hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chinese Olympic politics
This narrow-focus article concerns Chinese Olympic politics only. This is the politics, historical and present-day, surrounding the participation in the Olympics of the Chinese Olympic Team, the Chinese Taipei Olympic Team and to a much lesser extent the Hong Kong Olympic Team. This article is not concerned with Sport.

Hong Kong at the Olympics
Hong Kong first competed at the Olympic Games in 1952. It competed as a British colony until 1996. After the territory's handover in 1997, it has competed since 2000 as "Hong Kong, China" with its status as a special administrative region (SAR) of China. Throughout its history, Hong Kong has participated in every Summer Olympic Games since 1952, except in 1980 in support of the United States' boycott, and in every Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Hong Kong won its first medal and first gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics, its second gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics, and its third and fourth gold medals at the 2024 Summer Olympics. It has also won nine other medals: three silvers and six bronzes. Its best performance to date (by number of gold medals) was in 2024, where it won two gold and two bronze medals.
Gabe Jackson
Gabriel C. Jackson (born July 12, 1991) is an American professional football guard. He was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the third round of the 2014 NFL draft. He played college football at Mississippi State.

Mississippi State Bulldogs football
The Mississippi State Bulldogs football program represents Mississippi State University in the sport of American football. The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as well as the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They also have won one SEC championship in 1941 and a division championship in 1998. The Bulldogs have 27 postseason bowl appearances. The program has produced 38 All-Americans (three consensus), 171 All-SEC selections, and 124 NFL players (11 first-round draft picks). The Bulldogs’ home stadium, Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field, is the second oldest in the NCAA Division I FBS.
Udurchukan Formation
The Udurchukan Formation is a geological formation located in Amur Region, Far East Russia. Based on palynomorphs such as Wodehouseia spinata, the Udurchukan is considered of Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous, during the Cretaceous Period.

Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast (/əˈmʊər ˈɒblæst/) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya rivers in the Russian Far East. The oblast borders Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the south.

The administrative center of the oblast, the city of Blagoveshchensk, is one of the oldest settlements in the far east of the country, founded in 1856. It is a traditional center of trade and gold mining. The territory is accessed by two railways: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal–Amur Mainline. As of the 2021 Census, the oblast's population was 766,912.
Miguel Hernández Saffirio
José Miguel Hernández Saffirio (born 18 July 1949) was a Chilean politician who served as deputy and Intendant of the Araucanía Region.

He joined the Christian Democratic Party (DC), serving as communal vice president in Victoria in 1988 and representing the party in the campaign for the “No” option in the plebiscite of 5 October 1988. Between 1989 and 1990, he was communal president of both the DC and the Concertación in Victoria, later becoming provincial president in Malleco and delegate to the party’s National Board.

He is also a hotel entrepreneur and has written opinion columns for the newspapers Las Noticias (Victoria) and El Austral (Temuco), and participated in local radio stations such as Araucana, Frontera and Copihue FM.

Concertación
The Concertación, officially the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (Spanish pronunciation: [konseɾtaˈsjon de paɾˈtiðos poɾ la ðemoˈkɾasja]; English: Concert of Parties for Democracy), was a coalition of center-left political parties in Chile, founded in 1988. Presidential candidates under its banner won every election from when military rule ended in 1990 until the conservative candidate Sebastián Piñera won the Chilean presidential election in 2010. In 2013 it was replaced by New Majority coalition.

During its time in office, the Concertación presided over a notable expansion of spending on social programs together with a steady reduction in poverty in Chile.
Internet censorship and surveillance in Africa
Unclassified / No data

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Africa provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Africa.

Detailed country by country information on Internet censorship and surveillance is provided in the Freedom on the Net reports from Freedom House, by the OpenNet Initiative, by Reporters Without Borders, and in the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices from the U.S. State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. The ratings produced by several of these organizations are summarized below as well as in the Censorship by country article.

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices are annual publications on the human rights conditions in countries and regions outside the United States, mandated by U.S. law to be submitted annually by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor of the United States Department of State to the United States Congress. The reports cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Kaduna Mafia
The Kaduna Mafia (
not a criminal organisation) is a loose group of Nigerian businessmen, civil servants, intellectuals and military officers from Northern Nigeria, who resided or conducted their activities in Kaduna, the former capital of the region towards the end of the First Republic.

Similar to the Sicilian Mafia, the group shares features of omertà, ethnicity, and patronage. It is believed the resentment of competing interests led to the creation of the acerbic idea of a clique gaining headway through its closeness to power and thereby approximating resources of the state under the banner of capitalism.

