hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Hamburg (1762)
The Treaty of Hamburg was signed on 22 May 1762 in Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia during the Pomeranian War, a theater of the Seven Years' War.

The treaty came into being after Russia had allied to Prussia on 5 May, making it impossible for Sweden to continue the war which they had entered to regain territories in Pomerania, which they had previously lost. The treaty reaffirmed the pre-war status quo.

Age of Liberty
In Swedish history, the Age of Liberty (Swedish: Frihetstiden) was a period that saw parliamentary governance, increasing civil rights, and the decline of the Swedish Empire that began with the adoption of the Instrument of Government in 1719 and ended with the Revolution of 1772, Gustav III of Sweden's self-coup. This shift of power from the monarch to parliament was a direct effect of the Great Northern War.

Suffrage under the parliamentary government was not universal. Although the taxed peasantry was represented in the Parliament, its influence was disproportionately small, and commoners without taxed property had no suffrage at all.
Ozbekiston (Tashkent Metro)
Oʻzbekiston (English: Uzbekistan) is a station of the Tashkent Metro on Oʻzbekiston Line. It was opened on 8 December 1984 as part of the inaugural section of the line, between Alisher Navoiy and Toshkent. The station is one of the vaulted type with two underground vestibules. The station is located lamps, which are made of glass and metal in the form of a cotton boll to disclose. On the walls in the enameled ceramics shown for water, and the ceiling is decorated with ganch. At furnish used marble, granite, ceramics, ganch, metal, glass and other materials.

Oʻzbekiston Line
The Oʻzbekiston Line (Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston yoʻli, Ўзбекистон йўли, Russian: Узбекистанская линия, romanized: Uzbekistanskaya liniya) or in English, the Uzbekistan Line is a line of the Tashkent Metro. Opened in 1984, it connects the northwestern districts of the city with the city centre and then continues eastwards.
Hard Scrabble Falls Creek
Hard Scrabble Falls Creek (or Hard Scrabble Creek) is a stream in the U.S. state of Washington.
The creek flows down off the sides of Stewart Mountain, into the South Fork Nooksack in Van Zandt, Washington, 4.4 miles south of Deming, Washington. The creek has also been known by White Eagle Creek.

Hard Scrabble Falls Creek and the accompanying gulch take their name from Hard Scrabble Falls.

Gulch
A gulch is a deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion. It may contain a small stream or dry creek bed and is usually larger in size than a gully. Sudden intense rainfall upstream may produce flash floods in the bed of the gulch.

In eastern Canada, gulch refers to:

a narrow deep cove (Newfoundland)

a narrow saltwater channel (Nova Scotia)
Augustus Rauschenbusch
Karl August Heinrich Rauschenbusch (13 February 1816, in Altena – 5 December 1899, in Wandsbek), better known as Augustus Rauschenbusch in English, was a German Baptist (Lutheran early in his career) clergyman who worked mostly in the United States.

Altena
Altena (German pronunciation: [ˈaltəna] ⓘ; Westphalian: Altenoa) is a town in the district of Märkischer Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The town's castle is the origin for the later Dukes of Berg. Altena is situated on the Lenne river valley, in the northern stretches of the Sauerland.
Moseby
Moseby is a surname. It is an alternate spelling of Mosby. Notable people with the surname include:

Lloyd Moseby (born 1959), a former Major League Baseball player

Harry Moseby, an Australian Paralympic athlete

Ulrik Moseby (born 1964), a Danish former association football player

Mr. Moseby, a character on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and its spin-off, The Suite Life on Deck

Lloyd Moseby
Lloyd Anthony Moseby (born November 5, 1959) is an American former Major League Baseball player. A center fielder, and good all-around athlete, Moseby's nickname, "Shaker", was said to stem from his ability to get away from or "shake" players who attempted to defend him on the basketball court.
Ipswich & West Moreton Building Society building
Ipswich & West Moreton Building Society is a heritage-listed building society office at 45 East Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1888 to 1950s by Peter Brown. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

