hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fredy Sigg
Fredy Sigg (1923–1998) was a Swiss designer and cartoonist. He was known nationwide for his caricatures during the 1960s to 1980s. He was active as a free-lance graphicist and illustrator from 1947. From 1958 he worked as a caricaturist for the Nebelspalter, Weltwoche and Beobachter newspapers, later also for Züri-Woche, Schweizerische Handelszeitung and Annabelle. 
Sigg married three times; Tatjana Kürschner (1948), Johanna Büchle (1953) and Edith Thalmann (1961).

Die Weltwoche
Die Weltwoche (German pronunciation: [diː ˈvɛltˌvɔxə], "The World Week") is a Swiss weekly magazine based in Zollikon, Canton of Zurich. Since 2006, it has been privately owned by Roger Köppel, a publicist, journalist and politician from the right-wing populist and conservative Swiss People's Party.

The magazine's regular columnists include the former president of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Peter Bodenmann, as well as Christoph Mörgeli MP, a leading figure of the Swiss People's Party, and cultural and social commentator Alexander, Count of Schönburg-Glauchau. Other columnists have included Hans-Georg Maaßen, Thilo Sarrazin, Boris Reitschuster and Henryk M. Broder.

The magazine's editorial stance under Köppel is considered to range between economic liberalism and conservatism – regularly along the lines of the Swiss People's Party.
Dead (Madison Beer song)
"Dead" is a song by American singer Madison Beer. It was released on May 19, 2017 by Access, as the lead single from her debut EP  As She Pleases (2018). The song was written by Brittany Amaradio, Madison Love, and Michael Keenan, the latter of whom produced the track. Two remixes and an acoustic version of the song were also released.

Madison Love
Madison Emiko Love (born April 19, 1995) is an American songwriter and singer. She is signed to Artist Publishing Group. She has written songs with Madison Beer, Melanie Martinez, Lady Gaga, Selena Gomez, Katy Perry, Pink, Demi Lovato, Camila Cabello, Kesha, Dove Cameron, Ava Max, Anitta, Addison Rae and Kim Petras.
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (O)
Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Stanley Gibbons
The Stanley Gibbons Group plc is a company quoted on the London Stock Exchange specialising in the retailing of collectable postage stamps and similar products. The group is incorporated in London. The company is a major stamp dealer and philatelic publisher. The company's philatelic subsidiary, Stanley Gibbons Limited, had a royal warrant of appointment from Queen Elizabeth II.
GDNF family of ligands
The GDNF family of ligands (GFL) consists of four neurotrophic factors: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN). GFLs have been shown to play a role in a number of biological processes including cell survival, neurite outgrowth, cell differentiation and cell migration. In particular signalling by GDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons.

Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a conditionally essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyrós, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine. It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA.

The one-letter symbol Y was assigned to tyrosine for being alphabetically nearest of those letters available. Note that T was assigned to the structurally simpler threonine, U was avoided for its similarity with V for valine, W was assigned to tryptophan, while X was reserved for undetermined or atypical amino acids. The mnemonic tYrosine was also proposed.
Disposition index
The Disposition index (DI) is a measure for the loop gain of the insulin-glucose feedback control system. It is defined as the product of insulin sensitivity times the amount of insulin secreted in response to blood glucose levels. "Metabolically healthy" Insulin resistant individuals can maintain normal responses to blood glucose due to the fact that higher levels of insulin are secreted as long as the beta cells of the pancreas are able to increase their output of insulin to compensate for the insulin resistance. But the ratio of the incremental increase in plasma insulin associated with an incremental increase in plasma glucose (disposition index) provides a better measure of beta cell function than the plasma insulin response to a glucose challenge. Loss of function of the beta cells, reducing their capacity to compensate for insulin resistance, results in a lower disposition index.

Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:

Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.
Kazanlak Airport
Kazanlak Airport (Bulgarian: Летище Казанлък, romanized: Letishte Kazanlak) is a grass airfield which serves the city of Kazanlak. The airport is near the Ovoshtnik village, about 9 km south from the city center of Kazanlak. It is also known as Kazanlak Airfield.

Due to its good location, near the Shipka Top, Stara Zagora Spa Resort and Sevtopolis (Thrace capital), the airport is mainly active for crop-duster planes and some charters.

