hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Erdkunde
Erdkunde – Archive for Scientific Geography is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of geography published at the University of Bonn (Germany). Articles have been published in English since 2008. Since September 2016, the journal is available online and open access. All articles are available for free immediately and publication fees are not charged. Archived volumes are available via the journal's website. The printed version of the journal is distributed worldwide via subscriptions. Erdkunde publishes scientific articles covering the whole range of physical geography and human geography. The journal offers state of the art reports on recent trends and developments in specific fields of geography and comprehensive and critical reviews of new geographical publications. High-quality maps and large-format supplements are of particular importance. Since 2021, the journal offers the option of publishing data publications.

Human geography
Human geography, also known as anthropogeography, is a branch of geography that studies how people interact with places. It focuses on the spatial relationships between human communities, cultures, economies, people, lifestyle and their environments.  Examples include patterns like urban sprawl and urban redevelopment. It looks at how social interactions connect with the environment using both qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative (numerical) methods. This multidisciplinary field draws from sociology, anthropology, economics, and environmental science, helping build a more complete understanding of how human activity shapes the spaces we live in.
Erik Hanses
Erik Hanses (born June 1, 1990) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender who plays with Modo Hockey of the HockeyAllsvenskan.

Following six seasons with Leksands IF, Hanses signed with Almtuna IS. On February 26, 2014, Hanses was transferred to Skellefteå AIK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Modo Hockey
Modo Hockey (or MoDo with uppercase letters) is a professional ice hockey club in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The team currently plays in Sweden's second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan after losing to HV71 after the play out following the 2024/25 season. The club was founded in 1921 and has won two titles, the SHL championships, in 1979 and 2007. The team's home arena since 2006 is the Hägglunds Arena (previously known as Fjällräven Center and Swedbank Arena). Before then, the team played at Kempehallen, beginning in 1964.
Sérgio Paulinho
Sérgio Miguel Moreira Paulinho, ComIH (born 26 March 1980) is a Portuguese former prfoessional road bicycle racer. He was a domestique in the 2007, 2009 and 2010 Tour de France and won the silver medal for Portugal in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.

Domestique
In road bicycle racing, a domestique is a rider who works for the benefit of their team and leader, rather than trying to win the race. In French, domestique translates as "servant". The use of the term dates back to 1911, although such riders had existed before then.
Yaw-Yan
Yaw-Yan (from Filipino Sayaw ng Kamatayan, lit. "Dance of Death"), is a Filipino martial art developed by Napoleon A. Fernandez and based on older Filipino martial arts. 
Since its inception in the 1970s, it has dominated the kickboxing scene in the Philippines and has proven very effective against other stand-up fighting arts.

Yaw-Yan closely resembles Muay Thai, but differs in the hip-torquing motion as well as the downward-cutting nature of its kicks, the arm strikes resembling bolo knife movements, Randy A. Fernandez being bolo instruction specialist, and the emphasis on delivering attacks from long range (while Muay Thai focuses more on clinching).

Yaw-yan practitioners participate in various Filipino mixed-martial arts tournaments such as the Universal Reality Combat Championship and Fearless Fighting.

Grappling position
A grappling position refers to the positioning and holds of combatants engaged in grappling. Combatants are said to be in a neutral position if neither is in a more favourable position. If one party has a clear advantage such as in the mount they are said to be in a "dominant position". Conversely, the other party is considered to be in an inferior position, usually called "on the bottom", but in this case sometimes called the "under mount".
James Njiru
James Njiru (died 26 June 2013) was a politician from Kirinyaga County in the Republic of Kenya. He served in president Jomo Kenyatta's government as an assistant minister of Health, in president Daniel Moi's Government as a cabinet Minister in the docket of National Guidance and Political Affairs as well as the Ministry of Culture and Social Services. He was as a Member of Kirinyaga Parliament for many years.

