hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
USS Capricornus
USS Capricornus (AKA-57/LKA-57) was an Andromeda-class attack cargo ship named after the zodiacal constellation Capricornus.

Capricornus (AKA-57) was launched on 14 August 1943 as Spitfire by Moore Dry Dock Co., Oakland, California, under a Maritime Commission contract, sponsored by Mrs. J. E. Mock, acquired by the Navy on 25 November 1943, placed in partial commission the same day, decommissioned on 29 November 1943, and converted by Willamette Iron and Steel Works, Portland, Oregon, and commissioned in full on 31 May 1944.

Capricornus
Capricornus is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for "horned goat" or "goat horn" or "having horns like a goat's", and it is commonly represented in the form of a sea goat: a mythical creature that is half goat, half fish.

Capricornus is one of the 88 modern constellations, and was also one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Claudius Ptolemy. Its traditional astrological symbol is  (♑︎). Under its modern boundaries it is bordered by Aquila, Sagittarius, Microscopium, Piscis Austrinus, and Aquarius. The constellation is located in an area of sky called the Sea or the Water, consisting of many water-related constellations such as Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus. It is the smallest constellation in the zodiac.
Visa requirements for Belgian citizens
Visa requirements for Belgian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Belgium.

As of 2025, Belgian citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 187 countries and territories, ranking the Belgian passport 5th in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.

Visa Waiver Program
The Visa Waiver Program (VWP) is a program of the United States government that allows nationals of specific countries to travel to the United States for tourism, business, or while in transit for up to 90 days without having to obtain a visa. It applies to all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as to Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, which also have an additional program with waivers for more nationalities; American Samoa has a similar but separate program.

The countries selected for the VWP by the U.S. government are generally regarded as developed countries, with high-income economies and a very high Human Development Index.

Other visa waivers exist for citizens of some neighboring or associated countries and territories.
1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 6, 1860, as part of this 1860 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. By 1860, South Carolina was the only state using this procedure in a presidential election and had been since Delaware switched to popular vote for the 1832 election. This would also be the last time South Carolina would do so. After this election, Colorado in 1876 (when the state was too newly formed to organize an election) and Florida in 1868 (when reconstruction concerns led to the state legislature being used) were the only times a state selected electors by the state legislature.

1868 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1868 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 3, 1868, as part of the 1868 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. The vote in the legislature was 40 Republicans to 9 Democrats.

Florida voted for the Republican nominee, Ulysses S. Grant.

As a result of the status of Reconstruction, the state's three electoral votes were allocated by the State Legislature to Grant. This was the only time in the state's history that the popular vote did not decide the election in the state, as well as one of only two times nationally after the American Civil War (along with Colorado in 1876).
Wallich
Wallich is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dorothea Juliana Wallich (1657–1725), German alchemist

George Charles Wallich (1815–1899), British marine biologist and medical doctor; son of Nathaniel Wallich

Henry Wallich (1914–1988), German American banker and economist

Hermann Wallich (1833–1928), German Jewish banker; father of Paul Wallich

Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854), Danish botanist and surgeon; father of George Charles Wallich
Wallich's pheasant (a.k.a. cheer pheasant or Catreus wallichii), a bird species named after Nathaniel Wallich

Paul Wallich (1882–1938), German banker; son of Hermann Wallich

Paul Wallich
Paul Wallich (1882–1938) was a German banker and son of the banker Hermann Wallich, one of the founders of Deutsche Bank. An assimilated Jew, who considered himself Christian, he rose to become a partner in the bank Dreyfus & Co. Wallich was also a scholar and a book collector, with a collection of 30,000 volumes.

When the Nazis rose to power, Wallich and his bank were persecuted due to Jewish heritage. The bank was Aryanized, that is transferred to a non-Jewish owner, Merck Finck & Co., a Munich-based bank. He signed a 10-year consulting contract for 50,000 marks per year.

Wallich committed suicide in the aftermath of the Kristallnacht pogrom by drowning himself in the Rhine at Cologne.
Alexander S. Smith
Alexander Smith Smith (August 24, 1868 — November 10, 1916) was a hardware merchant and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Moosomin from 1898 to 1905 in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories and then Moosomin in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1908 to 1916 as a Liberal.