Kazanlak
Kazanlak (Bulgarian: Казанлък [kɐzɐnˈɫɤk] is a town in Stara Zagora Province, Bulgaria. It is located in the middle of the Kazanlak Valley, at the foot of the Balkan Mountains, which forms the eastern part of the Rose Valley. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Kazanlak Municipality. The ancient Thracian city of Seuthopolis was situated near the town.

The town is among the 15 biggest industrial centres in Bulgaria, with a population of 44,760 people as of Dec 2017.

It is the center of rose oil extraction in Bulgaria and the oil-producing rose of Kazanlak is one of the most widely recognizable national symbols.
Hattorf am Harz
Hattorf am Harz is a municipality in the district of Göttingen, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the southern Harz, approx. 10 km south of Osterode am Harz.

Hattorf is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Hattorf am Harz.

Samtgemeinde
A Samtgemeinde (German pronunciation: ['zamtgəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ, lit. 'collective municipality'; plural: Samtgemeinden) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities, equivalent to the Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg, and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate.
Red Army (novel)
Red Army is a 1989 Cold War-era war novel written by US Army intelligence analyst Ralph Peters. The story explores a Cold War scenario based on a Soviet attack on West Germany across the North German Plain, with defense provided by NATO army corps from the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, and West Germany.

Red Army is unique among military fiction published in the US during the 1980s, as it presented the material exclusively from the perspective of officers and men in the Soviet Army.

War novel
A war novel or military fiction is a novel about war. It is a novel in which the primary action takes place on a battlefield, or in a civilian setting (or home front), where the characters are preoccupied with the preparations for, suffering the effects of, or recovering from war.  Many war novels are historical novels.
Artists View Park West, Alberta
Artists View Park West is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Rocky View County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the north side of Highway 563 (Old Banff Coach Road), 0.8 km (0.50 mi) south of Highway 1. It is adjacent to the City of Calgary to the west.

Alberta Highway 563
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 563, commonly referred to as Highway 563, is a short highway in the province of Alberta, Canada.  It runs mostly west-east from Highway 1 exit 172 at Range Road 31 to Calgary city limits at Range Road 24 (101 Street SW). It is known as Old Banff Coach Road for its entire length, and unlike other provincial highways, has a speed limit of only 50 km/h (31 mph) outside of Calgary.
Górka Wieruszowska
Górka Wieruszowska [ˈɡurka vjɛruˈʂɔfska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieruszów, within Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Wieruszów and 104 km (65 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Wieruszów County
Wieruszów County (Polish: powiat wieruszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Wieruszów, which lies 106 kilometres (66 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 576.22 square kilometres (222.5 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 42,336, out of which the population of Wieruszów is 8,759 and the rural population is 33,577.
Bernard Prior
Bernard Prior (12 May 1934 – 17 June 2012) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s, and coached in the 1960s and 1970s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Yorkshire, and at club level for Leeds, Hunslet and Wakefield Trinity, as a hooker, and coached at club level for Bison ARLFC (Bison in Stourton, Leeds).

Stourton, Leeds
53°46′12″N 1°30′29″W﻿ / ﻿53.770°N 1.508°W﻿ / 53.770; -1.508

Stourton is a mainly industrial area of the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The area falls within the City and Hunslet ward of Leeds Metropolitan Council.
1919 legislative election
1919 legislative elections can refer to:

1919 French legislative election

1919 Georgian legislative election

1919 Luxembourgian legislative election

1919 Philippine legislative election

1919 Polish legislative election

1919 Polish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 26 January 1919, electing the first Sejm of the Second Polish Republic. The elections, based on universal suffrage and proportional representation, was the first free election in the country's history. It produced a parliament balanced between the right, left and centre, although the elections were boycotted by the Polish communists and the Jewish Bund. In the territories where the election took place, voter turnout was from 70% to 90%. Right-wing parties won 50% of votes, left-wing parties around 30%, and Jewish organisations more than 10%.
Arsawuya
Arsawuya was a 'mayor' of Ruhizzi, located east of Qidšu-(Kadesh), and farther east beyond the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, during the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. He is referenced in five letters, two letters of which he wrote to the Egyptian pharaoh, letters EA 191, and 192, (EA for 'el Amarna').

