hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic equilibrium point
In the study of dynamical systems, a hyperbolic equilibrium point or hyperbolic fixed point is a fixed point that does not have any center manifolds. Near a hyperbolic point the orbits of a two-dimensional, non-dissipative system resemble hyperbolas.  This fails to hold in general.  Strogatz notes that "hyperbolic is an unfortunate name—it sounds like it should mean 'saddle point'—but it has become standard." Several properties hold about a neighborhood of a hyperbolic point, notably

A stable manifold and an unstable manifold exist,

Shadowing occurs,

The dynamics on the invariant set can be represented via symbolic dynamics,

A natural measure can be defined,

The system is structurally stable.

Steven Strogatz
Steven Henry Strogatz (/ˈstroʊɡæts/; born August 13, 1959) is an American mathematician and author, and the Susan and Barton Winokur Distinguished Professor for the Public Understanding of Science and Mathematics at Cornell University.
He is known for his work on nonlinear systems, including contributions to the study of synchronization in dynamical systems, and his research in a variety of areas of applied mathematics, including mathematical biology and complex network theory. With Duncan Watts, he developed the Watts–Strogatz model to explain how nodes in a small-world network have in average a small number of degrees of separation.

Strogatz is the co-host of Quanta Magazine's The Joy of Why podcast. He previously hosted The Joy of x podcast. His published books include Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, Sync, The Joy of x, The Calculus of Friendship, and Infinite Powers.
Devil's Den State Park
Devil's Den State Park is a 2,200-acre (890 ha) Arkansas state park in Washington County, near West Fork, Arkansas in the United States. Park amenities were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, beginning in 1933. Devil's Den State Park is in the Lee Creek Valley in the Boston Mountains, which are the southwestern part of The Ozarks. The park, with an 8 acres (3.2 ha) CCC-built lake, is open for year-round recreation, with trails for hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding. Devil's Den State Park also has several picnic areas, a swimming pool and cabins, with camping sites ranging from modern to primitive. Fossils of coral and crinoids can be found along the banks and within Lee Creek at Devil's Den State Park.

Butterfield Overland Mail
Butterfield Overland Mail (officially Overland Mail Company) was a stagecoach service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and U.S. Mail from two eastern termini, Memphis, Tennessee, and St. Louis, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. The routes from each eastern terminus met at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and then continued through Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and California ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the U.S. postmaster general, at that time Aaron V. Brown, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the Far West had been delivered by the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line since June 1857.

The route was designated a national historic trail in 2023.
Benchmark-driven investment strategy
Benchmark-driven investment strategy is an investment strategy where the target return is usually linked to an index or combination of indices of the sector or any other such as the S&P 500.

With the Benchmarks approach the investor chooses an index of the market (benchmark). The goal of the fund manager is to try to beat the index performance-wise.

The strategic asset allocation is usually delegated to the benchmark chosen

The asset managers stay concentrated to tactical asset allocation and fund (security) selection

No volatility control over time

Without volatility constraints over a long period the investor is expected to get higher returns

Volatility (finance)
In finance, volatility (usually denoted by "σ") is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns.

Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices.  Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option).
Saeed Murjan
Saeed Mohammad Saeed Hasan Murjan (Arabic: سعيد محمد سعيد حسن مرجان; born in 1990) is a Jordanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Jordanian First Division League club Doqarah and the Jordan national football team.

Jordan national football team
The Jordan national football team (Arabic: المنتخب الأردني لكرة القدم), nicknamed Al Nashama (lit. 'The Chivalrous Ones'), represents Jordan in men's international football. It is under the jurisdiction of the Jordan Football Association.

Jordan has played in five AFC Asian Cup tournaments, appearing in the final of a major tournament for the first time in the 2023 edition, finishing as runners-up. They also finished runners-up of the FIFA Arab Cup in 2025, and have won the Arab Games twice, in 1997 and 1999. The team reached the WAFF Championship final on three occasions but never won it. The country qualified for their first FIFA World Cup in 2026.
Avignon-lès-Saint-Claude
Avignon-lès-Saint-Claude (French pronunciation: [aviɲɔ̃ lɛ sɛ̃ klod], literally Avignon near Saint-Claude) is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Lès
The word lès (French pronunciation: [lɛ] ⓘ, and [lɛz‿] with liaison) is an archaic French preposition meaning "near", "nearby", or "next to". Today it occurs only in place names to distinguish places with the same name.

The word lès has two variants: lez and les. The latter should not be confused with the plural definite article les (e.g. les-Bains, "the Baths").
George Peter Foster
George Peter Foster (April 3, 1858 – November 11, 1928) was a U.S. representative from Illinois.

