hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Upper middle class in the United States
In sociology, the upper middle class of the United States is the social group constituted by higher-status members of the middle class in American society. This is in contrast to the term lower middle class, which refers to the group at the opposite end of the middle class scale. There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to Max Weber, the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with graduate degrees and comfortable incomes.

The American upper middle class is defined using income, education, occupation and the associated values as main indicators. In the United States, the upper middle class is defined as consisting of white-collar professionals who have above-average personal incomes, advanced educational degrees and a high degree of autonomy in their work, leading to higher job satisfaction. The main occupational tasks of upper middle class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consulting, and instruction.

Social group
In the social sciences, a social group is defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties. For example, a society can be viewed as a large social group. The system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group or between social groups is known as group dynamics.
Délifrance
Délifrance is a company that produces "French style" bakery, savoury, and snacking products in over 100 countries, on five continents. It has been in operation since 1983. The sister company of Délifrance is Grands Moulins de Paris, a major French milling company that supplies 100% of the flour used in Délifrance products.

Délifrance has twelve subsidiaries in Europe and the Middle East. Its restaurants serve baked products such as croissants, gâteaux, fougasses, pains au chocolat, brioches, crisp pralines, and baguettes. Most Délifrance restaurants also serve beverages and pasta.

Baguette
A baguette (/bæˈɡɛt/; French: [baɡɛt] ⓘ) is a long, thin type of bread of French origin that is commonly made from basic lean dough. The dough of the tradition baguette, unlike the shape, is defined by French law. It is distinguishable by its length and crisp crust.

A baguette has a diameter of about 5 to 6 cm (2–2+1⁄2 in) and a usual length of about 65 cm (26 in), but can be up to 1 m (39 in) long.

In November 2018, documentation surrounding the "craftsmanship and culture" of making this bread was added to the French Ministry of Culture's National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage. In 2022, the artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread was inscribed to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
William Bowyer (MP)
Sir William Bowyer (c. 1588 – 1641) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1620 and 1641.

Bowyer was the son of Sir John Bowyer of Knipersley Staffordshire. He became wealthy from coal and iron mines at Biddulph and Tunstall.

Bowyer was elected Member of Parliament for Staffordshire in 1621 and was re-elected for the seat in 1624 and 1626. In April 1640 he was re-elected MP for Staffordshire in the Short Parliament and again in November 1640 for the Long Parliament, but died at the beginning of 1641.

Bowyer married Hester Skeffington, daughter of Sir William Skeffington of Fisherwick, Staffordshire. Their son John became an MP and baronet.

Bowyer baronets
There have been five baronetcies created for members of the Bowyer family, a political family in the UK: three in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Three of the titles are extinct while the remaining extant baronetcies have been united in one holder. The Bowyer baronets are all descended from Thomas Bowyer who late in the 14th century married Katherine de Knypersley of Knypersley Hall in Staffordshire.

Bowyer baronets of Leighthorne, Sussex (1627)

Bowyer baronets of Denham Court (1660): see Baron Denham

Bowyer baronets of Knipersley, Staffordshire (1660)

Bowyer baronets of Radley (1794): see Baron Denham

Bowyer baronets of Weston Underwood: see Baron Denham
English Frankton
English Frankton, formerly known simply as Frankton, is a small village in Shropshire, England. It lies between the villages of Cockshutt and Loppington, in the civil parish of Cockshutt, and south-east of Ellesmere.

The name Frankton probably originated as "Francas's field". It was recorded in Domesday Book as Franchetone, when it was held by Rainald the Sheriff from Earl Roger. Domesday also noted that the manor contained one carruca, along with three villeins and two bordarii.

Roger de Montgomery
Roger de Montgomery (died 1094), also known as Roger the Great, was the first Earl of Shrewsbury, and Earl of Arundel, in Sussex. His father was Roger de Montgomery, seigneur of Montgomery, a member of the House of Montgomery, and was probably a grandnephew of the Duchess Gunnor, wife of Duke Richard I of Normandy, the great-grandfather of William the Conqueror. The elder Roger had large landholdings in central Normandy, chiefly in the valley of the River Dives, which the younger Roger inherited.
Vasileios Sachinis
Vasileios Sachinis (Greek: Βασίλειος Σαχίνης; 1897 – 18 November 1943) was a Greek leader of the Northern Epirote Liberation Front (MAVI) (1942–1943), an organization related to the National Republican Greek League of Napoleon Zervas.

