hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Roby Muhamad
Roby Muhamad is an Indonesian entrepreneur and scientist best known for his work with social network dynamics. His work spans the fields of physics, psychology, and sociology.

Muhamad earned his bachelor in physics from the Bandung Institute of Technology, and he earned his doctorate in sociology from Columbia University. He current lectures at the Department of Psychology at the University of Indonesia. In 2003, Muhamad and Duncan J. Watts were part of the team which roughly confirmed Stanley Milgram's hypothesis on six degrees of separation.

Muhamad is co-owner of the location-based dating app Yogurt. He has made public calls for modernizing anti-tobacco efforts targeted at teenagers due to tobacco companies use of social media to negate teens' rational calculation of loss-benefit.

Six degrees of separation
Six degrees of separation is the idea that all people are six or fewer social connections away from each other. As a result, a chain of "friend of a friend" statements can be made to connect any two people in a maximum of six steps. It is also known as the six handshakes rule. Mathematically it means that a person shaking hands with 30 people, and then those 30 shaking hands with 30 other people, would after repeating this six times allow every person in a population as large as the United States to have shaken hands (seven times for the whole world).

The concept was originally set out in a 1929 short story by Frigyes Karinthy, in which a group of people play a game of trying to connect any person in the world to themselves by a chain of five others. It was popularized in John Guare's 1990 play Six Degrees of Separation.

The idea is sometimes generalized to the average social distance being logarithmic in the size of the population.
Mine roller
A mine roller or mine trawl is a demining device mounted on a tank or armoured personnel carrier, designed to detonate anti-tank mines. It allows combat engineers to clear a lane through a minefield which is protected by enemy fire.

The device is usually composed of a fork or two push arm assemblies fitted to the front of a tank hull, with two banks of rollers that can be lowered in front of the tank's tracks. Each roller bank has several heavy wheels studded with short projecting steel girders, which apply a higher ground pressure than the tank's tracks. This ensures the explosion of pressure-fused anti-tank mines, which would otherwise explode under the track itself.

Armoured personnel carrier
An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones. Since World War I, APCs have become a very common piece of military equipment around the world.

According to the definition in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, an APC is "an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry squad and which, as a rule, is armed with an integral or organic weapon of less than 20 millimetres calibre." Compared to infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), which are also used to carry infantry into battle, APCs have less armament and are not designed to provide direct fire support in battle. Infantry units that travel in APCs are known as mechanized infantry. Some militaries also make a distinction between infantry units that use APCs and infantry units that use IFVs, with the latter being known as armoured infantry.
Kajaki (film)
Kajaki: The True Story, released in North America as Kilo Two Bravo, is a 2014 British war docu-drama film directed by Paul Katis in his feature debut, written by Tom Williams, and produced by Katis and Andrew de Lotbiniere.

The plot is based on the Kajaki Dam incident, involving Mark Wright and a small unit of British soldiers positioned near the Kajaki Dam, in Helmand province, Afghanistan.

British Independent Film Awards
The British Independent Film Awards (BIFA) is an organisation that celebrates, supports, and promotes British independent cinema and film-making talent in the United Kingdom. Nominations for the annual awards ceremony are announced in early November, with the ceremony itself taking place in early December.

Since 2015, BIFA has also hosted UK-wide talent development and film screening programmes, with the support of Creative Skillset and the  British Film Institute.
NGC 6834
NGC 6834 is a young open cluster of stars located about 10,850 light years from the Sun in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered on July 17, 1784, by Anglo-German astronomer William Herschel. The cluster has a visual magnitude of 7.8, which is dimmed by 2.1 magnitudes due to interstellar dust. Half the cluster members lie within an angular radius of 6′.

The Trumpler class of this cluster is II 2 m, indicating it is medium-rich in stars (m) with a moderate brightness range (2) and little central concentration of the stars (II). It has about 260 members and an age of approximately 65 million years, although estimates range from 50 to 80 million. A total of fifteen B-type variable stars have been detected in the cluster with four Be stars. Five of the cluster members show hydrogen alpha emission, including a γ Cas and two λ Eri variables.

