hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Association for Psychosocial Studies
The Association for Psychosocial Studies (APS) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of psychosocial studies. The association publishes an academic journal, The Journal of Psychosocial Studies The Association for Psychosocial Studies was formed in 2013 in order to formalise and carry forward the work of developing Psychosocial Studies in the UK. The APS emerged from the Psychosocial Studies Network, which had organised annual conferences at the major university bases for Psychosocial Studies since 2008. The APS is a charitable trust and is recognised as a Learned Society by the Academy of Social Sciences.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Trogfurth Bridge
The Trogfurt(h) Bridge (German: Trogfurther Brücke), also called the Great Trogfurt(h) Bridge ((Große) Trogfurt(h)er Brücke)  was an historical cultural monument in the Harz Mountains of Germany. It was built in 1739/40 as a stone bridge, blown up in 1945 and that same year replaced by a modern bridge. This became superfluous when the Königshütte Dam was constructed in 1956.

Harz
The Harz (German: [haːɐ̯ts] ⓘ), also called the Harz Mountains, is a highland area in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (hill forest). The name Hercynia derives from a Celtic name and could refer to other mountain forests, but has also been applied to the geology of the Harz. The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony.
Riordan array
A Riordan array is an infinite lower triangular matrix, , constructed from two formal power series,  of order 0 and  of order 1, such that .

A Riordan array is an element of the Riordan group. It was defined by mathematician Louis W. Shapiro and named after John Riordan.
The study of Riordan arrays is a field influenced by and contributing to other areas such as combinatorics, group theory, matrix theory, number theory, probability, sequences and series, Lie groups and Lie algebras, orthogonal polynomials, graph theory, networks, unimodal sequences, combinatorial identities, elliptic curves, numerical approximation, asymptotic analysis, and data analysis. Riordan arrays also unify tools such as generating functions, computer algebra systems, formal languages, and path models. Books on the subject, such as The Riordan Array (Shapiro, Getu, Woan, Woodson, 1991), have been published.

Triangular matrix
In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix. A square matrix is called lower triangular if all the entries above the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.

Because matrix equations with triangular matrices are easier to solve, they are very important in numerical analysis. By the LU decomposition algorithm, an invertible matrix may be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U if and only if all its leading principal minors are non-zero.
Emilie Cocquerel
Emilie Jane Cocquerel is an Australian actress and mental health advocate. She earned a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her performance as Sandy in the ABC Me series The New Legends of Monkey (2018–2020). She is also known for her roles in the film Mother Mountain (2022) and as Queen Alianor in the Netflix series The Letter for the King (2020).

Sha Wujing
Sha Wujing (Chinese: 沙悟淨) is one of the three disciples of the Buddhist pilgrim Tang Sanzang in the 16th-century novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en in the Ming dynasty, although versions of his character predate the Ming novel. In the source novel, his background is the least developed of the pilgrims, and he contributes the least to their efforts. In the original Chinese story, he is a man-eating monster. In many Japanese versions, Sha Wujing is depicted as a Kappa.
Seymour Burr
Seymour Burr (1754/1762–1837) was an enslaved African-American in the Connecticut Colony in the North American British Colonies and United States. Enslaved by the brother of Colonel Aaron Burr, who was also named Seymour, he was known only as Seymour (sometimes spelled Seymore) until he escaped and used the surname Burr to enlist in the British Army in the early days of the American Revolution. The British promised the personal freedom of any enslaved African-American who enlisted or escaped to fight against the Continental Army, and Burr longed for freedom. However, he was quickly captured and forcibly returned to his enslaver.

His owner, fearing that Seymour would escape again, offered him his freedom at the war's end if he paid over his Bounty Money after enlisting in the American Army; Seymour accepted this agreement.

Name
A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a specific individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning as well) and is, when consisting of only one word, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called "common names" or (obsolete) "general names". A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name.
Jack chain
A jack chain is a type of chain made of thin wire, with figure-eight-shaped links and loops at right angles to each other. Jack chains are often used to suspend fixtures such as lights or signs, for decorative purposes, or as part of a cable lock.

Jack chain may be manufactured as either single-jack chain or as double-jack chain.  If double-jack, the lower loop is formed of two strands of wire rather than just one as in a single-jack.

Before the days of lavatory cisterns being close to the pan, jack chains were often used to release the cistern plug.

Cistern
A cistern (from Middle English  cisterne; from Latin  cisterna, from  cista 'box'; from Ancient Greek  κίστη (kístē) 'basket') is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Cisterns are often built to catch and store rainwater. To prevent leakage, the interior of the cistern is often lined with hydraulic plaster.

