hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catalan's minimal surface
In differential geometry, Catalan's minimal surface is a minimal surface originally studied by Eugène Charles Catalan in 1855.

It has the special property of being the minimal surface that contains a cycloid as a geodesic. It is also swept out by a family of parabolae.

The surface has the mathematical characteristics exemplified by the following parametric equation:

Eugène Charles Catalan
Eugène Charles Catalan (French pronunciation: [øʒɛn ʃaʁl katalɑ̃]; 30 May 1814 – 14 February 1894) was a French and Belgian mathematician who worked on continued fractions, descriptive geometry, number theory and combinatorics. His notable contributions included discovering a periodic minimal surface in the space ; stating the famous Catalan's conjecture, which was eventually proved in 2002; and introducing the Catalan numbers to solve a combinatorial problem.
Killing of Michael Ovsjannikov
On 19 August 2023, 28-year-old Michael Ovsjannikov was killed in Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, during the Säubrennerkirmes Volksfest. A few hours later, 26-year-old Grant Harrison and 25-year-old Robert Cain II, U.S. airmen stationed at nearby Spangdahlem Air Base, were arrested. Harrison confessed to fatally stabbing Ovsjannikov.

The arrest, interrogation, and investigation were undertaken by the German Federal Police and the American Air Force Office of Special Investigation (OSI), but per the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, Harrison was tried by a U.S. military court, which dismissed the confession as inadmissible evidence. During the court-martial the following year, Harrison's defense argued that Cain had killed Ovsjannikov. The subsequent acquittal of Harrison, immunity from prosecution for Cain, and the accusation by the court that Federal Police had obtained the confession under pressure caused protests across the state.

Air Force Office of Special Investigations
The Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI or AFOSI) is a U.S. federal law enforcement agency that reports directly to the Secretary of the Air Force. OSI is also a U.S. Air Force field operating agency under the administrative guidance and oversight of the Inspector General of the Department of the Air Force. By federal statute, OSI provides independent criminal investigative, counterintelligence and protective service operations worldwide and outside of the traditional military chain of command. Proactively, OSI identifies, investigates, and neutralizes serious criminal, terrorist, and espionage threats to personnel and resources of the Air Force, Space Force, and the U.S. Department of Defense, with a goal of protecting the national security of the United States.
El Corte Airport
El Corte Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto El Corte), (ICAO: SCEG) is an airport 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south-southeast of Talagante, a city in the Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile.

The Talagante non-directional beacon (Ident: TAL) is located 1.9 nautical miles (3.5 km) northwest of the airport.

Talagante
Talagante (Spanish pronunciation: [talaˈɣante]) is a commune and the capital city of the province of the same name in the Santiago Metropolitan Region of central Chile. The word Talagante in Quechua comes from talacanta, meaning "Lazo de Hechicero", which was the proper name of the curaca, or ruler, who dominated this central valley on behalf of the Inca Empire during the arrival of the Spaniards.
1978 NCAA Division II lacrosse tournament
The 1978 NCAA Division II Lacrosse Championship was the fifth annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champions of NCAA Division II and Division III men's college lacrosse in the United States.

A separate Division III men's championship would not be introduced until 1980.

This year's final was played at Boswell Field at the Hobart College in Geneva, New York.

Roanoke defeated two-time defending champion Hobart in the final, 14–13, to win their first national title. This was also Hobart's fifth consecutive appearance in the tournament's championship final.

The Maroons (12–2) were coached by Paul Griffin.

NCAA Division III men's lacrosse tournament
The NCAA Division III men's lacrosse tournament is the annual championship in men's lacrosse held by the NCAA for teams competing in Division III.

After the inauguration of the NCAA Division I championship in 1971, the USILA added a "small college" tournament for two years. Hobart defeated Washington College 15-12 to win the 1972 USILA title. And Cortland State beat Washington College to win the 1973 title, 13-8.

The NCAA conducted a combined Division II and III tournament for the 1974 through 1979 seasons, followed by separate tournaments for Division II and Division III beginning in 1980.

Hobart and Salisbury have been the most successful teams at the Division III level, winning thirteen titles each. Hobart, however, has since departed for Division I.

