hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foss Leach
Bryan Foss Leach CNZM (born 16 February 1942) is a New Zealand archaeologist. He is a pioneer of integrated regional research programmes, conservation of archaeological materials, zooarchaeology, and broader aspects of archaeological science.

He has been a strong advocate of collaborative cross-disciplinary research. Leach has served as an officer and committee member of numerous New Zealand and international organisations concerned with archaeology and cultural heritage management, and has held honorary fellowships in various institutions.

Obsidian
Obsidian (/əbˈsɪdi.ən, ɒb-/ əb-SID-ee-ən ob-) is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. It is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content of silica, giving them a high viscosity. The high viscosity inhibits the diffusion of atoms through the lava, which inhibits the first step (nucleation) in the formation of mineral crystals. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.

Obsidian is hard, brittle, and amorphous; it therefore fractures with sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgical scalpel blades.
Blackhole exploit kit
The Blackhole exploit kit was, as of 2012, the most prevalent web threat, where 29% of all web threats detected by Sophos and 91% by AVG are due to this exploit kit. Its purpose is to deliver a malicious payload to a victim's computer. According to Trend Micro the majority of infections due to this exploit kit were done in a series of high volume spam runs. The kit incorporates tracking mechanisms so that people maintaining the kit know considerable information about the victims arriving at the kit's landing page. The information tracked includes the victim's country, operating system, browser and which piece of software on the victim's computer was exploited. These details are shown in the kit's user interface.

Payload (computing)
In computing and telecommunications, the payload is the part of transmitted data that is the actual intended message. Headers and metadata are sent only to enable payload delivery and are considered overhead.

In the context of a computer virus or worm, the payload is the portion of the malware which performs malicious action.

The term is borrowed from transportation, where payload refers to the part of the load that pays for transportation.
Transfer, Pennsylvania
Transfer is an unincorporated community in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located along a rail line 6.6 miles (10.6 km) north of Hermitage. Transfer has a post office, with ZIP code 16154. Norfolk Southern Railway's Meadville Line passes through the community that is also bisected by Rutledge Road and Brush Run.

Hermitage, Pennsylvania
Hermitage is a city in western Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 16,230 at the 2020 census, making it the largest city in Mercer County. It is located about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Youngstown and about 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Pittsburgh. It is the principal city of the Hermitage micropolitan area, which includes all of Mercer County.
Georg Neuffer
Georg Neuffer (18 April 1895 – 11 May 1977) was a general in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Neuffer surrendered to the British troops in May 1943, following the surrender of German troops in North Africa. He was released in October 1947.

Tunisian campaign
The Tunisian campaign (also known as the Battle of Tunisia) was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. The Allies consisted of British Imperial Forces, including a Greek contingent, with American and French corps. Despite initial successes by the German and Italian forces brought from the mainland and which had withdrawn into and occupied Tunisia after their defeat in the Western Desert and the success of Operation Torch, massive supply interdiction efforts and Allied assaults from east and west led to the decisive defeat of the Axis. Over 260,000 German and Italian troops were taken as prisoners of war, including most of the Afrika Korps.
Palaephatus luteolus
Palaephatus luteolus is a moth of the  family Palaephatidae. It was described by Donald R. Davis in 1986. It is found in the Valdivian forest region of southern Chile and Argentina, from the Cautin Province and the Neuquen Province south to the Interoceanic Magellanic region of Tierra del Fuego.

The length of the forewings is 12–14.5 mm for males and 14–16 mm for females. Adults have pale to bright yellow forewings usually marked with variable spots and oblique bands of brownish fuscous. They are on wing from October to March, possibly in multiple generations per year.

Neuquén
Neuquén (Spanish pronunciation: [newˈken]; Mapudungun: Nehuenken) is the capital city of the Argentine province of Neuquén and of the Confluencia Department within that province, located in the extreme east of the province. It occupies a strip of land west of the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén rivers which form the Río Negro, making it part of the ecoregion of Alto Valle del Río Negro. The city had 287,787 inhabitants, and the surrounding Neuquén – Plottier – Cipolletti conurbation had a population of more than 500,000 at the 2022 Census, making it the largest urban agglomeration in Patagonia.

