hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Filippo Menczer
Filippo Menczer (born 16 May 1965) is an American and Italian academic. He is a University Distinguished Professor and the Luddy Professor of Informatics and Computer Science at the Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering of Indiana University. Menczer is the Director of the Observatory on Social Media, a research center where data scientists and journalists study the role of media and technology in society and build tools to analyze and counter disinformation and manipulation on social media. Menczer holds courtesy appointments in Cognitive Science and Physics, is a founding member and advisory council member of the IU Network Science Institute, a former director the Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, a senior research fellow of the Kinsey Institute, a fellow of the Center for Computer-Mediated Communication, and a former fellow of the Institute for Scientific Interchange in Turin, Italy. In 2020 he was named an ACM Fellow.

Informatics
Informatics is the study of computational systems. According to the ACM Europe Council and Informatics Europe, informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession, in which the central notion is the transformation of information. In some cases, the term "informatics" may also be used with different meanings, e.g., in the context of social computing or library science.
Nick Prowting
Nicholas Roger Prowting (born 26 October 1985) is an English cricketer. Prowting is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace. He was born in Chelmsford, Essex.

While studying for his degree at Durham University, Prowting made his first-class debut for Durham UCCE against Surrey in 2006. He made eight further first-class appearances for the university, the last of which came against Lancashire in 2008. In his nine first-class matches, he scored 314 runs at an average of 19.62, with a high score of 78. This score, his only first-class fifty, came against Nottinghamshire in 2007.

His brother, Christopher, played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 2007.

Glossary of cricket terms
This is a general glossary of the terminology used in the sport of cricket. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics. Certain aspects of cricket terminology are explained in more detail in cricket statistics and the naming of fielding positions is explained at fielding (cricket).

Cricket is known for its rich terminology. Some terms are often thought to be arcane and humorous by those not familiar with the game.
Rhabdomantis sosia
Rhabdomantis sosia, the common large fox, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the central part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Adrian Stokes (physician)
Captain Adrian Stokes, DSO OBE FRCSI MRCP (9 February 1887 – 19 September 1927) was an Irish physician and microbiologist and British Army soldier who worked as professor of bacteriology at Trinity College Dublin, and later as Sir Willian Dunn Professor of Pathology in the University of London at Guy's Hospital. He served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I and was member of the Yellow Fever Commission in West Africa.

Stokes is most well known for his discovery of the virus (now named Orthoflavivirus flava) that caused yellow fever, the disease with which he died. He also discovered a bacterium Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae (now called Leptospira interrogans), which causes epidemic jaundice (and other symptoms now collectively called leptospirosis), in rats which directly implied rodent control as the most important preventive measure. He developed nasal cannula used for giving oxygen through the nose.

Guy's Hospital
Guy's Hospital is an NHS hospital founded by philanthropist Thomas Guy in 1721, located in the borough of Southwark in central London. It is part of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and one of the institutions that comprise the King's Health Partners, an academic health science centre. It is the large teaching hospital of GKT School of Medical Education.

The hospital's Tower Wing (originally known as Guy's Tower) was, when built in 1974, the tallest hospital building in the world, standing at 148.65 metres (487.7 ft) with 34 floors. The tower was overtaken as the world's tallest healthcare-related building by The Belaire in New York City in 1988. As of June 2019, the Tower Wing, which remains one of the tallest buildings in London, is the world's sixth-tallest hospital building.
Xädiçä Yamaşeva
Xädiçä Yamaşeva (Yamaşıva, née Bädämşina, Tatar: Хәдичә Ямашева, Xädiçä Yamaşeva, خديجة ياماشيۋا, Yaña imlâ خەدىچە ياماشىٰۋا), Tatar pronunciation: [χædiˈɕæ jɑˈmaʃɯwa]) was a dentist and a member of a revolutionary movement.