Kirinyaga County
Kirinyaga County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya  in the Mount Kenya region of Kenya, south of Mount Kenya. Its capital is Kutus and its largest town is Wanguru. In 2019, the county had a population of 610,411 people and has an area of 1,478.1 km2. The county is bordered to the east and south by Embu County, to the south by a tiny part of Machakos County, to the southwest by Murang'a County and to the northwest by Nyeri County.

Kirinyaga County lies between 1158m and 5199m above sea level; its highest point is the summit of Mount Kenya.

Kirinyaga County's governor is Anne Waiguru, who was elected for her first term in 2017, succeeding Joseph Ndathi. She was re-elected in 2022.
Wutana language
A hypothetical Wutana language was mentioned in early editions of the Ethnologue as spoken in Nigeria, but has now been removed.  The inclusion of Wutana in the Ethnologue was based on two sentences in a 1922 article by Olive Temple:

There are 1,075 Wutana in Bauchi Emirate. (p. 367)

and

105. Wutana, population 1,075 in Bauchi Emirate. (p. 431).

Roger Blench also cites Temple in his Atlas of Nigerian languages. Nothing is known of this language apart from its name and location, including whether it even exists.

Bauchi Emirate
The Bauchi Emirate (Fula: Lamorde Bauchi 𞤤𞤢𞤥𞤮𞤪𞤣𞤫 𞤦𞤢𞤵𞤷𞥅𞤭) was founded by Yaqubu dan Dadi in the early 19th century in what is now Bauchi State, Nigeria, with its capital in Bauchi. The emirate came under British "protection" in the colonial era, and is now denoted a traditional state.
Ó
Ó, ó (o-acute) is a letter in the Czech, Dobrujan Tatar, Emilian-Romagnol, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Polish, Slovak, Karakalpak, and Sorbian languages. The symbol also appears in the Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, Irish, Nynorsk, Bokmål, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and Galician languages as a variant of the letter "o". It usually represents a vowel sound longer than or slightly different from that represented by plain "o", although in some cases its sound is notably different (as in modern Polish, where it is pronounced the same as "u"). In some cases it represents the vowel "o" with a particular tone (for example, a high rising tone in Vietnamese). It is sometimes also used in English for loanwords.

Loanword
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).

Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
Garth St Omer
Garth St Omer (1931-2018) was a St Lucian novelist. He was part of an emerging group of St Lucian artists that also included Derek Walcott and Dunstan St Omer. He studied at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica and obtained his PhD from Princeton University. He taught at University of California, Santa Barbara until retirement.

He was known for his fictional works such as Syrop (Faber 1964), Room on the Hill (1968, 2012), Shades of Grey (1968, 2013), and Nor Any Country (1969, 2013). The Lights on the Hill, a novella within Shades of Grey, was published separately in 1986 by Heinemann in its Caribbean Writers Series. Originally published by Faber, his works were reissued by Peepal Tree Press from 2012 onwards.

Peepal Tree Press
Peepal Tree Press is a publisher based in Leeds, England, which publishes Caribbean, Black British, and South Asian fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama and academic books. Poet Kwame Dawes has said: "Peepal Tree Press's position as the leading publisher of Caribbean literature, and especially of Caribbean poetry, is unassailable."

Peepal Tree publishes around 20 books a year, mainly from the Caribbean and its diasporas. Caribbean Beat has called it a "publishing lifeline" for Caribbean writers. In the UK, the press is noted for its success with literary prizes, its international readership, and its role in supporting and publishing Black British and British Asian writers.
Puelles
Puelles is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Antonio Millán-Puelles (1921–2005), Spanish philosopher

Claudio Puelles (born 1996), Peruvian professional mixed martial artist

Francisco "Chapu" Puelles (born 1984), Chilean actor, circus worker, and television personality

