hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Čertoks
File:Čortoks (Velnezers).JPG
Čertoks (also Velnezers , Čortoks ; Latgalian : Valna azars) is a suffusion lake in Šķeltova Parish , Krāslava Municipality, Latvia. It is located between Lake Jazinks and the P62 road 3 km northwest of Grāveri, Krāslava Municipality. The lake is located in a funnel-shaped depression, the banks are steep, in places flat. The transparency of the lake in its middle is about 8 meters. No river or spring flows into or out of it. Since 1977, the lake with the surrounding landscape has been a nature reserve. The lake is a popular tourist attraction. Swimming in the lake is prohibited in order to preserve the unique clear water environment. The water of Čertoks does not have a large diversity of aquatic animals and aquatic plants.

The names Čertoks/Čortoks come from the Rssian name Chertok of the lake, which literally eans "little devil", while names Velnezers and Valna azars literally mean "Devil's lake", from velns in Latvian mythology.

Latvian mythology
Latvian mythology is the collection of myths that have emerged throughout the history of Latvia, sometimes being elaborated upon by successive generations, and at other times being rejected and replaced by other explanatory narratives. These myths, for the most part, likely stem from Proto-Indo-European practices and the later folk traditions of the Latvian people and pre-Christian Baltic mythology.

Latvian mythology is used particularly as a tool for reconstructing and analysing the historical pagan beliefs and national identity of Latvia.

The minute details of most, if not all of these myths vary from region to region, and sometimes even from family to family.
Babang Township, Sichuan
Babang (Tibetan: Palpung; Chinese: 八邦乡; pinyin: Bābāng Xiāng) is a rural Tibetan township in Dêgê County, Garzê Prefecture, Sichuan, China.  The township is primarily concentrated around the Pal Chu (Chinese: 白曲; pinyin: Bái Qū) river in the western reaches of the Chola Mountains on the east side of the Jinsha River.  The township contains significant remaining tracts of the Hengduan conifer forests.

Babang is known for the 18th-century Palpung Monastery located on a ridge approximately 160 m (520 ft) above the centre of the township.

Lhasa Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan or Standard Tibetan is a standardized dialect of Tibetan spoken by the people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan). In terms of mutual intelligibility, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot. Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become tonal and do not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan.
Reckingen VS railway station
Reckingen VS railway station (German: Bahnhof Reckingen VS), is a railway station in the locality of Reckingen-Gluringen, within the municipality of Goms, in the Swiss canton of Valais. It is an intermediate stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Furka Oberalp line of the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn and is served by local trains only.

Reckingen-Gluringen
Reckingen-Gluringen is a former municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It was formed in 2004 from the union of the villages and municipalities of Reckingen and Gluringen. On 1 January 2017 the former municipalities of Reckingen-Gluringen, Blitzingen, Grafschaft, Münster-Geschinen and Niederwald merged into the new municipality of Goms.
Pickup Man
"Pickup Man" is a song written by Howard Perdew and Kerry Kurt Phillips, and recorded by American country music artist Joe Diffie.  It was released in October 1994 as the second single from the album Third Rock from the Sun.  The song was his longest-lasting number-one hit, having spent four weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart between December 1994 and January 1995.

Third Rock from the Sun
Third Rock from the Sun is the fourth studio album by American country music artist Joe Diffie. Diffie's breakthrough album, the first five tracks were all released as singles, and all charted on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. Of these five singles, "Pickup Man" and the title track were both Number One hits, "So Help Me Girl" reached #2, "I'm in Love with a Capital 'U'" reached #21, and "That Road Not Taken" peaked at #40. "Pickup Man" was also Diffie's longest-lasting number one, having held that position for four weeks.
Orvieto
Orvieto (Italian: [orˈvjɛːto]) is a city and comune in the Province of Terni, southwestern Umbria, Italy, situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff. The city rises dramatically above the almost-vertical faces of tuff cliffs that are completed by defensive walls built of the same stone.

