hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Value stream costing
In accounting, value stream costing (VSC) is a technique of costing which entails identifying and calculating costs for all the process steps required for providing value to the customer. It begins with a mapping and tracking all the process steps that provide the value and then quantification of the value created by each step.

Cost estimate
A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values.

The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) defines a cost estimate as "the summation of individual cost elements, using established methods and valid data, to estimate the future costs of a program, based on what is known today".

The American Association of Cost Engineering (AACEI) defines a cost estimate as the prediction of the probable costs of a project or effort, for a given and documented scope, a defined location, and point of time in the future (February 2021).

Potential cost overruns can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate.
Ashcraft
Ashcraft is a surname.  Reaney and Wilson have suggested this is a place-related surname referring to "dweller at a croft with an ash-tree"; a "croft" refers to a small parcel of land used for farming.

Notable people with the surname include:

Alan E. Ashcraft Jr. (1906–1961), American politician and judge

Braxton Ashcraft (born 1999), American baseball player

Forrest Ashcraft (1922–2004), American politician

Graham Ashcraft (born 1998), American baseball player

Hale Ashcraft (1920–2010), American politician

Karen Ashcraft (living), American academic

Mark H. Ashcraft (1949–2022), American academic

Percy Ashcraft (living), American politician and  local government official

Richard Ashcraft (1938–1995), American academic

Tami Oldham Ashcraft (born 1960), American sailor and author

Percy Ashcraft
Percy Coburn Ashcraft is an American politician, and appointed local government official. A native of Clarksburg, West Virginia, Ashcraft was elected to six terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates from January 1983 – December 1994.

Ashcraft resigned in August 2024 from position of  County Administrator for King William County, VA, a role he began in December 2021.
Karel Lavický
Karel Lavický (born 8 November 1985, in České Budějovice) is a Czech windsurfer, who specializes in Neil Pryde RS:X class. As of September 2013, he is ranked no. 62 in the world for the sailboard class by the International Sailing Federation.

Lavicky competed in the men's RS:X class at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London qualifying through the World Championships in Cadiz, Spain. Struggling to attain a top position in the opening series including his black flag violation on the fourth leg, Lavicky accumulated a net score of 296 points for a thirty-sixth-place finish in a fleet of thirty-eight windsurfers.

Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's RS:X
The men's RS:X was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics program in Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy. Eleven races (last one a medal race) were scheduled and completed. 38 sailors, on 38 boards, from 38 nations competed. Ten boards qualified for the medal race on course area Nothe in front of Weymouth, where each position scored double points. The gold medal was won by Dorian van Rijsselberghe who already after the ninth race had accumulated sufficient results to be certain to win the gold medal, as long as he competed in the races.
Mannar Electoral District
Mannar Electoral District was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Mannar in Mannar District, Northern Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Mannar electoral district was replaced by the Vanni multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the PR system, though Mannar continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.

Mannar, Sri Lanka
Mannar (Tamil: மன்னார், romanized: Maṉṉār, IPA: [mɐnːaːɾ]; Sinhala: මන්නාරම, romanized: Mannārama, IPA: [mənːaːrəmə]), formerly spelled Manar, is the main town of Mannar District, Northern Province, Sri Lanka. It is governed by an Urban Council. The town is located on Mannar Island overlooking the Gulf of Mannar and is home to the historic Ketheeswaram temple. In the Tamil language, Mannar means 'raised place [of sand]', which is thought to have come from the geology of Mannar Island which was formed by the accumulation of sand.
Bathythermograph
The bathythermograph, or BT, also known as the Mechanical Bathythermograph, or MBT; is a device that holds a temperature sensor and a transducer to detect changes in water temperature versus depth down to a depth of approximately 285 meters (935 feet). Lowered by a small winch on the ship into the water, the BT records pressure and temperature changes on a coated glass slide as it is dropped nearly freely through the water. While the instrument is being dropped, the wire is payed out until it reaches a predetermined depth, then a brake is applied and the BT is drawn back to the surface. Because the pressure is a function of depth (see Pascal's law), temperature measurements can be correlated with the depth at which they are recorded.