Yaña imlâ alphabet
Yaña imlâ (Tatar: яңа имлә, yaña imlä, ياڭا ئيملە, pronounced [jʌˈŋɑ imˈlʲæ]; lit. 'new orthography') was a modified Arabic script that was in use for the Tatar language between 1920 and 1927. The orthographical reform modified İske imlâ, including abolishing homophonic letters and adding letters for short vowels e, ı, ö, o. Yaña imlâ made use of a "backness sign" ⟨ࢭ⟩ to indicate vowel harmony.

There were some projects that were to simplify Yaña imlâ too. The unique separated Arabic was invented (so as to use typewriters).

As early as in 1924 the first projects of Latin script were introduced and in 1928 the government switched to the Latin Yañalif alphabet.
Muhammad Maksudul Haque
Muhammad Maksudul Haque is a two star officer of the Bangladesh Army and Bangladeshi ambassador to Iraq. Prior to that, he was Commandant of Bangladesh Ordnance Factory. He is 9th Colonel Commandant of Army Ordnance Corps.

Bangladesh Army
The Bangladesh Army (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনী, romanized: Bāṅlādēś shēnābāhinī) is the principal land warfare branch of the Bangladesh Armed Forces responsible for defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bangladesh. Operating under the Ministry of Defence, the army is tasked with national defense, disaster response, and supporting civil authorities during emergencies. Established officially after the 1971 Liberation War, the Bangladesh Army has since evolved into a professional, modern force engaged in peacekeeping missions under the United Nations as well as national security operations.

The Bangladesh Army is also constitutionally obligated to assist the government, during times of domestic or national emergencies. This additional role is commonly referred to as "aid to civil administration" or, using the Latin form, "Protectio, Transparentia, Reintegratio".
Fancourt Hotel and Country Club
Fancourt Hotel and Country Club is a South African golf estate in George, Western Cape (Garden Route District Municipality). It is rated among the top 10 lifestyle estates in the world.

The Links Course at Fancourt is rated as the number 1 golf course in South Africa by Golf Digest.

Fancourt hosted the 2003 Presidents Cup, the only time the event has ended in a tie.

It also hosted the 2005 Women's World Cup of Golf as well as the Coca-Cola Charity Championship on the Sunshine Tour.

Women's World Cup of Golf
The Women's World Cup of Golf was a professional golf tournament contested by teams of two female golfers representing their respective countries.

The tournament was played in several incarnations, first in 1992 as the Sunrise Cup World Team Championship held in Taiwan, and in 2000 at Adare Manor in Ireland sanctioned only by the Ladies European Tour.

It was later played annually between 2005 and 2008 at Gary Player Country Club  in South Africa, and sanctioned also by the LPGA Tour, money unofficial on both tours. The purse in the final year was US$1.4 million. The field consisted of twenty-two teams and each qualifying country could field one team. It was held in January or February, at the beginning of the season for the world's dominant professional tours.

In 2014, the International Crown succeeded the event, a women's team golf tournament featuring national teams of four players.
Wadi Hayl
Wadi Hayl is a seasonal watercourse in the Hajar Mountains of Fujairah, in the United Arab Emirates. The wadi runs from the Fujairah industrial suburb of Al Hayl through the old (now restored) village of Hayl and Hayl Fort, to reach the Wadi Helo.

Hajar Mountains
The Hajar Mountains (Arabic: جِبَال ٱلْحَجَر, romanized: Jibāl al-Ḥajar, The Rocky Mountains or The Stone Mountains) are one of the highest mountain ranges in the Arabian Peninsula, shared between northern Oman and eastern United Arab Emirates. Also known as "Oman Mountains", they separate the low coastal plain of Oman from the high desert plateau, and lie 50–100 km (31–62 miles) inland from the Gulf of Oman.
The Rooster Crows
The Rooster Crows: A Book of American Rhymes and Jingles, written and illustrated by Maud and Miska Petersham, is a 1945 picture book published by The Macmillan Company. The Rooster Crows was a Caldecott Medal winner for illustration in 1946. This book is a collection of traditional American nursery rhymes, finger games, skipping rhymes, jingles, and counting-out rhymes. They come from collections all over America.

