hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Passive-Aggressive Notes
Passive-Aggressive Notes was a website that documented "painfully polite and hilariously hostile notes from shared spaces the world over"; most of these spaces were shared apartments, offices, or stores.

Passive-Aggressive Notes was similar to other projects like Found Magazine and PostSecret that also collected handwritten notes, and shared a similar "blog" format (where readers sent in their own entries to the site) as the humor sites Photoshop Disasters, Not Always Right, Overheard in the ER,  and Things My Mother Said.

Politeness
Politeness is the practical application of good manners or etiquette so as not to offend others and to put them at ease. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context.

While the goal of politeness is to refrain from behaving in an offensive way so as not to offend others, and to make all people feel relaxed and comfortable with one another, these culturally defined standards at times may be broken within the context of personal boundaries – this is known as positive politeness.
Dallam County, Texas
Dallam County is the north-westernmost county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 Census, its population was 7,115. Its county seat is Dalhart. The county was founded in 1876 and later organized in 1891. It is named for James Wilmer Dallam, a lawyer and newspaper publisher.

Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. The phenomenon was caused by a combination of natural factors (severe drought) and human-made factors: a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion, most notably the destruction of the natural topsoil by settlers in the region. The drought came in three waves: 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the High Plains experienced drought conditions for as long as eight years. It exacerbated an already existing agricultural recession.

The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works, including John Steinbeck's 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath; the Dust Bowl Ballads of Woody Guthrie; and Dorothea Lange's photographs depicting the conditions of migrants, particularly Migrant Mother, taken in 1936.
Vanguard TV-5
Vanguard TV-5, also called  Vanguard Test Vehicle-Five, was a failed flight of the American Vanguard rocket following the successful launch of Vanguard 1 on Vanguard TV-4. Vanguard TV-5 launched on 29 April 1958 at 02:53:00 GMT, from Launch Complex 18A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The rocket was unsuccessful in its attempt to place an unnamed satellite into orbit.

Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 18
Launch Complex 18 (LC-18) is a launch complex at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida that was active during the late 1950s and early 1960s. It was used by Viking, Vanguard, Thor and Scout rockets. The complex consists of two launch pads, LC-18A, which was originally built by the United States Navy for the Vanguard rocket, and LC-18B, which was originally by the United States Air Force used for tests of the PGM-17 Thor missile.
Democratic Party of Turks of Macedonia
The Democratic Party of Turks of Macedonia (Macedonian: Демократска партија на Турците на Македонија, Demokratska partija na Turcite na Makedonija; Turkish: Makedonya Türk Demokratik Partisi) is a political party of the Turkish minority in North Macedonia. 
In the 2002 parliamentary elections, the party joined the SDSM-led coalition and won 2 seats. In the 2006 parliamentary elections, it joined the SDSM-led coalition and won 2 parliamentary seats.
The Party was a part of the VMRO-DPMNE coalition for 8 years from 2008 to 2016. The Party has one member, Yusuf Hasani, in the Macedonian parliament. The party did participate in a coalition with SDSM-Besa in the 2020 parliamentary elections. The party did participate in a coalition with European Front-Democratic Union for Integration in the 2024 parliamentary elections.

Democratic Union for Integration
The Democratic Union for Integration (Macedonian: Демократска унија за интеграција, romanized: Demokratska unija za integracija, Albanian: Bashkimi Demokratik për Integrim) is the largest ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia and the third largest political party in the country. It was formed immediately after the country's 2001 armed conflict between the National Liberation Army and Macedonian security forces. NLA founder Ali Ahmeti has been the party's president ever since.
Hacımimi
Hacımimi is a neighborhood (mahalle) in the Beyoğlu District of Istanbul, Turkey. Its population is 1230, and its surface area is 9.2 hectares. The neighborhood is located on a slope descending toward the Bosporus, with streets arranged more or less in a grid. The neighborhood contains many historic structures.

The neighborhood is bordered on the north by the Şahkulu and Tomtom neighborhoods, on the east by the Firuzağa neighborhood, on the south by the Kemankeş Karamustafa Paşa neighborhood, and on the west by the Müeyyedzade neighborhood. The neighborhood lies within the larger quarter (semt) of Tophane.

Mahallah
A mahalla (Arabic: مَحَلَّة, romanized: maḥalla, also transliterated as mahallah, etc.) is an Arabic word that comes from the root ḥ-l-l (ح ل ل), and originally denoted a place where one makes a halt. It has been variously translated as district, quarter, ward, or neighborhood in many parts of the Arab world, the Balkans, West and Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and nearby nations. In the Maghreb, it referred to a military formation or campaign for tax collection in the service of the sultan and his makhzen.
RK Baldone
RK Baldone was a Latvian rugby club based in Baldone. It was founded in 2004.

