hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Papadates, Aetolia-Acarnania
Papadates (Greek: Παπαδάτες or Παππαδάτες) is a village in the regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. Situated in the region of West Greece, since 2011, it is part of the municipality of Agrinio.

Papadates is located 12 km from the city of Agrinio, on the foothills of Arakynthos mountain and is one of the villages surrounding Lake Trichonida, the biggest Greek natural lake. It borders with the villages of Zevgaraki to the west and Mataranga to the east. It was the capital of the former municipality of Arakynthos.

The village has a population of 824 people (2021) and a land area of 12.235 km².

Regional units of Greece
The 74 regional units of Greece are the country's third-level administrative units (counting decentralized administrations as first-level). They are subdivisions of the country's 13 regions, and are further divided into municipalities.

They were introduced as part of the Kallikratis administrative reform on 1 January 2011 and are comparable in area and, on the mainland, coterminous with the "pre-Kallikratis" prefectures of Greece.
Alkarama
Alkarama (Arabic: الكرامة لحقوق الإنسان / ISO 233: al-karāmah li-ḥuqūq al-’insān / Dignity) is an independent Swiss-based human rights non-governmental organization established in 2004 to assist people in the Arab World subjected to, or at risk of, extrajudicial killings, disappearances, torture, and arbitrary detention.

Islamic Relief
Islamic Relief Worldwide is an international non-governmental organization founded in the United Kingdom in 1984. It has international headquarters in Birmingham and a network of national offices, affiliated partners, registered branches and country offices spread over more than 40 countries.

The charity typically assists more than 10 million people each year through emergency response, and development programmes in areas including education, health and livelihood support. It also advocates on behalf of those in need, focusing particularly in its campaigns on climate change, the rights of women and girls, and supporting refugees and displaced people.

Islamic Relief has been registered with the Charity Commission of England and Wales since 1989 and is an independent, non-political non-governmental organisation. In 2024, Islamic Relief's income was £275.6 million.
Aleksey Belyakov
Aleksei Stepanovich Belyakov (Russian: Алексей Степанович Беляков; 1907–1992) was a Soviet diplomat and ambassador to Finland 1970–71 and the leader of the European section of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Communist Party of Finland
The Communist Party of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue, SKP; Swedish: Finlands Kommunistiska Parti) was a communist political party in Finland. The SKP was a section of Comintern and illegal in Finland until 1944.

The SKP was banned by the state from its founding and did not participate in any elections with its own name. Instead, front organisations were used. In the 1920s, the communists took part in the Socialist Workers' Party of Finland (1920–1923) and the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders (1924–1930). Both of them were also banned. In 1944, a new front, the Finnish People's Democratic League was formed. The SKP controlled these fronts but they always had a prominent minority of non-communist socialists.
Permanent Fatal Error
Permanent Fatal Error (PFE) is a project by Olivier Manchion, Ulan Bator founder member, and long time Faust collaborator. PFE first album is entitled Law Speed and was released in 2004 by Wallace Records, Klangbad  -the label of Faust core member Hans-Joachim Irmler - and Ruminance. The musician defines this music as "deaf-blues". The project turns into solo (Santarcangelo festival, London Scala) or duo performances with Giulio Vetrone like the Pop Montreal festival in 2006, while Manchion joins again Ulan Bator and Faust in 2005 and 2006, touring also again with Damo Suzuki of Can (band) in France part of the "French Doctors" collective, and then disappears for years. In November 2014 Manchion announced the relaunch of the project and a new release entitled "Deaf sun / Deaf blues" on the Italian "microlabel" Secret furry hole.