First Nigerian Republic
The First Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1963 and 1966 governed by the first republican constitution. The country's government was based on a federal form of the Westminster system. The period between 1 October 1960, when the country gained its independence, and 15 January 1966, when the first military coup d’état took place, is also generally referred to as the First Republic. The first Republic of Nigeria was ruled by different leaders representing their regions as premiers in a federation during this period.
Li Lung-chieh
Li Lung-chieh (李隆杰) is a Taiwanese manga artist. Some of his works include Roachgirl (覺醒人間-螂女飛翔傳) and Taiwan Determination : Legend of Beigang (新世紀北港神拳). He was nominated in the Algiers International Comics Festival of Algeria  with his comic book Animal Impact (動物衝擊頻道) in 2011. He published Taiwan Super Riders (台灣超級機車) and exhibited in Angoulême International Comics Festival and Planet Manga  of Centre Georges Pompidou in 2012.

Angoulême International Comics Festival
The Angoulême International Comics Festival (AICF; French: Festival international de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême, FIBD), held in Angoulême, France, is the second largest comics festival in Europe after the Lucca Comics & Games of Italy, and the third biggest in the world after Lucca and the Comiket of Japan. It has occurred every year since 1974, on the last weekend of January; the 2026 edition was cancelled amidst an artists' boycott to the festival organizer 9emeArt+, accused of mismanagement.
Jim Parton
Jim Parton is the author of several books, including Unreasonable Behaviour, The Bucks Stops Here and Playing Footsie. He also wrote a book with the popular minstrel Robbie Williams, entitled Let Me Entertain You.

He used to be a fathers' rights activist and was chairman of the charitable social care organization Families Need Fathers (FNF) for five years and later editor of the charity's newsletter, McKenzie. Parton was a frequent spokesperson on family law issues in the UK media.

He now lives in southern Poland, where he is restoring a seventeenth-century former bishop's palace with his wife at Piotrowice Nyskie, near Nysa. He writes occasionally on the internet and for the press and is a member of the Dull Men's Club.

Fathers' rights movement
The fathers' rights movement is a branch of the men's rights movement whose members are primarily interested in issues related to family law, including child custody and child support, that affect fathers and their children. Many of its members are fathers who desire to share the parenting of their children equally with their children's mothers—either after divorce or marital separation. The movement includes men as well as women, often the second wives of divorced fathers or other family members of men who have had some engagement with family law. Most fathers' rights advocates argue for formal gender equality.
Ushi Khan
Ushi Khan (24 December 1935–10 September 2014) was an Indian politician. She was a Member of Parliament, representing Rajasthan in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the INC.

Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.
Jet Storm
Jet Storm (also known as Jet Stream or Killing Urge) is a 1959 British thriller film directed and co-written by Cy Endfield. Richard Attenborough stars with Stanley Baker, Hermione Baddeley and Diane Cilento. The film is a precursor to the later aviation disaster film genre such as Airport (1970).

Hermione Baddeley
Hermione Youlanda Ruby Clinton-Baddeley (13 November 1906 – 19 August 1986) was an English actress of theatre, film, and television. She typically played brash, vulgar characters, often referred to as "brassy" or "blowsy". She found her milieu in revue, in which she played from the 1930s to the 1950s, co-starring several times with English actress Hermione Gingold.

Baddeley was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and BAFTA Award for Best British Actress for her performance in Room at the Top (1959) and a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore in 1963. She portrayed Mrs. Cratchit in the 1951 film Scrooge and Ellen the Maid in the 1964 Disney film Mary Poppins. She voiced Madame Adelaide Bonfamille in the 1970 Disney animated film, The Aristocats. In 1975, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series for her portrayal of Nell Naugatuck on the TV series Maude.
Iveco Metro
The Iveco Metro is a low-entry single-decker bus chassis manufactured by Iveco Bus in Dandenong, Victoria for the Australian market.

It has been purchased by a number of Australian operators including Carbridge, Coastal Liner, Green's Northern Coaches, Grenda's Bus Service, Ivanhoe Bus Company, Moonee Valley Coaches, Red Bus Services, State Transit, Telford's Bus & Coach, Torrens Transit and Transdev Shorelink.

Transdev Shorelink Buses
Transdev Shorelink was an Australian bus company operating services in the northern suburbs of Sydney. It was a division of Transdev. In 2013, Transdev Shorelink was absorbed into Transdev NSW. Rebranding into Transdev NSW did not happen until 2014.
2022 Massachusetts elections
The 2022 Massachusetts general election was held on November 8, 2022, throughout Massachusetts. Primary elections were held on September 6, 2022.