Pope Urban IV
Pope Urban IV (Latin: Urbanus; c. 1195 – 2 October 1264), born James Pantaleon (French: Jacques Pantaléon), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1261 to his death three years later. He was elected pope without being a cardinal; he was the first to be elected in such a way, and this would occur for only 5 more popes afterwards (Gregory X, Celestine V, Clement V, Urban V, and Urban VI).
Dr. William E. Murphey House
The Dr. William E. Murphey House was a historic residence near Trinity, Alabama, United States. The house was built around 1824 by George Murphey, a settler from North Carolina.  The house eventually passed to his son, William.  It was a Tidewater cottage with a hall and parlor layout, common in Murhpey's native North Carolina but rare in North Alabama.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  It was destroyed by a tornado on April 27, 2011.

Trinity, Alabama
Trinity is a town in Morgan County, Alabama, United States. It is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area and the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the town was 2,526, up from 2,095 in 2010. It was incorporated in 1901.
The Round House (Havering)
The Round House is a Grade II* listed late Georgian elliptical stuccoed villa located on Broxhill Road in Havering-atte-Bower, London. The house was built between 1792 and 1794 by John Plaw for William Sheldon. It was later home to the rose breeder Joseph Pemberton.

The building now houses a residential recording studio called The Hideaway, created by Imogen Heap in 2006. It is open as part of the Open House London weekend.

John Plaw
John Plaw (1745-1820) was an architect who was born in London but later emigrated to the Colony of Prince Edward Island in North America. He is known for favouring circular designs in the classical style.

There are two known surviving examples of his work in the UK. These are a circular villa built on Belle Isle, Windermere’s largest island, and St Mary on Paddington Green Church, which was designed in the shape of a Greek Cross and constructed between 1788 and 1791. A third property, The Round House in Romford, Essex, constructed between 1792-4, has also been attributed to Plaw.
Kalašma language
The Kalašma language, or Kalasmaic, is an extinct Anatolian language spoken in the late Bronze Age polity of Kalašma, which lay on the northwest fringe of the Hittite Empire, likely in or around what is now the Turkish province of Bolu.

Provinces of Turkey
Turkey is divided into 81 provinces (Turkish: il). Each province is divided into a number of districts (ilçe). Each provincial government is seated in the central district (merkez ilçe). For non-metropolitan municipality designated provinces, the central district bears the name of the province (e.g. the city/district of Rize is the central district of Rize Province). In the Ottoman Empire, the corresponding unit was the vilayet.

Each province is administered by an appointed governor (vali) from the Ministry of the Interior.
Graeme Wilson (translator)
Graeme McDonald Wilson (9 May 1919 – 2 September 1992) was a British academic and translator. He served in the Fleet Air Arm (1939–1946) and, following World War II, joined the Civil Service. He lectured for the British Council, wrote reviews for English literature journals, and wrote radio scripts for the Australian Broadcasting Company.  In 1964, he was seconded to the Foreign Service as counsellor and civil air attache at twelve Far Eastern posts. Between 1968 and 1969 he was a Ford Foundation Fellow of the National Translation Center in Austin, Texas. His works include co-translations, with Aiko Itō, of I Am a Cat and Ten Nights of Dreams by Natsume Sōseki.

Fleet Air Arm
The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is the naval aviation component of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy (RN). The FAA is one of five RN fighting arms. As of 2023 it is a primarily helicopter force, though also operating the F-35B Lightning II carrier-based stealth fighter jointly with the Royal Air Force.

