hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Field effect (semiconductor)
In physics, the field effect refers to the modulation of the electrical conductivity of a material by the application of an external electric field.

In a metal, the electron density that responds to applied fields is so large that an external electric field can penetrate only a very short distance into the material. However, in a semiconductor the lower density of electrons (and possibly holes) that can respond to an applied field is sufficiently small that the field can penetrate quite far into the material. This field penetration alters the conductivity of the semiconductor near its surface, and is called the field effect. The field effect underlies the operation of the Schottky diode and of field-effect transistors, notably the MOSFET, the JFET and the MESFET.

MESFET
A MESFET (metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a field-effect transistor semiconductor device similar to a JFET with a Schottky (metal–semiconductor) junction instead of a p–n junction for a gate.
The American Epic Sessions
The American Epic Sessions is a documentary film in which an engineer restores the fabled long-lost first electrical sound recording system from 1925, and twenty contemporary artists pay tribute to the momentous machine by attempting to record songs on it for the first time in 80 years. The film was directed and co-written by Bernard MacMahon and stars Nas, Alabama Shakes, Elton John, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, Jack White, Taj Mahal, Ana Gabriel, Pokey LaFarge, Beck, Ashley Monroe, Los Lobos, The Avett Brothers, Bettye LaVette, Rhiannon Giddens, Raphael Saadiq, Edie Brickell, Steve Martin, and others.

The film employed a diverse line-up of performers both ethnically and musically to represent the breadth of cultures that were first given a national platform through the invention of this recording machine. It also explored the extent to which the recordings made on it in the 1920s influenced and inspired contemporary music.

History of sound recording
The history of sound recording - which has progressed in waves, driven by the invention and commercial introduction of new technologies — can be roughly divided into four main periods:

The Acoustic era (1877–1925)

The Electrical era (1925–1945)

The Magnetic era (1945–1975)

The Digital era (1975–present)

Experiments in capturing sound on a recording medium for preservation and reproduction began in earnest during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. Many pioneering attempts to record and reproduce sound were made during the latter half of the 19th century – notably Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville's phonautograph of 1857 – and these efforts culminated in the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877. Digital recording emerged in the late 20th century and has since flourished with the popularity of digital music and online streaming services.
Brit Bunkley
Brit Bunkley (born 1955 in New York City) is a New Zealand/U.S. artist whose art practice includes sculpture, installation, public art and video, since the 1990s with an emphasis on 3D digital media. Awards include the National Endowment for the Arts, the CAPS grant, and the Rome Prize Fellowship. His work expresses a keen interest in history, politics and the environment.

Matthew Crookes wrote for the Creative New Zealand funded arts agency, Circuit that "Bunkley’s practice throws up many contradictions: the emphasis on the surface, yet the references are to things and ideas outside the work itself. Pessimism mixed with dry humour. The maker of monuments now deconstructing them. Bunkley has taken the 'unspoken power' of monuments and unpacked it, and laid it bare".

Creative New Zealand
The Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa (Creative New Zealand) is the national arts development agency of the New Zealand government established in 1963. It invests in artists and arts organisations, offering capability building programmes and developing markets and audiences for New Zealand arts domestically and internationally.
NCAA Season 85
NCAA Season 85 was the 2009–10 season of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) of the Philippines. The host for this year was San Beda College (SBC).

The season began on June 27 at the Araneta Coliseum with United States Ambassador to the Philippines Kristie Kenney delivered the keynote speech, followed by a tripleheader of seniors' basketball games. The juniors' basketball tournament tipped off at the San Juan Gym with the remaining first round of eliminations games in basketball held at the Filoil Flying V Arena. Other sporting events were held at Philippine Sports Commission venues such as the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.

Rizal Memorial Sports Complex
The Rizal Memorial Sports Complex (RMSC; formerly known as Rizal Memorial Field) is a national sports complex of the Philippines, located on Pablo Ocampo St. (formerly Vito Cruz St.), Malate, Manila. It is named in honor of the country's national hero, José Rizal (1861–1896). The complex is currently managed by the Philippine Sports Commission, while the property is owned by the Manila City government. The complex also houses the administrative office of the PSC, and quarters for the Philippines' national athletes.
2025 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's super-G
The men's super-G in the 2025 Alpine Skiing World Cup consisted of eight events, including the final.  The first event of the season did not take place until 6 December 2024 in Beaver Creek. Marco Odermatt of Switzerland, the two-time defending champion in the discipline, was the only skier with multiple race wins in the discipline and thus easily won his third straight championship.

The season was interrupted for the Alpine Skiing World Championships, this time in Saalbach, Austria during 4–16 February 2025. The championship in men's super-G took place on Friday, 7 February, and also was won by Odermatt.

