hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Encryption ban proposal in the United Kingdom
The UK encryption ban was a pledge by former British prime minister David Cameron to ban online messaging applications that offer end-to-end encryption, such as WhatsApp, iMessage, and Snapchat, under a nationwide surveillance plan. Cameron's proposal was in response to the services which allow users to communicate without providing the UK security services access to their messages, which in turn could allegedly allow suspected terrorists a safe means of communication.

IMessage
iMessage is an instant messaging service developed by Apple and launched on October 12, 2011. iMessage functions exclusively on Apple platforms – including iOS, iPadOS, macOS, watchOS, and visionOS. iMessage uses the Messages app client.

Core features of iMessage include sending text messages, images, videos, and documents; getting delivery and read statuses (read receipts); and end-to-end encryption so only the sender and recipient can read the messages. The service also allows sending location data and stickers. On iOS and iPadOS, third-party developers can extend iMessage capabilities with custom extensions.

iMessage was introduced with iOS 5 in 2011, and was added to Macs with OS X Mountain Lion in 2012. In 2020, Apple introduced a redesigned version of the Messages app with macOS Big Sur which added some of the features previously unavailable on the Mac, including location sharing and message effects.
Roger King (producer)
Roger Monroe King (August 22, 1944 – December 8, 2007) was an American television and media executive for King World Productions and CBS.

He was a son of Charles King (1912-1972), who acquired and marketed the Hal Roach produced comedy series of shorts films Our Gang (later renamed The Little Rascals) from the 1930s and established a company in 1964 to market and syndicate them, then known as King World Productions or Entertainment, which was acquired in 2000 by CBS Productions (a subsidiary of the CBS Corporation, formerly the Columbia Broadcasting System).

He was inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame in 1992 and the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 2004 and is credited with launching the careers of such top television stars as Oprah Winfrey, Phil McGraw and Alex Trebek.

National Association of Broadcasters
The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) is a conservative trade association and lobby group representing the interests of commercial and non-commercial over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States. The NAB represents more than 8,300 terrestrial radio and television stations as well as broadcast networks.

As of 2022, the president and CEO of the NAB is Curtis LeGeyt.
2012 Yahoo Voices hack
In July 2012, Yahoo Voice, a user-generated content platform owned by Yahoo, suffered a major data breach. On July 11, 2012, a hacking group calling itself "D33DS Company" posted a file online containing approximately 450,000 login credentials and passwords from Yahoo Voice users. The data was obtained through a SQL injection attack that exploited vulnerabilities in Yahoo's database servers.

Yahoo Voices
Yahoo! Voices, formerly Associated Content (AC), was a division of Yahoo! that focused on online publishing. Yahoo! Voices distributed a large variety of writing through its website and content partners, including Yahoo! News. In early December 2011, its owners Yahoo! announced a major shakeup involving the introduction of a new service, Yahoo! Voices, which would replace the Associated Content site and take on the bulk of its content, while some 75,000 items would be retired under the new site's more stringent content submission rules. On July 2, 2014, Yahoo! announced that it would be shutting down Yahoo! Voices on July 31, 2014 and the Yahoo! Contributor Network at the end of August 2014.
Kionga Triangle
The Kionga Triangle (German: Kionga-Dreieck, Portuguese: Triângulo de Quionga) was a small region of German East Africa situated at the mouth of the Ruvuma River. The Ruvuma served as the border between the German colony and Portuguese Mozambique, and the Kionga Triangle was the only section of German East Africa south of the river. Its principal settlement was Kionga (now Quionga) which had a population of 4,000 in 1910. It became a German possession in 1894 but came under Portuguese control in April 1916 during World War I. The post-war Treaty of Versailles reaffirmed that the river was the border between Tanganyika, then under British control, and Portuguese Mozambique. The triangle was the only territory that the treaty awarded to Portugal.

Today, the former Kionga Triangle forms part of Cabo Delgado Province in Mozambique.

