hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nonimaging optics
Nonimaging optics (also called anidolic optics) is a branch of optics that is concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and a target. Unlike traditional imaging optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the source; instead an optimized optical system for optimal radiative transfer from a source to a target is desired.

Radiative transfer
Radiative transfer (also called radiation transport) is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically. Equations of radiative transfer have application in a wide variety of subjects including optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing. Analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) exist for simple cases but for more realistic media, with complex multiple scattering effects, numerical methods are required. 
The present article is largely focused on the condition of radiative equilibrium.
Mononen
Mononen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Johannes Mononen (born 1991), Finnish footballer

Kalevi Mononen (1920–1996), Finnish cross-country skier

Lauri Mononen (1950–2018), Finnish ice hockey player

Matti Mononen (born 1983), Finnish pole vaulter

Unto Mononen (1930–1968), Finnish songwriter and musician

Johannes Mononen
Johannes Mononen (born 4 May 1991) is a Finnish footballer, who formerly represented AC Oulu of Ykkönen, the second highest level of football in Finland. He was also part of Finland national under-18 football team. He is a defender and usually plays the position of central defender.
Mononen's youth team was JIPPO from Joensuu, for which he also played 13 matches in Ykkönen, the second highest level of football in Finland, in 2008. After that he made a contract with Tampere United of the premier league. He has been on trial with Italian teams Inter Milan and Chievo Verona.
Anahuac University Network
The Anahuac University Network is a private universities system grouped and administered by the religious congregation of the Legion of Christ. The network is composed of several universities, some with different names and educational approaches. The universities are located in different countries of the world, with presences in Mexico, United States, Chile, Spain, Italy and France.

The network is also affiliated with  the international education system of the Legion of Christ called the Education Consortium Anáhuac (CEA) in 18 countries and serving over 100,000 students from kindergarten to graduate school. The university network  was founded in 1964 by the Priest Marcial Maciel LC., and has connections to the Catholic church. The motto of the organization is "Vince in bono malum" (Overcome evil with good). The university's goal is "to form leaders of positive action".

Motto
A motto (derived from the Latin muttum, 'mutter', by way of Italian motto, 'word' or 'sentence') is a sentence or phrase expressing a belief or purpose, or the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group, or organization. Mottos (or mottoes) are usually found predominantly in written form (unlike slogans, which may also be expressed orally), and may stem from long traditions of social foundations, or from significant events, such as a civil war or a revolution. One's motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world.
Time-traveler UFO hypothesis
The time-traveler hypothesis, also known as chrononaut UFO, future humans, extratempestrial model and Terminator theory is the proposal that unidentified flying objects are humans traveling from the future using advanced technology. Some notable people have given recent public exposure to the hypothesis, such as retired NASA aerospace engineer Larry Lemke, Wisconsin congressman Mike Gallagher, and American filmmaker Steven Spielberg.

The time-traveler hypothesis is considered extremely implausible by mainstream scholars and is generally regarded as unorthodox even among UFO theorists who argue that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft or interdimensional phenomena.

Hypothetical technology
Hypothetical technology is technology that does not exist yet, but that could exist in the future. This article presents examples of technologies that have been hypothesized or proposed, but that have not been developed yet. An example of hypothetical technology is teleportation.
Stoke Common Meadows
Stoke Common Meadows (grid reference SU064904) is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in north Wiltshire, England. The 10.2 hectare site is in Purton parish, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) west of Purton Common hamlet and 3 miles (5 km) south-west of the town of Cricklade.

The SSSI was notified in 1994 for the botanical diversity found in its traditionally managed hay meadows.

The site is managed as a nature reserve by Wiltshire Wildlife Trust, together with the larger Blakehill Farm reserve which is adjacent to the north-east.

Cricklade
Cricklade is a town and civil parish on the River Thames in north Wiltshire, England, midway between Swindon and Cirencester. It is the first downstream town on the Thames. The parish population at the 2011 census was 4,227.
Microsoft Enterprise Agreement
EA/SA (Enterprise Agreement/Software Assurance) is a volume licensing package offered by Microsoft. It primarily targets large organizations which have 500 or more personal computers. The minimum quantity was increased from 250 to 500 on 1 July 2016, but it remains at 250 for public sector customers. Other programs, including Open Value, Open License and Select License, are geared towards smaller organizations.

The Enterprise Agreement, whose price is tiered to the number of computers or users being licensed, is a three-year contract which covers all software licensing and updates for one client system. An option is given at contract termination to renew for one or three additional years.

Software products licensed under the contract include Windows 10, Microsoft Office and the core Client Access Licenses for Windows Server, Exchange, System Center and SharePoint, which allow the computer to legally access Microsoft servers over a network.

