hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Militia (Serbia)
National Militia (Serbian: Народна војска, Narodna vojska) was the most numerous part of the Serbian Army between 1861 and 1882. It was a territorial militia composed of all able-bodied men of the Principality of Serbia aged 20 to 50, formed into territorial units, who were obliged to do military training on Sundays in their towns and villages under the command of a few professional officers. Poorly trained, ill-equipped and undisciplined, these militia units performed poorly during the Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878) and were disbanded in 1882. In 1883, some of the former National Militia units rebelled against the Government, but were defeated in the short-lived Timok Rebellion.

First Serbian–Ottoman War
The First Serbian–Ottoman War (Serbian: Први српско-турски рат, romanized: Prvi srpsko-turski rat), was a military conflict fought by the Principality of Serbia against the Ottoman Empire. Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876, during the Herzegovina Uprising. A Serbian south- and westward offensive was repulsed by Ottoman troops after just three weeks of fighting, upon which Turkey then invaded Serbia proper. Eastern Serbia was quickly occupied, but on the southern front the Serbian army successfully stopped the Ottoman advance, defending the fortified positions around Aleksinac for more than two months.

The Russian Empire brokered a ceasefire in autumn of 1876 by threatening military intervention, and the European Great Powers then organized the Constantinople Conference to settle the war and wider issues in the Balkans. Peace was signed on 28 February 1877 on the basis of status quo ante bellum.
2022 Arizona Tennis Classic
The 2022 Arizona Tennis Classic was a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Phoenix, United States between March 14 and March 20, 2022.

Denis Kudla won both the singles and doubles (with partner Treat Huey) titles, making it the first time since 2014 he swept both titles at a tennis tournament.

2014 Nielsen Pro Tennis Championship
The 2014 Nielsen Pro Tennis Championship was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 23rd edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Winnetka, Illinois, between 30 June and 6 July 2014.
Strawberry Banks
Strawberry Banks (grid reference SO910033) is a 5.06-hectare (12.5-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1993.

This is a Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserve. The banks are thought to have once been used to grow strawberries, hence the name, and be the crash site of a Second World War German bomber. Strawberry Banks adjoins the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust Three Groves Wood nature reserve and lies on the west-facing slopes of a small valley in the Cotswolds between the villages of France Lynch and Oakridge. The site is roughly 5 km (3 miles) east of Stroud. Strawberry Banks and Three Groves Wood are part of a group of nature reserves in Stroud's Golden Valley.

The site supports a large population of the marsh fritillary butterfly, and it is also one of the few sites in Britain at which the oil beetle Meloe rugosus occurs.

Oakridge, Stroud
Oakridge is a village in the civil parish of Bisley-with-Lypiatt, in the Stroud district, in the county of Gloucestershire, England. The parish church is St. Bartholomew's Church. It is just on the outskirts of Stroud.

Oakridge consists of five hamlets; Oakridge Lynch, Far Oakridge, Waterlane, Bournes Green, and Tunley. Within Oakridge Lynch can be found the parish church of St. Bartholomew's, the nearby Oakridge Parochial School primary, the village Shop and Post Office, The Butchers Arms pub, and the Village Hall. The Butchers Arms is an 18th-century building with stone walls and oak beamed ceilings.

The Annual Oakridge Village Show is held on the first Saturday in September at the local recreation ground.
Arthur Getz
Arthur Kimmig Getz (May 17, 1913 – January 19, 1996) was an American illustrator best known for his fifty-year career as a cover artist for The New Yorker magazine. Between 1938 and 1988, two hundred and thirteen Getz covers appeared on The New Yorker, making Getz the most prolific New Yorker cover artist of the twentieth century. Getz was also a fine artist, painted murals for the Works Progress Administration Program, wrote and illustrated children's books, and taught at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, the University of Connecticut, and the Washington Art Association in Washington, Connecticut. In addition to his New Yorker covers and spot drawings, Getz's illustrations were published in American Childhood, Audubon, Collier's, Consumer Reports, Cue, Esquire, Fortune, The Nation, The National Guardian, The New Masses, The New Republic, PM, Reader's Digest, Saturday Review, Stage, and The Reporter.

