hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Laurens Bogtman
Laurens Bogtman (8 February 1900 in Oudkarspel – 1969 in Hilversum, the Netherlands) was a Dutch baritone.

Unlike many contemporary singers his career began late, at the age of 30, and he studied singing in Berlin, with Otto Iro in Vienna and with Aaltje Noordewier-Reddingius in Hilversum.

Bogtmam debuted in 1932 in a concert with the Kölner Bachverein (Cologne Bach Society). He then had a successful career as an oratorio singer in Germany, Austria and England and travelled further afield.

Following World War II, Bogtman sang in France and Belgium. In a 1957 recording of Bach's St Matthew Passion with De Nederlandse Bachvereniging, conducted by Anthon van der Horst, he was the Vox Christi.

Netherlands Bach Society
The Netherlands Bach Society (Dutch: Nederlandse Bachvereniging) is the oldest ensemble for Baroque music in the Netherlands. The ensemble was founded in 1921 in Naarden to perform Bach's St Matthew Passion on Good Friday and has performed the work annually since then in the Grote of Sint-Vituskerk (Great Church or St Vitus Church).

The ensemble reached its 100th anniversary in 2021. In honor of the milestone, the Society started publishing a new and freely accessible recording every two weeks, including HD video of all 1080 works of Johann Sebastian Bach on YouTube, performed by members of the ensemble and guest musicians under the title All of Bach.
Fleeman
Fleeman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daniel Fleeman (born 1982), English racing cyclist

E. C. Fleeman (1907–1962), American politician

Jamie Fleeman (1713–1778), Scottish jester

Jamie Fleeman
Jamie Fleeman or Fleeming (1713–1778) was better known as "the Laird of Udny's Fool" or "the Laird of Udny's Fule" in the Scots language. Although described as a fool, he had a reputation for his clever, witty repartee and many anecdotal tales of his actions are re-capped. He was specifically mentioned in the 1845 Statistical Accounts of Scotland and characterised in novels. Fleeman is associated with the Countess of Erroll and was used by her to carry messages to Jacobite rebels. He was probably the last family jester in Scotland.
Erman Özgür
Erman Özgür (born April 13, 1977) is a Turkish former footballer and a current pundit. He used to play as attacking midfielder who can also play as a left winger. Özgür played several years for Trabzonspor before moving to various Anatolian clubs. He is known as a technical player who is equally combative.

Winger (sports)
In certain sports, such as football, field hockey, ice hockey, handball, rugby union, lacrosse and rugby league, winger is a position. It refers to positions on the extreme left and right sides of the pitch, or playing field (the "wings"). In American football and Canadian football, the analogous position is the wide receiver. Wingers often try to use pace to exploit extra space available on the flanks that can be made available by their teammates dominating the centre ground. They must be wary however of not crossing the touchline, or sidelines, and going out of play. In sports where the main method of scoring involves attacking a small goal (by whatever name) in the centre of the field, a common tactic is to cross the ball to a central teammate.
H channel
In the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), a high-speed communication channel comprising multiple aggregated low-speed channels to accommodate bandwidth-intensive applications such as file transfer, videoconferencing, and high-quality audio. An H channel is formed of multiple bearer B channels bonded together in a primary rate access (PRA) or primary rate interface (PRI) frame in support of applications with bandwidth requirements that exceed the B channel rate of 64 kbit/s. The channels, once bonded, remain so end-to-end, from transmitter to receiver, through the ISDN network. The feature is known variously as multirate ISDN, Nx64, channel aggregation, and bonding.
H channels are implemented as:

H0  = 384 kbit/s(6 B channels)

H10 = 1472 kbit/s(23 B channels)

H11 = 1536 kbit/s(24 B channels)

H12 = 1920 kbit/s(30 B channels) – International (E-carrier) only.