Founded in 1904, it is the newest provincial capital city in Argentina.
Westheimer
Westheimer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Westheimer (1917–2005), American novelist

Frank Henry Westheimer (1912–2007), American chemist

Gerald Westheimer (born 1924), Australian vision scientist and neuroscientist

Irvin Ferdinand Westheimer (1879–1980), American founder of the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America

Julius Westheimer (1916–2005), American financial advisor

Ruth Westheimer (1928–2024), German-American sex therapist, talk show host, and Holocaust survivor
Joel Westheimer, American professor at the University of Ottawa, son of the above

Julius Westheimer
Julius Westheimer (September 6, 1916 – August 31, 2005) was an American financial advisor from Baltimore, Maryland. He is best known for his radio and television work, having dispensed financial advice on WBAL Radio, WYPR, WMAR, WBAL-TV and PBS' Wall $treet Week, and in columns in the Baltimore Sun, Baltimore Evening Sun, and Daily Record newspapers.
Alban Farmer
Michael Alban Farmer (September 27, 1901 – December 27, 1988) was a Canadian politician, who served in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1959 to 1970. A member of the Prince Edward Island Progressive Conservative Party, he represented the electoral district of 5th Queens from 1959 to 1966, and 6th Queens from 1966 to 1970, and served on the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island as provincial treasurer and attorney general in the government of Walter Shaw.

Born and raised in Kinkora, Prince Edward Island, Farmer was educated at Prince of Wales College, St. Dunstan's University and Dalhousie University. Prior to his election to the provincial legislature, he worked as a lawyer and as private secretary to provincial Lieutenant Governor George de Blois, served on Charlottetown City Council from 1946 to 1952 and mounted two unsuccessful campaigns for mayor of Charlottetown.

6th Queens
6th Queens was a provincial electoral district of Prince Edward Island, Canada, which elected two members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1966 to 1993.

The district comprised the western half of the city of Charlottetown. Prior to 1966, the district was part of 5th Queens, and its creation marked the only redistribution of Prince Edward Island's provincial electoral districts to take place until the province adopted conventional single-member districts for the 1996 general election.
Shilanda-Nagdemra Dolphin Sanctuary
Shilanda-Nagdemra Dolphin Sanctuary (Bengali: শিলন্দা নাগডেমড়া শুশুক অভয়ারণ্য) is a wildlife sanctuary located at Santhia Upazila under  Pabna District of Bangladesh. It is one of the three river-based dolphin sanctuaries in Padma-Jamuna confluence, the others being the Nazirganj Dolphin Sanctuary and the Nagarbari-Mohanganj Dolphin Sanctuary. The area of the sanctuary is 24.17 ha (59.7 acres). Home to the endangered freshwater Ganges river dolphins, it was officially declared as a wildlife sanctuary by the government of Bangladesh on 1 December 2013.

Padma River
The Padma (Bengali: পদ্মা, romanized: Pôdmā) is a major river in Bangladesh. It is the eastern and main distributary of the Ganges, flowing generally southeast for 356 kilometres (221 mi) to its confluence with the Meghna River, near the Bay of Bengal. The city of Rajshahi is situated on the banks of the river. Since 1966, over 66,000 hectares of land have been lost to erosion of the Padma.
Count sketch
Count sketch is a type of dimensionality reduction that is particularly efficient in statistics, machine learning and algorithms.
It was invented by Moses Charikar, Kevin Chen and Martin Farach-Colton in an effort to speed up the AMS Sketch by Alon, Matias and Szegedy for approximating the frequency moments of streams (these calculations require counting of the number of occurrences for the distinct elements of the stream).

The sketch is nearly identical to the Feature hashing algorithm by John Moody, but differs in its use of hash functions with low dependence, which makes it more practical.
In order to still have a high probability of success, the median trick is used to aggregate multiple count sketches, rather than the mean.

These properties allow use for explicit kernel methods, bilinear pooling in neural networks and is a cornerstone in many numerical linear algebra algorithms.

Feature hashing
In machine learning, feature hashing, also known as the hashing trick (by analogy to the kernel trick), is a fast and space-efficient way of vectorizing features, i.e. turning arbitrary features into indices in a vector or matrix. It works by applying a hash function to the features and using their hash values as indices directly (after a modulo operation), rather than looking the indices up in an associative array. In addition to its use for encoding non-numeric values, feature hashing can also be used for dimensionality reduction.

This trick is often attributed to Weinberger et al. (2009), but there exists a much earlier description of this method published by John Moody in 1989.
Jack Frost
Jack Frost is a personification of frost, ice, snow, sleet, winter, and freezing cold. He is a variant of Old Man Winter who is held responsible for frosty weather, nipping the fingers and toes in such weather, coloring the foliage in autumn, and leaving fern-like patterns on cold windows in winter.

Starting in late 19th century literature, more developed characterizations of Jack Frost depict him as a sprite-like character, sometimes appearing as a sinister mischief-maker or as a hero.

