hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gussola
Gussola (Casalasco-Viadanese: La Ghisööla; Cremunés: Ghisóola) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) southeast of Milan and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Cremona.

Gussola borders the following municipalities: Colorno, Martignana di Po, San Giovanni in Croce, Scandolara Ravara, Sissa Trecasali, Solarolo Rainerio, Torricella del Pizzo.

Cremunés dialect
Cremonese (Cremunés) is a dialect of the Western Lombard dialect group spoken in the city and province of Cremona in Lombardy, Italy, with the exception of Crema and the area of Soresina, where an Eastern Lombard dialect is spoken, and the area of Casalmaggiore, where a form of Emilian closely related to Parmigiano is spoken.

Being at the crossroad between the core areas of different Lombard varieties, Cremonese exhibits features from both Western Lombard and Eastern Lombard, and a few which are typical of dialects spoken in the nearby region of Emilia-Romagna. It is best classified within the Southwestern Lombard group of dialects.
Command Post Tango
Command Post Tango (CP TANGO) is a United States Forces Korea's military bunker complex in South Korea. It is the Theater Command Post for the Combatant Commander, UNC/CFC/USFK and State Department Korea and can reportedly withstand a tactical nuclear weapon through the use of several layers of blast doors. It is located in Seongnam, Gyeonggi province.

Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi Province (Korean: 경기도; RR: Gyeonggi-do, Korean pronunciation: [kjʌ̹ŋ.ɡi.do̞]) is the most populous province in South Korea.

Seoul, the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the area but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon, the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 (4,530 sq mi), with a combined population of over 26 million - amounting to over half (50.25%) of the entire population of South Korea, and a third of the population of the Korean peninsula at the 2020 census.
Paul Van Dale
Paul Van Dale (born March 6, 1960) is a former American professional wrestler, mixed martial artist and boxer. He is the father of Carmella. Van Dale grew up in Spencer, Massachusetts, where she graduated from David Prouty High School in 2006.  Van Dale worked for the World Wrestling Federation in the late 1980s to early 1990s.

David Prouty High School
David Prouty High School is a public high school located in Spencer, Massachusetts, United States. It serves the towns of Spencer and East Brookfield.
In 2024, it was ranked as the #300 best high school in Massachusetts by the U.S. News & World Report. The school serves grades 9–12 with a student-to-teacher ratio of 9.9:1.

The school is currently undergoing a process of demolishing and rebuilding parts of the building, starting with the gym in preparation for building an entirely new school.
Elisabetta Sirani
Elisabetta Sirani (8 January 1638 – 28 August 1665) was an Italian Baroque painter and printmaker who died in unexplained circumstances at the age of 27. She was one of the first women artists in early modern Bologna. She became a successful painter, producing public altarpieces as well as privately commissioned pictures.

Italian Baroque art
Italian Baroque art was a very prominent part of the Baroque art in painting, sculpture and other media, made in a period extending from the end of the sixteenth to the mid eighteenth centuries. The movement began in Italy, and despite later currents in the directions of classicism, the Rococo, Italy remained a stronghold throughout the period, with many Italian artists taking Baroque style to other parts of Europe.  Italian Baroque architecture is not covered.
Morphotectonics
Morphotectonics (from Ancient Greek: μορφή, morphḗ, "form"; and τεκτονικός, tektonikos, "pertaining to building"), or tectonic geomorphology, is a branch of geomorphology that studies how landforms are formed or affected by tectonic activity. Morphotectonists seek to understand the deep Earth mechanisms behind the creation of tectonic landforms by processes such as crust uplift, subsidence, faulting, or folding.

Morphotectonics relies on cross-disciplinary research, drawing from fields such as geology, seismology, physical geography, climatology, geochronology, and geodesy. This diversity creates a challenge in that successful morphotectonic studies require combining information from specialized, historically unrelated fields of study. Furthermore, this wide range of fields leads to new discoveries in the field potentially coming from unexpected sources, such as paleobotany or stratigraphy. The field of morphotectonics has been increasingly gaining attention since the 1980s.

