hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1950s in sociology
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1950s. This was a critical decade for the publication of a number of important works in sociology, both academic and popular literature. Women first started to have success within the study of sociology in this decade; the first woman president was elected to lead the American Sociological Association in this period.

German Sociological Association
The German Sociological Association (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie, DGS) is a professional organization of social scientists in Germany. Established in Berlin on January 3, 1909,  its founding members included Rudolf Goldscheid, Ferdinand Tönnies, Max Weber, and Georg Simmel. Its first president was Tönnies, who was forced out of office by the Nazi regime in 1933; his successor, Hans Freyer, attempted to reform the DGS on Nazi lines but ultimately decided to suspend its activities the following year. The DGS was revived after World War II under the chairmanship of Leopold von Wiese in 1946, and has remained active since then, with about 3,200 members as of 2019.
Beckdorf
Beckdorf (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛkdɔʁf]; Low German: Beekdörp) is a municipality in the district of Stade, Lower Saxony, Germany.

It belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1823 the Duchy was abolished and its territory became part of the Stade Region.

Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (German: Fürsterzbistum Bremen) was an ecclesiastical principality (787–1566/1648) of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church that after its definitive secularization in 1648 became the hereditary Duchy of Bremen (German: Herzogtum Bremen). The prince-archbishopric, which was under the secular rule of the archbishop, consisted of about a third of the diocesan territory. The city of Bremen was de facto (since 1186) and de jure (since 1646) not part of the prince-archbishopric. Most of the prince-archbishopric lay rather in the area to the north of the city of Bremen, between the Weser and Elbe rivers. Even more confusingly, parts of the prince-archbishopric belonged in religious respect to the neighbouring Diocese of Verden, making up 10% of its diocesan territory.
Regina Vasorum
The Regina Vasorum or Queen of Vases is a 4th-century BC hydria from Cumae depicting Eleusinian divinities with gilded flesh in polychrome relief. It is held in the collections of the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. In addition to its aesthetic qualities, it is valued as an iconographical source for ancient Greek religion.

The Regina Vasorum is a "spectacular" and unusually large example of technical experimentation among Greek potters after the red-figure style had run its course. The figures were made separately, painted, and gilded, then attached to the vase with slip, possibly by sprigging.

Sprigging (pottery)
Sprigging or sprigged decoration is a technique for decorating pottery with low relief shapes made separately from the main body and applied to it before firing.  Usually thin press moulded shapes are applied to greenware or bisque. The resulting pottery is termed sprigged ware,  and the added piece is a "sprig".  The technique may also be described by terms such as "applied relief decoration", especially in non-European pottery.

The alternative way to achieve similar effects without sprigging is to mould the whole body, which is also common.  Pâte-sur-pâte is a very labour-intensive, and so expensive, method of producing similar, but more refined, effects in contrasting colors, invented in China and then in France in the mid-19th century.
Knockengorroch
Knockengorroch is a world music festival held annually among the Carsphairn Hills in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. From its founding in 1998 until 2010 there were two annual festivals: the World Ceilidh Festival, usually held around the end of May; and the Hairth, held in mid-September. Since 2011, only the former has been held, with licensing for around 3,000 attendees.

Peatbog Faeries
The Peatbog Faeries are a largely instrumental Celtic fusion band. Formed in 1991, they are based in Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye, Scotland.

Their music embodies many styles and influences, including folk, electronica, African pop, rock and jazz, although their main influence is traditional Celtic music. The band's unique sound is created through a mix of programmed effects and traditional Celtic arrangements, played on bagpipes, fiddles, and whistles.

The band have twice won "Live Band of the Year" at the Scottish Traditional Music Awards and were nominated for "Live Band of the Year" at the BBC Radio 2 folk awards.
Henk Temming
Henk Temming (17 November 1923 – 23 April 2018) was a Dutch professional footballer who played for VV DOS and Velox. He was also part of the Dutch squad for the 1948 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches. His nephew, Mosje Temming, was also a footballer.