City of Ipswich
The City of Ipswich is a local government area (LGA) located within the southwest of Greater Brisbane, which in turn, is situated within the vast South East region of the state of Queensland. Positioned between the City of Brisbane and the City of Logan to the east and the Scenic Rim Region to the south, the City of Ipswich also borders the Somerset and Lockyer Valley regions to the north and west, respectively. Ipswich is generally taken to include the urban area encompassing the historical city of Ipswich and the surrounding rural areas. By the 2021 census, the City of Ipswich, as a local government area, had a population of 229,208 people.
Katrin Leschke
Katrin Leschke (born 1968) is a German mathematician specialising in differential geometry and known for her work on quaternionic analysis and Willmore surfaces. She works in England as a reader in mathematics at the University of Leicester, where she also heads the "Maths Meets Arts Tiger Team", an interdisciplinary group for the popularisation of mathematics, and led the "m:iv" project of international collaboration on minimal surfaces.

Willmore energy
In differential geometry, the Willmore energy is a quantitative measure of how much a given surface deviates from a round sphere.  Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth closed surface embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space is defined to be the integral of the square of the mean curvature minus the Gaussian curvature.  It is named after the English geometer Thomas Willmore.
2024 Iași Open – Women's singles
Mirra Andreeva won the tournament to claim her first WTA Tour title, defeating Elina Avanesyan in the final, 5–7, 7–5, 4–0 ret. At 17 years and 3 months, Andreeva became the youngest player to win her first WTA tour level title since Coco Gauff in 2019.

Ana Bogdan was the two-time defending champion, but withdrew before the tournament began.

Mirra Andreeva
Mirra Aleksandrovna Andreeva (born 29 April 2007) is a Russian professional tennis player. She has been ranked by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) as high as world No. 5 in singles, which she achieved on 14 July 2025, and No. 12 in doubles, attained on 15 September 2025.

Andreeva has won four WTA Tour singles titles, including two WTA 1000 events, and achieved her best major result at the 2024 French Open by reaching the semifinals at the age of 17. She also was a silver medalist in women's doubles at the 2024 Paris Olympics, partnering Diana Shnaider.
Francine Busby
Francine Pocino Busby (born March 3, 1951) is a former member of the school board in Cardiff, California and was the chair of the San Diego County Democratic Party. She has four times been the Democratic candidate for Congress in California's 50th congressional district, in North San Diego County. In 2004, she ran unsuccessfully against incumbent Republican Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham. Before his term was up, Cunningham resigned due to his conviction on bribery charges, and Busby ran in the June 2006 special election to replace him; she lost to Republican Brian Bilbray, who again defeated her in the 2006 general election that November. She also ran unsuccessfully against Bilbray in 2010.

2004 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 2004 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 2, 2004. The districts after the 2000 census were gerrymandered to protect incumbents of both parties, so there was no change in the party balance, 33 Democrats and 20 Republicans.
Gianluca Petrella
Gianluca Petrella is an Italian jazz trombonist. In 2001 he won Italy's Django d'Or Award as well as Musica Jazz's annual critics poll as Best Young Talent. In 2006 and 2007 he was featured in Down Beat magazine, winning their award for "Best Emerging Artist" in the category for Best Trombonist.

He started his career with Roberto Ottaviano in 1993. He has worked with many international musicians including Joey Calderazzo, Jimmy Owens, Greg Osby, Carla Bley, Pat Metheny, Marc Ducret, Manu Dibango, Nicola Conte, Bobby Previte and Enrico Rava. His group Indigo 4, with Paolino Dalla Porta, Francesco Bearzatti and Fabio Accardi, has recorded the albums Indigo 4 and Kaleido. The recordings were released on Blue Note and were well received by critics. While noted influences include Thelonious Monk, Duke Ellington, and Sun Ra, Petrella also uses loops and sound effects.

Jimmy Owens (musician)
Jimmy Owens (born December 9, 1943) is an American jazz trumpeter, composer, arranger, lecturer, and educator. He has played with Lionel Hampton, Charles Mingus, Hank Crawford, Dizzy Gillespie, Count Basie, Herbie Mann, among many others. Since 1969, he has led his own group, Jimmy Owens Plus.
2006 North Carolina Senate election
The 2006 North Carolina Senate election was held on November 7, 2006, to elect members to all fifty seats in the North Carolina Senate. The election coincided with the elections for other offices, including the U.S. House of Representatives and state house. The primary election was held on May 2, 2006, with primary run-offs occurring on May 30 and September 12, 2006. The Democratic Party made a net gain of 2 seats in the state senate.