Damo Suzuki
Kenji Suzuki (鈴木健次, Suzuki Kenji; 16 January 1950 – 9 February 2024), known as Damo Suzuki (ダモ鈴木), was a Japanese musician best known as the vocalist for the German Krautrock group Can between 1970 and 1973. Born in 1950 in Kobe, Japan, he moved to Europe in 1967 where he was spotted busking in Munich, West Germany, by Can bassist Holger Czukay and drummer Jaki Liebezeit. Can had just split with their vocalist Malcolm Mooney, and asked Suzuki to sing over tracks from their 1970 compilation album Soundtracks. Afterwards, he became their full time singer, appearing on the three influential albums Tago Mago (1971), Ege Bamyası (1972) and Future Days (1973).

After leaving Can in 1973, he abandoned music and became a Jehovah's Witness. Having left that organisation, he returned to music in the mid-1980s and began to tour widely. Over the following decades, Suzuki recorded a large number of albums under different aliases, which he later grouped as "Damo Suzuki's Network".
Alan Dawtry
Sir Alan Graham Dawtry CBE TD (8 April 1915 – 27 January 2018) was a British municipal government official. He was an Assistant solicitor at Sheffield City Council between 1938 and 1948, deputy town clerk at Bolton, England between 1948-1952 and Leicester, England between 1952-1954 and town clerk Wolverhampton, England, 1954–1956. He was Chief Executive of the Westminster City Council between 1956 and 1977. During his career, he was also Town Clerk for the City of Westminster. In the 1974 New Year Honours, Dawtry was knighted.

Sheffield City Council
Sheffield City Council is the local authority for the City of Sheffield, a metropolitan borough with city status in South Yorkshire, England. The council consists of 84 councillors, elected to represent 28 wards, each with three councillors. It is currently under no overall control, with Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Green Party each holding chair positions in a proportionate number of committees.
Cadini di Misurina
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).

The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.

Sexten
Sexten (German pronunciation: [ˈsɛkstn̩]; Italian: Sesto [ˈsɛsto]) is a comune and a village in South Tyrol in northern Italy. The village is famous as a summer and winter sport resort in the mountains.
Microstock (racing)
Microstock is a form of full roll cage go cart or kart racing that originated in New Jersey invented by Bill and Bob Wagner.

They are powered by small 4-cycle engines (200 cc), generally starting out as 5 hp Briggs & Stratton engines originally referred to as "lawnmower" engines, since that is where the first engines were taken from. After being modified for racing, the engines can produce anywhere from 7 to 30+ hp, depending on the racing class. Microstocks were originally designed to hit speeds between 45-65 mph; however, modified racing has pushed them over 100 mph in some cases.

They generally race on asphalt oval tracks, but have also raced on street courses and dirt tracks as well. They are a rigid chassis design using no suspension. Microstock is considered one of the most inexpensive forms of kart racing.

Cubic centimetre
A cubic centimetre (or cubic centimeter in US English) (SI unit symbol: cm3; non-SI abbreviations: cc and ccm) is a commonly used unit of volume that corresponds to the volume of a cube that measures 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of one millilitre.  The mass of one cubic centimetre of water at 3.98 °C (the temperature at which it attains its maximum density) is almost equal to one gram.

In internal combustion engines, "cc" refers to the total volume of its engine displacement in cubic centimetres. The displacement can be calculated using the formula

where d is engine displacement, b is the bore of the cylinders, s is length of the stroke and n is the number of cylinders.

Conversions

1 millilitre = 1 cm3

1 litre = 1000 cm3

1 cubic inch = 16.38706 cm3.
Fisheries Act 1981
The Fisheries Act 1981 (c. 29) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

With regards to the sea fishing industry, the Act established the Sea Fish Industry Authority, which was given the duty to promote the efficiency of the industry in the UK, and provided for financial assistance to the industry.

The Act also made new provisions with regard to fish farming, and enabled the Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland to spend money on fisheries protection in Northern Irish waters.

Maritime patrol
Maritime patrol or maritime reconnaissance is the task of monitoring areas of water. Generally conducted by military and law enforcement agencies, maritime patrol is usually aimed at identifying human activities.