Cabo Delgado Province
Cabo Delgado is the northernmost province of Mozambique. It has an area of 82,625 km2 (31,902 sq mi) and a population of 2,320,261 (2017). It borders the Mtwara Region in the neighbouring country of Tanzania, and the provinces of Nampula and Niassa.

The Province is rich in natural resources; such as natural gas, graphite, rare-earth elements, and vanadium.

The region is an ethnic stronghold of the Makonde tribe, with the Makua and Mwani as leading ethnic minorities.
Strongly typed identifier
A strongly typed identifier is user-defined data type which serves as an identifier or key that is strongly typed. This is a solution to the "primitive obsession" code smell as mentioned by Martin Fowler. The data type should preferably be immutable if possible. It is common for implementations to handle equality testing, serialization and model binding.

The strongly typed identifier commonly wraps the data type used as the primary key in the database, such as a string, an integer or universally unique identifier (UUID).

Web frameworks can often be configured to model bind properties on view models that are strongly typed identifiers. Object–relational mappers can often be configured with value converters to map data between the properties on a model using strongly typed identifier data types and database columns.

Martin Fowler (software engineer)
Martin Fowler (18 December 1963) is a British software developer, author and international public speaker on software development, specialising in object-oriented analysis and design, UML, patterns, and agile software development methodologies, including extreme programming.

His 1999 book Refactoring popularised the practice of code refactoring. In 2004 he introduced a new architectural pattern, called Presentation Model (PM).
Jovan the Serb of Kratovo
Jovan the Serb of Kratovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Србин из Кратова; 1526–1583) or Protopop Jovan (Протопоп Јован) was a Serb Orthodox priest and scribe with an opus of six works, of which one is the Velika Remeta Gospel (1580). He was a monk at Hilandar.

Nicodemus of Tismana
Nikodim Tismanski, also known as Nicodemus the Sanctified, Nikodim Osvećeni, Nikodim Vratnenski, Nikodim Grčić, and in Romanian, Nicodim de la Tismana, (Prilep, today in North Macedonia, then Byzantine Empire, c. 1320 – Tismana, Walachia, now Romania, 26 December 1406), was a Christian monk scribe and translator who was the founder of monasteries, one in Serbia and two in Romania. In Serbian medieval history he is remembered for conveying hesychastic monastic traditions and as a member of a diplomatic and ecclesiastical mission to Constantinople in 1375. He was one of the followers of St. Gregory of Sinai. Sanctified in 1767 by the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is commemorated on 26 December. Also, he was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1955.
István Apáthy
István Apáthy, also known as Stephan Apáthy (1863–1922), was a Hungarian zoologist and histologist, known for his work in medical science and microscope technique. He particularly studied neurofibrils, and was known for improving microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples. Apáthy was a professor at the Franz Joseph University.  He also theorized on the "social and political aspects" of eugenics.

Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy, microanatomy or histoanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope.

Historically, microscopic anatomy was divided into organology, the study of organs, histology, the study of tissues, and cytology, the study of cells, although modern usage places all of these topics under the field of histology. In medicine, histopathology is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue. In the field of paleontology, the term paleohistology refers to the histology of fossil organisms.
2012 Cup of China
The 2012 Cup of China was the third event of six in the 2012–13 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai on November 2–4. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2012–13 Grand Prix Final.

Shanghai Oriental Sports Center
The Shanghai Oriental Sports Center (Chinese: 上海东方体育中心), also known as the Shanghai Aquatic Sports Center, is a sports venue next to the Expo Park in Shanghai's Pudong New Area. It started construction on 30 December 2008, and was completed in late 2010.  The total investment was two billion yuan.

The center has an indoor arena named Indoor Stadium seating 18,000, an indoor swimming pool seating 5,000, and an outdoor swimming pool also seating 5,000. The Shanghai Oriental Sports Center is close to Huangpu River and near the Oriental Sports Center station on the Shanghai Metro.
Joseph B. Bennett
Joseph Bentley Bennett (April 21, 1859 – November 7, 1923) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.