In May 2014 the club's A team was suspended from the Latvian Rugby Championship after failing to arrive for two consecutive games. Meanwhile, the manager of the club, Kārlis Dilbo, had informed press about the dissolution of the main adult team of the club.

Baldone
Baldone (pronunciationⓘ; German: Baldohn) is a town in Ķekava Municipality, in the Semigallia region of Latvia. The town is famous for its sulfur water springs and was a spa resort. It is connected to the capital Riga by the P91 and P89 roads and the Ķekaviņa river flows through the town.

The town serves as the extra-territorial seat of Baldone Parish, which surrounds the town entirely.
Greeley County, Nebraska
Greeley County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 2,188. Its county seat is Greeley Center, also known simply as Greeley.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Greeley County is represented by the prefix 62 (it had the 62nd-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922).

Vehicle registration plates of Nebraska
The U.S. state of Nebraska first required its residents to register their motor vehicles in 1905. Registrants provided their own license plates for display until 1915, when the state began to issue plates.

As of 2024, plates are issued by the Nebraska Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Front and rear plates are required for most classes of vehicles, while only rear plates are required for motorcycles and trailers. A bill was passed by legislators in April 2025 to change the law of just issuing rear license plates. That law change is set to go into effect in 2029 when a new design print license plates will be released. All state-issued plates were made of steel until 1947 when aluminum plates were introduced.
Particle acceleration
In acoustics, particle acceleration is the acceleration (rate of change in speed and direction) of particles in a sound transmission medium. When sound passes through a medium it causes particle displacement and as such causes changes in their acceleration.

The acceleration of the air particles of a plane sound wave is given by:

Plane wave
In physics, a plane wave is a special case of a wave or field: a physical quantity whose value, at any given moment, is constant through any plane that is perpendicular to a fixed direction in space.

For any position  in space and any time , the value of such a field can be written as

where  is a unit-length vector, and  is a function that gives the field's value as dependent on only two real parameters: the time , and the scalar-valued displacement  of the point  along the direction . The displacement is constant over each plane perpendicular to .

The values of the field  may be scalars, vectors, or any other physical or mathematical quantity.  They can be complex numbers, as in a complex exponential plane wave.

When the values of  are vectors, the wave is said to be a longitudinal wave if the vectors are always  collinear with the vector , and a transverse wave if they are always orthogonal (perpendicular) to it.
Tara Hurley
Tara Hurley (born August 6, 1976) is an American director of the 2009 documentary Happy Endings?.

Hurley was born in Providence, Rhode Island and grew up in the Riverside section of East Providence. She graduated from Providence College in 1998, where she received a bachelor's degree in Humanities. She studied abroad in Salamanca, Spain her junior year.

Providence College
Providence College is a private Catholic university in Providence, Rhode Island. Founded in 1917 by the Dominican Order and the Diocese of Providence, it offers 47 undergraduate majors and 17 graduate programs.

The college requires all of its undergraduate students to complete 16 credits in the Development of Western Civilization, a major part of the college's core curriculum. In the spring of 2021, it enrolled 4,128 undergraduate students and 688 graduate students for a total enrollment of 4,816 students. In athletics, Providence College competes in NCAA Division I, and is a founding member of the original Big East Conference and Hockey East. It was part of the original six other basketball-centric Catholic colleges which broke off from the original Big East (today's American Athletic Conference) to form the current Big East at the start of the 2013–14 academic year.
El Rey Inn
The El Rey Court (formerly known as the El Rey Inn) is located at 1862 Cerrillos Road in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States.  This campus spans 5 acres and is located near what used to be Route 66. The property includes traditional adobe style buildings surrounded by gardens.

Mudbrick
A mudbrick (or mud-brick), also called an unfired brick, is an air-dried brick composed of a mixture of mud (containing loam, clay, sand, and water) with a binding material, such as rice husks or straw. Mudbricks are known to have been used since 9000 BCE.

From around 5000–4000 BCE, mudbricks evolved into fired bricks to increase strength and durability. Nevertheless, in some warm regions with very little timber available to fuel a kiln, mudbricks continued to be in use. Mudbricks remain the modern standard of vernacular architecture in some warmer regions, mainly in parts of Africa and western Asia. In the 20th century, the compressed earth block was developed using high pressure as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative to obtain non-fired bricks with more strength than the simpler air-dried mudbricks.
SX Arietis variable
SX Arietis variables are a class of variable stars. They are generally B-type main sequence stars of spectral types B0p to B9p— high-temperature analogues of Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables—and exhibit strong magnetic fields and intense He I and Si III spectral lines. They have brightness fluctuations of approximately 0.1 magnitudes with periods of about one day. The prototype of this class is 56 Arietis, which bears the variable star designation SX Arietis.

