hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2011 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States handed down fourteen per curiam opinions during its 2011 term, which began October 3, 2011 and concluded September 30, 2012.

Because per curiam decisions are issued from the Court as an institution, these opinions all lack the attribution of authorship or joining votes to specific justices. All justices on the Court at the time the decision was handed down are assumed to have participated and concurred unless otherwise noted.

Per curiam decision
In law, a per curiam decision or opinion (sometimes called an unsigned opinion) is one that is not authored by or attributed to a specific judge, but rather ascribed to the entire court or panel of judges who heard the case. The term per curiam is Latin for 'by the court'.
Triphyophyllum
Triphyophyllum peltatum is a facultatively carnivorous, up to 60 m tall vine in the monotypic genus Triphyophyllum /ˌtrɪfioʊˈfɪləm/ in the family Dioncophyllaceae native to tropical western Africa, in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone where it grows in tropical rainforest.

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
The Carnivorous Plant Newsletter is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California.
2013 Macon mayoral election
The 2013 Macon mayoral election took place on October 15, 2013, following a primary election on September 17, 2013. The election followed the consolidation of the city of Macon and Bibb County, and was the first election for Mayor of the consolidated city-county. The election was originally scheduled for July 16, 2013, but because the state of Georgia required preclearance for voting changes under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the U.S. Department of Justice was required to approve the change, which it did not do in time for the election to be held.

Macon Mayor Robert Reichert fell short of winning an absolute majority in the September 17 election, and advanced to a runoff election against former Mayor C. Jack Ellis. Reichert defeated Ellis in a landslide, winning 63 percent of the vote to Ellis's 37 percent.

Bibb County, Georgia
Bibb County is located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, its population was 157,346. Bibb County is geographically located in the Central Georgia (Middle Georgia) region, and is the largest county in the Macon metropolitan area (metropolitan statistical area).

Bibb County has a consolidated city-county government following a merger of the county with its county seat and largest city, Macon, in 2014. They were later joined in this consolidated government in 2015 by the county's only other municipality, Payne City.
You Can't Keep the Change
You Can't Keep the Change is a 1940 thriller novel by the British writer Peter Cheyney. It is the third in his series of novels featuring the London private detective Slim Callaghan, a British version of the increasingly popular hardboiled American detectives.

Hardboiled
Hardboiled (or hard-boiled) fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction (especially detective fiction and noir fiction). The genre's typical protagonist is a detective who battles the violence of organized crime that flourished during Prohibition in the United States (1920–1933) and its aftermath, while dealing with a legal system that has become as corrupt as the organized crime itself. Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are often antiheroes. Notable hardboiled detectives include Dick Tracy, Philip Marlowe, Nick Charles, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, Slam Bradley, and The Continental Op.
Steve Crisafulli
Steve Crisafulli (born July 26, 1971) is an American politician who served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives from 2014 to 2016. He represented the 51st District, which is located in northern Brevard County, including Cape Canaveral, Cocoa, Cocoa Beach, and Rockledge, from 2008 to 2016.

Cocoa, Florida
Cocoa is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States. Its population was 19,041 at the 2020 United States census, up from 17,140 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Andrew Ryland
Andrew Ryland (born March 8, 1981) is an American former international rugby union player.

Raised in State College, Pennsylvania, Ryland grew up one of seven siblings, four of whom were adopted amongst the numerous foster kids that his family took in over the years. He was born with congenital defects in his right foot which left him with toes that do not touch the ground, for which he had to start wearing orthotics.

Ryland, a three-year football letterman at State College High School, was a walk-on Penn State linebacker, later awarded a grant by coach Joe Paterno. His father Terry coached the Penn State rugby team and he earned All-American honours playing under him in 2004. He was a flanker on the U.S. national team in 2005, gaining four caps.

State College, Pennsylvania
State College is a borough and home rule municipality in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 40,501 at the 2020 census. It is a college town home to Penn State University Park, the main campus of the Pennsylvania State University.

State College is the largest borough in Pennsylvania by population. It is the principal borough of the six municipalities that make up the State College area, the largest settlement in Centre County, and one of the principal cities of the greater State College–DuBois combined statistical area which had 238,734 residents in 2020.
National Anthem of Zimbabwe
The National Anthem of Zimbabwe, also known by its incipit in Shona, "Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe" (English: "Proudly Lift High the Flag of the Land of Zimbabwe"), and the final line of each verse in Ndebele, "Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe" (English: "Blessed Be the Land of Zimbabwe"), was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace the South African-derived "Ishe Komborera Africa" with a distinctly Zimbabwean song. The winning entry was a Shona song written by Professor Solomon Mutswairo and composed by Fred Changundega. It was translated into English and Ndebele, the two other main languages of Zimbabwe. The Ndebele version is mainly sung in the Matebeleland regions of Zimbabwe, while the English version is not commonly sung. Some schools in Matabeleland South have introduced the Sotho/Tswana version.