Tufts is the defending national champion, winning their 5th national title in 2025.
Debakiri
Debakiri (Odia: ଦେବକିରୀ, romanized: debakirī) is a rāga belonging to the tradition of Odissi music. Falling under the meḷa Dhanasri, the raga uses komala gandhara and komala nisada swaras and is traditionally associated with the karuṇa and bhakti rasas. The raga is mentioned in treatises such as the Gita Prakasa and Sangita Narayana.

Gita Prakasa
The Gitaprakasa (IAST: 'Gītaprakāśa'; "Illuminator of music") is a 16th-century musical treatise belonging to the tradition of Odissi music, written by the musicologist Krusnadasa Badajena Mahapatra. Mahapatra was a court musician of Gajapati Mukundadeba. It is the second earliest music treatise discovered from Odisha. The Gita Prakasa is one of the cornerstones of the Odissi music tradition and is widely quoted by later authorities such as the Sangita Narayana and the Sangita Muktabali.

The treatise was first published by the Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi in 1983, based on two palm leaf manuscripts preserved in the Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar. Both manuscripts were collected from Puri district, Odisha and were roughly dated to the 18th century.
Georg Christoph Stertzing
Georg Christoph Stertzing (c. 1650 – Eisenach, 21 November 1717) was a German organ builder.

Stertzing became the successor of the Eisenach organ builder Christoph Nott in 1690 and was thus responsible for the maintenance of the organs in the city. He worked closely with the church musician Johann Christoph Bach, with whom he designed his most important work, the organ of the Georgenkirche. In 1701 he traveled to Magdeburg on behalf of the city. There it was possible to get to know the works of Arp Schnitger. Sterzing's work was held in high esteem by his contemporaries, and he is mentioned in Burney's travel diaries.

His brothers Johann Christian and Johann Friedrich were also active as organ builders. One of Stertzing's students was Johann Georg Fincke.

Two of his sons, Johann Friedrich and Johann Georg, pursued the same career. The former became court organ builder in Kassel, building instruments there and in the surrounding area.

Charles Burney
Charles Burney FRS (7 April 1726 – 12 April 1814) was an English music historian, composer and musician. He was the father of the writers Frances Burney and Sarah Burney, of the explorer James Burney, and of Charles Burney, a classicist and book donor to the British Museum. He was a close friend and supporter of Joseph Haydn and other composers.
Escape from Devil's Island
Escape from Devil's Island is a 1935 American adventure film directed by Albert S. Rogell and written by Earle Snell and Fred Niblo Jr. The film stars Victor Jory, Florence Rice, Norman Foster, Stanley Andrews, Daniel L. Haynes and Herbert Heywood. The film was released on November 24, 1935, by Columbia Pictures.

Fred Niblo Jr.
Fred Niblo Jr. (January 23, 1903 – February 18, 1973) was  an American screenwriter. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for the film The Criminal Code (1931) together with Seton I. Miller. Niblo retired from films in 1950 to become a businessman.
Najmuddin Ali Khan
Najmuddin Ali Khan or Najm ud-din Ali Khan, better known as Najm-ud-Daulah (or Nazam-ud-Daulah)  (c. 1747 – 8 May 1766), was the Nawab of Bengal and Bihar from 1765 to 1766. He was the second son of Mir Jafar.

Najm-ud-Daulah was crowned as the Nawab following the death of his father Mir Jafar. During his coronation he was only 15 years old. He ascended to the throne on 5 February 1765.

In 1765 after the victory in the Battle of Buxar the British had formally gained Dewani of Bengal and Bihar from Shah Alam II. The Nawab formally conferred this Dewani to the British on 30 September 1765.

Najmuddin died soon afterwards, on 8 May 1766, apparently from a fever caught at a formal party given at Murshidabad fort in honour of Robert Clive. He was buried at Jafraganj Cemetery and was succeeded by his younger brother Nawab Najabat Ali Khan.

Battle of Buxar
The Battle of Buxar was fought between 22 and 23 October 1764, between the forces of the British East India Company, under the command of Major Hector Munro, against the combined armies of Shah Alam II, the Emperor of the Mughal Empire; Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Balwant Singh, the Maharaja of the Benares State; Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh.

The battle was fought at Buxar, a "strong fortified town" within the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 kilometres (81 mi) west of Patna; it was a challenging victory for the British East India Company. The war was brought to an end by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. The defeated Indian rulers were forced to sign the treaty, granting the East India Company Diwani rights, which allowed them to collect revenue from the territories of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa on behalf of the Mughal emperor.
Wunderpus
Wunderpus photogenicus, the wunderpus octopus, is a small-bodied species of octopus with distinct white and rusty brown coloration. 'Wunderpus' from German "wunder" meaning 'marvel or wonder'.

