hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kepler (institution)
Kepler is a nonprofit higher education program that operates a university campus in Kigali, Rwanda. It is one of the first programs worldwide to integrate massive open online courses (MOOCs), flip teaching, and other education technology practices into a blended learning curriculum, with the goal of lowering the cost of higher education without a reduction in academic quality or outcomes. All graduates of the program receive an accredited U.S. degree through the competency-based College for America at Southern New Hampshire University.

Kepler is funded primarily through a grant from the IKEA Foundation. In October 2017 Daniel Gwinnell joined the organization as its CEO.

Massive open online course
A massive open online course (MOOC /muːk/) or an open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the Web. In addition to traditional course materials, such as filmed lectures, readings, and problem sets, many MOOCs provide interactive courses with user forums or social media discussions to support community interactions among students, professors, and teaching assistants (TAs), as well as immediate feedback to quick quizzes and assignments. MOOCs are a widely researched development in distance education, first introduced in 2008, that emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012.

Early MOOCs (cMOOCs: Connectivist MOOCs) often emphasized open-access features, such as open licensing of content, structure and learning goals, to promote the reuse and remixing of resources.  Some later MOOCs (xMOOCs: extended MOOCs) use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students.
De Vere Northumberland Seniors Classic
The De Vere Northumberland Seniors Classic was a men's professional golf tournament on the European Seniors Tour from 1995 to 2005. Until 2002 it was called the De Vere Hotels Seniors Classic.The tournament was held at Belton Woods near Grantham from 1995 to 1998, Ferndown Golf Club, Ferndown, Dorset in 1999 and 2000, and Slaley Hall, near Hexham, Northumberland from 2001 to 2005.

European Senior Tour
The European Senior Tour, currently titled as the Staysure Legends Tour for sponsorship reasons, is a professional golf tour for male golfers aged 50 and over, run by the PGA European Tour. The tour was titled as the Staysure Tour for the 2018 and 2019 seasons after UK-based insurance company Staysure became the first title sponsors of the senior tour in December 2017. The tour was relaunched as the Legends Tour in 2020, after Ryan Howsam, founder and owner of Staysure, took majority ownership in a joint venture with the European Tour. The headquarters are based at Wentworth Golf Club, UK.

In 2025, the tour will play across four continents with a 20-event calendar, which will take place between February and December. Total prize fund for the year will be €20 million.
George Colfax Baldwin
George Colfax Baldwin (October 21, 1817 – November 29, 1899) was an American Baptist clergyman.

George Colfax Baldwin was born on October 21, 1817 in Pompton Township, New Jersey.  He graduated from Madison University, Hamilton, New York, and was for many years pastor of the First Baptist Church in Troy, New York. He was author of Representative Women of the Bible (New York, 1855), Representative Men of the New Testament (1859), and The Model Prayer, a volume of lectures (Boston, 1870), and other works. George Colfax Baldwin died on 29 November 1899 in Troy.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1891). "BALDWIN, George Colfax". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.

Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography is a six-volume collection of biographies of notable people involved in the history of the New World. Published between 1887 and 1889, its unsigned articles were widely accepted as authoritative for several decades. Later the encyclopedia became notorious for including dozens of biographies of people who had never existed. In nearly all articles about the Cyclopædia various authors have erroneously spelled the title as Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, placing the apostrophe in the wrong place.
The Sight & Sound Greatest Films of All Time 2012
The Sight & Sound Greatest Films of All Time 2012 was a worldwide opinion poll conducted by Sight & Sound and published in the magazine's September 2012 issue. Sight & Sound, published by the British Film Institute, has conducted a poll of the greatest films every 10 years since 1952.

Opinion poll
An opinion poll, often simply referred to as a survey or a poll, is a human research survey of public opinion from a particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the opinions of a population by conducting a series of questions and then extrapolating generalities in ratio or within confidence intervals. A person who conducts polls is referred to as a pollster.
Epibulia
Epibulia is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the family Rhizophysidae.

The species of this genus are found in Northern America.

Species:

Epibulia erythrophysa Brandt, 1835

Epibulia ritteriana Haeckel, 1888

Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa (hydrozoans; from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water' and ζώα (zóa) 'animals') is a taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial, most of which inhabit saline water. The colonies of the colonial species can be large, and in some cases the specialized individual animals cannot survive outside the colony. A few genera within this class live in freshwater habitats. Hydrozoans are related to jellyfish and corals, which also belong to the phylum Cnidaria.

Some examples of hydrozoans are the freshwater jelly (Craspedacusta sowerbyi), freshwater polyps (Hydra), Obelia, Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), chondrophores (Porpitidae), and pink-hearted hydroids (Tubularia).
Psychosocial short stature
Psychosocial short stature (PSS) is a growth disorder that is observed between the ages of 2 and 15, caused by extreme emotional deprivation or stress.

