hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Statute of frauds
A statute of frauds is a form of statute requiring that certain kinds of contracts be memorialized in writing, signed by the party against whom they are to be enforced, with sufficient content to evidence the contract.

Goods
In economics, goods are anything that is good, usually in the sense that it provides welfare or utility to someone. Goods can be contrasted with bads, i.e. things that provide negative value for users, like chores or waste. A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare.

Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.

Goods are the result of the secondary sector of the economy which involves the transformation of raw materials or intermediate goods into goods.
Pristava pri Mestinju
Pristava pri Mestinju (pronounced [ˈpɾiːstaʋa pɾi mɛˈstiːnju]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Podčetrtek in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the main road from Podčetrtek to Rogaška Slatina. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Municipality of Podčetrtek
The Municipality of Podčetrtek (pronounced [ˈpoːtʃɛtəɾtək] or [pɔtʃɛˈtəɾtək]; Slovene: Občina Podčetrtek) is a municipality in the traditional region of Styria in eastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Podčetrtek. Podčetrtek became a municipality in 1995. It borders Croatia.
Debora Šijački
Debora Šijački is a computational cosmologist whose research involves computational methods for simulating the formation and development of the structures in the universe including galaxies, galaxy clusters, and dark matter, including collaborations in the Illustris project. Originally from Serbia, she was educated in Italy and Germany, and works in the UK as a professor at the University of Cambridge and deputy director of the Kavli Institute for Cosmology.

Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galaxies, heated gas, and dark matter. They are the biggest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe. They were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. Together, galaxy groups and clusters form superclusters.
ACES (buffer)
ACES (N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a chemical compound that is one of Good's buffers.  It was developed in the 1960s to provide buffer solutions with pH ranging from 6.15-8.35 for use in various applications.  With a pKa of 6.9, it is often used as a buffering agent in biological and biochemical research.  It is a zwitterionic buffer with a useful buffering range of 6.1-7.5.  The pioneering publication by Good and his co-workers described the synthesis and physical properties of ACES buffer.

Zwitterion
In chemistry, a zwitterion (/ˈtsvɪtərˌaɪɔːn/ TSVIT-ər-EYE-awn; from German  Zwitter [ˈtsvɪtɐ] 'hermaphrodite'), also called an inner salt or dipolar ion, is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups.
(1,2-dipolar compounds, such as ylides, are sometimes excluded from the definition.)

Some zwitterions, such as amino acid zwitterions, are in chemical equilibrium with an uncharged "parent" molecule. Betaines are zwitterions that cannot isomerize to an all-neutral form, such as when the positive charge is located on a quaternary ammonium group. Similarly, a molecule containing a phosphonium group and a carboxylate group cannot isomerize.
Test Studio
Progress Telerik Test Studio is a Windows-based software test automation tool for web and desktop that supports functional testing, software performance testing, load testing  and RESTful API testing developed by Telerik. The tool ships with a plugin for Visual Studio and a standalone app that use the same repositories and file formats. Test Studio supports HTML, AJAX, Silverlight, ASP.NET MVC, JavaScript, WPF, Angular, React, ASP.NET AJAX, ASP.NET Core, and Blazor. Any application that runs on .NET 5, .NET Core, .NET 6 or higher can be automated with Test Studio. Test Studio supports cross-browser testing for Internet Explorer, Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Chrome.

Software performance testing
In software quality assurance, performance testing is in general a testing practice performed to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage.

Performance testing, a subset of performance engineering, is a computer science practice which strives to build performance standards into the implementation, design and architecture of a system.
South Fork Piney River
South Fork Piney River is a tributary of the Piney River in Eagle County, Colorado.  The river flows north from a source near Red and White Mountain in the White River National Forest to a confluence with the Piney River.

Eagle County, Colorado
Eagle County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 55,731. The county seat is the Town of Eagle and the most populous community is Edwards. The county is named for the Eagle River.

