hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Artin–Rees lemma
In mathematics, the Artin–Rees lemma is a basic result about modules over a Noetherian ring, along with results such as the Hilbert basis theorem. It was proved in the 1950s in independent works by the mathematicians Emil Artin and David Rees; a special case was known to Oscar Zariski prior to their work.

An intuitive characterization of the lemma involves the notion that a submodule N of a module M over some ring A with specified ideal I holds a priori two topologies: one induced by the topology on M, and the other when considered with the I-adic topology over A. Then Artin-Rees dictates that these topologies actually coincide, at least when A is Noetherian and M finitely-generated.

One consequence of the lemma is the Krull intersection theorem. The result is also used to prove the exactness property of completion. The lemma also plays a key role in the study of ℓ-adic sheaves.

ℓ-adic sheaf
In algebraic geometry, an ℓ-adic sheaf on a Noetherian scheme X is an inverse system consisting of -modules  in the étale topology and  inducing .

Bhatt–Scholze's pro-étale topology gives an alternative approach.
McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting
In United States employment discrimination law, McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting or the McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework refers to the procedure for adjudicating a motion for summary judgement under a Title VII disparate treatment claim, in particular a "private, non-class action challenging employment discrimination", that lacks direct evidence of discrimination. It was introduced by the United States Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas v. Green and Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine and has been elaborated on in subsequent cases.

The McDonnell-Douglas framework is typically used when a case lacks direct evidence of discrimination. In other cases, courts may decide not to use the McDonnell-Douglas framework, and instead evaluate disparate treatment claims under the Price Waterhouse "mixed motive" framework.

Employment discrimination
Employment discrimination is a form of illegal discrimination in the workplace based on legally protected characteristics. In the U.S., federal anti-discrimination law prohibits discrimination by employers against employees based on age, race, gender, sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity), religion, national origin, and physical or mental disability. State and local laws often protect additional characteristics such as marital status, veteran status and caregiver/familial status. Earnings differentials or occupational differentiation—where differences in pay come from differences in qualifications or responsibilities—should not be confused with employment discrimination. Discrimination can be intended and involve disparate treatment of a group or be unintended, yet create disparate impact for a group.
Luciano Pigozzi
Luciano Pigozzi (10 January 1927 – 14 June 2008), also known professionally as Alan Collins, was an Italian character actor. A long-time staple of Italian genre cinema, Pigozzi was noted for his resemblance to Peter Lorre and appeared in such films as Human Cobras, Yor, the Hunter from the Future, Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman, Blood and Black Lace, Libido and perhaps his goriest role in Baron Blood.

Born in Novellara, province of Reggio Emilia, in Italy; he appeared in more than one hundred films between 1954 and 1989, including many 1960s Italian thrillers such as Terror-Creatures from the Grave, Werewolf in a Girls' Dormitory and The Whip and the Body. Pigozzi died on 14 June 2008, at the age of 81.

Terror-Creatures from the Grave
Terror-Creatures from the Grave  (Italian: 5 tombe per un medium) is a 1965 horror film directed by Domenico Massimo Pupillo. The film was an international co-production between Italy and the United States through M.B.S. Cinematografica, G.I.A. Cinematografica and International Entertainment Corp.
Treaty of Malmö
The Treaty of Malmö (Swedish: Malmö recess), signed on 1 September 1524, ended the Swedish War of Liberation. King Frederick I of Denmark–Norway acknowledged Gustav Vasa as the king of Sweden, who in turn renounced claims to Scania and Blekinge.

The difficult question of the control of Gotland was deferred, to be refereed by a committee of representatives from various Hanseatic League cities. Swedish troops were to continue military occupation of Ranrike until the issue was resolved. By 1532, no agreement had been reached, and Ranrike was returned to Denmark–Norway in exchange for 1,200 guilders.

Guilder
Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German gulden, originally shortened from Middle High German guldin pfenninc ("gold penny"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Roman Empire for the Fiorino d'oro (introduced in 1252 in the Republic of Florence). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with florin (currency sign ƒ or fl.). In Hungary it is called forint.