B-type main-sequence star
A B-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type B. The spectral luminosity class is given as V. These stars have from 2 to 18 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 10,000 and 30,000 K.

B-type stars are luminous and blue-white. Their spectra have strong neutral helium absorption lines, which are most prominent at the B2 subclass, and moderately strong hydrogen lines. Examples include Regulus, Algol A and Acrux.
Manor, India
Manor is a census town in Palghar district (formerly a part of the Thane district) in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

It is located 139 kms north of Mumbai on the Mumbai-Ahmedabad National Highway (NH8) and also connects with Nashik via the Manor-Wada Road.

National Highway 8 (India, old numbering)
National Highway 8 (NH 8) is a 4-lane (6-lane in most parts) National Highway in India. According to estimates, it is the busiest highway in the subcontinent, as it connects the national capital Delhi to the financial capital Mumbai, as well as important cities Gurgaon, Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Nadiad, Anand, Vadodara, Surat, The total length is 1428km. Under the new numbering it has become part of the NH48.

The highway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project undertaken by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and was the first section to be completed. The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway, Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway, and Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway are part of NH 8. Before entering downtown Mumbai, NH 8 passes through nearly all the suburbs on the western line of Mumbai Suburban Railway, where it is popularly known as Western Express Highway.
St. Adalbert Polish Catholic Church
St. Adalbert Polish Catholic Church is a historic church at 1511 Valley Street in Dayton, Ohio.

On Sunday, April 30, 1905,St. Adalbert Church was dedicated by Archbishop Henry K. Moeller of Cincinnati.

In 1954, parishioners build a new rectory and grotto shrine at the church.

In 1961, preparations began for the building of a new St. Adalbert's church.  On Holy Thursday, March 23, 1967, the first mass was held at the new church. It was dedicated on the Feast of St. Adalbert, April 23, 1967.

In 2016, the old church building was sold by the Archdiocese of Cincinnati and converted into a madrasah for the neighboring Diyanet mosque

Archdiocese of Cincinnati
The Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Latin: Archidiœcesis Cincinnatensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the State of Ohio. The archbishop is Robert Casey. The mother church is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter in Chains in Cincinnati.
Holly Humphrey
Holly J. Humphrey (November 28, 1956 – April 17, 2025) was an American pulmonologist and academic who was the president of the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation and the Ralph W. Gerard Emeritus Professor in Medicine at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine.

Pritzker School of Medicine
The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine is the M.D.-granting unit within the Biological Sciences Division of the University of Chicago. It is located on the university's main campus in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago and matriculated its first class in 1927. It offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, joint degree programs, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education.  Its primary teaching hospital is the University of Chicago Medical Center.
Steve DeVries
Steve DeVries (born December 8, 1964) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.

DeVries enjoyed most of his tennis success while playing doubles.  During his career he won 4 doubles titles and finished runner-up an additional 5 times.  He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of world no. 18 in 1993.  During his tour days DeVries lived in San Mateo, California. Steve is currently the Head Tennis Professional at Green Valley Country Club in Fairfield, California.

San Mateo, California
San Mateo is the most populous city in San Mateo County, California, United States, on the San Francisco Peninsula. It is part of the San Francisco Bay Area metropolitan region, and is located about 20 miles (32 km) south of San Francisco. San Mateo borders Burlingame to the north, Hillsborough to the west, San Francisco Bay and Foster City to the east and Belmont to the south. The population was 105,661 at the 2020 census.  Some of the biggest economic drivers for the city include technology, health care and education.
Amour Fou (2014 film)
Amour Fou ("mad love") is a 2014 Austrian film directed by Jessica Hausner, starring Christian Friedel and Birte Schnöink. The story is set in Berlin in 1810 and 1811, and follows the German writer Heinrich von Kleist and his lover Henriette Vogel in the final stages of their lives. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.

Marie von Kleist
Marie von Kleist (1761–1831) was a German courtier. She served as lady-in-waiting to Queen Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz the Queen of Prussia. She was the close confidante and favorite of the queen, and is also known as the benefactor of her cousin Heinrich von Kleist.
UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group E
Group E of UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying was one of the ten groups to decide which teams would qualify for the UEFA Euro 2024 final tournament in Germany. Group E consisted of five teams: Albania, the Czech Republic, Faroe Islands, Moldova and Poland. The teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format.

The top two teams, Albania and the Czech Republic, qualified directly for the final tournament. The participants of the qualifying play-offs were decided based on their performance in the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League.