Transducer
A transducer is a device that usefully converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.). The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction.
Herman Aguinis
Herman Aguinis (born 1966) is an Argentine-born American management scholar. He is the Avram Tucker Distinguished Scholar and a professor of management at the George Washington University School of Business. His research addresses topics in organizational behavior, research methods, and human resource management.

Personnel psychology
Personnel psychology is a subfield of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology . Personnel psychology is the area of I-O psychology that primarily deals with the recruitment, selection and evaluation of personnel, and with other job aspects such as morale, job satisfaction, and relationships between managers and workers in the workplace.  It is the field of study that concentrates on the selection and evaluation of employees; this area of psychology deals with job analysis and defines and measures job performance, performance appraisal, employment testing, employment interviews, personnel selection and employee training, and human factors and ergonomics.
Steven Caldwell
Steven Caldwell (born 12 September 1980) is a Scottish former footballer, coach, and executive. Playing  as a defender, mostly as a centre back, Caldwell won 12 caps for the Scotland national team and has played over 300 league matches in his career, primarily in the top three tiers of English football. Since retiring from playing, he has been working as a Major League Soccer analyst for TSN in Canada.

Caldwell is the president of League1 Ontario club Oakville Blue Devils FC and has served as the assistant coach of the Canada national team.

His younger brother Gary was also a defender and Scotland international and is currently the manager of Wigan Athletic.

2011–12 UEFA Europa League
The 2011–12 UEFA Europa League was the third season of the UEFA Europa League, Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 41st edition overall including its predecessor, the UEFA Cup. It began on 30 June 2011 with the first legs of the first qualifying round, and ended on 9 May 2012 with the final held at Arena Națională in Bucharest, Romania. As part of a trial that started in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, two extra officials – one on each goal line – were used in all matches of the competition from the group stage.

Atlético Madrid won the title, defeating Athletic Bilbao 3–0 in an all-Spanish final. Porto were the defending champions, but they were beaten by Manchester City in the Round of 32.
Poompat Sapkulchananart
Poompat Sapkulchananart (Thai: ภูมิพัฒน์ ทรัพย์กุลชนนาถ; born 18 October 1983) is a badminton player from Thailand. He was the national championships in 2006, and in the same year, he represented his country at the Asian Games. In 2007, he won the Smiling Fish Asian Satellite in the men's singles event. He also help the Thai team to win gold at the 2007 Summer Universiade, and at the individual event, he won the men's singles bronze.

Badminton at the 2006 Asian Games
Badminton was contested at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar.  Singles, doubles, and team events were contested for both men and women. Mixed Doubles were also contested. Competition took place from November 30 to December 9. All events were held at Aspire Hall 3.
MS Vulcanus (1910)
MS Vulcanus was a motor-powered tanker constructed by the Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij, which was the first Dutch motor ship. Because of the hazardous liquids the ship would carry, a motor engine was chosen due to concerns about sparks from a steam engine posing a fire risk.

Comparing tankers that were fitted with a steam engine against the Vulcanus, it showed that the Vulcanus only consumed an estimate of 2 tons of oil, while other tankers consumed around 11 tons of coal.

Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij
The Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij (NSM; from Dutch: Dutch shipbuilding company), was a Dutch shipbuilding company based in Amsterdam. It existed from 1894 to 1946. From c. 1908 it was the largest Dutch shipbuilding company.
Drakeia massacre
The Drakeia  massacre (Greek: Η σφαγή της Δράκειας) refers to the mass execution of 115 men by SS soldiers in the village of Drakeia, located on Mount Pelion, in Thessaly, on 18 December 1943. It was part of the multiple Nazi reprisals against the Greek Resistance  in occupied Greece.