The RAF was formed by the 1918 merger of the RN's Royal Naval Air Service with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps. The FAA did not come under the direct control of the Admiralty until mid-1939. During the Second World War, the FAA operated aircraft on ships as well as land-based aircraft that defended the Royal Navy's shore establishments and facilities.
Orfeo (Sartorio)
Orfeo (Orpheus) is an opera in three acts by the Italian composer Antonio Sartorio. The libretto, by Aurelio Aureli, is based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. It was first performed at the Teatro San Salvatore, Venice in 1672. With its clear division between arias (of which there are about 50) and recitative, the work marks a transition in style between the Venetian opera of Francesco Cavalli and the new form of opera seria. Modern reactions to the work have been mixed, with Tim Carter describing it as "a fairly dismal example of a genre with all the symptoms of terminal decline...[Orfeo]'s journey to Hades seems almost a Sunday-school outing...Whether satire or not, this is indeed a sorry tale."

Francesco Cavalli
Francesco Cavalli (born Pietro Francesco Caletti-Bruni; 14 February 1602 – 14 January 1676) was a Venetian composer, organist and singer of the early Baroque period. He succeeded his teacher Claudio Monteverdi as the dominant and leading opera composer of the mid 17th-century. A central figure of Venetian musical life, Cavalli wrote more than thirty operas, almost all of which premiered in the city's theaters. His best known works include Ormindo (1644), Giasone (1649) and La Calisto (1651).
Jan Hunt
Jan Hunt (born 15 February 1938) is a British comedian, actress and music hall performer, who appeared on BBC television series Crackerjack with Michael Aspel, Ed Stewart, Peter Glaze and Don Maclean in the 1970s. She would often be seen playing an old lady in dramatisations, involving her donning a grey wig and glasses and putting her hand on her hip to suggest a bad back.

Her later career included playing Ellie May in Show Boat (Adelphi Theatre London 1971) in which she first performed her trademark "spoons" routine. She frequently performed at London's Players' Theatre, and on BBC TV's The Good Old Days, notably as Marie Lloyd.  Her Paper Moon Theatre Company continues to provide music hall and variety shows throughout the UK.

Hunt is an honorary patron of The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.

Adelphi Theatre
The Adelphi Theatre /əˈdɛlfi/ is a West End theatre, located on the Strand in the City of Westminster, central London. The present building is the fourth on the site. The theatre has specialised in comedy and musical theatre, and today it is a receiving house for a variety of productions, including many musicals. The theatre was Grade II listed for historical preservation on 1 December 1987.
America's Next Top Model season 20
The twentieth cycle of America's Next Top Model (subtitled as America's Next Top Model: Guys & Girls and stylized as ANTM 2.0) premiered on August 2, 2013. It was the 14th season to air on The CW. Tyra Banks, Kelly Cutrone, Bryanboy, and Rob Evans all returned as judges. As in the previous cycle, public voting was still a factor in eliminations. This was the first cycle of the show to feature male contestants. Tyra indicated in an interview that a school version called LeGore's Next Top Model (2011), inspired her to start including male contestants. The international destination for this cycle was Bali, Indonesia, the first visit in Southeast Asia since cycle 6.

The prizes for this cycle included a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management, a spread in Nylon magazine, and a US$100,000 campaign with Guess.

The winner of the competition was 19-year-old Jourdan Miller from Bend, Oregon with Marvin Cortes placing as runner up.

Guess (company)
Guess?, Inc. (styled as GUESS or Guess?) is an American clothing company, notable for its black-and-white advertisements. It licenses its brand on other fashion accessories, such as watches, jewelry, perfumes, bags and shoes.

Operating in several countries around the world, most of its stores are in the USA and Canada.
Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign
The 2016 presidential campaign of Ben Carson, a pediatric neurosurgeon and bestselling author, was announced May 3, 2015, in an interview with a local television station in Cincinnati, Ohio. He formally announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election at a rally in his hometown of Detroit on May 4, 2015. On March 4, 2016, Carson officially ended his campaign in a speech at CPAC. He endorsed Donald Trump on March 11. After Trump won the general election, he selected Carson to be his Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, with Carson announcing an additional administration role overseeing the repeal and replacement of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

Flat tax
A flat tax (short for flat-rate tax) is a tax with a single rate on the taxable amount, after accounting for any deductions or exemptions from the tax base. It is not necessarily a fully proportional tax. Implementations are often progressive due to exemptions, or regressive in case of a maximum taxable amount. There are various tax systems that are labeled "flat tax" even though they are significantly different. The defining characteristic is the existence of only one tax rate other than zero, as opposed to multiple non-zero rates that vary depending on the amount subject to taxation.