Kadesh (Syria)
Kadesh, or Qadesh, was an ancient city of the Levant on or near the headwaters or a ford of the Orontes River. It was of some importance during the Late Bronze Age and is mentioned in the Amarna letters. It was the site of the Battle of Kadesh between the Hittite and Egyptian empires in the 13th century BC.
Löbau Reichstag constituency
The Löbau Reichstag constituency was constituency No. 2 in the Kingdom of Saxony which returned a deputy to the German Reichstag. It is based upon the town of Löbau.

Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxon entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag. After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire. Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Löbau returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped.

The deputies elected for Löbau  were as follows:

Reichstag (North German Confederation)
The Reichstag (German: [ˈʁaɪçstaːk] ⓘ) of the North German Confederation was the federal state's lower house of parliament. The popularly elected Reichstag was responsible for federal legislation together with the Bundesrat, the upper house whose members were appointed by the governments of the individual states to represent their interests. Executive power lay with the Bundesrat and the king of Prussia acting as Bundespräsidium, or head of state. The Reichstag debated and approved or rejected taxes and expenditures and could propose laws in its own right. To become effective, all laws required the approval of both the Bundesrat and the Reichstag. Voting rights in Reichstag elections were advanced for the time, granting universal, equal, and secret suffrage to men above the age of 25.

When the German Empire was established in 1871, the North German Reichstag formed the basis of the new Reichstag of the German Empire.
Gardiner–Hall gang
The Gardiner–Hall Gang was an informal group of bushrangers who roamed the central west of the Colony of New South Wales, Australia in the 1860s. Named after leaders Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall, the gang was involved in numerous shootouts and robberies, including Australia's largest ever gold robbery, at Eugowra Rocks. The gang formed in 1861 and its demise came with the execution of John Dunn in 1866.

Several members of the gang, in particular Ben Hall, have become prominent figures in Australian folklore, inspiring numerous songs, films, plays and other cultural depictions.

Caloola
Caloola is a locality in the Central West region of New South Wales. There once was a small village of the same name but it is a ghost town today.  At the 2016 census, the locality had a population of 88, which fell to only 62 in 2021.
Standard Arabic phonology
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types.

Modern Standard Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes, with four "emphatic" (pharyngealized) consonants that contrast with their non-emphatic counterparts. Some of these phonemes have coalesced in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to consonants as well as vowels.

Phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either:

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages.
Callicarpa candicans
Callicarpa candicans, or the malayan lilac, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family. It is native Indochina, southern China, Malesia, New Guinea, northern Australia, and Micronesia.

Several infraspecific taxa are accepted:

Callicarpa candicans var. candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr. – southeastern China, Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea, and northern Australia

Callicarpa candicans f. glabriuscula (H.J.Lam) Fosberg – western Caroline Islands

Callicarpa candicans var. integrifolia (H.J.Lam) Fosberg – Caroline Islands

Callicarpa candicans var. paucinervia (Merr.) Fosberg – Marianas (Chamorro: hamlag)

Callicarpa candicans var. ponapensis Fosberg – Caroline Islands (Pohnpei)

Caroline Islands
The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the central and eastern parts of the group, and Palau at the extreme western end. Historically, this area was also called Nuevas Filipinas or New Philippines, because they were part of the Spanish East Indies and were governed from Manila in the Philippines.

The Carolines are scattered across a distance of approximately 3,540 kilometres (2,200 mi; 1,910 nmi), from the westernmost island, Tobi, in Palau, to the easternmost island, Kosrae, a state of the FSM.
Maskineri
Maskineri (Machinery) is the fourth studio album by Norwegian alternative rock band Kaizers Orchestra, released on 18 February 2008. Recorded and mixed during November and December 2007, the album was released on the independent label Petroleum Records in Norway on 18 February 2008 and on Sony BMG in international territories on a later date.

On 17 December 2007 the first single, "Enden av november", was released on radio, their MySpace and iTunes. The same day, the first in a series of videos documenting the making of Maskineri was uploaded to YouTube.

