hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George Calvert (planter)
George Calvert (February 2, 1768 – January 28, 1838) was an American planter active in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Maryland. His plantation house, Riversdale plantation, also known as the Calvert Mansion, is a five-part, large-scale late Georgian mansion with superior Federal interior, built between 1801 and 1807, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997. Calvert's wife, the Belgian-born heiress Rosalie Stier Calvert, was an indefatigable correspondent whose letters, titled Mistress of Riversdale, The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert, was published by the Johns Hopkins University Press in 1991. The letters range in date from 1795 to 1821, and illuminate the life of the Calverts' plantation household during the events leading up to and during the War of 1812.

Johns Hopkins University Press
Johns Hopkins University Press (also referred to as JHU Press or JHUP) is the publishing division of Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and is the oldest continuously running university press in the United States. The press publishes books and journals, and operates other divisions including fulfillment and electronic databases. Its headquarters are in Charles Village section of Baltimore, Maryland.

In 2017, after the retirement of Kathleen Keane, who is credited with modernizing JHU Press for the digital age, the university appointed new director Barbara Pope.
Stockholm School (economics)
The Stockholm School (Swedish: Stockholmsskolan) is a school of economic thought. It refers to a loosely organized group of Swedish economists that worked together, in Stockholm, Sweden primarily in the 1930s.

The Stockholm School had come to the same conclusions about theories of demand and supply as John Maynard Keynes. Like Keynes, they were inspired by the works of Knut Wicksell, a Swedish economist active in the early years of the twentieth century.

William Barber's comment upon Gunnar Myrdal's work on monetary theory goes like this:

"If his contribution had been available to readers of English before 1936, it is interesting to speculate whether the 'revolution' in macroeconomic theory of the depression decade would be referred to as 'Myrdalian' as much as 'Keynesian'”

Bertil Ohlin
Bertil Gotthard Ohlin (Swedish: [ˈbæ̌ʈːɪl ʊˈliːn]) (23 April 1899 – 3 August 1979) was a Swedish economist and politician. He was a professor of economics at the Stockholm School of Economics from 1929 to 1965. He was also leader of the People's Party, a social-liberal party which at the time was the largest party in opposition to the governing Social Democratic Party, from 1944 to 1967. He served briefly as Minister of Commerce and Industry from 1944 to 1945 in the Swedish coalition government during World War II. He was President of the Nordic Council in 1959 and 1964.

Ohlin's name lives on in one of the standard mathematical models of international free trade, the Heckscher–Ohlin model, which he developed together with Eli Heckscher. He was jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 together with the British economist James Meade "for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements".
Mao-4 moored mine
Moored-4 (锚-4, Mao-4, M-4) is a naval mine developed by Fengxi Machinery Factory (汾西机器厂) and was accepted into active service in 1974. It was the first moored mine in the Chinese service to incorporates an acoustic fuze. The mine can be planted by both the surface ships and submarines from depth of 20–200 meters and weighs 600 kg. The Mao-4 has an effective radius of 20 meters and effective life of 2 years. The original mine was upgraded to Moored-4-I (锚-4甲, Mao-4-Jia) standard in November 1982 and subsequently upgraded into Moored-4-II (锚-4乙, Mao-4-Yi) standard by December 1985. In comparison to earlier versions, the latest version adopted large scale integrated circuits.

Proximity fuze
A proximity fuze (also VT fuze or "variable time fuze") is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when it approaches within a certain distance of its target. Proximity fuzes are designed for elusive military targets such as aircraft and missiles, as well as ships at sea and ground forces. This sophisticated trigger mechanism may increase lethality by 5 to 10 times compared to the common contact fuze or timed fuze.
Gobierno del Cerrito
The Cerrito Government (Spanish: Gobierno del Cerrito, lit. "Little Hill Government") governed almost all the Uruguayan territory during the Great Siege of Montevideo (1843-1851). It was led by Manuel Oribe y Viana.

