hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yaogu
The yaogu (Chinese: 腰鼓; literally "waist drum"), sometimes historically referred to as the hugu (Chinese: 胡鼓; literally "barbarian drum" ) or xiyugu (Chinese: 西域鼓; literally "drum from the Western Regions" ), is a medium-sized, traditional Chinese drum. It is the symbol of Chinese drums. It is used as part of a number of traditional customs and celebrations, including Chinese New Year and Lantern Festival.

The drum is played at the musician's waist, being struck with the hands or with wooden sticks.

Western Regions
The Western Regions or Xiyu (Hsi-yü; Chinese: 西域) was a historical name specified in Ancient Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD that referred to the regions west of the Yumen Pass, most often the Tarim Basin in present-day southern Xinjiang (also known as Altishahr) and Central Asia (specifically the easternmost portion around the Ferghana Valley), though it was sometimes used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as Parthia (which technically belonged to West Asia) and Tianzhu (as in the novel Journey to the West, which refers to the Indian subcontinent in South Asia).

Because of their strategic location astride the Silk Road, the Western Regions have been historically significant to China since at least the 3rd century BC.
Rufus Cole
Rufus Cole (April 30, 1872 – April 20, 1966) was an American medical doctor and the first director of the Rockefeller University Hospital. Under his leadership significant advances in treatment of bacterial pneumonia and later against tuberculosis were made. In 1912 Cole and Alphonse Dochez developed a serum against Type 1 pneumococcus and also developed a method for testing whether an infection is caused by this or some other type of the bacterium. The New York Times in its obituary for Cole called him "a pioneer in clinical medicine" and "an authority on lobar pneumonia". The New York Times also wrote in the same obituary that Cole was President of Association of American Physicians in 1931, had honorary degrees from the University of Chicago and the National University of Ireland.
Cole received Kober prize in 1938 for advances against tuberculosis. He is also credited by Franklin C. McLean for creating a blueprint for clinical studies.

Alphonse Dochez
Alphonse Raymond Dochez (April 21, 1882 – June 30, 1964) was an American physician and microbiologist. His research focused on infectious diseases, including scarlet fever, the common cold, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Dochez is credited with developing the first effective treatment for scarlet fever. His work also established viruses as the cause of the common cold.
Tokudaiji Saneatsu
Tokudaiji Saneatsu (徳大寺 実淳; 22 June 1445 – 12 September 1533) was a Japanese kugyō during the Muromachi period.

He was the son of Tokudaiji Kin'ari.   His children were Tokudaiji Fusako (wife of Konoe Hisamichi and mother of Konoe Taneie and Koga Haremichi), Tokudaiji Kintane, Hino Uchimitsu and a wife of Koga Michinobu.

Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is the collective term for the most important officials attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. The term generally referred to the Kō (公) and Kei (卿) court officials and denoted a court rank between First Rank and Third Rank under the Ritsuryō system, as opposed to the lower court nobility, thus being the collective term for the upper court nobility. However, later on some holders of the Fourth Rank were also included.

In 1869, following the Meiji Restoration, the court nobility and daimyo were merged into a new peerage, the kazoku.
Ashok Mahto gang
The criminal Ashok Mahto gang, which was active in the Indian state Bihar, was led by Ashok Mahto and included Pintu Mahto. Ashok Mahto and his gang were responsible for the 2005 killing of Rajo Singh, a sitting Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha). Ashok Mahto was imprisoned but escaped from Nawada jail in 2002. Pintu Mahto killed three police officers during the prison breakout. The gang's leaders are said to belong to either the Kurmi or Koeri caste, and were supported by the backward castes in the Nawada and Sheikhpura regions. The Mahto gang was waging a war of retribution against the exploitative upper-caste Bhumihars. Mahto and his  gang were responsible for the killings of a large number of Forward Caste people in the late 1990s.

Forward caste
Forward caste (or General caste) is a term used in India to denote castes which are not listed in SC, ST or OBC reservation lists. They are on average considered ahead of other castes economically and educationally. They account for about 30.8% of the population based on Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th (1999–2000) and National Sample Survey Organisation 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey.

