hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Plains spadefoot toad
The plains spadefoot toad (Spea bombifrons) is a species of American spadefoot toad which ranges from southwestern Canada, throughout the Great Plains of the western United States, and into northern Mexico. Like other species of spadefoot toads, they get their name from a spade-like projection on their hind legs which allows them to dig into sandy soils. Their name, in part, comes from their keratinized metatarsals, which are wide instead of "sickle shaped". The species name translates as buzzing leaf shaped. This refers to the species' distinguishing features; its buzzing mating call, and its leaf-shaped digging metatarsals. It was first described by Cope in 1863.

Keratin
Keratin (/ˈkɛrətɪn/) is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin in tetrapod vertebrates. Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals.  Excessive keratinization participate in fortification of certain tissues such as in horns of cattle and rhinos, and armadillos' osteoderm. The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of keratinized tissue is chitin.
Keratin comes in two types: the primitive, softer forms found in all vertebrates and the harder, derived forms found only among sauropsids (reptiles and birds).
Louis of Opole
Louis of Opole (Polish: Ludwik opolski; 1450 – before 4 September 1476), was a Duke of Opole-Brzeg-Strzelce-Niemodlin during 1466–1476 (as co-ruler of his father) and briefly in 1476 (with his brothers as co-rulers).

He was the eldest son of Duke Nicholas I of Opole by his wife Agnes, daughter of Duke Louis II of Brzeg. He was named after his maternal grandfather.

Strzelce Opolskie
Strzelce Opolskie [ˈstʂɛlt͡sɛ ɔˈpɔlskʲɛ] ⓘ (Silesian: Wielge Strzelce, German: Groß Strehlitz) is a town in southern Poland with 17,900 inhabitants (2019), situated in the Opole Voivodeship. It is the capital of Strzelce County.
Biceratopsinae
The Biceratopsinae is an extinct subfamily of redlichiid trilobites within the family Biceratopsidae, with species of small to average size. Species belonging to this subfamily lived during the Toyonian stage (Upper Olenellus-zone), 516-513 million years ago, in the former continent of Laurentia, including what are today the South-Western United States and Canada.

Cambrian Stage 4
Cambrian Stage 4 is the still unnamed fourth stage of the Cambrian and the upper stage of Cambrian Series 2. It follows Cambrian Stage 3 and lies below the Wuliuan. The lower boundary has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. One proposal is the first appearance of two trilobite genera, Olenellus or Redlichia. Another proposal is the first appearance of the trilobite species Arthricocephalus chauveaui. Both proposals will set the lower boundary close to 514.5 million years ago. The upper boundary corresponds to the beginning of the Wuliuan.
Peter Welsh (footballer, born 1954)
Peter James Welsh (24 January 1954 – 18 July 2008) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Hawthorn and Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

A utility player who was used mainly in the back pocket, Welsh started his VFL career in 1973 with Hawthorn and played in their 1975 Grand Final loss to North Melbourne. He crossed to Richmond in 1980 and was a member of their side which won the premiership that season. Welsh was on occasions pushed forward and kicked 22 goals in 1981.

Welsh died on 18 July 2008 after a long illness. He was the son of Collingwood footballer Bill Welsh.

1975 VFL grand final
The 1975 VFL grand final was an Australian rules football game contested between the North Melbourne Football Club and the Hawthorn Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 27 September 1975. It was the 78th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1975 VFL season. The match, attended 110,551 spectators, was won by North Melbourne by a margin of 55 points, marking that club's first premiership victory and becoming the last of the 12 VFL teams to win a flag, 50 years after its debut season.
John Washington Butler
John Washington Butler (December 17, 1875 – September 24, 1952) was an American farmer and a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1923 to 1927, representing Macon, Trousdale, and Sumner counties. He is most noted for introducing the Butler Act, which prohibited teaching of evolution in public (i.e. state) schools (and which was challenged in the Scopes Trial).  He was an admirer of William Jennings Bryan.