Hydrogen-alpha
Hydrogen-alpha, typically shortened to H-alpha or Hα, is a deep-red visible spectral line of the hydrogen atom  with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air and 656.46 nm in vacuum. It is the first spectral line in the Balmer series and is emitted when an electron falls from a hydrogen atom's third- to second-lowest energy level. H-alpha has applications in astronomy where its emission can be observed from emission nebulae and from features in the Sun's atmosphere, including solar prominences and the chromosphere.
Taoyuan District, Kaohsiung
23°14′20″N 120°50′03″E﻿ / ﻿23.238822°N 120.834289°E﻿ / 23.238822; 120.834289

Taoyuan District (Bunun: Ngani; Chinese: 桃源區; pinyin: Táoyuán Qū) is a mountain indigenous district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It is the largest district in Kaohsiung City by area and the least densely populated district in Taiwan.

The population is mainly the indigenous Bunun people and Saaroa people.

Yushan National Park
Yushan National Park (Chinese: 玉山國家公園; pinyin: Yù Shān  Gúojiā Gōngyuán) is one of the nine national parks in Taiwan and was named after the summit Yushan, the highest peak of the park. The park covers a total area of 103,121 hectares that includes large sections of the Central Mountain Range. The park contains more than thirty peaks over 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) in elevation, and two-thirds of the area within the park is above 2,000 metres (6,562 ft). The elevation difference in the park is 3,600 metres (11,811 ft), and there are many canyons, cliffs, and valleys.

Because of its remote location and entry control, Yushan National Park is not among the most visited national parks in Taiwan. Even so, the park attracted 1,044,994 visitors in 2015. For its flora and fauna, it is considered a potential World Heritage Site.
Goreswar railway station
Goreswar railway station is a railway station on Rangiya–Murkongselek section under Rangiya railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway zone. This railway station is situated beside Baihata-Goreswar Road at Goreswar in Baksa district in the Indian state of Assam.

Northeast Frontier Railway zone
The Northeast Frontier Railway (abbreviated NFR) is one of the 19 railway zones of the Indian Railways. It is headquartered in Maligaon, Guwahati in the state of Assam, and responsible for operation and expansion of rail network all across Northeastern states and some districts of eastern Bihar and northern West Bengal.
Marta Cartabia
Marta Cartabia (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmarta karˈtaːbja]; born 14 May 1963) is an Italian jurist and academic who served as Minister of Justice in the national unity government of Prime Minister Mario Draghi. Cartabia previously was Judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy between 2011 and 2020, Vice President from 12 November 2014 to 11 December 2019 and President from 11 December 2019 to 13 September 2020. She is a professor of constitutional law. She was the first woman to hold the office of President of the Constitutional Court and became President of Council of Europe's Venice Commission in December 2025.

National unity government
A national unity government, government of national unity (GNU), or national union government is a broad coalition government consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature, usually formed during a time of war or other national emergency. A unity government according to the principles of consensus democracy lacks opposition, or opposition parties are too small and negligible.
Rasm
Rasm (Arabic: رَسْم [ræsm]) is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Classical Arabic literature (7th century – early 11th century AD). It is the same as today's Arabic script except for the difference that the Arabic diacritics are omitted. These diacritics include consonant pointing or ʾiʿjām (إِعْجَام), and supplementary diacritics or taškīl (تَشْكِيل). The latter include the ḥarakāt (حَرَكَات) short vowel marks—singular: ḥarakah (حَرَكَة). As an example, in rasm, the two distinct letters ص ض are indistinguishable because ʾiʿjām is omitted, or letters similar in shape ک ك may also become indistinguishable if the diacritics are omitted. Rasm is also known as Arabic skeleton script. This concept is somewhat similar to scriptio continua in the Latin script, where all spaces and other punctuations is omitted. The rasm form was common for writing Arabic until the early 2nd millennium.