Eagle County comprises the Edwards, Colorado, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
The Kings of the Kilburn High Road
The Kings of the Kilburn High Road is a play by Irish playwright Jimmy Murphy first produced by Red Kettle Theatre Company at the Garter Lane Theatre Waterford Ireland in 2000. The first American production was staged by the Rochester Community Players of Rochester, New York, in April 2005. The name is an ironic reference to the characters, who frequent the Irish pubs of Kilburn High Road in the Kilburn district of London, an area with a large Irish population.

Rochester Community Players
The Rochester Community Players (RCP), the oldest community theatre in New York State,   is a local theater group in Rochester, Monroe County, New York, in the United States.

Incorporated in 1923,  its first production, Wedding Bells, by playwright Salisbury Field,  opened January 19, 1925 at the German House on Rochester's Gregory Street.
Zealand (Folketing constituency)
Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) is one of the 12 multi-member constituencies of the Folketing, the national legislature of Denmark. The constituency was established in 2007 following the public administration structural reform. It consists of the municipalities of Faxe, Greve, Guldborgsund, Holbæk, Kalundborg, Køge, Lejre, Lolland, Næstved, Odsherred, Ringsted, Roskilde, Slagelse, Solrød, Sorø, Stevns and Vordingborg. The constituency currently elects 20 of the 179 members of the Folketing using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2022 general election it had 634,513 registered electors.

Ringsted Municipality
Ringsted Municipality (Danish: Ringsted Kommune) is a kommune in the Region Sjælland on the island of Zealand in east Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 295 km2, and has a total population of 36,286 (2025).  Its mayor is Henrik Hvidesten, a member of Venstre.

The main town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Ringsted.

Ringsted municipality was not merged with other municipalities on 1 January 2007, during the nationwide Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007).
Weather Bird
"Weather Bird" is a musical composition by Joe Oliver. However Thomas Brothers has suggested that it was composed by Louis Armstrong, because Armstrong sent a lead sheet of "Weather Bird Rag" to Washington, D.C. for copyright in April 1923: 108  and that, despite its 1923 copyright date, it was composed by Armstrong during his time on the Mississippi river boats.: 313

On December 5, 1928, Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines recorded it as a duet between trumpet and piano. That recording is regarded as the "most famous duet in jazz history". (In fact, it was issued by Okeh Records as Louis Armstrong's "trumpet solo with piano accompaniment by Earl Hines" and is sometimes considered a solo.  Armstrong had also performed the composition before, as second cornet with Oliver's Creole Jazz Band in 1923.) Citing its improvisational sound, Brothers describes this recording as "fun and exceptional, a worthy document of a unique musical friendship.": 313–17

Steamboats of the Mississippi
Steamboats played a huge major role in the 19th-century development of the Mississippi River and its tributaries, allowing practical large-scale transport of passengers and freight both up- and down-river. Using steam power, riverboats were developed during that time which could navigate in shallow waters as well as upriver against strong currents. After the development of railroads, passenger traffic gradually switched to this faster form of transportation, but steamboats continued to serve Mississippi River commerce into the early 20th century. A small number of steamboats are still used for tourist excursions in the 21st century.
Uli Maurer
Uli Maurer (born January 19, 1985) is a German professional ice hockey forward who currently plays for SC Riessersee of the Oberliga (Ger.3). He previously played with the Schwenninger Wild Wings on a two-year contract on April 27, 2016, freshly off claiming the German championship in the 2015–16 season with EHC München.

Oberliga (ice hockey)
The Oberliga (English: Upper League) is the third tier of ice hockey in Germany, below DEL2 and above the Regionalliga. Since the 2015/16 season, the league has been split into two regionalised divisions, Nord (north) and Süd (south). The Oberliga was originally founded in 1948 and is administered by the German Ice Hockey Federation (DEB).
Paul Granlund
Paul Theodore Granlund (October 6, 1925, Minneapolis, Minnesota – September 15, 2003, Mankato, Minnesota) was an American sculptor. His creative career spanned more than 50 years and more than 650 different works.  Most of his work is figurative and made from bronze. His patrons included colleges, hospitals, Lutheran churches, and other institutions.

