hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phạm Tuân
Phạm Tuân ([faːm˧ˀ˨ʔ twɜn˨˩] born 14 February 1947) is a retired Vietnamese Air Force fighter pilot and cosmonaut. He became the first Vietnamese cosmonaut, and the first person of Asian origin to be in space when he was launched aboard the Soyuz 37 mission as an Interkosmos research cosmonaut. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Fighter pilot
A fighter pilot or combat pilot is a military aviator trained to engage in air-to-air combat, air-to-ground combat and sometimes electronic warfare while in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft. Fighter pilots undergo specialized training in aerial warfare and dogfighting (close range aerial combat). A fighter pilot with at least five air-to-air kills becomes known as an ace.
Santa María (volcano)
Santa María Volcano is a large active volcano in the western highlands of Guatemala, in the Quetzaltenango Department near the city of Quetzaltenango. It is part of the mountain range of the Sierra Madre.

The volcano was known as Gagxanul in the local Kʼicheʼ language, which means "Naked Volcano or Mountain", before the 16th century Spanish conquest of the region.

The VEI-6 eruption of Santa María Volcano in 1902 was one of the three largest eruptions of the 20th century, after the 1912 Novarupta and 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions. It is also one of the five biggest eruptions of the past 200 (and most likely 300) years.

Pyroclastic flow
A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h (30 m/s; 60 mph; 90 ft/s) but is capable of reaching speeds up to 700 km/h (190 m/s; 430 mph; 640 ft/s). The gases and tephra can reach temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,800 °F).

Pyroclastic flows are the deadliest of all volcanic hazards and are produced as a result of certain explosive eruptions; they normally touch the ground and hurtle downhill or spread laterally under gravity. Their speed depends upon the density of the current, the volcanic output rate, and the gradient of the slope.
Bleecker Street
Bleecker Street is an east–west street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is most famous today as a Greenwich Village nightclub district. The street connects a neighborhood popular today for music venues and comedy as well as an important center of LGBT history and culture and bohemian tradition. The street is named after the family name of Anthony Lispenard Bleecker, a banker, the father of Anthony Bleecker, a 19th-century writer, through whose family farm the street once ran.

Bleecker Street connects Abingdon Square (the intersection of Eighth Avenue and Hudson Street) in the West Village, to the Bowery in the East Village and NoHo.

Nightlife
Nightlife is a collective term for entertainment that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It includes pubs, bars, nightclubs, parties, live music, concerts, cabarets, theatre, cinemas, and shows. These venues often require a cover charge for admission. Nightlife entertainment is often more adult-oriented than daytime entertainment. People who prefer to be active during the night-time are called night owls.
Jennifer Leeper
Jennifer Marie Leeper (born April 27, 1984) is an American politician serving as an elected official in the Connecticut General Assembly. She represents parts of Southport and Fairfield, comprising Connecticut's 132nd assembly district.

Southport, Connecticut
Southport is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Fairfield, Connecticut, United States. It is located along Long Island Sound between Mill River and Sasco Brook, where it borders Westport. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 1,710. Settled in 1639, Southport center has been designated a local historic district since 1967. In 1971, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Southport Historic District.
4K1G
4K1G is an Indigenous Australian radio station based in Townsville, Queensland. The station is aimed at the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people but plays a wide selection of music, news, sport and talk radio that appeals to the whole community.

Torres Strait Islanders
Torres Strait Islanders (/ˈtɒrɪs/ TORR-iss) are the Indigenous Melanesian peoples of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today, many more Torres Strait Islander people live in mainland Australia than on the islands.

Five distinct peoples exist within the broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir comprise the two main Indigenous language groups; Yumplatok is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Papuan, and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. Torres Strait Islanders exhibit a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking, and mask-making.
Lillesands-Posten
Lillesands-Posten is a local Norwegian newspaper that is published in Lillesand and Birkenes municipalities in Agder. It has been published since the 1870. The newspaper is owned by Agderposten Medier and is the sister paper of Agderposten. It comes out twice a week, Tuesday and Friday.

The newspapers language is Bokmål, and it is published in Tabloid (newspaper format).

Tabloid (newspaper format)
A tabloid is a newspaper format characterized by its compact size, smaller than a broadsheet. The term originates from the 19th century, when the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. used the term to describe compressed pills, later adopted by newspapers to denote condensed content. There are two main types of tabloid newspaper: red tops and compact, distinguished by editorial style.

Red top tabloids are distinct from broadsheet newspapers, which traditionally cater to more affluent, educated audiences with in-depth reporting and analysis. However, the line between tabloids and broadsheets has blurred in recent decades, as many broadsheet newspapers have adopted tabloid or compact formats to reduce costs and attract readers.