Cisterns are distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few liters to thousands of cubic meters, effectively forming covered reservoirs.
Bernard Pariset
Bernard Pariset (December 21, 1929 – November 26, 2004) was a French judoka and jujitsuka who studied with many Japanese masters including Jigoro Kano's student, Mikonosuke Kawaishi, and his assistant, Shozo Awazu. He was one of the few non-Japanese to reach the level of 9th Dan and has been officially recognized by both the French Judo and Ju-Jitsu Federation (FFJDA) and the IFNB (International Federation Nippon Budo). This title is not officially recognized by the Kodokan. Founder of the Atemi Ju-Jitsu system in the late 1940s, he designed the first judo and jujitsu methodologies still in use at the FFJDA. He was also famous for defeating judo heavyweight Anton Geesink.

Jujutsu
Jujutsu (柔術, jūjutsu; Japanese pronunciation: [dʑɯːʑɯtsɯ] or [dʑɯꜜːʑɯtsɯ] ⓘ), also known as jiu-jitsu or ju-jitsu (both /dʒuːˈdʒɪtsuː/ joo-JITS-oo), is a Japanese martial art and a system of close combat that can be used in a defensive or offensive manner.  A subset of techniques from certain styles that jujutsu were used to develop many modern martial arts and combat sports, such as judo, aikido, sambo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, ARB, and mixed martial arts.
Administrative divisions of French Polynesia
In French Polynesia, there are two levels of administrative divisions: five administrative subdivisions (French: subdivisions administratives) and 48 communes. Many of the communes are further subdivided into communes associées. The breakdown into administrative subdivisions was as a result of the law #71-1028, dated December 24, 1971. The compositions of the administrative subdivisions and the communes were defined in the decrees #72-408 and #72-407 of May 17, 1972, respectively. These subdivisions were confirmed in the decree #2005-1611 of December 20, 2005. Below are several lists of the divisions, according to different sorting schemes.

Associated communes of France
In France, associated communes (French: communes associées, pronounced [kɔmyn asɔsje]) were created by the Commune Merger Act of 16 July 1971 (also called the Marcellin Act). It permits the formerly independent communes to maintain certain institutions, such as

a delegate mayor, a registrar, a criminal investigation officer

a mayor's office

a community center

On 1 January 2006 there were 730 communes associées in France. Most of those were created within four years after the Marcellin Act was passed.
SS Uriah M. Rose
SS Uriah M. Rose (MC contract 2729) was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Uriah M. Rose, an influential Arkansas lawyer.

The ship was laid down by Permanente Metals in their Richmond Yard #2 on December 19, 1943, then launched on January 10, 1944. Uriah M. Rose was operated by American President Lines under charter with the Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration.
American President Lines. In 1947 she was sold to French Gov't.(Cie.Generale Transatlantique) and renamed Aurray. In 1950 she was sold to Messageries Maritimes, Paris. In 1961 she was sold to Zim Israel Nav.Co, Haifa under an Israeli flag and renamed Pan. Zim Israel Nav.Co converted to motor ship, removing her steam engines. In 1964 she was sold to Pagan SS Corp, Nassau, a British flag and renamed Orchidea. In 1970 she was sold to Ardena Shipping Company, a Cyprus flag and renamed Ardena. In 1972 she was scrapped at Bilbao.

Richmond Shipyards
The four Richmond Shipyards, in the city of Richmond, California, United States, were run by Permanente Metals and part of the Kaiser Shipyards. In World War II, Richmond built more ships than any other shipyard, turning out as many as three ships in a single day. The shipyards are part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park, whose Rosie the Riveter memorial honors the shipyard workers. Shipyard #3 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a California Historical Landmark # 1032.
Barbara A. Robinson
Barbara A. Robinson (born June 8, 1938) is an American politician who represents the 40th legislative district in the Maryland Senate.  Robinson is a former chair of the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland.

Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland
The Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland, Inc. (also known as The Maryland Legislative Black Caucus) is an American political organization composed of African Americans elected to the Maryland General Assembly. Incorporated in 1970, the Caucus membership has grown from 17 to 64 and is the largest state legislative black caucus in the country.
Mixed connective tissue disease
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a systemic autoimmune disease that shares characteristics with at least two other systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic sclerosis (Ssc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM), and rheumatoid arthritis. The idea behind the "mixed" disease is that this specific autoantibody is also present in other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, scleroderma, etc. MCTD was characterized as an individual disease in 1972 by Sharp et al., and the term was introduced by Leroy in 1980.