Napoleon Zervas
Napoleon Zervas (Greek: Ναπολέων Ζέρβας; May 17, 1891 – December 10, 1957) was a Hellenic Army officer and resistance leader during World War II. He organized and led the National Republican Greek League (EDES), the second most significant (after EAM), in terms of size and activity, resistance organization against the Axis Occupation of Greece.
Edoardo Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art
The Edoardo Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art in Genoa, Italy is an important collection of Asian art, one of the most significant collections in Europe and in Italy, along with the museums of Venice and Rome.

The museum hosts the huge collection (over 15,000 pieces) of Edoardo Chiossone, who spent 23 years (1875-1898) in Japan.

The exhibition shows many objects and artworks from Japan and China, like sculptures, porcelain pieces, bronze vessels, prints, masks, Samurai armors and helmets.

It is situated inside Villetta Di Negro, a public park in the centre of Genoa, next to Piazza Corvetto and overlooking the historical centre and Via Garibaldi.

Interiors of the museum photographed by Paolo Monti (1967)

Paolo Monti
Paolo Monti (11 August 1908 – 29 November 1982) was an Italian photographer known for his architectural photography.

In his early period, Monti experimented with abstractionism as well as with effects such as blurring and diffraction. In 1953, he became a professional photographer. He mainly worked with architecture reproductions, which were used by magazines and book editors for illustration. Starting from 1966, Monti catalogued the historic centres of Italian cities.
Linkou Plateau
The Linkou Plateau (Chinese: 林口台地; pinyin: Línkǒu Táidì) is a plateau located along the southwest side of the Tamsui River, between Linkou District, New Taipei and Guishan District, Taoyuan, in northern Taiwan. It borders the Taipei Basin in the east, the Taoyuan Plateau in the southwest, the Taiwan Strait in the west, and the Tatun Volcanoes in the northeast. The Xinzhuang Fault (新莊斷層) and Shanjiao Fault (山腳斷層) run between the plateau and the Taipei Basin.

Linkou District
Linkou District (Chinese: 林口區; pinyin: Línkǒu Qū; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Nâ-kháu khu) is a district in the northwestern part of New Taipei City in northern Taiwan. The name "Linkou" translates to "forest mouth"; in fact, for much of its history, Linkou remained a relatively rural and undeveloped district. This has recently begun to change: Since the latter half of the 2010s, Linkou has been undergoing a period of rapid population growth and land development relative to other nearby districts.
Gugure! Kokkuri-san
Gugure! Kokkuri-san (繰繰れ! コックリさん; "Repeat! Kokkuri-san") is a Japanese manga series by Midori Endō, serialized in Square Enix's Gangan Joker since 2011. It has been collected in 12 (plus 1) tankōbon volumes until 2016 when it ended. An anime television series adaptation by TMS Entertainment aired in Japan from October to December 2014.

Jouji Nakata
Jouji Nakata (中田 譲治, Nakata Jōji; born April 22, 1954), sometimes anglicized to George Nakata, is a Japanese actor, voice actor, and narrator who is affiliated with the Office Osawa agency. His major voice roles include Alucard in Hellsing, Hijikata Toshizo in Golden Kamuy, Roy Revant in Solty Rei, Giroro in Sgt. Frog, Kirei Kotomine in Fate/stay night, and the title character in Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo. In video game franchises, he voices Ieyasu Tokugawa and Kenshin Uesugi in Samurai Warriors and Warriors Orochi series, Albert Wesker in the Resident Evil franchise, Sol Badguy in the Guilty Gear series since Guilty Gear 2: Overture, Naobito Zen'in in Jujutsu Kaisen and Kazuya Mishima in the first, second and first Tag installments of the Tekken series.
Edmund Bowyer (died 1681)
Sir Edmund Bowyer (28 October 1613 – 27 January 1681) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1679.