Globally, the tabloid format has been adapted to suit regional preferences and media landscapes. In countries like Germany and Australia, tabloids such as Bild and The Daily Telegraph have significant readerships and political clout.
Lady from Lisbon
Lady from Lisbon is a 1942 British comedy film directed by Leslie S. Hiscott and starring Francis L. Sullivan, Jane Carr, Martita Hunt and Charles Victor.

It was shot at the Riverside Studios in London. The film's sets were designed by the art director James A. Carter.

Riverside Studios
Riverside Studios is an arts centre on the north bank of the River Thames in Hammersmith, London, England. The venue plays host to contemporary performance, film, visual art exhibitions and television production.

Having opened in May 1976 (1976-05), the original building closed for redevelopment in September 2014 (2014-09). A new Riverside Studios reopened on its original site in August 2019. In March 2023, the Riverside Trust announced it was placing the theatre into administration because of debt incurred. In January 2025, it was announced that Riverside Studios had been purchased and will be operated by the Anil Agarwal Riverside Studios Trust.
Hermann Beitzke
Hermann Beitzke (21 June 1875 – 8 June 1953) was a German pathologist born in Tecklenburg, Westphalia.

Beitzke studied medicine at several universities, earning his doctorate in 1899 from the University of Kiel. In 1900-01 he was an assistant at the institute of hygiene in Halle an der Saale, and afterwards worked at the pathology institutes in Göttingen and Berlin. In 1911 he became a professor at the University of Lausanne, and in 1922 relocated to the University of Graz, where he taught classes until 1941.

He specialized in pathological investigations of infectious diseases, in particular tuberculosis studies. He was co-editor of Ergebnisse der gesamten Tuberkuloseforschung, a journal involving tuberculosis research.

Hygiene
Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refers to maintaining the body's cleanliness. Hygiene activities can be grouped into the following: home and everyday hygiene, personal hygiene, medical hygiene, sleep hygiene, and food hygiene. Home and every day hygiene includes hand washing, respiratory hygiene, food hygiene at home, hygiene in the kitchen, hygiene in the bathroom, laundry hygiene, and medical hygiene at home.

While often equated with cleanliness in common usage, hygiene is a term encompassing the personal practices and environmental conditions that maintain health and prevent disease.
Bonny Doon Ecological Reserve
The Bonny Doon Ecological Reserve is a nature preserve of 552 acres (2.23 km2) in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California, United States. The reserve protects several rare and endangered plant and animal species within an area known as the Santa Cruz Sandhills, an ancient seabed containing fossilized marine animals.

The land was purchased in 1989  by The Nature Conservancy which deeded the property to the state, and is now managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. It is adjacent to the Laguna parcel of the San Vicente Redwoods protected area.

The Santa Cruz Mountains are the only known location of the Zayante soil derived from the Santa Margarita geologic formation, that occur in three clusters in Santa Cruz County.

Santa Cruz County, California
Santa Cruz County (/ˌsæntə ˈkruːz/ ⓘ), officially the County of Santa Cruz, is a county on the Pacific coast of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 270,861. The county seat is Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz County comprises the Santa Cruz–Watsonville, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area. The county is on the California Central Coast, south of the San Francisco Bay Area region. The county forms the northern coast of the Monterey Bay, with Monterey County forming the southern coast.
National Grange
The National Grange, also known as The Grange and officially named The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope. The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office.

In 2025, the Grange had a membership of 140,000, with organizations in 1,400 communities. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a building built by the organization in 1960. Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges continue to serve as a center of rural life for many farming communities.

United States Secretary of Agriculture
The United States secretary of agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. The position carries similar responsibilities to those of agriculture ministers in other governments.

The department includes several organizations. The 297,000 mi2 (770,000 km2) of national forests and grasslands are managed by the United States Forest Service. The safety of food produced and sold in the United States is ensured by the United States Food Safety and Inspection Service. The Food Stamp Program works with the states to provide food to low-income people.

Secretary of Agriculture is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of US$221,400, as of January 2021.

Since February 13, 2025, the current secretary is Brooke Rollins.
Bigraph
A bigraph can be modelled as the superposition of a graph (the link graph) and a set of trees (the place graph).

Each node of the bigraph is part of a graph and also part of some tree that describes how the nodes are nested. Bigraphs can be conveniently and formally displayed as diagrams. They have applications in the modelling of distributed systems for ubiquitous computing and can be used to describe mobile interactions. They have also been used by Robin Milner in an attempt to subsume Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) and π-calculus. They have been studied in the context of category theory.