La Crosse, Wisconsin
La Crosse (/ləˈkrɒs/ ⓘ lə-KROSS) is a city in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. Positioned alongside the Mississippi River, La Crosse is the most populous city on Wisconsin's western border. The population was 52,680 at the 2020 census. The La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents.

La Crosse's economy serves as a regional educational, medical, manufacturing, and transportation hub for Western Wisconsin producing a gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.1 billion for the La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area as of 2023. Home to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, Viterbo University, and Western Technical College, the city has nearly 20,000 students. The La Crosse area is home to the headquarters or regional offices of Kwik Trip, Organic Valley, Mayo Clinic, Gundersen Health System, Gensler, La Crosse Technology, City Brewing Company, and Trane.
Cedar Swamp Wildlife Area
Cedar Swamp Wildlife Area is a state wildlife area located in New Castle County, Delaware, along shore of the Delaware Bay.  It is 5,515 acres (2,232 ha) in size and is managed by Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC), Division of Fish & Wildlife.

Much of the area is a transgressive brackish marsh. It is part of the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion.

39°23′30″N 75°33′00″W﻿ / ﻿39.39167°N 75.55000°W﻿ / 39.39167; -75.55000

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
The Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC), a cabinet agency in the executive branch of state government in Delaware, is concerned with the governance of public land, natural resources and environmental regulations for the state. DNREC is composed of various subagencies: the Office of the Secretary; the Division of Air Quality; the Division of Waste and Hazardous Substances; the Division of Water; the Division of Climate, Coastal and Energy; the Division of Fish and Wildlife; the Division of Parks and Recreation; and the Division of Watershed Stewardship. Its offices are primarily based in Dover, the state capital.
Parichamuttukali
Parichamuttu Kali is an Indian martial-arts dance form of Kerala. It is  practiced by the Saint Thomas Syrian Christians, who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century, and by the  Latin Catholics of Malabar, who reside in the coastal regions of kerala. It is performed by men bearing swords and shields and follows the movements and steps of Kalarippayattu. This dance is closely related to Margam Kali. Parichamuttu Kali was also performed by Harijans.

Latin Catholics of Malabar
The Latin Catholics of Malabar Coast, also known as  Malabar Latin Catholics or Latin Christians of Kerala (Malayalam: മലബാർ ലത്തീൻ കത്തോലിക്കർ or മലബാർ
ലത്തീൻ ക്രിസ്ത്യാനികൾ) are a multi-ethnic religious group in Kerala adhering to the Roman Rite liturgical practices of the Latin Church, on the Malabar Coast, the southwestern coast of India. Ecclesiastically, they constitute the ecclesiastical provinces of Calicut, Verapoly and Trivandrum. They are predominantly Malayali people and speak the Malayalam language, though a subgroup of Luso-Indians speaks the Cochin Portuguese Creole. They trace their origins to the evangelization of Malabar Coast by the Dominican, Franciscan, Jesuit and Carmelite missionaries, mainly French and Portuguese.
2003 Grand Prix of St. Petersburg
The 2003 Grand Prix of St. Petersburg was the first round of the 2003 CART World Series season, held on February 23, 2003, at Albert Whitted Airport and the surrounding streets of St. Petersburg, Florida.

Albert Whitted Airport
Albert Whitted Airport (IATA: SPG, ICAO: KSPG, FAA LID: SPG) is a public airport in St. Petersburg, Pinellas County, Florida, United States. It is on the west edge of Tampa Bay, just southeast of downtown St. Petersburg and east of the University of South Florida St. Petersburg.
Salutes the Chicago Blues Tradition
Salutes the Chicago Blues Tradition is a  live album recorded on 7 July 1993 in Geneva, Switzerland by the Art Ensemble of Chicago and released on their own AECO label. It features performances by Lester Bowie, Joseph Jarman, Roscoe Mitchell, Malachi Favors and Don Moye with Chicago Beau, Amina Claudine Myers, Frank Lacy, James Carter and Herb Walker.