Seismology
Seismology (/saɪzˈmɒlədʒi, saɪs-/; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós), meaning 'earthquake', and -λογία (-logía), meaning 'study of') is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies. It also includes studies of the environmental effects of earthquakes such as tsunamis; other seismic sources such as volcanoes, plate tectonics, glaciers, rivers, oceanic microseisms, and the atmosphere; and artificial processes such as explosions.

Paleoseismology is a related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes. A recording of Earth's motion as a function of time, created by a seismograph is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who works in basic or applied seismology.
2018 Nicaraguan protests
The 2018 Nicaraguan protests began on 18 April 2018 when demonstrators in several cities of Nicaragua began protests against the social security reforms decreed by President Daniel Ortega that increased taxes and decreased benefits. After five days of unrest in which nearly thirty people were killed, Ortega announced the cancellation of the reforms; however, the opposition has grown through the 2014–2018 Nicaraguan protests to denounce Ortega and demand his resignation, becoming one of the largest protests in his government's history and the deadliest civil conflict since the end of the Nicaraguan Revolution. On 29 September 2018, political demonstrations were declared illegal by President Ortega.

Managua
Managua (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnaɣwa]) is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua, and one of the largest cities in Central America. Located on the shores of Lake Managua, the city had an estimated population of 1,055,247 as of 2020, and a population of 1,401,687 in its metropolitan area. The city also serves as the seat of Managua Department.

Founded in 1819, Managua became the national capital in 1852. The city underwent a rapid expansion and urbanization between 1842 and 1930, leading it to become one of the most developed cities in Central America. Several earthquakes have affected the city's growth, especially the 1931 earthquake and the 1972 earthquake, but the city has been rebuilt several times. Today, the city is a major economic hub for both the country and Central America.
2002 St. Louis Rams season
The 2002 season was the St. Louis Rams' 65th in the National Football League (NFL), their eighth in St. Louis and their third under head coach Mike Martz.

Fresh off their trip from Super Bowl XXXVI which ended with a loss to the 11–5 Patriots, the Rams collapsed and missed the playoffs for the first time since 1998, losing their first five games.

The season saw the emergence of new quarterback Marc Bulger, who filled in for an injured Kurt Warner and Jamie Martin. The Rams won six straight games where Bulger started and finished, but his season ended in Week 16 at Seattle.

However, the Rams did end the season on a high note with a 31–20 victory at home against the 49ers in Week 17 and they finished the season with a 7–9 record.

1998 St. Louis Rams season
The 1998 St. Louis Rams season was the team's 61st year with the National Football League (NFL) and the fourth season in St. Louis. It was the second year for head coach Dick Vermeil. The team failed to improve on its 5–11 record from 1997, and instead finished the season 4–12 and missed the playoffs for the ninth consecutive season, during which they had compiled a league-worst 45–99 record.

Despite all of this, the Rams showed signs of life during the season when they beat playoff teams such as the New York Jets (who would make the AFC Championship game during the season) and the New England Patriots (who would make a wild card). Some claim that those two wins helped them build signs of strong life into next season, when they won Super Bowl XXXIV against the Tennessee Titans. Despite the Rams finishing 4–12, six of those losses were only by a touchdown or less.
Monster Crown
Monster Crown is a 2021 role-playing video game developed by Studio Aurum and published by Soedesco. Heavily inspired by the Pokémon series, it features similar gameplay mechanics while adopting a darker fictional universe and storyline. The game received mixed reviews from critics: who praised its gameplay and graphical style, but noted a significant quantity of bugs, performance issues, and poor game balance. The game's story has also been criticized.

Fictional universe
A fictional universe, also known as an imagined universe or a constructed universe, is the internally consistent fictional setting used in a narrative or a work of art. This concept is most commonly associated with works of fantasy and science fiction, and can be found in various forms such as novels, comics, films, television shows, video games, and other creative works.