Born in Greenup County, Kentucky, Bennett attended the common schools and Greenup Academy, Greenup, Kentucky.
He taught in the public schools.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1878 and commenced practice in 1880.
He entered the mercantile business in 1885.
He served as judge of Greenup County 1894–1897.
He was reelected in 1897 and served until 1901.
He served as member of the Republican State central committee in 1900 and 1904.

Bennett was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, and Sixty-first Congresses (March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1911).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1910 to the Sixty-second Congress.
He continued the practice of his profession until his death in Greenup, Kentucky, November 7, 1923.
He was interred in Riverview Cemetery.

Greenup County, Kentucky
Greenup County is a county located along the Ohio River in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,962. The county was founded in 1803 and named in honor of Christopher Greenup. Its county seat is Greenup.
Greenup County is part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area.
1954 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's doubles
The 1954 World Table Tennis Championships women's doubles was the 20th edition of the women's doubles championship.
Diane Rowe and Rosalind Rowe defeated Ann Haydon-Jones and Kathleen Best in the final by three sets to one.

Ann Jones (tennis)
Ann Shirley Jones (born Adrianne Haydon; 17 October 1938), also known as Ann Haydon-Jones, is an English former tennis and table tennis champion. She won eight Grand Slam tennis championships in her career: three in singles, three in women's doubles and two in mixed doubles. In 2023, she served as a vice president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.
ASC41
ASC41 is a thyromimetic prodrug metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4 to an active form, ASC41-A, that is selective for thyroid hormone receptor beta. It is developed for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In 2023, Viking Therapeutics filed a lawsuit against ASC41's developer, Chinese company Ascletis BioScience, accusing it of stealing Viking's trade secrets to develop ASC41 which is allegedly similar to, or identical to, VK2809.

Thyromimetic
Thyromimetic drugs are synthetic agonists of the thyroid hormone receptor's isoforms TR α1, TRα2, TRβ1, or TRβ2, mimicking some or all of the effects of endogenously produced thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. Some thyromimetic drugs are selective for various of these receptors over others, enabling more targeted effects and reducing toxicity. Thyromimetics selective for TRβ—including eprotirome, sobetirome, resmetirom, and the prodrug VK2809—have been investigated for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, and other metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
Wallacean island thrush
The Wallacean island thrush (Turdus schlegelii), also known as the Sulawesi island thrush, is a species of passerine in the family Turdidae. It is found in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. It was formerly considered to be multiple subspecies of the island thrush, but was classified as a distinct species in 2024 by the IOC and Clements checklist based on morphological and phylogenic evidence.

The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World
The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World is a book by Jim Clements which presents a list of the bird species of the world.

The most recent printed version is the sixth edition (2007), but has been updated yearly, the last version in 2024, and is published by Cornell University Press. Previous editions were published by the author's own imprint, Ibis Publishing.  The Cornell Lab of Ornithology has provided annual updates since then, usually in August, and the most recent version is available online in several formats. These updates reflect the ongoing changes to bird taxonomy based on published research.

Clements is the official list used by the American Birding Association for birds globally. eBird also uses the Clements checklist as the base list for its eBird taxonomy, which in addition to species includes hybrids and other non-species entities reported by birders.
Beat Seitz
Beat Seitz (born 28 October 1973) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the 1990s. At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, he won a silver medal in the four-man event with teammates Marcel Rohner, Markus Nüssli and Markus Wasser.

Nagano (city)
Nagano (長野市, Nagano-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜɡano, naɡanoꜜɕi]) is the capital and largest city of Nagano Prefecture, located in the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji Daira) in the central Chūbu region of Japan. Nagano is categorized as a core city of Japan. Nagano City is the highest prefectural capital in Japan, with an altitude of 371.4 meters (1,219 ft).