Maritime patrol refers to active patrol of an area, as opposed to passive monitoring systems such as sound-detection fixtures or land-based spotters.  A patrol consists of a ship, submarine, aircraft or satellite examining the patrolled area and seeking out activities to be identified and reported.  Maritime patrol is critical in wartime situations for navies to locate enemy forces to engage or defend against.  Peacetime patrols are important for interdiction of criminal activities and for ensuring legal use of waters.

Maritime patrols can be conducted by surface ships and submarines, by aircraft (e.g. MPA) and other aerial vehicles, and even by satellites.  Human spotting remains an important part of detecting activity, but increasingly electronic systems are used.
Czachowski
Czachowski (feminine: Czachowska) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dionizy Czachowski (1810–1863), Polish general

Kazimierz Czachowski (1890–1948), Polish literary critic and historian

Ludwik Czachowski, Polish ice hockey player

Piotr Czachowski (born 1966), Polish footballer

Piotr Czachowski
Piotr Czachowski (born 7 November 1966) is a Polish football pundit, co-commentator and former player. In 1991, he won the Polish Footballer of the Year Award conferred by the Piłka Nożna football weekly.
Legal Orientalism: China, the United States, and Modern Law
Legal Orientalism: China, the United States, and Modern Law is a 2013 book by American legal scholar Teemu Ruskola. The author investigates how Western legal discourses constructed China as a lawless society and how this characterization shaped American law and foreign policy from the nineteenth century onward. Ruskola argues that the concept of "rule of law" developed in opposition to an imagined Oriental despotism, and that this binary framework justified American extraterritorial jurisdiction in China and domestic measures such as the Chinese Exclusion Acts. The book received the Association of American Law Schools Distinguished Book Award in 2017, and was translated into Chinese in 2016.

Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, intellectual, historian, and political philosopher.

He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon. His anonymously published The Spirit of Law (De l'esprit des lois, 1748) first translated into English (Nugent) in a 1750 edition was received well in both Great Britain and the American colonies, and influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States in drafting the U.S. Constitution.
Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
The Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Polish: Księstwo opolsko-raciborskie, German: Herzogtum Oppeln und Ratibor) was one of the numerous Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty. It was formed in 1202 from the union of the Upper Silesian duchies of Opole and the Racibórz, in a rare exception to the continuing feudal fragmentation of the original Duchy of Silesia.

In 1281 it was split again. In 1521 it was recreated by the last Silesian Piast, Duke Jan II the Good. After his heirless death the duchy fell to the Kingdom of Bohemia. It was briefly part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century; eventually like most of the province of Silesia it was annexed by Prussia after the First Silesian War in 1742.

Feudal fragmentation
Feudal fragmentation is a process whereby a feudal state is split into smaller regional state structures, each characterized by significant autonomy, if not outright independence, and ruled by a high-ranking noble such as a prince or a duke. Feudal fragmentation is usually associated with European history, particularly during the Middle Ages.

Feudal fragmentation occurred after the death of the legitimate ruler leaves no clear heirs, and rulers of various subdivisions of the original state fail at electing or agreeing on a new leader for the previous, larger entity. In some cases (for example, the Holy Roman Empire), such a leader may be elected, yet wield much lesser powers than those of his predecessor. Feudal fragmentation is related to the concepts of agnatic seniority and principate.
Rothschild's bird-of-paradise
Rothschild's bird-of-paradise  is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae that is a hybrid between a raggiana bird-of-paradise and lesser bird-of-paradise.  It was named after British ornithologist Walter Rothschild.

Bird-of-paradise
The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. They are found mainly in New Guinea, as well as eastern Australia and the Moluccas. The family has 44 species in 17 genera. The members of this family are perhaps best known for the plumage of the males of the species, the majority of which are sexually dimorphic. The males of these species tend to have very long, elaborate feathers extending from the beak, wings, tail, or head. For the most part, they are confined to dense rainforest habitats. The diet of all species is dominated by fruit and to a lesser extent arthropods. The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging from monogamy to lek-type polygamy.