Macmillan Inc.
Macmillan Inc. (also known as Macmillan US, and formerly the Macmillan Company) was an American book publishing company originally established as the American division of the British Macmillan Publishers. The two were later separated and acquired by other companies, with the remnants of the original American division of Macmillan present in McGraw-Hill Education's Macmillan/McGraw-Hill textbooks, Gale's Macmillan Reference USA division, and some trade imprints of Simon & Schuster (Scribner, Free Press, and Atheneum Books) that were transferred when both companies were owned by Paramount Communications.

The German publisher Holtzbrinck, which bought the British Macmillan in 1999, purchased American rights to the Macmillan name in 2001 and rebranded its American division with it in 2007.
Luwians
The Luwians /ˈluːwiənz/ (also known as Luvians) were an ancient people in Anatolia who spoke the Luwian language. During the Bronze Age, Luwians formed part of the population of the Hittite Empire and adjoining states such as Kizzuwatna. During the Hittite New Kingdom, Luwian replaced Hittite as the empire's dominant language. In the early Iron Age, a number of Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite states arose in northern Syria. The Luwians are known largely from their language, and it is unclear to what extent they formed a unified cultural or political group.

Arslantepe
Arslantepe, also known as Melid, was an ancient city on the Tohma River, a tributary of the upper Euphrates rising in the Taurus Mountains. It has been identified with the modern archaeological site of Arslantepe near Malatya, Turkey.

It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Arslantepe Mound in 2021. As of 2025 it is closed for maintenance.

Değirmentepe, a site located 24 km northeast of Melid, is notable as the location of the earliest secure evidence of copper smelting. The site was built on a small natural outcrop in the flood plain about 40m from the Euphrates River.
Sacubitril/valsartan
Sacubitril/valsartan, sold under the brand name Entresto among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication for use in heart failure. It consists of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan. The combination is sometimes described as an "angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor" (ARNi).
In 2016, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force recommended it as a replacement for an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker in people with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Potential side effects include angioedema, nephrotoxicity, and low blood pressure.

It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2015, and in Australia in 2016. In 2023, it was the 199th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. It is available as a generic medication.

Enalapril
Enalapril, sold under the brand name Vasotec among others, is an ACE inhibitor medication used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure. For heart failure, it is generally used with a diuretic, such as furosemide. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein. Onset of effects are typically within an hour when taken by mouth and last for up to a day.

Common side effects include headache, tiredness, feeling lightheaded with standing, and cough. Serious side effects include angioedema and low blood pressure. Use during pregnancy is believed to result in harm to the baby. It is in the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor family of medications.

Enalapril was patented in 1978, and came into medical use in 1984. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2023, it was the 195th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. It is available as a generic medicine.
Chitty Bang Bang
Chitty Bang Bang was the informal name of a number of celebrated British racing cars, built and raced by Count Louis Zborowski and his engineer Clive Gallop in the 1920s, which inspired the book Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang.

The cars were built in Canterbury, Kent in the workshop of Bligh Brothers coachbuilders, and stored at Higham Park, Zborowski's country house at Bridge near Canterbury. The cars were so loud that Canterbury reportedly passed a by-law prohibiting them from entering within the city walls. The origin of the name "Chitty Bang Bang" is disputed, but may have been inspired by aeronautical engineer Letitia Chitty, the sound of an idling aeroplane engine or from a salacious World War I song.

Bridge, Kent
Bridge is a village and civil parish near Canterbury in Kent, South East England.