Due to the appearance and behavior of the wunderpus, it is frequently confused with its close relative, the mimic octopus. The wunderpus octopus was not discovered until the 1980s and was only officially described in detail in 2006. The wunderpus octopus is important commercially to the underwater photography, dive and tourism communities, especially throughout Indonesia. The wunderpus is also valued as an expensive ornamental marine species for the home aquarium.

Hectocotylus
A hectocotylus (pl.: hectocotyli) is one of the arms of male cephalopods that is specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to the female. Structurally, hectocotyli are muscular hydrostats. Depending on the species, the male may use it merely as a conduit to the female, analogously to a penis in other animals, or he may wrench it off and present it to the female.

The hectocotyl arm was first described in Aristotle's biological works. Although Aristotle knew of its use in mating, he was doubtful that a tentacle could deliver sperm. The name hectocotylus was devised by Georges Cuvier, who first found one embedded in the mantle of a female argonaut. Thinking it to be a parasitic worm, in 1829 Cuvier gave it a generic name (Hectocotyle),
which is a New Latin term combining the Greek words for "hundred" (hec(a)to(n)) and for "hollow thing, cup" (cotyle).
Ayoola Adeleke
Chief Raji Ayoola Adeleke (born 27 December 1923) was a Nigerian politician, a labour activist and a senator in the second republic who represented Old Oyo State Senatorial District 11 which comprises six present day Local Governments in Osun State: Ede, Osogbo, Irepodun, Ifelodun, Odo Otin, Ila Orangun.

Irepodun, Osun State
IrepodunListenⓘ is a Local Government Area in Osun State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ilobu. The current chairman of the council is Adegoke R. Ogunsola.

It has an area of 64 km2 and a population of 119,497 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 230.
Yellow badge
The yellow badge, also known as the yellow patch, the Jewish badge, or the yellow star (German: Judenstern, lit. 'Jew's star'), was an accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history. A Jew's ethno-religious identity, which would be denoted by the badge, would help to mark them as an outsider. Legislation that mandated Jewish subjects to wear such items has been documented in some Middle Eastern caliphates and in some European kingdoms during the medieval period and the early modern period. The most recent usage of yellow badges was during World War II, when Jews living in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe were ordered to wear a yellow Star of David to keep their Jewish identity disclosed to the public in the years leading up to the Holocaust.

Vanves
Vanves (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃v] ⓘ) is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 5.6 km (3.5 mi) from the centre of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe and the tenth in France.
Miami Avenue station
Miami Avenue is a Metromover station in Downtown, Miami, Florida. The elevated station is located over South Miami Avenue on the north side of First Street. It opened on April 17, 1986, as part of the initial segment of the system.

Miami Avenue
Miami Avenue is a 16.8-mile (27.0 km) main north–south street running through Coconut Grove, Brickell, Downtown, and Midtown in Miami, Florida. It is the meridian road dividing the street grid of Miami and Miami-Dade County into east and west avenues.
Indigenous People's Democratic Party
The Indigenous People's Democratic Party is a political party in Bangsamoro, Philippines. They aim to represent the non-Moro indigenous groups in the Muslim-majority autonomous region. Led by Froilyn Mendoza it seeks to participate in the 2025 election for the Bangsamoro Parliament.

Bangsamoro Parliament
7°11′47″N 124°14′46″E﻿ / ﻿7.1964°N 124.2461°E﻿ / 7.1964; 124.2461

The Bangsamoro Parliament is the legislature of Bangsamoro, an autonomous region of the Philippines. It is currently led by the Bangsamoro Transition Authority, an interim regional governing body. The inaugural session of the parliament took place on March 29, 2019, while its first regular session is projected to take place in 2025.
Whitewater River (Oregon)
The Whitewater River is a tributary of the Metolius River in the U.S. state of Oregon. It flows generally east from Whitewater Glacier on Mount Jefferson, west-southwest of Warm Springs in Jefferson County. The river descends from 7,847 feet (2,392 m) at the source to 2,218 feet (676 m) at the mouth. The stream lies entirely within the Warm Springs Indian Reservation.

