hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Identity (mathematics)
In mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B (which might contain some variables) produce the same value for all values of the variables within a certain domain of discourse. In other words, A = B is an identity if A and B define the same functions, and an identity is an equality between functions that are differently defined. For example,   and  are identities. Identities are sometimes indicated by the triple bar symbol ≡ instead of =, the equals sign. Formally, an identity is a universally quantified equality.

Domain of discourse
In the formal sciences, the domain of discourse or universe of discourse (borrowing from the mathematical concept of universe) is the set of entities over which certain variables of interest in some formal treatment may range.

It is also defined as the collection of objects being discussed in a specific discourse.
In model-theoretical semantics, a universe of discourse is the set of entities that a model is based on.

The domain of discourse is usually identified in the preliminaries, so that there is no need in the further treatment to specify each time the range of the relevant variables. Many logicians distinguish, sometimes only tacitly, between the domain of a science and the universe of discourse of a formalization of the science.

In mathematics, the concept is distinguished from a universe, which is some set internal to a set theory, whereas a domain of discourse is metamathematical, allowing one to speak of the universe of sets or collection of all classes in a formal way.
Hollywood to Dollywood
Hollywood to Dollywood is an American documentary film that played at 60 film festivals in the U.S., Canada, Scotland, and Australia in 2011 and 2012. Directed by John Lavin, the film follows the cross-country journey of identical twins Gary and Larry Lane to deliver to Dolly Parton a screenplay they wrote, which includes a role for her. Hollywood to Dollywood has won 24 film festival awards and includes 17 Parton songs, two of which were previously unreleased. The film had a one-week theatrical release in New York beginning August 31, 2012, followed a week later in Los Angeles.

Leslie Jordan
Leslie Allen Jordan (April 29, 1955 – October 24, 2022) was an American actor, comedian, writer, and singer. His television roles include Beverley Leslie on Will & Grace (2001–2006 and 2017–2020), several characters in the American Horror Story franchise (2013–2019), Sid on The Cool Kids (2018–2019), Phil on Call Me Kat (2021–2022), and Lonnie Garr on Hearts Afire (1993–1995). On stage, Jordan played Earl "Brother Boy" Ingram in the 1996 play Sordid Lives, later portraying the character in the 2000 film of the same name. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he became an Instagram contributor, amassing 5.8 million followers in 2020, and published his autobiography How Y'all Doing? Misadventures and Mischief from a Life Well Lived in April 2021.
Nalbantichthys
Nalbanichthys is a monospecific genus belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Its only species is Nalbanichthys elongatus which is found in the southern Bering Sea. The genus name honours the Romanian ichthyologist Theodor Nalbant who sent specimens to Leonard Peter Schultz for him to describe.

Teodor T. Nalbant
Teodor T. Nalbant (December 18, 1933 – November 12, 2011) was a Romanian ichthyologist.

Born in Constanţa, near the Black Sea, Nalbant spent some of his childhood among fishermen in the Danube Delta. After finishing high school, he studied biology, first in Cluj, and then at the University of Bucharest. While in Cluj, Nalbant befriended Petre Mihai Bănărescu, who would become a collaborator on many publications. Nalbant published over 150 papers on a variety of subjects in and related to his field. He worked at the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History and participated in numerous expeditions to regions of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Kaalicharan
Kaalicharan is a 2013 Indian Telugu-language political drama film that stars Chaitanya Krishna, Chandini Tamilarasan, and Pankaj Kesari. The film marks the Telugu debut of Tamilarasan and Kesari. The film was dubbed into Tamil as Por Kuthirai. Chaitanya Krishna won the Nandi Special Jury Award and Prawin Pudi won the Nandi Award for Best Editor.

Nandi Award for Best Editor
The Nandi Award for Best Editor is given by the Andhra Pradesh state government as part of its annual Nandi Awards for Telugu films since 1981. This is a list of the Nandi Award winners for Best Editor since 1981.
Allison Bradshaw
Allison Bradshaw (born November 14, 1980) is an American former professional tennis player. She was born in San Diego, California in the United States.

