hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fission barrier
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the fission barrier is the activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission. This barrier may also be defined as the minimum amount of energy required to deform the nucleus to the point where it is irretrievably committed to the fission process. The energy to overcome this barrier can come from either neutron bombardment of the nucleus, where the additional energy from the neutron brings the nucleus to an excited state and undergoes deformation, or through spontaneous fission, where the nucleus is already in an excited and deformed state.

Efforts to understand fission processes are ongoing and have been a very difficult problem since fission was first discovered by Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn, and Fritz Strassmann in 1938. While nuclear physicists understand many aspects of the fission process, there is currently no encompassing theoretical framework that gives a satisfactory account of the basic observations.

Activation energy
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur. The activation energy (Ea) of a reaction is measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). Simplified:

Activation energy is the minimum energy barrier that reactant molecules must overcome to transform into products. A reaction occurs only if enough molecules have kinetic energy equal to or greater than this barrier, which usually requires sufficiently high temperature. The term "activation energy" was introduced in 1889 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius.
Christian Theodor Overbeck
Christian Theodor Overbeck (16 May 1818, in Lübeck – 23 March 1880, in Lübeck) was a German jurist and politician.

His father was the lawyer and Court of Appeals judge, Christian Gerhard Overbeck. He studied at the Katharineum, graduating in 1838.

After studying law and obtaining his Doctorate, he became a lawyer and notary in 1843. He was appointed Secretary of the Lübeck Senate (City Council) in 1850 and was elected a Senator in 1870. During his tenure, he served as President of the Churchyard and Funeral Commission (1873–1880), the Deputation for the Poor (1871–1876) and the City Land Office (1878–1880).

His collection of paintings and drawings by Friedrich Overbeck (his uncle) and Theodor Rehbenitz (his aunt's husband) was bequeathed to the city of Lübeck. They are currently held at the Behnhaus museum.

He was married to Charlotte Krüger, the daughter of Senator Joachim Friedrich Krüger. The poet and Bürgermeister, Christian Adolph Overbeck, was his grandfather.

Katharineum
The Katharineum zu Lübeck is a humanistic gymnasium founded 1531 in the Hanseatic city Lübeck, Germany. In 2006 the 475th anniversary of this Latin school was celebrated with several events. The school uses the buildings of a former Franciscan monastery next to Saint Catherine Church, which was extended in the 1880s.

At the Katharineum it is possible to choose Latin as the first foreign language. In year nine it is also possible to choose ancient Greek as the third foreign language.

Thomas Mann, himself a student of the Katharineum, thought of this school when describing the school Hanno went to in the Buddenbrooks. Mann, who as a bad student had to resit two years, made it clear that he disliked the Katharineum by describing both the school and the teachers with strong sarcasm. His brother Heinrich Mann described the school and one infamous teacher in Professor Unrat.

Werner von Siemens

Stained glass

First floor plan of St. Catherine's monastery
Maria Montez
María África Gracia Vidal (6 June 1912 – 7 September 1951), known professionally as Maria Montez, was a Dominican actress who gained fame and popularity in the 1940s starring in a series of filmed-in-Technicolor costume adventure films. Her screen image was that of a seductress, dressed in fanciful costumes and sparkling jewels. She became so identified with these adventure epics that she became known as The Queen of Technicolor. Over her career, Montez appeared in 26 films, 21 of which were made in North America, with the last five being made in Europe.

Suresnes
Suresnes (French pronunciation: [syʁɛn] ⓘ) is a commune in Hauts-de-Seine, in the western inner suburbs of Paris, located 9.3 km (5.8 mi) from the centre of Paris. As of 2023, the population of the commune was 48,956.

Suresnes borders the Bois de Boulogne in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, across the Seine. Its neighbouring communes are Nanterre, Puteaux, Rueil-Malmaison and Saint-Cloud. Suresnes's landmarks include the Mémorial de la France combattante, where an annual ceremony is held on 18 June, as well as Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial nearby, below Fort Mont-Valérien, in addition to Foch Hospital in the town centre.

