto.  As well, the ministry oversees the work of eight specialized agencies.

The current minister of labour, immigration, training and skills development is David Piccini.
Rose Oldfield Hayes
Rose Oldfield Hayes (born 1936) was an American anthropologist at the State University of New York, Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo). After doing fieldwork in Sudan in 1970 interviewing women who had been infibulated, Hayes wrote the first scholarly paper on female genital mutilation (FGM) that used that term, and the first to incorporate information from the women themselves. Published in American Ethnologist in 1975, the paper represented an important step forward in understanding the practice.

Infibulation
Infibulation is the ritual removal of the vulva and its suturing, a practice found mainly in northeastern Africa, particularly in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Sudan. The World Health Organization refers to the procedure as Type III female genital mutilation.

The term can also refer to the entirely different practice of placing a clasp through the foreskin in men; for more information see the article Fibula (penile).
2013 Laurence Olivier Awards
The 2013 Laurence Olivier Awards were held on Sunday 28 April 2013 at the Royal Opera House, London. The awards were sponsored by MasterCard for the third consecutive year and presented by Hugh Bonneville and Sheridan Smith, with music from the BBC Concert Orchestra. Live coverage of the awards was provided by BBC Radio 2, commentated by Ken Bruce and for the first time in over a decade, the awards were televised, with a highlights programme on ITV.

The Audience (2013 play)
The Audience is a play by the British playwright and screenwriter Peter Morgan. The play centres on weekly meetings, called audiences, between Queen Elizabeth II (originally played by Helen Mirren) and her prime ministers. It premiered in the West End in 2013, at the Gielgud Theatre. A Broadway production opened in 2015, also starring Mirren. A West End revival played in London in 2015 starring Kristin Scott Thomas in the lead role.
Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary
Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary covering an area of 415 square kilometres (102,549 acres; 41,500 ha) in the Baltistan region of northern Pakistan.  Contiguous with the Astore Wildlife Sanctuary to its south and east, the Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary lies south of the Indus River, between the villages of Rondu and Shengus, in the Skardu District.  This protected area was established in 1975, for the purpose of conserving the threatened species that occupy the park, and among them there are snow leopard, brown bear, lynx, Tibetan wolf, Tibetan sand fox, markhor, bharal, and Siberian ibex.

Skardu District
The Skardu District (Urdu: ضلع سکردو) is a district of Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan in the disputed Kashmir region. The district headquarters is the town of Skardu, which is also the headquarters of Baltistan Division.
Great Parks Bicycle Route
The Great Parks Bicycle Route is a two-part bicycle touring route developed and mapped by Adventure Cycling Association. Great Parks North runs 751.5 miles (1209.4 km) from Jasper, Alberta, Canada, to Missoula, Montana, U.S. Great Parks South extends 694.5 miles from Steamboat Springs, Colorado, to Durango, Colorado. When combined with a portion of the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail, the Great Parks Route can be ridden continuously from Jasper to Durango for a total mileage of 2512 miles (4042.6 km). The route passes through Jasper National Park, Banff National Park, Kootenay National Park, and Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada. Crossing into the United States, the route passes through Glacier National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Grand Teton National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, and Mesa Verde National Park before arriving in Durango.

Waterton Lakes National Park
Waterton Lakes National Park is in the southwest corner of Alberta, Canada. The national park borders Glacier National Park in Montana, United States. Waterton was the fourth Canadian national park, formed in 1895 as Kootenay Lakes Forest Reserve. It is named after Waterton Lake, in turn after the Victorian naturalist and conservationist Charles Waterton. Its range is between the Rocky Mountains and the Prairies. This park contains 505 km2 (195 sq mi) of rugged mountains and wilderness. It has a diverse ecosystem.

Operated by Parks Canada, Waterton is open all year, but the main tourist season is during July and August. The only commercial facilities available within the park are located at the Waterton Park townsite. This park ranges in elevation from 1,290 metres (4,232 ft) at the townsite to 2,910 m (9,547 ft) at Mount Blakiston. It offers many scenic trails, including Crypt Lake trail. In 2012/2013, Waterton Lakes National Park had 402,542 visitors.
Mianak, Chalus
Mianak (Persian: ميانك, also Romanized as Mīānak) is a village in Kuhestan Rural District, Kelardasht District, Chalus County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 117, in 31 families.

Kelardasht County
Kelardasht County (Persian: شهرستان کلاردشت) is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Kelardasht. Kelardasht corresponds to historical Kelarestaq.

The county is bordered by Chalus County on the east, Tonekabon County on the west, Abbasabad County on the north, and Alborz province on the south.
Thượng Bằng La
Thượng Bằng La is a commune of Lào Cai Province in the northeastern region of Vietnam.

On June 16, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly issued Resolution No. 1680/NQ-UBTVQH15 on the reorganization of commune-level administrative units in Lào Cai Province in 2025. Accordingly, Nông trường Trần Phú Township and Thượng Bằng La Commune were merged to form a new commune named Thượng Bằng La Commune.

Northeast (Vietnam)
Đông Bắc (literally "Northeast" from Chinese: 東北; pinyin: Dōngběi) is the region to the north of the Red River Delta in Vietnam, bordering China. It is called Northeast to distinguish it from the Tây Bắc (Chinese: 西北; pinyin: Xīběi) or "Northwest", but it is actually in the north and northeast of Hanoi, wider than Việt Bắc (Chinese: 越北联区; pinyin: Yuè Běi Lián Qū) or "Northern Vietnam". The Northeast is one of three sub-regions of Northern Vietnam (the other two sub-regions are the Northwest and the Red River Delta). Sometimes the Northeast includes the Red River Delta.
Qom River
The Qom River or Qom Roud (Persian: رودخانه قم‌رود), originally Golshan River (گلشن رود ”Flowering River”), is a large river in Iran that receives its water from the Zagros Mountains and mounds into the Namak Lake. The Qom River flows through the city of Qom, and together with the Qareh Su it gains a length of approximately 400 km (250 mi). The water level fluctuates greatly, between 312 m³/s and only 4 m³/s. This is partially the effect of the use of the Qom water for irrigation.

In 2014, the World Resources Institute ranked the Qom basin as "extremely high" for water stress.

World Resources Institute
The World Resources Institute (WRI) is a global non-profit research organization established in 1982 with funding from the MacArthur Foundation under the leadership of James Gustave Speth. Subsequent presidents include Jonathan Lash (1993–2011),  Andrew D. Steer (2012–2021) and current president Ani Dasgupta (2021–present).

WRI studies sustainable practices for business, economics, finance and governance, with the purpose of better supporting human society in six areas: food, forests, water, energy, cities, and climate. The institute's flagship report series is the World Resources Report, each of which deals with a different topic. WRI encourages initiatives for monitoring, data analysis, and risk assessment, including global and open source projects. WRI has maintained a 4 out of 4 stars rating from Charity Navigator since 1 October 2008.