hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of irrigation in Sudan
Sudan had a modern irrigated agriculture sector totaling about 800,000 hectares in 2010, out of about 84 million hectares that were potentially arable. This was a slight decline from the prior year and well below the more than 2 million hectares of the early 1990s. The Nile and its tributaries were the source of water for 93 percent of irrigated agriculture, and of this, the Blue Nile accounted for about 67 percent. Gravity flow was the main form of irrigation, although pumps served part of the irrigated area.

Surface irrigation
Surface irrigation is where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. It is by far the most common form of irrigation throughout the world and has been practiced in many areas virtually unchanged for thousands of years.

Surface irrigation is often referred to as flood irrigation, implying that the water distribution is uncontrolled and therefore, inherently inefficient. In reality, some of the irrigation practices grouped under this name involve a significant degree of management (for example surge irrigation).
Arizona Impact
Arizona Impact were an American indoor soccer team, founded in 2013. The Arizona Impact competed in the Premier Arena Soccer League and Major Arena Soccer League 2 and played their home matches at the Arizona Sports Complex in Glendale, Arizona.

Former indoor soccer professional player Rick Soderman was named the first Arizona Impact head coach in October 2013. Soderman had a seven-year career (1993–2000) playing with six teams. Soderman resigned as head coach on November 16, 2015 and was replaced by team captains Ryan Hays and Ami Hanan on an interim basis. Mike Cudmore was named head coach on January 27, 2016.

Premier Arena Soccer League
The Premier Arena Soccer League (PASL) was a professional men's and women's indoor soccer league; along with a number of amateur teams across North America. The PASL was previously known as the Federation of Sports Arenas (FSA). The PASL logo formerly belonged to what is now the Major Arena Soccer League.

Established in 1998, the PASL has been at the forefront of promoting and advancing the sport of indoor soccer for over 25 years. The league provides a platform for talented athletes to compete at the highest level and has played a crucial role in the growth of indoor soccer across the country.

PASL is an affiliated member of the Pan-American Minifootball Federation and the World Minifootball Federation. In 2024, the PASL was acquired by Auden Enterprises

Founders

Kevin Milliken - Off the Wall Soccer, Chico, CA

Jan Eric Nordmo - Off the Wall Soccer, Santa Clara, CA Chico, CA Hillsboro, OR
Holy Wars (album)
Holy Wars is the fourth studio album by American post-punk band Tuxedomoon, released in 1985 by Cramboy. "In a Manner of Speaking" is probably the band's most known song, after being covered by Martin Gore on his 1989 Counterfeit EP and by Nouvelle Vague on their 2004 eponymous debut album.

Nouvelle Vague (band)
Nouvelle Vague is a French cover band led by musicians Olivier Libaux and Marc Collin. Their name means "new wave" in French, and refers simultaneously to the French New Wave cinema movement of the 1960s, to the new wave music movement of the 1970s and 1980s, which provides many of the songs that the band covers, and to bossa nova (Portuguese for "new way"), a musical style that the band frequently uses in its arrangements.

The group's recordings and live performances have featured a large rotating cast of mostly female vocalists. Several of the artists who have performed with the band have also had successful solo careers, including Camille, Phoebe Killdeer, Mélanie Pain, and Nadéah Miranda. Libaux died in 2021 but the band continues to tour.
KDELR2
ER lumen protein retaining receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KDELR2 gene.

Retention of resident soluble proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is achieved in both yeast and animal cells by their continual retrieval from the cis-Golgi, or a pre-Golgi compartment.  Sorting of these proteins is dependent on a C-terminal tetrapeptide signal, lys-asp-glu-leu (KDEL) in animal cells and his-asp-glu-leu (HDEL) in S. cerevisiae.  This process is mediated by a receptor that recognizes, and binds the tetrapeptide-containing protein, and returns it to the ER.  In yeast, the sorting receptor encoded by a single gene, ERD2, is a seven-transmembrane protein.  Unlike yeast, several human homologs of the ERD2 gene, constituting the KDEL receptor gene family, have been described. KDELR2 was the second member of the family to be identified, and it encodes a protein which is 83% identical to the KDELR1 gene product.

Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+ form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a positively charged amino acid at physiological pH. Initially thought essential only for infants, it has now been shown in longer-term studies to be essential for adults also. It is encoded by the codons CAU and CAC.

Histidine was first isolated by Albrecht Kossel and Sven Gustaf Hedin in 1896. The name stems from its discovery in tissue, from ἱστός histós "tissue". It is also a precursor to histamine, a vital inflammatory agent in immune responses. The acyl radical is histidyl.
Ilma Kazazić
Ilma Kazazić (born 26 May 1998) is a Bosnian alpine skier who served as flag-bearer at the 2018 Winter Paralympics Parade of Nations for Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

She finished in 8th in Giant Slalom standing at 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships.