The commune is served by Suresnes–Mont-Valérien station on the Transilien network and by two stops on Île-de-France tramway Line 2, all three giving access to the La Défense business district and its RER A, RER E and Paris Métro Line 1 services.
Tiberio Tinelli
Tiberio Tinelli (1587 – 22 May 1639) was an Italian painter of the early-Baroque period, active mainly in his native city of Venice. He was one of the most important Italian portrait painters of the first quarter of the 17th century and greatly admired by contemporary critics. Ridolfi describes his vast output, yet only a few works have been identified, and the scarcity of documents makes a reassessment of his work difficult.

Giulio Strozzi
Giulio Strozzi (1583 - 31 March 1652) was a Venetian poet and libretto writer. His libretti were put to music by composers like Claudio Monteverdi, Francesco Cavalli, Francesco Manelli, and Francesco Sacrati. He sometimes used the pseudonym Luigi Zorzisto.
Porth Ruffydd Lifeboat Station
Porth Ruffydd Lifeboat Station was located at Porth Ruffydd, to the south of Penrhos Point, on the south-west coast of Holy Island, 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south-west of the Port of Holyhead, in the north-east of the Isle of Anglesey, Wales.

A lifeboat station was established at Porth Ruffydd by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1891.

After 14 service launches, but with no lives saved, Porth Ruffydd Lifeboat Station was closed in 1904.

The location is known as "Porth Ruffydd". Please note that in virtually all RNLI references and documents, the name of the station is listed as "Porth Rhuffydd".

Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
The National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was established on 4 March 1824, becoming the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) on 20 March 1824, when it received royal approval from King George IV. The Institution became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) on 5 October 1854.

Ever since its inception in 1824, a number of awards have been established by the Institution, both for gallantry at sea, and for service to the Institution. None are approved by the Crown, and are therefore unofficial awards. As such, they do not appear in the official British order of wear, although the principal lifesaving award, a Medal of the RNLI, can be worn on the right breast in uniform by members of the British armed forces.
Alex Kamenev
Alex Kamenev is a theoretical physicist, at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, specializing in condensed matter. Kamenev's current research focuses on theoretical condensed matter physics, disordered systems and glasses, field-theoretical treatment of many-body systems, mesoscopic systems, out of equilibrium systems. Kamenev earned his M.Sci. degree theoretical physics, in 1987 from Moscow State University and a Ph.D. in solid-state physics, in 1996 from Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.

Solid-state physics
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-state physics forms a theoretical basis of materials science. Along with solid-state chemistry, it also has direct applications in the technology of transistors and semiconductors.
Aniket Nikam
Aniket Nikam (born 18 June 1985) is an Indian lawyer practising criminal law at the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court of India. He has appeared in several cases concerning anticipatory bail, criminal defence, and economic offences. Nikam is also active in public life and serves as a state spokesperson for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Maharashtra.

He is the son of senior advocate and Rajya Sabha member Ujjwal Nikam, a noted special public prosecutor who was awarded the Padma Shri in 2016.

Jalgaon
Jalgaon (pronunciationⓘ) is a city in the state of Maharashtra, India. The city is located in North Maharashtra in the sub-region of Khandesh, and serves as the administrative headquarters of its namesake district, the Jalgaon district. In the sub-region of Khandesh, Jalgaon is the largest city in Khandesh. Situated on Asian Highway 53 and 76.3 Km(47.41 Miles) from 'Ajanta Caves'.
The Girna river flows from the western part of the city. Jalgaon is colloquially known as the "Banana city of India" as the region's (Jalgaon district) farmers grow approximately two-thirds of Maharashtra's banana production.
André Badonnel
André Badonnel (5 July 1898 Épinal, Vosges -30 April 1991) was a French entomologist who specialised in Psocoptera. 
He wrote Faune de France. Psocoptères. Paris. Paul Lechevalier 1943.
His collection is in the Natural History Museum of Geneva.