Uruguay was experiencing the Guerra Grande, between the two traditional parties Colorado and Blanco. Oribe sieged the city during 9 years; his headquarters were established on the Cerrito de la Victoria, at the present neighbourhood of Cerrito. Other notable posts were Villa Restauración (with tribunal and university) and Buceo (with its harbor).

Buceo
Buceo is a barrio (neighbourhood or district) in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Buceo borders Pocitos and Villa Dolores to the west, Parque Batlle, Unión and Malvín Norte to the north, Malvín to the east and the coastline to the south.
Raymond Couderc
Raymond Couderc (born 16 September 1946 in Bordeaux) was a French politician, and a former member of the Senate of France, who represented the Department of Hérault.  He was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, which is a part of the European People's Party.

He was the Mayor of Béziers and the President of the community of the agglomeration Béziers to the Mediterranean.  Before he was a senator, he was a député1993/97 in the National Assembly, representing the 6th constituency of Hérault.

Later he was a member (2020/2023) of the board and président of ethics committee of the NGO «ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM ».

Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau, [eˈɾaw]) is a department of the region of Occitania, Southern France. Named after the Hérault River, its prefecture is Montpellier. It had a population of 1,175,623 in 2019.
1995 Norwich City Council election
The 1995 Norwich City Council election took place on 4 May 1995 to elect members of Norwich City Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections. 16 of 48 seats (one-third) were up for election.

1995 United Kingdom local elections
The 1995 United Kingdom local elections took place on Thursday 6 April 1995 in Scotland, and Thursday 4 May 1995 in England and Wales. The Conservative Party lost over 2,000 councillors in the election, while the Labour Party won 48% of the vote, a record high for the party in local elections.

The elections were the first to be contested under Labour's new leadership of Tony Blair, who had been elected the previous year following the sudden death of his predecessor John Smith.

This was also the first election of 22 Welsh and 14 English unitary authorities, creating shadow authorities which ran in parallel with existing councils until taking power in April 1996, except for the new Isle of Wight Council which took power immediately.
The Ballad of John and Yoko
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in May 1969. Written by John Lennon and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, the song chronicles the events surrounding the wedding of Lennon and Yoko Ono. The song was the Beatles' 17th UK number-one single and their last for 54 years until "Now and Then" in 2023. In the United States, it was banned by some radio stations due to the lyrics' reference to Christ and crucifixion. The single peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song has subsequently appeared on compilation albums such as Hey Jude,  1967–1970, Past Masters, and 1.

Mark Lewisohn
Mark Lewisohn (born 16 June 1958) is an English historian and biographer. Since the 1980s, he has written many reference books about the Beatles and has worked for EMI, MPL Communications and Apple Corps. He has been referred to as the world's leading authority on the band. His major works include The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions (1988), a history of the group's session dates, and The Beatles: All These Years (2013–present), a three-volume series intended as the group's most comprehensive biography.
Antemnae
Antemnae was a town and Roman colony of ancient Latium in Italy. It was situated two miles north of ancient Rome on a hill (now Monte Antenne) commanding the confluence of the Aniene and the Tiber. It lay west of the later Via Salaria and now lies within a park in modern Rome.

Prehistoric Italy
The prehistory of Italy began in the Paleolithic period, when members of the genus Homo first inhabited what is now modern Italian territory, and ended in the Iron Age, when the first written records appeared in Italy.
Beikhokhei Beingaichho
Beikhokhei Beingaichho (born 15 August 1990) is an Indian footballer who plays primarily as a right winger for East Bengal Fc Bengaluru Fc Mohun Bagan Ac George Telegraph Minerva Punjab Aizawl Fc United Sikkim  in the I-League.