José Manuel Puelles de los Santos (1894–1936), Spanish physician

José Felipe Puelles (born 1960), Mexican politician

Luis Puelles (1877–?), Spanish footballer

Vicente Muñoz Puelles (born 1948), Spanish author and translator

Vicente Muñoz Puelles
Vicente Muñoz Puelles (born 1948) is a Spanish author and translator. He has published over 240 books, including over 180 for children and young adults, as well as almost 500 articles on literary criticism and fiction.
AN/ALE-50 towed decoy system
The AN/ALE-50 towed decoy system is an electronic countermeasure system designed and manufactured by Raytheon to protect multiple US military aircraft from air-to-air and surface-to-air radar-guided missiles. The ALE-50 towed decoy system is an anti-missile countermeasures decoy used on U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps aircraft, and by air forces of other countries. The system is manufactured by Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems (now RTX Corporation) at its facility in Goleta, California. The ALE-50 system consists of a launcher and launch controller installed on the aircraft (usually on a wing pylon), with one or more expendable towed decoys. Each decoy is delivered in a sealed canister with a ten-year shelf life.

Missile defense
Missile defense is a system, weapon, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception, and also the destruction of attacking missiles. Conceived as a defense against nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), its application has broadened to include shorter-ranged non-nuclear tactical and theater missiles.

China, France, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Russia, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States have all developed such air defense systems.
Thomas Gill (1788–1861)
Thomas Gill (1788 – 20 October 1861) was a British Whig politician and industrialist.

Born in 1788 in Tavistock, Devon, Gill founded the Milbay Soaps Works in 1818 and, at some point, worked in the Tavistock Iron Works. He was also chairman of the South Devon Railway Company.

Gill was elected a Whig Member of Parliament for Plymouth at the 1841 general election but stepped down at the next election in 1847.

Tavistock
Tavistock (/ˈtævɪstɒk/ TAV-iss-tok) is an ancient stannary and market town and civil parish in the West Devon district, in the county of Devon, England. It is situated on the River Tavy, from which its name derives. At the 2011 census, the three electoral wards (North, South and South West) had a population of 13,028. The town traces its recorded history back to at least 961 when Tavistock Abbey, whose ruins lie in the centre of the town, was founded. Its most famous son is Sir Francis Drake.
Angeline of Marsciano
Angelina of Marsciano, T.O.R. (or Angelina of Montegiove; 1357 – 14 July 1435) was an Italian religious sister and foundress, and is a beata of the Roman Catholic Church. She founded a congregation of religious sisters of the Franciscan Third Order Regular, known today as the Franciscan Sisters of Blessed Angelina. She is generally credited with the founding of the Third Order Regular for women, as her religious congregation marked the establishment of the first Franciscan community of women living under the rule of the Third Order Regular authorized by Pope Nicholas V.

Unlike the Second Order of the Franciscan movement, the Poor Clare nuns, they were not an enclosed religious order, but have been active in serving the poor around them for much of their history. She is commemorated by the Franciscans on 4 June; her liturgical feast is 13 July.

Monasticism
Monasticism (from Ancient Greek  μοναχός (monakhós) 'solitary, monastic'; from  μόνος (mónos) 'alone'), also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual activities. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially in the Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican traditions as well as in other faiths such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. In other religions, monasticism is generally criticized and not practiced, as in Islam and Zoroastrianism; or plays a marginal role, as in modern Judaism.

Many monastics live in abbeys, convents, monasteries, or priories to separate themselves from the secular world, unless they are in mendicant or missionary orders.
Squatta's Paradise
Squatta's Paradise is the second extended play released by the American ska punk/anarcho punk band Choking Victim. The E.P. was recorded in April, 1996 and released later that same year.

"Squatta's Paradise" was later released in CD format in 2000, along with "Crack Rock Steady" as the "Crack Rock Steady/Squatta's Paradise" compilation. The title is a reference to the song Gangsta's Paradise by American rapper Coolio.

Anarcho-punk
Anarcho-punk (also known as anarchist punk) is an ideological subgenre of punk rock that promotes anarchism. The term has been broadly applied to refer to any punk music with anarchist lyrical content, which may figure in crust punk, hardcore punk, folk punk, and other styles.
2016 Argentina Open – Doubles
Jarkko Nieminen and André Sá were the defending champions, but Nieminen did not compete due to his retirement from professional tennis. Sá played alongside Máximo González, but lost in the first round to Gero Kretschmer and Alexander Satschko.
Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah won the title, defeating Íñigo Cervantes and Paolo Lorenzi in the final, 6–3, 6–0.