The symptoms include decreased growth hormone (GH) and somatomedin secretion, very short stature, weight that is inappropriate for the height, and immature skeletal age. This disease is a progressive one, and as long as the child is left in the stressing environment, their cognitive abilities continue to degenerate. Though rare in the population at large, it is common in feral children and in children kept in abusive, confined conditions for extended lengths of time. It can cause the body to completely stop growing but is generally considered to be temporary; regular growth will resume when the source of stress is removed.

Cognitive skill
Cognitive skills are skills of the mind, as opposed to other types of skills such as motor skills, social skills or life skills. Cognitive skills include literacy, self-reflection, logical reasoning, abstract thinking, critical thinking, introspection and mental arithmetic. Cognitive skills vary in processing complexity, and can range from more fundamental processes such as perception and various memory functions, to more sophisticated processes such as decision making, problem solving and metacognition.
2021–22 Lowland Football League
The 2021–22 Scottish Lowland Football League was the 9th season of the Lowland Football League, part of the fifth tier of the Scottish football pyramid system. Kelty Hearts were the reigning champions but were unable to defend their title after gaining promotion to Scottish League Two.

Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic won their first league title on 1 March 2022 thanks to a 5–0 win over Cumbernauld Colts at New Dundas Park, with five matches still to play. They faced the winners of the 2021–22 Highland Football League (Fraserburgh) in the Pyramid play-off, winning 3–2 on aggregate. Bonnyrigg Rose then defeated Cowdenbeath 4–0 on aggregate in the League Two play-off final to gain promotion to Scottish League Two.

Cowdenbeath F.C.
Cowdenbeath Football Club (/kaʊdənˈbiːθ/ kow-dən-BEETH) is a Scottish semi-professional football team based in Cowdenbeath, Fife. They are members of the Lowland League, the fifth tier of the Scottish football league system after their relegation from Scottish League Two on 14 May 2022 following a 4–0 aggregate defeat to Bonnyrigg Rose. Formed in 1881, the club has played at Central Park since 1917. They first joined the Scottish Football League (SFL) in 1905. The club has never won any of the major honours in Scottish football, but have won lower tier divisional titles on five occasions. They competed in the top division of the SFL from 1924 to 1934, but have only completed one further top flight season since, in 1970–71.
Proximity effect (superconductivity)
Proximity effect or Holm–Meissner effect is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor.  Typically the critical temperature  of the superconductor is suppressed and signs of weak superconductivity are observed in the normal material over mesoscopic distances.  The proximity effect is known since the pioneering work by Ragnar Holm and Walther Meissner in 1932. They have observed zero resistance in SNS pressed contacts, in which two superconducting metals are separated by a thin film of a non-superconducting (i.e. normal) metal. The discovery of the supercurrent in SNS contacts is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Brian Josephson's 1962 work, yet the effect was known long before his publication and was understood as the proximity effect. The discovery of this effect led to the invalidation of Albert Einstein model for superconductivity.

Fermi surface
In condensed matter physics, the Fermi surface is the surface in reciprocal space which separates occupied  electron states from unoccupied electron states at zero temperature. The shape of the Fermi surface is derived from the periodicity and symmetry of the crystalline lattice and from the occupation of electronic energy bands. The existence of a Fermi surface is a direct consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, which allows a maximum of one electron per quantum state. The study of the Fermi surfaces of materials is called fermiology.
Lawrence Harland
Lawrence Winston Harland, MBE (19 November 1905 – 10 March 1977) was an Anglican priest, most notably Archdeacon of Rochester and Canon Residential of Rochester Cathedral from 1951 to 1969.

Lawrence was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge and Chichester Theological College. He was ordained in 1932 and began his ministry with curacies in Bingley and Skipton. He was priest in charge at St Martin, Bradford then vicar of Menston. He was a chaplain to the British Armed Forces during World War II. He became priest-vicar of Lichfield Cathedral in 1946; general secretary of Christian Reconstruction of Europe in 1947; and general secretary of the Advisory Committee of Christian Churches for the Festival of Britain in 1951. He was an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen from 1966 to 1975.

Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Sidney Sussex College (historically known as "Sussex College" and today referred to informally as "Sidney") is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. The College was founded in 1596 under the terms of the will of Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex (1531–1589), wife of Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, and named after its foundress. In her will, Lady Sidney left the sum of £5,000 together with some plate to found a new College at Cambridge University "to be called the Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College". Her executors Sir John Harington and Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent, supervised by Archbishop John Whitgift, founded the Protestant College seven years after her death.

Sidney Sussex is one of the smaller colleges at Cambridge, with its sister college being St John's College, Oxford. The student body comprises approximately 355 undergraduates, 275 postgraduates, and around 80 fellows.
2013 IIHF World U18 Championships
The 2013 IIHF U18 World Championship was the 15th IIHF World U18 Championship and was hosted in Sochi, Russia. This was also a test event for the facilities to be used in the 2014 Winter Olympics. It began on 18 April 2013 with the gold medal game played on 28 April 2013.