Windows Server
Windows Server (formerly Windows NT Server) is a brand name for server-oriented releases of the Windows NT operating system (OS) that have been developed by Microsoft  since 1993. The first release under this brand name is Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server, an edition of Windows NT 3.1. With the release of Windows Server 2003, Microsoft started releasing new versions under the name Windows Server. The latest release of Windows NT under the Windows Server brand is Windows Server 2025.

Microsoft's history of developing operating systems for servers goes back to Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server.
The Eyes of Heisenberg
The Eyes of Heisenberg is a 1966 science fiction novel by American writer Frank Herbert.

Originally serialized as Heisenberg's Eyes in Galaxy magazine between June and August 1966, it was issued as a book by Berkley later the same year. The title refers to Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which the plot examines as a source of randomness both on the molecular (specifically genetic) level and on a macroscopic (anthropological) level.

Frank Herbert
Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr. (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was an American science-fiction author, best known for his 1965 novel Dune and five sequels to it. He also wrote short stories and worked as a newspaper journalist, photographer, book reviewer, ecological consultant, and lecturer.

Dune is the best-selling science fiction novel of all time, and the series is a classic of the science-fiction genre. The series has been adapted numerous times, including the feature film David Lynch's Dune (1984), the miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune (2000) and Children of Dune (2003), and a motion picture trilogy currently in production, with Denis Villeneuve's Dune (2021) and Dune: Part Two (2024) having been released.
Cornufer batantae
Cornufer batantae is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae. It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia, and is known from two islands near the New Guinean mainland, Batanta and Waigeo. There are also unconfirmed records from Yapen and Gag Islands. Common name Batanta wrinkled ground frog has been coined for the species.

Batanta
Batanta is one of the four major islands in the Raja Ampat Islands in Southwest Papua province, Indonesia. Its area is 479.52 km2 (including smaller offshore islands) and its highest point is 1184 m. The Pitt Strait separates it from Salawati Island, while the Dampier Strait separates it from Waigeo Island. The population was estimated at 4,001 as at mid 2024.

Dampier Strait is named after the English explorer William Dampier. In 1759 Captain William Wilson sailing in the East Indiaman Pitt navigated these waters and named the channel between Batanta and Salawati as Pitt Strait, after his vessel.
Delbert Gee
Delbert Gee is a retired Alameda County Superior Court Judge who served from 2002 to 2022, presiding over both civil and criminal cases.

He began his legal career in 1980 as a Deputy District Attorney in Ventura County where he tried 33 jury trials to verdict. Gee was a civil litigator for the following 20 years in San Francisco.

Gee was as a member of the Law Review; receiving his undergraduate degree from the University of California Davis and his law degree from Santa Clara University School of Law. Gee was a first generation college student.

Alameda County, California
Alameda County (/ˌæləˈmiːdə/ ⓘ AL-ə-MEE-də) is located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,682,353, making it the 7th-most populous county in the state and 21st most populous nationally. The county seat is Oakland. Alameda County is in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region.

The Spanish word alameda means either "a grove of poplars...or a tree lined street".  The name was originally used to describe the Arroyo de la Alameda; the willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early Spanish explorers of a road lined with trees.

Alameda County is part of the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area.
DESTINY+
DESTINY+ (Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for INterplanetary voYage with Phaethon fLyby and dUst Science) is a planned mission to fly by the  Geminids meteor shower parent body 3200 Phaethon, and sample dust originating from the "rock comet". The spacecraft is being developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA and will demonstrate advanced technologies for future deep space exploration. As of October 2024, DESTINY+ is planned to be launched in fiscal year 2028.

Geminids
The Geminids are a prolific meteor shower, the parent body of which is 3200 Phaethon (which is thought to be an Apollo asteroid with a "rock comet" orbit).  Because of this, it would make this shower, along with the Quadrantids, the only major meteor showers not originating from a comet. The meteors from this shower are slow; they can be seen in December and usually peak around December 4–16, with the date of highest intensity being the morning of December 14. Current showers produce up to 120–160 meteors per hour under optimal conditions, peaking at around 2:00 or 3:00. Geminids were first observed in 1862, much later than other showers such as the Perseids (36 AD) and Leonids (902 AD).

Based on data from the Parker Solar Probe, a 2023 study suggested that the Geminids may have been formed by the catastrophic breakup of a comet that formed asteroids 2005 UD and 1999 YC in addition to Phaethon.
Josep Bonaplata i Corriol
Josep Bonaplata i Corriol (1795 - Bunyol, 2 June 1843) was a Catalan industrial entrepreneur known for introducing the steam engine into Catalonia and Spain. His parents, Ramon Bonaplata and Teresa Corriol, were textile manufacturers, principally of chintz, and he had three brothers, Salvador, Ramon and Narcís.