New Masses
New Masses (1926–1948) was an American Marxist magazine closely associated with the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). It was the successor to both The Masses (1911–1917) and The Liberator (1918–1924). New Masses was later merged into Masses & Mainstream (1948–1963).

With the widespread economic hardships brought on by the Great Depression of 1929, many Americans were more receptive to socialist and leftist ideas. As a result, New Masses grew in circulation and became highly influential in literary, artistic, and intellectual circles. The magazine has been called "the principal organ of the American cultural left from 1926 onwards."
Stockdale v Hansard
Stockdale v Hansard (1839) 9 Ad & El 1 is a United Kingdom constitutional law case in which the Parliament of the United Kingdom unsuccessfully challenged the common law of parliamentary privilege, leading to legislative reform.

Legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as "legislation" while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare, or to restrict. It may be contrasted with a non-legislative act by an executive or administrative body under the authority of a legislative act.
Obi (ruler)
An Obi is the central building in an Igbo homestead, one used most commonly as a place for the reception of guests.

As such, it can also be looked at symbolically as a metaphor for the most important part, or heart, of any given place. In fact, due to this, it is otherwise almost exclusively taken to be an aristocratic title amongst the tribe, meaning either elder in the first instance or king in the second.

Aristocracy (class)
The aristocracy (from Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, "rule of the best"; Latin: aristocratia) is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class with hereditary rank and titles. They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.
Sargawan
Sargawan (Sargawāṃ) is a village in Firozabad block of Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, although the closest town is actually Makkhanpur to the northeast. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,492, in 452 households.

Firozabad district
Firozabad district (Hindustani pronunciation: [fɪɾoːzaːbaːd̪]) is one of the western districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, which has Firozabad city as its district headquarters. Administratively, the district is a part of the Agra division.
Q96
Q96 was an Independent Local Radio station that broadcast for 14 years in the Scottish county of Renfrewshire. Q96 broadcast as an FM station on the 96.3 MHz frequency after a local licence for the Paisley area was offered. The station was latterly based outside its dedicated broadcast region in the Baillieston area of neighbouring Glasgow at the headquarters it shared with sister station Real Radio after Ofcom approval.

The station was replaced by 96.3 Rock Radio for test transmissions on 22 December 2006 and officially from Monday 8 January 2007.

Baillieston
Baillieston (Scots: Bailiestoun) is a working class suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. It is about 7 miles (11 km) east of the city centre.

It also gives its name to Ward 20 of Glasgow City Council and forms part of the Glasgow East constituency of the UK Parliament.
James Escott
James Henry Escott (17 April 1872 – 28 July 1916) was a Reform Party Member of Parliament in New Zealand.

Escott was born in Orepuki and moved to Woodville when he was 18. He fought in the Boer War.

He won the Pahiatua electorate in 1911, and held it until he died in 1916. He had been planning to join the fight in World War I before his illness and death.

Woodville, New Zealand
Woodville, previously known as The Junction, is a small town in the southern North Island of New Zealand, 75 km north of Masterton and 25 km east of Palmerston North. The 2013 census showed that 1401 people reside in Woodville.

The town is in the Tararua District and the Manawatū-Whanganui region, although it has strong ties with the Hawke's Bay region, of which it was once a part, but is often considered to be the northern boundary of Wairarapa. It is within the catchment area of the Manawatū River.
Murray Silverstein
Murray Silverstein (born September 19, 1943) co-authored the books A Pattern Language and The Oregon Experiment. At that time, he taught architecture courses at the University of California, and subsequently taught at the University of Washington. He had also written several articles on pattern languages. As a young designer, he worked for noted California architect Richard Neutra.

In 2006, a collection of his poetry entitled "Any Old Wolf" was published by Sixteen Rivers Press.