A wake in memory of the victims is held in the area every year, in the presence of members of the Greek Parliament,  members of the Government of Greece and other dignitaries.

Government of Greece
The Government of Greece (Greek: Κυβέρνηση της Ελλάδας, romanized: Kyvérnīsī tīs Elládas), officially the Government of the Hellenic Republic (Κυβέρνηση της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας, Kyvérnīsī tīs Ellīnikī́s Dīmokratías) is the collective body of the Greek state responsible to define and direct the general policy of the country. It exercises the executive powers alongside the president of the republic and it is constituted by the cabinet (officially: ministerial council) which is composed by the prime minister, the ministers and the deputy ministers.

Other collective government bodies, apart from the Ministerial Council, are the Committee on Institutions, the Government Council for Foreign Affairs and Defence and others, which manage particular government policy issues.
Meenkunnam
Meenkunnam is a village with waterfalls, rocky terrains, small hills, and paddy fields. It is located within Arakuzha and Marady Panchayat, Kerala. The local community heavily rely on farming and forms an agrarian-based economy. Most of the income is generated from rubber and pineapple plantations combined with other cash crops such as black pepper, cocoa bean, banana, and tapioca. Due to farming, when compared with the extent of land which was available a decade ago, only 20% of the paddy fields remain today.

Tapioca
Tapioca (/ˌtæpiˈoʊkə/; Portuguese: [tapiˈɔkɐ]) is a starch extracted from the tubers of the cassava plant (Manihot esculenta, also known as manioc), a species native to the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, but which is now found in West Africa, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere. It is a perennial shrub adapted to the hot conditions of tropical lowlands. Cassava copes better with poor soils than many other food plants.

Tapioca is a staple food for millions of people in tropical countries. It provides only carbohydrate food value, and is low in protein, vitamins, and minerals. In other countries, it is used as a thickening agent in various manufactured foods.
Spud Rowsell
Peter "Spud" Rowsell (1943–2021) was a yachtsman and boatbuilder based in Exmouth, Devon, England.  Amongst many racing successes, Rowsell won the Merlin Rocket Class Championships at Abersoch Wales in 1978, crewed by Jon Turner, with a series of results which have not been surpassed by any later Champion of the Class. Rowsell was in partnership with Phil Morrison as Rowsell Morrison for about 15 years.

Abersoch
Abersoch (Welsh pronunciation: [abɛrˈsoːχ] ⓘ) is a village in the community of Llanengan in Gwynedd, Wales. It is a coastal seaside resort, with around 2,600 residents, on the east-facing south coast of the Llŷn Peninsula at the southern terminus of the A499. It is about 7 miles (11 km) south-west of Pwllheli and 27 miles (43 km) south-west of the county town of Caernarfon.
Velikoarkhangelskoye
Velikoarkhangelskoye (Russian: Великоархангельское) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Velikoarkhangelskoye Rural Settlement, Buturlinovsky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. In ХІХ century the village an administrative center of Velikoarkhangelskaya volost, Bobrovsky Uyezd, Voronezh Governorate. The population was 1,134 as of 2010. There are 11 streets.

Voronezh Governorate
51°40′N 39°13′E﻿ / ﻿51.667°N 39.217°E﻿ / 51.667; 39.217

Voronezh Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1708 (as Azov Governorate) to 1779 and again from 1796 to 1928. Its capital was located in Voronezh since 1725.

The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1928, the governorate was abolished, and its area was included into newly established Central Black Earth Oblast.
Zal and Rudabeh
Zāl and Rudaba (Persian: زال و رودابه) are the fate of two lovers in the Shahnameh. Zāl's love for Rudaba begins when he enters the suburbs of Kabul under the rule of the governor and hears Mehrab, the ruler of Kabul, have a daughter in the palace. Zal was ruling as a teenager in Zabol and was ordered by King Manuchehr of Iran. It was likely that the tax collection of the countries under the command of Iran was with Zal, and he camped with his battalion on the outskirts of Kabol.