DHSC (football club)
DOS Holland Stichtse Boys Combinatie, commonly known as DHSC, was a Dutch association football club based in the Ondiep district of Utrecht. The team last competed in the Vierde Divisie, the fifth tier of the Dutch football league system, and played its home matches at Sportpark Wesley Sneijder.
Klosterfrau Melissengeist
Klosterfrau Melissengeist, also referred to as Klostermelissen or Melissengeist, is a German variation of Carmelite Water currently sold by Klosterfrau Healthcare Group as an alternative remedy for the improvement of general health and wellbeing. Melissengeist derives its name from one of its principal ingredients, Melissa officinalis L., commonly known as lemon balm. It also includes the essential oils of thirteen medicinal plants such as gentian, cardamom, cinnamon, and ginger, which are all mixed in a 79% ethanol solution. Since its origin in the 1800s in Germany, it has been used as an alternative medicine to treat an array of health issues like colds or gastrointestinal issues.

Gentiana
Gentiana (/ˌdʒɛntʃiˈeɪnə/) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With over 300 species, it is considered a large genus. Gentians are notable for their mostly large trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue hue, though some are also bright yellow. The type species of the genus is Gentiana lutea.

The genus name is a tribute to Gentius, an Illyrian king who may have discovered tonic properties in gentians.
Giovanni Monti
Giovanni Monti (7 May 1765 – 1 June 1825) was an Italian landscape painter, mainly active in Ferrara and Rome. He was born in Maiano near Fusignano and was a nephew of the poet Vincenzo Monti. Some of his works were acquired by the Ateneo de Ferrara, and two small tondi by Monti were included in the Costabili collection. He should not be confused with two earlier Italian painters, Giovanni Battista Monti of Genoa (died 1657) or Giovanni Giacomo Monti of Bologna (born 1692).

University of Ferrara
The University of Ferrara (Italian: Università degli Studi di Ferrara) is the main university of the city of Ferrara in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. In the years prior to the First World War the University of Ferrara, with more than 500 students, was the best attended of the free universities in Italy. Today there are approximately 16,000 students enrolled at the University of Ferrara with nearly 400 degrees granted each year. The teaching staff number 600, including 288 researchers. It is organized into 12 Departments.
Bad Vilbel–Glauburg-Stockheim railway
The Bad Vilbel–Glauburg-Stockheim railway (also called the Niddertalbahn—Nidder Valley Railway) is a non-electrified branch line in the Wetterau and the Main-Kinzig districts of the German state of Hesse. It connects the Main-Weser Railway in Bad Vilbel with the Gießen–Gelnhausen railway in Glauburg-Stockheim.

It was used as an access route to the line now referred to as the Oberwaldbahn (Oberwald Railway) between Glauburg-Stockheim and Lauterbach, which connected to the Vogelsberg Railway. The section between Heldenbergen-Windecken (now Nidderau) and Stockheim was opened on 1 October 1905 and the section between Vilbel Nord (now Bad Vilbel) and Heldenbergen-Windecken was opened on 1 June 1907. It was operated by the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company (Preußisch-Hessische Eisenbahngemeinschaft).

Main-Kinzig-Kreis
Main-Kinzig-Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the east of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Wetteraukreis, Vogelsbergkreis, Fulda, Bad Kissingen in Hesse and Main-Spessart and Aschaffenburg in Bavaria. The district-free cities of Offenbach, Frankfurt, and Hanau (since 2026) also border the district.
My Singing Monsters
My Singing Monsters is a Canadian video game franchise developed by Big Blue Bubble. The first game of the series was published and released with the help of Canada Media Fund (CMF) on September 4, 2012, for Apple iOS. Ports of the game for other operating systems were later released, including versions for Android, Amazon Kindle Fire, Barnes & Noble Nook, Steam, and PlayStation Vita. Since its release, My Singing Monsters has grown into a multimedia franchise, with a prequel, several spin-off games, books, live events, series and a board game. On May 12, 2021, Big Blue Bubble announced that the series would be releasing its first console title, My Singing Monsters: Playground, on November 9, 2021.