Natural History Museum of Geneva
The Natural History Museum of Geneva (in French: Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Genève) is a natural history museum in Geneva, Switzerland.

Louis Jurine’s collections of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera are held by the museum.

Other displays include a collection of intricate glass models of invertebrates by Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and a living specimen of a two headed tortoise named Janus. The tortoise is considered the mascot of the museum and is one of their main attractions.
Barthe (surname)
Barthe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexandre Barthe (born 1986), French footballer

Benjamin Barthe (born 1972), French journalist

Earl Barthé (1932–2010), American plasterer and plastering historian

Eugène Barthe (1862–1945), French entomologist

Georges-Isidore Barthe (1834–1900), Canadian lawyer and political figure, brother of Joseph-Guillaume

Joseph-Guillaume Barthe (1818–1893), Canadian lawyer and political figure, brother of Georges-Isidore

Obdulio Barthe (1903–1981), Paraguayan trade unionist and political activist

Richmond Barthé (1901–1989), American sculptor

Sam Barthe

Eugène Barthe
Eugène Barthe (1862–1945) was a French entomologist. While living in Vienne (Isère), he created the journal Miscellanea Entomologica. In 1918, he moved into his father's house in Castanet-Tolosan (Haute-Garonne), where a street was later named in his honour. As well as editing the journal, he also wrote several books which act as supplements to the journal. These covered the beetle fauna of France and the Rhine Valley.
Lubanie
Lubanie [luˈbaɲɛ] is a village in Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Lubanie. It is located in the region of Kuyavia.

Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo kujawsko-pomorskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ kuˈjafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ] ⓘ) is one of Poland's 16 voivodeships (provinces).

It was created on 1 January 1999 and is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions, from which it takes its name: Kuyavia (Polish: Kujawy) and Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze).

Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Toruń.
Metropolitan Meat Market
Metropolitan Meat Market, primarily known as Meat Market, in Melbourne, Australia, is a former market building that also incorporates the Metropolitan Hotel. It was designed by George Johnson and completed in 1874. It has been listed on the Victorian Heritage Register since 1973.

The venue has undergone many iterations and currently serves as an arts venue under the City of Melbourne. Annually, the venue hosts cultural and social events ranging from theatre, circus, dance to food and wine fairs, music launches and private functions, in addition to festivals including Melbourne Fringe Festival, RISING, and Yirramboi Festival.

George Raymond Johnson
George Raymond Johnson (7 February 1840 – 25 November 1898) was an architect who practiced in late 19th century Melbourne and Perth, Australia. He is known for designing numerous important buildings, especially town halls and theatres.
Braam Steyn
Abraham Jurgen Steyn (born 2 May 1992) is a South African-born rugby union player who plays for the Italy national rugby union team. His usual position is as a flanker, and he currently plays for Benetton.

Under contract with Calvisano, for 2014–15 Pro12 season, he was named as Permit Player for Zebre in Pro 12.
In 2015, Steyn signed for Benetton and he played for Treviso until 2022−23 season.

In 2012, he played for S.A. Under 20. From 2016, he is member of Italy squad and on 18 August 2019, he was named in the final 31-man squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. On 8 November 2021, he was named in the Italy A squad for the 2021 end-of-year rugby union internationals.

2021 end-of-year rugby union internationals
The 2021 end of year rugby union tests, also referred to as the Autumn internationals in the Northern Hemisphere, were rugby union test matches during October and November 2021, mainly involving countries from the Northern Hemisphere hosting those from the Southern Hemisphere. These international games counted towards World Rugby's ranking system, with teams typically playing from two to four matches in this period.

Matches hosted by teams from the Six Nations Championship were branded the Autumn Nations Series for marketing purposes.
Made in Switzerland (album)
Made In Switzerland is a live video and album release by Gotthard. It was released worldwide in 2006 as a combined DVD and CD package.

