hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leo Gershoy
Leo Gershoy (September 27, 1897 - March 12, 1975)  was a history professor at New York University from 1940 to 1975. In his name the American Historical Association awards an annual prize for the best new book on 17th- or 18th-century European history. An annual lecture at New York University is also named for him.

Gershoy received his B.A., M.A., and PhD from Cornell University. Before New York University, he also taught at Columbia University, Cornell University, his alma mater, University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of Chicago.

American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."
Hiroo Nakashima
Hiroo Nakashima (Japanese: 中島啓雄; 25 December 1937 – 7 February 2024) was a Japanese businessman and politician. A member of the Liberal Democratic Party, he served in the House of Councillors from 1995 to 2007.

Nakashima died of lung cancer in Ōme, on 7 February 2024, at the age of 86.

Ōme, Tokyo
Ōme (青梅市, Ōme-shi) is a city located in the western portion of the Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 1 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 131,128, and a population density of 1300 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 103.31 square kilometres (39.89 sq mi).
NNS
NNS can stand for:

New neoclassical synthesis (economics)

NASCAR Nationwide Series (previous name of the NASCAR Xfinity Series)

Nashville Number System (music)

National Numeracy Strategy (UK education)

Near Net Shape

Nearest neighbor search

Nearly-new sale

Newport News Shipbuilding, a shipyard

Nigerian Navy Ship (NNS)

Nippon Television Network System

Non-Nutritive Sweetener, i.e. a Sugar substitute

Jumble sale
A jumble sale (UK), bring and buy sale (Australia, also UK)  or rummage sale (US and Canada) is an event at which second hand goods are sold, usually by an institution such as a local Boys' Brigade Company, Scout group, Girlguiding group or church, as a fundraising or charitable effort. A rummage sale by a church is also sometimes called a church sale or white elephant sale.

Garage sales usually differ from rummage sales in that they are not event-related and are often organised individually (rather than collectively).
Medical Springs, Oregon
Medical Springs is a rural unincorporated community in Union County, Oregon, United States.  It is located near the southern extremity of Union County on Oregon Route 203, just outside Wallowa-Whitman National Forest.  It is located twenty miles southeast of Union and twenty-four miles northeast of Baker City.

Wallowa–Whitman National Forest
The Wallowa–Whitman National Forest is a United States National Forest in the U.S. states of Oregon and Idaho. Formed upon the merger of the Wallowa and Whitman national forests in 1954, it is located in the northeastern corner of Oregon, in Wallowa, Baker, Union, Grant, and Umatilla counties, and includes small areas in Nez Perce and Idaho counties in Idaho.   The forest is named for the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce people, who originally lived in the area, and Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, Presbyterian missionaries who settled just to the north in 1836. Forest headquarters are located in Baker City, Oregon with ranger districts in La Grande, Joseph and Baker City.
Morgue and Other Poems
Morgue and Other Poems (German: Morgue und andere Gedichte) is a 1912 poetry collection by the German writer Gottfried Benn. It is a booklet with twelve expressionist poems, the first six of which are the Morgue cycle, which describes images and incidents from a morgue.

Published in 500 copies in March 1912, in the series lyrisches Flugblatt from Berlin's A. R. Meyer Verlag, Morgue and Other Poems was the debut book of Benn, a 25-year-old medicine student. It was widely discussed by literary critics upon publication and has continued to inspire a large amount of analysis. Its cold, eerie atmosphere and descriptions of sickness and decay have led to comparisons to Les Fleurs du mal by Charles Baudelaire. Richard M. Meyer connected its imagery to Pieter Bruegel's depictions of Hell. For the 100th anniversary in 2012, Klett-Cotta Verlag published an edition with original illustrations by Georg Baselitz.

Charles Baudelaire
Charles-Pierre Baudelaire (UK: /ˈboʊdəlɛər/; US: /ˌboʊd(ə)ˈlɛər/; French: [ʃaʁl(ə) bodlɛʁ] ⓘ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet, essayist, translator and art critic. His poems are described as exhibiting mastery of rhythm and rhyme, containing an exoticism inherited from the Romantics, and are based on observations of real life.