Bbno$
Alexander Leon Gumuchian (/ɡəˈmuːtʃiən/ gə-MOO-chee-ən; born June 30, 1995), known professionally as bbno$, is a Canadian rapper, singer, and songwriter. He became widely known for his 2019 single "Lalala" (featuring Y2K). He continued this success through collaborations with artists including Yung Gravy and his 2021 single "Edamame". In 2025, he won the Juno Fan Choice Award.
Getta baetifica
Getta baetifica is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1898. It is endemic to the western slopes of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador.

Larvae have been reared on Passiflora macrophylla and Passiflora arborea.

Passiflora arborea
Passiflora arborea is a species of passion flower found in Colombia, Ecuador and Panama. Passiflora arborea is a freestanding tree that can grow to be 50 feet tall. They germinate anywhere from an elevation of 1400 – 2000 ft. The tree's leaves grow to be 1 to 1½ feet long. It is native to Colombia, is rarely seen in cultivation, and is one of two species of Passiflora that is not widely distributed throughout the country.
(Can You) Feel the Passion
"(Can You) Feel the Passion" is a song recorded, written, and produced by American/British group Blue Pearl. Released in 1991, by Big Life/SBK Records the single is to date the act's second best known song after "Naked in the Rain". "(Can You) Feel the Passion" had better success in the United States, hitting No. 1 on both the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and the Music Week UK Dance Singles chart in 1992, while reaching No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

SBK Records
SBK Records was a record label, owned by Universal Music Group, that is currently part of the Capitol Music Group, where it is in hibernation. The label was founded in 1988 and during its time in activity existed as part of the EMI Group.
Łoźnik
Łoźnik [ˈwɔʑnik] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pieniężno, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Pieniężno, 29 km (18 mi) south-east of Braniewo, and 55 km (34 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Braniewo County
Braniewo County (Polish: powiat braniewski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Braniewo, which lies 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn. The county also contains the towns of Pieniężno, lying 27 km (17 mi) south-east of Braniewo, and Frombork, 11 km (7 mi) west of Braniewo.

The county covers an area of 1,204.54 square kilometres (465.1 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 41,223, out of which the population of Braniewo is 17,875, that of Pieniężno is 2,271, that of Frombork is 2,332, and the rural population is 19,130.
Dominikonų Street, Vilnius
Dominikonų Street (literally, "Dominican Street"; Lithuanian: Dominikonų gatvė) is one of the oldest and central streets in the Vilnius Old Town, connecting Trakų Street and Šv. Jono Street.

Notable landmarks are situated in once one of the most ornate Vilnius' streets, including Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit, Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy and historical palaces of Lithuanian nobility.

Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy, Vilnius
The Divine Mercy Sanctuary of Vilnius or the Holy Trinity Church (Lithuanian: Vilniaus Dievo Gailestingumo šventovė) is a shrine in Vilnius dedicated to the Divine Mercy, a devotion originated by Faustina Kowalska.
Fajhan Hilal Al-Mutairi Court
Fajhan Hilal Al-Mutairi Court is an indoor sporting arena located in Kuwait City, Kuwait.  The capacity of the arena is 5,000 spectators.  It hosts indoor sporting events such as basketball and hosts the home matches of Al Qadisiya Kuwait.  It also hosted the FIBA Asia Champions Cup 2006 and FIBA Asia Champions Cup 2008 championships.

Qadsia SC
Al Qadsia Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي القادسية الرياضي) is a professional football club based in Kuwait City. Al Qadsia was founded in 1953 as Al-Jazira, before being renamed to Al Qadsia SC on 20 October 1960. Qadsia currently plays in the Kuwait Premier League and has won the league 17 times. Qadsia plays in the Mohammed Al-Hamad Stadium, which is in Hawalli, and is the third largest stadium in Kuwait.
Saxatilia inpa
Saxatilia inpa is a species of cichlid native to South America. It is found in the Amazon River basin, and reported from a large area of the Amazon River basin in Brazil. This species reaches a length of 16.8 cm (6.6 in).

