hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abstract simplicial complex
In combinatorics, an abstract simplicial complex (ASC), often called an abstract complex or just a complex, is a family of sets that is closed under taking subsets, i.e., every subset of a set in the family is also in the family. It is a purely combinatorial description of the geometric notion of a simplicial complex. For example, in a 2-dimensional simplicial complex, the sets in the family are the triangles (sets of size 3), their edges (sets of size 2), and their vertices (sets of size 1).

In the context of matroids and greedoids, abstract simplicial complexes are also called independence systems.

An abstract simplex can be studied algebraically by forming its Stanley–Reisner ring; this sets up a powerful relation between combinatorics and commutative algebra.

Commutative algebra
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings; rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers ; and p-adic integers.

Commutative algebra is the main technical tool of algebraic geometry, and many results and concepts of commutative algebra are strongly related with geometrical concepts.

The study of rings that are not necessarily commutative is known as noncommutative algebra; it includes ring theory, representation theory, and the theory of Banach algebras.
Floridays
Floridays is the fifteenth studio album by American popular music singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett.  It was released in June 1986 as MCA 5730 and was produced by Coral Reefer Band member Michael Utley and recorded and mixed by Jay Rifkin.  The title of the album is taken from the 1941 poetry collection of the same name by Don Blanding. The album marks the end of Buffett's shift toward a more country sound that characterized his previous two releases and a return to a sound closer to that of his late 1970s and early 1980s output.  The album features a wider variety of musical instruments than was typical for Buffett's previous works, notably several songs with strings and horns.  His daughter Savannah Jane Buffett is credited for playing mini-conga on the album.
It was also his last studio album to feature Jimmy Buffett's trademark mustache, before he shaved it off for the next album Hot Water in 1988.

Coral Reefer Band
The Coral Reefer Band was the touring and recording band of American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett, backing him until Buffett's death in September 2023 and has continued on without him. The band's name alludes to both coral reefs (in line with Buffett's tropical-themed music) and "reefer" (slang for marijuana).
John Hiden
John William Hiden (1940-2012) was a British historian who was emeritus professor of Baltic studies at Bradford University and senior research fellow at Glasgow University. He was a specialist in modern German history and the history of the Baltic republics, and advised the British government at the time when the Baltic states were reaching independence.

University of Bradford
The University of Bradford is a public research university located in the city of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. A plate glass university, it received its royal charter in 1966, making it the 40th university to be created in Britain, but can trace its origins back to the establishment of the industrial West Yorkshire town's Mechanics Institute in 1832.

The student population includes 7,923 undergraduate and 3,742 postgraduate students. Mature students make up around a third of the undergraduate community. A total of 22% of students are foreign and come from over 110 countries. There were 14,406 applications to the university through UCAS in 2010, of which 3,421 were accepted.

It was the first British university to establish a Department of Peace Studies in 1973, which is currently the world's largest university centre for the study of peace and conflict.
Takakumayama Prefectural Natural Park
Takakumayama Prefectural Nature Park (高隈山県立自然公園, Takakumayama kenritsu shizen kōen) is a Prefectural Nature Park in southeast Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Established in 1977, the park spans the municipalities of Kanoya and Tarumizu.

Municipalities of Japan
Municipalities are a level of administration in Japan. The country has three levels of governments: national, prefectural, and municipal.

The nation is divided into 47 prefectures (within these, one metropolis, one regional prefecture, and two urban prefectures). Each prefecture consists of numerous municipalities, with 1,718 in total as of October 2018.

There are four types of municipalities in Japan: cities (市, shi), towns (町, chō), villages (村, son) and special wards of Tokyo (区, ku). In Japanese, this system is known as shikuchōson (市区町村), where each kanji in the word represents one of the four types of municipalities. In Tokyo, because the wards are at the center, the system is officially referred to as kushichōson (区市町村), with the wards first, and cities second.

Some designated cities also have further administrative subdivisions, also known as wards, but, unlike the special wards of Tokyo, these wards are not municipalities.
Fredrik Thoresen
Fredrik Thoresen (7 May 1926 – 23 December 2012) was a Norwegian businessperson.

He was born in Bestum, and took his civil engineering education in chemistry at the University of Birmingham, whence he graduated in 1953. From 1972 to 1988 he was the chief executive officer of Standard Telefon og Kabelfabrik, which during the period was acquired by Alcatel and changed name to Alcatel STK.