Pattern language
A pattern language is an organized and coherent set of patterns, each of which describes a problem and the core of a solution that can be used in many ways within a specific field of expertise. The term was coined by architect Christopher Alexander and popularized by his 1977 book A Pattern Language.

A pattern language can also be an attempt to express the deeper wisdom of what brings aliveness within a particular field of human endeavor, through a set of interconnected patterns. Aliveness is one placeholder term for "the quality that has no name": a sense of wholeness, spirit, or grace, that while of varying form, is precise and empirically verifiable. Alexander claims that ordinary people can use this design approach to successfully solve very large, complex design problems.
Passion pay
Passion Pay (Korean: 열정페이; Hanja: 熱情pay) is a neologism used by young people of South Korea. 
The similar term in use in Japan is Yarigai sakushu (Japanese: やりがい搾取, Hepburn: Yarigai sakushu) where the translation would be closer to Job Satisfaction 'exploitation' (of labour).

The concept refers to low wages paid by employers to workers, particularly the younger and/or the relatively inexperienced ones, under the pretext of the  fact that the job satisfaction compensates for the differential of the unpaid wages (which should be paid if the labour was to be fairly compensated for). Young job seekers have coined the term "passion pay," which satirically refers to the reality that interns and apprentices are supposed to be passionate enough to put up with poor treatment. Desperate as job seekers, their use of this term denotes the phenomenon that interns have to put up with lower wages, in hopes that this passion for the work could help brighten their prospects for decent jobs.

Phenomenon
A phenomenon  (pl. phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event. The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon, which cannot be directly observed. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms. Far predating this, the ancient Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus also used phenomenon and noumenon as interrelated technical terms.
What Happened to Jones (1926 film)
What Happened to Jones is a 1926 American silent comedy film directed by William A. Seiter and starring Reginald Denny. It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film is based on the 1897 Broadway play What Happened to Jones by George Broadhurst.

George Broadhurst
George Howells Broadhurst (June 3, 1866 – January 31, 1952) was an Anglo-American theatre owner/manager, director, producer and playwright.  His plays were most popular from the late 1890s into the 1920s.
Chet Anderson Stadium
Chet Anderson Stadium is the home football stadium of Bemidji State University in Bemidji, Minnesota.

In 1939, a federal grant enabled Bemidji State to build new athletic facilities. The first game held was against Concordia College, Moorhead on September 27, 1940. Through various expansions over the years, the capacity currently sits at 5,000.

On October 5, 1996, the stadium was officially renamed in honor of Chester Anderson, head football coach from 1955 to 1965.

Chester Anderson (American football)
Chester Albert Anderson (June 12, 1918 – November 19, 2008) was an American football and wrestling coach. He served as the head football coach at Buena Vista College in Storm Lake, Iowa from 1953 to 1954 and two stints as the head football coach Bemidji State University in Bemidji, Minnesota, from 1956 to 1960 and again in 1962 to 1965, compiling a career college football coaching record of 50–42–7. As football coach at Bemidji, Anderson had a record of 43–34–5 and won two conference titles. He was also the school's head wrestling coach from 1955 until his retirement in 1981.
Hazel Sampson
Hazel M. Sampson (May 26, 1910 – February 4, 2014) was an American Klallam elder and language preservationist. Sampson was the last native speaker of the Klallam language, as well as the oldest member of the Klallam communities at the time of her death in 2014. She was a member of the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington.

The Klallam language is still spoken as a second language by some members of the four indigenous Klallam communities: the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, and the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe of Washington's Olympic Peninsula, the Port Gamble Band of S’Klallam Indians of Washington's Kitsap Peninsula, as well as the Beecher Bay Klallam of British Columbia, Canada.

Port Gamble Band of S'Klallam Indians
The Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, formerly known as the Port Gamble Indian Community of the Port Gamble Reservation or the Port Gamble Band of S'Klallam Indians is a federally recognized tribe of S'Klallam people, located on the Kitsap Peninsula in Washington. They are an Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast.
2023 Dominican presidential election
An indirect presidential election was held on 27 September 2023 to elect the next President of Dominica.