File transfer
File transfer is the transmission of a computer file through a communication channel from one computer system to another. Typically, file transfer is mediated by a communications protocol. In the history of computing, numerous file transfer protocols have been designed for different contexts.
Windows Live OneCare Safety Scanner
Windows Live OneCare Safety Scanner (formerly Windows Live Safety Center and codenamed Vegas) was an online scanning, PC cleanup, and diagnosis service to help remove of viruses, spyware/adware, and other malware. It was a free web service that was part of Windows Live.

On November 18, 2008, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of Windows Live OneCare, offering users a new free anti-malware suite Microsoft Security Essentials, which had been available since the second half of 2009. However, Windows Live OneCare Safety Scanner, under the same branding as Windows Live OneCare, was not discontinued during that time. The service was officially discontinued on April 15, 2011 and replaced with Microsoft Safety Scanner.

Spyware
Spyware (a portmanteau for spying software) is any malware  that aims to gather information about a person or organization and send it to another entity in a way that harms the user by violating their privacy, endangering their device's security, or other means. This behavior may be present in other malware and in legitimate software. Websites may engage in spyware behaviors like web tracking. Hardware devices may also be affected.

Spyware is frequently associated with advertising and involves many of the same issues. Because these behaviors are so common, and can have non-harmful uses, providing a precise definition of spyware is a difficult task.
Cisterna d'Asti
Cisterna d'Asti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Asti. On 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,257 and an area of 10.7 square kilometres (4.1 mi2).

Cisterna d'Asti borders the following municipalities: Canale, Ferrere, Montà, and San Damiano d'Asti.

San Damiano d'Asti
San Damiano d'Asti (Piedmontese: San Damian) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Turin and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southwest of Asti.
Lukashenko (surname)
Lukashenko (Ukrainian: Лукашенко) is a Ukrainian surname which means "son of Lukash", the native form of the given name Luke. Notable people with this surname include:

Alexander Lukashenko (born 1954), president of Belarus since 1994

Dmitry Lukashenko (born 1980), second son of Alexander Lukashenko

Galina Lukashenko (born 1955), wife of Alexander Lukashenko

Nikolay Lukashenko (born 2004), third son of Alexander Lukashenko

Viktor Lukashenko (born 1975), first son of Alexander Lukashenko

Volodymyr Lukashenko (born 1980), Ukrainian sabre fencer

Galina Lukashenko
Galina Rodionovna Lukashenko (Belarusian: Галіна Радзівонаўна Лукашэнка, romanized: Halina Radzivonaŭna Łukašenka, Галіна Радыёнаўна Лукашэнка, Halina Radyjonaŭna Łukašenka, Russian: Галина Родионовна Лукашенко), née Zhelnerovich (Russian: Желнерович, Belarusian: Жаўняровіч, romanized: Žaŭniarovič) is the First Lady of Belarus since 1994.
Si le coup de force est possible
Si le coup de force est possible (If the coup is possible) is a pamphlet by French journalist and politician Charles Maurras, director of  L'Action française, and Henri Dutrait-Crozon, a pseudonym borrowed by two officers and polytechnicians: Georges Larpent and Frédéric Delebecque. Published in 1910, this booklet is a collection of articles published in the Revue d'Action française between January and March 1908. The authors review "the different possible scenarios of a return to the monarchy in France".

L'Action française
L'Action française, organ of integral nationalism (French: L'Action française, organe du nationalisme intégral) was a royalist French newspaper founded in Paris in March 1908. It was banned during the Liberation of France in August 1944.

The newspaper succeeded the Revue d'Action française of Henri Vaugeois and Maurice Pujo. Based on the Rue de Rome in Paris, its director was Charles Maurras, the leader of the monarchist Action Française movement. Its editorial line is classified as far-right due to its violent anti-parliamentarianism, anti-republicanism, and antisemitism. For a brief period, it also published a weekly edition titled L'Action française du dimanche.
Utah Governor's Medal for Science and Technology
The Utah Governor's Medal for Science and Technology is the highest civilian award bestowed by the U.S. state of Utah in those fields. It is awarded in the five categories of academia, science education, industry, government, and a special category. The award was initiated in 1987 and is sponsored by the Utah Science and Technology Research Initiative and the Governor’s Office of Economic Development. Nominations are reviewed by the Utah State Science Advisory Council before being presented to the governor.