Faroe Islands national football team
The Faroe Islands national football team (Faroese: Føroyska fótbóltsmanslandsliðið) represents the Faroe Islands in men's international football, and is governed by the Faroe Islands Football Association (FSF). The FSF became a member of FIFA in 1988 and UEFA in 1990 and represents the fourth-smallest UEFA country by population.

The team has never advanced to the finals of the FIFA World Cup or UEFA European Championship. They took part in the Island Games in 1989 and 1991 and won both tournaments. The team also took part in the Nordic Football Championship for the first time in 2000–01, the last time the competition was played. In 2024, they made their debut in the Baltic Cup as a guest entrant and placed fourth. In the Faroe Islands, the team is known as the landsliðið. Home matches are played at Tórsvøllur.
New York Latino English
American English as primarily spoken by Hispanic and Latino Americans on the East Coast of the United States demonstrates considerable influence from New York City English and African-American Vernacular English, with certain additional features borrowed from the Spanish language. Though not currently confirmed to be a single stabilized dialect, this variety has received some attention in the academic literature, being recently labelled New York Latino English, referring to its city of twentieth-century origin, or, more inclusively, East Coast Latino English. In the 1970s scholarship, the variety was more narrowly called (New York) Puerto Rican English or Nuyorican English.

Dental consonant
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as  /θ/, /ð/. In some languages, dentals are distinguished from other groups, such as alveolar consonants, in which the tongue contacts the gum ridge. Dental consonants share acoustic similarity and in the Latin script are generally written with consistent symbols (e.g. t, d, n).

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for dental consonant is U+032A ◌̪ COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW. When there is no room under the letter, it may be placed above, using the character U+0346 ◌͆ COMBINING BRIDGE ABOVE, such as in /p͆/. However, this has a different meaning in the Extensions to the IPA.
Alice Head
Alice Maud Head (3 May 1886 – 25 July 1981) was an English journalist and businesswoman. She was said to be the highest paid woman when she was editing Good Housekeeping and being William Randolph Hearst's European head.

Country Life (magazine)
Country Life (stylised in all caps) is a British weekly perfect-bound glossy magazine, launched in 1897, that is published by Future plc. It was based in London at 110 Southwark Street until 2016, when moved to Farnborough, Hampshire. In 2022, the magazine moved back to London at 121–141 Westbourne Terrace, Paddington.
2012 Roma Open
The 2012 Roma Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the eleventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Italy between 7 and 12 May 2012.

Walter Trusendi
Walter Trusendi (born 3 January 1985) is an Italian former professional tennis player and competes mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour and ITF Futures, both in singles and doubles.

Trusendi reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 299 in 29 August 2011 and his highest ATP doubles ranking of No. 161 in 31 August 2009.

In final matches to date, he has a career record of 8 wins and 10 losses in singles matches, and 39 wins and 24 losses in doubles matches.

In July 2012, Trusendi qualified for his only career ATP Tour main draw match at the 2012 Croatia Open. He won the necessary 3 consecutive matches in qualifying, against Saša Stojisavljević, Damir Džumhur and Bastian Trinker, before falling in the first round to Daniel Brands of Germany 1-6,  6-7(8-10).
LemonNation
Daerek Hart, better known as LemonNation, is a League of Legends player, formerly the support for OpTic Gaming of the NA LCS (NA LCS). During his time on Cloud9, Hart played the support role, winning the North American League of Legends Championship Series split titles and appeared in three consecutive League of Legends World Championships.

Hart retired from competitive play on October 24, 2015, and became C9's coach. Hart was replaced as support by Hai "Hai" Lam, who switched over from the jungle position. After retirement Hart was announced for the roster of Cloud9 Challenger, C9's League of Legends Challenger Series (CS) team.

OpTic Gaming
OpTic Gaming is an American professional esports and entertainment organization headquartered in Frisco, Texas. The organization currently operates two Call of Duty teams, OpTic Texas of the Call of Duty League, and an amateur team, the Huntsmen. They previously competed in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Gears of War 4, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale, Dota 2, League of Legends, Valorant, Apex Legends, Overwatch, and Rocket League. The organization is currently owned by Hector "H3CZ" Rodriguez.
Ancoats and Clayton
Ancoats and Clayton was an electoral district or ward in the north of the City of Manchester in North West England. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 16,141. It includes the Ancoats and Clayton districts and part of the Northern Quarter. Under boundary changes by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England (LGBCE) the ward was abolished and replaced with the new electoral wards Ancoats and Beswick, Clayton and Openshaw, and Piccadilly from May 2018.

Local Government Boundary Commission for England
The Local Government Boundary Commission for England (LGBCE) is a parliamentary body established by statute to conduct boundary, electoral and structural reviews of local government areas in England. The LGBCE is independent of government and political parties, and is directly accountable to the Speaker's Committee of the House of Commons.