Freezing
Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

For most substances, the melting and freezing points are the same temperature; however, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example, agar displays a hysteresis in its melting point and freezing point. It melts at 85 °C (185 °F) and solidifies from 32 to 40 °C (90 to 104 °F).
The Grandview at Las Vegas
The Grandview at Las Vegas is a timeshare property resort located on 26.49 acres (10.72 ha) of land at 9940 South Las Vegas Boulevard, south of the Las Vegas Strip, in Enterprise, Nevada. The property is owned by Eldorado Resorts Corporation, and consists of eight buildings, ranging between 12 and 20 floors, with a total of 2,256 units.

Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County, Nevada, that is known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos. The Strip, as it is known, is about 4.2 mi (6.8 km) long, and is immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, but is often referred to simply as "Las Vegas".

Many of the largest hotel casino and resort properties in the world are on the Strip. Its hotels, casinos, restaurants, residential high-rises, entertainment offerings, and skyline have established the Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the world and is one of the driving forces for Las Vegas's economy. Most of the Strip has been designated as an All-American Road, and the North and South Las Vegas Strip routes are classified as Nevada Scenic Byways and National Scenic Byways.
Allahu Akbar (anthem)
"Allahu Akbar" (Arabic: الله أكبر, lit. 'God Is the Greatest') is an Egyptian pro-military patriotic song composed by songwriter Abdalla Shams El-Din in 1954 and written by poet Mahmoud El-Sherif in 1955. It was first used by the Egyptian Armed Forces as a marching song during the Suez Crisis in 1956. The song was also used as the national anthem of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi from 1969 to 2011.

Militarism
Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the "predominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state" (see also: stratocracy and military junta).
Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids
Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids (now, Montefiore Medical Center) was an American sanatorium charity hospital. Founded in 1884 in Manhattan, New York at Avenue A and 84th Street, the sanatorium relocated to a larger building in Manhattan on 138th Street before removing to The Bronx in 1910. It also changed names several times.

The sanatorium afforded medical treatment, food, and shelter to those unfortunates who, by reason of the incurability of their diseases, were refused admission in hospitals and asylums. It received all incurables, irrespective of creed and nationality. The institution was founded and maintained mainly by Jewish munificence. The organization also managed the Montefiore Home Country Sanitarium in Bedford Hills, Westchester County, New York, where it sent patients who were fit for a more active environment.

Avenue A (Manhattan)
Avenue A is a north–south avenue located in Manhattan, New York City, east of First Avenue and west of Avenue B. It runs from Houston Street to 14th Street, where it continues into a loop road in Stuyvesant Town, connecting to Avenue B. Below Houston Street, Avenue A continues as Essex Street.

It is considered to be the western border of Alphabet City in the East Village. It is also the western border of Tompkins Square Park.
Sebastian Wunderer
Sebastian Wunderer (born 29 October 1993 in Kitzbühel) is an Austrian male curler.

At the national level, he is seven-time Austrian men's champion curler, five-time Austrian mixed champion, and a one-time Austrian mixed doubles champion curler.

Austrian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship
The Austrian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship (German: ÖSTM Mixed Doubles) is the national championship of mixed doubles curling (one man and one woman) in Austria. It has been held annually since the 2008–2009 season. The championships are organized by the Austrian Curling Association (German: Österreichischer Curling Verband).
Tupac (name)
Tupac, Túpac or Tupaq (Quechua "a royal thing") is a defunct title used (similarly to Ras in the Ethiopian Empire) by the former Peruvian Inca Empire, and is used as a male name of Inca origin.

Notable people with the name include:

Title
A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify their generation, official position, military rank, professional or academic qualification, or nobility. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name (for example, Graf in German or clerical titles such as Cardinal in Catholic usage – Richard Cardinal Cushing). Some titles are hereditary.
Sahasa Simha
Sahasa Simha (transl. Adventurous/Brave Lion) is a 1982 Indian Kannada-language action crime film directed by Joe Simon and produced by M. Pandurangan and M. Ramalingam. The film stars Vishnuvardhan, Kajal Kiran, Rajya Lakshmi, Dheerendra Gopal, Thoogudeepa Srinivas, Vajramuni and Tiger Prabhakar. The music was composed by Satyam, with cinematography and editing were handled by H. G. Raju and P. Venkateshwara Ravu.

The film is based on the novel Chakravyuha by Manu, which itself is inspired by Ronald Neame's film The Odessa File (1974) that was adapted from the 1972 novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth. Sahasa Simha was released on 10 February 1982 and was a huge success at the box office.