2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships
The 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships was an international disability sport alpine skiing event held in two cities: Sella Nevea, Italy from 21 to 24 January with slalom and giant slalom and Kranjska Gora, Slovenia from 28 to 31 January with Super-G, downhill and super combined events. The Championship is held biannually by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
Progetto Babele
Progetto Babele is a tri-monthly, nonprofit literary magazine founded in Cork, Ireland by Marco Roberto Capelli. Founded in 2002, the magazine is available online as well as in a print medium. The magazine features short stories, articles, reviews, translations, and interviews about books, magazines, and literary websites.

In 2007, the magazine launched an audiobooks section on its website in which dramatized versions of short stories are published.

The magazine's website is multilingual, and has sub-sections in English, French, and Spanish.

With about 2,965 regular collaborations from authors, notable writers who have contributed to Progetto Babele include Corrado Augias, Valerio Evangelisti, Michael Hoeye, Fernando Sorrentino, Tullio Avoledo, and Arturo Pérez-Reverte.

Corrado Augias
Corrado Augias OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [korˈraːdo ˈaudʒas]; born 26 January 1935) is an Italian journalist, writer and TV host. He was also a member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 1999 for the Democratic Party of the Left.
Sheshma
The Sheshma (Russian: Шешма; Tatar: Чишмә) is a river in Tatarstan and Samara Oblast, Russian Federation, a left tributary of the Kama, falling into the Kama near Starosheshminsk. It is 259 kilometres (161 mi) long, of which 227 kilometres (141 mi) are in Tatarstan, and its drainage basin covers 6,040 square kilometres (2,330 sq mi).

The river begins  in Samara Oblast, 28 kilometres (17 mi) south of Leninogorsk, Tatarstan. Major tributaries are the Forest Sheshma, Kuvak, Sekines, Kichuy, and Talkysh rivers. The maximal mineralization is 600–700 mg/L. The average sediment deposition at the river mouth per year is 112 millimetres (4.4 in). The river generally is fed by underground water in the dry season. Drainage is regulated. There are major flood-plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Sheshma. Since 1978 it has been protected as a natural monument of Tatarstan. Shugurovo, Novosheshminsk and Starosheshminsk stay on the river.

Novosheshminsk
Novosheshminsk (Russian: Новошешминск; Tatar: Яңа Чишмә) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Novosheshminsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Population:  4,561 (2010 Census); 4,576 (2002 Census); 3,478 (1989 Soviet census).
Nashipur Road railway station
Nashipur Road was a railway station of the Sealdah-Lalgola line in the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. The station was situated at Nashipur in Murshidabad district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It served Nashipur and surroundings areas. Lalgola Passengers and few EMU trains used to pass through the station. Presently the station is non functional, after Nashipur bridge completion, this station may be functional again.

Murshidabad district
Murshidabad district is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Situated on the left bank of the river Ganges, the district is very fertile. Covering an area of 5,341 km2 (2,062 sq mi) and having a population 7.103 million (according to 2011 census), it is a densely populated district and the ninth most populous in India (out of 640). Berhampore city is the headquarters of the district.

The Murshidabad city, which lends its name to the district, was the seat of power of the Nawabs of Bengal. All of Bengal was once governed from this city. A few years after Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula lost to the British at the Battle of Plassey, the capital of Bengal was moved to the newly founded city of Calcutta, now called Kolkata.
Erie Lackawanna Trail
Erie Lackawanna Trail is a rail trail located in Lake County, Indiana, which runs along the former Erie Lackawanna Railway. The trail begins in the city of Hammond then passes through the towns of Highland, Griffith, Schererville, and Merrillville before coming to an end in the county seat Crown Point. It covers a total of 17.7 miles (28.5 km).

Griffith, Indiana
Griffith is a town in North and St. John townships in Lake County, Indiana, United States. It is a part of the Chicago metropolitan area. The population was 16,420 in 2020. The town's population is currently declining at a rate of 0.69% annually. Griffith has the 11th largest population and 17th largest area by size of incorporated municipalities in Lake County, Indiana.
Macropsychanthus
Macropsychanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the tribe  Diocleae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus has 47 species with a pantropical distribution, ranging through the tropical Americas from southern Mexico to northeastern Argentina, west and central Africa, Madagascar, Indochina, Malesia, Papuasia, and Queensland.

Papuasia
Papuasia is a Level 2 botanical region defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It lies in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the Melanesia ecoregion of Oceania and Tropical Asia.