The election includes:

Federal elections for the US House of Representatives

Statewide elections for governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, Secretary of the Commonwealth, treasurer, and auditor

District elections for state representatives, state senators, and Governor's Councillors

County elections for sheriff, district attorney, county commissioner (only in certain counties)

Ballot questions at the state and local levels

To register to vote, Massachusetts residents had to register by October 29, 2022.

To vote by mail, registered Massachusetts voters had to request a ballot by November 1, 2022.

Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts
The treasurer and receiver-general of Massachusetts is an elected constitutional officer in the executive branch of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Originally appointed under authority of the English Crown pursuant to the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company, the office of treasurer and receiver-general (commonly called the "state treasurer") became an elective one in 1780. Sixty-one individuals have occupied the office of state treasurer over the ensuing centuries. The incumbent is Deb Goldberg, a Democrat who took office January 21, 2015.
Yordan Sokolov
Yordan Sokolov, (Bulgarian: Йордан Соколов) sometimes spelled as Jordan Sokolov (18 January 1933 – 24 February 2016) was a Bulgarian jurist and politician, Minister of Internal affairs from 1991 to 1992, three mandates as an MP from January 1995 to June 2005, and Speaker (Bulgarian: председател) of Parliament from 1997 to 2001.

He was a graduate of the juridical faculty of Sofia University.

In 2004 together with Ivan Kostov and other MPs Sokolov founded DSB, but in 2005 he left the political scene and returned to lawyer practice. In 2011 he left his posts at DSP and resigned from membership because of the party's united political activities with the Socialists.

He was married to Prof. Eva Sokolova with two daughters until his death in 2016.

Sofia University
Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (Bulgarian: Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“) is a public research university in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is the oldest institution of higher education in Bulgaria.

Founded on 1 October 1888, the edifice of the university was constructed between 1924 and 1934 with the financial support of the brothers Evlogi Georgiev and Hristo Georgiev (whose sculptures are now featured on its façade) and has an area of 18,624 m2 and a total of 324 premises. The university has 16 faculties and three departments, where over 21,000 students receive their education. The current rector is Georgi Valchev.
Hydrophobie (song)
Hydrophobie  (or sometimes called “The Skipper and the Quaker") is a Geordie folk song written in the 19th century by Robert Emery, in a style deriving from music hall.

This song tells the tale of a Keelman who is bitten by a dog. The keelman and his crew frighten a Quaker passenger by pretending the dog bite has caused hydrophobia.

Keelmen
In British history, Keelmen were men who worked aboard keels ferrying coal along the rivers Tyne and Wear to collier ships moored out to sea. Keels were large barge-like vessels which were needed because the shallowness of both rivers barred access to larger vessels. The keelmen formed a close-knit and colourful community until their eventual demise late in the nineteenth century.
1991 Major League Baseball draft
The 1991 Major League Baseball draft began 3 June 1991 to assign amateur baseball players to MLB teams. The draft order is the reverse order of the 1990 MLB season standings. In addition, compensation picks will be distributed for players who did not sign from the 1990 MLB Draft. The New York Yankees received the first overall selection.

Brien Taylor would become only the second top pick to fail to reach the major leagues, following Steve Chilcott of the 1966 draft.

Steve Chilcott
Steven Lynn Chilcott (born September 23, 1948) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in minor league baseball as a catcher from 1966 to 1972. Chilcott was chosen as the first overall selection in the 1966 Major League Baseball draft, by the New York Mets. He is one of three players to be drafted first overall in the Major League Baseball draft and never play in the major leagues, along with Brien Taylor and Brady Aiken.
Chaprote
Chaprote is one of the earliest villages in Nagar District of the Gilgit-Baltistan region in Pakistan.  It is a scenic area, in which the literacy rate is more than 90%. The village consists of 500 families and more than 10 tribes. Khimitay, Khanny, Masuty, Janay, Duguray and Bekhdury are well known families in the region.

Many miles of terraced fields and fruit orchards mark Chaprote, the earlier capital of Nagar Valley. It offers a panoramic view of the Rakaposhi and other peaks surrounding Nagar Valley. It is about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Gilgit, the capital city of Gilgit-Baltistan region, and it takes a van about 1 hour to cover the distance. The total area of the valley is around 8 miles. There is a tourist spot called GAPA which gives a view of the Rakaposhi peak.

Chaprote is the center of a form of shamanism called "Danyalism".

