hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Canadian Institute for Human Services
The Canadian Institute for Human Services (CIHS) is an advocacy, education and action research organization for the advancement of health equity, progressive education, and social innovation. The institute collaborates with researchers, field practitioners, community organizations, socially conscious companies—along with various levels of government and educational institutions—to ensure that the Canadian human services sector remains accountable to the greater good of Canadian civil society rather than short-term professional, business or economic gains.

Action research
Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. Kurt Lewin, then a professor at MIT, first coined the term "action research" in 1944. In his 1946 paper "Action Research and Minority Problems" he described action research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action".
Liangsan
Liangsan (simplified Chinese: 凉伞镇; traditional Chinese: 涼傘鎮; pinyin: Liángsǎn Zhèn) is a rural town in Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County, Hunan, China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 32,300 and an area of 268.07 square kilometres (103.50 sq mi). The town is bordered to the north by Cengong County and Yuping Dong Autonomous County, to the east by Linchong Town and Fuluo Town, to the south by Pingdi Town of Tianzhu County, and to the west by Xuedong Town of Sansui County.

Sansui County
Sansui County (simplified Chinese: 三穗县; traditional Chinese: 三穗縣; pinyin: Sānsuì Xiàn) is a county in eastern Guizhou province, China, bordering Hunan province to the east. It is under the administration of the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture and is one of the province's eastern gateways.
Corinne Le Poulain
Corinne Le Poulain ((1948-05-26)26 May 1948 – (2015-02-10)10 February 2015) was a French actress. Niece of actor Jean Le Poulain, she seduced Jean Marais on-screen in the film La Provocation (1969). She was famous as Sally in TV-series Sam & Sally. She was a great success during the 1970s with based-on-novel-TV-series Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes. She made a comeback as Claude Jade's lesbian love Gloria in Jean-Pierre Mocky's Bonsoir. From 2005, she played in TV-series Plus belle la vie.

Jean Marais
Jean-Alfred Villain-Marais (11 December 1913 – 8 November 1998), known professionally as Jean Marais (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁɛ]), was a French actor, theatre director, painter, sculptor, visual artist, writer and photographer. In 1937, Marais became the lover of acclaimed poet, playwright and film director Jean Cocteau, who considered him his muse and directed him in multiple plays and films, notably Beauty and the Beast (1946). Following their relationship, Marais and Cocteau remained close friends and Marais later endeavored to keep Cocteau's legacy alive. During the post-war period, Marais was one France's major film stars and performed in various successful swashbuckler films In 1996, he was awarded the French Legion of Honor for his contributions to French cinema.
Carley Thomas
Carley Thomas (born 26 December 2000) is an Australian athlete. She placed 37th in the women's 800 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships. Thomas earned silver medals at 4 × 400 m (3:31.36) and 800m (2:01.13) at the 2018 World Junior Championships in Finland. Thomas won the 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games gold medals in the 800-meters and the mixed 4x400m where they set Oceana area age group record.

2017 Commonwealth Youth Games
The 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games, officially known as the VI Commonwealth Youth Games, and commonly known as Bahamas 2017, or Nassau 2017, was the sixth edition of the Commonwealth Youth Games which started in 2000. The games were held from 19 to 23 July 2017 in Nassau, Bahamas. 64 nations participated at the games. The Bahamas 2017 was the largest international sporting event ever to be hosted in The Bahamas, and the largest-ever edition of the Youth Games, with up to 1300 athletes. During the opening ceremony the Prime Minister of the Bahamas Hubert Minnis declared the games officially open. It was the first the time that the tournament was opened by a prime minister instead of a monarch or a president.
Spinal shock
Spinal shock was first explored by Robert Whytt in 1750 as a loss of sensation accompanied by motor paralysis with initial loss but gradual recovery of reflexes, following a spinal cord injury (SCI) – most often a complete transection. Reflexes in the spinal cord below the level of injury are depressed (hyporeflexia) or absent (areflexia), while those above the level of the injury remain unaffected. The 'shock' in spinal shock does not refer to circulatory collapse, and should not be confused with neurogenic shock, which is life-threatening. The term "spinal shock" was introduced more than 150 years ago in an attempt to distinguish arterial hypotension due to a hemorrhagic source from arterial hypotension due to loss of sympathetic tone resulting from spinal cord injury. Whytt, however, may have discussed the same phenomenon a century earlier, although no descriptive term was assigned.

Robert Whytt
Robert Whytt (6 September 1714 – 15 April 1766) was a Scottish physician. His work, on unconscious reflexes, tubercular meningitis, urinary bladder stones, and hysteria, is remembered now most for his book on diseases of the nervous system. He served as President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
Edmone Roffael
Edmone Roffael (1939–2021) was a Palestinian-German chemist and wood scientist, and former professor at the Georg-August University of Göttingen, who made noteworthy contributions to clarifying the release of formaldehyde from particleboard and MDF products, and its emission reduction.