Sony BMG
Sony BMG Music Entertainment was an American record company owned as a 50–50 joint venture between Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann. The venture's successor, the revived Sony Music, is wholly owned by Sony, following their buyout of the remaining 50% held by Bertelsmann. BMG was instead rebuilt as BMG Rights Management on the basis of the remaining 200 artists.
Raoul Grimoin-Sanson
Raoul Grimoin-Sanson (1860–1941) was an inventor in the field of early cinema.  He was born in Elbeuf, as Raoul Grimoin; he added the surname Sanson later.  He had an early interest in stage magic as well as photography.

In the 1890s, Grimoin-Sanson began experiments in moving pictures, and desired to project films, like those from Thomas Edison's kinetoscope, on screen.  In 1896, he invented a crude camera/projector combination called the Phototachygraphe.  In 1897, he patented the Cinéorama, a panoramic film projection system involving ten synchronized projectors.  The Cinéorama was demonstrated at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, but problems with heat from the projectors caused it to be shut down.  Despite the failure of his Cinéorama company and of later film work, in the 1920s Grimoin-Sanson would attempt to claim to be one of the major pioneers of film, alongside Marey and the Lumières.

Étienne-Jules Marey
Étienne-Jules Marey (French: [etjɛn ʒyl maʁɛ]; 5 March 1830, Beaune, Côte-d'Or – 15 May 1904, Paris) was a French scientist, physiologist and chronophotographer.

His work was significant in the development of cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of laboratory photography. He is widely considered to be a pioneer of photography and an influential pioneer of the history of cinema. He was also a pioneer in establishing a variety of graphical techniques for the display and interpretation of quantitative data from physiological measurement.
Guusje
Guusje is a given name. The male variant of this name is "Guus". Notable people with the given name include:

Guusje ter Horst (born 1952), Dutch politician and psychologist

Guusje Nederhorst (1969–2004), Dutch actress and singer

Guusje Steenhuis (born 1992), Dutch judoka

Guusje van Mourik (born 1955), Dutch karateka, judoka, and boxer

Guusje van Mourik
Guusje van Mourik  (born 5 October 1955, Zeist, Netherlands)  she is a Dutch karateka, judoka and boxer. She has a 4th Dan black belt in karate, and is the winner of multiple World Karate Championships, and is in The Guinness Book of Records for winning the most karate medals. She was four times world champion, six times European champion and twenty five times national champion in this discipline in the class 60+ kilograms. Also, she was once Taiko ( Japanese ' drumming ' )  world champion and won several medals at the Dutch Judo National Championships. Guusje  first found success she achieved in 1974 by winning a silver medal in judo. In 1982 she became Dutch and world champion karate. In 1987, Gussje was given Order of Orange-Nassau. In 1989 she made her debut as a boxer. In 1992 she became head coach of the women's karate team. Since retiring from competitive karate Guus is now a dental technician.
Mas River
The Kali Mas ("Golden River" in Javanese), also known as Kali Surabaya, is a distributary of the Brantas River in East Java, flowing north-easterly towards the Madura Strait. This river also forms part of the border between the Sidoarjo and Gresik regencies of East Java, Indonesia.

Gresik Regency
Gresik Regency (older spelling: Grissee, Javanese: ꦒꦽꦱꦶꦏ꧀) is a regency within East Java Province of Indonesia. As well as a large part of the northern and western suburbs of the city of Surabaya, it includes the offshore Bawean Island, some 125 km to the north of Java and Madura. Almost a third of the Gresik Regency's area is the coastal area; the Districts in this zone are Kebomas District, (part of) Gresik District, Manyar District, Bungah District, and Ujungpangkah District.

The regency covers and an area of 1,191.26 km2, and it had a population of 1,177,042 at the 2010 Census and 1,311,215 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 1,327,497 (comprising 667,540 males and 659,957 females).  The regency's administrative centre is the town of Gresik, about 25 km to the northwest of Surabaya. Gresik Regency (excluding Bawean Island) is also part of Gerbangkertosusila, the metropolitan region of Surabaya.
1859 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1859.

Animal track
An animal track is an imprint left behind in soil, snow, or mud, or on some other ground surface, by an animal walking across it. Animal tracks are used by hunters in tracking their prey and by naturalists to identify animals living in a given area.