His most famous work, a book of lyric poetry titled Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing nature of beauty in the rapidly industrialising Paris caused by Haussmann's renovation of Paris during the mid-19th century. Baudelaire's original style of prose-poetry influenced a generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. He coined the term modernity (modernité) to designate the fleeting experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility of artistic expression to capture that experience. Marshall Berman has credited Baudelaire as being the first Modernist.
Nasi Manu
Tavake Lecanus Liukanasi Manu (born 15 August 1988) is a retired New Zealand rugby union player. He played in the number 8 and occasionally flanker position for Mitre 10 Cup side, Otago. Manu also represented Tonga at international level.

Tonga national rugby union team
The Tonga national rugby union team (Tongan: timi feohi ʻakapulu fakafonua ʻa Tonga) represents Tonga in men's international rugby union. The team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi (Sea Eagles) and is governed by the Tonga Rugby Union. Like their Polynesian neighbours, the Tongans precede their matches with a traditional challenge – the Sipi Tau. They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) along with Fiji and Samoa. The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19–14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but having lost to New Zealand and Canada, were unable to achieve what would have been their first-ever presence at the quarter-finals.
IMedix
iMedix is a health search engine and social network service that was founded in 2006 by Amir Leitersdorf and Iri Amirav in the United States, with its R&D based in Herzeliya, Israel. It utilizes advanced proprietary algorithms to provide information in response to medical questions and concerns.

On May 18, 2011, AVG Technologies acquired iMedix Web Technologies Ltd., aiming for "the integration of iMedix software with the Company’s existing solutions." After shutting down sometime after February 2012, the website was reactivated in 2014 and has been operational since then.

Herzliya
Herzliya (/hɜːrtsˈliːjə/ hurts-LEE-yə; Hebrew: הרצליה, pronounced [heʁts(e)liˈja] / [eʁtseˈlija]) is an affluent city in the central coast of Israel, at the northern part of the Tel Aviv District, known for its robust start‑up and entrepreneurial culture. In 2023, it had a population of 108,650.

Named after Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism, Herzliya covers an area of 21.6 km2 (8.3 sq mi). Its western, beachfront area is called Herzliya Pituah and is one of Israel's most affluent neighborhoods and home to numerous embassies, ambassadors' residences, company headquarters, and houses of prominent Israeli business people.
Friday the Thirteenth (album)
Friday the Thirteenth is a live album by the English rock band the Stranglers, released in 1997 by Eagle Records.

To mark the twenty-first anniversary of their original recording contract with United Artists Records, the Stranglers played to a sold out Royal Albert Hall (London, UK) with an eighteen-piece string orchestra (the Electra Strings). Friday the Thirteenth presents part of the set (these songs, plus the remainder of the set can be found on the accompanying DVD release). Composer and musician Jocelyn Pook makes contributions to the songs "Waltz in Black", "Valley of the Birds", "Daddy's Riding the Range", "Golden Brown" and "No More Heroes".

United Artists Records
United Artists Records was an American record label founded by Max E. Youngstein of United Artists in 1957 to issue movie soundtracks. The label expanded into other genres, such as easy listening, jazz, pop, and R&B.
Wanda Zawidzka-Manteuffel
Wanda Zawidzka-Manteuffel (February 7, 1906 in Warsaw – May 4, 1994 in Warsaw) was a Polish graphic artist, author of book illustrations, posters, projects of glass, ceramics, and textures. She was member of the Koło Artystów Grafików Reklamowych.