Born in Dover, New Jersey, Foster moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1867. He attended the public schools and the University of Chicago. He was graduated from Union College of Law at Chicago in 1882. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Chicago. He was in the Justice of the Peace for the town of South Chicago 1891–1899. He was acting police magistrate of the principal police court of the city 1893–1899.

Foster was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth, Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Congresses (March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1905). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1904. He resumed the practice of law. He served as assistant corporation counsel of Chicago from 1912 to 1922. He retired from active pursuits in 1928 and moved to Wheaton, Illinois, where he died November 11, 1928. He was interred in Calvary Cemetery in Chicago.

Wheaton, Illinois
Wheaton is a city in and the county seat of DuPage County, Illinois, United States. It is located in Milton and Winfield Townships, approximately 25 miles (40 km) west of Chicago. As of the 2020 census, Wheaton's population was 53,970, making it the 27th-most populous municipality in the state.
Bissoondoyal
Bissoondoyal is a surname found in Mauritius. Notable people with the surname include:

Basdeo Bissoondoyal (1906 – 1991), a Mauritian social worker

Sookdeo Bissoondoyal (1908 – 1977), a Mauritian politician

Basdeo Bissoondoyal
Basdeo Bissoondoyal (15 April 1906 – 23 June 1991) was a Mauritian social worker, educator and writer who played an important role in the pre-Independence politics and independence movement on the island of Mauritius. He is also sometimes referred to as "Pandit Basdeo Bissoondoyal" or "Professor Basdeo Bissoondoyal".
Pepe Yñiguez
Pepe Yñiguez is an American Spanish-language baseball broadcaster for the Los Angeles Dodgers. He joined the Dodgers broadcast team in 1999, teaming with Hall of Fame announcer Jaime Jarrín. For several off-seasons he also hosted "Central Deportiva", a weekly sports talk show on KWKW. He has also broadcast numerous events for Fox Sports International, including the 1997–2005 World Series. He has also broadcast the 1997 Major League Baseball All-Star Game and the Caribbean Series. From 1993-95 he also served as the Spanish radio broadcaster for the Los Angeles Raiders. Beginning with the 2015 season he began calling the Dodgers games on the Spanish language feed of SportsNet LA alongside former Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela.

Caribbean Series
The Caribbean Series (Spanish: Serie del Caribe) is an annual club tournament contested by professional baseball teams in Latin America. It is organized by the Caribbean Professional Baseball Confederation. The series is normally played in February, after the various winter leagues have ended their national tournaments.

The Dominican Republic has won the most Caribbean Series championships (23), with Tigres del Licey being the most successful team in the tournament's history. The series has been won by 29 teams from seven countries. Only two teams have won the tournament two consecutive years, the most recent being Criollos de Caguas from Puerto Rico in 2017 and 2018.
Mili Pictures Worldwide
Mili Pictures Worldwide (Chinese: 米粒影业) is a feature film animation company based in Shanghai, China. The company's first film, Dragon Nest: Warriors' Dawn, based on the online game Dragon Nest, was released in China in July 2014. The company opened an office in Los Angeles, California in spring 2014, headed by producer Bill Borden (producer of High School Musical and other films). The company's most recent feature project, Ping Pong Rabbit, filmed in Los Angeles. Ping Pong Rabbit was directed by Mike Johnson, who was nominated for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature as co-director (with Tim Burton) of Corpse Bride.

Dragon Nest
Dragon Nest (Korean: 드래곤네스트) is a free-to-play fantasy MMORPG developed by Eyedentity and available in different regions and languages. Aside from gameplay featuring a non-targeting combat and skill system within instance dungeons, Dragon Nest revolves around a story which is told in different points of view depending on the player's chosen class. Dragon Nest receives new content, balance patches and cash shop items on a monthly basis. Major expansions that include several new dungeons, Nests, new classes, multiple new features or remake of old ones, extensive class adjustments and a raise on the level cap take place every year.

The game has over 200 million players as of 2013, and had grossed ₩200 billion ($180 million) by 2012.
Kapitan Stupino
Kapitan Stupino is an ice hockey team in Stupino, Russia. Since 2011, the team plays in the Russian Junior Hockey League. They have previously played in the Vysshaya Liga, the second level of Russian ice hockey.