A number of species are threatened by hunting and habitat loss.
Stony Brook Gatehouse
The Stony Brook Gatehouse is a former gatehouse in The Fens in Boston, located next to The Fenway east of Forsyth Way. It formerly controlled flow from the Stony Brook into the Muddy River. The structure was designed around 1881 by Henry Hobson Richardson, who also designed several bridges in the park. The building features a slate roof with distinctive wooden beams and walls of smooth stones of varying cuts. The red mortar used between the stone is similar to that of many of Richardson's other works. A near-identical companion building, designed by Richardson's successors Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, was constructed in 1905 when the Stony Brook culvert was enlarged.

In 2010, the building was refurbished for use as the Emerald Necklace Conservancy's Shattuck Visitor Center.

Shepley Bulfinch
Shepley Bulfinch (Shepley Bulfinch Richardson & Abbott Inc.) is an international architecture, planning, and interior design firm with offices in Boston, Hartford, Houston, and Phoenix. It is one of the oldest architecture firms in continuous practice in the United States, and was recognized by the American Institute of Architects with its highest honor, the AIA Architecture Firm Award, in 1973.

Shepley Bulfinch was formed in Boston in 1874 as the architectural practice of American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Following Richardson's death in 1886, the firm existed as Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge through 1915, then became Coolidge and Shattuck from 1915 through 1924, Coolidge Shepley Bulfinch and Abbott from 1924 through 1952, and Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott from 1952.
Alihodžić
Alihodžić is a surname, derived from Turkish Ali Hoca. Notable people with the surname include:

Emir Alihodžić (born 1993), Bosnian footballer

Dževad Alihodžić (born 1969), Bosnian and Yugoslav basketball player

Fahro Alihodžić (born 1989), Bosnian-British basketball player

Haris Alihodžić (born 1968), Bosnian footballer

Fahro Alihodžić
Fahro Alihodžić (born 25 August 1989) is a Bosnian-British professional basketball player who plays for Sheffield Sharks of the Super League Basketball. He also represents the Great Britain national basketball team internationally.
2023 New Zealand Darts Masters
The 2023 New Zealand Darts Masters was the third staging of the tournament by the Professional Darts Corporation, and the fifth entry in the 2023 World Series of Darts. The tournament featured 16 players (eight PDC players and eight regional qualifiers) and was held at the Globox Arena in Hamilton, New Zealand on 4-5 August 2023.

Damon Heta
Damon Leigh Heta (born 10 August 1987) is an Australian professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events, where he is ranked world number eighteen; he reached a peak ranking of world number six in 2024. Nicknamed "the Heat", he has been a PDC Tour Card holder since 2020. Heta won his first European Tour title at the 2022 Gibraltar Darts Trophy and reached his first major semi-final at the 2024 UK Open. He has won a total of 12 PDC titles in his professional career.

Prior to turning professional in 2020, Heta won his first overall PDC title at the 2019 Brisbane Darts Masters as a regional qualifier. He has since represented Australia in the PDC World Cup of Darts, winning the 2022 edition of the tournament alongside teammate Simon Whitlock.
Petrobrasaurus
Petrobrasaurus is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur. It is a titanosaur which lived during the upper Cretaceous period (Coniacian-Santonian age) in what is now Rincón de los Sauces, Patagonia, Argentina. It is known from the holotype MAU-Pv-PH-449 — a partial disarticulated skeleton recovered from the Plottier Formation (Neuquén Basin), Argentina. This genus was named by Leonardo S. Filippi, José Ignacio Canudo, Leonardo J. Salgado, Alberto C. Garrido, Rodolfo A. Garcia, Ignacio A. Cerda and Alejandro Otero in 2011, and the type species is Petrobrasaurus puestohernandezi. The generic name is derived from "Petrobras" (oil company) and saurus, "lizard". The specific name refers to the Puesto Hernández oil field, where the fossil remains were found.