He was born at sea off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the son of A.S. Smith, a native of Scotland, and was educated in St. Marys, Ontario. Smith came to Moosomin, Saskatchewan, establishing a tinsmithing and hardware business. He served on the town council and was the town's second mayor. In 1892, Smith married Kate R. Ross. He was defeated by Daniel David Ellis when he ran for election to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1905. Poor health later forced Smith to retire to Arizona for the winters.

Grand Banks of Newfoundland
The Grand Banks of Newfoundland are a series of underwater plateaus south-east of the island of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. The Grand Banks are one of the world's richest fishing grounds, supporting swordfish, haddock and capelin, as well as shellfish, seabirds and sea mammals. Overfishing in the late 20th century caused the collapse of several species, particularly Atlantic cod, leading to the  closure of the Canadian Grand Banks fishery from 1992 to 2024.
Baron of Prestoungrange
Baron of Prestoungrange (or Prestongrange) is one of the oldest aristocratic titles in the country, a title of nobility in the Baronage of Scotland associated with the lands of Prestoungrange, located near Prestonpans, East Lothian, Scotland.

Prestonpans
Prestonpans (/prɛstənˈpænz/ Scottish Gaelic: Baile an t-Sagairt, Scots: The Pans) is a mining town, situated approximately eight miles east of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the council area of East Lothian. The population as of 2020 is 
10,460. It is near the site of the 1745 Battle of Prestonpans (first called the Battle of Gladsmuir, then renamed the Battle of Tranent, and later still renamed the Battle of Prestonpans – although evidence shows the battle occurred a few miles outside of town). Prestonpans is famous for its murals, with many such artworks depicting local history.
Mercedes Gonzáles
Mercedes Gonzáles (born 31 October 1954), also known as Mercedes González, is a Peruvian former volleyball player. Gonzáles competed in the women's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. An effective hitter, she began playing with the Peruvian team at the age of 13. She won silver medals at both the 1971 Pan American Games in Cali and the 1975 Pan American Games in Mexico City.

1971 Pan American Games
The 1971 Pan American Games, officially known as the VI Pan American Games (Spanish: VI Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Cali 1971, were held in Cali, Colombia, from 30 July to 13 August 1971. (One source dates the Games from July 25 to August 8.) A total of 2,935 athletes from 32 countries participated in 17 sports. (One source put the number of competing athletes at 4,000.)
Ligario
Ligario is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cesare Ligario (1716–after 1755), Italian painter

Giovanni Pietro Ligario (1686–1748), Italian painter and architect

Quintus Ligarius (fl. 1st century BC), Roman general

Quintus Ligarius
Quintus Ligarius (died c. 43 BC) was one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. He had been accused of treason for having opposed Caesar in the civil war in Africa, but was defended so eloquently by Cicero that he was pardoned and allowed to return to Rome. He later conspired with Marcus Junius Brutus, with whom he assassinated Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC.
1996 European Men's Handball Championship
The 1996 European Men's Handball Championship was the second edition of the tournament and held in Spain from 24 May to 2 June 1996, in the cities of Ciudad Real and Seville. Russia won the tournament after defeating Spain in the final, while Yugoslavia finished third.

Serbia men's national handball team
The Serbia men's national handball team represents Serbia in international men's handball competitions. It is governed by the Serbian Handball Federation.

In 1999, the Olympic Committee of Yugoslavia declared it the country's male team of the year.
Popoviciu's inequality on variances
In probability theory, Popoviciu's inequality, named after Tiberiu Popoviciu, is an upper bound on the variance σ2 of any bounded probability distribution.  Let M and m be upper and lower bounds on the values of any random variable with a particular probability distribution.  Then Popoviciu's inequality states:

This equality holds precisely when half of the probability is concentrated at each of the two bounds.

Sharma et al. have sharpened Popoviciu's inequality:

If one additionally assumes knowledge of the expectation, then the stronger Bhatia–Davis inequality holds

where μ is the expectation of the random variable.

