hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Al Salam Tecom Tower
The Al Salam Tecom Tower is a 47-floor tower in the Dubai Media City in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The tower has a total structural height of 195 m (640 ft). Construction of the Al Salam Tecom Tower was completed in 2008.

On 14 May 2008, a fire broke out on the 47th floor of Al Salam Tecom Tower. There were no reported injuries. The roof of the building is shaped on an angle where it would draw a straight line to Mecca if extended. This rooftop quirk is copied on the NBAD Tower nearby.

Line (geometry)
In geometry, a straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature. It is a special case of a curve and an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge, a taut string, or a ray of light. Lines are spaces of dimension one, which may be embedded in spaces of dimension two, three, or higher. The word line may also refer, in everyday life, to a line segment, which is a part of a line delimited by two points (its endpoints).

Euclid's Elements defines a straight line as a "breadthless length" that "lies evenly with respect to the points on itself", and introduced several postulates as basic unprovable properties on which the rest of geometry was established. Euclidean line and Euclidean geometry are terms introduced to avoid confusion with generalizations introduced since the end of the 19th century, such as non-Euclidean, projective, and affine geometry.
Olfactory mucosa
The olfactory mucosa is the neuroepithelial mucosa lining the roof and upper parts of the septum and lateral wall of the nasal cavity which contains bipolar neurons of the primary receptor neurons of the olfactory pathway, as well as supporting cells. The neurons' dendrites project towards the nasal cavity while their axons ascend through the cribriform plate as the olfactory nerves.

The part of the nasal cavity that is lined with olfactory mucosa is known as the olfactory region (pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi), while the rest of the nasal cavity that is lined by ordinary respiratory mucosa is known as the respiratory region.

Respiratory epithelium
Respiratory epithelium, or airway epithelium, is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium a type of columnar epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract as respiratory mucosa, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways. It is not present in the vocal cords of the larynx, or the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, where instead the epithelium is stratified squamous. It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles, preventing infection and tissue injury by the secretion of mucus and the action of mucociliary clearance.
Zumaglia
Zumaglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,114 and an area of 2.6 square kilometres (1.0 mi2).

Zumaglia borders the following municipalities: Biella, Pettinengo, Ronco Biellese.

Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (since 2015), each region is divided into a number of provinces.
Lindeberg's condition
In probability theory, Lindeberg's condition is a sufficient condition (and under certain conditions also a necessary condition) for the central limit theorem (CLT) to hold for a sequence of independent random variables. Unlike the classical CLT, which requires that the random variables in question have finite variance and be both independent and identically distributed, Lindeberg's CLT only requires that they have finite variance, satisfy Lindeberg's condition, and be independent. It is named after the Finnish mathematician Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg.

Independent and identically distributed random variables
In probability theory and statistics, a collection of random variables is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d., iid, or IID) if each random variable has the same probability distribution as the others and all are mutually independent. IID was first defined in statistics and finds application in many fields, such as data mining and signal processing.
Stuart Cradock
Stuart Cradock (born 14 September 1949) was an English cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler, he played for Hertfordshire. He was born in Hertford.

Cradock, who represented Hertfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship between 1973 and 1980, made a single List A appearance for the team, during the 1976 season. From the tailend, Cradock scored three not out with the bat, and conceded 35 runs from 12 overs with the ball.

Hertfordshire County Cricket Club
Hertfordshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Hertfordshire.

The team is currently a member of the Minor Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Hertfordshire played List A matches occasionally from 1964 until 2004 but is not classified as a List A team per se.

The club is based at Balls Park, Hertford and also plays matches around the county at Cricket Field Lane in Bishop's Stortford, Long Marston, Brunton Memorial Ground in Radlett and North Mymms.
Evergreen Lake (Herkimer County, New York)
Evergreen Lake is a lake located northeast of Stillwater, New York. The outflow creek flows into Stillwater Reservoir. Fish species present in the lake are brown bullhead, and brook trout. Access via trail from the north shore of Stillwater Reservoir. No motors are allowed on Evergreen Lake.

Brown bullhead
The brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) is a fish of the family Ictaluridae that is widely distributed in North America. It is a species of bullhead catfish and is similar to the black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) and yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis). It was originally described as Pimelodus nebulosus by Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1819, and is also referred to as Ictalurus nebulosus.