According to Butler,

In the first place, the Bible is the foundation upon which our American Government is built. ... The evolutionist who denies the Biblical story of creation, as well as other Biblical accounts, cannot be a Christian. ... It goes hand in hand with Modernism, makes Jesus Christ a fakir, robs the Christian of his hope and undermines the foundation of our Government ...

Sumner County, Tennessee
Sumner County is a county located on the central northern border of Tennessee in the United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 196,281. Its county seat is Gallatin, and its most populous city is Hendersonville. The county is named after an American Revolutionary War hero, General Jethro Sumner.

Sumner County is part of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is made up of eight cities, including Gallatin, Goodlettsville, Hendersonville, Millersville, Mitchellville, Portland, Westmoreland, and White House. Sumner County is 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Nashville, Tennessee.
Football in Southern Italy in 1919–20
Football in Southern Italy in 1919–20 was still organized at an experimental and amatorial level.

The tournaments were organized in three regions, Tuscany, Latium and Campania. Differently from the pre-war period, six clubs advanced to a general final tournament.

Latium
Latium (/ˈleɪʃiəm/ LAY-shee-əm, US also /-ʃəm/ -⁠shəm; Latin: [ˈɫati.ũː]) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
New Lynn Suffrage Memorial Mural
The New Lynn Suffrage Memorial Mural is a public artwork located at the New Lynn Community Centre in New Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand.

The original mural was painted by Sally Griffin in 1993 for the centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand. It was 4.8 metres long and featured eight panels, and was financed by Portage Licensing Trust. In 1999 the community centre was demolished and the mural was lost.

In 2012 a replacement mural was unveiled. It is painted in a modernist style and features suffragists Amey Daldy, Dolce Cabot, Lady Anna Stout, Harriet Morrison, Jessie Mackay, Learmonth Dalrymple, Meri Maungakāhia and Kate Sheppard.

Amey Daldy
Amey Daldy (née Hamerton, c. 1829 – 17 August 1920) was an English-born New Zealand feminist and suffragist. She was an important leader in the movement for women's suffrage in New Zealand, but later resigned as superintendent of the Auckland W.C.T.U. so that the League would not be associated with her other cause, the temperance movement.
Shallow minor
In graph theory, a shallow minor or limited-depth minor is a restricted form of a graph minor in which the subgraphs that are contracted to form the minor have small diameter. Shallow minors were introduced by Plotkin, Rao & Smith (1994), who attributed their invention to Charles E. Leiserson and Sivan Toledo.

Diameter (graph theory)
In graph theory, the diameter of a connected undirected graph is the farthest distance between any two of its vertices. That is, it is the diameter of a set for the set of vertices of the graph, and for the shortest-path distance in the graph. Diameter may be considered either for weighted or for unweighted graphs. Researchers have studied the problem of computing the diameter, both in arbitrary graphs and in special classes of graphs.

The diameter of a disconnected graph may be defined to be infinite, or undefined.
Baiyu (singer)
Sara Baiyu Porritt, known professionally as Baiyu, is a Chinese-born American singer-songwriter and actress. In the early 1990s, her family moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where she was then given the American name of "Sara".  Baiyu has appeared in several independent films and was a VJ for the mtvU show "The Freshmen" from 2006 to 2008. She completed high school in three years' time, and later graduated from Princeton University in 2008 with a degree in Sociology.

The Next: Fame Is at Your Doorstep
The Next: Fame Is at Your Doorstep  is an American hour-long reality series on The CW television network that consists of a music competition to find new talent, the winner of the competition will receive a recording contract with Atlantic Records. The show is produced by CBS's Raquel Productions in association with 25/7 Productions, LLC and Flavor Unit Entertainment, Inc, and it is produced by Dave Broome (The Biggest Loser), Shakim Compere, and Queen Latifah. The series premiered on August 16, 2012.
Stanisławów Voivodeship
Stanisławów Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo stanisławowskie) was an administrative district of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1945). It was established in December 1920 with an administrative center in Stanisławów. The voivodeship had an area of 16,900 km2 and comprised twelve counties (powiaty). Following World War II, at the insistence of Joseph Stalin during the Tehran Conference of 1943, Poland's borders were redrawn, Polish population forcibly resettled and Stanisławów Voivodeship was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as Stanislav Oblast (later renamed as Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast).

Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II
At the end of World War II, Poland underwent major changes to the location of its international border. In 1945, after the defeat of Nazi Germany, the Oder–Neisse line became its western border, resulting in gaining the Recovered Territories from Germany. The Curzon Line became its eastern border, resulting in the loss of the Eastern Borderlands to the Soviet Union.
Unholy Partners
Unholy Partners is a 1941 American crime drama film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Edward G. Robinson, Laraine Day, Edward Arnold and Marsha Hunt. It was produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Mervyn LeRoy
Mervyn LeRoy (/ləˈrɔɪ/; October 15, 1900 – September 13, 1987) was an American film director and producer. During the 1930s, he was one of the two great practitioners of economical and effective film directing at Warner Brothers studios, the other being his colleague Michael Curtiz. LeRoy's most acclaimed films of his tenure at Warners include Little Caesar (1931), I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang (1932), Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933), Anthony Adverse (1936), and They Won't Forget (1937). LeRoy left Warners and moved to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios in 1939 to serve as both director and producer. He is best known for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.
Arthur Deakin
Arthur Deakin CH CBE PC (11 November 1890 – 1 May 1955) was a prominent British trade unionist who was acting general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union from 1940 and then general secretary from 1945 to 1955.

Transport and General Workers' Union
The Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU or T&G) was one of the largest general trade unions in the United Kingdom and Ireland—where it was known as the Amalgamated Transport and General Workers' Union (ATGWU)—with 900,000 members (and was once the largest trade union in the world).

The TGWU was officially founded on 1 January 1922 with the amalgamation of 14 individual trades unions. Ernest Bevin served as the union's first and longest serving General Secretary.

In 2007, the union voted to merge with Amicus to form Unite the Union.
USS Drayton
Two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Drayton for Percival Drayton.

USS Drayton (DD-23) was a Paulding-class destroyer launched in 1910 and decommissioned in 1919 after service in World War I

USS Drayton (DD-366) was a Mahan-class destroyer launched in 1936 and decommissioned by 1945 after service in World War II

USS Drayton (DD-366)
USS Drayton (DD-366) was a Mahan-class destroyer in the United States Navy before and during World War II. She was the second ship named for Captain Percival Drayton, a career naval officer who served during the American Civil War.

Drayton was launched 26 March 1936 by the Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine; sponsored by Miss B. E. Drayton, great-grandniece of Captain Drayton, and commissioned 1 September 1936.
Mizugatoro Dam
Mizugatoro Dam is a concrete gravity dam located in Yamagata Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 259.8 km2. The dam impounds about 25  ha of land when full and can store 1936 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1980 and completed in 1990.

Yamagata Prefecture
Yamagata Prefecture (山形県, Yamagata-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. It has a population of 1,005,926 (1 February 2025) and an area of 9,325 km2 (3,600 sq mi). Its neighbours are Akita Prefecture to the north, Miyagi Prefecture to the east, Fukushima Prefecture to the south, and Niigata Prefecture to the southwest.

The capital and largest city is Yamagata, with other major cities being Tsuruoka, Sakata and Yonezawa. The prefecture is located on Japan's western Sea of Japan coast and its borders with neighboring prefectures are formed by various mountain ranges, with 17% of its total land area being designated as Natural Parks. Yamagata Prefecture formed the southern half of the historic Dewa Province with Akita Prefecture and is home to the Three Mountains of Dewa, which includes the Haguro Five-story Pagoda, a recognised National Treasure of Japan.
Kilchberg (Tübingen)
Kilchberg is a village within the administrative district of Tübingen. Kilchberg is located 2.6 miles (4.2 km) south west of the city center, and is situated along the south bank of the Neckar River in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The municipality of Kilchberg was incorporated into the university city of Tübingen on July 1, 1971.