Beaver Creek Resort
Beaver Creek Resort is an alpine ski resort in the western United States, near Avon, Colorado. The resort comprises three villages, the main Beaver Creek Village, Bachelor Gulch, and Arrowhead to the west. The resort is owned and operated by Vail Resorts which operates multiple additional resorts. Beaver Creek is a regular host of World Cup events, usually in early December.
Beatrice Meini
Beatrice Meini (born 1968) is an Italian computational mathematician and numerical analyst specializing in numerical linear algebra and its applications to Markov chains, matrix equations, and queueing theory. She is Professor of Numerical Analysis in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Pisa.

Computational mathematics
Computational mathematics is a field of study that focuses on the interaction of mathematical sciences, computer science, and algorithms.

A large part of computational mathematics consists roughly of using mathematics for allowing and improving computer computation in areas of science and engineering where mathematics are useful. This involves in particular algorithm design, computational complexity, numerical methods and computer algebra.

Computational mathematics refers also to the use of computers for mathematics itself. This includes mathematical experimentation for establishing conjectures (particularly in number theory), the use of computers for proving theorems (for example the four color theorem), and the design and use of proof assistants.
Owen McBride
Owen McBride (born 1941) is an Irish-born folk singer and storyteller, primarily performing traditional Irish and Scottish music. McBride settled in Toronto in 1963 and became a fixture in the Toronto folk scene. McBride was a key figure in the folk revival movement in Canada and in North American in the 1960s and early 1970s, appearing at major folk music festivals like the Mariposa Folk Festival and the Philadelphia Folk Festivals. For this role, he was inducted in the Mariposa Folk Festival Hall of Fame in 2019. He continues to be an active performer in the folk music club and festival scenes.

American folk music revival
The American folk music revival began during the 1940s and peaked in popularity in the mid-1960s. Early folk music performers include Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, Pete Seeger, Richard Dyer-Bennet, Oscar Brand, Jean Ritchie, John Jacob Niles, Susan Reed, Mississippi John Hurt, Josh White, and Cisco Houston. Lead Belly recorded "Cotton Fields" and "Goodnight, Irene" and folk singer Odetta released folk albums.

New folk musicians such as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Judy Collins, Joni Mitchell, Phil Ochs, Peter Paul & Mary and many others recorded folk songs and new compositions in the folk style in the 1960s and 1970s. The revival also brought forward strains of American folk music that had in earlier times contributed to the development of country and western, bluegrass, blues, and rock and roll music.
Aleksandar Trifunović (basketball)
Aleksandar Trifunović (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Трифуновић; born 30 May 1967) is a Serbian professional basketball coach and former player who is currently the assistant coach for Sabah BC of the Azerbaijan Basketball League.

Coach (basketball)
Basketball coaching is the act of directing and strategizing the behavior of a basketball team or individual basketball player. Basketball coaching typically encompasses the improvement of individual and team offensive and defensive skills, as well as overall physical conditioning. Coaches also have the responsibility to improve their team by player development, strategy, and in-game management. Coaches also teach and inspire their team to be their best.

Coaching is usually performed by a single person, often with the help of one or more assistants.
Dillinger Is Dead
Dillinger Is Dead (Italian: Dillinger è morto) is a 1969 Italian drama film directed by Marco Ferreri starring Michel Piccoli, Anita Pallenberg and Annie Girardot. It follows a bored, alienated man over the course of one night in his home. The title comes from a newspaper headline featured in the film which proclaims the death of the real life American gangster John Dillinger.

In 2008, the film was included in the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage’s 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978."

A hundred Italian films to be saved
The list of A hundred Italian films to be saved (Italian: Cento film italiani da salvare) was created with the aim to report "100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978". Film preservation, or film restoration, describes a series of ongoing efforts among film historians, archivists, museums, cinematheques, and nonprofit organization to rescue decaying film stock and preserve the images they contain. In the widest sense, preservation assures that a movie will continue to exist in as close to its original form as possible.
Mexico City Metro Line 3
Mexico City Metro Line 3 is one of the 12 metro lines built in Mexico City, Mexico.

Line 3 is the longest line, its color is olive green and it runs from north to south of the city covering almost all of it.

It is built under Avenida de los Insurgentes, Guerrero, Zarco, Balderas, Cuauhtémoc, Universidad, Copilco and Delfín Madrigal avenues. It interchanges with Line 6 at Deportivo 18 de Marzo, Line 5 at La Raza, Line B at Guerrero, Line 2 at Hidalgo, Line 1 at Balderas, Line 9 at Centro Médico. and Line 12 at Zapata.