The brown bullhead is also widely known as the "mud pout", "horned pout", "hornpout", or simply "mud cat", a name also used with the other bullhead species.

The brown bullhead is important as a clan symbol of the Ojibwe people. In their tradition, the bullhead or wawaazisii is one of six beings that came out of the sea to form the original clans.
Mount Liebig
Mount Liebig is a mountain with an elevation of 1,274 metres (4,180 ft) AHD in the southern part of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is one of the highest peaks of the MacDonnell Ranges and was named by the explorer Ernest Giles after the German chemist Justus von Liebig. Nearby settlements include Haasts Bluff.

The killing of two Aboriginal men at Mount Liebig in 1932 according to traditional law led the missionary Ernest Kramer to demand the prosecution of the killers for murder, leading to debate on the applicability of white law to traditional violence. The men were tried but acquitted by a Darwin jury.

Notable Aboriginal Australians who have lived in the region of Mount Liebig include Indigenous artist Nora Andy Napaltjarri and Ngoia Pollard Napaltjarri.

Australian Height Datum
The Australian Height Datum was introduced in 1971 as the official vertical datum for Australia, and thereby serves as the benchmark to which all height measurements are referred. The Australian Height Datum is an amalgamation of decades of spirit levelling work conducted by numerous state and territory authorities across the country, and was corrected to align with the mean sea level observations of thirty tide gauges positioned around the entire coastline. While it remains the published vertical datum for all surveying and engineering operations performed throughout Australia, newer technologies have uncovered numerous deficiencies, offsets and distortions within the Australian Height Datum, leading to discussions about defining a new Australian vertical datum.
Tour du Millénaire
The tour du millénaire (French for tower of the millennium) is a vantage point built in 2001 in Gedinne, Belgium just meters away from the French border.

The tower consists of two tripods fitted together (one upright, one upside down) with three different viewing platforms (at 15 m, 30 m and 45 m). The total height of the tower (including the spire) is 60 m. The legs of the tripods are the stems of Douglas-fir trees found in the surrounding forest, held together by a steel construction.

It tops the plateau of the Croix-Scaille, a forest of around 90 square kilometres that was used by the Resistance during World War II. The plateau is at 503 m the highest point in the Ardennes (excluding the High Fens which is sometimes defined as being in the Ardennes) and the fourth highest summit in Belgium.

The tower was dismantled due to wood rot on 7 July 2008, and reopened after restoration on 5 July 2012.

Resistance during World War II
During World War II, resistance movements operated in German-occupied Europe by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation to propaganda, hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. In many countries, resistance movements were sometimes also referred to as The Underground.

While resistance groups played a significant auxiliary role in harassing the enemy, their military impact was limited, and they were incapable of liberating their nations alone. Overall, the effectiveness of resistance movements during World War II is generally measured more by their political and moral impact than their decisive military contribution to the overall Allied victory.
Lake Brosno
Lake Brosno is a lake situated in the European part of Russia, in the Tver region, near the town of Andreapol. It is the place where the Brosno dragon, the lake monster in Russian folklore, is supposed to live. The lake's depth is about 43 meters (140 feet) at its deepest point, and it has a sunken church in its western part. Among the fish that inhabit the lake are perch and burbot.

Andreapol
Andreapol (Russian: Андреа́поль) is a town and the administrative center of Andreapolsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the Valdai Hills on the left bank in the upper course of the Western Dvina. Population: 8,286 (2010 Census); 9,317 (2002 Census); 9,610 (1989 Soviet census); 12,000 (1968).
The Last of the Family
The Last of the Family is a comedy play by the British writer Richard Cumberland. It was first staged at Drury Lane Theatre on 8 May 1797 as a benefit performance for the actor John Bannister. The original cast included William Dowton as Sir John Manfred, John Bannister as Sir Adam ap Origen, Ralph Wewitzer as Squire Abel, Charles Kemble as Peregrine, Richard Suett as Beau Tiffany, Robert Palmer as Ned Flexible, Thomas Caulfield as George Ivey, John Hayman Packer as David Duncan, Jane Pope as Lady Manfred, Charlotte Tidswell as Lucy and Dorothea Jordan as Letitia Manfred.

Benefit concert
A benefit concert or charity concert is a type of musical benefit performance (e.g., concert, show, or gala) featuring musicians, comedians, or other performers that is held for a charitable purpose, often directed at a specific and immediate humanitarian crisis.