Skeleton
A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is a rigid outer shell that holds up an organism's shape; the endoskeleton, a rigid internal frame to which the organs and soft tissues attach; and the hydroskeleton, a flexible internal structure supported by the hydrostatic pressure of body fluids.

Vertebrates are animals with an endoskeleton centered around an axial vertebral column, and their skeletons are typically composed of bones and cartilages. Invertebrates are other animals that lack a vertebral column, and their skeletons vary, including hard-shelled exoskeleton (arthropods and most molluscs), plated internal shells (e.g. cuttlebones in some cephalopods) or rods (e.g. ossicles in echinoderms), hydrostatically supported body cavities (most), and spicules (sponges). Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that is found in the skeletal systems of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Joseph E. Hallonquist
Captain Joseph Eskel Hallonquist (13 April 1895 - 22 August 1958) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories.

When World War I began, Hallonquist was chief clerk of a bank in British Columbia. He joined the 19th Reserve Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, only to transfer to the Royal Flying Corps. He trained with 26 and 73 Squadrons before being posted on 23 January 1918 to 28 Squadron in Italy as an Honorary Captain. He opened his victory roll on 17 April 1918. His fourth confirmed win on 13 July downed Austro-Hungarian ace Ferdinand Udvardy; although Hallonquist was credited with a destruction, Udvardy survived. On 29 October 1918, Hallonquist was shot down by anti-aircraft fire. He spent a short period as a prisoner of war before returning to Canada.

Ferdinand Udvardy
Stabsfeldwebel Ferdinand Udvardy was a Hungarian conscript into the military of the Austro-Hungarian Empire who became a flying ace credited with nine aerial victories. Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, Udvardy became a Hungarian citizen, and in the aftermath of World War I, defended his new nation against invasion.
Laurys station (Lehigh Valley Railroad)
Laurys station, also known as Laury's station, was a Lehigh Valley Railroad station in Laurys Station, Pennsylvania. Both the station and locality drew their name from David Laury, a local notable who established a hotel on the site in 1832 and later served as postmaster.

Service began at Laurys in 1855 with the opening of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. As was common for that era, it used a locally-constructed building. The railroad added an engine house in 1859.

The railroad constructed a new brick passenger station building in 1884. It was designed by Walter Gilman Berg. It was a single-floor structure with, appropriately for the region, a slate roof. The building measured 34 by 25 feet (10.4 m × 7.6 m). It contained separate waiting rooms for men and women, including toilets for both; an agent's office; and a baggage room.

Passenger service to Laurys ended in May 1938; the station and freight house were town down the following September.

Engine house
An engine house is a building or other structure that holds one or more engines.  It is often practical to bring engines together for common maintenance, as when train locomotives are brought together.

Types of engine houses include:

motive power depots (MPD), where locomotives are stored and maintained

Buildings that housed a steam engine on a mine, used for pumping, winding or stamping. Many of these have survived in Cornwall, England, for example at Crown Mines.

Buildings that housed a pumping engine for an atmospheric railway

House-built engines, where the engine is the house.  A house-built engine is a large beam engine where the engine house itself forms the frame of the engine.

The term "engine house" is also used, widely in the United States and perhaps elsewhere, to mean:

Fire station, which hold fire engine trucks.
Olga Yamshchikova
Olga Nikolaevna Yamshchikova (Russian: Ольга Николаевна Ямщикова; 1914–1982) was a Soviet fighter pilot squadron commander during World War II who became a test pilot after the war; she has been credited with as many as three shootdowns in World War II. During her postwar aviation career she became the first woman to fly the MiG-19.

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 (Russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-19; NATO reporting name: Farmer) is a Soviet second generation, single-seat, twinjet fighter aircraft. It was the first Soviet production aircraft capable of supersonic speeds in level flight. A comparable U.S. "Century Series" fighter was the North American F-100 Super Sabre, although the MiG-19 primarily fought against the more modern McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II and Republic F-105 Thunderchief over North Vietnam. This aircraft was originally used by the Soviet Union but it was later used by the People's Liberation Army Air Force of China.