During her career she won one ITF singles title and one ITF doubles title. She made her professional debut in 1999 but also made an appearance as a wildcard in doubles at the US Open the previous year, where she lost with Abigail Spears in the first round. She reached the second round of the tournament on her professional debut in 2000. She also reached the third round in 2001 before losing to the fifth seed Kim Clijsters.

One of Bradshaw's most significant results was a second-round victory against Barbara Schett at the 2001 ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, only six months into her professional career. Schett was the second seed at the tournament and one of the highest-ranked players Bradshaw had faced.

Barbara Schett
Barbara Schett Eagle (German pronunciation: [ˈbaʁbaʁa ˈʃɛt]; born 10 March 1976) is an Austrian former professional tennis player, who reached her highest singles ranking of world No. 7 in September 1999. Between 1993 and 2004 she played in 48 matches for the Austria Fed Cup team, winning 30. She also represented Austria at the 2000 Sydney Olympics in singles and doubles, reaching the quarterfinals of the singles event. She retired after the 2005 Australian Open and now works for Eurosport as a commentator and presenter.
Port Arthur massacre (China)
The Port Arthur massacre (Chinese: 旅順大屠殺) took place during the First Sino-Japanese War from 21 November 1894 for three days, in the Chinese coastal city of Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou District of Dalian, Liaoning), when advance elements of the First Division of the Japanese Second Army under the command of General Yamaji Motoharu (1841–1897) killed somewhere between 2,600 civilians and 20,000 people including Chinese soldiers, although one eyewitness reporter estimated a total death toll of 60,000, including civilians, soldiers, and residents of the outlying rural district.

Reports of a massacre were first published by the Canadian journalist James Creelman of the New York World, whose account was widely circulated within the United States. In 1894, the State Department ordered its ambassador to Japan, Edwin Dun, to conduct an independent investigation of Creelman's reports.

Edwin Dun
Edwin Dun (June 19, 1848 – May 15, 1931) was a rancher from Ohio who was employed as an o-yatoi gaikokujin in Hokkaidō by the Hokkaidō Development Commission (Kaitakushi) and advised the Japanese government on modernizing agricultural techniques during the Meiji modernization period. He served as United States envoy to Japan from 1893 to 1897.

Dun was a native of Chillicothe, Ohio and had studied at Miami University. After he inherited his father's ranch, he raised beef cattle and race horses, and wrote a number of papers on scientific methods in ranching.
Peace Hyde
Peace Hyde is a British-Ghanaian television producer, TV host, creator, journalist, and education activist. She is the creator and executive producer of Netflix's first African reality TV series Young, Famous & African, as well as the Head of Digital Media and Partnership and West African correspondent at Forbes Africa. She is the founder of Aim Higher Africa, a non-profit focused on improving the quality of education in impoverished communities across Africa. In 2019, she was awarded the African Social Impact Award at the House of Parliament, House of Commons in the UK.

House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the upper house of parliament, which is nominally superior. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons by convention becomes the prime minister. Other parliaments have also had a lower house called the "House of Commons".
Luis López (infielder)
Luis Manuel López Santos (born September 4, 1970) is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball utility infielder. He is currently the hitting coach for the Greenville Drive, a Single-A affiliate of the Boston Red Sox.

Greenville Drive
The Greenville Drive are a Minor League Baseball team based in Greenville, South Carolina. They are the High-A affiliate of the Boston Red Sox and are a member of the South Atlantic League. They play their home games at Fluor Field at the West End, and their mascot is a frog named Reedy Rip'it.

An affiliate of the New York Mets from 1983 to 2004, the team played in Columbia, South Carolina as the Columbia Mets (1983–92) and then as the Capital City Bombers (1993–04). In the team's first season as a Red Sox affiliate, 2005, they were known as the Greenville Bombers.
Grey-tailed mountaingem
The grey-tailed mountaingem (Lampornis cinereicauda), also variously spelled gray-tailed mountaingem, grey-tailed mountain-gem, or gray-tailed mountain-gem, is a species of hummingbird in tribe Lampornithini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is endemic to Costa Rica.

Trochilinae
Trochilinae is one of the six subfamilies that make up the hummingbird family Trochilidae.

