hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Judicial minimalism
Judicial minimalism refers to a philosophy in United States constitutional law that promotes a politically moderate viewpoint such as that of former Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O'Connor. It is often compared to other judicial philosophies such as judicial activism, judicial originalism, and judicial textualism. Judicial minimalism takes its approach from a limited method of decision-making conceived by Edmund Burke.

Originally stated in Liverpool, New York & Philadelphia Steamship Co. v. Commissioners of Emigration (1885), minimalism is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority (1936) that requires that the Supreme Court of the United States to "not 'formulate a rule of constitutional law broader than is required by the precise facts to which it is to be applied.'"

Constitutional law of the United States
The constitutional law of the United States is the body of law governing the interpretation and implementation of the United States Constitution. The subject concerns the scope of power of the United States federal government compared to the individual states and the fundamental rights of individuals. The ultimate authority upon the interpretation of the Constitution and the constitutionality of statutes, state and federal, lies with the Supreme Court of the United States.
Carlos Fields
Carlos Fields Jr. (born October 3, 1990) is an American college football coach and former linebacker. He is the defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for Virginia State University, positions he has held since 2022. He played college football for Winston-Salem State. After going undrafted in the 2014 NFL draft he signed with the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New York Giants, Indianapolis Colts, Washington Redskins, Los Angeles Chargers, and Philadelphia Eagles.

Fields Jr. started his coaching career at his alma mater before moving to Thomasville High School and Alabama A&M.

Virginia State University
Virginia State University (VSU or Virginia State) is a public historically Black land-grant university in Ettrick, Virginia, United States. Founded on March 6, 1882 (1882-03-06), Virginia State developed as the United States's first fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for Black Americans. The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.
Çermenikë
Çermenikë or Çermenika is an upland northeast of Elbasan, in central Albania.

In the Middle Ages, as Tzernikon or Tzernikos it was an episcopal see of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, as a suffragan see of the Archbishopric of Dyrrhachium.

In the medieval period the upland used to be inhabited completely by Catholics. The Roman-Catholic church then erected an episcopal see, which is today the Titular See of Tzernicus and which was a suffragan of the Metropolitan See of Achrida (Ohrid).

In the mid-15th century, the region was ruled by Gjergj Arianiti, one of the main leaders of the Albanian resistance to the Ottoman Empire.

In the late Ottoman period it is reported that the region had 12 villages and 3000 Bektashi inhabitants.

In World War II, the area was a centre of the Albanian Resistance to the German occupation.

Elbasan
Elbasan (/ˌɛlbəˈsɑːn/ EL-bə-SAHN, Albanian: [ɛlbaˈsan]; Albanian definite form: Elbasani, pronounced [ɛlbaˈsani]) is the fourth most populous city of Albania and seat of Elbasan County and Elbasan Municipality. It lies to the north of the river Shkumbin between the Skanderbeg Mountains and the Myzeqe Plain in central Albania.
New England New State Movement
The New England New State Movement was an Australian political movement in the twentieth century. Founded as the Northern Separation Movement, the aim of the movement was to seek the secession of the New England region and surrounding areas from the State of New South Wales (NSW) and the establishment of a new State of New England. While popular at first and the subject of two Royal Commissions, the movement was unsuccessful, and was defeated at a referendum in 1967.

Secession
Secession (from Latin: sēcessiō, lit. 'a withdrawing') is a term and a concept which is used in reference to the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.

In international law, secession is understood as a process in which an integral part of a state's territory unilaterally withdraws without the consent of the original state.

The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to separatism.
Social Security System (Philippines)
The Social Security System (SSS; Filipino: Paseguruhan ng mga Naglilingkod sa Pribado) is a state-run social insurance program in the Philippines to workers in the private, professional and informal sectors. SSS is established by virtue of Republic Act No. 1161, better known as the Social Security Act of 1954. This law was later amended by Republic Act No. 8282 in 1997. Government employees, meanwhile, are primarily covered under a separate state-run pension fund by the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) - they can also join the SSS at their own cost.

Social insurance
Social insurance is a form of social welfare that provides insurance against economic risks. The insurance may be provided publicly or through the subsidizing of private insurance. In contrast to other forms of social assistance, individuals' claims are partly dependent on their contributions, which can be considered insurance premiums to create a common fund out of which the individuals are then paid benefits in the future.

Types of social insurance include:

Public health insurance

Social Security

Public Unemployment Insurance

Public auto insurance

Universal parental leave
Tatsurō Hamada
Tatsurō Hamada (濱田 達郎, Hamada Tatsurō; born August 4, 1994 in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan) is a professional Japanese baseball pitcher. He played  for the Chunichi Dragons for 9-years.