Roffael was an honorary fellow of the International Academy of Wood Science.

From 1993 to 2005, Roffael served as the head of the Department of Wood Chemistry and Wood Technology at the Institute of Wood Biology and Wood Technology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology at the Georg-August University of Göttingen. His yearlong research work has held a worldwide recognition.

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (full name, in German: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V., lit. 'Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research'), commonly known in English as the Fraunhofer Society, is a German research organization with 75 institutes and research units spread throughout Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom, each focusing on different fields of applied research. With some 32,000 employees, mainly scientists and engineers, and an annual research budget of approximately €3.6 billion, it is one of the world's leading organizations for applied research. The organization, headquartered in Munich, is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer, who, as a scientist, engineer and entrepreneur, is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of Fraunhofer.

Since the 1990s the organization has also internationalized, establishing various centers and representative offices in Europe, the United States, Asia and South America.
André Nieuwlaat
André Leonard Nieuwlaat (born 24 December 1965) is a Norwegian former footballer who played for Råde, Moss (1982–85), Drøbak-Frogn (1986), Rosenborg (1987), Drøbak-Frogn (1988), Frigg (1989), Vålerenga (1990), Sprint-Jeløy (1991), Fredrikstad (1992), Ekholt and Vansjø/Svinndal. Nieuwlaat became top-scorer with nine goals in Rosenborg's 1987 season.

Vålerenga Fotball
Vålerenga Fotball (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈvôːɽɛŋɑ] ⓘ) is a Norwegian professional football club from Oslo, and a part of the multi-sport club Vålerengens IF. The club currently competes in the Eliteserien after being promoted from the Norwegian First Division in 2024. Founded in 1913, the club is named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga. Vålerenga's home ground is Intility Arena, located in Valle-Hovin. Vålerenga are five-time league champions and four-time Norwegian Football Cup champions, having last won the league in 2005 and the cup in 2008. Vålerenga is generally considered to be the largest football club in Oslo, and they are known for their loyal supporters.
Independent Baghdad Tournament
The Independent Baghdad Tournament (Arabic:  دورة بغداد الخاصة) was a tournament organised by the Iraq Football Association in 1973, independently from its main regional league competitions, to allow the region's top-flight teams to continue playing matches after the premature end to the 1972–73 Iraq Central FA First Division. The teams were not able to field players that had been called up for the Iraq national team or the Iraq military team, as those players were preparing for the World Cup qualifiers and the Military World Championship respectively.

The tournament began on 5 March, with the regular season ending on 24 May and the final being played on 14 June, where Al-Sikak Al-Hadeed beat Aliyat Al-Shorta 3–1 to claim the title.

Aliyat Al-Shorta SC
Aliyat Al-Shorta Sport Club (Arabic: نادي آليات الشرطة الرياضي, lit. 'Police Machinery Sport Club') is an Iraqi sports club based in Baghdad. Its football team plays in the Iraqi First Division League, the third tier of Iraqi football.
Ghosts of Sayala
Ghosts of Sayala  (Arabic: عفاريت السيالة, translit. Afaryt el-Sayala) is a 2004 Egyptian TV series directed by Ismail Abd al-Hafez and written by drama writer Osama Anwar Okasha, the last one he wrote before he died. The show stars 23-year old Ahmed El-Fishawy, Abla Kamel, Hassan Hosny, Zeina, Mahmoud El-Hadini, Safia El Emari and others. It was aired for 37 episodes in one season produced and aired by EMPC.

Egyptian Media Production City
Egyptian Media Production City Co SAE (EMPC) is an information and media complex located in the city of 6th of October City in the Giza Governorate of Egypt. It is listed on the Egyptian Exchange, though most of its shares are owned by the Government of Egypt through the National Media Authority as well as other state-owned enterprises (SOEs). It covers an area of about 35 million square meters (more than 600 feddans).
Toddington services
Toddington Services is a motorway service station on the M1 motorway between junctions 11A and 12, just north of Luton and Dunstable in Bedfordshire, England. It takes its name from the nearby village of Toddington. It is owned by Moto Hospitality.

M1 motorway
The M1 motorway connects London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford, to connect to Newcastle. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the UK; the first motorway in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.

The motorway is 193 miles (311 km) long and was constructed in four phases. Most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968. The southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999.

It is also the second longest motorway in the country with the M6 motorway being the longest at 232 miles (373 km).
Khongor, Darkhan-Uul
Khongor (Mongolian: Хонгор, soft or sweetheart) is a sum (district) of Darkhan-Uul Province in northern Mongolia. The sum center has railway station on the Ulan-Ude - Ulaanbaatar - Beijing line. The most important railway station is 13 km south of the sum center, where at Salkhit settlement Salkhit - Erdenet line starts.

