hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Immigration reform in the United States
Reforming the immigration policy of the United States is a subject of political discourse and contention. Immigration has played an essential part in American history, as everyone except for the Native Americans and descendants of enslaved Africans, in the United States is descended from people who migrated to the United States. Some claim that the United States maintains the world's most liberal immigration policy.

Illegal immigration is extremely controversial in the United States, receiving much attention in recent decades yet yielding little legislative consensus or action. Since the failure of the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013, no significant immigration reform legislation has been enacted. As of 2022, the DACA program is prohibited from adding new beneficiaries but has not been ended or struck down due to the Supreme Court's 2020 decision in Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California.

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA or the Simpson–Mazzoli Act) was passed by the 99th United States Congress and signed into law by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986.

The Immigration Reform and Control Act legalized most undocumented immigrants who had arrived in the country prior to January 1, 1982. The act altered U.S. immigration law by making it illegal to knowingly hire illegal immigrants, and establishing financial and other penalties for companies that employed illegal immigrants.

Nearly three million people applied for legalization under the IRCA. Through the update in the registry date along with the LAW and SAW programs enacted by IRCA, approximately 2.7 million people were ultimately approved for permanent residence.
Swamps of American Samoa
This is a list of swamps in American Samoa, categorized by island.

There are four marshes on the island of Tutuila:

Faimulivai Marsh: This freshwater marsh in Aunu'u Crater is the largest such wetland in American Samoa.  It was formed from drainage of the low-lying crater.  It is part of a protected National Natural Landmark on Aunu'u which was designated in 1972.  The Pacific black duck was seen in the marsh in 1976, but it may now be extinct in the region; another significant local bird is the purple swamphen.  This marsh is the only place in American Samoa that has Chinese water chestnut.

Lalopapa Marsh

Palapalaloa Marsh

Taufusi Marsh

There are two marshes on the island of Manua:

Ta`ü Marsh

Vaoto Marsh: This feature on Ofu was likely not significantly affected by construction of a nearby airport.

Aunuʻu, American Samoa
Aunuʻu is a small volcanic island off the southeastern shore of Tutuila in Saʻole County, American Samoa. It has a land area of 374.83 acres (0.59 sq mi; 1.52 km2), and a 2010 census population of 436 persons. Politically, it is a part of the Eastern District, one of the two primary political divisions of American Samoa.: 424

The island of Aunu’u is home to three villages: Le’auuliuli, Saluavatia, and Alofasau. Politically, the island is divided into two sections, Saole and Saleaaumua. The entirety of Saluavatia and half of Le’auuliuli are part of Saole, while the remaining half of Le’auuliuli, along with Alofasau, constitute Saleaaumua. The names of the villages are derived from the Samoan language. Le’auuliuli translates to "the black stalk," whereas Saluavatia means "a second Vatia."

Since the 1960s, the Aunuʻu people's main economic activity has been growing taro and producing faausi.
Force (song)
"Force" is a song by Japanese rock unit Superfly. It is a song from the album of the same name, serving as its title track. It is being released as a re-cut single on October 31, 2012. The song, on its own, is used as the theme song for the TV Asahi drama Doctor X, and as a radio single reached 46 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.

Billboard Japan Hot 100
The Billboard Japan Hot 100 is a record chart in Japan for songs. It has been compiled by Billboard Japan and Hanshin Contents Link since February 2008. The chart is updated every Wednesday at Billboard-japan.com (JST) and every Thursday at Billboard.com (UTC).

The first number-one song on the chart was "Stay Gold" by Hikaru Utada on the issue dated January 16, 2008. The first number-one song on the chart by a non-Japanese artist was "Bleeding Love" by Leona Lewis in the issue dated April 30, 2008. The current number-one on the chart as of the issue dated February 25, 2026, is "Bakuretsu Aishiteru" by M!lk.
In Old Monterey
In Old Monterey is a 1939 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, and June Storey. Based on a story by Gerald Geraghty and George Sherman, the film is about an army sergeant and former rancher who runs into opposition from local ranchers when the United States Army sends him to purchase their ranch land needed for a strategic air base.

George "Gabby" Hayes
George Francis "Gabby" Hayes (May 7, 1885 – February 9, 1969) was an American actor. He began as something of a leading man and a character player, but he was best known for his numerous appearances in B-Western film series as the bewhiskered, cantankerous, but ever-loyal and brave comic sidekick of the cowboy stars William Boyd, Roy Rogers and John Wayne.
Peter Stuckey
Peter Stuckey (born 18 March 1940) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Dorset. He was born in Bournemouth, Hampshire, which is now in Dorset.