President Charles Savarin was ineligible for re-election, the Constitution of Dominica prohibiting him from a third term.

Prime Minister of Dominica Roosevelt Skerrit of the Dominica Labour Party proposed Sylvanie Burton as a candidate, making her the likely first woman president and first of the indigenous Kalinago community.

Sylvanie Burton however did not receive the support of opposition leader Jesma Paul-Victor, making an election by unanimity impossible. Skerrit thus informed the parliament of the situation on 12 September, triggering an election two weeks later between Burton and the candidate of the opposition, Anette Sanford, who is also a Kalinago woman

Burton was elected on 27 September, and was sworn in on 2 October.

Politics of Dominica
The politics of Dominica takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Dominica is the head of government, and of a  multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.  Legislative power is vested in both the government and the House of Assembly.  The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Ayssuragan
Ayssuragan is a symphonic poem for clarinet in B-flat and orchestra written by the Spanish composer and pianist Gustavo Díaz-Jerez.  Ayssuragan, meaning “the place of freezing” in the extinct language of the Guanches, aborigines of the Canary Islands, refers to the place where, in the final moments of the
European conquest of the island of La Palma, the non-combatant population took refuge and
died.  Together with Ymarxa, Aranfaybo, Chigaday, Azaenegue, Erbane and Guanapay, Ayssuragan is part of a cycle of seven orchestral works inspired in different places of each of the Canary Islands. Ayssuragan is a one-movement work lasting about 25 minutes, merging elements from spectralism and algorithmic procedures.  It was premiered on 14 December 2012 by the Symphonic Orchestra of Tenerife under the baton of Antoine Marguier with Cristo Barrios as a soloist at the Auditorium Adán Martín of Tenerife.

Algorithmic composition
Algorithmic composition is the technique of using algorithms to create music.

Algorithms (or, at the very least, formal sets of rules) have been used to compose music for centuries; the procedures used to plot voice-leading in Western counterpoint, for example, can often be reduced to algorithmic determinacy. The term can be used to describe music-generating techniques that run without ongoing human intervention, for example through the introduction of chance procedures. However through live coding and other interactive interfaces, a fully human-centric approach to algorithmic composition is possible.

Some algorithms or data that have no immediate musical relevance are used by composers as creative inspiration for their music. Algorithms such as fractals, L-systems, statistical models, and even arbitrary data (e.g. census figures, GIS coordinates, or magnetic field measurements) have been used as source materials.
Jan Brumovský
Jan Brumovský (born 26 June 1937 in Levice) is a Czech former football forward who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics. He played in the Czechoslovak First League at club level for Dukla Prague, taking part in 229 matches and scoring 42 goals. Brumovský made four appearances for Czechoslovakia, with his debut coming in a 1–1 draw with Italy in December 1958.

Czechoslovak First League
The Czechoslovak First League (Czech: 1. fotbalová liga, Slovak: 1. futbalová liga) was the premier football league in Czechoslovakia from 1925 to 1993, with the exception of World War II. Czechoslovakia was occupied by German forces who formed Gauliga Sudetenland and Gauliga Böhmen und Mähren leagues on occupied territories. Until the 1934-35 season, no teams from Slovakia participated in the league.

Czechs were allowed to run their own league in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, while Slovaks were granted their own independent Slovak State and created their own league. After the World War II the league was recreated.
Rangitāne
Rangitāne is a Māori iwi (tribe). Their rohe (territory) is in the Manawatū, Horowhenua, Wairarapa and Marlborough areas of New Zealand.

The iwi was formed as one of two divisions (aside from Muaūpoko) of the expedition team led by Whātonga, a chief from the Māhia Peninsula and father of Tara-Ika a Nohu of Te Whanganui-a-Tara fame.