Kufic
The Kufic script (Arabic: الخط الكوفي, romanized: al-khaṭṭ al-kūfī) is a style of Arabic script that gained prominence early on as a preferred script for Quran transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for a number of other Arabic scripts. It developed from the Arabic alphabet in the city of Kufa, from which its name is derived. Kufic is characterized by angular, rectilinear letterforms and its horizontal orientation. There are many different versions of Kufic, such as square Kufic, floriated Kufic, knotted Kufic, and others. The artistic styling of Kufic led to its use in a non-Arabic context in Europe, as decoration on architecture, known as pseudo-Kufic.
Sparse graph code
A Sparse graph code is a code which is represented by a sparse graph.

Any linear code can be represented as a graph, where there are two sets of nodes - a set representing the transmitted bits and another set representing the constraints that the transmitted bits have to satisfy. The state of the art classical error-correcting codes are based on sparse graphs, achieving close to the Shannon limit. The archetypal sparse-graph codes are Gallager's low-density parity-check codes.

Robert G. Gallager
Robert Gray Gallager (born May 29, 1931) is an American electrical engineer known for his work on information theory and communications networks.

Gallager was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 1979 for contributions to coding and communications theory and practice. He was also elected an IEEE Fellow in 1968, a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1992, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) in 1999.

He received the Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1983. He also received the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1990 "For fundamental contributions to communications coding techniques", the Marconi Prize in 2003, and a
Dijkstra Prize in 2004, among other honors. For most of his career he was a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jeune-Autise Canal
The Canal de la Jeune-Autise (French pronunciation: [kanal də la ʒœn otiz], lit. 'Young Autise Canal') is a canalised branch of the river Autise in western France. It connects Souil, north of Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux, to the river Sèvre Niortaise in Maillé. It has one lock and is 8.5 km long.

Sèvre Niortaise
The Sèvre Niortaise (French pronunciation: [sɛvʁ njɔʁtɛz]) is a 158.4 km (98.4 mi) long river in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions in western France, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. Its source is in the Deux-Sèvres department, near Sepvret, north of Melle.

It flows through the following departments and towns:

Deux-Sèvres: Saint-Maixent-l'École, Niort

Vendée: Damvix

Charente-Maritime: Marans

It flows into the Atlantic Ocean in Bourg-Chapon, north of the city of La Rochelle. The largest city along the river is Niort, which gives it the name Sèvre Niortaise, distinguishing it from the Sèvre Nantaise. Its largest tributaries are the Vendée and the Autise.
Simon Lopuyet
Simon Lopuyet (born 24 December 1972) is a Kenyan marathon runner.

He has won several European races, such as the 1994 and 1995 Tilburg Ten Miles, the 1995 Lisbon Half Marathon, 2001 Cologne Marathon, the 2004 Münster Marathon and the 2005 Hannover Marathon.

His personal best times are 1:00:26 hours in the half marathon, achieved at the 1995 Lisbon Half Marathon; and 2:08:19 hours in the marathon, achieved when finishing fourth at the 1997 Rotterdam Marathon.

Cologne Marathon
The Cologne Marathon (Köln-Marathon) is an annual marathon held in Cologne, Germany. Since October 1997 the marathon has been held annually in early October, except for 2004, 2005 and 2014 when it was held in late September.
Sparrow Stadium
Clifford S. Cormell Field at Sparrow Stadium is a baseball stadium on the campus of Francis Marion University in Florence, South Carolina. Part of the $11.1 million R. Gerald Griffin Athletic Complex, Sparrow Stadium is the home field for the Francis Marion Patriots baseball team. Sparrow Stadium also hosts some home games for the Florence–Darlington Technical College Stingers baseball team.

Sparrow Stadium was the home field of the Florence Flamingos, a collegiate summer baseball team in the Coastal Plain League, from 2012 to 2021. The then Florence RedWolves moved to Sparrow Stadium in the middle of the 2012 season from Florence's American Legion Field. Sparrow Stadium hosted the Coastal Plain League All-Star Game on July 12, 2015. The Flamingos moved in 2022 to the new Carolina Bank Field in Florence.