Having made his Minor Counties Championship debut four years previously, Stuckey made a single List A appearance for the team, against Bedfordshire in the 1968 Gillette Cup. From the bottom of the order, Stuckey picked up six runs, and took figures of 0-11 with the ball.

Bedfordshire County Cricket Club
Bedfordshire County Cricket Club is one of 20 Minor County clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Bedfordshire.

The team is currently a member of the Minor Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Bedfordshire played List A matches occasionally from 1967 until 2005 but is not classified as a List A team.
John Dark
John Dark (7 April 1927 – 29 June 2015) was a British film and television producer.

Dark produced Half a Sixpence in 1967 and a series of Edgar Rice Burroughs films, including The Land That Time Forgot and At the Earth's Core, in the 1970s.

Earlier work included associate producer on the Charles K. Feldman spoofs What's New Pussycat? and Casino Royale.

Dark was also executive producer of the film adaptation of the Willy Russell play Shirley Valentine and of the ill-fated BBC soap opera set in Spain, Eldorado.

What's New Pussycat?
What's New Pussycat? is a 1965 screwball comedy film directed by Clive Donner, written by Woody Allen in his first produced screenplay, and starring Allen in his acting debut, along with Peter Sellers, Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Capucine, Paula Prentiss, and Ursula Andress.

The Academy Award-nominated title song by Burt Bacharach (music) and Hal David (lyrics) is sung by Tom Jones. The film poster was painted by Frank Frazetta, and the animated title sequence was directed by Richard Williams.

The expression "what's new pussycat?" arose from Charles K. Feldman, the producer, overhearing Warren Beatty, who was original choice for the lead role, answering the phone to a girlfriend and saying "what's up pussycat". In the film, Michael (O'Toole) calls all women "Pussycat" to avoid having to remember their names.
Jogbudha Valley
The Jogbuda Valley (जोगबुढा उपत्यका) is a small valley in the south of the Dadeldhura district, Mahakali zone in Nepal's far western region. Streams empty into the Mahakali or Sarda River which rises in the high Himalaya and defines most of Nepal's western border with Uttarakhand, India.
Imagery of Jogbuda valley (J):
terrain
satellite
Located in the Outer Terai south of this valley is the Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, home of the largest herd of swamp deer in the world. In 1984 UNESCO listed it as a World Heritage Site.

Sharda River
The Sharda River is the downstream of Kāli River (or Mahakali River) that originates in the northern Uttarakhand state of India in the Great Himalayas on the eastern slopes of Nanda Devi massif, at an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) in the Pithoragarh district. It then flows on the Nepal and India border. Descending, it enters the Indo-Gangetic Plain at Brahmadev Mandi in Nepal, where it expands above the Sharda Barrage. From that point onward, it is known as the Sharda River. The river proceeds southeastward into India through northern Uttar Pradesh before merging with the Ghaghara River southwest of Bahraich, covering a distance of approximately 300 miles (480 km).

It offers potential for hydroelectric power generation. The river is also proposed as source for one of the many projects in the Himalayan component of the Indian Rivers Inter-link project.
Cabinet of Milan Piroćanac
The Cabinet of Milan Piroćanac was sworn in on November 2, 1880. It was marked by several important events in the history of Modern Serbia. In 1881, this Government decided to build a railroad through Serbia, in order to link Serbia with both Central Europe and Ottoman Turkey. The best financial terms were offered by a French company Union générale; however, it seemed that this company got a hold of this job by bribing senior officials. Also, this Cabinet saw a signing of the Secret Convention between Serbia and Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1881, that basically put Serbian foreign policy under Vienna's tutelage. On March 6, 1882, the Principality of Serbia was raised to the rank of Kingdom, with Prince Milan becoming King Milan I of Serbia. In 1883, this cabinet also witnessed the Timok Rebellion in Zaječar District, when the representatives of People's Radical Party rose up against this government.

Zaječar District
The Zaječar District (Serbian: Зајечарски округ, romanized: Zaječarski okrug, pronounced [zâjɛtʃarskiː ôkruːɡ]) is one of administrative districts of Serbia. It lies in the eastern part of the country. According to the 2022 census, it has a population of 96,715 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Zaječar District is the city of Zaječar.
Elodie Menou
Elodie Menou (born 9 March 1971), also known as Elodie Mevel, is a French Polynesian long-distance runner who has represented French Polynesia at the Pacific Games and Pacific Mini Games. She is the mother of runner Loïc Mevel.

Menou was born in Paris, and moved to French Polynesia in the 2000s. She works as a freelance translator.

She won the 10,000 metres at the Polynesian Championships in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 she won the half-marathon.

At the 2013 Oceania Athletics Championships in Papeete she won gold in the 10,000 metres and set a new championship record. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games in Mata Utu she won bronze in the half-marathon. At the 2015 Pacific Games in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, she won bronze in the 10,000 metres after Papua New Guinea's Marie Kua was disqualified.