Calculus of communicating systems
The calculus of communicating systems (CCS) is a process calculus introduced by Robin Milner around 1980 and the title of a book describing the calculus. Its actions model indivisible communications between exactly two participants. The formal language includes primitives for describing parallel composition, summation between actions and scope restriction. CCS is useful for evaluating the qualitative correctness of properties of a system such as deadlock or livelock.

According to Milner, "There is nothing canonical about the choice of the basic combinators, even though they were chosen with great attention to economy. What characterises our calculus is not the exact choice of combinators, but rather the choice of interpretation and of mathematical framework".

The expressions of the language are interpreted as a labelled transition system. Between these models, bisimilarity is used as a semantic equivalence.
Ardmore Junction station
Ardmore Junction station is a SEPTA Metro transit station in Havertown, Pennsylvania. It serves the M and SEPTA Route 103 bus. The trolley stop is elevated, with the bus stop below on the Ardmore Busway. Ardmore Junction and Wynnewood stations are key anchors of the Haverford Road Corridor.

The land use around the station is predominately residential with some commercial. The station serves the neighborhoods of Ardmore Park, Merwood, Oakmont and Merion Golf Manor. The SEPTA private busway, used by the 103 bus, is notable for being the first private busway in the United States. The busway is an important pedestrian and active mobility link to the Oakmont neighborhood.

Havertown, Pennsylvania
Havertown is a residential suburban unincorporated community in Haverford Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located approximately 9 miles west of the center of Philadelphia. Havertown's ZIP Code is 19083 and "Havertown" is a postal address. The name "Havertown" was coined by the U.S. Post Office and came into use on January 1, 1946. Before then, each constituent community was known by its local name: Bon Air, Brookline, Penfield, Beechwood, Llanerch, Manoa, Oakmont, Coopertown, and Ardmore. Under William Penn's land divisions these communities were part of the Welsh Tract.
Luis Quiñónez (footballer)
Luis Manuel Quiñónez Castillo (born 5 October 1968) is a retired Colombian football midfielder.

He was born in Tumaco. Playing for Millonarios from 1988 through 1991, he then played for Once Caldas from 1992 to mid-1996 and Deportes Tolima through 1999. He stayed the first half of 2000 in Deportivo Pasto, then in Atlético Bucaramanga through 2002. In the 2004–05 season he resurfaced in Venezuelan Monagas SC.

He was capped 17 times and scored 3 goals for Colombia national football team in 1995, including at the 1995 Copa América.

Once Caldas
Once Caldas S.A., simply known as Once Caldas, is a professional Colombian football team based in Manizales, that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. The club plays its home games at Estadio Palogrande.

The club was founded in 1961 after the merger of Deportes Caldas and Deportivo Manizales (also known as Once Deportivo).

The club has won the Categoría Primera A four times, but is mainly known for its 2004 Copa Libertadores title.
Harry Keith Barn
The Harry Keith Barn near Penokee, Kansas was built in 1940.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

It was built in October 1940 by Harry Keith (1893-1961), with his brothers and neighbors.

It is built into a hillside with entrances on two  levels, thus is a bank barn. It has a gambrel roof with a hay hood at each end.

An adjacent 30 feet (9.1 m) tall Aeromotor wind pump was installed at the same time.  This was probably the Aermotor 702 model which was available from 1933 on, is a contributing structure in the listing. This fills a 4,000 US gallons (15,000 L) water tank.

It's located on M Road east of 200th Avenue in Graham County, Kansas, about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of the unincorporated community of Penokee.

Today, the Kansas Barn Alliance offers tours of the barn during their annual BarnFest celebration.

Aermotor Windmill Company
The Aermotor Windmill Company, or Aermotor Company, is an American manufacturer of wind-powered water pumps. The widespread use of their distinctive wind pumps on ranches throughout the arid plains and deserts of the United States has made their design a quintessential image of the American West.

The company also manufactured galvanized steel fire lookout towers under the "Aermotor Corporation" name including a "7 x 7" model which supported a 7-by-7-foot (2.1 m × 2.1 m) steel cab at heights from 35 feet (11 m) to 175 feet (53 m).  Hundreds of this model were in use in the southeastern U.S.;  a dozen survived in the Northwestern U.S. in 1984.
Montenegro–Turkey relations
Montenegro–Turkey relations are the bilateral relations between Montenegro and Turkey. Turkey officially recognized Montenegro on June 12, 2006. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on July 3, 2006. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean, Council of Europe and NATO. Both countries are candidates for the EU. And Montenegro is with Slovenia is Sectoral dialogue partner countries of Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.

Montenegro will temporarily reintroduce visas for Turkish nationals; the country’s prime minister, Milojko Spajic, announced as of October 5, 2025, following an incident in which Turkish migrants were suspected of a knife attack on a Montenegrin citizen in the capital.