The subfamily is divided into three tribes: Lampornithini (mountain gems) containing 18 species, Mellisugini (bees) containing 37 species and Trochilini (emeralds) containing 115 species.
Tsunoshima Lighthouse
Tsunoshima Lighthouse (角島灯台, tsunoshima tōdai) is a lighthouse on the island of Tsunoshima in the city of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is notable as being one of only six lighthouses in Japan which had a first order Fresnel lens, the most powerful type of Fresnel lens.

Yamaguchi Prefecture
Yamaguchi Prefecture (山口県, Yamaguchi-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Yamaguchi Prefecture has a population of 1,377,631 (1 February 2018) and has a geographic area of 6,112 km2 (2,359 sq mi). Yamaguchi Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the north and Hiroshima Prefecture to the northeast.

Yamaguchi is the capital and Shimonoseki is the largest city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, with other major cities including Ube, Shūnan, and Iwakuni. Yamaguchi Prefecture is located at the western tip of Honshu with coastlines on the Sea of Japan and Seto Inland Sea, and separated from the island of Kyushu by the Kanmon Straits.
Don Hoi Lot
Don Hoi Lot (Thai: ดอนหอยหลอด, pronounced [dɔ̄ːn hɔ̌j lɔ̀ːt]) is a sandbar off the coast of Samut Songkhram Province at the northwestern tip of the Bay of Bangkok. The sediments of the Mae Klong River together sediments from the sea form a system of mudflats, which are populated by razor clams (Solen regularis), which also gave the site its Thai name. The site has the largest population of this species, which is endemic to the northern Gulf of Thailand. Also 18 bird and 42 invertebrate species are recorded at the mudflats and the adjoining coastal mangrove forests. The mudflat Don Nai is on the coast. Nearby, the highly revered shrine of Prince Chumphon Khet-Udomsak attracts Thai visitors.

Since 5 July 2001 the site has been registered as Ramsar site number 1099. Don Hoi Lot is named after the tubular shellfish, known as razor clams or "worm shells" in English. the area covers three kilometres in width and five kilometres long in Tambon Bang Chakreng.

Gulf of Thailand
The Gulf of Thailand, historically known as the Gulf of Siam, is a shallow inlet adjacent to the southwestern South China Sea, bounded between the southwestern shores of Mainland Southeast Asia and the northern half of the Malay Peninsula. It is around 800 km (500 mi) in length and up to 560 km (350 mi) in width, and has a surface area of 320,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi). The gulf is surrounded on the north, west and southwest by the coastlines of Thailand; on the northeast by Cambodia; and the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. It opens to the South China Sea in the southeast.
André Granet
André Granet (born Paris 6 May 1881: died 27 October 1974) was a French architect who also specialized in organizing and designing major exhibitions.   In addition he manifested a passion for aviation.

17th arrondissement of Paris
The 17th arrondissement of Paris (XVIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, it is referred to as le dix-septième (pronounced [lə di sɛtjɛm]; "the seventeenth").

The arrondissement, known as Batignolles-Monceau, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. In 2019, it had a population of 166,543. It borders the inner suburbs of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Levallois-Perret and Clichy in Hauts-de-Seine to the northwest, as well as Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine in Seine-Saint-Denis to the northeast.
Westmorland and Furness Council
Westmorland and Furness Council is the local authority for Westmorland and Furness, a local government district in the ceremonial county of Cumbria, England. It is a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council. The council has been under Liberal Democrat majority control since its creation in 2023. It has its official headquarters at the Town Hall and adjoining South Lakeland House in Kendal, with additional offices in Barrow-in-Furness and Penrith. The council is a constituent member of Cumbria Combined Authority.

Ceremonial counties of England
Ceremonial counties, formally known as counties for the purposes of the lieutenancies, are areas of England to which lord-lieutenants are appointed.  A lord-lieutenant is the monarch's representative in an area.

Shrieval counties have the same boundaries and serve a similar purpose, being the areas to which high sheriffs are appointed. High sheriffs are the monarch's judicial representative in an area.