College town
A college town or university town is a town or city whose character is dominated by a college or university and their associated culture, often characterised by the student population making up 20 percent of the population of the community, but not including communities that are parts of larger urban areas (often termed student quarters). The university may be large, or there may be several smaller institutions such as liberal arts colleges clustered, or the residential population may be small, but college towns in all cases are so dubbed because the presence of the educational institution(s) pervades economic and social life. Many local residents may be employed by the university—which may be the largest employer in the community—many businesses cater primarily to the university, and the student population may outnumber the local population.
Kappen
Kappen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Frank van Kappen (born 1941), Dutch marine and politician

Hanneke Kappen (born 1954), Dutch singer and radio and TV presenter

Joseph Kappen (1941–1990), Welsh serial killer

Sebastian Kappen (1924–1993), Indian Jesuit priest and liberation theologian

Tony Kappen (1919–1993), American basketball player

Tony Kappen
Anthony George Kappen (April 13, 1919 – December 18, 1993) was an American professional basketball player.

A 5'10" guard who did not attend college and had previously attended Forest Hills High School in Queens, Kappen played for the Boston Celtics and the Pittsburgh Ironmen during the 1946–47 BAA season. He averaged 6.5 points per game during the season on 23.8% shooting. Kappen and Celtics teammate Connie Simmons were the first players in the BAA (later known as the NBA) who did not have any college experience. Kappen had previously played in the American Basketball League for the New York Gothams and Brooklyn Gothams.

Celtics PR director Howie McHugh said that Kappen "was one of the few guys [on the 1946–47 Celtics] who were serious about playing". However, Kappen was traded midseason to the Pittsburgh Ironmen for Moe Becker, who had become available after a falling-out with his coach.
Ambush (2025 film)
Ambush (Kameen) is a Canadian-Jordanian short drama film, directed by Yassmina Karajah and released in 2025. The film tells the initially unrelated, but eventually intersecting, stories of Hasan (Emad Alkobari), a coffee shop clerk in Amman who spends his free time hanging out with friends who don't want to pay the cover charge to get into a new pop-up nightclub, and Jana (Sereen Khass), a woman who has given up drinking but is being pressured by her friends to go to the club.

The film premiered at the 2025 Toronto International Film Festival.

The film was named to the Toronto International Film Festival's annual year-end Canada's Top Ten list for 2025.

Cover charge
A cover charge is an entrance fee sometimes charged at bars, nightclubs, or restaurants. It is collected upon entry or as an additional charge on the bill.

In restaurants, cover charges generally do not include the cost of food that is specifically ordered. In some establishments, they do include the cost of bread, butter, olives and other accompaniments, though the charge is payable whether or not they are eaten.
Kilos Pronto
Kilos Pronto (Front Act) is a Philippine television public service show broadcast by UNTV and PTV. Originally hosted by Ben Tulfo, Alex Santos and Nikka Cleofe-Alejar. It aired from October 10, 2016 to April 27, 2018. Tulfo serve as the final host. Ben coined the program as an "Hybrid Public Service Program on Television".

Television in the Philippines
Television in the Philippines was introduced in October 1953 with the first commercial broadcast by Alto Broadcasting System (now called ABS-CBN). This made the Philippines the first Southeast Asian country, and the second Asian country, to air television broadcasts. During the late 1940s, Filipino engineers and students conducted academic experiments related to broadcasting.

From 1975 to 1978, the Philippine Academy for Television Arts and Sciences (PATAS) presented the SINAG Awards.

The Star Awards for Television, the country's oldest existing television awards, are presented annually by the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) after a voting by members of the press.

The Philippines does not operate any independent public broadcasting television networks. However, there are several government-owned networks.
Sandal Bar
Sandal Bar (Punjabi: ساندل بار), also known as the Jungle Bar, is the section of the Bar region in western Punjab in Pakistan and is located between the rivers Ravi and Chenab, and comprises the southern part of Rechna Doab. It corresponds to the present-day Faisalabad, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh and Chiniot districts in Pakistani Punjab.