Guerrero metro station
Guerrero is a metro station on the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Colonia Guerrero neighborhood of Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, on the intersection of Zarco street and Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta Avenue. It is a transfer station for both Lines 3 and B.
2005 U.S. Open (golf)
The 2005 United States Open Championship was the 105th U.S. Open, held June 16–19 at Pinehurst Resort Course No. 2 in Pinehurst, North Carolina.

Michael Campbell won his only major title, two strokes ahead of runner-up Tiger Woods; third-round leader and two-time U.S. Open champion Retief Goosen collapsed on the final day. It was the second of four U.S. Opens at the course, which first hosted in 1999, when Payne Stewart won his second U.S. Open four months before his death in an aviation accident.  Six years was the shortest gap between U.S. Opens at the same site since 1946.  The total purse was $6.25 million with a winner's share of $1.17 million.

David Toms
David Wayne Toms (born January 4, 1967) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions. From 1992 to 2017, Toms was a member of the PGA Tour, where he won 13 events, including one major, the 2001 PGA Championship. He was in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for 175 weeks between 2001 and 2006, and ranked as high as fifth in 2002 and 2003.
Minam State Recreation Area
Minam State Recreation Area is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon. Administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, it covers about 600 acres (240 ha) along the Wallowa River north of La Grande in Wallowa County. The park is off Oregon Route 82 about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Elgin.

The park, generally open all year, has 22 primitive campsites, restrooms, a boat ramp, and a walking trail. Visitors may picnic, go boating on the river, or fish for steelhead. Wildlife in the area includes deer, bear, elk, and an occasional cougar or bighorn sheep.

Wallowa River
The Wallowa River is a tributary of the Grande Ronde River, approximately 55 miles (89 km) long, in northeastern Oregon in the United States. It drains a valley on the Columbia Plateau in the northeast corner of the state north of Wallowa Mountains.

The Wallowa Valley was home to Chief Joseph's band of the Nez Perce Tribe. Chief Joseph asked the first white settlers to leave when they arrived in 1871. The U.S. government expelled the tribe and seized their property and livestock in 1877, when non-Indian farmers and ranchers wanted to settle the fertile Wallowa valley.  The tribe was barred from returning to their homeland by the government after repeated petitions.  The tribal members were shipped in unheated box cars to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) to be placed in a prisoner-of-war camp never to see their home again.
Marcel Brache
Marcel Girard Brache (born 15 October 1987) is an American retired rugby union player. Brache was born in Los Angeles, California and was raised primarily in South Africa. He currently plays for the San Diego Legion of Major League Rugby (MLR), generally as a centre but can also play wing.

San Diego Legion
The San Diego Legion were an American professional rugby union team based in San Diego, California, that competed in Major League Rugby (MLR) from 2020 to 2025. The team played its home games at Torero Stadium. The Legion began play in the league's inaugural 2018 season.
District Government of Umerkot
Umerkot District was initially created in 1993, but later on, due to some political reasons, it was abolished and merged with district Mirpurkhas in December 2000. However, after four years, it was restored in December 2004. District Government Umerkot has a website where you can find the official information about the district.

Umerkot, also known as Amarkot, (Urdu: عمرکوٹ) is a town in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is also referred to as Amar Kot by old historians, including Tej Singh Solanki, who refers to the city as Amar Kot Itehas. The city is well connected with the other large cities like Karachi, the provincial capital and Hyderabad.

Hyderabad, Pakistan
Hyderabad, also known as Neroonkot, is the capital and largest city of the Hyderabad Division in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the second-largest city in Sindh, after Karachi, and the 7th largest in Pakistan.

Founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro of the Kalhora Dynasty, Hyderabad served as a provincial capital until the British transferred the capital to Bombay Presidency in 1840. It is about 150 kilometres (93 mi) inland of Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, to which it is connected by a direct railway and M-9 motorway.
South Korea at the 1992 Summer Olympics
South Korea, the previous host of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, competed as Korea at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 226 competitors, 154 men and 72 women, took part in 134 events in 24 sports.

Lee Sang-ki (fencer)
Lee Sang-ki (Korean: 이상기; born 5 June 1966) is a South Korean retired male épée fencer.

Lee is a four-time Olympian (1988, 1992, 1996, 2000) and bronze medalist at the 1994 World Fencing Championships in Athens, Greece. At the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, he won the bronze medal in the individual épée, defeating 2004 Olympic champion Marcel Fischer of Switzerland in the bronze medal match.
Canne de combat
Canne de combat is a French combat sport. As weapon, it uses a canne or cane (a kind of walking-stick) designed for fighting. Canne de combat was standardized in the 1970s for sporting competition by Maurice Sarry. The canne is very light, made of chestnut wood and slightly tapered. A padded suit and a fencing mask are worn for protection.