Bridge village is in the Nailbourne valley in a rural setting on the old Roman road, Watling Street, formerly the main road between London and Dover. The village itself is centred 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south-east of the city of Canterbury.
Walter Spies
Walter Spies (15 September 1895 – 19 January 1942) was a German primitivist painter, composer, musicologist, and curator. In 1923 he moved to Java, Indonesia. He lived in Yogyakarta and then in Ubud, Bali starting from 1927, when Indonesia was under European colonial rule as the Dutch East Indies.

Spies is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art in the 1930s, as he became internationally known and hosted numerous anthropologists, actors, artists and other cultural figures. Spies influenced the direction of Balinese art and drama.

After the outbreak of war in Europe, Spies was arrested as a German national and interned by the Dutch authorities as an enemy alien. In 1942 he was among 477 German internees who were deported by the Dutch to Ceylon, but their ship was bombed by Japanese planes. Spies and most of the other prisoners died at sea.

Brooklyn Academy of Music
The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) is a multi-arts center in Brooklyn, New York City. It hosts progressive and avant-garde performances, with theater, dance, music, opera, film programming across multiple nearby venues.

BAM was chartered in 1859, presented its first show in 1861, and began operations in its present location in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, in 1908. The Academy is incorporated as a New York State not-for-profit corporation. It has 501(c)(3) status.
Land Run of 1891
The Land Run of 1891 was a set of horse races to settle land acquired by the federal government through the opening of several small Indian reservations in Oklahoma Territory. The race involved approximately 20,000 homesteaders, who gathered to stake their claims on 6,097 plots, of 160 acres (0.65 km2) each, of former reservation land.

The settlement that took place in September 1891 included three land runs. On September 22, 1891, a land run was held to settle Iowa, Sac and Fox, Potawatomi, and Shawnee lands. A September 23, 1891, land run was held to settle Tecumseh, the predesignated location of the county seat of County B, later renamed as Pottawatomie County. Finally, on September 28, 1891, a land run was held to settle Chandler, the predesignated location of the county seat of County A, later renamed as Lincoln County.

These land runs also expanded Payne, Logan, Oklahoma, and Cleveland counties.

Logan County, Oklahoma
Logan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 49,555. Its county seat is Guthrie.

Logan County is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Guthrie served as the capital of Oklahoma Territory from 1890 until 1907 and of the state of Oklahoma from 1907 until 1910.
Stella Dallas (1925 film)
Stella Dallas is a 1925 American silent drama film that was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, adapted by Frances Marion, and directed by Henry King. The film stars Ronald Colman, Belle Bennett, Lois Moran, Alice Joyce, Jean Hersholt, and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Prints of the film survive in several film archives.

This was the first feature film adaptation of the 1923 novel Stella Dallas by Olive Higgins Prouty. Subsequent film versions were Stella Dallas (1937) and Stella (1990).

Olive Higgins Prouty
Olive Higgins Prouty (January 10, 1882 – March 24, 1974) was an American novelist and poet, best known for her 1923 novel Stella Dallas and her pioneering consideration of psychotherapy in her 1941 novel Now, Voyager.
1975–76 Israeli League Cup
The 1975–76 Israeli League Cup (Hebrew: גביע הליגה) was a cup competition played in the beginning of the 1975–76 season, while the national football team was involved in the 1976 Summer Olympics football tournament qualification.

The cup was split into two competitions, for Liga Leumit and Liga Alef. The top tier's competition was played by clubs ranked 1st to 8th in 1974–75 Liga Leumit, while the second tier's competition was played by clubs ranked 1st and 4th in each of 1974–75 Liga Alef division. The competition was played as a knock-out competition.

The Liga Leumit League Cup was won by Hapoel Hadera, who had beaten Hapoel Tel Aviv 1–0 in the final. The Liga Alef League Cup was won by Maccabi Ramat Amidar, who had beaten Maccabi Haifa 2–1 in the final.