A flat tax system is usually discussed in the context of an income tax, where progressivity is common, but it may also apply to taxes on consumption, property or transfers.
Tomislav Crnković (canoeist)
Tomislav Crnković (born 1956) is a former Croatian male canoeist who won a world championship at senior level at the Wildwater Canoeing World Championships.

Crnković is the Chairman of the ICF Whitewater Committee.

Wildwater Canoeing World Championships
The Wildwater Canoeing World Championships are an international event in canoeing organized by the International Canoe Federation. The World Championships have taken place every two years from 1959 to 1995 and then from 1996 to 2001, from 2011 the event is annual.
Palestine–Tunisia relations
Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba had a keen interest in finding a resolution to the Palestinian conflict. He put forth a suggestion to establish a two-state solution based on the pre-1923 boundaries of the former Mandatory Palestine, encompassing Jordan as well. After the defeat of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the 1982 Lebanon War, Tunisia received the Palestinian leadership, including Arafat. They left in 1994 after the Oslo Accords. In October 1985, the Israeli Air Force launched Operation Wooden Leg in Tunis, which led to many deaths including among Tunisian civilians. Three years later, it assassinated the senior leader, Abu Jihad, in a targeted killing operation.

Targeted killing
Targeted killing is a form of assassination carried out by governments outside a judicial procedure or a battlefield.

Since the late 20th century, the legal status of targeted killing has become a subject of contention within and between various nations. Historically, at least since the mid-eighteenth century, Western thinking has generally considered the use of assassination as a tool of statecraft to be illegal. Some academics, military personnel and officials describe targeted killing as legitimate within the context of self-defense, when employed against terrorists or combatants engaged in asymmetrical warfare. They argue that unmanned combat aerial vehicles (drones) are more humane and more accurate than manned vehicles.

Scholars are also divided as to whether targeted killings are an effective counterterrorism strategy.

The strategy has also been used by non-state actors and unrecognised states such as the so-called Islamic State.
Aleksandr Zhirov (alpine skier)
Aleksandr Vasilyevich Zhirov (Russian: Александр Васильевич Жиров; 12 September 1958 – 18 May 1983) was a Soviet alpine skier.

He competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in the slalom and giant slalom and finished ninth in the latter event.

He won four Alpine Skiing World Cup races in March 1981 and finished second in the 1981 giant slalom world cup. Two years later he died in a car accident.

Giant slalom
Giant slalom (GS) is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding competitive discipline. It involves racing between sets of poles ("gates") spaced at a greater distance from each other than in slalom, but less than in Super-G.

Giant slalom and slalom make up the technical events in alpine ski racing. This category separates them from the speed events of Super-G and downhill.  The technical events are normally composed of two runs, held on different courses on the same ski run.
Continuous integration
Continuous integration (CI) is the practice of integrating source code changes frequently and ensuring that the integrated codebase is in a workable state. Typically, developers merge changes to an integration branch, and an automated system builds and tests the software system. 
Often, the automated process runs on each commit or runs on a schedule such as once a day. Grady Booch first proposed the term CI in 1991, although he did not advocate integrating multiple times a day, but later, CI came to include that aspect.

Merge (version control)
In version control, merging (also called integration) is a fundamental operation that reconciles changes made to a version-controlled collection of files. Most often, it is necessary when a file is modified on two independent branches and subsequently merged. The result is a single collection of files that contains both sets of changes.