The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which is Mount Takatsuma (2,353 m), and it is near the confluence of the Chikuma River—the longest and widest river in Japan—and the Sai River. As of 1 July 2023, the city had an estimated population of 365,296 in 160,625 households, and a population density of 438 persons per km². The total area of the city is 834.81 square kilometres (322.32 sq mi).
Linden-Kildare High School
Linden-Kildare High School is a public high school located 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southeast of Linden, Texas (USA). It is classified as a 2A school by the UIL. The school is part of the Linden-Kildare Consolidated Independent School District located in south central Cass County. The high school is a consolidation of Linden and Kildare schools. For the 2021-2022 school year, the school was given a "B" by the Texas Education Agency.

Linden, Texas
Linden is a city in and the county seat of Cass County, Texas, United States. At the 2020 United States census, its population was 1,825. Linden is named after the city of Linden in Perry County, Tennessee (of which that Linden is the current seat).
2025 Crete Challenger V
The 2025 Iconico Crete Challenger V was a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Hersonissos, Greece between 6 and 12 October 2025.

Hersonissos
Hersonissos (Greek: Χερσόνησος, meaning “peninsula”, Chersónisos, pronounced [xerˈsonisos], also transliterated as Chersonissos and Hersónisos, nicknamed Cherso) is a town and a local government unit in the north of Crete, bordering the Mediterranean / Aegean Sea. The town is about 25 kilometers east of Heraklion and west of Agios Nikolaos. What is usually called Hersonissos is in fact its peninsula and harbour. It is part of the Heraklion regional unit. It is situated 25 km from the Heraklion airport and 27 km from the Heraklion port. The seat of the local government unit is the village of Gournes.
Bob Schreck
Robert "Bob" Schreck (/ʃrɛk/; born February 2, 1955) is an American comic book writer and editor. Schreck is best known for his influential role as editor and marketing director at Dark Horse Comics in the 1990s, co-founding Oni Press, and for his subsequent stint as editor for DC Comics. He is currently the Deputy Director of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.

Eisner Awards
The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards, commonly shortened to the Eisner Awards, are awards for creative achievement in American comic books. They are regarded as the most prestigious and significant awards in the comic industry and often referred to as the industry's equivalent of the Academy Awards.

The first Eisners were conferred in 1988, for works published in 1987. The Eisner Awards ceremony has been held at San Diego Comic-Con every year since 1991. The awards are named in honor of pioneering cartoonist and writer Will Eisner, who was a regular participant in the ceremony until his death in 2005.

The nominations in each category are generated by a five- to six-member jury, then voted on by comic book professionals. The jury often consists of at least one comics retailer, one librarian (since 2005), and one academic researcher, among other comic experts. As of 2021, awards are presented in 32 categories.
Artie Dede
Arthur Richard Dede (July 12, 1895 – September 6, 1971) was a professional baseball player who played catcher in one game for the 1916 Brooklyn Robins. Dede was a local Brooklynite semi-pro catcher who had been traveling with the team to catch batting practice. He got into the only Major League game of his career when third-string Brooklyn catcher Mack Wheat broke a finger in the sixth inning of the season's penultimate game. He caught the final three innings with Leon Cadore pitching.

After his playing career ended, he was a scout for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1947 to 1957 and the New York Yankees from 1958 to 1971.

Semi-professional sports
Semi-professional sports are sports in which athletes are not participating on a full-time basis, but still receive some payment. Semi-professionals are not amateur because they receive regular payment from their team, but generally at a considerably lower rate than a full-time professional athlete. As a result, semi-professional players frequently have (or seek) full-time employment elsewhere. A semi-pro player or team could also be one that represents a place of employment that only the employees are allowed to play on. In this case, it is considered semi-pro because their employer pays them, but for their regular job, not for playing on the company's team.

The semi-professional status is not universal throughout the world and depends on each country's labour code and each sports organization's specific regulations.
GeForce RTX 50 series
The GeForce RTX 50 series of consumer graphics cards is the successor of Nvidia's GeForce 40 series. Announced at CES 2025, it debuted with the release of the RTX 5070, RTX 5080 and RTX 5090 in January 2025. It is based on Nvidia's Blackwell architecture featuring Nvidia RTX's fourth-generation RT cores for hardware-accelerated real-time ray tracing, and fifth-generation deep learning–focused Tensor Cores. The GPUs are manufactured by TSMC on a custom 4N process node.