The ceremonial counties are defined in the Lieutenancies Act 1997, and the shrieval counties in the Sheriffs Act 1887. Both are defined as groups of counties used for local government.
Tile art
Tile art is a small arrangement of tiles, or in some cases a single tile, with a painted pattern or image on top. Tile art includes other forms of tile-based art, such as mosaics, micromosaics, and stained glass.

Unlike mosaics, tile art can include larger pieces of tiles that are pre-decorated. While mosaics use pieces of tesserae or another material to construct a pattern from small components, other methods, such as engraving, carving, and molding may be used in tile art. While mosaics are considered a type of tile art, there are many other forms that are also considered tile art.

Molding (decorative)
Molding (spelled moulding and alternatively called coving in British and Australian English), is a strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration. It is traditionally made from solid milled wood or plaster, but may be of plastic or reformed wood.  In classical architecture and sculpture, the molding is often carved in marble or other stones.  In historic architecture, and some expensive modern buildings, it may be formed in place with plaster.

A "plain" molding has right-angled upper and lower edges. A "sprung" molding has upper and lower edges that bevel towards its rear,  allowing mounting between two non-parallel planes (such as a wall and a ceiling), with an open space behind. Moldings may be decorated with paterae as long, uninterrupted elements may be boring for eyes.
1930 Copa del Rey
The King Alfonso XIII's Cup 1930 was the 30th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.

The competition started on April 6, 1930, and concluded on June 1, 1930, with the final, held at the Montjuïch Stadium in Barcelona. Athletic Bilbao won their tenth title.

Real Betis
Real Betis Balompié, S.A.D., known as Real Betis (pronounced [reˈal ˈβetis]) is a Spanish professional football club based in Seville, Andalusia, Spain. It plays in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football. It currently plays home games at the 70,000-seat Estadio de La Cartuja.

Real Betis won the league title in 1935 and the Copa del Rey in 1977, 2005 and 2022. Given the club's tumultuous history and many relegations, its motto is ¡Viva el Betis manque pierda! (Long live Betis even though they lose!).
Arthur Edwin Shelton
Arthur Edwin Shelton (August 15, 1853 – February 1, 1937) was the third mayor of the town of Calgary, Alberta.

Shelton came to Calgary around 1884 running a furniture business on Stephen Avenue. He served as town councillor during the mayoral tenure of George Clift King from 1886 to 1888.  Shelton was elected mayor in the 1888 election and served from January 16, 1888, to January 21, 1889. During his term, the Langevin Bridge was completed and the city begun construction of the waterworks system.

After his mayoral term, he returned to operate his furniture business. However, his name disappears from city directories in 1890.

Shelton's name appears in various corporate and government records in Vancouver, British Columbia, between 1892 and 1936.  He died on February 1, 1937.

Stephen Avenue
Stephen Avenue is a major pedestrian mall in downtown Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The mall is the portion of 8 Avenue SW between 4 Street SW and 1 Street SE. It is open to vehicles only from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.

The street is known for some of Calgary's finest restaurants, cafés, pubs and bars. The street also provides an eclectic mix of boutiques and high-end retail.  Major shopping centres include The Core Shopping Centre (formerly Calgary Eaton Centre/TD Square), Bankers Hall, Fashion Central, Scotia Centre, and The Bay department store.

The street is also home to downtown Calgary's major convention and exhibition facility, the Calgary Telus Convention Centre, and two hotels, the Hyatt Regency Calgary, which incorporates several historic buildings into its facade, and the Calgary Marriott.
1829 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1829 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1829. Incumbent Federalist Governor Charles Polk Jr. was barred from seeking re-election to a second consecutive term. David Hazzard, the two-time Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor, ran as the National Republican, or Anti-Jacksonian, candidate as the First Party System crumbled and new political parties were formed. He was opposed by Allan Thompson, the Jacksonian candidate. Hazzard ended up winning the governorship on his third try, narrowly beating out Thompson.