Alliant Techsystems
Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK) was an American aerospace and arms manufacturer headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia. The company operated across 22 states, Puerto Rico, and internationally. ATK revenue in fiscal year 2014 was about US$4.8 billion.

On April 29, 2014, ATK announced that it would spin off its Sporting Group and merge its Aerospace and Defense Groups with Orbital Sciences Corporation.

The spinoff of the Sporting Group to create Vista Outdoor and the merger leading to the creation of Orbital ATK were completed on February 9, 2015. The companies began operations as separate entities on February 20, 2015. Orbital ATK was bought by Northrop Grumman in 2018.
Joan of Navarre, Queen of England
Joan of Navarre, also known as Joanna (c. 1368 – 10 June 1437) was Duchess of Brittany by marriage to Duke John IV and later Queen of England as the wife of King Henry IV. Joan was a daughter of Charles II of Navarre and Joan of France. She served as regent of Brittany from 1399 until 1403 during the minority of her eldest son, Duke John V. She also served as regent of England during the absence of her stepson King Henry V in 1415. Four years later Henry V imprisoned her and confiscated her money and land. Joan was released in 1422, shortly before Henry's death.

Counts and dukes of Alençon
Several counts and then royal dukes of Alençon, a French county in the Middle Ages, disputed between France and England during parts of the Hundred Years' War, have figured in French history. The title has been awarded to a younger brother of the French sovereign.
Luisa Castro
Luisa Castro (born 1966, in Foz, Lugo) is a Spanish writer and journalist who has published in Galician and Spanish. She has lived in Barcelona, New York City, Madrid, Santiago de Compostela, Naples and Bordeaux.  She is currently Director of the Instituto Cervantes in Dublin, Ireland.

Her first collection of poems, Odisea definitiva: Libro póstumo (Definitive Odyssey: :Posthumous  Book) was published in 1984. Her next book, Baleas e baleas (1988), was her first work in the Galician language. Her first novel was El somier (Bed Base) (1999).

Foz
Foz (Galician pronunciation: [fɔθ]) is a town and municipality in the A Mariña Central comarca in the Galician province of Lugo. It has been historically linked to the Ancient Province of Mondoñedo and also linked to the arrival of Briton immigrants during the 5th and 6th centuries, fleeing by sea from the British Isles (see Bishop Maeloc, Britonia and San Martiño de Mondoñedo). It has 9800 inhabitants. It borders the coastal municipalities of Burela and Barreiros, and the inland municipalities of Lourenzá, Mondoñedo, O Valadouro, Alfoz, and Cervo.

Foz is a coastal town on the shores of the Cantabrian Sea at the mouth of the river Masma, which forms the Foz estuary, with an approximate area of 100 km².

Although Foz was previously a fishing village, most of its economic resources now come from tourism.
Biała Wola
Biała Wola [ˈbjawa ˈvɔla] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubomino, within Lidzbark County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

Before 1772 the area was part of the Kingdom of Poland, and in 1772–1945 it belonged to Prussia and Germany (East Prussia).

First Partition of Poland
The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that eventually ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The growth of power in the Russian Empire threatened the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy and was the primary motive behind the First Partition.

Frederick the Great, King in Prussia, engineered the partition to prevent Austria, which was envious of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire, from going to war. Territories in Poland–Lithuania were divided by its more powerful neighbours (Austria, Russia and Prussia) to restore the regional balance of power in Central Europe among those three countries.

With Poland unable to defend itself effectively and foreign troops already inside the country, the Polish Sejm ratified the partition in 1773 during the Partition Sejm, which was convened by the three powers.
Eugene Bookhammer
Eugene Donald Bookhammer (June 14, 1918 – February 23, 2013) was an American politician who served as the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, as a Republican, from 1969 to 1977. He served under Governors Russell W. Peterson and Sherman W. Tribbitt. Before his election as lieutenant governor, he had served in the Delaware State Senate since 1962.