In science fiction, a fictional universe may be a remote alien planet or galaxy with little apparent relationship to the real world (as in the Star Wars universe). In fantasy, it may be a greatly fictionalized or invented version of Earth's distant past or future (as in The Lord of the Rings).
Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement
The vinylcyclopropane rearrangement or vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement is a ring expansion reaction, converting a vinyl-substituted cyclopropane ring into a cyclopentene ring.

Due to its ability to form cyclopentene rings the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement has served several times as a key reaction in complex natural product synthesis.  Other unusual cyclic products include cyclobutenes and bicyclic species such as the cycloheptene shown below.

Experimental and computational investigations show that mechanistically, the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement can be thought of as either a diradical-mediated two-step and/or orbital-symmetry-controlled pericyclic process. The amount by which each of the two mechanisms is operative is highly dependent on the substrate.

Cyclobutene
Cyclobutene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6. It is a cycloalkene. It is a colorless gas that easily condenses. It is of interest in research but currently has no practical applications. A modern synthesis involves the 2-step dehydration of cyclobutanol. The compound was first prepared by thermolysis of the ammonium salt [C4H7N(CH3)3]OH (cyclobutyltrimethylammonium hydroxide).

Cyclobutene thermally isomerizes to 1,3-butadiene. This strongly exothermic reaction reflects the dominance of ring strain. In contrast, the corresponding equilibrium for hexafluorocyclobutene disfavors hexafluorobutadiene.
Jerry Zaks
Jerry Zaks (born September 7, 1946) is an American stage and television director, and actor. He won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play and Drama Desk Award for directing The House of Blue Leaves (1986), Lend Me a Tenor (1989), and Six Degrees of Separation (1991) and the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical and Drama Desk Award for Guys and Dolls (1992).

Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play
The Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play has been given since 1960.  Before 1960 there was only one award for both play direction and musical direction, then in 1960 the award was split into two categories: Dramatic and Musical. In 1976 the Dramatic category was renamed to Play. For pre-1960 direction awards please reference Tony Award for Best Director.
2013 US Open – Wheelchair men's doubles
Michaël Jérémiasz and Maikel Scheffers defeated Gustavo Fernández and Joachim Gérard in the final, 6–0, 4–6, 6–3 to win the men's doubles wheelchair tennis title at the 2013 US Open.

Stéphane Houdet and Nicolas Peifer were the reigning champions from when the event was last held in 2011, but Peifer did not participate. Houdet partnered Shingo Kunieda, but was defeated by Jérémiasz and Scheffers in the semifinals.

There was no edition of the event in 2012, due to a scheduling conflict with the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

Joachim Gérard
Joachim Gérard (born 15 October 1988) is a Belgian wheelchair tennis player. He has been ranked world No. 1 in singles.

Gérard has won two Grand Slam singles titles (2021 Australian Open, 2021 Wimbledon Championships) and four doubles titles (2014 French Open, 2017 Australian Open, 2019 Australian Open and 2019 Wimbledon Championships).

Gérard has also won the singles title at the Wheelchair Tennis Masters in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, as well as the doubles title in 2014.

He competed in wheelchair tennis at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.
Ashdown House, Oxfordshire
Ashdown House (also known as Ashdown Park) is a 17th-century country house in the civil parish of Ashbury in the English county of Oxfordshire. Until 1974 the house was in the county of Berkshire, and the nearby village of Lambourn remains in that county.

It is a Grade I listed building and the grounds are included in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens at Grade II*.

Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England
The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England provides a listing and classification system for historic parks and gardens similar to that used for listed buildings. The register was set up by Historic England under the provisions of the National Heritage Act 1983. Over 1,600 sites are listed, ranging from the grounds of large stately homes to small domestic gardens, as well other designed landscapes such as town squares, public parks, and cemeteries. The register is published on the National Heritage List for England alongside other national heritage designations.
Dave Wyatt
David Wyatt was born about June 19, 1871 in Nelsonville, Ohio and was a Negro leagues infielder and manager for several years before the founding of the first Negro National League. He attended Indiana State University.