The specific name alludes to the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), who supplied Ploeg with an "enormous amount of material" which partially served as the basis for his revision of the genus.

National Institute of Amazonian Research
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia or INPA) is a public educational and research institution headquartered in Manaus, Brazil. It was founded in 1952, with the purpose of furthering scientific knowledge of the Brazilian Amazon Region. Most of INPA's research focuses on tropical forest management, ecology, molecular ecology, zoology, botany, tropical agriculture and tropical pisciculture. The institution also maintains important vertebrate, invertebrate, and vascular plants research collections.

It also publishes the scientific journal Acta Amazônica.
Stephen Broden
Stephen Edward Broden (born April 11, 1952) is an American businessman, pastor, political activist, broadcaster, and former professor from the state of Texas. In 2010, he was the Republican nominee for Texas's 30th congressional district for the United States House of Representatives. He was defeated by Democratic incumbent Eddie Bernice Johnson. He was the Constitution Party's candidate for vice president in the 2024 United States presidential election.

Texas's 30th congressional district
Texas's 30th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives covers much of the city of Dallas and other parts of Dallas and Tarrant counties (primarily black- and Hispanic-majority areas). The district contains the University of North Texas at Dallas, UNT Law, and Texas Woman's University at Dallas. The 30th district is also home to Dallas Love Field airport and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

The current Representative from the 30th district is Democrat Jasmine Crockett, who has represented the district since 2023. She succeeded longtime representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, who had served since 1993.

With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+25, it is one of the most Democratic districts in Texas.
K. R. Sundaram
K. R. Sundaram is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Gudiyatham constituency as a Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidate in the 1980 and 1989 elections.

1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
The seventh legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 28 May 1980. The election was held two years before the end of the M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) administration's term, as it was dissolved for the failure of the state machinery by the then President of India Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam allied with the Indian National Congress (Indira) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam allied with Janata Party. Despite their landslide victory of 37 out of 39 seats at the general election in January 1980, DMK and the Indira Congress failed to win the legislative assembly election. AIADMK won the election and its leader and incumbent Chief Minister MGR was sworn in as Chief Minister for the second time.
1954–55 Liga Gimel
The 1954–55 Liga Gimel season was the last in which Liga Gimel was the third tier of Israeli football, as the new Liga Leumit became the top division, Liga Alef became the second tier, and Liga Bet became the third tier.

Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel, Hapoel Even Yehuda, Beitar Mahane Yehuda, Maccabi Shmuel Tel Aviv, Hapoel HaMegabesh Rishon LeZion and Hapoel Mefalsim won their regional divisions and promoted to Liga Bet, the new third tier, whilst Hapoel Tel Hanan, Maccabi Binyamina, Hapoel Bnei Brak\Kiryat Ono, Shimshon Tel Aviv and Maccabi Ramla were also promoted.

When the W-D-L record is not similar to the total number of matches played, the missing matches were declared 0-0 without points by the Israel Football Association.

Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel F.C.
Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel (Hebrew: הפועל טירת הכרמל) is an Israeli football club based in Tirat Carmel. The club currently plays in Liga Gimel Samaria division and play home matches at the Avi Ran Ground in Haifa.
Pizzuto
Pizzuto is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Anthony Pizzuto (1951–2012), Canadian-born American voice actor

Eugenio Pizzuto (born 2002), Mexican professional footballer

Gerald Pizzuto (born 1956), American serial killer

William Pizzuto, American Republican Party politician

David Anthony Pizzuto
David Anthony Pizzuto (July 9, 1951 – February 10, 2012) was a Canadian-born American voice actor best known for contributing to video games such as Crash Team Racing as Nitros Oxide and Komodo Joe and also Papu Papu  from the Crash Bandicoot series, Fallout: New Vegas, Tanno Vik from Star Wars: The Old Republic. He died following a brief illness.
Endovelicus
Endovelicus (Portuguese: Endouellicus, Endovélico; Spanish: Endovélico, Enobólico) is one of the pre-Roman Lusitanian and Celtiberian gods of the Iron Age. He was originally a chthonic god. He was the God/Lord of the Underworld and of health, prophecy and the earth, associated with vegetation and the afterlife. Later accepted by the Romans themselves, who assimilated it to Pluto or to Serapis and made him a relatively popular god.