The concert was filmed and recorded at the Hallenstadion in Zürich, Switzerland on December 8, 2005 as part of the bands Lipservice tour.

Immigrant Song
"Immigrant Song" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. Built upon a riff, it alludes to Norse mythology, with singer Robert Plant's howling vocals mentioning war-making and Valhalla. The song was included on their 1970 album Led Zeppelin III and released as a single. Several live recordings have also been issued on various Led Zeppelin albums. Other artists have recorded renditions of the song or performed it live.

Though Led Zeppelin are typically regarded as an album-oriented group, "Immigrant Song" is one of the band's several hit singles. The song's popularity has led to its inclusion in such compilation albums as Led Zeppelin Remasters (1990) and Early Days: The Best of Led Zeppelin, Vol. 1 (1999).
Sihon
Sihon was an Amorite king mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, king of Ashtaroth, who refused to let the Israelites pass through his country. Chronicled in Numbers, he was defeated by Moses and the Israelites at the battle of Jahaz. He and Og were said to be the two kings Moses defeated on the east side of the Jordan river.

Jordan River
The Jordan River or River Jordan (Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, Nahr al-ʾUrdunn; Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, Nəhar hayYardēn), also known as Nahr Al-Sharieat (Arabic: نهر الشريعة), is a 251-kilometre-long (156 mi) endorheic river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and drains to the Dead Sea. The river passes by or through Jordan, Syria, Israel, and Palestine.

Jordan and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights border the river to the east, while Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank lie to its west. Both Jordan and the West Bank derive their names in relation to the river. The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it.
Abbie Newell
Albert Victor Newell (June 12, 1897 – May 5, 1967) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played with the Saskatoon Crescents, Edmonton Eskimos, and Regina Capitals of the Western Canada Hockey League. He also played for the Vancouver Maroons of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association. He died in California in 1967.

Saskatoon Sheiks
The Saskatoon Sheiks were a professional ice hockey team in the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) and Prairie Hockey League (PrHL) from 1921 to 1928. The team played their home games at the Crescent Arena in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Haliacmon (mythology)
Haliacmon (or Aliacmon, Ancient Greek: Ἁλιάκμων) was in Greek mythology a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was a minor river god in his own right, of the eponymous Haliacmon in Macedonia.  In other mythological traditions he was the son of Palaestinus and grandson of Poseidon.

Oceanus
In Greek mythology, Oceanus or Okeanos was one of the Titans, the children of Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth), the brother and husband of the Titaness Tethys, and the father of the river gods and the Oceanids, as well as being the great river which encircled the entire world.
Hnat Honcharenko
Hnat Tykhonovych Honcharenko (Гнат Тихонович Гончаренко, 1835–c. 1917) was one of the most renowned Ukrainian kobzars (blind itinerant minstrels) of the Kharkiv oblast of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Kharkiv Oblast
Kharkiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Харківська область, romanized: Kharkivska oblast, Russian: Харьковская область, romanized: Kharkovskaya oblast), also referred to as Kharkivshchyna (Ukrainian: Харківщина), is an oblast (province) in eastern Ukraine.

Kharkiv borders Luhansk Oblast to the east, Donetsk Oblast to the southeast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to the southwest, Poltava Oblast to the west, Sumy Oblast to the northwest and Russia's Belgorod Oblast to the north. Its area is 31,400 square kilometres (12,100 sq mi), or 5.2% of the total territory of Ukraine.

The oblast is the third-most populous of Ukraine, with a population of 2,598,961 in 2021, more than half (1.42 million) of whom live in the city of Kharkiv, the oblast's administrative center.
Harz Club
The Harz Club (German: Harzklub) is club dedicated to maintaining the traditions of the Harz mountains in Germany and looking after the walking trails in the Harz. It was founded in 1886 in Seesen and as of 2022 the club has about 16,000 members in approximately 90 branches.