The guilder is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of the Dutch Empire.
Finnøya, Nordland
Finnøya (Norwegian) or Dirvik (Lule Sami) is an island in Hamarøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The island is situated northwest of the village of Innhavet with which it is connected by bridge.  The mountainous island has an area of 68 square kilometres (26 sq mi) and the highest point is the 436-metre (1,430 ft) tall mountain Straumfjellet.  In 2016, the island of Finnøya had a population of 75.

Sagfjord Church is located on the south side of the island in the village of Karlsøy.

Lule Sámi
Lule Sámi (Lule Sami: julevsámegiella, Norwegian: lulesamisk, Swedish: lulesamiska) is a Uralic-Sámi language spoken around the Lule River in Sweden and in the northern parts of Nordland county in Norway. In Norway it is especially seen in Hamarøy Municipality (formerly Tysfjord Municipality), where Lule Sámi is one of the official languages. It is written in the Latin script, having an official alphabet.
Doug Mulray
Douglas John Mulray (1 December 1951 – 30 March 2023) was an Australian comedian, radio, and television presenter. Nicknamed Uncle Doug, he grew up in Dee Why on Sydney's Northern Beaches. Mulray was well-known for his bawdy humor and charismatic larrikinism, with his style of free quips, parodies, and "unbridled naughtiness".

Northern Beaches
The Northern Beaches is a region within Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, near the Pacific coast. This area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to Middle Harbour and north to the entrance of Broken Bay. The area was formerly inhabited by the Garigal or Caregal people in a region known as Guringai country.

The Northern Beaches district is governed on a local level by the Northern Beaches Council, which was formed in May 2016 from Warringah Council (est. 1906), Manly Council (est. 1877), and Pittwater Council (est. 1992).
Komsomolsk Nature Reserve
Komsomolsk Nature Reserve (Russian: Комсомольский заповедник) (also Komsomolsky) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict ecological reserve), encompassing the confluence of the Gorin River and the Amur River in the Russian Far East.  The reserve protects a meeting zone of multiple ecoregions in the lower Amur, including the northernmost reach of Manchurian taiga.  It is located about 50 km downstream (east) of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in the Komsomolsky District of Khabarovsk Krai.  The reserve was created in 1963, and covers an area of 64,278 ha (248.18 sq mi).

Komsomolsky District, Khabarovsk Krai
Komsomolsky District (Russian: Комсомо́льский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the krai. The area of the district is 25,167 square kilometers (9,717 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:  29,072 (2010 Census); 31,563 (2002 Census); 33,649 (1989 Soviet census).
Caol and Mallaig (ward)
Caol and Mallaig is one of the 21 wards used to elect members of the Highland Council.  It includes the Caol area of the town of Fort William, Arisaig, the town of Mallaig, and the Small Isles. It elects four Councillors.

Arisaig
Arisaig /ˈærɪseɪɡ/ (Scottish Gaelic: Àrasaig) is a village in Lochaber, Inverness-shire. It lies 7 miles (11 kilometres) south of Mallaig on the west coast of the Scottish Highlands, within the Rough Bounds. Arisaig is also the traditional name for part of the surrounding peninsula south of Loch Morar, extending east to Moidart. Etymologically, Arisaig means "safe bay". It lies in the Scottish council area of Highland and has a population of about 300.
Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux
Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux (French pronunciation: [le.z‿ɔljɛʁ syʁ eʁjø], literally Les Ollières on Eyrieux; Occitan: Las Olièras) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

The nearest towns are Privas and Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut.

Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁdɛʃ] ⓘ; Occitan: Ardecha, pronounced [aɾˈdet͡ʃɔ]; Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. It is named after the river Ardèche and had a population of 328,278 as of 2019. Its prefecture is in Privas, but its largest city is Annonay.
Seneca Valley High School
Seneca Valley High School (SVHS) is a public high school serving grades 9–12 in Germantown, Maryland, United States. It is part of the Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) system. The current building was finished in 2021, and has a capacity of 2,537 students.