Shahnameh
The Shahnameh is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran. Consisting of some 50,000 distichs or couplets (two-line verses), the Shahnameh is one of the world's longest epic poems, and the longest epic poem created by a single author. It tells mainly the mythical and to some extent the historical past of Iran from the creation of the world until the Muslim conquest in the seventh century. Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the greater region influenced by Persian culture such as Armenia, Dagestan, Georgia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan celebrate this national epic.

The work is of central importance in Persian culture and Persian language. It is regarded as a literary masterpiece, and definitive of the ethno-national cultural identity of Iran.
David Gómez (baseball)
David Gómez Benítez (1902 – death unknown) was a Cuban professional baseball pitcher, first baseman and outfielder in the Negro leagues in the 1920s.

A native of Havana, Cuba, Gómez made his Negro leagues debut in 1925 with the Cuban Stars (West). He played for the Stars through 1927, then finished his career with the Philadelphia Tigers in 1928.

Cuban Stars (West)
The Cuban Stars were a team of Cuban professional baseball players that competed in the United States Negro leagues from 1907 to 1930. The team was also sometimes known as the Cuban Stars of Havana, Stars of Cuba, Cuban All-Stars, Havana Reds, Almendares Blues or simply as the Cubans. For one season, 1921, the team played home games in Cincinnati, Ohio,  and was known as the Cincinnati Cuban Stars.
When I Grow Up (film)
When I Grow Up is a 1951 American drama film written and directed by Michael Kanin and starring Bobby Driscoll, Robert Preston, Martha Scott and Charley Grapewin. The film was produced by Sam Spiegel through his Horizon Pictures and distributed by United Artists.

Horizon Pictures
Horizon Pictures (GB) Ltd was a film production company founded in the United Kingdom by Sam Spiegel and John Huston in 1947. The company produced The African Queen, starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn, in 1951, after which Huston left the company.

It later produced the David Lean films The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962), both of which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Other productions included The Night of the Generals (1967), The Swimmer (1968) and Nicholas and Alexandra (1971).
Gary Famiglietti
Gary J. Famiglietti (November 28, 1913 – July 13, 1986) was an American professional football player who played running back for nine seasons for the Chicago Bears and Boston Yanks. He was born in Medford, Massachusetts and attended college at Boston University. He was selected in the third round of the 1938 NFL draft.

Famiglietti's most productive year occurred in 1942. He finished third in the National Football League (NFL) in rushing yards with a total of 503 and first in rushing touchdowns with a total of 8.

Medford, Massachusetts
Medford is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. At the time of the 2020 United States census, Medford's population was 59,659. It is home to Tufts University, which has its campus on both sides of the Medford and Somerville border.
Monchique Islet
Monchique Islet (Portuguese: Ilhéu de Monchique, Portuguese pronunciation: [iˈʎɛw ðɨ mũˈʃikɨ]) is a small uninhabited islet off the coast of the island of Flores, west of the village of Fajã Grande, in the western part of the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It is the westernmost point of Portugal and, if considered part of Europe (although it sits on the North American Plate), is Europe's westernmost point as well.

Approachable only by boat, the 43-metre (141 ft) deep bay provides opportunities for scuba diving during the day in the summer. The islet and the waters around it are protected for their rich biodiversity. Ninety-six species of flora and fauna have been identified congregating in the waters near the islet, including brown algae, limpets, barnacles, and Mediterranean rainbow wrasse.

Islet
An islet (/ˈaɪlət/ EYE-lət) is generally a small island. Definitions vary and are not precise, but some suggest that an islet is a very small, often unnamed, island with little or no vegetation unable to support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanent or tidal (i.e. surfaced reef or seamount); and may exist in the sea, lakes, rivers or any other sizeable bodies of water.
Gary Kelly (politician)
Gary Kelly (born June 23, 1962) is an American politician.