Jean R. Preston
Jean Rouse Preston (May 25, 1935 – January 10, 2013) served for 20 years in the North Carolina General Assembly, including seven terms in the North Carolina House of Representatives and three in the North Carolina Senate. She retired in 2012 when she was the Joint Republican Caucus Leader and Senator representing the state's second district, including constituents in Carteret county. She also served as co-chair of the Education/Higher Education and the Appropriations Education/Higher Education Committees.  She was a retired educator from Emerald Isle, North Carolina. Preston died in 2013 at age 77.
2000 Open Gaz de France – Doubles
Irina Spîrlea and Caroline Vis were the defending champions, but lost in semifinals to Julie Halard-Decugis and Sandrine Testud.

Julie Halard-Decugis and Sandrine Testud won the title by defeating Åsa Carlsson and Émilie Loit 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 in the final.

Émilie Loit
Émilie Loit (French pronunciation: [emili lwa]; born 9 June 1979) is a former tennis player from France.

Her three career singles titles, all on clay, included Estoril and Casablanca both in 2004, and Acapulco in 2007. She also won 16 doubles titles on the WTA Tour. Her highest rankings were No. 27 in singles and No. 15 in doubles.

On 24 May 2009, right after losing her first-round match at the French Open, she announced her retiring from professional tennis by the end of the tournament.

In summer 2011, she gave birth to a son, Mathias.
Bordignon
Bordignon is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arghus Soares Bordignon (born 1988),  Brazilian football centre-back

Claudio Bordignon, Italian hematologist

Enrica Bordignon (born 1975), Italian chemist

Noè Bordignon (1841–1920), Italian painter

Fábio da Silva Bordignon (born 1992), Brazilian Paralympic athlete

Giorgia Bordignon (born 1987),  Italian weightlifter

Laura Bordignon (born 1981), Italian discus thrower and shot putter

Enrica Bordignon
Enrica Bordignon (born 5 April 1975) is an Italian chemist and Chair of Electron Spin Resonance at the University of Geneva. Her research involves the development of electron paramagnetic resonance to study membrane potentials.
2011 Bauer Watertechnology Cup – Doubles
Scott Lipsky and Rajeev Ram were the defending champions but Lipsky decided not to participate.
Ram plays alongside Dustin Brown, losing in the first round.
Andre Begemann and Alexandre Kudryavtsev won the title against James Cerretani and Adil Shamasdin 6–3, 3–6, [11–9].

Andre Begemann
Andre Begemann (born 12 July 1984) is a German inactive professional tennis player. He is a doubles specialist who reached his career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 36, achieved in May 2015. He has a career-high singles ranking of No. 166, achieved in July 2010. Begemann has won four ATP Tour doubles titles.
París-Londres
París-Londres, also known as "La Gran Boutique", was a chain of department stores that were briefly rebranded CLASS, then purchased by Grupo Cifra, owner of Suburbia, and rebranded as Suburbia in the 1990s after Mexico started to permit imports from abroad on a large scale. The main store was located at 81, 16 de Septiembre Street in the Historic Center of Mexico City, and there were branches at Perisur, Plaza Satélite and in Polanco.

Grupo Cifra
Grupo Cifra or Grupo Aurrerá-Cifra was a Mexican company, owned by Jerónimo Arango and his brother Manuel Arango, founded in 1986, whose main component businesses were supermarket chains Aurrerá and Superama, restaurant chains  VIPS (Mexican restaurant) and El Portón, department storesSuburbia and others such as El Gran Bazar, BONS, Fratti and Bon Savor. The Group ceased to exist in 2000 as it became part of Walmart.
Seydulla Seypullayov
Seydulla Seypullayov (January 1918 – 4 September 2002) was a Chinese politician, educator, and writer who held high-ranking positions in the regional and local governments of Xinjiang. He was an ethnic Uyghur from Turpan and received his higher education in the Soviet Union.