Mohun Bagan AC
Mohun Bagan Athletic Club is an Indian professional multi-sports club based in Kolkata, West Bengal. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest multi-sports clubs in Asia. The club has various sports departments like football, cricket, hockey, tennis, athletics and eSports.
Matt Hanson (politician)
Matt Hanson is a railroad engineer and Democratic politician serving as an Illinois state representative for District 83. Elected in 2022 he defeated Republican Keith Wheeler. The District includes parts of St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, North Aurora, Aurora, Montgomery, and Oswego.

Hanson earned a B.S. in business administration from the University of Richmond and worked as an engineer with BNSF Railway.

He was previously elected to the Kane County Board from District 6 in 2018, and but lost re-election to the seat in 2020 in the primary.

Oswego, Illinois
Oswego (/ɒsˈwiːɡoʊ/ oss-WEE-goh) is a village in Kendall and Will counties, Illinois, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 34,485. Oswego is the largest municipality in Kendall County. Part of the Chicago metropolitan area, it is an exurb of Chicago.
Melbourne tram route 31
Melbourne tram route 31 was operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network from Hoddle Street to Victoria Harbour. The route was designed as a supplementary service along Collins Street, with services running between peak hours with reduced services on weekends.

Yarra Trams
Yarra Trams is the trading name of the operator of the tram network in Melbourne, Australia, which is owned by VicTrack and leased to Yarra Trams by the Victorian Department of Transport and Planning. Since December 2024, the current franchise is operated by Yarra Journey Makers, a joint venture of Transdev and John Holland.

As at May 2014, Yarra Trams operated 487 trams, across 26 tram routes, including a free City Circle tourist tram, and over 1,763 tram stops. With 250 km (155.3 mi) of double track, Melbourne's tram network is the largest in the world. In 2015/16, 203.8 million journeys were taken on Melbourne's trams, with trams traveling more than 24.8 million kilometres (15.4 million miles) annually. Each week Yarra Trams operates 31,400 scheduled tram services, which results in trams operating for approximately 20 hours per day and a team of 24-hour operations staff completing network maintenance and cleaning.
Robert Koldewey
Robert Johann Koldewey (10 September 1855 – 4 February 1925) was a German archaeologist, famous for his in-depth excavation of the ancient city of Babylon in modern-day Iraq. He was born in Blankenburg am Harz in Germany, the duchy of Brunswick, and died in Berlin at the age of 69.

His digs at Babylon revealed the foundations of the ziggurat Marduk, and the Ishtar Gate; he also developed several modern archaeological techniques including a method to identify and excavate mud brick architecture. This technique was particularly useful in his excavation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (1899–1917) which were built ca. 580 BC using mainly unfired mudbricks.

A practicing archaeologist for most of his life, he participated in and led many excavations in Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy. After he died, the Koldewey Society was established to record and mark his architectural service.

Mudbrick
A mudbrick (or mud-brick), also called an unfired brick, is an air-dried brick composed of a mixture of mud (containing loam, clay, sand, and water) with a binding material, such as rice husks or straw. Mudbricks are known to have been used since 9000 BCE.

From around 5000–4000 BCE, mudbricks evolved into fired bricks to increase strength and durability. Nevertheless, in some warm regions with very little timber available to fuel a kiln, mudbricks continued to be in use. Mudbricks remain the modern standard of vernacular architecture in some warmer regions, mainly in parts of Africa and western Asia. In the 20th century, the compressed earth block was developed using high pressure as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative to obtain non-fired bricks with more strength than the simpler air-dried mudbricks.
Amt
Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe. Its size and functions differ by country and the term is roughly equivalent to a British or U.S. county.

Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
Abdelilah Fahmi
Abdelilah Fahmi (Arabic: عبدالإله فهمي; born 3 August 1973) is a Moroccan former footballer who played as a defender.

Fahmi appeared in 11 Turkish Super Lig matches for Gaziantepspor during the 2005–06 season.

He was part of the Moroccan 2000 African Nations Cup team, which finished third in group D in the first round of competition, thus failing to secure qualification for the quarter-finals.