In the case of an independent sample of n observations from a bounded probability distribution, the von Szokefalvi Nagy inequality gives a lower bound to the variance of the sample mean:

Upper and lower bounds
In mathematics, particularly in order theory, an upper bound or majorant of a subset S of some preordered set (K, ≤) is an element of K that is greater than or equal to every element of S.
Dually, a lower bound or minorant of S is defined to be an element of K that is less than or equal to every element of S. 
A set with an upper (respectively, lower) bound is said to be bounded from above or majorized (respectively bounded from below or minorized) by that bound. 
The terms bounded above (bounded below) are also used in the mathematical literature for sets that have upper (respectively lower) bounds.
Maurice Dubois
Maurice Dubois (July 17, 1905 – December 6, 1997) was the Swiss delegation leader of the Children's Aid of the Swiss Red Cross in southern France, as well as a delegate of the Swiss donation in France. He was also a righteous among the nations.

Southern France
Southern France, also known as the south of France or colloquially in French as le Midi, is a geographical area consisting of the regions of France that border the Atlantic Ocean south of the Marais Poitevin, Spain, the Mediterranean Sea and Italy. It includes southern Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the west, Occitania in the centre, the southern parts of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the northeast, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the southeast, as well as the island of Corsica in the southeast. Southern France is generally considered part of southern Europe because of its association with the Mediterranean Sea.

The colloquial French name for the region, le Midi, is derived from an Old French compound composed of mi ("middle")  and di ("day"), meaning literally "midday". Thus, the term is comparable in both origin and meaning to Mezzogiorno, which indicates southern Italy, and Romanian Miazăzi which is a synonym for south.
Obermillstatt
46°48′38″N 13°35′27″E﻿ / ﻿46.81056°N 13.59083°E﻿ / 46.81056; 13.59083

Obermillstatt is a village and cadastral community in the municipality of Millstatt in Spittal an der Drau District, in Carinthia, Austria.

Municipality (Austria)
In the Republic of Austria, the municipality (German: Gemeinde, sometimes also Ortsgemeinde) is the administrative division encompassing a single village, town, or city.
The municipality has corporate status and local self-government on the basis of parliamentary-style representative democracy: a municipal council (Gemeinderat) elected through a form of party-list system enacts municipal laws, a municipal executive board (Gemeindevorstand) and a mayor (Bürgermeister, fem. Bürgermeisterin) appointed by the council are in charge of municipal administration. Austria is currently (January 1, 2020) partitioned into 2,095 municipalities, ranging in population from about fifty (the village of Gramais in Tyrol) to almost two million (the city of Vienna). There is no unincorporated territory in Austria.
Roman Charity
Roman Charity (Latin: Caritas Romana; Italian: Carità Romana) or Cimon and Pero is an ancient Greek and Roman exemplary story (exemplum) of filial piety (pietas) in which a woman secretly breastfeeds her father or mother, incarcerated and supposedly sentenced to death by starvation. Once caught, the loving devotion shown so moves the authorities that she is forgiven and the parent is typically freed. The father in the story is often named Cimon (Ancient Greek: Κίμων, Kímōn) and the daughter Pero, although other versions name the father Mycon (Μύκον, Mýkon). First attested in surviving Roman sources, it became a common theme in Early Modern period of Western European art, particularly the Baroque period.

Guercino
Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (8 February 1591 – 22 December 1666), better known as (il) Guercino (Italian pronunciation: [ɡwerˈtʃiːno] ⓘ), was an Italian Baroque painter and draftsman from Cento in the Emilia region, who was active in Rome and Bologna. The vigorous naturalism of his early manner contrasts with the classical equilibrium of his later works. His many drawings are noted for their luminosity and lively style.
Peploe
Peploe is a surname which is shared by:

Samuel Peploe (bishop) (1667–1752), Bishop of Chester

Samuel Peploe (1871–1935), Scottish Post-Impressionist painter

Dorothy Emily Peploe, the married name of Scottish author D. E. Stevenson (1892–1973)

Clare Peploe (1941–2021), director, screenwriter and wife of Bernardo Bertolucci

Mark Peploe (1943–2025), British screenwriter and film director

Chris Peploe (born 1981), English cricketer

George Peploe, husband of actress Violet Carson

Edward Peploe Smith (1803–1847), son of George Smith (1765–1836), British Member of Parliament, banker and director of the East India Company

Daniel Peploe, High Sheriff of Herefordshire 1846

Daniel Peploe, Member of Parliament for Herefordshire 1874–1880

George Smith (1765–1836)
George Smith (30 April 1765 – 26 December 1836) was a British Member of Parliament (MP), banker and director of the East India Company.