During his time in high school, Hamada was rated alongside Shintaro Fujinami (now of the Hanshin Tigers) and Shohei Ohtani (now of the Los Angeles Angels) as one of the top 3 pitchers in his age bracket.

Hanshin Tigers
The Hanshin Tigers (阪神タイガース, Hanshin Taigāsu) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team playing in the Central League. The team is based in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, next to their main stadium, Hanshin Koshien Stadium.

The Tigers are owned by Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc.

The Hanshin Tigers are one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan. They played their first season in 1936 as the Osaka Tigers and assumed their current team name in 1961.
Bartusz
Bartusz is a surname. The Slovak feminine form is Bartuszová. Notable people with the surname include:

Juraj Bartusz (1933–2025), Slovak sculptor

Mária Bartuszová (1936–1996), Slovak sculptor, wife of Juraj

Maria Bartusz (born 1987), Polish international para badminton player

Juraj Bartusz
Juraj Bartusz (23 October 1933 – 25 September 2025) was a Slovak sculptor and academic teacher. In a non-conventional approach from the mid-1960s, he created time-space statues and began computer art in the 1970s. He co-founded and headed the department of visual arts at the Technical University of Košice.
Geotargeting
In geomarketing and internet marketing, geotargeting is the method of delivering different content to visitors based on their geolocation. This includes country, region/state, city, metro code/zip code, organization, IP address, ISP, or other criteria. A common usage of geotargeting is found in online advertising, as well as internet television with sites such as iPlayer and Hulu. In these circumstances, content is often restricted to users geolocated in specific countries; this approach serves as a means of implementing digital rights management. Use of proxy servers and virtual private networks may give a false location.

Web content
Web content is the text, visual or audio content that is made available online and user encountered as part of the online usage and experience on websites. It may include text, images, sounds and audio, online videos, among other items placed within web pages.

In the book Information Architecture for the World Wide Web, Lou Rosenfeld and Peter Morville wrote, "We define content broadly as 'the stuff in your website.' Web content may include webpage document pages, information, software data and applications, e-services, images, audio and video files, personal Web pages, archived e-mail messages stored on email servers, and more. And we include future web content as well as present web content roadmap.": 219
What I Didn't Do
"What I Didn't Do" is a song written by Wood Newton and Michael Noble, and recorded by American country music artist Steve Wariner.  It was released in December 1984 as the first single from the album One Good Night Deserves Another.  The song reached #3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

One Good Night Deserves Another
One Good Night Deserves Another is the third studio album by American country music artist Steve Wariner. It was released in 1985 by MCA Records. The album produced three singles, "What I Didn't Do", "Heart Trouble", and "Some Fools Never Learn", which respectively reached #3, #8, and #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. "Some Fools Never Learn" was number one for one week and spent a total of twenty-two weeks on the chart.
Mützenich (Monschau)
Mützenich is a village and former municipality in the district of Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the municipality of Monschau since 1972. Notably, Mützenich is a German exclave surrounded by Belgian territory due to the track bed of the former Vennbahn railway line being part of Belgium following the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles, among other small areas.

Aachen (district)
The district of Aachen (German: Städteregion Aachen) is a district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Heinsberg, Düren, Euskirchen, and also the Netherlands province of Limburg and the Belgian province of Liège. Its administrative body is the Städteregionsparlament ("regional parliament"), headed by the Städteregionspräsident or "region president" (Tim Grüttemeier (CDU) since 2019).

As of 21 October 2009, the Städteregion Aachen (literally: "cities region" Aachen) was formed from the former district Aachen (Kreis Aachen) and the city of Aachen. This is the first Städteregion that was formed in North Rhine-Westphalia. Its status is similar to that of the district Hanover (Region Hannover) in Lower Saxony, in that the powers of the city of Aachen are slightly less than those of a district-free city (Kreisfreie Stadt).
I Sincerely Apologise for All the Trouble I've Caused
I Sincerely Apologise for All the Trouble I've Caused is an album by singer-songwriter David Ford released in 2005. The album is Ford's solo debut.

Ford recorded the album in his home studio over the course of 2005. Publicity material describing both Ford and the album state that "I Sincerely Apologise" was recorded in the cellar of his flat in Lewes. According to an interview given to Top Notch magazine, David moved house at least twice during the recording process and took to recording songs using his own equipment in the homes of the people "kind enough to put [him] up for a week here or a month there". After completing the recording, Ford mixed the album himself in the aforementioned Lewes cellar in late 2004 and early 2005.