As of 2024, Seneca Valley is the 83rd-ranked school in Maryland and the 4460th-ranked school nationally, according to U.S. News & World Report.

Montgomery County Public Schools (Maryland)
Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) is the public school district of Montgomery County, Maryland. With 211 schools, it is the largest school district in the state of Maryland. For the 2024-25 school year, the district had about 159,671 students taught by about 13,994 teachers, 86.4 percent of whom had a master's degree or equivalent. MCPS receives nearly half of Montgomery County’s budget—47.3% in fiscal year 2026.

As of July 2025, the superintendent of the district is Thomas W. Taylor. The board of education includes nine members, including the superintendent and a student member, who votes on all issues except punishment for individuals; in 2025–26, the student board member is Anuva Maloo.

In 2010, MCPS was awarded a Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award.
Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug
Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (5 May 1775, in Berlin – 3 February 1856, in Berlin), was a German entomologist.
He described the butterflies and some other insects of Upper Egypt and Arabia in Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg and Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich's Symbolæ Physicæ (1829 in Berlin – 1845). He was professor of medicine and entomology  in the University of Berlin (known in the present day as the Humboldt University of Berlin) where he curated the insect collections from 1810 to 1856. At the same time he directed the Botanic Garden in Berlin which contains his collections. Klug worked mainly on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. The plant genus Klugia (now called Rhynchoglossum, Family Gesneriaceae) was named in his honour as well as the butterflies Geitoneura klugii and Heliophisma klugii.

In 1855, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Rhynchoglossum
Rhynchoglossum is a genus of plant in family Gesneriaceae. In recent times, members of the former genus Klugia are also included. Species within the broader genus are found in India, southern China to New Guinea and about three species in tropical America. The genus has a leaf arrangement that is termed as alternate-distichous and the leaves are asymmetric in shape. The flowers have two lips. The older genus Klugia had four stamens compared to the typical two but Klugia from southern India are found to be very close based on molecular evidence.
Rooney (UK band)
Rooney were a British DIY band that released three albums between 1998 and 2000, including the debut album Time on Their Hands which received much support from John Peel, who booked them for a session in 1999. They reached number 44 in Peel's Festive Fifty of 1998. The lo-fi music incorporated sometimes humorous — but often unsettling — spoken-sung lyrics describing everyday, mundane activities and observations, an approach which was consistent across all Rooney releases.

Stewart Lee
Stewart Graham Lee (born 5 April 1968) is an English comedian. His stand-up routine is characterised by repetition, internal reference, and deadpan delivery.

Lee began his career in 1989 and formed the comedy duo Lee and Herring with Richard Herring. In 2001, he co-wrote and co-directed the West End hit musical Jerry Springer: The Opera, a critical success that sparked a backlash from Christian right groups who staged a series of protests outside its early performances. In 2011, he won British Comedy Awards for Best Male Television Comic and Best Comedy Entertainment Programme for his series Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle. He has written music reviews for publications including The Sunday Times.

In 2009, The Times referred to Lee as "the comedian's comedian, and for good reason" and named him "face of the decade". In 2012, he was placed at No. 9 on a poll of the 100 most influential people in UK comedy. In 2018, The Times named him as the best current English-language comedian.
Ryan M-1
The Ryan M-1 was a mail plane produced in the United States in the 1920s. It was the first original design built by Ryan Aeronautical. It was a conventional gear parasol-wing monoplane with two open cockpits in tandem and fixed, tailskid undercarriage.