He was the fifth son of Abel Smith, a wealthy Nottingham banker and Member of Parliament. Four of his brothers were also members of parliament and one, Robert, was raised to the peerage as Baron Carrington. A portion of the family wealth was devoted to buying control of two pocket boroughs, Wendover and Midhurst, and Carrington kept the seats here almost exclusively for use by various members of the Smith family until his power was ended by the Great Reform Act.

Smith entered Parliament in 1791 as member for Lostwithiel, and also represented Midhurst and Wendover in a parliamentary career spread over forty years.
He is an ancestor of the current British monarchy via Frances Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne
Abu Bakr II ibn ʽAbd al-Munan
Abu Bakr II ibn ʽAbd al-Munan was the emir of Harar (1829–1852). He was the son of ʽAbd al-Mannan Garad of Zeila, the nephew of ʽAbd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad, and the husband of Gisti (Harari: "princess") Fatima, ʽAbd ar-Rahman's oldest daughter. He succeeded to the throne of Harar upon the death of ʽAbd ar-Rahman.

Garad
Garad (Harari: ገራድ Gärād, Somali: Garaad, Arabic: الجراد, Oromo: Garaada) is a term used to refer to a king, Sultan or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate.
Tatsugō, Kagoshima
Tatsugō (龍郷町, Tatsugō-chō) is a town located on Amami Ōshima, in Ōshima District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 2013, the town had an estimated population of 5,992 and a population density of 73 persons per km2. The total area was 82.06 km2.

Ōshima-tsumugi
Ōshimatsumugi (大島紬, Ōshima-tsumugi; Amami: Ōshimachimugi)  is a traditional craft textile produced in the Amami Islands (mainly Amami Ōshima) in northern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. It is a hand-woven plain-weave silk cloth dyed in mud. The textile is most commonly used for making kimonos. Oshima-tsumugi kimonos are often simply called Ōshima.
Eric Gibbs
Eric Gibbs is an American attorney at Gibbs Law Group LLP in the United States. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Consumer Attorneys of California. As a part of the American Association for Justice, he co-chairs the Consumer Privacy and Data Breach Litigation Group and the Lumber Liquidators Litigation Group, and serves as the secretary for the Qui Tam Litigation Group.

American Association for Justice
The American Association for Justice (AAJ), formerly the Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA) is a nonprofit advocacy and lobbying organization for plaintiff's lawyers in the United States. Focused on opposing tort reform, the organization is one of the Democratic Party's most influential political allies, according to The Washington Post.
Haven Holidays
Haven Leisure Limited (formally Haven Holidays) is a company operating a chain of holiday parks in the United Kingdom. It operates self-catering static caravan holiday parks with many also including touring and camping facilities. The company operates 38 sites in the UK in predominantly coastal locations.

The company was established in 1964 and bought by the Bourne Leisure Group in 2000. In November 2004 Bourne Leisure merged its existing British Holidays chain into the Haven Holidays brand. Bourne Leisure was sold to the Blackstone Group in January 2021.

Mark Lewis Jones
Mark Lewis Jones (born 1964 or 1965) is a Welsh actor. He has played roles in a number of Welsh TV series, as well as other roles in a range of TV series and films. He is known for playing Rob Morgan in the comedy-drama series Stella (2012-2017), Steve Baldini in Keeping Faith (2017-2020) and King Charles III's Welsh teacher Edward Millward in the Netflix series The Crown. He also played First Order Captain Moden Canady in Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017). He has also had many stage roles, and is a voice actor on radio and video games.
Alfonzo Giordano
Alfonzo J. Giordano Jr. (February 7, 1937 – November 21, 2013) was a senior ranking officer in the Philadelphia Police Department (PPD), having achieved the rank of Inspector and was part of the homicide division, before his retirement in 1982. In 1986, he was convicted of accepting $57,000 in bribes. Giordano admitted receiving more than $45,000 in bribes in 1979, and more than $12,000 in early 1980 when he was commander of Philadelphia's East Division.  The payoffs were from various operators of illegal lotteries and from sports betting operations that thrived in the blue-collar neighborhoods.