Sotho language
Sotho (/ˈsuːtuː/), also known as Sesotho (/sɪˈsuːtuː, sə-/), Southern Sotho, or Sesotho sa Borwa, is a Southern Bantu language spoken in Lesotho, as its national language, and South Africa, where it is an official language.

Like all Bantu languages, Sesotho is an agglutinative language, using numerous affixes and derivational and inflexional rules to build complete words.
Chitalishte
A chitalishte (Bulgarian: читалище, pronounced [t͡ʃiˈtaliʃtɛ]) is a traditional Bulgarian public institution and building that fulfills several functions at once, such as a community centre, public library, and a theatre. It is also used as an educational institution, where people of all ages can enroll in foreign language, dance, music and other courses. In this function they could be compared to the folk high schools of Northern Europe. Some larger urban chitalishta are comparable to 92nd Street Y in New York City.

92nd Street Y
92nd Street Y, New York (92NY) is a cultural and community center located in the  Carnegie Hill neighborhood of the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, at the corner of East 92nd Street and Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1874 as the Young Men's Hebrew Association, the 92nd Street Y (often simply called "the Y") transformed from a secular social club to a large arts and cultural center in the 20th century.
Fucoli-Somepal
Fucoli-Somepal (full name: Fucoli-Somepal, Fundição de Ferro, S.A.) is an iron foundry company headquartered in Coimbra, Portugal. The company has its industrial facilities in two locations: Coimbra (in Coselhas), and Mealhada (in the civil parish of Pampilhosa).

Foundry
A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals processed are aluminium and cast iron. However, other metals, such as bronze, brass, steel, magnesium, and zinc, are also used to produce castings in foundries. In this process, parts of desired shapes and sizes can be formed.

Foundries are one of the largest contributors to the manufacturing recycling movement, melting and recasting millions of tons of scrap metal every year to create new durable goods. Moreover, many foundries use sand in their molding process. These foundries often use, recondition, and reuse sand, which is another form of recycling.
Arvi Turkka
Arvi Turkka (2 October 1894 – 28 January 1965) was a Finnish journalist and politician, born in Oulu. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1933 to 1945 and again from 1948 to 1962, representing first the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), later the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL). He was a member of the peace opposition during the Continuation War.

Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders
Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (Finnish: Työväen ja Pienviljelijäin Sosialidemokraattinen Liitto, TPSL) was a political party in Finland. TPSL originated as a fraction of the Social Democratic Party of Finland, headed by Emil Skog and Aarre Simonen. Skog was the former chairman of SDP and was in dispute with the incumbent chairman, Väinö Leskinen. The party was founded in 1959, had seats in the parliament in 1959–1970 and was dissolved in 1973. It was generally identified as being politically between SDP and SKDL (a Communist-dominated organization).
Meridian VP F.C.
Meridian Valley Park Football Club is a football club located in Charlton, in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, London, England. Affiliated to the Kent FA, they are currently members of the Kent County League Premier Division and play at the Meridian Sports & Social Club.

Kent County Football Association
The Kent County Football Association, now known as Kent FA, is the governing body of football in the county of Kent, England. It was formed in 1881 and has governed the game of football, under the aegis of The Football Association (FA), since that date. The Kent FA controls, manages, regulates and promotes the game and its development at all levels within the County. The association operates 25 County Cups for its affiliated clubs at different age groups (from youth to veteran) and levels for both men and women.
Godmersham
Godmersham is a village and civil parish in the Ashford District of Kent, England. The village straddles the Great Stour river where it cuts through the North Downs and its land is approximately one third woodland, all in the far east and west on the escarpment of the North Downs. It is six miles north-east of Ashford on the A28 road midway between Ashford and Canterbury in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with the North Downs Way and Pilgrims' Way traversing the parish.

The village is divided in two by the floodplain of the Stour. The parish civil includes Godmersham village itself, and Bilting. It shares many of its activities with the neighbouring parish of Crundale, a smaller parish to the east.

Borough of Ashford
The Borough of Ashford is a local government district with borough status in Kent, England. It is named after its largest town, Ashford, where the council is based. The borough also includes the town of Tenterden and an extensive surrounding rural area including numerous villages; with an area of 580 square kilometres (220 sq mi), it is the largest district in Kent. Parts of the borough lie within the designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty of High Weald and the Kent Downs.