His earliest records show he played for the Hot Springs Arlingtons in 1897 and the Chicago Unions as early as 1898. He was present on team lists for the Chicago Unions in 1902 and 1903. And he played for the Leland Giants in 1906.

Wyatt made an appearance at a 1907 meeting at the Indianapolis Freeman Newspaper Building, where baseball club owners met to discuss a possible National Colored Base Ball League in 1908.

Wyatt managed the Illinois Giants by 1909.

Dave Wyatt died at the age of 78 on December 10, 1950 in Cook County, IL.

Indianapolis Freeman
The Indianapolis Freeman (1884–1926) was the first illustrated black newspaper in the United States. Founder and owner Louis Howland, who was soon replaced by Edward Elder Cooper, published its first print edition on November 20, 1884.
Azara, Huesca
Azara is a municipality in the province of Huesca, Spain. In 2018, it had a population of 174 inhabitants. It is located in the middle of a valley named after Alferche, to the right of the La Clamor Canyon, surrounded by sandstone the highest among which is Peña de Santa Margarita, 40 km away from Huesca.

Province of Huesca
Huesca (Aragonese: Uesca; Catalan: Osca), officially Huesca/Uesca, is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. The capital is Huesca.

Positioned just south of the central Pyrenees, Huesca borders France and the French departments of Haute-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, and Hautes-Pyrénées. Within Spain, Huesca's neighboring provinces are Navarre, Zaragoza, and Lleida.
Electoral district of South Fremantle
South Fremantle was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1962.

Based in urban South Fremantle, the district was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. When the district was abolished at the 1962 election, its member at the time, Henry Curran of the Labor Party, transferred to the new seat of Cockburn.

Western Australian Legislative Assembly
The Western Australian Legislative Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Western Australia, an Australian state. The Parliament sits in Parliament House in the Western Australian capital, Perth.

The Legislative Assembly today has 59 members, elected for four-year terms from single-member electoral districts.  Members are elected using the preferential voting system. As with all other Australian states and territories, voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the legal voting age of 18.
German submarine U-376
German submarine U-376 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

The submarine was laid down on 3 April 1940 in Kiel, launched on 10 July 1941, and commissioned on 21 August 1941 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich-Karl Marks.

U-376 was attached to the 6th U-boat Flotilla, and was ready for front-line service from 1 March 1942. Operating from Norwegian bases, from 1 July 1942 she served with the 11th U-boat Flotilla, and was transferred to the 3rd U-boat Flotilla, based in France on 1 March 1943.

U-376 sailed on eight combat patrols, sinking only two merchant ships totalling 10,146 GRT before she went missing in the Bay of Biscay since 7 April 1943.

11th U-boat Flotilla
The 11th U-boat Flotilla (German 11. Unterseebootsflottille) was formed on 15 May 1942 in Bergen, Norway. The flotilla operated mainly in the North Sea and against the Russian convoys (JW, PQ, QP and RA series) in the Arctic Sea. The flotilla operated various marks of the Type VII U-boat until September 1944, when it had an influx of some Type IX boats from France. It also was the only flotilla to field the Type XXI U-boat for operational use, but the war ended before U-2511 saw action. The Flotilla was disbanded on 9 May 1945 with the German surrender.
Cotswold architecture
The Cotswold style of architecture is a style based on houses from the Cotswolds region of England. Cotswold houses often have a prominent chimney, often near the front door of the house. Other notable features include king mullions and steep roofs. The Cotswold style uses local materials based on geology. This style is renowned for the use of local oolitic limestone.

The Cotswold style emerged during the late 16th century and flourished throughout the 17th century.: 6  During the second and third decades of the twentieth century, the Cotswold style reached its zenith of popularity. The Cotswold 'Arts and Crafts' architecture was a very popular and prominent style between 1890 and 1930. The county of Gloucestershire in the Cotswolds became the focal point of the 'Arts and Crafts' architecture.