Benefit concerts can have both subjective and concrete objectives. Subjective objectives include raising awareness about an issue such as misery in Africa (such as Live 8) and uplifting a nation after a disaster (such as America: A Tribute to Heroes). Concrete objectives include raising funds (such as Live Aid) and influencing legislation (such as Live 8 or Farm Aid). The two largest benefit concerts of all time, in size, were the Live 8 and the Live Earth events, which both attracted billions of spectators. Scholars theorize that the observed increase on concert size since the Live Aid is happening because organizers strive to make their events as big as the tragedy at hand, thus hoping to gain legitimization that way.
Romina Vidal-Russell
Romina Vidal-Russell is an Argentinean botanist who works in the areas of phytogeography, phylogeny, and parasitic plants, and on which she has written extensively. Her papers on the phylogeny of parasitic plants are cited on the APG website, and elsewhere and her collaborations are international. She currently works at the National University of Comahue in Argentina. She earned a Ph.D.  at SIUC with Daniel L. Nickrent as supervisor.

(She has two botanist abbreviations in IPNI: one as a botanist, the other as a mycologist.)

The standard author abbreviation Vidal-Russ. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

The standard author abbreviation Vid.-Russ. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

International Plant Names Index
The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It includes basic bibliographical details associated with the names. Its goals include eliminating the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names.

The IPNI also maintains a list of standardized author abbreviations. These were initially based on Brummitt & Powell (1992), but new names and abbreviations are continually added.
Arnold Sinisalu
Arnold Sinisalu (born 20 February 1970 in Kärdla, Soviet Union) is an Estonian police officer and lawyer.

Since 1993, he has worked at Estonian Internal Security Service. Since 2013, he is the chief of Estonian Internal Security Service.

In 2021, he was awarded with Order of the Cross of the Eagle, II class.

Order of the Cross of the Eagle
The Order of the Cross of the Eagle (Estonian: Kotkaristi teenetemärk) was instituted in 1928  by the Estonian Defence League to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Estonian independence. It was adopted as a state order in 1936. The Order of the Cross of the Eagle is bestowed to give recognition for military services and services in the field of national defence. It is awarded in civil and military divisions.  The awards made to members of the military are denoted by the addition of crossed swords to the decoration.
Seilbahnen Beatenberg-Niederhorn
The Seilbahnen Beatenberg-Niederhorn is a pulsed movement gondola lift in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It links the village of Beatenberg with the summit of the Niederhorn. At Beatenberg, the lift connects with the Thunersee–Beatenberg Bahn, a funicular which links with the shipping services on Lake Thun.

The lift, opened in 1997, replaces an earlier aerial cable car on a similar route that was completed in 1946. The line operates four groups of three cabins, which are moved by an endless cable whilst supported by two further cables. Each cabin accommodates up to 17 passengers. There is one intermediate stop, at Vorsass.

Gondola lift
A gondola lift (cable car) is a means of cable transport and type of aerial lift which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of steel wire rope that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a bullwheel in a terminal, which is typically connected to an engine or electric motor. It is often considered a continuous system since it features a haul rope which continuously moves and circulates around two terminal stations. In contrast, an aerial tramway operates solely with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals.

The capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically depending on the combination of cables used for support and haulage and the type of grip (detachable or fixed). Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alps, the Italian: Cabinovia and French: Télécabine are also used in English-language texts.
Soviet assault on Maoka
The Soviet assault on Maoka (Maoka Landing, Russian: Десант в порт Маока) was carried out at the port of Maoka (now Kholmsk), Southern Sakhalin during August 19-22, 1945, by the forces of the Soviet Northern Pacific Flotilla of the Pacific Fleet during the South Sakhalin Offensive of the Soviet–Japanese War at the end of World War II. It was the second amphibious assault on South Sakhalin, after the Soviet assault on Toro (now Shakhtyorsk) on August 16.

Northern Pacific Flotilla
The Northern Pacific Flotilla (Russian: Северная Тихоокеанская военная флотилия) was a flotilla of the Pacific Fleet of the Soviet Navy between 1939 and 1945, with its main base at Sovetskaya Gavan in the Soviet Far East.