Art Ensemble of Chicago
The Art Ensemble of Chicago is an avant-garde jazz group that grew out of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) in the late 1960s. The ensemble integrates many jazz styles and plays many instruments, including "little instruments": bells, bicycle horns, birthday party noisemakers, wind chimes, and various forms of percussion. The musicians would wear costumes and face paint while performing. These characteristics combined to make the ensemble's performances both aural and visual. While playing in Europe in 1969, five hundred instruments were used.
Little Kashubian Tricity
Little Kashubian Tricity (Polish: Małe Trójmiasto Kaszubskie; Kashubian: Môłi Kaszëbsczi Trójgard) is a name used for an urban area in northern Poland comprising the three towns of Rumia, Reda and Wejherowo, located in Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, and within the ethnocultural region of Kashubia. The moniker is a reference to the bigger conurbation of Tricity, located adjacently, to the southeast, on the coast of the Baltic. Little Kashubian Tricity has a population of approximately 129,735 people, with a population of 53,000 in Rumia as of 2023, 48,735 in Wejherowo as of 2021, and approx. 28,000 in Reda as of 2021. Little Kashubian Tricity occupies an area of 88 km2.

Wejherowo
Wejherowo [vɛi̯xɛˈrɔvɔ] ⓘ (Kashubian: Wejrowò; formerly German: Neustadt in Westpreußen) is a city in Gdańsk Pomerania, northern Poland, with 48,735 inhabitants (2021). It has been the capital of Wejherowo County in Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999; previously, it was a city in Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Mian–Chowla sequence
In mathematics, the Mian–Chowla sequence is an integer sequence defined
recursively in the following way. The sequence starts with

Then for ,  is the smallest integer such that every pairwise sum

is distinct, for all  and  less than or equal to .

Recursion
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

A process that exhibits recursion is recursive. Video feedback displays recursive images, as does an infinity mirror.
George Katz
George Katz (6 October 1925 - 1 October 2022) was an American pianist who graduated from the Juilliard School in New York City, receiving an undergraduate and a graduate degree in piano. Juilliard was also where he studied piano with Josef Raieff. In 1956, Katz was the winner of the Naumburg International Piano Competition. He received a Fulbright grant to study in Paris, where he had lessons with Alfred Cortot. He performed concerts throughout Europe as well as in Japan, Latin America, and the U.S. Of a 1961 Carnegie Hall recital. The New York Times wrote: “The kind of fire, brio and brimstone that turned into a first-class display of both sparks and substance.”

George Katz was a longtime member of the Ohio University music faculty later teaching at Drake University in Iowa, and at San Diego State University. Katz died on 1 October 2022.

Alfred Cortot
Alfred Denis Cortot (/kɔːrˈtoʊ/ kor-TOH, French: [alfʁɛd dəni kɔʁto]; 26 September 1877 – 15 June 1962) was a French pianist, conductor, and teacher who was one of the most renowned classical musicians of the 20th century. A pianist of massive repertory, he was especially valued for his poetic insight into Romantic piano works, particularly those of Chopin, Franck, Saint-Saëns and Schumann. For Éditions Durand, he edited editions of almost all piano music by Chopin, Liszt and Schumann.

A central figure of the French musical culture in his time, he was well known for his piano trio with violinist Jacques Thibaud and cellist Pablo Casals.
Bahisht
Bahisht is a 1974 Pakistani family drama film produced by Neelo and written by Riaz Shahid.

After the censorship that Yeh Aman (1971) faced, Shahid decided to come up with a more basic theme. The post-production work of the film started during the filming of Yeh Aman. During the film's production, Shahid was diagnosed with Cancer and died halfway leaving the film incomplete, and then the film was directed by Hassan Tariq.