Turpan
Turpan (Uyghur: Turpan) or Turfan (Chinese: 吐鲁番) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 69,759 km2 (26,934 sq mi) and a population of 693,988 (2020). The historical center of the prefectural area has shifted a number of times, from Yar-Khoto (Jiaohe, 10 km or 6.2 mi to the west of modern Turpan) to Qocho (Gaochang, 30 km or 19 mi to the southeast of Turpan) and to Turpan itself.
William Empson
Sir William Empson (27 September 1906 – 15 April 1984) was an English literary critic and poet, widely influential for his practice of closely reading literary works, a practice fundamental to New Criticism. His best-known work is his first, Seven Types of Ambiguity, published in 1930.

Jonathan Bate has written that the three greatest English literary critics of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries are Johnson, Hazlitt and Empson, "not least because they are the funniest".

Harold Bloom
Harold Bloom (July 11, 1930 – October 14, 2019) was an American literary critic and the Sterling Professor of humanities at Yale University. In 2017, Bloom was called "probably the most famous literary critic in the English-speaking world". After publishing his first book in 1959, Bloom wrote more than 50 books, including over 40 books of literary criticism, several books discussing religion, and one novel. He edited hundreds of anthologies concerning numerous literary and philosophical figures for the Chelsea House publishing firm. Bloom's books have been translated into more than 40 languages. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995.

Bloom was a defender of the traditional Western canon at a time when literature departments were focusing on what he derided as the "School of Resentment" (which included multiculturalism, feminism, and Marxism). He was educated at Yale, the University of Cambridge, and Cornell University.
Portuguese Rugby Cup
The Taça de Portugal de Rugby (English: Portuguese Rugby Cup) is the major Portuguese national rugby union knock-out competition. It has occurred, almost on a yearly basis since 1959, and is organized by the Portuguese Rugby Federation.

CDUL are the current holders.

Portuguese Rugby Federation
The Portuguese Rugby Federation (Portuguese: Federação Portuguesa de Rugby) is the governing body for rugby union in Portugal. It was founded in 1926 and became affiliated to the International Rugby Board in 1988.
Calleville-les-Deux-Églises
Calleville-les-Deux-Églises (French pronunciation: [kalvil le dø.z‿eɡliz], literally Calleville the Two Churches) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in north-western France.

Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime (French pronunciation: [sɛn maʁitim] ⓘ) is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure. It had a population of 1,255,633 in 2019.
Simge Küçükyavuz
Simge Küçükyavuz is a Turkish-American industrial engineer whose research involves mathematical optimization, including mixed-integer programming and stochastic programming, and their applications in network design. She is David A. and Karen Richards Sachs Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, and Chair of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, at Northwestern University.

Integer programming
An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are linear.

Integer programming is NP-complete (the difficult part is showing the NP membership). In particular, the special case of 0–1 integer linear programming, in which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems.

If some decision variables are not discrete, the problem is known as a mixed-integer programming problem.
2013 Peruvian Segunda División
The 2013 Segunda División, was the 61st edition of the second tier of Federación Peruana de Futbol. The season was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis.

Cobresol and Coronel Bolognesi withdrew before the start of the season and was relegated to the Copa Perú for outstanding debts with the SAFAP.

Sport Áncash and Alianza Cristiana were disabled and relegated to the Copa Perú for outstanding debts with the SAFAP.

Peruvian Football Federation
The Peruvian Football Federation (Spanish: Federación Peruana de Fútbol or FPF) is the body that governs Association football in Peru. It was founded on August 23, 1922, and affiliated with FIFA in 1924. It is a member of CONMEBOL since 1925, and directly oversees the Peru national football team, futsal team youth teams, Peruvian Primera División, and the amateur leagues. The Peruvian National football team has won two Copa Américas, six Bolivarian Games titles and qualified for the FIFA World Cup five times.

It is indirectly involved in the organization of the Primera División (today Liga 1), the Liga Femenina, Liga 2, Liga 3, Copa Perú, Copa LFP - FPF and others. It is headquartered in the Villa Deportiva Nacional (VIDENA) on Aviación Avenue 2085 in San Luis, Lima, which is also the training center of most Peruvian sports federations.
Netherlands at the 1992 Winter Olympics
The Netherlands was represented at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France by the Dutch Olympic Committee*Dutch Sports Federation.