Gaziantepspor
Gaziantepspor was a Turkish football club located in the city of Gaziantep. Formed in 1969 and dissolved in 2020, Gaziantepspor were nicknamed the Şahinler (The Falcons). The club colours were black and red, and they played their home matches at New Gaziantep Stadium.
Eddie Brown (Canadian football)
"Downtown" Eddie Brown (born August 6, 1966) is a former slotback in the Canadian Football League (CFL) between 1990 and 2002. Brown played with eight CFL teams, and appeared in two Grey Cup championships with the Edmonton Eskimos, winning the 81st Grey Cup in 1993.

In 1995, he played for the Memphis Mad Dogs. In 1996, after the demise of the Memphis Mad Dogs, he re-signed with the Edmonton Eskimos. In 1999, he played for the BC Lions.

In total he caught 532 passes for 8663 yards in 160 career CFL games with 63 touchdowns. Eddie had 3 1,000 yard seasons, all with Edmonton, and was a CFL All-Star in 1996 as well as Western All-Star in 1996 and 1999.

His shoestring catch in the snow of the 84th Grey Cup is considered to be one of the most memorable plays in Grey Cup history.

81st Grey Cup
The 81st Grey Cup was the 1993 Canadian Football League championship game played between the Edmonton Eskimos and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers at McMahon Stadium in Calgary, Alberta. The Eskimos defeated the Blue Bombers 33–23 to win the Grey Cup.
Jon Heyman
Jon Heyman (born February 7, 1961) is an American baseball columnist for the New York Post, a baseball insider for MLB Network and WFAN Radio and co-host with Joel Sherman of the baseball podcast The Show.

Heyman has also appeared as a guest on numerous radio and TV programs, including Mike and the Mad Dog, The Michael Kay Show, Quite Frankly with Stephen A. Smith, Mike'd Up and Jim Rome is Burning.

The Michael Kay Show
The Michael Kay Show is a sports radio talk show airing on the New York City radio station WHSQ 880 ESPN New York, hosted by New York Yankees television play-by-play broadcaster Michael Kay. New York Rangers pre and post-game radio host Don La Greca and WWE Network and Hot 97 radio host Peter Rosenberg were former co-hosts through 2024. The show can be heard on Sirius XM Radio channel 206 (formally Sirius XM 202) and was simulcast on the television station YES Network until 2024. The show premiered in 2002.
Coatepeque, El Salvador
Coatepeque (Nawat: kuātepēk) is a district in the municipality of Santa Ana Este in the Santa Ana department of El Salvador. It is above El Congo, south of the department's capital and is bordered by the department of La Libertad in the East.

La Libertad Department (El Salvador)
La Libertad (Spanish pronunciation: [la liβeɾˈtað]) is one of the departments of El Salvador and is located in the southwest of the country. The capital is Santa Tecla. It has an area 1,653 km² and a population of 765,879 people.
Ferdinand Bracke
Ferdinand Bracke (born 25 May 1939) is a Belgian former professional road and track cyclist who is most famous for holding the World Hour Record (48.093 km) and winning the overall title at the 1971 Vuelta a España in front of Wilfried David of Belgium and Luis Ocaña of Spain. He also became world pursuit champion on the track in 1964 and 1969.

Tour of Belgium
The Tour of Belgium (Dutch: Ronde van België; French: Tour de Belgique) is a five-day bicycle race which is held annually in Belgium, and is part of the UCI ProSeries.

It was held annually between 1908 and 1981, except during both world wars. Between 1982 and 1990 several races were not organised and none at all from 1991 to 2001. From 2002 onwards the race has again become an annual fixture on the cycling calendar.