Rakaposhi
Rakaposhi (Burushaski: رآکاپوݜی, lit. 'Shining Wall'; Urdu: راکاپوشی) also known as Dumani (Burushaski: دومآنی, lit. 'Mother of Mist') is a mountain within the Karakoram range in Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan. It is situated in the middle of the Nagar and Bagrote valleys. The mountain is extremely broad, measuring almost 20 kilometres (12 mi) from east to west. It is the only peak on earth that descends directly and without interruption for almost 6,000 meters from its summit to its base.
1980 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship
The 1980 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1980 season. The championship was won by Cork who defeated first time finalists Limerick by a three-point margin in the final in a replay, the first final to be replayed since 1974 and the third in the history of the game. The match drew an attendance of 3,013 including president Paddy Hillery. Limerick had been junior champions in 1977 and qualified for the National Camogie League finals of 1978 and 1979.

Limerick GAA
The Limerick County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae Luimneach) or Limerick GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Limerick. The county board is also responsible for the Limerick county teams.

The county hurling team has the fourth highest total of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) titles, behind Kilkenny, Cork and Tipperary. The county football team was the first from the province of Munster both to win an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), as well as to appear in the final.

As of 2009, there were 108 clubs affiliated to Limerick GAA — the third highest, alongside Antrim.
Fernique's theorem
Fernique's theorem is a result about Gaussian measures on Banach spaces. It extends the finite-dimensional result that a Gaussian random variable has exponential tails. The result was proved in 1970 by Xavier Fernique.

Gaussian measure
In mathematics, a Gaussian measure is a Borel measure on finite-dimensional Euclidean space , closely related to the normal distribution in statistics. There is also a generalization to infinite-dimensional spaces. Gaussian measures are named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. One reason why Gaussian measures are so ubiquitous in probability theory is the central limit theorem. Loosely speaking, it states that if a random variable  is obtained by summing a large number  of independent random variables with variance 1, then  has variance  and its law is approximately Gaussian.
Frederick County Courthouse
Frederick County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located at Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia. It was built in 1840, and is a two-story, rectangular, brick building on a stone foundation and partial basement in the Greek Revival style.  It measures 50 feet by 90 feet, and features a pedimented Doric order portico and a gabled roof surmounted by a cupola.  Also on the property is a contributing Confederate monument, dedicated in 1916, consisting of a bronze statue of a soldier on a stone base.

The building currently houses the Shenandoah Valley Civil War Museum.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It is located in the Winchester Historic District.

Frederick County, Virginia
39°13′N 78°16′W﻿ / ﻿39.21°N 78.26°W﻿ / 39.21; -78.26

Frederick County is the northernmost county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 91,419. Its county seat is Winchester. The county was formed in 1743 by splitting Orange County. Frederick County is included in the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area.
Protofeminism
Protofeminism is a concept that anticipates modern feminism in eras when the feminist concept as such was still unknown. This refers particularly to times before the 20th century, although the precise usage is disputed, as 18th-century feminism and 19th-century feminism are often subsumed into "feminism". The usefulness of the term protofeminist has been questioned by some modern scholars, as has the term postfeminist.

Bathsua Makin
Bathsua Reginald Makin (/ˈmækɪn/; c. 1600 – c. 1680) was a teacher who contributed to the emerging criticism of woman's position in the domestic and public spheres in 17th-century England. Herself a highly educated woman, Makin was referred to as England's most learned lady, skilled in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, German, Spanish, French and Italian. Makin argued primarily for the equal right of women and girls to obtain an education in an environment or culture that viewed woman as the weaker vessel, subordinate to man and uneducable. She is best known for her polemical treatise entitled An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen, in Religion, Manners, Arts & Tongues, with an Answer to the Objections against this Way of Education (1673).
2023 AFC Championship Game
The 2023 American Football Conference (AFC) Championship Game was a National Football League (NFL) game played on January 28, 2024, to determine the AFC champion for the 2023 NFL season. The game was played at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, featuring the Kansas City Chiefs and the Baltimore Ravens.

In a largely defensive affair, the Chiefs defeated the Ravens, 17–10, winning their second consecutive conference championship.

M&T Bank Stadium
M&T Bank Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. It has been the home of the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL) since its opening in 1998. The stadium is immediately adjacent to Oriole Park at Camden Yards, the home of the Baltimore Orioles.  Often referred to as "Ravens Stadium" or "The Bank", the stadium has a listed capacity of 70,745 and has been praised for its fan amenities, ease of access, concessions and other facilities.

The stadium was originally known as Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards, until PSINet acquired the naming rights in 1999, naming it PSINet Stadium. It then reverted to Ravens Stadium in 2002 when PSINet filed for bankruptcy. M&T Bank bought the naming rights in 2003 and signed a 15-year, $75 million contract with the Ravens, which was brokered by Team Services, LLC. The naming rights deal for M&T Bank Stadium was renewed in 2023, extending the name through 2037.