Kelly was born on June 23, 1962, in Cameron, Missouri, and raised on a farm near Kidder. He graduated from Hamilton's Penney High School in 1980 and studied broadcasting and film at Central Missouri State University, and later attended Asbury Theological Seminary.

Prior to pursuing political office, Kelly was a police officer.

Kelly was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 2000, defeating District 36 incumbent Rodger Fitzwater in a Democratic Party primary, then winning the general election uncontested. Kelly was unopposed during the 2002 general election, after facing Excelsior Springs mayor pro-term Benny Ward in a primary election. Kelly won his third primary contest in 2004, against Jerry McCarter, then subsequently lost the general election to Bob Nance.

Excelsior Springs, Missouri
Excelsior Springs is a city in Clay and Ray counties in the U.S. state of Missouri and part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The population was 10,553 at the 2020 census. It is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) northeast of central Kansas City, Missouri.
Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Nagovitsyn (Russian: Вячесла́в Влади́мирович Нагови́цын; Buryat: Wyaçĭesláw Nagowícïn); born 2 March 1956) is a Russian politician serving as a senator from Buryatia since 2017. He was previously the Head of Buryatia from 2007 to 2017 and Prime Minister of Tomsk Oblast from 1999 to 2007.

Buryat language
Buryat or Buriat, known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian, is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.
Royal Army of Peru
The Royal Army of Peru (Spanish: Ejército Real del Perú), also known as the National Army (Spanish: Ejército Nacional), was the army organised by the viceroy of Peru, José Fernando de Abascal, to protect the Hispanic Monarchy in the Viceroyalty of Peru—and its surrounding provinces of Charcas, Chile and Quito—of the revolutions that convulsed the Spanish Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. This army was made up of 80% Creoles and indigenous Peruvians.

Captaincy General of Chile
33°27′00″S 70°40′00″W﻿ / ﻿33.45°S 70.666667°W﻿ / -33.45; -70.666667

The General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile [kapitaˈni.a xeneˈɾal de ˈtʃile]), Governorate of Chile, or Kingdom of Chile, was a territory of  the Spanish Empire  from 1541 to 1818 that was, initially, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. It comprised most of modern-day Chile and southern parts of Argentina in the Patagonia region. Its capital was Santiago de Chile. In 1810 it declared itself independent, with the Spanish reconquering the territory in 1814, but in 1818 it gained independence as the Republic of Chile. It had a number of Spanish governors over its long history and several kings.
Duke of Loulé
Duke of Loulé is a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree of King Luis I of Portugal, dated from October 3, 1862, to his grand-uncle Nuno José Severo de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto, 2nd Marquis of Loulé and 9th Count of Vale de Reis. The new duke descended from earlier Portuguese monarchs and belonged to the highest nobility. After the fall of the monarchy in 1910 and the death of King Manuel II, the Duke of Loulé was acclaimed by his supporters as head of the Portuguese Royal house.

Luís I of Portugal
Dom Luís I (Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando; 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889), known as "the Popular" (Portuguese: o Popular) was King of Portugal from 1861 to 1889.

Luís was a member of the ruling House of Braganza. The second son of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II, and born as the Duke of Porto, he acceded to the throne upon the death of his elder brother King Pedro V.
UFC 257
UFC 257: Poirier vs. McGregor 2 was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on January 24, 2021  at the Etihad Arena on Yas Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Yas Island
Yas Island (Arabic: جزيرة ياس) is an artificial island in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates named after the Arabian Bani Yas tribe. It has been created through extensive land reclamation. It occupies a total land area of 25 km2 (9.7 sq mi). It is a leisure island and one of the largest tourism projects in Abu Dhabi.

Yas Island holds the Yas Marina Circuit, which has hosted Formula One's Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since 2009. It is also home to Ferrari World park, which contains Formula Rossa, the once fastest rollercoaster in the world.

Yas Island was named the world's leading tourism project at the World Travel Awards in November 2009.