Florence–Darlington Technical College
Florence–Darlington Technical College is a public community college in Florence, South Carolina. It is a part of the South Carolina Technical College System.

The Florence-Darlington Technical Education Center was established in 1963 and serves Florence, Darlington, and Marion counties. The college's initial enrollment of 250 students now exceeds 6,000 students. Its original campus of less than 10 acres (4.05 ha) has expanded to nearly 240 acres (97 ha) with a modern complex of eight major buildings totaling nearly 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2).

The college operates sites in Hartsville, Lake City, and Mullins. The college also operates a large health sciences complex in downtown Florence entirely devoted to careers in the health arena.
Asian Matchplay Championship
The Asian Matchplay Championship was a professional match play golf tournament. It was the season ending event in each of the first four seasons of the Omega Tour, now known as the Asian Tour. It also included a pairs competition, the Hugo Boss Foursomes, played using the alternate shot format.

It was hosted at a different venue every season. After the inaugural event, which was played in January, it was held in December each season. The tournament was sponsored by Volvo between 1996 and 1998, when it was titled as the Volvo Asian Matchplay.

The limited field was predominantly made up of winners of the major tournaments on the Omega Tour and leading players from the Order of Merit that season, with invitations also issued to the leading players from the Asia Golf Circuit, Japan Golf Tour, PGA Tour of Australasia and Southern Africa Tour.

Foursomes
Foursomes, also known as alternate shot, is a pairs playing format in the sport of golf.

Golfers compete in teams of two, using only one ball per team, and taking alternate shots until the hole is completed. Team members take turns in teeing off on each hole, i.e. one player will take the tee shot on odd-numbered holes, and the other on even-numbered holes.

Foursomes is most commonly played as match play, with each hole being won by the team that completes it in the fewest shots. This form of golf is often played in team golf competitions such as the Ryder Cup, Solheim Cup and the Presidents Cup.

Foursomes can also be played in stroke play competitions, with the winners being the team who have taken the fewest strokes to complete a set number of holes. Since 2000 this format has been used with alternating rounds of four-ball by the World Cup of Golf, and since 2017, again combined with four-ball rounds, by the Zurich Classic on the PGA Tour.
Ghadam
Ghadam (Georgian: ღადამი) or Adam (ადამი) was a king (mepe) of Iberia (Kartli, modern eastern Georgia) whose three years of reign are scarcely recorded in the medieval Georgian chronicles. He is otherwise unattested elsewhere. Professor Cyril Toumanoff suggests AD 132–135 as the possible years of Ghadam’s rule. The king’s name is surmised by modern scholars to be a corrupted form of Rhadamistus, not an uncommon name in the ancient Caucasian royal and noble families.

According to the Georgian annals, Ghadam was the son of P’arsman the Good who is the Pharasmanes, king of the Iberians, of Cassius Dio and some other Classical authors. He died after three years of reign, leaving the regency of his one-year-old son, P’arsman, in the hands of his mother Ghadana of Armenia.

Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio (c. 165 – c. 235), also known as Dio Cassius (Ancient Greek: Δίων Κάσσιος Dion Kassios), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (27 BC) up until 229 AD, during the reign of Severus Alexander. Written in Koine Greek over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history.

Many of his books have survived intact, alongside summaries edited by later authors such as Xiphilinus, a Byzantine monk of the 11th century, and Zonaras, a Byzantine chronicler of the 12th century.
2018 Moneta Czech Open – Doubles
Guillermo Durán and Andrés Molteni were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Denys Molchanov and Igor Zelenay won the title after defeating Martín and Pablo Cuevas 4–6, 6–3, [10–7] in the final.

Pablo Cuevas
Pablo Gabriel Cuevas Urroz (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβlo ˈkweβas]; born 1 January 1986) is a Uruguayan tennis coach and a former professional player. Cuevas won the 2008 French Open men's doubles title with Luis Horna, and was especially noted throughout his career for spectacular trickshots.