The music of the film was composed by Rashid Attre and A. Hameed. A. Nayyar made his debut as a playback singer with this film.

The film won 4 Nigar Awards, including the 'Best Film' award for 1974.

Nigar Awards
The Nigar Awards (Urdu: نگارانعامات, romanized: Negār Inʿāmaʿat, lit. 'Picture Awards') were presented in an annual award show to recognize outstanding achievement in Pakistani cinema. The honors were awarded by Nigar Magazine founded in 1948. The Nigar Awards were Pakistan's version of the Academy Awards. The awards show had been discontinued for some 15 year, and a revival was planned in 2017.

The annual presentation ceremony featured performances by prominent artists. The first Nigar Awards ceremony was held in 1957, to honor the accomplishments of Pakistani cinema for the year 1956. In 2002, following the 46th Annual Nigar Awards, Nigar Magazine announced its discontinuation of the awards due to the collapse of the Pakistani cinema industry.

After a 15-year hiatus, with the revival of Pakistani cinema, the 47th Nigar Awards were announced to be held on 16 March 2017 in Karachi. They were eventually cancelled.
Abgehauen
Abgehauen is a 1998 German television docudrama directed by Frank Beyer and based on the autobiographical book of the same name by Manfred Krug. (Abgehauen. Ein Mitschnitt und ein Tagebuch. Düsseldorf: ECON 1996). Frank Beyer won an Adolf Grimme Award for his work on the film.

The film is about the circumstances of the East German government stripping the singer and dissident Wolf Biermann of his citizenship, while he was on a concert tour in West Germany, and Krug's own departure from East Germany.

Grimme-Preis
The Grimme-Preis (Grimme Award), formerly known as the Adolf-Grimme-Preis, is one of the most prestigious German television awards. It is named after the first general director of Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, Adolf Grimme.  The Grimme Institute also awards the Grimme Online Award and the Deutscher Radiopreis (German Radio Award).
Vojvoda Dragomir
Dragomir Protić or Vojvoda Dragomir (Užice, Serbia, 1877 – Tabanovce, Ottoman Empire, 27 March 1905) was a Serbian voivoda (military leader) who fought in the struggle to liberate Old Serbia and Macedonia from the Turkish yoke. He was killed at the Battle of Tabanovce in 1905 along with all of his men, including the commander of the cheta Vladimir Kovačević.

Macedonia (region)
Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ ⓘ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə) is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time; however, it came to be defined as the modern geographical region by the mid-19th century. Today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: all of North Macedonia, large parts of Greece and Bulgaria, and smaller parts of Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. Greek Macedonia comprises about half of Macedonia's area and population.

Its oldest known settlements date back approximately to 7,000 BC. From the middle of the 4th century BC, the Kingdom of Macedon became the dominant power on the Balkan Peninsula; since then Macedonia has had a diverse history.
Jan Iversen
Jan Iversen (5 June 1916 – 25 August 1999) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.

He served as a deputy representative in the Norwegian Parliament from Sør-Trøndelag during the term 1973–1977.

On the local level Iversen was mayor of Frøya Municipality from 1975 to 1979.

Frøya Municipality
Frøya is the westernmost municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Fosen region and consists of the island of Frøya, which lies north of the island of Hitra, as well several thousand other small islands surrounding the island of Frøya. The village of Sistranda is the administrative center of Frøya Municipality. Other villages include Hammarvika, Titran, Sula, and Mausund. The main island of Frøya is connected to the neighboring island of Hitra (and ultimately the mainland of Norway) by the Frøya Tunnel, which goes under the Frøyfjorden.

The 241-square-kilometre (93 sq mi) municipality is the 292nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Frøya Municipality is the 176th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,453. The municipality's population density is 22.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (59/sq mi), and its population has increased by 19.9% over the previous 10-year period.