Born in Lewes, Delaware, Bookhammer graduated from Lewes High School and served in the U.S. Army during World War II, receiving the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star. He was in the lumber mill business. With author Richard Carter, in 2009 he wrote his biography, Gene Bookhammer and His World. He died at his home in Lewes in February 2013 at the age of 94.

Russell W. Peterson
Russell Wilbur Peterson (October 3, 1916 – February 21, 2011) was an American scientist and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He served as Governor of Delaware as a member of the Republican Party.  An influential environmentalist, he served as chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality and president of the National Audubon Society.
Language model benchmark
Language model benchmark is a standardized test designed to evaluate the performance of language model on various natural language processing tasks. These tests are intended for comparing different models' capabilities in areas such as language understanding, generation, and reasoning.

Benchmarks generally consist of a dataset and corresponding evaluation metrics. The dataset provides text samples and annotations, while the metrics measure a model's performance on tasks like question answering, text classification, and machine translation. These benchmarks are developed and maintained by academic institutions, research organizations, and industry players to track progress in the field. In addition to accuracy, the metrics can include throughput, energy efficiency, bias, trust and sustainability.

Treebank
In linguistics, a treebank is a parsed text corpus that annotates syntactic or semantic sentence structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized computational linguistics, which benefitted from large-scale empirical data.
Musquaro Lake
The Musquaro Lake is located in the unorganized territory of Petit-Mécatina, Quebec, in the Regional County Municipality (MRC) Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality, in the administrative area of the Côte-Nord (North-Shore), in Quebec, in Canada.

Gulf of St. Lawrence
The Gulf of St. Lawrence is a gulf that fringes the shores of the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada, plus the islands Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, possessions of France, in North America.

The Gulf of St. Lawrence connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River.
Government Museum, Erode
The Government Museum, Erode is an archaeological museum located in the city of Erode, Tamil Nadu. It is located inside the VOC Park campus, 200 meters to the north of Erode Central Bus Terminus and 3 km from Erode Junction.

Central Bus Station, Erode
Erode Central Bus Stand or Independence day Silver Jubilee Central Bus Terminus is a major terminal bus station located in the City of Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located near Swastik Circle at the junction of Mettur Road and Sathy Road about 3 km north of Erode Junction Railway Station.

It was the first largest bus terminal in Tamil Nadu before the establishment of Madurai Mattuthavani and Chennai Koyambedu bus terminals and even at present it is one of the largest bus terminals in Tamil Nadu.
Mount Pleasant Square
Mount Pleasant Square is a Georgian garden square on the border of Rathmines and Ranelagh, in the city of Dublin, Ireland.

The Georgian houses surrounding the square were constructed from around the year 1770 and the last was completed around 1830. There are 56 terraced houses on three sides of a central open space, now housing an 11 court tennis club, clubhouse and carpark and a small public park. The north and south sides are crescents rather than typical straight borders of a square.

The houses are by a degree more modest than the Georgian houses on other notable Georgian squares and were mostly built later in the first few decades of the 19th century for emerging middle class merchant and professional families.

Garden square
A garden square is a type of communal garden in an urban area wholly or substantially surrounded by buildings; commonly, it continues to be applied to public and private parks formed after such a garden becomes accessible to the public at large.

The archetypal garden square is surrounded by tall terraced houses and other types of townhouse. Because it is designed for the amenity of surrounding residents, it is subtly distinguished from a town square designed to be a public gathering place: due to its inherent private history, it may have a pattern of dedicated footpaths and tends to have considerably more plants than hard surfaces or large monuments.
Momino Point
Momino Point (Bulgarian: нос Момино, ‘Nos Momino’ \'nos 'mo-mi-no\) is the ice-covered point on the south side of the entrance to Kayak Bay on the east coast of Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.

The point is named after the settlements of Momino in Northeastern and Southern Bulgaria.