Milojko Spajić
Milojko Spajić (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Милојко Спајић; born 24 September 1987) is a Montenegrin politician and financial engineer serving as Prime Minister of Montenegro since October 2023. He also served as the minister of finance and social welfare in the government of Montenegro and the cabinet of Zdravko Krivokapić from 2020 to 2022.

Spajić is the president of the centrist Europe Now party. As of 2025, he is the fifth youngest serving state leader in the world, after Ibrahim Traoré of Burkina Faso, Daniel Noboa of Ecuador and Kristrún Frostadóttir of Iceland.
Fire lance
The fire lance (simplified Chinese: 火枪; traditional Chinese: 火槍; pinyin: huǒqiāng; lit. 'fire spear') was a gunpowder weapon used by lighting it on fire, and is the ancestor of modern firearms. It first appeared in 10th–12th century China and was used to great effect during the Jin-Song Wars. It began as a small pyrotechnic device attached to a polearm weapon, used to gain a shock advantage at the start of a melee. As gunpowder improved, the explosive discharge was increased, and debris or pellets added, giving it some of the effects of a combination modern flamethrower and shotgun, but with a very short range (about 3 meters or 10 feet), and only one shot (although some were designed for two shots). By the late 13th century, fire lance barrels had transitioned to metal material to better withstand the explosive blast, and the lance-point was discarded in favor of relying solely on the gunpowder blast. These became the first hand cannons.

Shock tactics
Shock tactics, shock tactic, or shock attack is an offensive maneuver which attempts to place the enemy under psychological pressure by a rapid and fully-committed advance with the aim of causing their combatants to retreat. The acceptance of a higher degree of risk to attain a decisive result is intrinsic to shock actions.
Prussian T 16.1
The Prussian T 16.1 locomotives were built for the Prussian state railways as goods train tank locomotives about the time of the First World War. Six examples were also procured by the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine.

Tank locomotive
A tank locomotive is a steam locomotive which carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of a more traditional tender. Most tank engines also have bunkers (or fuel tanks) to hold fuel; in a tender-tank locomotive a tender holds some or all of the fuel, and may hold some water also.

There are several different types of tank locomotive, distinguished by the position and style of the water tanks and fuel bunkers. The most common type has tanks mounted either side of the boiler. This type originated about 1840 and quickly became popular for industrial tasks, and later for shunting and shorter-distance main line duties.

Tank locomotives have advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional locomotives that required a separate tender to carry needed water and fuel.
Petilianus
Petilianus was an eminent Donatist of the 5th century Roman North Africa, who is known to history through the letters he wrote to the Catholic Bishop Augustine of Hippo and discourses in Augustine's replies.
Although most of what we know of him comes from Augustine, his main theology seems to have been "that the true church was only composed of those who were repentant."

Donatism
Donatism was a schism from the Catholic Church in the Archdiocese of Carthage from the fourth to the sixth centuries. Donatists argued that Christian clergy must be faultless for their ministry to be effective and their prayers and sacraments to be valid. Donatism had its roots in the long-established Christian community of the Roman province Africa Proconsularis (present-day Tunisia, the northeast of Algeria, and the western coast of Libya) and Mauretania Tingitana (roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco), in the persecutions of Christians under Diocletian. Named after the Berber Christian bishop Donatus Magnus, Donatism flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries. Donatism mainly spread among the indigenous Berber population, and Donatists were able to blend Christianity with many of the Berber local customs.
Glass Peninsula
The Glass Peninsula is a peninsula extending southeast from Admiralty Island, between Seymour Canal and Stephens Passage, Southeast Alaska, United States. It was named by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for United States Navy Commander Henry Glass, who had made surveys in the area in 1881. It was first charted in 1794 by Joseph Whidbey, master of HMS Discovery, during George Vancouver's 1791–1795 expedition.

Commander (United States)
In the United States, commander is a military rank (O-5) that is also sometimes used as a military billet title—the designation of someone who manages living quarters or a base—depending on the branch of service. It is also used as a rank or title in non-military organizations, particularly in law enforcement.
White River Valley Conference
The White River Valley Conference was a short-lived athletic conference in southwestern Indiana. The conference started off well, sponsoring both varsity and junior varsity contests mainly in basketball and track. However, after three years, Bloomfield would leave to help found the Southwestern Indiana Athletic Conference. The year after, Spencer followed suit. This caused Clay City to rejoin their county conference, leaving the remaining four schools (all in Greene County) to do the same.

Greene County, Indiana
Greene County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, the population was 30,803. The county seat is Bloomfield. The county was determined by the US Census Bureau to include the mean center of U.S. population in 1930.