It comprises the following geographic and political entities:

Aru Islands (Indonesia; treated as part of Western New Guinea in the Scheme)

New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Western New Guinea (Indonesia)

Solomon Islands (archipelago)
Bougainville
Solomon Islands (excluding the Santa Cruz Islands)
Zonal polynomial
In mathematics, a zonal polynomial is a multivariate symmetric homogeneous polynomial. The zonal polynomials form a basis of the space of symmetric polynomials. Zonal polynomials appear in special functions with matrix argument which on the other hand appear in matrixvariate distributions such as the Wishart distribution when integrating over compact Lie groups. The theory was started in multivariate statistics in the 1960s and 1970s in a series of papers by Alan Treleven James and his doctoral student Alan Graham Constantine.

They appear as zonal spherical functions of the Gelfand pairs
 (here,  is the hyperoctahedral group) and , which means that they describe canonical basis of the double class
algebras  and  .

The zonal polynomials are the  case of the C normalization of the Jack function.

Special functions
Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications.

The term is defined by consensus, and thus lacks a general formal definition, but the list of mathematical functions contains functions that are commonly accepted as special.
Wólka, Gołdap County
Wólka [ˈvulka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Banie Mazurskie, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) south-east of Banie Mazurskie, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Gołdap, and 113 km (70 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Gołdap County
Gołdap County (Polish: powiat gołdapski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its administrative seat and only town is Gołdap, which lies 133 kilometres (83 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

When powiats were re-introduced in the Polish local government reforms of 1999, the present Gołdap and Olecko Counties made up a single entity (called powiat olecko-gołdapski or Olecko-Gołdap County). This was divided into two in 2002.

The county covers an area of 771.93 square kilometres (298.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 26,825, out of which the population of Gołdap is 13,716 and the rural population is 13,109.
Nurzhan Smanov
Nurzhan Smanov (Нуржан Сманов; born February 17, 1972) is a retired boxer from Kazakhstan, who competed for his native country in the Men's Welterweight (– 67 kg) division at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He was defeated in the quarterfinals by Cuba's eventual silver medalist Juan Hernández Sierra.

Smanov is an Asian champion as well, having won gold at the 1994 Asian Games in addition to a bronze at the 1998 Asian Games.

1994 Asian Games
The 1994 Asian Games (1994年アジア競技大会), also known as the XII Asiad and the 12th Asian Games (第12回アジア競技大会) or simply Hiroshima 1994 (広島1994), were held from October 2 to 16, 1994, in Hiroshima, Japan. It was the first Asian Games in history to be hosted in a non-capital city. The main theme of this edition was to promote peace and harmony among Asian nations. This concept was used due to the historical fact that the city was the site of the first atomic bomb attack 49 years earlier. Due to the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq was suspended from the games. The games debuted the five Asian former republics of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

There were a total number of 6,828 athletes and officials involved, from 42 countries, with a total number of 34 sports. Debut sports at this edition of the Asiad were baseball, karate and modern pentathlon.
Marathi theatre
Marathi theatre is theatre in the Marathi language, mostly originating or based in the state of Maharashtra in India, and elsewhere with Marathi diaspora. Starting in the middle of the 19th century, it flourished in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, it continues to have a marked presence in the State of Maharashtra with a loyal audience base, when most theatre in other parts of India have had tough time facing the onslaught of cinema and television. Its repertoire ranges from musicals, humorous social plays, farces, historical plays like 'Vedat Marathe Veer Daudale Saat' by Bashir Momin Kavathekar, to experimental plays and serious drama of the 1970s onwards, by Vijay Tendulkar, P. L. Deshpande, Mahesh Elkunchwar and Satish Alekar, which have influenced theatre throughout India. In the post-independence era, Bengali theatre, and Marathi theatre have been at the forefront of innovations and significant dramaturgy in Indian theatre.

Farce
Farce is a form of comedy that relies on exaggerated, improbable, or ridiculous situations to entertain an audience. It is typically marked by physical humor, absurdity, satire or parody, improbable scenarios, misunderstandings, and broadly stylized characters and performances.
2025 Uruguay Open
The 2025 Uruguay Open was a professional tennis tournament played on red clay courts in Montevideo. It was the 20th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place at the Carrasco Lawn Tennis Club in Montevideo, Uruguay between 10 and 16 November 2025.

Facundo Mena
Facundo Mena (born 22 September 1992) is an Argentine professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 127 achieved on 12 September 2022 and a best doubles ranking of No. 159 achieved on 23 February 2026.

Mena plays mostly on ATP Challenger Tour, where he won four titles in singles and five in doubles.
34th Street station (SEPTA Metro)
34th Street station is an underground station on the SEPTA Metro L, located at the intersection of 34th Street and Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the University City neighborhood of West Philadelphia. The station is on the Drexel University campus, adjacent to the Daskalakis Athletic Center, and near the University of Pennsylvania campus and the University City Science Center.

The station is also served by SEPTA bus routes 30, 31, 49, and LUCY.