Some experts consider MCTD to be the same as undifferentiated connective tissue disease, but other experts specifically reject this idea because undifferentiated connective tissue disease is not necessarily associated with serum antibodies directed against the U1-RNP. Furthermore, MCTD is associated with a more clearly defined set of signs and symptoms.

Synovitis
Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of the synovial membrane. This membrane lines joints that possess cavities, known as synovial joints. The condition is usually painful, particularly when the joint is moved. The joint usually swells due to synovial fluid collection.

Synovitis may occur in association with arthritis as well as lupus, gout, and other conditions. Synovitis is more commonly found in rheumatoid arthritis than in other forms of arthritis, and can thus serve as a distinguishing factor, although it is also present in many joints affected with osteoarthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis, the fibroblast-like synoviocytes, highly specialized mesenchymal cells found in the synovial membrane, play an active and prominent role in the synovitis. Long term occurrence of synovitis can result in degeneration of the joint.
Slabakov
Slabakov (Bulgarian: Слабаков), female Slabakova, is a Bulgarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrei Slabakov (born 1960), Bulgarian actor, film director, and screenwriter

Peter Slabakov (1923–2009), Bulgarian actor

Roumyana Slabakova, linguist

Roumyana Slabakova
Roumyana Slabakova (Bulgarian: Румяна Слабакова) is a linguist specializing in the theory of second language acquisition (SLA), particularly acquisition of semantics, and its practical implications for teaching and studying languages.
Snälltåget
Snälltåget  is an open-access railway company in Sweden with long-distance trains along the Southern Main Line in Sweden from Malmö to Stockholm; as well as sleeper trains between Stockholm and Berlin, and from Malmö to the ski and hiking resorts in Jämtland county (Sweden), and to Innsbruck for ski areas in Austria.

As of November 2025 a daily day-time connection was planned between Stockholm and Hamburg, Germany to start from May 2026.

Sleeping car
The sleeping car or sleeper (often wagon-lit) is a railway passenger car that can accommodate all passengers in beds of one kind or another, for the purpose of sleeping. George Pullman was the main American innovator and owner of sleeper cars in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when railroads dominated intercity passenger travel.

The first such cars saw sporadic use on American and English railways in the 1830s; they could be configured for coach seating during the day.
Tingo María Airport
Tingo María Airport (IATA: TGI, ICAO: SPGM) is an airport serving Tingo María, in the Huánuco Region of Peru. The runway is alongside the west bank of the Huallaga River.

The Tingo Maria non-directional beacon (Ident: TGM) is located on the field.

Department of Huánuco
Huánuco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈwanuko]; Quechua: Wanuku) is a department of Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto and Ucayali departments in the north, Ucayali to the east, Pasco to the south and Lima and Ancash to the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Huánuco.

Huánuco has a rugged topography, comprising parts of the Sierra and the High Jungle (mountain rim) regions. Being equidistant from the north and the south of the country, it has the privilege of having a mild weather with an average annual temperature of 20 °C (68 °F).

This region is important for its geographical location, history, and for the richness of its land, where the presence of man goes back to ancient times. El Hombre de Lauricocha (Man of Lauricocha) is among the most distinctive examples, dating from 10,000 BC, as well as Kotosh, where vestiges of the oldest settlement in the Americas (4200 BC) took place.
Patricia Pike
Patricia Pike (born October 24, 1954) is an American politician. She is a former member of the Missouri House of Representatives, serving from 2015 to 2023. She is a member of the Republican party. Also, she owns a business and a farm.

Missouri House of Representatives
The Missouri House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Missouri General Assembly, the upper chamber being the Missouri Senate. It has 163 members, representing districts with an average size of 37,000 residents. House members are elected for two-year terms during general elections held in even-numbered years.

Missouri's house is the fourth largest in the United States even as the state ranks 18th in population. The only states with a larger lower house in the United States are New Hampshire (400), Pennsylvania (203), and Georgia (180). Republicans have controlled the State House since 2003.

The next election will be held in 2026.
Bermudo Núñez
Bermudo Núñez (died c. 955) was a magnate from León and the first Count of Cea. He appears for the first time in 921 confirming a donation to the Monastery of San Benito in Sahagún from which it can be assumed that he was probably born near the end of the 9th century. A loyal vassal of the Leonese monarchs, he confirmed several royal charters and appears with the title of Count from at least the year 950, governing as a tenente the Cea region from 939 onwards.

He probably played a relevant role in the Battle of Simancas and after this victory of the Leonese troops, collaborated with his brother, Oveco Núñez, Bishop of León in the repoblación of Salamanca.