Graphic arts
A category of fine art, graphic art covers a broad range of visual artistic expression, typically two-dimensional graphics, i.e. produced on a flat surface, today normally paper or a screen on various electronic devices. The term usually refers to the arts that rely more on line, color or tone, especially drawing and the various forms of engraving; it is sometimes understood to refer specifically to drawing and the various printmaking processes, such as line engraving, aquatint, drypoint, etching, mezzotint, monotype, lithography, and screen printing (silk-screen, serigraphy). Graphic art mostly includes calligraphy, photography, painting, typography, computer graphics, and bindery. It also encompasses drawn plans and layouts for interior and architectural designs.

In museum parlance "works on paper" is a common term, covering the various types of traditional fine art graphic art. There is now a large sector of graphic designers working mostly on web design.
Oxnam
Oxnam (Scots: Owsenam) is a village near Jedburgh, in Roxburghshire in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. It is a primarily residential village.

The placename Oxnam is from Old English oxa (genitive oxan) "oxen" and ham "village", the meaning being "village where ox are bred". The name was recorded as Oxenamm in 1148, and sometimes known as Oxenham.

Current local placenames include Oxnam Green, Oxnam Kirk, Oxnam Mains, Oxnam Neuk, Oxnam Pond, Oxnam Row, Oxnam Sawmill, Borthwick Estate and Oxnam School.

The village became notable in 2025 for hosting a Ba' game, becoming the first "new ba" since Ancrum ba' was revived in the 1970s. The inaugural game was won by the uppies 3-2, with Finlay Grieve and Finlay Borthwick hailing for the win.

Dere Street passes through the village. Other places nearby include Bairnkine, Camptown, Crailing, Crailinghall, Hownam, Kelso, Newbigging.

Ba' Game
The Ba' Game is a version of medieval football played in Scotland, primarily in Orkney and the Scottish Borders, around Christmas and New Year.

Ba' is essentially mob football, or village football, where two parts of a town have to get a ball to goals on their respective sides. The two sides are called the Uppies or the Doonies, depending on which part of town they were born, or otherwise owe allegiance to. The ball must be man handled, and play often takes the form of a moving scrum. The game moves through the town, at times going up alleyways, into yards and through streets. Shops and houses board up their windows to prevent damage. Unlike traditional mob football, people are generally not hurt from play.

It is thought that at one time there may have been more than 200 similar games across the UK, with around 15 still being played today.
Derek Cassidy
Derek Winfield Cassidy (born December 2, 1986) is an American former professional football quarterback who played three seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL) for the New Orleans VooDoo and Pittsburgh Power. He played college football at for Rhode Island. He was also a member of the Columbus Lions of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL).

Professional Indoor Football League
The Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) was a professional indoor football league that played four seasons from 2012 to 2015. Like the Lone Star Football League, the PIFL was mainly composed of teams formerly part of Southern Indoor Football League (five former SIFL teams and one expansion team in total). Despite the name, this PIFL had no connections to the original Professional Indoor Football League.
The Romsey School
The Romsey School is a mixed community academy in Romsey, Hampshire, England. The school was a secondary modern, called Romsey County Secondary School, until the 1970s when it became a comprehensive. In 2000 it became a Specialist Language College jointly with The Mountbatten School. In 2005 the school's specialisation changed to a Mathematics and Computing College. In August 2011 the school became an academy. The school has approximately 1100 children aged 11–16 and 100 teachers. The catchment area includes the villages of Ampfield, Braishfield, Sherfield English, Michelmersh, Timsbury and Awbridge.

In 2010 81% of pupils achieved 5 or more A*–C grades in their GCSEs. 94% of pupils achieved at least a pass on A*-C. In 2018 the Progress 8 measure was average for the school and 50% of pupils achieved Grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSEs, compared to 45% for Hampshire and 40% for England.

Awbridge
Awbridge is a small village and civil parish in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England, about three miles northwest of Romsey, and near the River Test.  According to the 2001 census the parish, which includes the villages of Awbridge, Upper Ratley and Lower Ratley, had a population of 695, increasing to 712 at the 2011 Census.