In 2007, Khongor was the scene of an apparently massive contamination case that involved sodium cyanide and mercury compounds, materials used for small-scale gold mining. The case aroused considerable attention in the national media, and it was even discussed to relocate the settlement.

On 24 July 1999, Khongor recorded a temperature of 44.0 °C (111.2 °F), which is the highest temperature that has ever been recorded in Mongolia.

Ulan-Ude
Ulan-Ude (/ʊˈlɑːnʊˈdɛ/; Russian: Улан-Удэ, Russian pronunciation: [ʊˈlan ʊˈdɛ]; Buryat: Улаан-Үдэ, romanized: Ulaan-Üde, IPA: [ʊˌlaːɴ‿ˈʉdə]) is the capital city of Buryatia, Russia, located about 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga. According to the 2021 Census, 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude; up from 404,426 recorded in the 2010 Census, making the city the third-largest in the Russian Far East by population.
Law of Sri Lanka
The legal system in Sri Lanka comprises collections of codified and uncodified forms of law, of many origins subordinate to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which is the highest law of the island. Its legal framework is a mixture of legal systems of Roman-Dutch law, English law, Kandian law, Thesavalamai and Muslim law. This mixture is a result of the diverse history of the island as a result criminal law is based on English law while much of the common law is Roman-Dutch law, with certain aspects such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance associated with Kandian law, Thesavalamai and Muslim law based on the community and geography.

The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka is the highest court for all criminal and civil cases in Sri Lanka. This is followed by the Court of Appeal, High Court, District Courts, Magistrates' Courts and Primary Court as part of the Sri Lankan judicial system.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Infanta, South Africa
Infanta is a settlement in Overberg District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

Seaside resort at the estuary of the Breede River, at St Sebastian Bay, some 80 km south-east of Swellendam. Takes its name from Cape Infanta several kilometres to the south, and from its situation on the Breede River. The cape was in turn named after captain João Infante, who commanded one of Bartolomeu Dias's caravels.

Overberg District Municipality
The Overberg District Municipality (Afrikaans: Overberg-distriksmunisipaliteit; Xhosa: uMasipala weSithili sase Overberg) is a district municipality that governs the Overberg region in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is divided into four local municipalities and includes the major towns of Grabouw, Caledon, Hermanus, Bredasdorp and Swellendam. The municipal area covers 12,241 square kilometres (4,726 sq mi) and had in 2007 an estimated population of 212,787 people in 60,056 households.
Cornell, Los Angeles County, California
Cornell is an unincorporated community in the Santa Monica Mountains, within western Los Angeles County, California. It is located 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Agoura Hills and around 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of Malibu. Cornell's heyday was the 1910s to the 1950s, and the settlement is now essentially a ghost town but a handful of buildings and one functioning restaurant persisted circa 2007.

Santa Monica Mountains
The Santa Monica Mountains are a coastal mountain range in Southern California, next to the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges. The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area protects nearly all of this mountain range, and extends beyond it in places. Because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California.
William D. Dunham
William Douglas Dunham (January 29, 1920 – March 3, 1990) was an American flying ace in the 348th Fighter Group during World War II, scoring 16 aerial victories. He retired from the United States Air Force in 1970 at the rank of brigadier general.

Wewak
Wewak is the capital of the East Sepik province of Papua New Guinea. It is on the northern coast of the island of New Guinea. It is the largest town between Madang and Jayapura. It is the see city (seat) of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wewak.
Username:666
Username:666, initially uploaded to Niconico as A cursed video on Niconico (ニコニコ呪いの動画, Nikoniko Noroi No Dōga, or simply sm666) is a Japanese horror or creepypasta screenlife YouTube video uploaded on February 26, 2008. Created by PiroPito (ぴろぴと, known online as nana825763), it shows a fictional scenario where an internet user tries to visit the user "666" on YouTube, and refreshes until they are taken to a heavily distorted, hellish version of the website that features the channel. In 2022, there was a bug where if one changed the YouTube URL, it would redirect to one of the fictional user's videos.

Screenlife
Screenlife or computer screen film is a form of visual storytelling in which events are shown entirely on a computer, tablet, or smartphone screen. It became popular in the 2010s owing to the growing impact of the Internet and mobile devices. Within a video essay, the format is often called desktop documentary.
Inca society
The Inca society was the society of the Inca civilization in Peru. The Inca Empire, which lasted from 1438 to 1533 A.D., represented the height of this civilization. The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438. Over the course of the empire, the rulers used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andes mountain ranges. The empire proved relatively short-lived however: by 1533, Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire, was killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, marking the beginning of Spanish rule. The last Inca stronghold, the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.