Canada won its third under-18 championship by defeating the four time defending champion Americans 3–2. The host Russians lost to Finland 2–1 in the bronze medal game. MVP Connor McDavid set Canadian records for goals and points in the tournament.

Moscow Time
Moscow Time (MSK; Russian: Московское время, romanized: Moskovskoye vremya) is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia, and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg. It is the second-westernmost of the eleven time zones of Russia, after the non-continguous Kaliningrad enclave. It has been set to UTC+03:00 without DST since 26 October 2014; before that date it had been set to UTC+04:00 year-round on 27 March 2011.

Moscow Time is used to schedule trains (until 1 August 2018), ships, etc. throughout Russia, but air transport in Russia is scheduled using local time. Since 1 August 2018, Russian railways switched to using local time. Time in Russia is often announced throughout the country's other time zones on radio stations as Moscow Time, which is also registered in telegrams, etc. Descriptions of time zones in Russia are often based on Moscow Time rather than UTC; for example, Yakutsk (UTC+09:00) is said to be MSK+6 in Russia.
Andriy Zhurzhiy
Andriy Valeriyovych Zhurzhiy (born 19 March 1978) is a Ukrainian entrepreneur, investor, and lawyer. He is the founder and CEO of the investment REIT company Inzhur. Zhurzhiy served as a member of Ukraine's Parliament of the 8th convocation from Self Reliance party

Self Reliance (political party)
The Association "Self Reliance" (Ukrainian: Об'єднання «Самопоміч», romanized: Obiednannia “Samopomich”) is a liberal conservative and Christian democratic political party in Ukraine.

It was founded on 29 December 2012, and identifies with the ideology of "Christian morality and common sense." The name of the party is similar to the name of the NGO, founded by former leader, Andriy Sadovyi in 2004. The party won 33 seats in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won a single seat, the 122nd electoral district in Lviv Oblast.
Dorothy Wilde
Dorothy Ierne Wilde (11 July 1895 – 10 April 1941), known as Dolly Wilde, was an English socialite, made famous by her family connections and her reputation as a witty conversationalist. Her charm and humour made her a popular guest at salons in Paris between the wars, standing out even in a social circle known for its flamboyant talkers.

Socialite
A socialite is a person, typically a woman from a wealthy or aristocratic background, who is prominent in high society. A socialite generally spends a significant amount of time attending various fashionable social gatherings, instead of having traditional employment.
United Utilities
United Utilities Group plc (UU) is the United Kingdom's largest listed water company. It was founded in 1995 as a result of the merger of North West Water and NORWEB. The group manages the regulated water and waste water network in North West England, which includes Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, most of Cheshire and a small area of Derbyshire, which have a combined population of more than seven million.

The United Utilities Group was the electricity distribution network operator for the North West until 2010, when its electricity subsidiary was sold to Electricity North West. United Utilities' headquarters are in Warrington, England, and the company has more than 5,000 direct employees. Its shares are listed on the London Stock Exchange and it is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

North West England is the wettest region in England, and water hardness across the region is soft to very soft.

Distribution network operator
A distribution network operator (DNO), also known as a distribution system operator (DSO), is the operator of the electric power distribution system which delivers electricity to most end users. Each country may have many local distribution network operators, which are separate from the transmission system operator (responsible for transporting power in bulk around the country).
Novy (surname)
Novy or Nový (Czech feminine: Nová) is Czech surname meaning 'new'. Notable people with the surname include:

Frederick George Novy (1864–1957), American pioneer bacteriologist

Jeremy Novy (fl. 2006), American street artist

Lili Novy (1885–1958), Slovene poet

Tom Novy (born 1970), German DJ and producer

Milan Nový (born 1951), Czech ice hockey player

Miroslav Nový, Czech ice hockey player

Oldřich Nový (1899–1983), Czech actor

Richard Nový (born 1937), Czech rower

Lili Novy
Lili Novy née Haumeder (24 December 1885 – 7 March 1958) was a Slovene poet and translator of poetry. She is considered the first Slovene female lyric poet as well as one of the most important Slovene female poets in general.
Late Bloomers (2011 film)
Late Bloomers (French: Trois fois 20 ans) is a 2011 romantic comedy-drama film directed by Julie Gavras and starring William Hurt and Isabella Rossellini. The film premiered on 18 February 2011 at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival. It was released theatrically in France on 13 July 2011 by Gaumont.

Gaumont
Gaumont SA (French: [ɡomɔ̃]) is a French film and television production and distribution company headquartered in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Founded by the engineer-turned-inventor Léon Gaumont (1864–1946) in 1895, it is the oldest extant film company in the world, established before other studios such as Pathé (founded in 1896), Titanus (1904), Nordisk Film (1906), Universal, Paramount, and Nikkatsu (all founded in 1912).