Today, in honour of Jose Bonaplata, the Bonaplata Award is given annually by the Association of the Museum of Science and Technology and Industrial Archaeology of Catalonia.

Buñol
Buñol is a town and municipality in the province of Valencia, Spain. The municipality has an area of some 112 km2, and is situated approximately 38 km west of the provincial and autonomous community capital city, Valencia. It lies along the Buñol River and is surrounded by the mountain ranges La Sierra de Las Cabrillas, la Sierra de Dos Aguas and la Sierra de Malacara y Martés.

The local economic base is a mixture of the industrial and the agricultural (carob trees, almond trees, fruit trees, olive trees and grapes).

Buñol's population is about 9,000.

Buñol has regional rail passenger service to Valencia via the Renfe system.

Every year upwards of 40,000 people gather in the town to throw over 115,000 kilograms of tomatoes at each other in the yearly La Tomatina festival. The festival is a popular sight, and many European tourists visit the town to participate in it.

Near the town are the training grounds and facilities of football club Levante UD.
Barangay 143
Barangay 143 (Japanese: バランガイ 143, Hepburn: Barangai 143) is an anime television series produced by ASI Animation Studio, Shin-Ei Animation. Announced in 2016, the first season premiered on October 21, 2018, in the Philippines on GMA Network and worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV.

The series features voice roles from a Filipino ensemble cast: including Migo Adecer, Julie Anne San Jose, Ruru Madrid, Kelley Day, John Arcilla, Edu Manzano, and Cherie Gil. Barangay 143 follows the coming of age story of a young man of Filipino and Korean descent who went to Manila to search for his long-lost father, all while he entered a local basketball league at a barangay in Tondo.

Barangay 143 was released in Netflix on October 1, 2020, where it later entered the top ten "most watched titles" on Netflix Asia. The series was also released on the Filipino streaming service POPTV on November 18, 2020. A second season was announced on November 28, and was subsequently released on December 12, 2020, on POPTV.

Lorna Tolentino
Victoria Lorna Perez Aluquin-Fernandez (born December 23, 1961), better known by her stage name Lorna Tolentino, sometimes known as L.T., an abbreviation of her screen name, is a Filipino actress, model, film producer and television personality. Dubbed as the "Prime Star", she is known for her dramatic roles in film and television and was the fourth actress to achieve the Grandslam status for her performance in the film Narito ang Puso Ko (1992). With a career spanning five decades, she has already appeared in 100 motion pictures and is cited by critics as one of the greatest Filipino actresses in Philippine cinema. She has received numerous accolades including seven FAMAS Awards, four Luna Awards, a Gawad Urian Award and two commendations from Asian Television Award.
Zemleprokhodtsy
Zemleprokhodtsy (Russian: Землепроходцы, literally "landtrekkers") were the members of the 17th century  expeditions from the Tsardom of Russia that explored, conquered, and colonized the areas of the "Russian frontier" in Eastern Siberia, the Far North, and the Far East that were unknown or little known to Russia. They traveled up to the coasts of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans and made a number of important geographical discoveries for Europeans. As a rule, these were the teams headed by Russian Cossacks, merchants and promyshlenniki.

Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.

From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, wars with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian conquest of Siberia, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire. During the Great Northern War, he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire after victory over Sweden in 1721.
Echidna nocturna
Echidna nocturna is a moray eel found in the eastern Pacific Ocean, in the Gulf of California and around Peru and the Galapagos Islands. It was first named by Cope in 1872, and is commonly known as the freckled moray or the palenose moray. It was discovered that Echidna nocturna and Muraena acutis are the same species.

Gulf of California
The Gulf of California (Spanish: Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortés (Mar de Cortés) or Sea of Cortez, or less commonly as the Vermilion Sea (Mar Vermejo), is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California peninsula from the Mexican mainland. It is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km (2,500 mi). Rivers that flow into the Gulf of California include the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. The surface of the gulf is about 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi). Maximum depths exceed 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) because of the complex geology, linked to plate tectonics.

The gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on Earth and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates. Parts of the Gulf of California are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tagawa-Gotōji Station
Tagawa-Gotōji Station (田川後藤寺駅, Tagawa-Gotōji-eki) is a junction passenger railway station located in the city of  Tagawa, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is operated jointly by the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) by the third-sector railway operator Heisei Chikuhō Railway.   On 1 April 2009, discount shop chain MrMax acquired naming rights to the Heisei Chikuhō part of the station. Therefore, the station is alternatively known as MrMax Tagawa-Gotōji Station (MrMax田川後藤寺駅, Misutā-Makkusu-Tagawa-Gotōji-eki).