Horowhenua District
Horowhenua District is a territorial authority district on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand, administered by Horowhenua District Council. Located north of Wellington and Kāpiti, it stretches from slightly north of the town of Ōtaki in the south to just south of Himatangi in the north, and from the coast to the top of the Tararua Range. It is in the Manawatū-Whanganui local government region. The name Horowhenua is Māori for landslide.

Levin is the main town and the seat of the district council. Other towns include Foxton, Shannon and Tokomaru. The population of the district is 38,400 (June 2025).
Gouher Sultana
Gouher Sultana (born 31 March 1988) is an Indian former cricketer. Sultana was born in Hyderabad.  She has played international cricket for India's Under-21 women's team, and the India national women's cricket team, mainly as a left-arm orthodox spin bowler.

She has played in 23 One-day Internationals since her debut against Pakistan in the Women's Asia Cup at Kurunegala on 5 May 2008, including the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup.  In domestic cricket she represented Hyderabad, Indian Railways, Pondicherry, and Bengal. She has also played in seven Twenty20 Internationals since her debut against Australia in Sydney on 28 October 2008.

She and Amita Sharma hold the record for the highest ever 10th wicket partnership in Women's ODI history (58 runs).

In December 2023, she was signed by UP Warriorz at India's Women's Premier League auction, for the 2024 season.

In August 2025, Sultana announced her retirement form all forms of cricket.

UP Warriorz
UP Warriorz are an Indian professional franchise women's cricket team that compete in the Women's Premier League (WPL). The team is based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and is owned by Capri Global. They are coached by Abhishek Nayar.

UP Warriorz reached the eliminator in the inaugural season, where they were defeated by Mumbai Indians.

The team was captained by Alyssa Healy in the first two seasons. For the 2025 season, Deepti Sharma took over the captaincy after Healy was ruled out due to injury.

For the 2026 season, Meg Lanning was announced the new captain of the franchise after the successful Mega Auction.
Trade Union Freedom Bill
The Trade Union Freedom Bill is a proposal by the United Kingdom Trades Union Congress for legislation which would give greater freedom to unions and their members to collectively bargain and take action to support their interests  Rights and Freedoms Bill 2006-07. It was proposed in 2006, the centenary of the Trade Disputes Act 1906, the founding statute by which unions taking strike action are not liable to employers for the lost profits of business, so long as the action is taken "in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute." The bill was introduced by John McDonnell

Trades Union Congress
The Trades Union Congress (TUC) is a national trade union centre, a federation of trade unions that collectively represent most unionised workers in England and Wales. There are 48 affiliated unions with a total of about 5.5 million members. Paul Nowak is the TUC's current General Secretary, serving from January 2023.
Lean on Me (film)
Lean on Me is a 1989 American biographical drama film directed by John G. Avildsen, written by Michael Schiffer, and starring Morgan Freeman. It is based on the story of Joe Louis Clark, an inner city high school principal in Paterson, New Jersey, whose school Eastside High is in danger of being placed into receivership of the New Jersey state government unless students improve their test scores on the New Jersey Minimum Basic Skills Test.

The title refers to the 1972 Bill Withers song of the same name, which is used in the film. The film was released on March 3, 1989. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $31 million.

Bill Withers
William Harrison Withers Jr. (July 4, 1938 – March 30, 2020) was an American soul and R&B singer and songwriter. Born in Slab Fork, West Virginia and raised in Beckley, West Virginia, he is known for having several hits over a career spanning 18 years, including "Ain't No Sunshine" (1971), "Grandma's Hands" (1971), "Use Me" (1972), "Lean on Me" (1972), "Lovely Day" (1977) and "Just the Two of Us" (1980) (recorded in collaboration with Grover Washington Jr.). Withers won three Grammy Awards out of nine total nominations.

His life was the subject of the 2009 documentary film Still Bill. Withers was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2005, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2015 and the National Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame in 2025. Two of his songs, "Ain't No Sunshine" and "Lean on Me", were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.