Cotswold architecture is a subtype of the Tudor Revival house style, and it likely came to the United States as a result of renewed interest in medieval housing styles.

Mullion
A mullion is the vertical element that forms a division between units of a window or screen, or is used decoratively. When dividing adjacent window units its primary purpose is a rigid support to the glazing of the window. Its secondary purpose is to provide structural support to  the horizontal lintel above the window opening (Horizontal elements separating the head of a door from a window above are called transoms). In the case of multiple arched windows combined building a bifora (or trifora, etc), the equally shaped windows might be coupled by mullions (instead of a column with base and capital), framed by a blind arch or the mullions dissolving in Gothic tracery.
Azizia Masjid, Hyderabad
The Azizia Masjid, also known as the Majid-e-Azizia (Urdu: مسجد عزیزیہ; Hindi: मस्जिद अजीजिया; Telugu: మస్జిద్ అజీజియా) is a Friday mosque, located in Mehdipatnam, in the Hyderabad district of the state of Telangana, India.

It is the largest mosque in Mehdipatnam with a capacity of over 10,000 people. The mosque was built in 1966 and the building has four floors that, in an addition to the mosque, also contains the headquarters of the Students Islamic Organization of India and the Islamic Center of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind.

Congregational mosque
A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد جَامِع, romanized: masjid jāmi‘, or simply جَامِع, jāmi‘; Turkish: Cami), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (جامع كبير, jāmi‘ kabir; Ulu Cami), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as jumu'ah. It can also host the Eid prayers in situations when there is no musalla or eidgah available nearby to host the prayers. In early Islamic history, the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area. In early centuries, the congregational mosque was also a center of social and public life, hosting various other activities in addition to prayers, such as judicial and educational functions.
Gabow
Gabow is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adde Gabow (fl. 2007), Somali politician

Harold N. Gabow (fl. 1968), American computer scientist

Patricia A. Gabow (born 1944), American physician

Adde Gabow
Mohamed Ali Hassan (Somali: Maxamed Cali Xasan [Cadde Gaaboow]), known as Adde Gabow, is a Somali politician. He is the former governor of the Banaadir region and was appointed mayor of the capital Mogadishu by President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed on 15 January 2007.
M-Coumaric acid
m-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid. There are three isomers of coumaric acid – o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid – that differ by the position of the hydroxy substitution of the phenyl group.

m-Coumaric acid can be found in vinegar.

Vinegar
Vinegar (from Old French  vyn egre 'sour wine') is an odorous aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings or naturally occurring organic compounds. Vinegar typically contains from 4% to 18% acetic acid by volume.

Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation—converting simple sugars to ethanol using yeast, and then converting ethanol to acetic acid using acetic acid bacteria. Many types of vinegar are made, depending on source materials.

The product is now mainly used in the culinary arts as a flavorful, acidic cooking ingredient, salad dressing, or pickling agent. Various types are used as condiments or garnishes, including balsamic vinegar and malt vinegar.

As an easily manufactured mild acid, it has a wide variety of industrial and domestic uses, including functioning as a household cleaner.
Magnesium L-threonate
Magnesium L-threonate is a magnesium salt of L-threonic acid having the formula Mg(C4H7O5)2.

Magnesium L-threonate is purported to cross the blood-brain barrier more readily than regular magnesium ions, although no credible evidence proving the claim exists. No biological mechanism is proposed how magnesium ions would overcome the rapid physiological redistribution after reaching the brain, justifying targeted delivery.

Weak evidence shows that magnesium L-threonate improves cognitive function in healthy adults, although the trial did not compare its efficacy against conventional magnesium formulations.

Threonic acid
Threonic acid is a sugar acid derived from threose. The l-isomer is a metabolite of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). One study suggested that because l-threonate inhibits DKK1 expression in vitro, it may have potential in treatment of androgenic alopecia.