It is within walking distance of Kimbridge, Dunbridge and Mottisfont, with Dunbridge providing a railway link to both Salisbury (to the north west) and Southampton (to the south).
Tokyo Institute of Technology
The Tokyo Institute of Technology (東京工業大学) was a public university in Meguro, Tokyo, Japan. It merged with Tokyo Medical and Dental University to form the Institute of Science Tokyo on 1 October 2024.

The Tokyo Institute of Technology was a Designated National University and a Top Type university of Top Global University Project designated by the Japanese government. Tokyo Tech's main campus was located at Ōokayama on the boundary of Meguro and Ota, with its main entrance facing the Ōokayama Station. Other campuses are located in Suzukakedai and Tamachi. Tokyo Tech was organised into 6 schools, within which there are over 40 departments and research centres. Tokyo Tech enrolled 4,734 undergraduates and 1,464 graduate students for 2015–2016.

College and university rankings
College and university rankings order higher education institutions based on various criteria, with factors differing depending on the specific ranking system. These rankings can be conducted at the national or international level, assessing institutions within a single country, within a specific geographical region, or worldwide. Rankings are typically conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics.

In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of wealth, excellence in research, selective admissions, and alumni success. Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria.
Summer Palace (Rastrelli)
59°56′26.5″N 30°20′15.5″E﻿ / ﻿59.940694°N 30.337639°E﻿ / 59.940694; 30.337639

The Summer Palace (Russian: Ле́тний дворе́ц) is either of the two wooden Baroque palaces built by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli on Tsaritsa's Meadow behind the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg. Neither building survives.

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (Russian: Франче́ско Бартоломе́о (Варфоломе́й Варфоломе́евич) Растре́лли; 1700 – 29 April 1771) was an Italian architect who worked mainly in Russia. He developed an easily recognizable style of Late Baroque, both sumptuous and majestic. His major works, including the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg and the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, are famed for extravagant luxury and opulence of decoration.
GMail Drive
GMail Drive was a free third-party Windows Shell namespace extension ("add-on") for Google's Gmail. It allowed a user to access a virtual drive stored in a Gmail account by causing the contents of the Gmail account to appear as a new network share on the user's workstation. GMail Drive was not supported by Google.

In order to use GMail Drive, the user needed a Gmail e-mail account. The add-on enabled the user to use the standard Windows desktop file copy and paste commands to transfer files to and from the Gmail account as if it were a drive on the user's computer. Gmail Drive was based upon GmailFS, a file system developed by Richard Jones. GMail Drive was published in 2004 and functional as early as 2005 which predates Google's later implementation of Google Drive released on April 24, 2012.  As of 2015, the official extension page declares the project dead.

Windows Shell namespace
In Windows Shell programming, the Windows Shell namespace is an organized tree-structured hierarchical representation that Windows Explorer facilitates to graphically present file system contents and other objects to the end user.  Conceptually, the Shell namespace may be regarded as a larger and more inclusive version of the file system.

The Shell namespace is a hierarchical tree that consists of the wide variety of objects that make up the system.
35th Vanier Cup
The 35th Vanier Cup was played on November 27, 1999, at the SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1999 season. The Laval Rouge et Or won the first championship in school history by defeating the Saint Mary's Huskies by a score of 14–10.

Saint Mary's Huskies
The Saint Mary's Huskies are the men's and women's athletic teams that represent Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Their primary home stadium is Huskies Stadium, located in the university's campus.

In September 2007, Saint Mary's announced plans to build the new Homburg Centre for Health & Wellness, that will comprise the current gymnasium (The Tower), the new Dauphinee Arena, and a new building to connect the two. The centre is to be named after Richard Homburg, who provided a $5 million gift to the project, the largest gift the university has received in its 205-year history. The Dauphinee Arena, completed in 2019, has an NHL-sized ice surface and a seating capacity of 875.  The arena is named for Bob Dauphinee, who left an estate gift to the university of $2.1 million.
Kenneth Judson Cochrane
Kenneth Judson Cochrane (4 August 1896 – 25 January 1982) was a shipbuilder, lumber merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Cumberland in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1940 as a Liberal member and represented Cumberland in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1941 to 1949 as a Liberal.