Giordano is notable as being the "right hand man" of Frank Rizzo. He maintained a position of a high-ranking officer in the department throughout Rizzo's tenure as police commissioner and mayor. He was a member of the police force during the summer of 1964 when race riots devoured much of the city.

Philadelphia Police Department
The Philadelphia Police Department (PPD, Philly PD, or Philly Police) is the police agency responsible for law enforcement and investigations within the County and City of Philadelphia. The PPD is one of the oldest municipal police agencies, fourth-largest police force and sixth-largest non-federal law enforcement agency in the United States. Since records were first kept in 1828, at least 289 PPD officers have died in the line of duty.

The Philadelphia Police Department has a history of police brutality, intimidation, coercion, and disregard for constitutional rights, particularly during the tenure of Frank Rizzo as police commissioner (1967–1971) and mayor (1972–1980).  The patterns of police brutality were documented in a 1978 Pulitzer Prize–winning Philadelphia Inquirer series by William K. Marimow and Jon Neuman.
Name that Tune (Armenian game show)
Name that Tune or Guess the tune (Armenian: Գուշակիր մեղեդին) is an Armenian Entertainment television program developed by Avet Barseghyan. The series premiered on Armenia 1 on September 8, 2015. Celebrity contestants on the program have included Hovhannes Davtyan, Arsen Grigoryan, Aram MP3, Sona Shahgeldyan, Mher Khachatryan, Gor Hakobyan, Arpi Gabrielyan, and Gevorg Martirosyan.

Barseghyan is the program's host.

Sona Shahgeldyan
Sona Hovhannesi Shahgeldyan  (Armenian: Սոնա Հովհաննեսի Շահգելդյան, born on November 18, 1986), is an Armenian singer and actress. Her first video clip was released in 2007. She is known for her roles as Sona on Domino (Armenian TV series), Ripo on North-South. She won the 2010 edition of New Wave.
Strumica revolutionary district
The Strumica revolutionary district (Macedonian/Bulgarian: Струмички револуционерен округ/Струмишки революционен окръг) was an organizational grouping of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. The most famous leader of the group was Hristo Chernopeev. This rebel group was active in eastern Vardar Macedonia and part of western Pirin Macedonia.

Vardar Macedonia
Vardar Macedonia (Macedonian and Serbian: Вардарска Македонија, romanized: Vardarska Makedonija) is a historical term referring to the northern part of the broader Macedonian region, roughly corresponding to present-day North Macedonia. The name derives from the Vardar River and is primarily associated with the period of Serbian (1912–1918) and later Yugoslav rule (1918–1991).
Rob Guest
Robert John Guest OBE (17 July 1950 – 1 October 2008) was a British-born New Zealand-Australian actor, television personality and host and singer, who started his career in pop music in New Zealand, before becoming best known for his work in Australian musical theatre, particularly in various productions of The Phantom of the Opera. He played the lead for a record-breaking 2,289 performances over seven years, more than any other performer.

Jean Valjean
Jean Valjean (French: [ʒɑ̃ val.ʒɑ̃]) is the protagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables. The story depicts the character's struggle to lead a normal life and redeem himself after serving a 19-year-long prison sentence for stealing bread to feed his sister's starving children and attempting to escape from prison. Valjean is also known in the novel as Monsieur Madeleine, Ultime Fauchelevent (once called Tranchelevent by Monsieur Gillenormand), Monsieur Leblanc, and Urbain Fabre.

Jean Valjean and police Inspector Javert, who repeatedly encounters Valjean and attempts to return him to prison, have become archetypes in literary culture.