GDDR7 SDRAM
Graphics Double Data Rate 7 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (GDDR7 SDRAM) is a type of synchronous graphics random-access memory (SGRAM) with a high-bandwidth, "double data rate" interface, designed for use in graphics cards and high-performance computing. It is a type of GDDR SDRAM (graphics DDR SDRAM), and is the successor to GDDR6.
Youssef Khater
Youssef Khater, who was featured on Season 1 Episode 3 of Netflix's Worst Roommate Ever series, is a Danish fraudster who was convicted of attempted murder in Chile and fraud in Denmark. He previously served for 10 years in the Royal Danish Navy. Khater was dishonorably discharged at the age of 28 for fraud.

Worst Roommate Ever
Worst Roommate Ever is a 2022 Netflix docuseries which features stories about roommates with malevolent and sometimes violent intentions who turn the lives of their unsuspecting victims into real-life nightmares. In May 2024, Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on June 26, 2024.
Whangara
Whangara (Māori: Whāngārā [ˈfaː.ŋaː.ɾaː]) is a small community in the northeast of New Zealand's North Island, located between Gisborne and Tolaga Bay, five kilometres southwest of Gable End Foreland and two kilometres east of State Highway 35.

The settlement features prominently in the early history of the Ngāti Porou iwi, as the site where Tamatea, captain of the Tākitimu canoe settled on arriving in New Zealand. Canoe races were held at nearby Pikopiko-i-whiti, with the people watching from a hill called Puke-hapopo. The place name may be cognate with Fa'ara on Taha'a island in French Polynesia.

Whangara was the location and setting for Witi Ihimaera's novel The Whale Rider and its film adaptation.

State Highway 35 (New Zealand)
State Highway 35 (SH 35) is a New Zealand state highway on the East Coast of the North Island. It is the main highway that services the East Cape of New Zealand as well as many other rural towns such as Hicks Bay, Ruatoria, Tolaga Bay, and the city of Gisborne.

SH 35 is the longest two-digit state highway at 334 kilometres (208 mi), longer than three single-digit highways (SH 4, SH 5 and SH 7). It is part of the Pacific Coast Highway.
Dali's Llama
Dali's Llama is an American band formed in 1993 by Zach Huskey and his wife, Erica. The band is primarily a desert rock / stoner rock band but over the years, it has ventured into doom, punk rock, experimental, and garage rock. The Huskeys also started their own record label called Dali's Llama Records and have released thirteen Dali's Llama albums and two EPs, in addition to numerous side projects and solo albums.

Mesa, Arizona
Mesa (/ˈmeɪsə/ ⓘ MAY-sə) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 504,258 at the 2020 census. It is the third-most populous city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the 37th-most populous city in the U.S., and the most populous city that is not a county seat (except for independent cities Washington, D.C. and Baltimore which are not part of any county). It is the most populous city in the East Valley of the Phoenix metropolitan area. It borders Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek, and Apache Junction on the east.

At least ten colleges and universities were located in Mesa, as is the Mesa Arizona Temple, one of the first LDS temples constructed outside of Utah. The city is home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area, Mesa Gateway Airport, located in the southeastern corner of the city.
Deulofeu
Deulofeu is a Catalan surname meaning "God-made-him", given in the past to people without known parents. Notable people with the surname include:

Gerard Deulofeu (born 1994), Spanish footballer

Alexandre Deulofeu (1903–1978), Spanish politician and historian

Alexandre Deulofeu
Alexandre Deulofeu i Torres (20 September 1903, in L'Armentera – 27 December 1978, in Figueres) was a Catalan politician and philosopher of history. He wrote about what he called the Mathematics of History, a cyclical theory on the evolution of civilizations.