Endovelicus had a temple in São Miguel da Mota in Alentejo, Portugal, and there are numerous inscriptions and ex-votos dedicated to him in the Ethnological Museum of Lisbon; possible toponyms include Andévalo in Spain. The cult of Endovelicus prevailed until the 5th century, just when Christianity was spreading in the region.

National Museum of Ethnology (Portugal)
The National Museum of Ethnology (Portuguese: Museu Nacional de Etnologia) is an ethnographic museum in Lisbon, Portugal. The museum holds the most important ethnographic collections in the country. It is responsible for research, safeguarding and management of more than 40.000 objects from Africa, Asia and South America, as well as of a separate collection of Portuguese folk art and other forms of the country's ethnographic heritage.
Ed Simmons (screenwriter)
Ed Simmons (June 18, 1919 – May 18, 1998) was an American producer and screenwriter. In his early career, he partnered with Norman Lear, writing for Martin and Lewis on The Colgate Comedy Hour. He won five Primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for eight more in the categories Outstanding Writing and Outstanding Variety Series for his work on the television programs The Red Skelton Show and The Carol Burnett Show.

Simmons was married and divorced three times. He had two children with first wife Elaine: son Kenneth (who predeceased him in 1972) and daughter Erica. Simmons died in May 1998 of a cardiac arrest at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 78.

Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series
The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series is a category in the Primetime Emmy Awards. It is awarded annually to the best variety show or similarly formatted program of the year. The award is sometimes known by other names, such as “Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Program” and “Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series.”
Rules of Engagement (Elizabeth Moon novel)
Rules of Engagement is a science fiction novel written by Elizabeth Moon. It is the fifth in her Familias Regnant fictional universe. Following Once a Hero, it is the second novel in the informal Esmay Suiza trilogy; despite a major increase in focus on the character Brun Meager, Esmay Suiza still plays a major role.

Elizabeth Moon
Elizabeth Moon (born March 7, 1945) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer. Her other writing includes newspaper columns and opinion pieces.  Her novel The Speed of Dark won the 2003 Nebula Award.  Prior to her writing career, she served in the United States Marine Corps.
Urbanization in Africa
The urbanization of most of Africa is moving fast forward, especially South of the Sahara. It is estimated that in 1900, about 89% of inhabitants lived from the primary occupations of farming, hunting and gathering, cattle nomadism, and fishing (Aase, 2003:1) meaning that 11% or less were urban. At the start of the independence period in 1957, 14.7% of Africa's inhabitants were urban, in 2000 had it risen to 37.2% and it is expected to rise to 49.3% in 2015, in effect 3.76% to 3.35% per year (UN, 2002). In sub-Saharan Africa in 1960 "only one city, Johannesburg, had a population of one million;...in 2009, there were fifty-two cities with such large populations." The Nigerian city of Lagos that in 1963 had 665,000 inhabitants (Rakodi, 1997) and 8.7 million in 2000 is expected to become the world's 11th biggest city by 2015 with 16 million inhabitants (UN, 2002).

Ghana Empire
The Ghana Empire (Arabic: غانا), also known as simply Ghana, Ghanata, or Wagadu, was an ancient western-Sahelian empire based in the modern-day southeast of Mauritania and western Mali.

It is uncertain among historians when Ghana's ruling dynasty began. The first identifiable mention of the imperial dynasty in written records was made by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830. Further information about the empire was provided by the accounts of Cordoban scholar al-Bakri when he wrote about the region in the 11th century.

After centuries of prosperity, the empire began its decline in the second millennium, and would finally become a vassal state of the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century. Despite its collapse, the empire's influence can be felt in the establishment of numerous urban centers throughout its former territory. In 1957, the Gold Coast, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah named itself Ghana upon independence.