Sandal Bar is named after Sandal, grandfather of the 16th-century Punjabi chieftain Dulla Bhatti who, according to the popular folklores, led a revolt against the Mughal rule in the Sandal Bar during the reign of Akbar. Until the late-19th century it was sparsely populated, when it was brought under irrigation after the establishment of Chenab Colony (Lyallpur) in 1892.

Ravi River
30°35′N 71°49′E﻿ / ﻿30.583°N 71.817°E﻿ / 30.583; 71.817

The Ravi River is a river in South Asia that flows through northwestern India and eastern Pakistan forming the boundary between the two nations for about 50 miles before travelling westwards across eastern Pakistan. It is one of five major rivers of the Punjab region.

Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Ravi and two other rivers of the Punjab (Sutlej and Beas River) were allocated to India. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project was developed in Pakistan, which transfers waters from western rivers of the Indus system to replenish the portion of the Ravi River lying in that country. Many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India.
Craig Raudman
Craig Raudman (born August 6, 1961) is an American former NASCAR driver from Redding, California. He won the 2001 NASCAR Featherlite Southwest Tour championship. He only competed in one Busch Series event. It came in 2002, when he ran the event at Las Vegas for Jay Robinson Racing. Raudman started 42nd and managed his way to 32nd by day's end.

He also competed in 20 K&N Pro Series West events as a driver, with 1 Top-5 and 7 Top-10. Raudman competed in 168 NASCAR Southwest Series races, with 14 wins, 57 Top-5, 93 Top-10 and 19 pole-positions. He was the 2001 NASCAR Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion.

Raudman also competed in two NASCAR Northwest Series events, with a best-finish of 4th at Portland International Raceway.

He was also the crew chief for Jonathon Gomez, Justin Allgaier, Brian Ickler, Kelly Admiraal and several other drivers in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series West and also in NASCAR Pinty's Series.

Redding, California
Redding is a city in and the county seat of Shasta County, California, and the economic and cultural capital of the Shasta Cascade region of Northern California. Redding lies along the Sacramento River, 162 miles (261 km) north of Sacramento, and 120 miles (190 km) south of California's northern border with Oregon. Its population was 93,611 at the 2020 census.
Skyscrapers (film)
Skyscrapers, also known as The Skyscrapers of New York, is an American silent film produced by the Biograph Company which was almost entirely filmed on location on the construction site of one of New York's tallest skyscrapers.

Biograph Company
The Biograph Company, also known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1916. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific, releasing over 3000 short films and 12 feature films. During the height of silent film as a medium, Biograph was the most prominent American film studio and one of the most respected and influential studios worldwide, only rivaled by Germany's UFA, Sweden's Svensk Filmindustri and France's Pathé. The company was home to pioneering director D. W. Griffith and such actors as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, and Lionel Barrymore.
New Mexico State Road 8
State Road 8 (NM 8) is a primarily north–south state highway in the state of New Mexico. NM 8's southern terminus is at NM 176 west of Eunice, and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 62 (US 62)/US 180 west of Hobbs.

Hobbs, New Mexico
Hobbs is a city in Lea County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 40,508 at the 2020 census, increasing from 34,122 in 2010. It is the state's seventh-most populous city.

Hobbs is the principal city of the Hobbs, New Mexico micropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Lea County.
The Fantasist
The Fantasist is a 1986 thriller film written and directed by Robin Hardy. The film stars Moira Sinise, Christopher Cazenove and Timothy Bottoms. It is based on the 1983 novel Goosefoot by Irish author Patrick McGinley.

Patrick McGinley
Patrick Anthony McGinley (born February 8, 1937) is an Irish novelist, born in Glencolumbkille, Ireland.

After teaching in Ireland, McGinley moved to England in the 1960s and settled in Kent. He pursued a career as a publisher and author.