Bowyer was the son of Benjamin Bowyer of  Surrey. He succeeded to the estates of his uncle Sir Edmund Bowyer of Camberwell in 1627. He was admitted at Peterhouse, Cambridge on 5 March 1630. He was knighted by Charles I at Dunfermline on 4 July 1633, being then "of Camberwell".

In 1660, Bowyer was elected Member of Parliament for Gatton in the Convention Parliament. He was elected MP for Surrey in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament.

Bowyer married twice: firstly to Hester Aucher (d. 1665) then secondly to Martha Wilson, widow of Sir Edward Cropley and mother of Sir John Cropley. With Martha, he had two daughters: Frances Bowyer (who died unmarried) and Catharine, who married her maternal cousin, Sir James Ashe.

Bowyer died at the age of  67 and was commemorated on a monument at Camberwell Church.

Cavalier Parliament
The Cavalier Parliament of England lasted from 8 May 1661 until 24 January 1679. With the exception of the Long Parliament, it was the longest-lasting English Parliament, and longer than any Great British or UK Parliament to date, enduring for nearly 18 years of the quarter-century reign of Charles II of England. Like its predecessor, the Convention Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist, composed mostly of Cavaliers (as opposed to the Roundheads), and is also known as the Pensioner Parliament for the many pensions it granted to adherents of the King.
Clara Nistad
Clara Nistad (born 8 February 1996) is a Swedish badminton player. In 2015, she won the Polish and Finnish International tournaments in the women's doubles event partnered with Emma Wengberg. In 2017, she and Wengberg won the women's doubles title at the Swedish International Series tournament.

Finnish International (badminton)
The Finnish International is an international open badminton tournament held in Finland since 2014. Up to 2013, the Finnish Open has been named Finnish International. In 2014,  the second international tournament in Finland launched as Finnish International, then the original tournament changed its title to Finnish Open.
Bacteriophage scaffolding proteins
In molecular biology, bacteriophage scaffolding proteins are proteins involved in bacteriophage assembly.

The assembly of a macromolecular structure proceeds via a specific pathway of ordered events and involves conformational changes in the proteins as they join the assembly. The assembly process is aided by scaffolding proteins, which act as chaperones. In bacteriophage, scaffolding proteins B and D are responsible for procapsid formation. 240 copies of protein D form the external scaffold, while 60 copies of protein B form the internal scaffold. The role of scaffolding protein D is in the production of viral single-stranded RNA.

Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass." Polymers are physical examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene) and polyamides (nylon).
2022 Oeiras Ladies Open
The 2022 Oeiras Ladies Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Oeiras, Portugal between 4 and 10 April 2022.

Elisabetta Cocciaretto
Elisabetta Cocciaretto (Italian pronunciation: [elizaˈbɛtta kottʃaˈretto]; born 25 January 2001) is an Italian professional tennis player.
She has been ranked by the WTA as high as No. 29 in singles, achieved on 21 August 2023, and No. 107 in doubles, which she attained on 27 January 2025. Cocciaretto has won two singles titles, at the 2023 Ladies Open Lausanne and at the 2026 Hobart International.

She made her debut for the senior Italy Fed Cup team in 2018 at 17 years old. She was a member of the Italian squad which won the Billie Jean King Cup in 2024 and 2025 editions.
Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki
Prince Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki (English: Francis Xavier Drucki-Lubecki. Russian: Ксаве́рий Фра́нцевич Дру́цкий-Любе́цкий; 4 January 1778–10 May 1846) was an important Polish politician, freemason and diplomat of the first half of the 19th century. He served as the minister of the treasury in the Congress Kingdom of Poland. He was nicknamed "Small Prince" because of his short height.

Treasury
A treasury is either:

a government department related to finance and taxation, a finance ministry; in a business context, corporate treasury

a place or location where treasure, such as currency or precious items are kept. These can be  state or royal property, church treasure or in private ownership.

The head of a treasury is typically known as a treasurer. This position may not necessarily have the final control over the actions of the treasury, particularly if they are not an elected representative.