Whitewater Glacier
Whitewater Glacier is in the U.S. state of Oregon. The glacier is situated in the Cascade Range on the east and northeast slopes of Mount Jefferson. Starting near the summit at an elevation over 10,000 ft (3,000 m), the glacier extends down to 7,500 ft (2,300 m). From north to south, the glacier is nearly 2 mi (3.2 km) wide.
Marko Milivojević
Marko Milivojević is a Serbian musician. He played drums and keyboards in various Yugoslav bands as Morbidi, U Škripcu, Partibrejkers, Električni Orgazam, Old Stars Band, E-Play etc., and is known as the last drummer of the Serbian rock band Ekatarina Velika.
He's been playing as part of Marčelo's Shock Orchestra as well as Vlada Divljan's accompanying band (Ne)Vladina organizacija.
Lately he worked with Lena Kovačević on her debut album featuring  Boban Marković Orchestra and Dejan "Mozart" Kostić.

Električni Orgazam
Električni Orgazam (Serbian Cyrillic: Електрични Оргазам, lit. 'Electric Orgasm') is a Serbian rock band from Belgrade. Originally starting as a combination of new wave, punk rock and post-punk, the band later slowly changed their style, becoming a mainstream rock act. They were one of the most notable acts of the former Yugoslav rock scene.
Viscum combreticola
Viscum combreticola, the Combretum mistletoe, is a leafless, dioecious mistletoe shrub, occurring from southern to tropical Africa, in a broad zone following the Rift Valleys. Though it is typically a hemiparasite of Combretum species, it may also be found on Terminalia (Combretaceae), Acacia, Croton, Diplorhynchus, Dombeya, Heteropyxis, Maytenus, Melia, Strychnos or Vangueria.

The much-branched twigs are flattened, ribbed and divided into clear segments. The brittle olive to olive-green segments exude a watery sap when broken. Their sessile fruit, usually in pairs, grow from the segment joints. They are ellipsoid berries of 6-7 mm in diameter, that are warty when young but smooth and orange when ripe.

The species is vegetatively similar to V. anceps and artificially resembles the Asian species V. dichotomum. Male inflorescences and fruit are required to separate it from V. shirense and V. cylindricum.

Dombeya
Dombeya is a flowering plant genus. Traditionally included in the family Sterculiaceae, it is included in the expanded Malvaceae in the APG and most subsequent systematics. These plants are known by a number of vernacular names which sometimes, misleadingly, allude to the superficial similarity of flowering Dombeya to pears or hydrangeas (which are unrelated). Therefore, the genus as a whole is often simply called dombeyas. The generic name commemorates Joseph Dombey (1742–1794), a French botanist and explorer in South America, involved in the notorious "Dombey affair", embroiling scientists and governments of France, Spain, and Britain for more than two years.
SM UC-25
SM UC-25 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 29 August 1915 and was launched on 10 June 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 28 June 1916 as SM UC-25. In 13 patrols UC-25 was credited with sinking 21 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. From March to September 1918, she was commanded by Karl Dönitz, later grand admiral in charge of all U-boats in World War II. UC-25 was scuttled at Pola on 28 October 1918 on the surrender of Austria-Hungary.

Grand admiral
Grand admiral is a historic naval rank, the highest rank in the several European navies that used it. It is best known for its use in Germany as Großadmiral. A comparable rank in modern navies is that of admiral of the fleet.
Visioneers
Visioneers is a 2008 satirical science fiction dark comedy directed by Jared Drake, written by Brandon Drake, and starring Zach Galifianakis and Judy Greer. The film premiered on June 12, 2008, and was shot in Snoqualmie, Washington and surrounding areas.

Snoqualmie, Washington
Snoqualmie (/snoʊˈkwɔːlmi/ snow-KWAWL-mee) is a city next to Snoqualmie Falls in King County, Washington, United States. It is 28 miles (45 km) east of Seattle. Snoqualmie is home to the Northwest Railway Museum. The population was 14,121 at the 2020 census.
Bamforth
Bamforth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Bamforth, British comic book artist

Charles Bamforth (born 1952), British scientist

Nicholas Bamforth, British legal scholar

Rosemary Bamforth (1924–2018), Scottish pathologist

Scott Bamforth (born 1989), American-Kosovan basketball player

Vic Bamforth (born 1952), British glass artist

Scott Bamforth
Scott Douglas Bamforth (born August 12, 1989) is an American-Kosovan professional basketball player for Golden Eagle Ylli of the Kosovo Basketball Superleague.