Ryan Aeronautical
The Ryan Aeronautical Company was founded by T. Claude Ryan in San Diego, California, in 1934. It became part of Teledyne in 1969, and of Northrop Grumman when the latter company purchased Ryan in 1999. Ryan built several historically and technically significant aircraft, including four innovative V/STOL designs, but its most successful production aircraft was the Ryan Firebee line of unmanned drones used as target drones and unmanned air vehicles.
Rubikiai Lake
Lake Rubikiai is a lake in Anykščiai district municipality, Lithuania. It is famous for its 13 (or 16) islands (Pertako, Bučinė, Aukštoji, Česnakinė, Liepinė, Didžioji, and others) that cover 1.1 square kilometres (0.42 sq mi). Among the settlements located on the shores of the lake, Rubikiai village is the largest. Anykšta rivulet, the namesake of Anykščiai and left tributary of Šventoji River, flows from the lake. In 1960 Lake Rubikiai was declared a landscape reserve and now is part of Anykščiai Regional Park. There are several campsites where tourists are welcome to put up tents or rent kayaks. Every year since 1984 Lake Rubikiai hosts a regatta on the Joninės day.

Saint Jonas's Festival
Saint Jonas' Festival, also known as Rasos (Dew Holiday), Joninės, Kupolė, Midsummer Day or Saint John's Day) is a Lithuanian midsummer folk festival celebrated on 24 June all around Lithuania and by the Lithuanian diaspora worldwide. The celebrations often involve flower wreaths, bonfires and torchlit processions, and music and dancing.
Sancaklar Mosque
The Sancaklar Mosque (Turkish: Sancaklar Camii) is a mosque in Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. It was designed by architect Emre Arolat. It was conceived in response to the Sancaklar family's desire to construct a mosque in a location with views of Buyukcekmece Lake, within a neighborhood of gated communities. The mosque covers 700m2 on a 1300m2 site.

Finished in 2012, it received the 2015 Religious Building of the Year Award from ArchDaily.  It also won the RIBA Award for International Excellence in 2018. In the BBC series Civilisations, classicist Mary Beard described it as "one of the most striking religious creations of modern times" and "one of the most startling mosques in the world".

Mary Beard
Dame Winifred Mary Beard (born 1 January 1955) is an English classicist specialising in Ancient Rome. She is a trustee of the British Museum and formerly held a personal professorship of classics at the University of Cambridge. She is a fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, and Royal Academy of Arts Professor of Ancient Literature.

Beard is the classics editor of The Times Literary Supplement, for which she also writes a regular blog, "A Don's Life". Her frequent media appearances and sometimes controversial public statements have led to her being described as "Britain's best-known classicist". In 2014, The New Yorker characterised her as "learned but accessible".
Charles L. Southward
Charles Lutcher Southward (May 16, 1912 – April 28, 2000) was a United States Army major general who served as director of the Army National Guard and commander of the District of Columbia National Guard.

Armed Forces Reserve Medal
The Armed Forces Reserve Medal (AFRM) is a service medal of the United States Armed Forces that has existed since 1958. The medal recognizes service performed by members of the reserve components and is awarded to both officers and enlisted personnel. The medal is considered a successor award to the Naval Reserve Medal and the Marine Corps Reserve Ribbon, which were discontinued in 1958 and 1965, respectively.

If the medal is awarded for periods of service, it is accompanied by an hourglass device. Depending on the length of service, a bronze, silver, gold, or bronze and gold hourglass are worn on the suspension ribbon and service ribbon, indicating 10, 20, 30, or 40 years of service, respectively.

If the medal is awarded in connection with a mobilization, it is accompanied by an "M" device. Subsequent mobilizations under an unrelated presidential call-up order result in a numeral device being worn to indicate the number of mobilizations.
Lace (album)
Lace is the studio album by Canadian country music group Lace. The album was released on October 5, 1999, on 143 Records. The release led to the band receiving nominations for Group of the Year and Video of the Year (for "I Want a Man") at the 2000 Canadian Country Music Awards.

Lace (group)
Lace was a Canadian-American country music vocal group. They were formed in 1998 with the backing of music producer David Foster, and initially consisted of Canadian singers Beverley Mahood and Giselle Brohman, along with American singer Corbi Dyann. Active between 1998 and 2001, the band charted four singles on national country music charts, in addition to releasing a self-titled studio album on 143 Records (in association with Warner Bros. Records Nashville).
Idols South Africa season 15
The fifteenth season of South African Idols premiered on 7 July 2019, 17:30 SAST and concluded on 17 November 2019 on the Mzansi Magic TV. The season was won by Luyolo Yiba and the runner-up was Sneziey Msomi.