He was born in Fox River, Nova Scotia, the son of George Melville Cochrane and Sarah Soley. He was educated at the Ontario Business College in Belleville. He worked for the Canadian Bank of Commerce and as an engineer for the Nova Scotia Department of Highways. In 1917, he married Gwendolyn E. Kerr. Cochrane also served as a member of the municipal council for Port Greville in 1918. He was defeated by Percy Chapman Black when he ran for reelection to the federal seat in 1940. Cochrane served as a lieutenant in the reserves from 1943 to 1944. He died at a Truro, Nova Scotia hospital in 1982.

Fox River, Nova Scotia
Fox River is a rural community in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia.

Fox River is the birthplace of John Chipman (Chip) Kerr, who was awarded the Victoria Cross in World War I. He was one of only four Nova Scotians to be awarded the VC, which is presented for an act of conspicuous valour in the face of the enemy. His VC is held by the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa and his story is featured at the nearby Age of Sail Heritage Centre.
Bredeney
Bredeney is a southern borough of the city of Essen, Germany. It was incorporated into the city in 1915. Around 10,700 people live here. Bredeney is known to be a wealthy borough and the "green lung" of the city.

Lake Baldeney and the Villa Hügel, heritage of the Krupp family are located here, as well as Essen-Hügel station.

Krupp family
The Krupp family is a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, noted for its production of steel, artillery, ammunition and other armaments.

The dynasty began in 1587 when trader Arndt Krupp moved to Essen and joined the merchants' guild. He bought and sold real estate, and became one of the city's richest men. His descendants produced small guns during the Thirty Years' War and eventually acquired fulling mills, coal mines and an iron forge. During the Napoleonic Wars, Friedrich Krupp founded the Gusstahlfabrik (cast steel works) and started smelted steel production in 1816. This led to the company becoming a major industrial power and laid the foundation for the steel empire that would come to dominate the world for nearly a century under his son Alfred. The Krupp family business became the arms manufacturer for the Kingdom of Prussia in 1859, and later the German Empire.
2015 Rogers Cup – Women's singles
Belinda Bencic won the women's singles tennis title at the 2015 Canadian Open after Simona Halep retired in the final, with scoreline at 7–6(7–5), 6–7(4–7), 3–0. Bencic defeated six major finalists in succession en route to her first WTA Tour title. At 18 years and 23 weeks of age, Bencic became the youngest woman to win the tournament, surpassing Ana Ivanovic's record from 2006.

Agnieszka Radwańska was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Halep.

Irina Falconi
Irina Falconi Hartman (Spanish: Falconí; born Irina Alejandra Falconi; May 4, 1990) is an Ecuadorian-born American former professional tennis player. Her highest WTA singles ranking is 63, which she reached in May 2016. Her career-high in doubles is world No. 70, set in June 2013.

Born Irina Alejandra Falconi in Portoviejo, Ecuador, she moved to Manhattan, New York, as a toddler. At the age of 14, she and her family moved to Florida. In 2021, Falconi married Travis Hartman and their daughter Isabella was born.
Syanikhal
Syanikhal  is market center in Sharada Municipality in Salyan District in the Rapti Zone of western-central Nepal. The place formerly existing as Village Development Committee was annexed to form a new municipality since 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3711 people living in 680 individual households.

Rapti Zone
Rapti Zone (Nepali: राप्ती अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones, located in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal.  It was named after the West Rapti River which drains Rolpa, Pyuthan and part of Dang districts. The remainder of Dang and part of Salyan district are drained by the Babai.  The remainder of Salyan and all of Rukum districts are drained by the Bheri.

The headquarters of Rapti were Tulsipur and the largest city was Tribhuvannagar (Ghorahi). Other main cities and towns of Rapti zone were Pyuthan Khalanga, Bijuwar, Liwang, Lamahi, Musikot, Rukumkot (Shova), and Chaurjahari.