2013 Oceania Athletics Championships
The 2013 Oceania Athletics Championships were held at the Stade Pater Te Hono Nui in Papeete, French Polynesia, between June 3–5, 2013.  The event was held jointly with the 2013 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships, and there were also exhibition events for masters, athletes with a disability and children.  Detailed reports on a day by day basis were given.

The event was overshadowed by the death of New Zealand racewalker Lesley Cantwell.  She collapsed while waiting for the medal ceremony after winning the gold medal in the 5000 metres race walk event, and was taken to Papeete Hospital on life support. However, she died a few days later.

In the open division, a total of 44 events were contested, 21 by men and 22 by women, as well as 1 mixed medley relay.
Ratemo Michieka
Ratemo Michieka is a former director-general of the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) in Kenya; he is also the founding Vice-Chancellor of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology.

For a long time, Michieka worked in education and agricultural policy in Eastern Africa. He earned a doctorate in weed science from Rutgers University. He returned to his native Kenya, where he taught and later became chairman of the Department of Crop Science at the University of Naairobi. In 1994, he was named vice chancellor of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Juja, Kenya, a post equivalent to a U.S. university president. He held the post until he was appointed Director General of the National Environmental Management Authority.

National Environment Management Authority of Kenya
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the Kenyan government agency responsible for the management of the environment and environmental policy. It is a Semi-Autonomous Government Agency (SAGA) within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The Authority works closely with international organizations such as UNEP, UNDP, and DANIDA. Since its establishment, NEMA has implemented three strategic plans to improve the environmental landscape of Kenya.
Nerchinsky Zavod
Nerchinsky Zavod (Russian: Не́рчинский Заво́д) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Nerchinsko-Zavodsky District of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, located near the Sino-Russian border. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 2,842.

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. Its administrative center is Chita. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,107,107.

The krai was created on 1 March 2008, as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug after a referendum held on the issue on 11 March 2007. In 2018, the krai became part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
Michael Cores
Michael Cores (1885 – June 12, 1934) was a violist.

Born in Kyiv when it was part of the Russian Empire, Cores earned a Doctor of Natural Science degree from Kyiv University and a doctorate from the University of Moscow. He worked as a lawyer before moving to the United States in 1923.

Cores studied music at the Moscow Imperial Conservatory under Jan Hřímalý. He played in the New York Philharmonic under Willem Mengelberg, the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini, and the Stringwood Ensemble, a chamber music ensemble.

Cores was the brother of violinist Alexander Cores and the father of novelist Lucy Cores.

Willem Mengelberg
Joseph Wilhelm Mengelberg (28 March 1871 – 21 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor, famous for his performances of Beethoven, Brahms, Mahler and Strauss with the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest symphonic conductors of the 20th century.
Thom Dunning Jr.
Thom H. Dunning Jr. is an American chemist who is currently Distinguished Professor Emeritus at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and an Affiliate Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Washington. He earned his B.S. in chemistry with minors in physics and mathematics from the University of Missouri Rolla and his Ph.D. in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology.

In 1996, he was awarded the E.O. Lawrence Award in Chemistry by the U.S Department of Energy for his, "For his seminal contributions to the development of methods and techniques for electronic structure calculations on molecules; for applications to fundamental chemical problems in laser development, combustion chemistry, and environmental chemistry; and for his leadership in the use of high-performance computing for solving the most challenging chemical problems."

Missouri University of Science and Technology
The Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T or S&T) is a public research university in Rolla, Missouri, United States. It is a member institution of the University of Missouri System. Most of its 6,456 students (2023) study engineering, business, sciences, and mathematics. Known primarily for its engineering school, Missouri S&T offers degree programs in business and management systems, information science and technology, sciences, social sciences, humanities, and arts. It is classified as a "STEM-dominant", R1 university with "very high research spending and doctorate production".
Alf Hildrum
Alf Ivar Hildrum (born 18 April 1948) is a Norwegian media executive and politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Overhalla Municipality. A siv.øk. by education, he worked as an information secretary in the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Shipping from 1977 to 1978. He was then promoted to private secretary (today known as political advisor) in the same ministry, succeeding Tove Strand Gerhardsen. He was a journalist in Arbeidernes Pressekontor from 1979 to 1981, editor-in-chief of Bergens Arbeiderblad from 1981 to 1984, subeditor in Arbeidernes Pressekontor from 1984 to 1988, chief executive officer of A-pressen from 1988 to 2007 and then chief executive officer of TV 2.