ProVerb remained as the show's host and an executive producer, while Somizi Mhlongo, Unathi Nkayi and Randall Abrahams also remained as the main judges, with guest judges at each of the four audition cities. The next season was showcasing on 2 August 2020.

Somizi Mhlongo
Somizi, Aka Somgaga    (born 23 December 1972) is a South African media personality, actor and socialite. In 1992, he appeared on the musical and political film, Sarafina! which gained him prominence. Mhlongo became lead choreographer for numerous shows and events, including the opening and closing ceremonies for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and 2013 Africa Cup of Nations.

After starring and taking part in the choreography of Sarafina!, Mhlongo also appeared in several films including drama film Cry, the Beloved Country (1995) as well as various television shows, including Idols South Africa and V Entertainment.
Legislative districts of Lanao del Sur
The legislative districts of Lanao del Sur are the representations of the province of Lanao del Sur in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its first and second congressional districts.

Interim Batasang Pambansa
The Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP; English: Interim National Assembly) was the legislature of the Republic of the Philippines from its inauguration on June 12, 1978, to June 5, 1984. It served as a transitional legislative body mandated by the 1973 Constitution as the Philippines shifted from a presidential to a semi-presidential form of government.

The IBP was preceded by the Interim National Assembly that briefly was the de jure body established in the original text of the 1973 Constitution, was never convened and effectively superseded by a series of nine constitutional amendments ratified through a referendum plebiscite held from October 16 to 17, 1976.
Arcand
Arcand is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrien Arcand (1899–1967), Canadian far-right politician

Denys Arcand (b. 1941), Canadian film director, producer and screenwriter

Gabriel Arcand (b. 1949), Canadian actor, brother of Denys Arcand

Jean-Louis Arcand, Canadian economist

Jean-Olivier Arcand (1793–1875), Canadian political figure

Nelly Arcan (1973–2009), Canadian novelist

Paul Arcand (b. 1960), Canadian journalist, radio host and film producer

Pierre Arcand (b. 1951), Canadian businessman and politician, brother of Paul Arcand

Jean-Louis Arcand
Jean-Louis Arcand (born 1964) is a Canadian economist born in Cameroon. Since 2023, he is the President of the Global Development Network, an international organisation which supports social science research in low- and middle-income countries.He is a professor of International Economics  at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, where he was the Department of Economics chair from 2017 to 2020. He is an affiliate professor at Mohammed VI Polytechnic University in Morocco.  He is also a founding fellow of the European Union Development Network and senior fellow at the Fondation pour les études et recherches en développement international.
Verville (Merry Point, Virginia)
Verville is a historic plantation house located near Merry Point, Lancaster County, Virginia.  It was built about 1742, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, brick Colonial-style dwelling. It has a single-pile, central-passage plan. The gambrel roof and all woodwork was changed to conform with Federal-style tastes in the late-18th or early-19th century.

Colonial architecture
Colonial architecture is a hybrid architectural style that arose as colonists combined architectural styles from their country of origin with design characteristics of the settled country. Colonists frequently built houses and buildings in a style that was familiar to them but with local characteristics more suited to their new climate.
Below are links to specific articles about colonial architecture, specifically the modern colonies:
G. Clarke Topp
G. Clarke Topp is a Canadian soil physicist who spent 37 years with Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Ottawa. His research focus was to improve field measurement methods for soil-water properties and parameters. His research introduced electromagnetic (EM) technology to soil measurement by way of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Topp is recognized for outstanding technical innovation and scientific achievement.

Soil physics
Soil physics is the study of soil's physical properties and processes. It is applied to  management and prediction under natural and managed ecosystems.  Soil physics deals with the dynamics of physical soil components and their phases as solids, liquids, and gases. It draws on the principles of physics, physical chemistry, engineering, and meteorology.  Soil physics applies these principles to address practical problems of agriculture, ecology, and engineering.