Those groups that qualify for reservation benefits are listed as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Class and Economically Weaker Section. They can avail defined quotas amongst other benefits for education, special government schemes, government employment and political representation. The lists of  Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Class are compiled irrespective of religion.

Economically Weaker Section among forward castes were later granted less than 10% reservation by government.
Vulcaniella grandiferella
Vulcaniella grandiferella is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Serbia, Macedonia, Greece, Ukraine and southern Russia.

The wingspan is 8–13 mm. There are two generations per year in most of the range, but up to four generations may occur. On the Crimea, adults of the first generation are on wing from mid-May to the beginning of July and adults of the second generation are on wing from July to August.

The larvae feed on Salvia aethiopis and Salvia sclarea. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Cosmopterigidae
The Cosmopterigidae  are a family of insects (cosmet moths) in the order Lepidoptera. These are small moths with narrow wings whose tiny larvae feed internally on the leaves, seeds and stems of their host plants. About 1500 species have been described. The taxonomic family is most diverse in the Australian and Pacific region with about 780 species.

Several genera formerly included here have been moved to the Agonoxeninae.
Abjuganj railway station
Abjuganj railway station is a railway station on Sahibganj loop line under the Malda railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated beside National Highway 80 at Abjuganj, Sultanganj in Bhagalpur district in the Indian state of Bihar.

Sultanganj, Bihar
Sultanganj also known as Ajgaibinath Dham is a historic and spiritually significant town in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar, India.  It is situated on the southern bank of the Ganga around 25 km west of Bhagalpur City. Every year, lakhs of devotees gather here during the Shravani Mela to collect holy water from the Ganga and walk over 100 km barefoot to the Baidyanath Temple in Deoghar, Jharkhand. The town is also known for its ancient temples, legends from the Mahabharata era, and archaeological finds that link it to early medieval Indian history.
Nijmegen
Nijmegen (/ˈnaɪmeɪɡən/ NY-may-gən, Dutch: [ˈnɛimeːɣə(n)] ⓘ; Nijmeegs: Nimwèège [ˈnɪmβ̞ɛːçə]) is the largest city in the Dutch province of Gelderland and the ninth largest of the Netherlands as a whole. Located on the Waal River close to the German border, Nijmegen is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands and the first to be recognized as such in Roman times. In 2005, it celebrated 2,000 years of existence.

Nijmegen became a free imperial city in 1230 and a Hanseatic city in 1402. Since 1923 it has been a university city with the opening of a Catholic institution now known as the Radboud University Nijmegen. The city is well known for the annual Vierdaagse — the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen event.

Its population as of 2024 was 187,011.

Meuse
The Meuse or Maas is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea from the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. It has a total length of 925 km (575 miles).
Edisto Island
Edisto Island is one of South Carolina's Sea Islands, the larger part of which lies in Charleston County, with its southern tip in Colleton County. Edisto Beach is in Colleton County, and the Charleston County part of the island is unincorporated.

The island, the town, and the Edisto River are named after the historic Edistow people, a Native American sub-tribe of the Cusabo Indians, who inhabited the island as well as nearby mainland areas.

Colleton County, South Carolina
Colleton County is a county in the Lowcountry region of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,604. Its county seat is Walterboro. The county is named after Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet, one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. After two previous incarnations, the current Colleton County was created in 1800.
Swainsona villosa
Swainsona villosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to central Australia. It is a prostrate or ascending plant, with imparipinnate leaves with 7 to 15 egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, and racemes of 2 to 15 usually purple, sometimes pink or white flowers.