The Odessa File (film)
The Odessa File is a 1974 thriller film, adapted from the 1972 novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth, about a reporter's investigation into the ODESSA: an organisation set up to protect former members of the SS in post-Second World War West Germany. The film stars Jon Voight, Mary Tamm, Maximilian Schell and Maria Schell and was directed by Ronald Neame, with a score by Andrew Lloyd Webber. It was the only film that the Schell siblings made together.
Jim Olson
Jim Olson, FAIA (b. 1940) is the founding principal of the Seattle-based firm Olson Kundig Architects. He is best known for residential design, often for art collectors, though his designs have also included museums, commercial spaces and places of worship. In 2006, William Stout Publishers released Art + Architecture: The Ebsworth Collection and Residence. His honors include the 2007 Seattle AIA Medal of Honor, selection as the 1999 Bruce Goff Chair of Creative Architecture at the University of Oklahoma, and his induction in 1990 as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. He is an honorary trustee to the Seattle Art Museum, and a founding trustee of Artist Trust, and Center on Contemporary Art, both in Seattle. Olson received a bachelor of architecture degree from the University of Washington.

Artist Trust
Artist Trust is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to supporting Washington artists working in all creative disciplines. Artist Trust provides artists the time and resources necessary to prosper. Since 1987 it has invested over ten million dollars in grants, resources and career training to thousands of Washington State's most promising and respected musicians, visual artists, writers, dancers, craft artists, filmmakers, cross-disciplinary artists and more. It is located in Seattle, Washington, and serves the entire state.
Killisnoo, Alaska
Killisnoo was an unincorporated community on Killisnoo Island in the Hoonah-Angoon Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska, near Angoon, Admiralty Island. Killisnoo had a post office until it closed in 1930.  The community was known by several alternative names, including Kanas-nu, Kanasnu, Kenasnow and Killishoo.

Killisnoo Island
Killisnoo Island is a small island in the Alexander Archipelago in southeastern Alaska, at 57°28′11″N 134°35′26″W﻿ / ﻿57.46972°N 134.59056°W﻿ / 57.46972; -134.59056. It is located just off the central west coast of Admiralty Island, south of the city of Angoon. Killisnoo Island, an unincorporated area, is a settlement on the island.
Exsphere (polyhedra)
In geometry, the exsphere of a face of a regular polyhedron is the sphere outside the polyhedron which touches the face and the planes defined by extending the adjacent faces outwards. It is tangent to the face externally and tangent to the adjacent faces internally.

It is the 3-dimensional equivalent of the excircle.

The sphere is more generally well-defined for any face which is a regular
polygon and delimited by faces with the same dihedral angles
at the shared edges. Faces of semi-regular polyhedra often 
have different types of faces, which define exspheres of different size with each type of face.

On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) is an online database of integer sequences. It was created and maintained by Neil Sloane while researching at AT&T Labs. He transferred the intellectual property and hosting of the OEIS to the OEIS Foundation in 2009, and is its chairman.

OEIS records information on integer sequences of interest to both professional and amateur mathematicians, and is widely cited. As of November 2025, it contains over 390,000 sequences, and is growing by approximately 30 entries per day.

Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links, and more, including the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database is searchable by keyword, by subsequence, or by any of 16 fields. There is also an advanced search function called SuperSeeker which runs a large number of different algorithms to identify sequences related to the input.
Tridecanal
Tridecanal is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11CHO.  A colorless oily liquid, it is the aldehyde derivative of tridecane. It is produced by hydroformylation of 1-dodecene.  Hydrogenation of tridecanal gives 1-tridecanol.

Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, often an alkene. Catalysts are required for the reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high temperatures. Hydrogenation reduces double and triple bonds in hydrocarbons.
X Caeli
X Caeli is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Caelum. It has the Bayer designation Gamma2 Caeli, which is Latinized from γ2 Caeli and abbreviated Gamma2 Cae or γ2 Cae; X Caeli is the system's variable star designation. This system is barely visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 6.32. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.7 mas, it is located at a distance of 336 light-years (103 pc) from Earth. The system is moving further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +6 km/s.

Southern celestial hemisphere
The southern celestial hemisphere, also called the Southern Sky, is the southern half of the celestial sphere; that is, it lies south of the celestial equator. This arbitrary sphere, on which seemingly fixed stars form constellations, appears to rotate westward around a polar axis as the Earth rotates.

At all times, the entire Southern Sky is visible from the geographic South Pole; less of the Southern Sky is visible the further north the observer is located. The northern counterpart is the northern celestial hemisphere.