Gero Kretschmer
Gero Kretschmer (German pronunciation: [ˈɡeːʁo ˈkʁɛtʃmɐ]; born 6 May 1985) is a retired German tennis player. He was a doubles specialist, who achieved his highest doubles ranking of world No. 79 in May 2014. He won his only ATP World Tour title with partner Alexander Satschko as alternates in Quito on 7 February 2015.
Vishnyavyets rural council
Vishnyavecki rural council (Belarusian: Вішнявецкі сельсаветRussian: Вишневецкий сельсовет) is a lower-level subdivision (selsoviet) of Stowbtsy district, Minsk region, Belarus. The center is the agrotown of Vishnyavyets.

The population from the 2009 Belarusian census and 2019 Belarusian census was 2,139 and 1,791 respectively.

Minsk region
Minsk region, also known as Minsk oblast or Minsk voblasts, is one of the six regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. The region's population was recorded at 1,411,500 in 2011.
Bernhard's mantella
The Bernhard's mantella (Mantella bernhardi) is a species of frog in the family Mantellidae.
It is endemic to Madagascar.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, swamps, and heavily degraded former forest.
It is threatened by habitat loss. Collection for the pet trade is strictly limited, as it could pose a threat to the species.

Mantellidae
The Mantellidae are an amphibian family of the order Anura (frogs and toads), and are endemic to the Indian Ocean islands of Madagascar and Mayotte. At first glance, the diminutive, brightly-coloured mantellas appear visually similar to (and indeed fill similar ecological niches as) the Latin American poison dart frogs, such as Dendrobates, Oophaga and Phyllobates, among others.
Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 58 kg
The women's 58 kilograms weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 16 August.

Total score was the sum of the lifter's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk, with three lifts allowed for each lift.  In case of a tie, the lighter lifter won; if still tied, the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won.  Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk.

Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall
The Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall is an indoor arena in Nikaia, in Piraeus. It hosted the  weightlifting events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Greece. The venue was officially opened on August 14, 2004, the day after the beginning of the Games. The building had a capacity of 5,100, though only 3,500 seats are publicly available for the games.
Garbán mac Éndai
Garbán mac Éndai (flourished 596) was a King of Munster from the Eóganacht Áine branch of the Eoganachta and appears as the first king from this branch with his brother Amalgaid mac Éndai. The chronology of the Munster kings from this period is unclear due to inconsistency in sources. The Annals of Tigernach mention him as king in 596, along with his brother Amalgaid. He is also mentioned as king in The Book of Leinster. However, the pro-Glendamnach Laud Synchronisms omit him, as does the saga of Senchas Fagbála Caisil "The Story of the Finding of Cashel".

Munster
Munster (Irish: an Mhumhain [ə ˈwuːnʲ] or Cúige Mumhan [ˌkuːɟə ˈmˠuːnˠ]) is the largest of the four provinces of Ireland, located in the south west of the island. In early Ireland, the Kingdom of Munster was one of the kingdoms of Gaelic Ireland ruled by a "king of over-kings" (Irish: rí ruirech). Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties.

Munster has no official function for local government purposes. For the purposes of the ISO, the province is listed as one of the provincial sub-divisions of the State (ISO 3166-2:IE) and coded as "IE-M". Munster covers an area of 24,675 km2 (9,527 sq mi). Its population was 1,373,346 in 2022, with Cork being the largest city. Other significant urban centres in the province include Limerick and Waterford.
Tambacounda region
Tambacounda, formerly known as Sénégal Oriental, is a region of Senegal.  It used to be part of the Mali Empire before the borders were created to separate Mali from Senegal. Tambacounda is physically the largest of Senegal's 14 regions, but is sparsely populated and its economy lags behind the rest of the country.  The department of Kédougou was separated from Tambacounda in 2008, and became a separate region.