Papilionaceous flower
Papilionaceous flowers (from Latin: papilion, a butterfly) are flowers with the characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla found in many, though not all, plants of the species-rich Faboideae subfamily of legumes. Tournefort suggested that the term Flores papilionacei originated with Valerius Cordus, who applied it to the flowers of the bean.
Luisenstädtische Kirche
The Luisenstädtische Kirche was a church building in Berlin, in the former Luisenstadt district (now part of the Berlin-Mitte and Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg districts), on Alte Jacobstraße between Sebastianstraße and Stallschreiberstraße. It was originally known as the Kirche in der Cöpenicker Vorstadt (church in the Köpenick suburb), then from 1785 to 1795 as the Köllnische Vorstadtkirche (Cöllnian suburb church), then from 1795 to 1837 as the Sebastiankirche, after presbyter and city-councillor Sebastian Nethe, taking its final name in 1837.

Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪçsˌhaɪn ˈkʁɔʏtsbɛʁk] ⓘ) is the second borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former East Berlin borough of Friedrichshain and the former West Berlin borough of Kreuzberg. The historic Oberbaum Bridge, formerly a Berlin border crossing for pedestrians, links both districts across the river Spree as the new borough's landmark (as featured in the coat of arms).

The counterculture tradition especially of Kreuzberg has led to the borough being a stronghold for the Green Party. While Kreuzberg is characterised by a high number of immigrants, the share of non-German citizens in Friedrichshain is much lower and the average age is higher. The merger between the distinct quarters is celebrated by an annual anarchic "vegetable fight" on the Oberbaumbrücke. Both parts have to deal with the consequences of gentrification.
M2 highway (Moldova)
The M2 highway (Romanian: Drumul național M2) is a road in Moldova connecting Chișinău to Soroca via Orhei, then to the border with Ukraine at Cosăuți. Its total length is 185 km (115 mi). The road forms a short segment of European route E584 of the International E-road network, north of Chișinău.

Near the border with Ukraine, the road has a ramification designated the M2.1, designed to serve as the access road to Cosăuți (3.5 km).

International E-road network
The International E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe, Central Asia and Asia Minor, developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and signposted on a green background. Its roads cross national borders, consisting of three types of roads: highways, limited access roads, and ordinary roads (as defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1).

The display of European roads on signs depend on jurisdiction. In most countries, the roads carry the European route designation alongside national designations. However, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Sweden have integrated them as their sole route designations (examples: E18 and E6) in most cases. Some places, such as the United Kingdom and Albania do not show the European designations at all.

Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the Pan-American Highway in the Americas, the Trans-African Highway network, and the Asian Highway Network.
Teinurosaurus
Teinurosaurus is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic in what is now France. The type species is Teinurosaurus sauvagei. It has been estimated to be 11.4 m (37 ft) in length and 3.6 t (4.0 short tons) in weight.

Carnivore
A carnivore /ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/, or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or flesh and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose nutrition and energy requirements are met by consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) as food, whether through predation or scavenging.
Slauson Avenue
Slauson Avenue is a major east–west thoroughfare traversing the central part of  Los Angeles County, California. It was named for the land developer and Los Angeles Board of Education member J. S. Slauson. It passes through Culver City, Ladera Heights, View Park-Windsor Hills, South Los Angeles, Huntington Park, Maywood, Commerce, Montebello, Pico Rivera, Whittier, and Santa Fe Springs. The street runs 20.9 miles (33.6 km) from  McDonald Street in Culver City and to Santa Fe Springs Road, where it becomes Mulberry Drive in Whittier. Mulberry Drive ends at Scott Avenue in South Whittier.

Commerce, California
Commerce is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 12,378 at the 2020 census, down from 12,823 at the 2010 census. It is usually referred to as the City of Commerce to distinguish it from the common noun. It is bordered by Vernon on the west, Los Angeles on the northwest, East Los Angeles on the north, Montebello on the east, Downey and Bell Gardens on the south, and Maywood on the southwest. The Los Angeles River forms part of its southwestern boundary, and the Rio Hondo separates it from Downey.  Commerce is served by the Long Beach and Santa Ana freeways, as well as the Metrolink commuter rail service at the Commerce station.
USS Merit
USS Merit (AMc-90) was an Accentor-class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Merit was laid down 15 August 1941 by Fulton Shipyard, Antioch, California; launched 4 January 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Walter H. Eels; and placed in service 28 March 1942.