Lewes
Lewes (/ˈluːɪs/ ⓘ) is the county town of East Sussex, England. The town is the administrative centre of the wider district of the same name. It lies on the River Ouse at the point where the river cuts through the South Downs.

A traditional market town and centre of communications, in 1264 it was the site of the Battle of Lewes. The town's landmarks include Lewes Castle, Lewes Priory, Bull House (the former home of Thomas Paine), Southover Grange and public gardens, and a 16th-century timber-framed Wealden hall house known as Anne of Cleves House. Other notable features of the area include the Glyndebourne festival, the Lewes Bonfire celebrations and the Lewes Pound.
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) (also spelled acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis) is a derivative of the highly contagious conjunctivitis virus, otherwise known as pink eye. Symptoms include excessively red, swollen eyes as well as subconjunctival hemorrhaging. Currently, there is no known treatment and patients are required to merely endure the symptoms while the virus runs its five- to seven-day course. While it was first identified in Ghana, the virus has now been seen in China, India, Egypt, Cuba, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, and the United States.

Contagious disease
A contagious disease is an infectious disease that can be spread rapidly in several ways, including direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet contact.

These diseases are caused by organisms such as parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Many types of organisms live on the human body and they can sometimes cause disease.

Some common infectious diseases are influenza, COVID-19, ebola, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, Human papillomavirus infection, Polio, and Zika virus.

A disease is often known to be contagious before medical science discovers its causative agent. Koch's postulates, which were published at the end of the 19th century, were the standard for the next 100 years or more, especially with diseases caused by bacteria. Microbial pathogenesis attempts to account for diseases caused by a virus.
JBW-Maserati
The JBW-Maserati, also known as the JBW Type 1, is a race car, designed, developed, and built by British manufacturer and constructor, JBW, in 1958. It raced in both open-wheel and closed-wheel guises. It competed in both Formula Libre events, as well as 4 Formula One World Championship Grand Prix races, between 1959 and 1961; debuting at the 1959 British Grand Prix, but scored no points over that period of time. It was initially powered by a naturally-aspirated 2.5 L (150 cu in) (but later a downscaled 1.5 L (92 cu in)) Maserati 4-cylinder engine four-cylinder engine, which droves the rear wheels through a 5-speed manual transmission. It scored no World Championship points during its time in Formula One racing.

Formula Libre
Formula Libre, also known as Formule Libre, is a form of automobile racing allowing a wide variety of types, ages and makes of purpose-built racing cars to compete "head to head". This can make for some interesting matchups, and provides the opportunity for some compelling driving performances against superior machinery. The name translates to "Free Formula" – in Formula Libre races the only regulations typically govern basics such as safety equipment.
Portrait of a Woman (Sebastiano del Piombo)
Portrait of a Woman is a 1512 oil painting on panel by the Italian painter Sebastiano del Piombo, dated by the artist and now in the Uffizi in Florence.

A 1589 inventory misattributed it to Raphael and another to Giorgione, with the latter misattribution lasting until 1784. The gallery's director Tommaso Puccini reverted to Raphael in 1793 and – exhibiting it in the Tribuna of the Uffizi – claimed it was Raphael's portrait of La Fornarina mentioned by Vasari.

Missirini argued its subject was Vittoria Colonna and reattributed its underdrawing to Michelangelo and painting to Sebastiano. Passavant and Garas continued to support the attribution to Raphael, but more recent studies such as those by Morelli, Berenson, Venturi and Lucco have conclusively attributed it to Sebastiano del Piombo. Lucco also mentions a possibly autograph copy of the painting in the Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia in Rome.

Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
The Museo Nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia ("National Museum of the Palazzo di Venezia") is a state museum in Rome, Italy, housed in the palace of the same name together with the important Library of Archaeology and Art History.

Since 2020, together with the Vittoriano, it has been managed by the VIVE Institute, one of the eleven institutes of significant general interest of the Italian Ministry of Culture.
Cris Winter
Cris Winter is an American radio personality on Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's WDVE radio station. For six years she provided the voice of "Thundergirl" on the Nicktoons animated series Action League Now!. Winter was one of two original disc jockeys at WXXP 100.7, Pittsburgh's first alternative radio station from 1986 to 1988. She was the host of the local music show on WXXP, being the first to play bands like The Clarks, Affordable Floors, Sponges, Eleventh Hour, Spuds, and other local musicians.  In August 1988 WXXP changed formats and Winter was fired.  In 2020, after 14 years in the 5:30-10am shift, she was dismissed from WISH, moving to previous employer WDVE in 2022.