Following the start of the UCI ProTour in 2005 it looked like the race would merge with the Eneco Tour; however this did not happen and it became part of the UCI Europe Tour competition.
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee academics
The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee is a doctoral-degree granting public research university that consists of 14 colleges and schools, and 70 academic centers, institutes and laboratory facilities. It offers a total of 180 degree programs, including 94 bachelor's, 53 master's and 32 doctorate degrees. The School of Freshwater Sciences is the only graduate school of freshwater science in the U.S. and the third in the world. The School of Architecture and Urban Planning, the College of Nursing and the College of Health Sciences are the largest in Wisconsin.

The university is categorized as an R1 Research University (very high research activity) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Per U.S. News & World Report 2012, the university is ranked 121st nationally by America's Best High School guidance counselors as offering the best undergraduate education to their students.

Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, or simply the Carnegie Classification, is a framework for classifying colleges and universities in the United States. It was created in 1970 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. It is managed by the American Council on Education.

The framework primarily serves educational and research purposes, where it is often important to identify groups of roughly comparable institutions. The classification generally focuses on types of degrees awarded and related level of activity such as research. The classification includes all accredited, degree-granting colleges and universities in the United States that are represented in the National Center for Education Statistics' Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).
German submarine U-453
German submarine U-453 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 4 July 1940 by Deutsche Werke in Kiel as yard number 284, launched on 30 April 1941 and commissioned on 26 June 1941 under Kapitänleutnant Egon-Reiner von Schlippenbach (Knight's Cross).

The boat's service began on 26 June 1941 with training as part of the 7th U-boat Flotilla, followed by active service until being transferred to the 29th flotilla on 1 January 1942, based in La Spezia in Italy.

La Spezia
La Spezia is a city and municipality at the head of the Gulf of La Spezia in the eastern part of the region of Liguria in Italy, the capital of the Province of La Spezia. With a population of 92,711, it is the 2nd-largest municipality in Liguria and the 52-largest in Italy.

La Spezia is the second-largest city in the Liguria region, after Genoa. Located roughly midway between Genoa and Pisa, on the Ligurian Sea, it is one of the main Italian military and commercial harbours and a major Italian Navy base. A popular seaside resort, it is also a significant railway junction, and is notable for its museums, for the Palio del Golfo rowing race, and for railway and boat links with the Cinque Terre.
Ballarat Minerdome
The Ballarat Minerdome (also known as MARS Minerdome under a naming rights agreement with Mars Chocolate Australia) is a sports stadium located in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. It hosts the South East Australian Basketball League teams Ballarat Miners and Ballarat Rush, and can hold up to 2,000 spectators.

On 29 October 2006, the Minerdome hosted its only National Basketball League game when four-time Olympian and former US National Basketball Association player Shane Heal led the Melbourne-based South Dragons to a 96–86 win over the Cairns Taipans in front of a capacity crowd of 2,000 fans.

National Basketball League (Australia)
The National Basketball League (NBL) is a men's professional basketball league in Australasia, currently composed of ten teams: nine in Australia and one in New Zealand. It is the premier professional men's basketball league in Australia and New Zealand. The league was played in the Australian winter until 1998 when it switched to summer seasons beginning with the 1998–99 season. The NBL's regular season runs from September to February, with each team playing 33 games. The league's finals extends into March to April, culminating with the Championship grand final series.
1978 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit held that year. It consisted of four Grand Slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments and the Nations Cup, a team event. In addition eight World Championship Tennis (WCT) tournaments, a separate professional tennis circuit held from 1971 through 1977, were incorporated into the Grand Prix circuit. The 28 tournaments with prize money of $175,000 or more formed the Super Series category. Jimmy Connors won 10 of the 84 tournaments which secured him the first place in the Grand Prix points ranking. However he did not play enough tournaments (13) to qualify for largest share ($300,000) of the bonus pool, which instead went to third–ranked Eddie Dibbs.

Peter Feigl
Peter Feigl (born 30 November 1951) is an Austrian former professional tennis player. He was a quarterfinalist in the 1978 Australian Open, defeating Ken Rosewall in what would be Rosewall's final Grand Slam match. He reached a highest singles ranking of world No. 35 in November 1979.