Coastal minesweeper
Coastal minesweeper is a term used by the United States Navy to indicate a minesweeper intended for coastal use as opposed to participating in fleet operations at sea.

Because of its small size—usually less than 100 feet in length—and construction—wood as opposed to steel—and slow speed—usually about 9 or 10 knots—the coastal minesweeper was considered too fragile and slow to operate on the high seas with the fleet.

Minesweeping, in conjunction with fleet activities, was usually relegated to the diesel-driven steel-hulled AM-type minesweepers, later to be replaced by the wood-hulled MSO-type minesweeper with aluminum engines.
Aaron Abba ben Johanan ha-Levi
Aaron Abba ben Johanan ha-levi (died 18 June 1643) was a prominent rabbi born around the close of the sixteenth century and died in Lemberg (currently Lviv, Ukraine). He was president of a rabbinical college in Lemberg. His decisions are found in the rabbinical responsa of Abraham Rapoport, Joel Särkes, and Meir Lublin; the last-named especially speaks very highly of him.

Abraham Rapoport
Abraham Rapoport (Schrenzel) was a Polish Talmudist; born at Lemberg (currently Lviv, Ukraine) in 1584; died in 1651 (June 7); son of Rabbi Israel Jehiel Rapoport of Kraków and son-in-law of R. Mordecai Schrenzel of Lemberg. Rapoport was a pupil of R. Joshua Falk ha-Kohen.

For forty-five years he was at the head of a large yeshiva at Lemberg. Being very wealthy, he had no need of seeking a rabbinical position; and he was able, therefore, to expend large sums on behalf of the pupils of his academy. He was president of the Council of Four Lands, and was administrator of the money collected for the poor in the Holy Land.

Rapoport's Etan ha-Ezrachi (printed at Ostrau, 1796) is divided into two parts. Part 1 contains responsa and decisions; part 2, called Qontres Aharon contains sermons on the weekly sections of the Pentateuch.

He is said to have written a number of works which have been lost.
Daneway House
Daneway House is a grade I listed house in the parish of Bisley-with-Lypiatt but close to Sapperton in Gloucestershire, England.

The house was built in the 14th century but revised several times since. It the early 20th century it became a workshop and showroom for Ernest Gimson and the Barnsley brothers who were important designers of the  arts and crafts movement.

Sapperton, Gloucestershire
Sapperton is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold District of Gloucestershire in England, about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cirencester. It is most famous for Sapperton Canal Tunnel, and its connection with the Cotswold Arts and Crafts Movement in the early 20th century.  It had a population of 424, which had reduced to 412 at the 2011 census.

The parish includes the villages of Sapperton and Frampton Mansell. The outlying hamlet of Daneway lies in the parish of Bisley, but is nearer to the village of Sapperton and often considered a part of it.
2013 Seguros Bolívar Open Bucaramanga – Doubles
Ariel Behar and Horacio Zeballos were the defending champions but decided not to participate.
Marcelo Demoliner and Franko Škugor won the final 7–6(10–8), 6–2 against Sergio Galdós and Marco Trungelliti.

Marcelo Demoliner
Marcelo Fedrizzi Demoliner (born 18 January 1989) is a Brazilian professional tennis player, who specializes in doubles. He reached a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 34 in November 2017. Demoliner has won five doubles titles.

He won his first title at the ATP 250 Antalya Open with Santiago González in June 2018, after having reached six finals at that level. He was runner-up at the ATP 500 Vienna in 2018 and Saint Petersburg in 2020.

Alongside Maria José Martinez Sanchez, he was a mixed doubles semifinalist in 2017 Wimbledon Championships and 2018 Australian Open.
Simon Halford
Simon James Halford (born 26 June 1971) is a New Zealand former professional rugby union player.

Born in Palmerston North, Halford is the brother of former Hawke's Bay captain Greg Halford.