Seesen
Seesen (German pronunciation: [ˈzeːzn̩] ⓘ) is a town and municipality in the district of Goslar, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the northwestern edge of the Harz mountain range, approx. 20 km (12 mi) west of Goslar.
Omar Paganini
Omar Ignacio Paganini Herrera (born 2 June 1962) is an Uruguayan electrical engineer, academic and politician of the National Party, serving as Minister of Foreign Relations from 6 November 2023 to 1 March 2025 under president Luis Lacalle Pou. Previously, he served as Minister of Industry, Energy and Mining from March 2020 to November 2023.

Graduated from the University of the Republic with a degree in Electrical Engineering, Paganini obtained a Master of Business Administration from the Catholic University of Uruguay. He also trained in Entrepreneurship at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, and in Negotiation by the Global PON program at Harvard University.

University of the Republic (Uruguay)
The University of the Republic (Spanish: Universidad de la República, sometimes UdelaR) is a public research university in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is the country's oldest and largest university, as well as one of the largest public universities in South America in terms of enrollment. Established in 1849, it has educated the vast majority of Uruguay's professionals throughout history and has maintained a leading role in advancing academic research and higher education.

The University of the Republic enrolls more than 140,000 students and is organized into 16 independent faculties. It administers 7 university schools and scientific institutes, the Hospital Clinic Manuel Quintela, as well as three regional university centers that serve different parts of the country.
2010 Oschersleben Formula Two round
The 2010 Oschersleben Formula Two round was the eighth round of the 2010 FIA Formula Two Championship and was held from September 4 and 5, 2010 at the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben, Oschersleben, Germany. Dean Stoneman won the first race on September 4, which took place over a distance of 24 laps, from fifth place. Kazim Vasiliauskas finished second and Jolyon Palmer took third. Stoneman won the second 23-lap event on 5 September from pole position. Vasiliauskas placed second and Sergey Afanasyev was third.

Sergey Afanasyev (racing driver)
Sergey Andreyevich Afanasyev (Russian: Серге́й Андре́евич Афана́сьев, IPA: [sʲɪrˈɡʲej ɐnˈdrʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ɐfɐˈnasʲjɪf]; born 25 March 1988) is a Russian racing driver, holder of honour "Master of sports of Russia".
Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)
Rangri (also spelt Ranghri) is a dialect of the Haryanvi language spoken by Ranghar Muhajirs in Pakistani Punjab and small areas in Sindh.  It is was originally spoken in Haryana, India but is nowadays primarily spoken in Pakistan. Its spoken areas include Lahore, Sheikhupura, Bhakkar, Bahawalnagar, Khanpur, Okara, Layyah, Vehari, Sahiwal, Phularwan, and Multan as well as Mirpur Khas and Nawabshah, Naushahro Feroze, Sanghar.

Okara, Pakistan
Okara (Punjabi, Urdu: اوکاڑہ) is the capital city of Okara District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The name Okara is derived from Okaan, a type of tree. In ancient times there were a large number of Okaan trees, which is why the area was named Okara. It is the 23rd most populous city of Pakistan. The city is located southwest of the city of Lahore and Faisalabad is 100 km bypassing the Ravi River. It is known for its agriculture-based economy and cotton mills. The nearest major city to Okara is Sahiwal, which was formerly known as Montgomery. Kasur is also located in the east of the city. Pakistan military dairy farms, known for their cheese, are situated in Okara. Pul Dhool, located near Abdulla Sugar Mill, is a town in the Okara district. Pul Dhool is on Hujra Chunian road. It is 9 km from Shah Muqeem and 17 km from Chunian.These farms were established before the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Cels (surname)
Cels is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Cornelis Cels (1778–1859), Flemish painter

Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806), French botanist

Jean-Michel Cels (1819–1894), Belgian landscape painter

Luis Siret y Cels (1860–1934), Belgian-Spanish archaeologist and illustrator

Jean-Michel Cels
Jean-Michel Cels (1819 – 1881) was a Belgian landscape painter.

He was born in the Hague as the son of the painter Cornelis Cels, who taught him to paint. He was the brother of the architect Josse Cels.