Cea (river)
The Cea River is a river of northwestern Spain.  It is an affluent of the Esla River, and its course runs through the provinces of León, Valladolid and Zamora. It is 157 km long. Its source is in the municipality of Prioro, in León province. It rises from a spring called Fuente del Pescado, at the foot of the Peñas Prietas.
Peter Samuel, 4th Viscount Bearsted
Major Peter Montefiore Samuel, 4th Viscount Bearsted MC TD (9 December 1911 – 9 June 1996) was a British peer and a director of Shell Transport and Trading. He also was a deputy chairman of Shell Transport and Trading. Samuel was commissioned into the Warwickshire Yeomanry in March 1936. He served throughout the Second World War, being awarded the Military Cross in 1943 and ending the war as an acting major. He succeeded his elder brother in the viscountcy in 1986.

Territorial Decoration
The Territorial Decoration (TD) was a military medal of the United Kingdom awarded for long service in the Territorial Force and its successor, the Territorial Army.

This award superseded the Volunteer Officer's Decoration when the Territorial Force was formed on 1 April 1908, following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, (7 Edw.7, c.9) which was a large reorganisation of the old Volunteer Army and the remaining units of militia and Yeomanry.  However, the Militia were transferred to the Special Reserve rather than becoming part of the Territorial Force. Recipients of this award are entitled to use the letters "TD" after their name (post-nominal).
Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure
Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure (22 June 1659 – 7 February 1711) was born in Trois-Rivières, Québec to Pierre Denys de La Ronde and Catherine Le Neuf.

He became an officer in the colonial troupes de la marine of New France and was heavily involved with the events of Acadia from 1685 until his death. In 1690, with Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, he attacked York Fort, in Hudson Bay. He participated in the Naval battles off St. John, in 1691 and in 1696. Together with Jean-Vincent d’Abbadie and Iberville, Bonaventure led the Siege of Pemaquid (1696). He governed Acadia after the death of Governor Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan, in September 1705, until the appointment of the new governor, Daniel d'Auger de Subercase, on 22 May 1706.

He is credited with designing the Bonaventure hatchet, a spike tomahawk which was used during the Second Indian War, the first of the French and Indian Wars.

Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville (16 July 1661 – 9 July 1706) or Sieur d'Iberville was a French soldier, explorer, colonial administrator, and trader. He is noted for founding the colony of Louisiana in New France. He was born in Montreal to French colonist parents.
2021 Antalya Challenger IV
The 2021 Antalya Challenger IV was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Antalya, Turkey between 6 and 12 December 2021.

Oleg Prihodko
Oleg Prihodko (born 3 October 1997) is a Ukrainian tennis player.
He has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 307 achieved on 18 August 2025 and a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 121 achieved on 27 February 2023. He is currently the No. 2 Ukrainian tennis player.
Irfan Shahîd
Irfan Arif Shahîd (Arabic: عرفان عارف شهيد ʿIrfān ʿĀrif Shahīd; January 15, 1926 – November 9, 2016), also known as Erfan Arif Kawar (عرفان عارف قعوار ʿIrfān ʿĀrif Qaʿwār), was an American professor and scholar in the field of Oriental studies. Between 1982 and 2016, he was the Oman Professor of Arabic and Islamic Literature at Georgetown University. Shahîd also became a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America in 2012.

Medieval Academy of America
The Medieval Academy of America (MAA; spelled Mediaeval until c. 1980) is the largest organization in the United States promoting the field of medieval studies. It was founded in 1925 and is based in Boston. The academy publishes the quarterly journal Speculum, and awards prizes, grants, and fellowships such as the Haskins Medal, which is named for Charles Homer Haskins, one of the academy's founders and its second president.
Metalinguistics
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to other cultural behaviors. It is the study of how different parts of speech and communication interact with each other and reflect the way people live and communicate together. Jacob L. Mey in his book, Trends in Linguistics, describes Mikhail Bakhtin's interpretation of metalinguistics as "encompassing the life history of a speech community, with an orientation toward a study of large events in the speech life of people and embody changes in various cultures and ages."

Mikhail Bakhtin
Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (/ˈbɑːxtɪn/; Russian: Михаи́л Миха́йлович Бахти́н, IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ bɐxˈtʲin]; 16 November [O.S. 4 November] 1895 – 7 March 1975) was a Russian philosopher and literary critic who worked on the philosophy of language, ethics, and literary theory. His writings, on a variety of subjects, inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions (Marxism, semiotics, structuralism, religious criticism) and in disciplines as diverse as literary criticism, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Although Bakhtin was active in the debates on aesthetics and literature that took place in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, his distinctive position did not become well known until he was rediscovered by Russian scholars in the 1960s.