In total, 19 athletes including nine men and 10 woman represented the Netherlands in two different sports including short track speed skating and speed skating.

The Netherlands won four medals at the games, all in speed skating, after Bart Veldkamp won gold in the men's 10,000 m, Falko Zandstra won silver in the men's 5,000 m and Leo Visser won bronze in both the men's 5,000 m and the men's 1,500 m.

NOC*NSF
The Dutch Olympic Committee*Dutch Sports Federation (Dutch: Nederlands Olympisch Comité*Nederlandse Sport Federatie; IOC Code: NED), generally abbreviated NOC*NSF, is the overall coordinating Dutch sports organisation that also functions as the Dutch National Olympic Committee and National Paralympic Committee. NOC*NSF, based at the National Sports Centre Papendal in Arnhem, is the umbrella organisation for sports in the Netherlands, representing more than 23,000 sports clubs and 5.2 million Dutch people involved in sports.
Charles E. Hart
Charles Edward Hart (June 17, 1900 – December 9, 1991) was an American military officer who served as Commanding General of the V Corps (1954–1956) and Commanding General of the Army Air Defense Command (1957–1960).

Fort Sill
Fort Sill is a major United States Army post north of Lawton, Oklahoma, approximately 85 miles (137 km) southwest of Oklahoma City, established in 1869 during the Indian Wars. It covers almost 94,000 acres (38,000 ha) in southwestern Oklahoma and serves as headquarters of the U.S. Army Fires Center of Excellence. The installation is a Basic Combat Training facility, training over 20,000 personnel annually in field artillery, air defense artillery, and electronic warfare.

Fort Sill has participated in every major U.S. conflict since its founding, evolving from a frontier cavalry outpost to a modern training hub. It houses key units including the United States Army Field Artillery School, 75th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), and the 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States). The post also supports a United States Marine Corps detachment for joint artillery training.
Mallar Chak
Mallar Chak is a village within the jurisdiction of the Jaynagar Majilpur police station in the Jaynagar II CD block in the Baruipur subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Jaynagar Majilpur
Jaynagar Majilpur (Bengali: [d͡ʒɔe̯nɔgoɾ mod͡ʒɪlpuɾ] ⓘ) is a town and a municipality of South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The town is famous for its confectionery called Jaynagarer Moa.
Allegan
Allegan is a city, county, and township in the U.S. state of Michigan:

Allegan, Michigan

Allegan County, Michigan

Allegan Township, Michigan

Allegan (meteorite), fell in 1899 in Michigan, United States

Allegan, Michigan
Allegan (/ˈæləɡən/ AL-ə-gən) is a city in and the county seat of Allegan County, Michigan Its population was 5,222 at the 2020 census. It is located 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Grand Rapids and 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Kalamazoo, both via US 131. It lies within Allegan Township but is administratively autonomous.
Ashgrove Loch
Ashgrove Loch, also known as Stevenston Loch, is a mesotrophic lochan (small loch) in North Ayrshire, Scotland, approximately 2 km northeast of the town of Stevenston.

Due to artificial drains, known as cunnels, approximately 90% of the lochan's surface is covered by floating vegetation and is classed as a fen. The lochan sustains rich plant life, including two rare species, Lysimachia thyrsiflora and Cicuta virosa.

Many bird species also use the lochan, including the grasshopper and sedge warblers.

Ashgrove Loch sits on a bed of Carboniferous limestone and thus has a high mineral content.

The lochan's primary outflow, Loch Canal, is an artificial burn regulated by a sluice at Lochend, having previously powered a watermill there.

Sluice
A sluice (/slus/ SLOOS) is a water channel containing a sluice gate, a type of lock to manage water flow and water level. There are various types of sluice gates, including flap sluice gates and fan gates.

Sluices are used for channeling water toward a water mill, including for transporting logs from steep hillsides. Different terms are used regionally for sluices; the terms sluice, sluice gate, knife gate, and slide gate are used interchangeably in the water and wastewater control industry.