Standing at 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), he plays at the shooting guard position. He played college basketball at Western Nebraska CC and Weber State.

In 2022, the Albuquerque Journal said that Bamforth had "[strung] together one of the most accomplished professional basketball careers ever for a New Mexico-born player".
1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic
The 1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic was a major outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. It occurred between December 1675 and August 1676, and resulted in approximately 11,300 deaths, making it the deadliest epidemic in Maltese history. Most deaths were in the urban areas, including the capital Valletta and the Three Cities, which had a mortality rate of about 41%. In the rural settlements, the mortality rate was 6.9%.

The exact cause of the outbreak remains uncertain, but infected merchandise from North Africa seems to be a likely source since the disease first appeared in the household of a merchant who had received goods from Tripoli. The epidemic spread rapidly and efforts to contain it were poor, in part due to disagreements on whether the disease was actually plague or not. Eventually strict measures were taken and the epidemic subsided after eight months.

Qormi
Qormi (Maltese: Ħal Qormi, [ħɐl ˈʔɔrmɪ], locally [ħɐl ˈʔʊrmɪ]), also known by its title Città Pinto, is a city in the Southern Region of Malta, southwest of Valletta in the centre of the island. It has a population of 16,324 (as of March 2018), making it Malta's fifth-largest city.

Qormi has two parishes, one dedicated to Saint George and one to Saint Sebastian. It contains two valleys: Wied il-Kbir (The Large Valley) and Wied is-Sewda (Black Valley). Its bordering towns are Marsa, Luqa, Żebbuġ, Siġġiewi, Ħamrun, Birkirkara, Attard, Santa Venera and Balzan.

Elder inhabitants of Qormi speak a broad Qormi Dialect, which is now in decline.
Brachyscelio
Brachyscelio is an extinct genus of wasps belonging to the family Neuroscelionidae, fossils have been found in Baltic and Rovno amber.

Species:

Brachyscelio cephalotes Brues, 1940

Brachyscelio dubius Brues, 1940

Brachyscelio grandiculus Kononova & Simutnik, 2015

Rovno amber
Rovno amber, occasionally called Ukrainian amber, is amber found in the Rivne Oblast and surrounding regions of Ukraine and Belarus. The amber is dated between Late Eocene and Early Oligocene, and suggested to be contemporaneous to Baltic amber (Prussian Formation). Major exploration and mining of the amber did not start until the 1990s.
Italian destroyer Intrepido (1912)
Intrepido (English: "Intrepid") was an Italian Indomito-class destroyer. Commissioned into service in the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) in 1913, she served in World War I, playing an active role in the Adriatic campaign until she was sunk in 1915.

Adriatic Campaign of World War I
The Adriatic Campaign of World War I was a naval campaign fought between the Central Powers and the Mediterranean squadrons of the Allies, specifically the United Kingdom, France, the Kingdom of Italy, Australia, and the United States.
E-6 process
The E-6 process is a chromogenic photographic process for developing Ektachrome, Fujichrome and other color reversal (also called slide or transparency) photographic film.

Unlike some color reversal processes (such as Kodachrome K-14) that produce positive transparencies, E-6 processing can be performed by individual users with the same equipment that is used for processing black and white negative film or C-41 color negative film. The process is highly sensitive to temperature variations: a heated water bath is mandatory to stabilize the temperature at 100.0 °F (37.8 °C) for the first developer and first wash to maintain process tolerances.

Chromogen
In chemistry, the term chromogen refers to a colourless (or faintly coloured) chemical compound that can be converted by chemical reaction into a compound which can be described as "coloured" (a chromophore). There is no universally agreed definition of the term. Various dictionaries give the following definitions:

A substance capable of conversion into a pigment or dye.

Any substance that can become a pigment or coloring matter, a substance in organic fluids that forms colored compounds when oxidized, or a compound, not itself a dye, that can become a dye.

Any substance, itself without color, giving origin to a coloring matter.

In biochemistry the term has a rather different meaning. The following are found in various dictionaries.

A precursor of a biochemical pigment

A pigment-producing microorganism

Any of certain bacteria that produce a pigment

A strongly pigmented or pigment-generating organelle, organ, or microorganism.