Stupino, Stupinsky District, Moscow Oblast
Stupino (Russian: Сту́пино) is a town and the administrative center of Stupinsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River, 99 kilometers (62 mi) south of Moscow. Population:  66,816 (2010 census); 63,124 (2002 census); 74,476 (1989 Soviet census).
Henry Oaminal
Henry Sevilla Oaminal Sr. (born October 11, 1958) is a Filipino politician, lawyer, and businessman serving as the governor of Misamis Occidental since 2022. He was the Representative of Misamis Occidental's 2nd district from 2013 to 2022 and was a House Deputy Speaker from 2019 to 2022.

Misamis Occidental
Misamis Occidental (Cebuano: Kasadpang Misamis; Subanen: Sindepan Mis'samis; Maranao: Sedepan Misamis; Filipino: Kanlurang Misamis), officially the Province of Misamis Occidental, is a province located in the region of Northern Mindanao in the Philippines. Its capital is the city of Oroquieta while Ozamiz is the most-populous city. The province borders Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur to the west and is separated from Lanao del Norte by Panguil Bay to the south and Iligan Bay to the east.
Florencia Pérez
Florencia Pérez (born 14 August 2009) is a Chilean para table tennis player. She competed in the 2024 Summer Paralympics and won a bronze medal in the women's singles C8 event, becoming, at age 15, the youngest Chilean Paralympic medalist.

Para table tennis
Para table tennis is a parasport that follows the rules set by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).  The usual table tennis rules are in effect with slight modifications for wheelchair athletes. Athletes from disability groups can take part. Athletes receive classifications between 1 and 11. Classes 1–5 are for those in wheelchairs and classes 6–10 for those who have disabilities that allow them to play standing. Within those groups, the higher classification means the more function the athlete has. Class 11 is defined for players with an intellectual disability.
Joseph Ndunguru
Joseph Ndunguru is a Molecular Plant Virologist, working for the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries in Tanzania at Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute (MARI) in Mikocheni, as the Officer in Charge from 2012 to date. He is also the National Biotechnology Research Coordinator in Tanzania.

His research interest is to understand plant viruses at the molecular level, develop diagnostic tools, and develop management strategies for plant viruses of economically important crops in Africa.

Mikocheni
Mikocheni (Kata ya Mikocheni, in Swahili)  is an administrative ward in Kinondoni District of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. The Kawe and Msasani form the north and east boundaries of the ward, respectively. The ward is bordered to the south by the Kinondoni and Mwananyamala. And last but not least,  Makongo to west of the ward. Many government organizations, notably the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority, have their headquarters in the ward. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a population of 32,947.
Central Coast Mariners FC–Western Sydney Wanderers FC rivalry
The Central Coast Mariners FC–Western Sydney Wanderers FC rivalry is a rivalry between New South Wales-based clubs Central Coast Mariners and Western Sydney Wanderers. They are the only two Australian clubs to have won Asian continental club competitions; Wanderers with the 2014 AFC Champions League title and Mariners as the last AFC Cup winners.

2023–24 AFC Cup
The 2023–24 AFC Cup was the 20th edition of the AFC Cup, Asia's secondary club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the final edition under the AFC Cup title, as the competition was revamped under the name AFC Champions League Two starting in 2024–25. This was the first AFC Cup season to have a two-year (autumn-to-spring) schedule, unlike the previous all-year-round (spring-to-autumn) schedule.

As the title holders, Al-Seeb qualified for the 2023–24 AFC Champions League playoff stage. So they were unable to defend their title.

Central Coast Mariners won the competition for the first time, defeating Al Ahed 1–0 in the final. Central Coast Mariners' victory meant that Australia became the first nation to have had clubs winning both the AFC Champions League and AFC Cup, following Western Sydney Wanderers' victory in the 2014 AFC Champions League.
Dross
Dross is a mass of solid impurities floating on a molten metal or dispersed in the metal, such as in wrought iron. It forms on the surface of low-melting-point metals such as tin, lead, zinc or aluminium or alloys by oxidation of the metal. For higher melting point metals and alloys such as steel and silver, oxidized impurities melt and float making them easy to pour off.

With wrought iron, hammering and later rolling remove some dross.
With tin and lead the dross can be removed by adding sodium hydroxide pellets, which dissolve the oxides and form a slag. If floating, dross can also be skimmed off.

Dross, as a solid, is distinguished from slag, which is a liquid. Dross product is not entirely waste material; for example, aluminium dross can be recycled and is also used in secondary steelmaking for slag deoxidation.

Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa.

When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point. Because of the ability of substances to supercool, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the melting point."
HD 102117
HD 102117 or Uklun /ˈʌklən/ is a star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.47, it is too dim to be seen without binoculars or a small telescope. It is located at a distance of approximately 129 light-years from the Sun based on parallax. HD 102117 is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +50 km/s, having come to within 43.9 light-years some 692,000 years ago. It has one known planet.