Hapoel Hadera F.C.
Hapoel Hadera–Giv'at Olga "Shulem Schwarz" F.C. (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הפועל חדרה–גבעת אולגה שולם שוורץ) is an Israeli football club from Hadera.
They currently play in the Israeli Premier League, and have previously spent eight seasons in the top division.
2018 Brasil Open
The 2018 Brasil Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor clay courts. It was the 18th edition of the Brasil Open, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2018 ATP World Tour. It took place from February 26 through March 4, 2018, in São Paulo, Brazil. Second-seeded Fabio Fognini won the singles title.

ATP 250 tournaments
The ATP 250 tournaments are the lowest tier of annual men's tennis tournaments on the main ATP Tour, after the four Grand Slam tournaments, ATP Finals, ATP Masters 1000 tournaments, and ATP 500 tournaments. The winners of each tournament are awarded 250 ranking points—which accounts for the name of the series.

As of 2026, the series included 30 tournaments after the retirement of four tournaments (Atlanta, Córdoba, Lyon and Metz), the downgrade of two in 2025 (Estoril for a year, and Newport) and the upgrade of three tournaments to the 500 level (Dallas, Doha and Munich). Draws usually consist of 28 for singles, with Brisbane International (32) and Winston-Salem Open (48) being the only exceptions. Doubles draws consist of 16 teams.

Thomas Muster holds the record for most singles titles at 26, while Mike Bryan holds the record for most doubles titles won with 46.
Carl Correns
Carl Erich Correns  (19 September 1864  – 14 February 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity,  which he achieved simultaneously but independently of the botanist Hugo de Vries, and for his acknowledgment of Gregor Mendel's earlier paper on that subject.

Correns was a student of Karl Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas, and who subsequently engaged in a brief exchange of letters concerning reproducibility of the results in another species (Hieracium). Because of the special properties of Hieracium, those experiments failed and Mendel dropped his studies on the subject.

Heredity
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics.
Concepción de Ataco
Concepción de Ataco is a district and city within the Ahuachapán Department, El Salvador. It has an area of 61.03 km ² and a population of 18,101 inhabitants (est. 2006).

The district is divided into 11 cantons, which are: El Arco, El Limo, El Naranjito, El Tronconal, La Ceiba, La Joya de los Apante, La Planxa, San Jose, Shucutitán and Texusín Chirizo. Atacos's population has pre-Columbian origins and was founded by Pipiles in the central Cordillera de Apaneca.

In Nawat, Ataco means "high place of springs.”

Concepción de Ataco's "sister city" is Elk Grove, California. Ataco also shares a sister city relationship with Fountain Hills, Arizona.

Cordillera de Apaneca
Cordillera de Apaneca is a volcanic mountain range in western El Salvador. It consists mainly of volcanoes. Ilamatepec volcano, one of the most active in the region, is a part of this range.

The volcanoes in the range Santa Ana Volcano, Izalco Volcano, and Cerro Verde were the inspiration for the two active and one dormant volcanoes in Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's novella The Little Prince, based on his life with his Salvadoran wife  Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry, who was The Rose in the story.
Love Is the Healer
"Love Is the Healer" is a song recorded by American singer Donna Summer in 1999 for her album Live & More Encore, the track being one of two new studio recordings included on the live album.

The song was written by Summer herself and producer Nathan DiGesare and co-produced by remix team Thunderpuss (Barry Harris and Chris Cox). Following the success of "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)", it became Summer's second single in 1999 to top the US Club Play chart at number one.  The song also peaked #9 in Spain singles charts and #14 in Spain Radio chart. Despite this, it was to be Summer's second and final single release on Epic Records.

Barry Harris (Canadian musician)
Barry Harris is a Canadian record producer, DJ, remixer, singer and songwriter. He created the recording act he named Kon Kan in early 1988 which had worldwide success with "I Beg Your Pardon". The song, initially issued on the now defunct Toronto-based indie label Revolving Records, was quickly discovered and signed by Atlantic Records' A&R rep, Marc Nathan.