He was the last president of the Federation of Norwegian Industries, from 1987 to 1989. The organization then merged to form the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise, and Thoresen was vice president there from 1989 to 1992. From 1988 to 1999 he chaired Alcatel STK. In 1984 he was installed as a board member in Statoil, by Willoch's Second Cabinet. In 1987 he resigned together with most of the board, following misconduct in the Mongstad scandal.

Thoresen has been decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav. He resided at Snarøya. He died in December 2012.

Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise
The Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (Norwegian: Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon, NHO) is an employers' organisation in Norway with more than 30,000 members.

It was founded in 1989 as a merger of the Federation of Norwegian Industries, the Norwegian Employers' Confederation and the Federation of Norwegian Craftsmen.

The president is Svein Tore Holsether and the director general is Ole Erik Almlid. The executive directors are Anniken Hauglie, Nina Melsom, Øystein Dørum, Peter Markovski, Gjermund Løyning, Christian Chramer, Kåre Anda Aronsen, Vibeke Østensjø and Maria Dahlstrøm.
TT131
The Theban Tomb TT131 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor.

The tomb belongs to an 18th dynasty Ancient Egyptian named Useramen who was a Vizier during the reigns of Hatshepsut and Thutmosis III. The aged Vizier Amethu (User's father) is shown with a chamberlain, courtiers and User as a scribe before Tuthmosis III, and a text records the installation of User as co-vizier.

Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (Egyptian Arabic: طيبه), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about 800 kilometers (500 mi) south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (Sceptre nome) and was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras.

The city was close to Nubia and the Eastern Desert, with its valuable mineral resources and trade routes. It was a religious center and the most venerated city during many periods of ancient Egyptian history.

The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand and where the city was situated; and the western bank, where a necropolis of large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes can be found. In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Anupama
Anupama can refer to:

Anupama (given name), an Indian female given name (including a list of persons with the name)
Anupama (singer), Indian singer in Tamil cinema

Anupama (1955 film), Indian Bengali-language film directed by Agradoot

Anupama (1966 film), Indian Hindi-language film directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee

Anupama (1981 film), Indian film directed by Renuka Sharma

Anupamaa, a 2020 Indian television soap opera

Anupamaa
Anupamaa is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series that premiered on 13 July 2020 on StarPlus and streams digitally on Disney+ Hotstar. Produced by Rajan Shahi and Deepa Shahi under the banner of Director's Kut Productions, it is a remake of Star Jalsha's Bengali series Sreemoyee. It is one of the longest-running Indian television soap opera. Rupali Ganguly plays the titular role and formerly starred Sudhanshu Pandey, Madalsa Sharma and Gaurav Khanna. Since October 2024, the series stars Ganguly with Adrija Roy (replaced Alisha Parveen Khan) and Shivam Khajuria as second-generation leads.

The show revolves around Anupamaa Shah, a homemaker whose family has a low opinion of her and whose husband cheats on her. She gains more self-respect and becomes more independent. She navigates relationships and societal expectations while on her path of personal growth.
2002 Texas Senate election
The 2002 Texas Senate elections took place as part of the biennial United States elections. Texas voters elected state senators in all 31 Senate districts. All of the seats up for this election, with half of the seats elected for two-year terms and the other half elected for four-year terms. The winners of this election served in the 78th Texas Legislature.

Following the 2000 elections, the Republicans maintained effective control of the Senate with sixteen members to the Democrats' fifteen.

To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to gain one seat. Instead, Republicans gained three seats.

Republican Party of Texas
The Republican Party of Texas (RPT) is the Texas affiliate of the Republican Party in the United States. It is currently chaired by Abraham George, who succeeded Matt Rinaldi in 2024. The party is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and is legally considered a political action committee under Texas law. As of 2025, it is the state's ruling party, controlling all statewide elected offices, both houses of the legislature, and the majority of congressional seats.
Håkon Skaanes
Håkon Skaanes (born 1 September 1999) is a Norwegian cross-country skier.

Competing in four events at the 2019 Junior World Championships, his biggest successes were a fourth place in the 4 × 5 kilometre relay and the bronze medal in the sprint event. He later finished 13th in the U23 group at the 2021 Junior World Championships.

He made his World Cup debut at the December 2021 sprint in Lillehammer, also collecting his first World Cup points with a 19th place.

He represents the sports club Strindheim IL and is the son of former cross-country skier Øyvind Skaanes, and younger brother of Marte Skaanes.