It defended the Strait of Tartary and the Sea of Okhotsk during World War II, and participated in the Invasion of South Sakhalin and the Invasion of the Kuril Islands during the Soviet–Japanese War in August and September 1945; it was disbanded shortly after the end of the war.
USS Mervine (DD-489)
USS Mervine (DD-489/DMS-31), a Gleaves-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral William Mervine, who served during the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War. Mervine was laid down on 3 November 1941 by the Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company of Kearny, New Jersey and launched on 3 May 1942, sponsored by Miss Mildred Mervine great-granddaughter of the admiral. The ship was commissioned on 17 June 1942.

United States Navy reserve fleets
The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the "Mothball Fleet". While the details of the maintenance activity have changed several times, the basics are constant: keep the ships afloat and sufficiently working as to be reactivated quickly in an emergency.

In some cases (for instance, at the outset of the Korean War), many ships were successfully reactivated at a considerable savings in time and money. The usual fate of ships in the reserve fleet, though, is to become too old and obsolete to be of any use, at which point they are sold for scrapping or are scuttled in weapons tests.

In rare cases, the general public may intercede for ships from the reserve fleet that are about to be scrapped – usually asking for the Navy to donate them for use as museum ships, memorials, or artificial reefs.
Khidirnazar Allakulov
Khidirnazar Allakulov (Uzbek Latin: Xidirnazar Olloqulov, Uzbek Cyrillic: Хидирназар Оллоқулов; born 1956) is an Uzbek scientist-economist, professor, and dissident. He was rector of Termez State University from May 2002 to June 2004. In early June 2020, he announced the beginning of the process of creating the Truth and Development Social Democratic Party (TDSDP) in Uzbekistan and his desire to run as a presidential candidate in the next presidential elections in 2021.

Dissident
A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th century, coinciding with the rise of authoritarian governments in countries such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Francoist Spain, the Soviet Union (and later Russia), North Korea, China, Turkmenistan and the Middle East. In the Western world, there are historical examples of people who have been considered and have considered themselves dissidents, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. In totalitarian countries, dissidents are often incarcerated or executed without explicit political accusations, or due to infringements of the very same laws they are opposing, or because they are supporting civil liberties such as freedom of speech.
Sphenophryne rubra
Sphenophryne rubra is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to New Guinea and is only known from the Kubor and Bismarck Ranges in the New Guinea Highlands, Papua New Guinea. The habitat and ecology of this species, that has been observed from very few specimens, are unknown.

New Guinea Highlands
The New Guinea Highlands, also known as the Central Range or Central Cordillera, is a long chain of mountain ranges on the island of New Guinea, including the island's highest peak, Puncak Jaya, Indonesia, 16,024 ft (4,884 m), the highest mountain in Oceania. The range is home to many intermountain river valleys, many of which support thriving agricultural communities. The highlands run generally east-west the length of the island, which is divided politically between Indonesia in the west and Papua New Guinea in the east. These mountains stretch from the Weyland Mountains starting in Wondama Bay Regency in the west to the Milne Bay Province in the east.
Château de Villars
The Château de Villard is a 14th-century castle in the commune of Saint-Parize-le-Châtel in the Nièvre département of France.

During the Hundred Years' War, the fortress was of great importance and was fought over by the French, English, Armagnacs and Bourbons. It is said that Joan of Arc stayed here before going to liberate Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier. The castle has a round towers in each of the four corners, with a square tower in the middle of each side.

During the 19th century, the interior of the castle was converted for agricultural use and this continued until the 1970s. Since 2006, Hubert de Vassal and his wife, Ana, have been renovating the buildings which they inherited.

Parts of it have been listed since 1951 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

In 2012, the architectural heritage association, Vieilles Maisons Françaises, awarded its first prize to Château de Villars for the ongoing renovation work.

Ministry of Culture (France)
The Ministry of Culture (French: Ministère de la Culture [ministɛʁ də la kyltyʁ]) is the ministry of the Government of France in charge of national museums and the monuments historiques. Its goal is to maintain the French identity through the promotion and protection of the arts (visual, plastic, theatrical, musical, dance, architectural, literary, televisual and cinematographic) on national soil and abroad. Its budget is mainly dedicated to the management of the Archives Nationales (six national sites and hundred decentralised storage facilities) and the regional Maisons de la culture (culture centres).

Its main office is in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement of Paris on the Rue de Valois. It is headed by the Minister of Culture, a cabinet member. The most recent officeholder has been Rachida Dati, before she resigned to focus on her candidacy of the 2026 Paris municipal election.