Charles Polk Jr.
Charles Polk Jr. (November 15, 1788 – October 27, 1857) was an American farmer and politician from Big Stone Beach, in Milford Hundred, Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and twice as governor of Delaware.
Hikō-ki Gumo
Hikō-ki Gumo (ひこうき雲, Vapour Trail), stylized as HIKŌ-KI GUMO, is the debut studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Yumi Arai, released in November 1973. The album is most known for its title (and lead-off) track.

Masataka Matsutoya
Masataka Matsutoya (松任谷 正隆, Matsutōya Masataka; born November 19, 1951) is a Japanese arranger, composer, music producer, and motor journalist. He currently resides in Setagaya, Tokyo. He is a graduate of Keio Senior High School and Keio University (literature department). His wife is singer-songwriter, composer, and lyricist Yumi Matsutoya (née Arai). His mother, Kazuko, is the auditor of Kirarasha, the firm Masataka established after his marriage to Arai.
Auapaʻau Mulipola Aloitafua
Auapaʻau Mulipola Aloitafua is a Samoan politician who has served as the speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Samoa since 2025. He is a member of the Faʻatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi (FAST) party.

Aloitafua was educated at Avele College and worked at the Post Office and Polynesian Airlines before running a consultancy service for the Land and Titles Court. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in the 2021 Samoan general election. On 22 May 2021 he was nominated by FAST as Deputy Speaker. On 24 May he was sworn in during an ad-hoc ceremony after being locked out of Parliament. The appointment was disputed by the caretaker government. On 23 July 2021 the Court of Appeal ruled that the swearing-in ceremony was constitutional and binding, and that FAST had been the government since 24 May.

He was re-elected at the 2025 Samoan general election. Aloitafua became speaker of the Legislative Assembly on 16 September.

Samoa Airways
Samoa Airways, formerly Polynesian Airlines, is the flag carrier of Samoa.

The airline was founded in 1959 as "Polynesian Airlines", providing domestic and international flights throughout the South Pacific. International operations were temporarily halted in 2005 and taken over by the new airline Polynesian Blue (later Virgin Samoa), before resuming international flights under the new name of "Samoa Airways" in late 2017.

Samoa Airways is wholly owned by the government of Samoa and is based in the capital city of Apia, with its headquarters located in the Samoa Methodist Church Building on Beach Road and its primary hub at Faleolo International Airport. The airline presently operates short-haul flights within Samoa and American Samoa, however it no longer serves long-haul flights to Australia and New Zealand after the company ceased jet operations in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Geist (liquor)
Geist (German for 'spirit', pl. "Geister") is a distilled beverage obtained by maceration of unfermented fruit or other raw materials in neutral spirits, followed by distillation. This differs from fruit brandy, where the alcohol comes from fermenting the fruit's naturally occurring sugars. As such, geist can be made from a much wider range of materials, as it is not limited to fruits with sufficient fermentable sugars.

Geist can be produced from a single material (like Himbeergeist) or a combination of multiple ingredients.

Akvavit, most gins and white absinthes legally meet the description to be considered a geist, although they have more specific legal definitions.

Sambucus nigra
Sambucus nigra is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Viburnaceae native to most of Europe. Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder,  European elderberry, and European black elderberry. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. The plant is widely grown as an  ornamental shrub or small tree.

Both the flowers and the berries have a long tradition of culinary use, primarily for cordial and wine. Although the plant is commonly used in dietary supplements and traditional medicine, there is no  scientific evidence that it provides any significant health benefit.
Hemanta Vincent Biswas
Hemanta Vincent Biswas (Bengali: হেমন্ত ভিনসেন্ট বিশ্বাস; born 13 December 1995) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bangladesh Premier League club Bangladesh Police FC and the Bangladesh national team.

In 2013, he trialed for the Dutch club FC Twente, becoming the first Bangladeshi footballer to get a trial at a top European club.

Bangladesh Police FC
Bangladesh Police Football Club (also known as Bangladesh Police Athletic Club) is a professional football club based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The club was founded by Bangladesh Police and formerly East Pakistan Police. They previously played in the First Division Football League in 1998 – then the second tier league. Police FC became champions of the Second Division in 2013–14. The club gained promotion to the Bangladesh Football League for the first time by becoming champions of the 2018-19 Bangladesh Championship League.