Strindheim IL
Strindheim Idrettslag is a Norwegian multisports club located in Trondheim. It has sections for athletics, handball, football, speed skating, and cross-country skiing. The cross-country ski team has several world cup competitors (see separate article for Petter Northug). The football team currently plays in the 3. divisjon after being promoted from 4. divisjon in 2018.
Snow Badua
Edmund "Snow" Pineda Badua (born April 22, 1977) is a Filipino sports journalist writing articles for Spin.ph. He is also the founder of "PTV Sports", a nightly sports newscast aired on PTV which served as his home network from March 2006 to January 2015. Badua also served as the first commissioner of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL) in 2017. He was succeeded by Kenneth Duremdes before the league's inaugural season began. Starting June 2025, Badua will host Snow Bomb on the Bilyonaryo News Channel.

Summit Media
Summit Publishing Co., Inc., doing business as Summit Media, is a Philippine digital media and publishing company. Founded in 1995, the company owns several entertainment and lifestyle media websites in the Philippines.

The company is privately owned by Lisa Gokongwei-Cheng, the daughter of Filipino businessman John Gokongwei.
Turbinaria radicalis
Turbinaria radicalis, also known as disc coral,  is a species of colonial stony coral in the family Dendrophylliidae. It is native to the central Indo-Pacific, tropical and sub-tropical Australia, the South China Sea, northern Australia and the West Pacific. It is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues. It is a rare coral throughout its range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being "near-threatened".

Near-threatened species
A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify for the threatened status.

The IUCN notes the importance of reevaluating near-threatened taxa at appropriate intervals.

The rationale used for near-threatened taxa usually includes the criteria of vulnerable which are plausible or nearly met, such as reduction in numbers or range. Those designated since 2001 that depend on conservation efforts to not become threatened are no longer separately considered conservation-dependent species.
Regio Călători
Regio Călători (former Regiotrans) is a private rail company headquartered in Brașov, Romania. It was founded in 2005 and is  exclusively active in the passenger transport sector. At present Regiotrans runs about 200 train services per day.

Praid
Praid  (Hungarian: Parajd, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpɒrɒjd]; German: Salzberg) is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is composed of six villages: Becaș (Békástanya), Bucin (Bucsin), Ocna de Jos (Alsósófalva), Ocna de Sus (Felsősófalva), Praid (Parajd), and Șașvereș (Sásverés).

The route of the Via Transilvanica long-distance trail passes through the villages of Șașvereș and Praid.
Ozamiz–Pagadian Road
The Ozamiz–Pagadian Road, also known as Aurora–Ozamiz Road, is a 70-kilometer (43 mi) two-to-four lane road network connecting the cities of Ozamiz in Misamis Occidental and Pagadian in Zamboanga del Sur. It traverses through Tangub and the municipality of Bonifacio at Misamis Occidental and the municipalities of Tambulig, Molave, Ramon Magsaysay, and Aurora at Zamboanga del Sur.

The entire highway is designated as National Route 78 (N78) of the Philippine highway network.

Molave, Zamboanga del Sur
Molave, officially known as the Municipality of Molave (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Molave; Subanen: Benwa Molave; Chavacano: Municipalidad de Molave; Maranao: Inged a Molave; Tagalog: Bayan ng Molave), is a municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. In the 2020 census, it had 53,140 people. It is in the eastern part of the province of Zamboanga del Sur, and has an area of 21,685 hectares (83.73 square miles).
Read–modify–write
In computer science, read–modify–write is a class of atomic operations (such as test-and-set, fetch-and-add, and compare-and-swap) that both read a memory location and write a new value into it simultaneously, either with a completely new value or some function of the previous value.  These operations prevent race conditions in multi-threaded applications. Typically they are used to implement mutexes or semaphores.  These atomic operations are also heavily used in non-blocking synchronization.

Read–modify–write instructions often produce unexpected results when used on I/O devices, as a write operation may not affect the same internal register that would be accessed in a read operation. This term is also associated with RAID levels that perform actual write operations as atomic read–modify–write sequences.  Such RAID levels include RAID 4, RAID 5 and RAID 6.

Race condition
A race condition or race hazard is the condition of an electronics, software, or other system where the system's substantive behavior is dependent on the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events, leading to unexpected or inconsistent results. It becomes a bug when one or more of the possible behaviors is undesirable.

The term race condition was already in use by 1954, for example in David A. Huffman's doctoral thesis "The synthesis of sequential switching circuits".

Race conditions can occur especially in logic circuits or multithreaded or distributed software programs. Using mutual exclusion can prevent race conditions in distributed software systems.
Overhills, North Carolina
Overhills is an unincorporated community located in the Johnsonville Township of Harnett County,  North Carolina, United States, near the Cumberland County town of Spring Lake. It is a part of the Dunn Micropolitan Area, which is also a part of the greater Raleigh–Durham–Cary Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as defined by the United States Census Bureau.