Media proprietor
A media proprietor, also called a media executive, media mogul, media tycoon, or press baron is an entrepreneur who controls any means of public or commercial mass media, through the personal ownership or holding of a dominant position within a media conglomerate or enterprise. Those with significant control of a large media-based forum may also be called a business magnate. Since the advent of social media, influencers and entertainers who have garnered large followings on platforms have also been considered media proprietors.
Lola T270
The Lola T270 is an open-wheel racing car chassis, designed, developed and built by Lola Cars, that competed in the CART open-wheel racing series, for competition in the 1972 and 1973 USAC Championship Car seasons. It didn't win any races, with its best race result being a 2nd-place finish; being driven by Wally Dallenbach at Michigan in 1972. Its best Indianapolis 500 result was a 4th-place finish; being driven by Sam Sessions, in the 1972 race. It was powered by three different engines; including Ford and Foyt-badged Ford V8 turbocharged engines, or an Offenhauser four-cylinder turbo engine.

Wally Dallenbach Sr.
Wallace Jacob Dallenbach (December 12, 1936 – April 29, 2024) was an American racing driver and official. He competed primarily in United States Auto Club (USAC) sanctioned Championship cars, and was the winner of the 1973 California 500. After retiring from driving, he served for more than 20 years as Chief Steward of Competition for Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART).

Dallenbach was the father of NASCAR driver and commentator, Wallace Paul Dallenbach. After the younger Dallenbach began a professional racing career during the middle 1980s, the elder Dallenbach came to be known by the retronym Dallenbach Sr.
Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus
Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus (1 November 1927 – 10 July 2010) was an Irish environmentalist, barrister and politician who drew attention to his campaign issues by changing his name. He was often known as "Dublin Bay Loftus". He was a member of Dublin City Council for 25 years, an alderman for much of that time, and a member of the council's Planning and Development Committee. Loftus is often credited as being one of the first advocates for environmentalism in Irish politics, with former Green Party leader John Gormley stating that Loftus "led the way even before the Green Party came into existence. Sean never wavered in his pursuit of the highest environmental ideals". Besides his environmentalist views, Loftus subscribed to the label of Christian Democrat and was socially conservative, opposing moves by Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald to liberalise Irish laws around divorce, contraceptives, and abortion.

Dublin City Council
Dublin City Council (Irish: Comhairle Cathrach Bhaile Átha Cliath) is the local authority of the city of Dublin in Ireland. As a city council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. Until 2001, the authority was known as Dublin Corporation. The council is responsible for public housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture and environment. The council has 63 elected members and is the largest local council in Ireland. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the honorific title of Lord Mayor. The city administration is headed by a chief executive, Richard Shakespeare. The council meets at City Hall, Dublin.
Disaster Zone: Volcano in New York
Disaster Zone: Volcano in New York is a 2006 American television disaster film directed by Robert Lee.  It stars Costas Mandylor, Alexandra Paul, and Michael Ironside. It was produced by Front Street Pictures and Lava Lane Productions and was distributed by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment.

Echo Bridge Home Entertainment
Echo Bridge Entertainment was an American independent distribution company. It acquired and distributed feature films, scripted and non-scripted series, documentaries, and children's programming for home video, digital and television in the United States and throughout the world. Since its acquisition of Alliance Atlantis International Distribution and recent distribution partnerships with Miramax and ABC Disney/Buena Vista, Echo Bridge Entertainment had a combined portfolio of over 11,000 titles, including Degrassi: The Next Generation (a co-production with DHX Media's Epitome Pictures), until DHX Media acquired the family library in November 2014.
Verrett River
The Verrett River is a tributary to the Iskut River and the Stikine River in British Columbia, Canada. It begins in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Alaskan border and flows south until it meets the Iskut River, immediately east of Mount Verrett. It is remote, short, and hardly documented, and is found in an isolated part of the Cassiar Land District, east of Stikine.

Stikine, British Columbia
Stikine, also known formerly as Boundary, is an unincorporated locality and former customs post on the Stikine River, located on the Canadian side of the British Columbia-Alaska boundary on the Stikine River's west (right) bank.  The customs post was seasonal and operated in the summer months only.  The name Boundary was in use from 1930 to 1964, with designation "Customs Post" changed in 1955 to "locality".
HMAS Toowoomba
Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy have been named HMAS Toowoomba, after the city of Toowoomba, Queensland.

HMAS Toowoomba (J157), a Bathurst-class corvette active between 1941 and 1946, before transferring to other navies

HMAS Toowoomba (FFH 156), an Anzac-class frigate  that entered service in 2005

HMAS Toowoomba (J157)
HMAS Toowoomba (J157/B251/A125), named for the city of Toowoomba, Queensland was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II and one of 20 built on Admiralty order but manned by personnel of and later commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). The ship later served in the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNN) as HNLMS Boeroe.