Modern rock
Modern rock is an umbrella term used to describe rock music that is found on college and commercial rock radio stations. Some radio stations use this term to distinguish themselves from classic rock, which is based in 1960s–1980s rock music.
Saint-Léger-de-la-Martinière
Saint-Léger-de-la-Martinière (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ leʒe də la maʁtinjɛʁ]) is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Melle.

Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres (French pronunciation: [dø sɛvʁ] ⓘ, Poitevin-Saintongese: Deùs Saevres) is a French department. Deux-Sèvres literally means "two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the department. It had a population of 374,878 in 2019.
Joseph Wentworth
Joseph "Little Joe" Wentworth (January 29, 1877 – April 7, 1944) was an American college football player, coach, and lawyer.

Wentworth was born January 29, 1877, in Sandwich, New Hampshire, to Paul and Ellen Tilton (Dunklee) Wentworth. Wentworth attended the Holderness School from 1890 to 1896 and Phillips Academy Andover from 1893 to 1896. For his undergraduate career, he attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1900. He was a member of the Sphinx, a Dartmouth secret society, and Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. Wentworth graduated from Harvard Law School in 1903, and spent most of his professional career with the law firm Choate, Hall & Stewart in Boston.

Sphinx (senior society)
The Sphinx is a collegiate senior society for male students at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. Founded in 1885, it was the first senior society established at the college. The society is known for the Sphinx Tomb, its Egyptian Revival style building designed by architect William M. Butterfield in 1903. The Sphinx Tomb was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.
Essex Act 1987
The Essex Act 1987 (c. xx) is a local act of Parliament whose effect is to give additional local powers to Essex County Council, local authorities in the county as well as the Crouch Harbour Authority.

The act encompasses a number of powers affecting aspects of issues relating to land and open space (especially parking); highways and streets; public health and amenities; public order and safety, seashore and safety (specifically in the districts of Basildon, Castle Point, Chelmsford, Colchester, Maldon, Rochford, Southend-on-Sea, Tendring, Thurrock); some finance and other miscellaneous powers and other specific measures relating to named places including Colchester, Crouch Harbour, The Marshes (in the Epping Forest district), and Southend-on-Sea

The most notable clause in the law is section 6, allowing the prohibition of parking on grass verges which elsewhere has been a news making problem.

Maldon District
Maldon District is a local government district in Essex, England. The district is managed by Maldon District Council, which is based in Maldon, the largest town in the district. The district also includes the town of Burnham-on-Crouch and numerous villages, including Heybridge, Wickham Bishops, Southminster, Tolleshunt D'Arcy and Tollesbury. The district covers the Dengie peninsula to the south of Maldon and the Thurstable Hundred area to the north of the Blackwater Estuary, a total area of 358.78 km2.

The majority of people live in the small rural villages, many of which have their origins in connections with the coast or agricultural economy. The district has a long association with sailing, as is referenced in the council's logo.
Kardzhali Point
Kardzhali Point (Bulgarian: нос Кърджали, ‘Nos Kardzhali’ \'nos 'k&r-dzha-li\) is the rocky point forming the south side of the entrance to Ograzhden Cove on the northwest coast of Ray Promontory of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated 680 m south of Essex Point, 1.23 km east-northeast of Isbul Point and 1.98 km east-northeast of Start Point.

The feature is part of the Antarctic Specially Protected Area ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula, situated in one of its restricted zones.

The point is named after the town of Kardzhali in southern Bulgaria.

Ray Promontory
Ray Promontory is the 7 km long and 2.8 km wide promontory lying between Barclay Bay and the New Plymouth sound, and forming the northwest part of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica ending up in Start Point and Essex Point.  The promontory's interior is mostly occupied by Dospey Heights.

The feature is part of the Antarctic Specially Protected Area ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula, forming in one of its two restricted zones.

The feature is named after the American Captain Nathaniel Ray, Master of the sealing schooner Harmony which operated in the islands in 1820-21 .
2000 Thai Premier League
The 2000 Thai Premier League consisted of 12 teams.  The bottom club would be relegated to the Thailand Division 1 League. The club that came 11th would play in a relegation / promotion match against the club that came second in the Thailand Division 1 League.

Champions Royal Thai Air Force entered the next edition of the Asian Club Championship.

The league was also known as the Caltex Premier League.

Air Force United F.C.
Air Force United Football Club (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลแอร์ฟอร์ซ ยูไนเต็ด) was a Thai defunct professional football club based in Lam Luk Ka, Pathum Thani province. Defunct after 2019 season, the club was renamed to Uthai Thani and was relocated to Uthai Thani province. The team formed the football section of the Royal Thai Air Force until 2019 where then the club would then formed under a new club called Royal Thai Air Force.