Abdoulaye Diakité
Abdoulaye Diakité (December 15, 1950 – January 8, 2018) was an influential djembe master drummer and teacher from Tambacounda, Senegal. He was the lead djembe player of the National Ballet of Senegal for 18 years before emigrating to the United States.
Surpratap Shah
Surapratap Shah (Nepali: सुरप्रताप शाह) or Surya Pratap Shah (Nepali: सूर्यप्रताप शाह) was a prince of the Gorkha Kingdom. He was active during the battles referred to as the Unification of Nepal led by his brother, King Prithvi Narayan Shah.

He participated in the Battle of Kirtipur and the Battle of Makwanpur. He commanded the Battle of Kirtipur, where he lost his left eye, which led people to call him "a blind man".

Shah also held the title of Kaji. In the early 1970s, Shah went into exile in the Tanahun Kingdom, after Prithvi Narayan Shah and Surpratap had quarreled. This led to Prithvi Narayan Shah invading Tanahun.

Kirtipur War Memorial Park, an under-construction park, is set to depict the Battle of Kirtipur, and it is planned to show Surpratap Shah being struck by an arrow.

Gorkha kingdom
The Gorkha Kingdom, also known as the Gorkha Confederation or the Gorkha Empire, was one of the Chaubisi states, situated at the junction of the Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent. In 1743, the kingdom began a campaign of military expansion, annexing several neighbors and laying the foundations of present-day Nepal.

Following the disintegration of the Magarat confederation—formerly ruled by the Magar—the region fragmented into the Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in the far west and the Chaubisi Rajya (24 principalities) in central Nepal.

The Gorkha Kingdom extended to the Marshyangdi River in the west, forming its border with the Kingdom of Lamjung. To the east, the kingdom extended to the Trishuli River, forming its border with the Nepal Mandala. The Gorkha kingdom was established in 1559 CE by Prince Dravya Shah, the second son of King Yasho Brahma Shah of Lamjung. Dravya Shah replaced the Magar King Mansingh Khadka Magar  who previously ruled the region.
Dana Lake
The Lake Dana is a freshwater body of the territory of Eeyou Istchee Baie-James (municipality), in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in the province of Quebec, at Canada.

The Dana Lake Hydrographic watershed is accessible via the forest road to the north from Matagami passing at 13.4 kilometres (8.3 mi) to the West of the lake. The surface of the lake is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Broadback River
The Broadback River (French: Rivière Broadback) (In Cree: Chistamiskau Sipi) is a river in northern Quebec, Canada. It drains into Rupert Bay (a smaller bay at the south end of James Bay), just south of the Rupert River and Cree community Waskaganish. The major lake on the river's course is Lake Evans.

The river is a popular canoe-tripping destination.
Military Ordinariate of El Salvador
The  Military Ordinariate in El Salvador  (Spanish: Ordinariato Militar en El Salvador) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or military ordinariate of the Catholic Church with jurisdiction over Catholics serving in the Armed Forces of El Salvador. While not a diocese, the ordinary of the ordinariate is a bishop. The ordinariate is exempt directly to the Holy See and the Roman Congregation for Bishops.

It is headquartered Calle Los Eucaliptos y Avda. Las Gardenias 157, Colonia Las Mercedes in San Salvador, the national capital of El Salvador, in Central America.

Ordinary (church officer)
An ordinary (from Latin ordinarius) is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws.

Such officers are found in hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have an ecclesiastical legal system. For example, diocesan bishops are ordinaries in the Catholic Church and the Church of England. In Eastern Christianity, a corresponding officer is called a hierarch (from Greek ἱεράρχης hierarkhēs "president of sacred rites, high-priest" which comes in turn from τὰ ἱερά ta hiera, "the sacred rites" and ἄρχω arkhō, "I rule").

During at least the 17th and 18th centuries the title of Ordinary was used for prison chaplains in England, such as the one who attended condemned men before their execution at Newgate.