Chestnut
Chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus Castanea, in the beech family Fagaceae. The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
1955 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final
The 1955 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 68th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1955 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. A then record crowd attended. The game went down in history as "famous" and a "classic". The team's relationship with the Hill 16 terrace has been traced to this day. It also marked the arrival of an indigenous Dublin team onto the national stage; previous Dublin teams had hired countrymen to fill their ranks.

Hill 16
Hill 16  – officially called Dineen Hill 16 and sometimes referred to as The Hill – is a terrace at the Railway End of Croke Park, the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). It is located on the Northside of the Irish capital city, Dublin.
2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit
The 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit (also 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia peace summit) was a bilateral summit that took place on 8–9 July 2018 in Asmara, Eritrea, between Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and officials from the two countries.

The two leaders signed a joint declaration on 9 July, formally ending the border conflict between both countries, restoring full diplomatic relations, and agreeing to open their borders to each other for persons, goods and services. The joint statement was also considered to close all chapters regarding the Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) and of the following Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) with sporadic clashes.

Workneh Gebeyehu
Workneh Gebeyehu Negewo (Oromo: Warqinaa Gabayyoo; Amharic: ወርቅነህ ገበየሁ, born 16 July 1968) is an Ethiopian politician. In September 2012, he was appointed Ministry of Transport and he has served as an elected member of Addis Ababa City Council.
Datnioides polota
Datnioides polota, the silver tigerfish, silver tiger perch, barred tigerfish, four-banded tripletail, four-banded tigerfish or four-barred tigerfish, is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lobotidae, the tripletails and tiger perches. This fish is found in southern Asia and New Guinea.

Lobotidae
Lobotidae is a family of ray-finned fishes that includes the tripletails, which are circumtropical marine fishes, and tiger perches, which are Asian freshwater fishes. The family is placed in the order Spariformes in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World but this classification and the taxa included within the family is not agreed on by all workers.
FK Gauja
Gauja Valmiera was a Latvian football club from Valmiera that played in the top Latvian league from 1979 to 1993.
It was named after the river Gauja. In the 1990s another Valmiera football club – FK Valmiera – was renamed to Gauja.

Gauja
The Gauja River (Estonian: Koiva jõgi, German: Livländische Aa) is a river in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is the only large river of Latvia that begins and ends its flow in Latvia. Its length is 460 km, of which 93.5 km (approximately one-fifth) are in Gauja National Park. In this part, the Gauja River flows through the Gauja Valley, which is between 1 and 2.5 km wide, and the maximum depth near Sigulda is 85 m. Thus, the Gauja is the longest river of Latvia if only the parts of the river in the country's territory are counted. The Daugava has only 367 km in Latvia, whereas the entire length of the river is over 1,000 km.

The sandstone rocks on the banks of the Gauja and its adjoining rivers started forming 370 to 300 million years ago, during the Devonian period.
Egglestetton
Egglestetton is a historic plantation house located near Chula, Amelia County, Virginia. It was built about 1799, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, five-bay, frame dwelling with a gambrel roof. It has a Central-passage plan and has beaded weatherboard siding. The house was extensively restored in 1972–1973.  Also on the property is an early 19th-century kitchen. It was built for planter and Congressman Joseph Eggleston (1754-1811).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Central-passage house
The central-passage house, also known variously as central hall plan house, center-hall house, hall-passage-parlor house, Williamsburg cottage, and Tidewater-type cottage, was a vernacular, or folk form, house type from the colonial period onward into the 19th century in the United States.
Grain Futures Act
The Grain Futures Act (ch. 369, 42 Stat. 998, 7 U.S.C. § 1) is a United States federal law enacted September 21, 1922 involving the regulation of trading in certain commodity futures, and causing the establishment of the Grain Futures Administration, a predecessor organization to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

The bill that became the Grain Futures Act was introduced in the United States Congress two weeks after the US Supreme Court declared the Futures Trading Act of 1921 unconstitutional in Hill v. Wallace 259 U.S. 44 (1922).  The Grain Futures Act was held to be constitutional by the US Supreme Court in Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen 262 US 1 (1923).

In 1936 it was revised into the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). The act was further superseded in 1974 by establishing the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. In 1982 the Commodity Futures Trading Commission created the National Futures Association (NFA).

United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).
Dactylicapnos
Dactylicapnos (climbing dicentra; formerly included in Dicentra) is a genus of frost-tender perennial or annual climbers native to the Himalayas, northern Burma, central southern China, and northern Vietnam.

Vine
A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word vine can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.

In parts of the world, including the British Isles, the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines, while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.