Halford started out at Hawke's Bay as a loose forward, before moving to the front row when he played with Manawatu, becoming a specialist tighthead prop. He captained Manawatu in 1998 and after a season with North Harbour the following year left for the United Kingdom. From 1999 to 2003, Halford played for London Irish and was a member of their side that won the 2001–02 Powergen Cup, coming on off the bench in the final. He got signed by the Leeds Tykes in 2003 as cover for Gavin Kerr, who was due to be absent during the World Cup.

An orchardist, Halford and his wife run Halford's Orchard outside Hastings in Hawke's Bay.

North Harbour Rugby Union
The North Harbour Rugby Union (NHRU), commonly known as North Harbour or simply Harbour, is the governing body of rugby union that encompasses a wide geographical area north of Auckland that includes North Shore City, Rodney District, the Hibiscus Coast and part of Waitakere City. There are 12 rugby clubs from Mahurangi RFC, based in Warkworth, Rodney District, in the north through to Massey the southernmost area of the union.

The NHRU provincial rugby team that was formed in 1985 by clubs that left the Auckland Rugby Union. It competes in the Mitre 10 Cup, the successor to New Zealand's former domestic competition, the National Provincial Championship (NPC).
Nexign
nexign is a billing company in Russia that provided the first Russian billing system for mobile operators. The company was established in 1992 as Peter-Service (Russian: Петер-Сервис).

Nexign is owned by public joint stock company, "Megafon".

System
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of systems theory and other systems sciences.

Systems have several common properties and characteristics, including structure, function(s), behavior and interconnectivity.
WMBD (AM)
WMBD (1470 kHz) is a commercial radio station, the oldest in Peoria, Illinois.  It broadcasts a news/talk format and is owned by Midwest Communications with the license held by Midwest Communications, Inc.  The studios and offices are on Fulton Street in Peoria. The WMBD transmitter site is located on County Road 2100 East in Groveland Township, Illinois. The station is powered at 5,000 watts, with a directional signal. By day, a two-tower array is used, switching to a four towers at night to avoid causing interference with other stations.

Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W262BY at 100.3 MHz. WMBD is not licensed to broadcast in HD;  however, it is carried on an FM sister station's HD subchannel, 93.3 WPBG-HD4.

Digital subchannel
In broadcasting, digital subchannels are a method of transmitting more than one independent program stream simultaneously from the same digital radio or television station on the same radio frequency channel. This is done by using data compression techniques to reduce the size of each individual program stream, and multiplexing to combine them into a single signal. The practice is sometimes called "multicasting".
King's College London Law Society
King's College London Law Society (also known as "KCL Law Society" or "KCLLS") is a student society in England. Affiliated with the King's College London Dickson Poon School of the Law, the society aims to offer members with the opportunity acquaint themselves with the legal profession and equip them with the skills needed to succeed in legal practice.

The society organises a range of vocational and social events, including the annual Law Ball in March.

Ball (dance event)
A ball is a formal dance event often characterised by a banquet followed by a social dance. Ball dancing emerged from formal dances during the Middle Ages and carried on through different iterations throughout succeeding centuries, such as the 17th century Baroque dance and the 18th century cotillion. Several variations exists such as the masquerade and debutante ball as well as the more modern prom.
Convergence group
In mathematics, a convergence group or a discrete convergence group is a group  acting by homeomorphisms on a compact metrizable space  in a way that generalizes the properties of the action of Kleinian group by Möbius transformations on the ideal boundary  of the hyperbolic 3-space .
The notion of a convergence group was introduced by Gehring and Martin (1987)  and has since found wide applications in geometric topology, quasiconformal analysis, and geometric group theory.

Gaven Martin
Gaven John Martin CNZM (born 8 October 1958) is a New Zealand mathematician. He is a distinguished professor of Mathematics at Massey University, the head of the New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, the former president of the New Zealand Mathematical Society (from 2005 to 2007), and former editor-in-chief of the New Zealand Journal of Mathematics. He is a former Vice-President of the Royal Society of New Zealand [Mathematical, Physical Sciences Engineering and Technology. His research concerns quasiconformal mappings, regularity theory for partial differential equations, and connections between the theory of discrete groups and low-dimensional topology.