The adjective for a treasury is normally "treasurial". The adjective "tresorial" can also be used, but this normally means pertaining to a treasurer.
Lăutărească music
Lăutărească music (Romanian: muzică lăutărească, pronounced [ˈmuzikə lə.utərˈe̯askə]) is a musical tradition widespread in the historical regions of Romania (Wallachia, Moldova, and Transylvania. Its performers, known as lăutari, are professional musicians, typically of Romani origin, who play at weddings, christenings, funerals, and other social events. Lăutărească music encompasses a wide repertoire, combining traditional folk melodies with elements from urban, Turkish, and Western European musical traditions. Musicians play by ear, often using intricate ornamentation and improvisation. The primary instruments in traditional lăutărească music are the violin, nai, and cobza.

Cobza
The cobza (also cobsa, cobuz, koboz) is a multi-stringed instrument of the lute family of folk origin popular in Romanian, Moldovan and contemporary Hungarian folk music. The cobza is a pear-shaped string instrument with a short neck and wooden body, traditionally used to provide rhythm and harmony in folk music. It can be played solo or in groups and is usually strummed with a folded goose feather. It is considered the oldest accompaniment instrument in the region comprising Romania and Moldova. The usage of a related musical instrument in Hungary may date back to at least the 16th century, possibly arriving with the Magyar tribes as early as the 9th and 10 centuries. The usage of the modern Romanian cobza in Hungary started following the Táncház movement of the late 20th century.

It is distinct from the Ukrainian Kobza, an instrument of different construction and origin.
UEC European Track Championships – Women's team sprint
The Women's team sprint at the UEC European Track Championships was first contested at Pruszków, Poland in 2010.

As of 2016, the team sprint consists of a qualifying round, first round and the medal finals.

UEC European Track Championships
The European Track Cycling Championships are a set of elite level competition events held annually for the various disciplines and distances in track cycling, exclusively for European cyclists, and regulated by the European Cycling Union (UEC). They were first held in their current format in 2010, when elite level cyclists competed for the first time following an overhaul of European track cycling.

In line with cycling tradition, winners of an event at the championships are presented with, in addition to the gold medal, a special, identifiable jersey. This UEC European Champion jersey is a white and blue jersey with gold stars. Gold stars on a blue background have been an identifiably European symbol since the adoption of the Flag of Europe by the Council of Europe.
Hkun Law
Hkun Law (Mon: ခုန်လဴ, Burmese: ခွန်လော, Burmese pronunciation: [kʰʊ̀ɰ̃ lɔ́]; also spelled Khun Law; also Binnya Khon-Law; 1254–1311) was king of Martaban from 1307 to 1311. He succeeded the throne after the death of his brother Wareru, who left no male heir.

Though Law gained the recognition of Martaban's overlord Sukhothai, he could not establish any control beyond the capital Martaban (Mottama). He was powerless to defend the Sittaung valley from raids by the Lan Na kingdom. His nominal vassals ruled like sovereigns. In 1311, he was assassinated by the troops of his brother-in-law Gov. Min Bala of Myaungmya, who placed his son (and Law's nephew) Saw O on the throne.

Most of the monarchs of the Wareru dynasty that ruled the Mon-speaking Lower Burma until the mid-16th century were descended from Law.

Hanthawaddy kingdom
The Hanthawaddy kingdomMon: ဍုၚ် ဟံသာဝတဳ, [hɔŋsawətɔe]listenⓘ; Burmese: ဟံသာဝတီ နေပြည်တော်; also Rone Hongsarwatoi or simply Pegu), classical name Ham̥sāvatī ("Realm of Hamsa"), was the polity that ruled lower Burma (Myanmar) from 1287 to 1539 and from 1550 to 1552. The Mon-speaking kingdom was founded as Ramaññadesa (Mon: ရးမည, Burmese: ရာမည ဒေသ) by King Wareru following the collapse of the Pagan kingdom in 1287: 205–206, 209  as a nominal vassal state of the Sukhothai kingdom and of the Mongol Yuan dynasty. The kingdom became formally independent of Sukhothai in 1330 but remained a loose federation of three major regional power centres: the Irrawaddy Delta, Bago, and Mottama. Its kings had little or no authority over the vassals. Mottama was in open rebellion from 1363 to 1388.
Cristea Roberts Gallery
Cristea Roberts Gallery, formerly Alan Cristea Gallery, is a commercial gallery in central London that was founded by Alan Cristea in 1995. David Cleaton-Roberts, Helen Waters and Kathleen Dempsey are also senior directors. Cristea Roberts Gallery has a particular focus on original prints and works on paper. It is located at 43 Pall Mall, London.