Gaumont predominantly produces, co-produces, and distributes films, and in 2011, 95% of Gaumont's consolidated revenues came from the film division. The company is also a producer of TV series through Gaumont Télévision and animation through Gaumont Animation as well as its existing French production features. Gaumont is run by Nicolas Seydoux (chairman) and Sidonie Dumas (CEO).
Smečno
Smečno (Czech pronunciation: [ˈsmɛtʃno]) is a town in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Central Bohemian Region
The Central Bohemian Region (Czech: Středočeský kraj [ˈstr̝̊ɛdotʃɛskiː ˈkraj]; German: Mittelböhmische Region) is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the central part of its historical region of Bohemia. Its administrative centre is in the Czech capital Prague, which lies in the centre of the region. However, the city is not part of it but is a region of its own.

The Central Bohemian Region is in the centre of Bohemia. In terms of area, it is the largest region in the Czech Republic, with 11,014 km2, almost 14% of the total area of the country. It surrounds the country's capital, Prague, and borders Liberec Region (in the north), Hradec Králové Region (northeast), Pardubice Region (east), Vysočina Region (southeast), South Bohemian Region (south), Plzeň Region (west) and Ústí nad Labem Region (northwest).
Yixianornis
Yixianornis (meaning "Yixian Formation bird") is a bird genus from the early Cretaceous period. Its remains have been found in the Jiufotang Formation at Chaoyang (People's Republic of China) dated to the early Aptian age, around 120 million years ago. Only one species, Yixianornis grabaui, is known at present. The specific name, grabaui, is named after American paleontologist Amadeus William Grabau, who surveyed China in the early 20th century.

Yixian Formation
The Yixian Formation (simplified Chinese: 义县组; traditional Chinese: 義縣組; pinyin: Yìxiàn zǔ; formerly transcribed as Yihsien Formation or Yixiang Formation) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous. It is known for its exquisitely preserved fossils, and is mainly composed of basalts interspersed with siliciclastic sediments.
Mohenoa Puloka
Tēvita Tonga Mohenoa Puloka (26 November 1946 – 4 August 2022) was a Tongan academic and religious leader. From 2018 to 2021 he served as Governor of Haʻapai.

From 2005 to 2010, Puloka was the principal of Siaʻatoutai Theological College.

Puloka served as a director of the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga. In 2013 when eight ministers were caught misusing church funds he pushed for accountability and for ministers to be insulated from financial matters. In 2014 he opposed a strike by the Tongan Public Service Association as it would threaten the economy.

In November 2017 he was appointed to the Tonga Tradition Committee by Tupou VI. He later released a book in 2017 on his upbringing.

In June 2018 he was appointed Governor of Ha’apai. As Governor he was responsible for disaster management for Cyclone Tino. He was replaced as Governor by Viliami Hingano in January 2021.

Siaʻatoutai Theological College
Siaʻatoutai Theological College is a theological seminary in Tonga. It was established in 1948 by the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga, as a separate institution from Tupou College. The College is a member of the South Pacific Association of Theological Schools, and offers a Bachelor of Divinity programme accredited by the same. As of 2016, more than 190 students attend the college.
Chełmno County
Chełmno County (Polish: powiat chełmiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Chełmno, which lies 40 km (25 mi) north of Toruń and 40 km (25 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz.

The county covers an area of 527.62 square kilometres (203.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 52,018, out of which the population of Chełmno is 19,605 and the rural population is 32,413.

The county includes the protected area called Chełmno Landscape Park, which stretches along the right bank of the Vistula river.

Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo kujawsko-pomorskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ kuˈjafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ] ⓘ) is one of Poland's 16 voivodeships (provinces).

It was created on 1 January 1999 and is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions, from which it takes its name: Kuyavia (Polish: Kujawy) and Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze).

Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Toruń.
2007–08 Premier Academy League
The 2007–08 Premier Academy League season is the tenth since its establishment, and the fourth under the current name and make-up. Aston Villa were crowned the 2007–08 Premier Academy League Champions after beating Manchester City 2–0 in the play-off Final, with goals from James Collins and Chris Herd.

Manchester City F.C. Under-21s and Academy
Manchester City is represented at Reserve level for football by the Elite Development Squad, also referred to as just the Elite Squad, or EDS, a predominantly Under-23 side that replaced the previous (more senior) Reserve team in a move to focus on youth development post-academy. The club is represented at the Under-18 level by the Manchester City Academy team.

Manchester City most recently won the 2023–24 FA Youth Cup, and finished as runners-up in the 2024–25 FA Youth Cup. Their Elite Development Squad are the current Premier League 2 champions.