The neighbouring districts are (clockwise from west) Tunbridge Wells, Maidstone, Swale, Canterbury, Folkestone and Hythe, and Rother. The latter is in East Sussex, the rest are in Kent.
Star FM Zimbabwe
Star FM is a commercial urban radio station that broadcasts throughout Zimbabwe from the country's capital, Harare.

It first aired in June 2012 and is owned by Zimbabwe Newspapers, which owns Bulawayo's The Chronicle, Harare's The Herald and several other regional publications. Zimpapers also owns a number of regional commercial radio stations including Diamond FM in Mutare, Nyaminyami FM in Kariba and Capitalk 100.4 FM in the capital Harare. In May 2018, Zimpapers was awarded a content distribution licence by the Broadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe and went on to launch Zimpapers Television (ZTN) which has been broadcasting online since launch.

The station took part in The Peter Johns Tribute that was multicasted on 2 May 2020 together with ZiFM Stereo and Power FM.

It is accessible throughout Zimbabwe on FM dial and worldwide through various streaming platforms, including its website and mobile app.

Mutare
Mutare, known as Umtali until 1982, is the capital and largest city in the province of Manicaland. It is the third-largest city in Zimbabwe. Having surpassed Gweru in the 2012 census, with an urban population of 224,802 and approximately 260,567 in the surrounding districts, Mutare adds to the wider metropolitan area a total population of over 500,000 people. Mutare is also the capital of Manicaland Province and the largest city in eastern Zimbabwe.

Located near the border with Mozambique, Mutare has long been a centre of trade and a key terminus en route to the port of Beira (in Beira, Mozambique). Mutare is hub for trade with railway links, pipeline transport and highways linking the coast with Harare and Zimbabwe's interior. Other traditional industries include timber, papermaking, commerce, food processing, telecommunications, and transportation. In addition the city serves as a gateway to the scenic Eastern Highlands, nearby Gorongosa National Park, and the Mozambique coast.
Burning Image
Burning Image are an American deathrock band formed in Bakersfield, California in 1982. Burning Image first released a 7" single with the songs "The Final Conflict" and "Burning Image, Burning" in the summer of 1984. The compilation 1983–1987 in 2004 and album Fantasma (2009) were both released on Alternative Tentacles, record label owned by former Dead Kennedys singer, Jello Biafra, with album Oleander (2011) being self-published.  Burning Image celebrates 39 years as a band,  in 2021,  with a new album.

Burning Image is one of the original bands of the early 1980s California Deathrock scene, along with 45 Grave and Christian Death, playing shows with bands including Specimen, Dead Kennedys, Butthole Surfers, and Timothy Leary.

Specimen (band)
Specimen are a British band founded in the 1980s. Their music has been described as spanning many different genres of music, including glam, goth, punk and post-punk, and the band is widely credited as one of the pioneers of the goth subculture, both musically and stylistically.
101st meridian west
The meridian 101° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 101st meridian west forms a Great ellipse with the 79th meridian east.

Great ellipse
A great ellipse is an ellipse passing through two points on a spheroid and having the same center as that of the spheroid. Equivalently, it is an ellipse on the surface of a spheroid and centered on the origin, or the curve formed by intersecting the spheroid by a plane through its center.
For points that are separated by less than about a quarter of the circumference of the earth, about , the length of the great ellipse connecting the points is close (within one part in 500,000) to the geodesic distance.
The great ellipse therefore is sometimes proposed as a suitable route for marine navigation.
The great ellipse is special case of an earth section path.
Dundonald Links
Dundonald Links is a golf course in North Ayrshire, Scotland. The course was designed by Willie Fernie and opened in 1911. It had an extensive renovation in the early 2000s.

In 2017, the course hosted the men’s and women’s Scottish Opens. In 2023, the women's event returned to the course. In 2025, the Women's Scottish Open will again be held at Dundonald.

In 2025, the course's clubhouse was named "Best in Scotland". It was the second time in three years that the clubhouse was awarded this honor.

Women's Scottish Open
The ISPS Handa Women's Scottish Open is a women's professional golf tournament in Scotland on the Ladies European Tour (LET). First played in 1986, it became a regular fixture on the tour schedule in 2010.

Since 2017 it has been co-sanctioned by the LPGA Tour and played in late July, the week prior to the Women's British Open. A 54-hole event from 2007 through 2016, it returned to a 72-hole event. In 2024, the tournament was played in mid-August, after the Olympics in France.
Functio laesa
Functio laesa, simply known as dysfunction is a term used in medicine to refer to a loss of function or a disturbance of function.