Philadelphia Transportation Company
The Philadelphia Transportation Company (PTC) was the main public transit operator in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1940 to 1968.  A private company, PTC was the successor to the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (PRT), in operation since 1902, and was the immediate predecessor of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA).
Argyrops spinifer
Argyrops spinifer, the king soldierbream, Bowen snapper, long-spined red bream, longfin snapper, longspine seabream and red bokako, It is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae. This species is found in the Indian Ocean.

Sparidae
Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies, is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Acanthuriformes, although they were previously classified in the order Perciformes. The over 150 species are found in shallow and deep marine waters in temperate through tropical regions around the world. Most species are demersal carnivores.
Nam Sách district
Nam Sách is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 139,184. The district covers an area of 133 km2. The district capital lies at Nam Sách.

District (Vietnam)
Districts (Vietnamese: huyện), also known as rural districts or counties, were one of several types of former second-tier administrative subdivisions of Vietnam, the other types being urban districts (Vietnamese: quận), provincial cities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), municipal cities (thành phố thuộc thành phố trực thuộc trung ương), and district-level towns (thị xã). The districts were subdivisions of the first-tier divisions, namely the provinces and municipalities. Districts were subdivided into third-tier units, namely townships and communes.

Districts and the whole second-tier of administrative subdivisions of Vietnam were eliminated in 2025, following a major governmental reform.
Muriel de Lisle
Muriel de Lisle (20 January 1892 – 30 March 1974) was instrumental in the early years of Girl Guiding in Warwickshire. She was a recipient of the Silver Fish Award, Girl Guiding's highest adult honour.

Wootton Wawen
Wootton Wawen /ˈwʊtən ˈwoʊ.ən/ is a village and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. The village is on the A3400 in mid-western Warwickshire, about 20 miles (32 km) from Birmingham, about 2 miles (3 km) south of Henley-in-Arden and about 6.5 miles (10 km) north of Stratford-upon-Avon. The soil is a strong clay and some arable crops are grown, but the land is mainly in pasture. The common fields were inclosed in 1776, but some inclosures had already been made about 1623.

The scenery is wooded and undulating, rising from about 200 feet (61 m), in the south to 488 feet (149 m), in the north-west at College Farm, above Forde Hall. Near here is Mockley Wood, which, with May's Wood in the centre of the parish and Austy Wood near Edstone, is one of the larger blocks of woodland. The older part of the village straddling the A3400 is designated as a Conservation Area because of its open, rural character and many historic buildings.
1st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment (Italy)
The 1st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment (Italian: 1° Reggimento Artiglieria Controaerei) is an inactive air defense regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Albenga in Liguria. Originally an air defense regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the unit was last active from 1947 to 1964. The regiment's anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.

Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34
The Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34 was a mobile Italian anti-aircraft gun used during World War II. The designation means it had a caliber of 75 mm, the barrel was 46 caliber-lengths long and it was accepted in service in 1934. The Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 40 was a fixed anti-aircraft gun version.
Blue Ridge gray-cheeked salamander
The Blue Ridge gray-cheeked salamander (Plethodon amplus) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae endemic to the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, United States. It is one of 55 species in the genus Plethodon and one of the most recently to be described. Its natural habitat is temperate forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Studies have shown practices such as clearcutting are a leading cause of decline for the species.

Plethodontidae
Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders, are a family of salamanders. With over 500 species, lungless salamanders are by far the largest family of salamanders in terms of their diversity. Most species are native to the Western Hemisphere, from British Columbia to Brazil. Only two extant genera occur in the Eastern Hemisphere: Speleomantes (native to Sardinia and mainland Europe south of the Alps) and Karsenia (native to South Korea).
The X Factor (Australian TV series) season 8
The X Factor was an Australian television reality music competition, based on the original British version, to find new singing talent; the winner of which received a Sony Music Australia recording contract. The eighth season, branded as X Factor: Next Generation, premiered on Seven Network on 3 October 2016. Jason Dundas replaced Luke Jacobz as host; with the judging panel consisting of Mel B, Guy Sebastian, Iggy Azalea and Adam Lambert. The winner was Isaiah Firebrace and his winner's single "It's Gotta Be You" was released after the final. He was mentored by Lambert, who won as mentor for the first and only time.

Sony Music Australia
Sony Music Entertainment Australia is the predominant record label operated by American parent company Sony Music Entertainment in Australia. Prior to 1995, SMEA published and distributed video games in Australia & New Zealand on behalf of Sony Imagesoft and Sony Electronic Publishing Europe, and briefly operated Sony's PlayStation business in Australia & New Zealand on behalf of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe.

Sony Music Entertainment Australia, as of July 2017, also runs British multimedia Ministry of Sound Recordings' Australian operations on behalf of Sony Music UK, taking over from recently renamed TMRW Music, formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of Ministry of Sound until 2004.