Kyushu Railway Company
The Kyushu Railway Company, also referred to as JR Kyushu (JR九州, Jeiāru Kyūshū), is one of the seven constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It operates intercity rail services within Kyushu, Japan. It formerly operated the Beetle hydrofoil service across the Tsushima Strait between Fukuoka and Busan, South Korea, before its discontinuation in 2024. It also operates hotels, restaurants, and drugstores across its service region. JR Kyushu's headquarters are in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka.
Kid Indestructible
Kid Indestructible is the debut extended play album by Australian punk/rock band 28 Days. It was the first release on the newly created Sputnik Records; after being signed to Mushroom label in late 1998. Kid Indestructible was released in May 1999 and peaked at number 69 on the ARIA Charts. The tracks "Kool" and "La Tune" received radio promotional release.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1999, Kalju Tonuma was nominated for ARIA Award for Engineer of the Year for his work on this EP.

Mushroom Records
Mushroom Records was an Australian flagship record label, founded in 1972 in Melbourne. It published and distributed many successful Australian artists and expanded internationally, until it was merged with Festival Records in 1998. Festival Mushroom Records was later acquired by Warner Bros. Records, which operated the label from 2005 to 2010 before merging the label's catalogue with its own. Founder Michael Gudinski went on to become the leader of the Mushroom Group, the largest independent music and entertainment company in Australia, with divisions such as Frontier Touring.
Braudy
Braudy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dorothy Braudy, American artist

Leo Braudy (born 1941), American English professor

Susan Braudy (born 1941), American author and journalist

Dorothy Braudy
Dorothy (McGahee) Braudy is an artist based in Los Angeles.  A graduate of the University of Kentucky, she received a M.F.A. from New York University and taught for many years at Pratt Institute, the University of Maryland, and Goucher College.  Her work, which includes painting, photography, and printmaking, has been shown in New York, Washington, Baltimore, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, and is included in many private and public collections.
Glory (Perfume Genius album)
Glory is the seventh studio album by American musician Perfume Genius, released on March 28, 2025, through Matador Records. It features contributions from his partner Alan Wyffels and producer Blake Mills, and a guest appearance by Aldous Harding.

Jim Keltner
James Lee Keltner (born April 27, 1942) is an American drummer and percussionist known primarily for his session work. He was characterized by Bob Dylan biographer Howard Sounes as "the leading session drummer in America".
Jennings Randolph Lake
Jennings Randolph Lake is a reservoir of 952 acres (3.85 km2)  located on the North Branch Potomac River in Garrett County, Maryland, and Mineral County, West Virginia.  It is approximately 8 miles (13 km) upstream of Bloomington, Maryland, and approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Elk Garden, West Virginia.

Elk Garden, West Virginia
Elk Garden is a town in Mineral County, West Virginia, United States. It is part of the 'Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area'. The population was 211 at the 2020 census. Elk Garden High School was consolidated into Keyser High School in 1997. However the Primary School is still in session, offering classes from Pre-Kindergarten through the fifth grade. The school mascot is the Elk Garden Stags. Elk Garden was incorporated in 1890 by the Mineral County Circuit Court. It is named for an elk lick near the original town site.
Glycitin
Glycitin (glycitein 7-O-glucoside) is an isoflavone found in soy, and remains to various degrees in soy products like tofu, soymilk and soy sauce.  Although glycitin has its own health associated properties (below), it can be transformed to glycitein by human intestinal flora by the action of beta-glucosidases.

Soy milk
Soy milk (or soymilk), also known as soya milk, is a plant-based milk produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, boiling the mixture, and filtering out remaining particulates. It is a stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein. Its original form is an intermediate product of the manufacture of tofu. Originating in China, it became a common beverage in Europe and North America in the latter half of the 20th century, especially as production techniques were developed to give it a taste and consistency more closely resembling that of dairy milk. Soy milk may be used as a substitute for dairy milk by individuals who are vegan or lactose-intolerant or have a milk allergy.

Soy milk is also used in making imitation dairy products such as soy yogurt, soy cream, soy kefir, and soy-based cheese analogues. It is also used as an ingredient for making milkshakes, pancakes, smoothies, bread, mayonnaise, and baked goods.
Zurilaudimakhi
Zurilaudimakhi (Russian: Зурилаудимахи; Dargwa: Зурилаудимахьи) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ayalakabsky Selsoviet, Levashinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 462 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

Levashinsky District
Levashinsky District (Russian: Левашинский райо́н; Dargwa: Лавашала къатI; Avar: Лаваша мухъ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic. The area of the district is 830 square kilometers (320 sq mi).  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Levashi. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 70,704, with the population of Levashi accounting for 14.2% of that number.