It was identified as the fifth sign of acute inflammation by Galen, who added it to the four signs identified by Celsus (tumor, rubor, calor, and dolor).

The attribution to Galen is disputed, and has variously been attributed to Thomas Sydenham and Rudolf Virchow.

Aulus Cornelius Celsus
Aulus Cornelius Celsus (c. 25 BC – c. 50 AD) was a Roman encyclopedist, known for his extant medical work, De Medicina, which is believed to be the only surviving section of a much larger encyclopedia. The De Medicina is a primary source on diet, pharmacy, surgery and related fields, and it is one of the best sources concerning medical knowledge in the Roman world. The lost portions of his encyclopedia likely included volumes on agriculture, law, rhetoric, and military arts. He made contributions to the classification of human skin disorders in  dermatology, such as myrmecia, and his name is often found in medical terminology regarding the skin, e.g., kerion celsi and area celsi. He is also the namesake of Paracelsus (lit. Above Celsus), a great Swiss alchemist and physician prevalent in the Medical Renaissance.
Smoky Group
The Smoky Group is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.

It takes the name from the Smoky River and was first described in outcrops along the banks of the Smoky River, Spirit River and Pouce Coupe Rivers by George Mercer Dawson in 1881.

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.
Bryman, California
Bryman, is a populated place in the central Mojave Desert, within San Bernardino County, California. It lies along the Mojave River in the northern Victor Valley, at an elevation of 2,526 feet (770 meters).
It is on the historic U.S. Route 66, 5 miles north of Oro Grande, and south of Helendale.

U.S. Route 66 in California
U.S. Route 66 (US 66, Route 66) is a part of a former United States Numbered Highway in the  state of California that ran from the west in Santa Monica on the Pacific Ocean through Los Angeles and San Bernardino to Needles at the Arizona state line. It was truncated during the 1964 renumbering and its signage removed in 1974. The highway is now mostly replaced with several streets in Los Angeles, State Route 2 (SR 2), SR 110, SR 66, County Route 66 (CR 66) in San Bernardino County, Interstate 15 (I-15), and I-40.
Ernest Kent Coulter
Ernest Kent Coulter (November 14, 1871 – May 1, 1952), was an American journalist, lawyer, public administrator, and developer of civil society and human welfare programs most notably through his work in child advocacy. During World War I, he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Army's American Expeditionary Force in Europe.

American Expeditionary Forces
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) was a formation of the United States Armed Forces on the Western Front during World War I, composed mostly of units from the U.S. Army. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in Chaumont, France under the command of then-major general John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, British Indian Army, New Zealand Army and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army. A small number of AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in 1918 against the Austro-Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918.
2022 Nacional de Clubes
The 2022 Torneo Nacional de Clubes was the 26th. edition of Nacional de Clubes, a rugby union competition in Argentina organised by the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR). The final was held in Estadio de Hindú Club in the Don Torcuato district of Tigre Partido on 19 November 2022.

After a major restructuring of its tournaments carried out by the UAR, it was the first Nacional de Clubes played as a Superfinal, with only two teams contesting the competition, the champions of URBA Top 12 and Torneo del Interior.

The match was contested by Hindú (champion of 2022 URBA Top 12), which contested their 13rd. final, and Duendes (champion of 2023 Torneo del Interior), which played their 7th. final.

Hindú won the match 34–16 with an overwhelming production during the second half, achieving their 11th. national title (and an impressive run of six consecutive championships).

Duendes Rugby Club
Duendes Rugby Club is an Argentine rugby union and field hockey club sited in Rosario, Santa Fe. The rugby team currently plays at Torneo del Litoral, the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Rosario (URR) league system.
Metarhizium rileyi
Metarhizium rileyi is a species of entomopathogenic fungus in the family Clavicipitaceae.  This species is known to infect Lepidoptera, including economically important insects in the Noctuoidea and Bombycoidea; there is an extensive (pre 2014) literature on this fungus under its synonym Nomuraea rileyi.

Entomopathogenic fungus
Entomopathogenic fungi are parasitic unicellular or multicellular microorganisms belonging to the kingdom of Fungi, that can infect and seriously disable or kill insects.

Pathogenicity for insects is widely distributed in the kingdom of fungi and occur in six fungal phyla (Ascomycota, Oomyceta, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, and Microsporidia). It plays a vital ecological role in controlling insect populations by impacting 19 out of 30 known insect orders. Some fungal entomopathogens are opportunistic whereas some have evolved into highly specific pathogens of insects.