Kingdom of Cusco
The Kingdom of Cusco (sometimes spelled Cuzco and in Quechua Qosqo or Qusqu), also called the Cusco confederation, the Cusco chiefdom, or the Inca Kingdom, was a small polity based in the Andean city of Cusco that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the start of 13th century. In time, through warfare or peaceful assimilation, it began to grow into the Inca Empire (1438–1533).
Jean-Pierre Talatini
Jean-Pierre Talatini (born 18 April 1976) is a Paralympian athlete from France competing mainly in category F34 throwing events.

He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. There he won a bronze medal in the men's F33-34/52 javelin throw event but failed to medal in the shot put in the same category.

T34 (classification)
T34 is a disability sport classification for disability athletics.  The classification is one of eight specifically for athletes with cerebral palsy, and one of four for athletes with cerebral palsy who use a wheelchair.  People in this class have hypertonia, ataxia and athetosis.  This class includes people who have cerebral palsy, or who have had a stroke or traumatic brain injury.
Lisa Kosglow
Lisa Kosglow (born 18 October 1973) is an American snowboarder, born in Schenectady, New York. She competed in women's giant slalom at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, and in women's parallel giant slalom at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Kosglow is a two-time silver medalist at the ISF World Championships and won multiple National Championship titles in snowboard racing.

Kosglow retired in 2006 after a 13 year career with the US national team.

Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard that is always attached to a rider's feet. It features in the Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games.

Snowboarding was developed in the United States, inspired by skiing and skateboarding, which itself was inspired by surfing. Snowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century and was introduced as a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014. As of 2015, its popularity (as measured by equipment sales) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since.
Infantry support gun
Infantry support guns or battalion guns are artillery weapons designed and used to increase the firepower of the infantry units they are intrinsic to, offering immediate tactical response to the needs of the unit's commanding officer. They typically have short, low-velocity barrels, and light construction carriages, allowing them to be more easily manoeuvered on the battlefield. They are generally used for direct fire, rather than the indirect fire of other types of artillery. Their role has generally been replaced by tanks using tank guns, infantry fighting vehicles using autocannons, other combat vehicles, mortars, recoilless rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, and shoulder-launched missiles.

Tank gun
A tank gun or tank cannon is the main armament of a tank. Modern tank guns are high-velocity, large-caliber artillery capable of firing kinetic energy penetrators, high-explosive anti-tank, and cannon-launched guided projectiles. Additional weapons, such as anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine guns and rocket launchers can also be mounted to tanks.

As the tank's primary armament, they are almost always employed in a direct fire mode to defeat a variety of ground targets at all ranges, including dug-in infantry, lightly armored vehicles, and especially other heavily armored tanks. They must provide accuracy, range, penetration, and rapid fire in a package that is as compact and lightweight as possible, to allow mounting in the cramped confines of an armored gun turret. Tank guns generally use self-contained ammunition, allowing rapid loading (or use of an autoloader). They often display a bulge in the barrel, which is a bore evacuator, or a device on the muzzle, which is a muzzle brake.
Janne Heikkinen (politician)
Janne Artturi Heikkinen (born May 16, 1990 in Oulu) is a Finnish politician and a member of the Parliament of Finland (MP). He got elected with 4124 personal votes from Oulu.

Heikkinen joined the National Coalition Party in 2008 and was first elected to the Kempele City Council in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and to the Parliament of Finland in 2019 Finnish parliamentary election. In 2019 he received a Master's degree from the University of Jyväskylä.

2008 Finnish municipal elections
Municipal elections were held in Finland on 26 October 2008, with advance voting between 15 and 21 October 2008. 10,412 municipal council seats were open for election in 332 municipalities. The number of councillors decreased by over 1,554 compared to the previous election due to the merging of several municipalities.
Nottingham Weather Centre
The Nottingham Weather Centre (also referred to Nottingham Watnall) is a functioning observation and weather station located in Watnall, Nottinghamshire in England. The weather station is located 5.6 miles (9.0 km) from the city centre of Nottingham, and is the closest weather station to Nottingham with observations.

The weather station was established in 1941 and like many other weather stations in the United Kingdom, the recording of weather observations began in January 1960. The weather centre is currently being managed by the Met Office. The station's WMO classification index is 03354.

Watnall
Watnall  is an area in the Borough of Broxtowe in Nottinghamshire, England. It is part of Greasley civil parish, and is located one mile north of Kimberley. It is in the Nuthall West and Greasley (Watnall) ward of Broxtowe Council.  The village is barely separated from Nuthall. Watnall Hall was built c. 1690 and demolished in 1962. Today, only the gate piers, fragments of the stone boundary wall and lodge remain on Main Road. Its owners included Launcelot Rolleston in the 18th century.
Even though only a village, Watnall is home to many businesses and organisations, such as British Bakeries aero fabrications, Custom Duct, midland industrial designers and