Cuevas won six singles titles and had a career-high singles ranking of world No. 19, achieved in August 2016. His career-high doubles ranking was No. 14, achieved in April 2009.

In September 2019, Cuevas led the Uruguayan Davis Cup team to a victory over the Dominican Republic, winning entry into the highest Davis Cup tier, the World Group.
Artūrs Kupaks
Artūrs Kupaks (born 14 July 1973) is a Latvian former professional ice hockey defenceman.

Kupaks started playing in the Soviet League and the International Hockey League for RASMS Riga and Stars Riga, then went on to play eleven additional seasons in the minor leagues of North America for 13 different teams before retiring as a professional player following the 2005–06 season.

Latvians
Latvians (Latvian: latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts, especially in older bibliography. Latvians share a common Latvian language, culture, history and ancestry.
MSC Marc
MSC Marc is a nonlinear finite elements analysis software used to simulate behavior of complex materials and interaction under large deformations and strains. It can also simulate multi-physics scenarios across structural, thermal, piezoelectric, electrostatic, magnetostatic, and electromagnetic behaviors. It uses automatic two-dimensional and three-dimensional remeshing to analyze structures undergoing large distortions, and crack propagation.

Magnetostatics
Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady (not changing with time). It is the magnetic analogue of electrostatics, where the charges are stationary. The magnetization need not be static; the equations of magnetostatics can be used to predict fast magnetic switching events that occur on time scales of nanoseconds or less. Magnetostatics is even a good approximation when the currents are not static – as long as the currents do not alternate rapidly. Magnetostatics is widely used in applications of micromagnetics such as models of magnetic storage devices as in computer memory.
KUSW
KUSW (88.1 FM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Flora Vista, New Mexico, United States. KUSW is owned by KUTE, Inc., and serves the Four Corners area.

This public radio station broadcasts an adult album alternative music format as part of the Four Corners Public Radio and Southern Ute Tribal Radio networks. As such, a portion of its programming is a simulcast of sister station KSUT in Ignacio, Colorado. KUSW is a member station of both National Public Radio and the AIROS Native Radio Network.

Due to its location at the bottom of the FM band (88.1 MHz) and transmitter's close proximity (72 km) to the other station, this station causes a small but legally permissible amount of interference with the analog channel 6 signal (87.75 MHz) of KREZ-TV, a television station licensed to Durango, Colorado. To minimize the interference, KUSW broadcasts with only a vertical polarization.

AIROS Native Radio Network
American Indian Radio on Satellite or AIROS was a service that transmitted Native American radio programs between producers and radio stations via satellite. It also distributed radio programming directly to listeners via the Internet. Its satellite service ran from 1994 to 2006. It was operated by Native American Public Telecommunications.
Sclessin
Sclessin (French pronunciation: [sklesɛ̃]) is a quarter of the city of Liège located in the province of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium. Before the fusion of the Belgian municipalities in 1977, it was a quarter of the municipality of Ougrée. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Liège. Sclessin has never been a municipality, but in some sources, Sclessin is mentioned as a "section" (sub-municipality).

Deelgemeente
A deelgemeente (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːlɣəˌmeːntə] ⓘ, literally sub-municipality), or section (French pronunciation: [sɛksjɔ̃] ⓘ), is a subdivision of a municipality in Belgium and, until March 2014, in the Netherlands as well.
Smith's Chapel
Smith's Chapel, also known as Smith Chapel, is a historic chapel located at 29858 Redfield Road in Milton Township, Cass County, Michigan, near Niles. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.  The chapel is the oldest known church building in Cass County, and probably the oldest in southwest Michigan.

Cass County, Michigan
Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 51,589. Its county seat is Cassopolis. Cass County is included in the South Bend-Mishawaka metropolitan area which has a total population of 316,663 and is considered part of the Michiana region.