The community was originally a 17,500-acre (7,100 ha) estate owned by the Percy Rockefeller family but later acquired by the federal government and is now mostly located inside nearby Fort Bragg (Powell 1968, p. 87). A Donald Ross-designed golf course was added to the estate in two separate projects  and is also now located inside Fort Bragg.

Cumberland County, North Carolina
Cumberland County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 334,728, making it the fifth-most populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Fayetteville. Cumberland County is part of the Fayetteville, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Tamale Teaching Hospital
The Tamale Teaching Hospitalis a teaching hospital in Tamale in the Northern region and the third largest hospital in Ghana. It serves as a referral hospital for the five northern regions of Ghana. It cooperates with the University for Development Studies in Northern Ghana to offer undergraduate and graduate programs in medicine, nursing, and nutrition. It is the third teaching hospital in Ghana after the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital.

The northern region of Ghana's tertiary referral centre is Tamale Teaching Hospital. With a total population of 5,203,838. it serves the five northern areas of Ghana (Northern Region, Savanah Region, North East Region, Upper East Region, and Upper West Region). The Tamale metropolitan is home to the University for Development Studies, the School of Medicine, and the Tamale Teaching Hospital. There are an estimated 612,000 people living in the city.

Ghana Health Service
The Ghana Health Service (GHS) is a Ghanaian government body established in 1996 as part of the Health Sector Reform of Ghana. The Health Service is under the Ministry of Health. The health service primarily administers the health services in Ghana provided by the government and implements government policies on healthcare. The current Director-General of the Health service is Prof. Samuel Kaba Akoriyea who was appointed by President John Mahama in 2025 to replace Dr. Patrick Kuma-Abogye.
Sclerophrys dodsoni
Sclerophrys dodsoni, commonly known as Dodson's toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae.
It is found in Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan.
Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, inland karsts, caves, and hot deserts.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

True toad
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
Yem Zone
Yem Zone is one of the zones in the Central Ethiopia Regional State. Yem is named for the Yem, people whose homeland lies in this zone, (see Kingdom of Yamma). Yem is bordered on the west and north by the Oromia Region, and separated from Gurage on the northeast and Hadiya on the east by the Omo River. High points in Yem include Mount Bor Ama, Mount Azulu and Mount Toba. The administrative center of Yem is Saja.

The form of subsistence agriculture practiced in this zone is based on cereal and enset. Important cash crops include teff, wheat, barley and pulses. Other important non-agricultural sources of income include selling butter and remittances. According to a 2004 report, Yem had 12 kilometers of asphalt roads, 11 kilometers of all-weather roads and 31 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 81 kilometers per 1,000 square kilometers.

Islam in Ethiopia
Islam is the second largest religion in Ethiopia behind Christianity. In 2024, 31.5% of the population was Muslim.

Islam in Ethiopia dates back to the time of Prophet Muhammad; in 615, when a group of Muslims were counseled by Muhammad to escape persecution in Mecca and migrate to the Kingdom of Aksum which was based in Ethiopia and which was ruled by Najashi, a pious Christian king. It is agreed by Islamic scholars that Najashi gave shelter to the Muslim refugees around 615–616 at Axum. Bilal ibn Ribah, the first Muezzin, the person chosen to call the faithful to prayer, and one of the foremost companions of Muhammad, was born in Mecca to an Abyssinian (Ethiopian) mother.
Smith & Wesson Model 460
Smith & Wesson Model 460 is a large bore five-shot, single-action/double-action revolver by Smith & Wesson chambered for the .460 S&W Magnum cartridge. It was designed as a hunting and dangerous game defensive revolver for use in Africa and Alaska. The revolver is built on the company's largest and strongest frame, known as the X-Frame, and represents a joint effort among Smith & Wesson, Hornady, and Cor-Bon.

Smith & Wesson
Smith & Wesson Brands, Inc. (S&W) is an American firearm manufacturer headquartered in Maryville, Tennessee, United States.

Smith & Wesson was founded by Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson as the "Smith & Wesson Revolver Company" in 1856, after their previous company, also called the "Smith & Wesson Company" and later renamed as "Volcanic Repeating Arms", was sold to Oliver Winchester and became the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The modern Smith & Wesson had been previously owned by Bangor Punta and Tomkins plc before being acquired by Saf-T-Hammer Corporation in 2001. Smith & Wesson was a unit of American Outdoor Brands Corporation from 2016 to 2020 until the company was spun out in 2020.