The stellar classification of HD 102117 is G6V, which matches the spectrum of an ordinary G-type main-sequence star. It is roughly five billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 0.9 km/s. The star shows only a low level of chromospheric activity and is photometrically stable, meaning it doesn't vary significantly in brightness. It appears metal-enriched, showing a higher abundance of heavy elements compared to the Sun.

Telescope
A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an optical telescope. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.

The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes with glass lenses and were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

The reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope.

In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
Marcin Gugulski
Marcin Norbert Gugulski (born 25 August 1958) is a Polish politician, journalist, and intelligence analyst who served as Government Press Secretary for Prime Minister Jan Olszewski.

In his youth he was associated with the Polish anti-communist opposition and organizations like the Workers' Defence Committee.

Workers' Defence Committee
The Workers' Defense Committee (Polish: Komitet Obrony Robotników pronounced [kɔmitɛt ɔbrɔnɨ rɔbɔtɲikuf], KOR) was a Polish civil society group that was established to give aid to prisoners and their families after the June 1976 protests and ensuing government crackdown. It was a precursor and inspiration for efforts of the Solidarity trade union a few years later.

It was established in September 1976. A year later it was reorganized into the KOR Committee for Social Self-Defense (Komitet Samoobrony Społecznej KOR).
Darren Tulett
Darren Tulett (born 2 June 1965) is an English journalist who became a sports anchorman, presenting mainly football on French television. He was a presenter for Canal+ for a decade, and has worked for beIN Sport since helping to launch the channel in 2012.

He has been an occasional contributor to The Guardian newspaper.

Canal+ (French TV channel)
Canal+ (French: [kanal plys], meaning "Channel Plus"), also spelt Canal Plus and sometimes abbreviated C+ or Canal, is a French premium television channel owned by Canal+. The channel was launched in Paris and Issy-les-Moulineaux on November 4, 1984, and broadcasts to Metropolitan France. It broadcasts several kinds of programming, mostly encrypted, but some unencrypted content can be viewed free of charge.

Canal+ was co-founded by André Rousselet and Pierre Lescure. An early pioneer was Alain de Greef, who joined in 1986.
Dalian Hi-tech Zone
Dalian Hi-tech Zone (Chinese: 大连高新技术产业园区 or 大连高新区) or DHZ (variant officially used spellings include Dalian High-tech Zone) is an industrial district in the western suburbs of Dalian, Liaoning, China. It extends about 30 kilometres along Lüshun South Road and Guoshui Highway in Shahekou District and Lüshunkou District, where many  of the world's multinational technology companies have operations.

Industrial district
Industrial district (ID) is a place where workers and firms, specialised in a main industry and auxiliary industries, live and work. The concept was initially used by Alfred Marshall to describe some aspects of the industrial organisation of nations. At the end of the 1990s the industrial districts in developed or developing countries had gained a recognised attention in international debates on industrialisation and policies of regional development.
Los Pinos Pass
Los Pinos Pass (elevation 10,509 feet (3,203 m)) is a mountain pass in Saguache County of south-central Colorado. It is located in the northern San Juan Mountains, a sub-range of the Rocky Mountains, and divides the waters of Cebolla Creek to the west and Los Pinos Creek to the east. Los Pinos Pass is traversed by Forest Road 788.

According to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names and as shown on U.S. Geological Survey maps, the spelling of the pass is Los Pinos Pass, however the pronunciation is typically the Spanish Los Piños Pass and some authors use the Spanish spelling.

Cebolla Creek
Cebolla Creek is a stream in Gunnison and Hinsdale counties in Colorado, United States, that is a tributary of the Gunnison River.

The river's name comes from the Native Americans of the area, who relied on wild onions (Spanish: cebolla) as a food source.
Abdou Kolley
Abdou Kolley (born 1 January 1970) is a Gambian economist and politician who was Gambian Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs. He has held several roles in the Cabinet of the Gambia, having previously served as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs and Minister of Trade, Industry, Regional Integration and Employment several times, as well as Minister of Fisheries and Water Resources.

Cabinet of the Gambia
The Cabinet of The Gambia is responsible for advising the President of the Gambia and for carrying out other functions as prescribed by law. It is composed of the President, the Vice-President, and the cabinet ministers. It is responsible for regulating the procedure of its own meetings and is held accountable for its actions by the National Assembly of the Gambia, according to Sections 74 and 75 of the Constitution of the Gambia.

The current cabinet of the Gambia is led by president Adama Barrow.