Brabant Island
Brabant Island is the second largest island of the Palmer Archipelago within the British Antarctic Territory, lying between Anvers Island and Liège Island. Brabant Island is 59 km (37 mi) long north-south, 30 km (19 mi) wide, and rises to 2,520 m (8,268 ft) in Mount Parry.  The interior of the island is occupied by two mountain ranges, Solvay Mountains (Cook Summit, 1590 m) in its southern part and Stribog Mountains (summit Mount Parry) in its central and northern parts.

It was named by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899) under Adrien de Gerlache, who named it after the Belgian Province of Brabant, in recognition of the support given to the expedition by its citizens.

A paper summarizing the Joint Services expedition of 1984–1985 describes the island as "notoriously inhospitable" and states that there is evidence for only six visits between the discovery in 1898 and 1984.  Members of the expedition overwintered there in 1984–1985, and made the first ascent of Mount Parry.
Tublat
Tublat is a fictional ape character in Edgar Rice Burroughs's original Tarzan novel, Tarzan of the Apes and one of its sequels, Jungle Tales of Tarzan, as well as animated films, television series and other media based on them.

Edgar Rice Burroughs
Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American writer, recognized for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction, and fantasy genres. Best known for creating the characters Tarzan (who appeared in a series of twenty-four books by him) and John Carter (who was a recurring character in a series of eleven books), he also wrote the Pellucidar series, the Amtor series, and the Caspak trilogy.

Tarzan was immediately popular, and Burroughs capitalized on it in every possible way, including a syndicated Tarzan comic strip, films, and merchandise. Tarzan remains one of the most successful fictional characters to this day and is a cultural icon. Burroughs's California ranch is now the center of the Tarzana neighborhood in Los Angeles, named after the character. Burroughs was an explicit supporter of eugenics and scientific racism in both his fiction and nonfiction; Tarzan was meant to reflect these concepts.
George Langlands
George Milne Langlands (1886–1951) was a Scottish footballer who played as an inside left for Dundee and Forfar Athletic. He was a member of the Dundee team that won the Scottish Cup in 1910 (in the first of three matches in the final, he scored the last-minute equaliser which forced a replay), having been runners-up in the Scottish Football League the previous season.

In a career interrupted by World War I, he returned to hometown club Forfar Athletic (where he had also started out) after the conflict and was an important member of the team during the years when they moved up from the Scottish Football Alliance to become an SFL club.

1908–09 Scottish Division One
The 1908–09 Scottish Division One season was won by Celtic by one point over nearest rival Dundee.

The end of the season was complicated by a high number of fixtures which still had to be played before the end of April 1909 due to postponements caused by replays in the Glasgow Cup the previous autumn, a situation made worse by the Scottish Cup final which also had to be replayed. Celtic, who were involved in both those finals, had to play their last eight league matches over a twelve-day period, winning five of these and drawing two to pull ahead of Dundee, who only played once in the same period.
2021 ATP Salzburg Open
The 2021 ATP Salzburg Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Anif (Salzburg), Austria between 5 and 11 July 2021.

ATP Salzburg Indoors
The ATP Salzburg Indoors was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. The Challenger Tour would eventually return to Salzburg with the Salzburg Open.
Claire Blatchford
Claire Blatchford (born 1944 in Washington D.C.) is an author. She became deaf at the age of six due to mumps. She graduated in 1966 from Bennington College. and earned a master's degree from Adelphi University in the Waldorf School teacher training program and in Deaf education from Teachers College, Columbia University. She is married and has two daughters. She continued working for several years as a teacher of deaf children. Claire Blatchford is an author of spiritual books and Deaf literature, including books and poetry.

Deaf education
Deaf education is the education of students with any degree of hearing loss or deafness. This may involve, but does not always, individually-planned, systematically-monitored teaching methods, adaptive materials, accessible settings, and other interventions designed to help students achieve a higher level of self-sufficiency and success in the school and community than they would achieve with a typical classroom education. There are different language modalities used in educational setting where students get varied communication methods. A number of countries focus on training teachers to teach deaf students with a variety of approaches and have organizations to support and advocate for deaf students.