In some cases, the merge can be performed automatically, because there is sufficient history information to reconstruct the changes, and the changes do not conflict. In other cases, a person must decide exactly what the resulting files should contain. Many revision control software tools include merge capabilities.
USS Osceola (1863)
USS Osceola was a wooden, sidewheel Sassacus-class gunboat which saw combat with the Union Navy in the American Civil War.  She was designed with shallow draft and double-ends specifically to allow her to operate in the narrow rivers and inlets along the Confederate coast.  She was well suited to this role and took part in major battles on the James and Cape Fear Rivers.

After her military service she was converted to a four-masted schooner to carry lumber between St. John, New Brunswick, and Montevideo, Uruguay.  She was unsuited to this role and was disabled and abandoned on her first sailing.

Union navy
The Union navy is used to describe the United States Navy (USN) during the American Civil War, when it fought the Confederate States Navy (CSN). The term is sometimes used to describe vessels of war used on the rivers of the interior under the control of the Union army.
Desmond D'Sa
Desmond D'Sa is a South African environmentalist who received the 2014 Goldman Prize.

He is known for protesting Environmental justice issues in Durban, South Africa related to access to greenspace and pollution. The region of the city where he lives is known as a "Cancer Alley" because of the 300+ industrial facilitates in the area. To address this he founded the South Durban Community Environmental Alliance. That network has been successful at opposing other polluting sites, and is advocated to prevent expansion of the Port of Durban.

In 2011 his house was firebombed for his advocacy. Raised in the Apartheid era, he was inspired to integrate environmental and social justice issues in his activism.

For his work he received an honorary doctorate from the Durban University of Technology.

Cancer Alley
Cancer Alley is the regional nickname given to an 85-mile (137 km) stretch of land along the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, in the River Parishes of Louisiana, which contains over 200 petrochemical plants and refineries. As of 2012, this area accounted for 25% of the petrochemical production in the United States. By the 1970s the EPA documented serious water and air pollution.

Environmentalists consider the region a sacrifice zone, where rates of cancer caused by air pollution exceed the federal government's own limits of acceptable risk. Community leaders such as Sharon Lavigne have led the charge in protesting the expansion of the petrochemical industry in Cancer Alley, as well as addressing the associated racial and economic disparities.
May 2012 Greek government formation
The Greek government formation of May 2012 was a series of failed attempts to form a new government after the legislative election in May 2012 by the three largest parties: New Democracy (centre-right), Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA, left-far left) and Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK, centre-Left), respectively, and then followed by the President of Greece. After the negotiations led by the president had failed on 15 May, a temporary caretaker cabinet under Council of State president Panagiotis Pikrammenos was appointed on 16 May, and a new election was set for 17 June.

President of Greece
The president of Greece, officially the president of the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Πρόεδρος της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας, romanized: Próedros tis Ellinikís Dimokratías), commonly referred to in Greek as the president of the Republic (Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας, Próedros tis Dimokratías, ΠτΔ), is the head of state of Greece. The president is elected by the Hellenic Parliament; the role has been mainly ceremonial since the 1986 constitutional reform. The office was formally established by the Constitution of Greece in 1975, but has antecedents in the Second Hellenic Republic of 1924–1935 and the Greek junta in 1973–1974 which predated the transition to the current Third Hellenic Republic.
Biographical dictionary
A biographical dictionary is a type of encyclopedic dictionary limited to biographical information. Many attempt to cover the major personalities of a country (with limitations, such as living persons only, in Who's Who, or deceased people only, in the Dictionary of National Biography). Others are specialized, in that they cover important names in a subject field, such as architecture or engineering.

Ibn Sa'd
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Sa‘d ibn Manī‘ al-Baṣrī al-Hāshimī or simply Ibn Sa'd (Arabic: ابن سعد) and nicknamed Scribe of Waqidi (Katib al-Waqidi), was a scholar and Arabian biographer. Ibn Sa'd was born in 784/785 CE (168 AH) and died on 16 February 845 CE (230 AH). Ibn Sa'd was from Basra, but lived mostly in Baghdad, hence the nisba al-Basri and al-Baghdadi respectively. He is said to have died at the age of 62 in Baghdad and was buried in the cemetery of the Syrian gate.