Michael Craig-Martin
Sir Michael Craig-Martin CBE RA (born 28 August 1941) is an Irish-born contemporary conceptual artist and painter. He is known for fostering and adopting the Young British Artists, many of whom he taught, and for his conceptual artwork, An Oak Tree. He is an emeritus Professor of Fine Art at Goldsmiths. His memoir and advice for the aspiring artist, On Being An Artist, was published by London-based publisher Art / Books in April 2015.
Shop Talk
Shop Talk: A Writer and His Colleagues and Their Work is a collection of previously published interviews with important 20th-century writers by novelist Philip Roth. Among the writers interviewed are Primo Levi, Aharon Appelfeld, Ivan Klima, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Milan Kundera, and Edna O'Brien. In addition, the book contains a discussion with Mary McCarthy about Roth's novel The Counterlife and a New Yorker essay on Saul Bellow. Roth's trip to Israel to interview Appelfeld inspired his novel Operation Shylock.

The Counterlife
The Counterlife (1986) is a novel by the American author Philip Roth. It is the fourth full-length novel to feature the fictional novelist Nathan Zuckerman. When The Counterlife was published, Zuckerman had most recently appeared in a novella called The Prague Orgy, the epilogue to the omnibus volume Zuckerman Bound.
Raz Degan
Raz Degan (born August 25, 1968) is an artist, actor, director, cinematographer, and public figure, whose career spans feature films, documentary filmmaking, photography, and immersive storytelling. He has worked with Academy Award-winning filmmakers such as Oliver Stone and Ermanno Olmi, bringing historical and deeply introspective roles to life. His documentary films, including ‘’The Last Shaman’’, executive-produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, explore human resilience, spiritual awakening, and indigenous cultures, while his artistic photography has been exhibited internationally.

Ermanno Olmi
Ermanno Olmi (24 July 1931 – 7 May 2018) was an Italian film director and screenwriter best known for directing Il Posto (1961) and The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1977), which won the Palme d'Or. Throughout his career Olmi blended Italian neorealism with Christian humanism, with many of his films following humble characters through the spiritual trials of harsh conditions.
JasperReports
JasperReports is an open source Java reporting tool that can write to a variety of targets, such as: screen, a printer, into PDF, HTML, Microsoft Excel, RTF, ODT, comma-separated values (CSV), XSL, or XML files.

It can be used in Java-enabled applications, including Java EE or web applications, to generate dynamic content. It reads its instructions from an XML or .jasper file.

JasperReports is part of the Lisog open source stack initiative.

Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

Excel forms part of the Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Office suites of software and has been developed since 1985.
Open House London
Open House London, now known as Open House Festival, is an annual festival celebrating the architecture and urban landscape of London. It is staged by the charity Open City which campaigns to make London a more accessible, equitable and open city.  Starting in London in 1992 the festival has spread to over 60 of cities across the world. During the Open House Festival, many buildings considered to be of architectural significance open their doors for free public tours.

The 2019 event featured over 800 buildings, neighbourhood walks, architects' talks, cycle tours, and more. Well-known buildings not usually open to the public which were open on Open House weekend in 2005, for example, included Marlborough House, Lancaster House, Mansion House, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and Horse Guards.

Outside of the Open House festival, Open City organises other projects including year-round tours, lectures and educational events for children and young people.

Horse Guards (building)
Horse Guards is a historic building in the City of Westminster, London, between Whitehall and Horse Guards Parade. It was built in the mid-18th century, replacing an earlier building, as a barracks and stables for the Household Cavalry. The current and previous buildings were, between the early 18th century and 1858, the main military headquarters for the British Empire. Horse Guards originally formed the entrance to the Palace of Whitehall and later St James's Palace; for that reason it is still ceremonially defended by the King's Life Guard.

Although still in military use, part of the building houses the Household Cavalry Museum which is open to the public. It also functions as a gateway between Whitehall and St James's Park.