hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Biya (river)
The Biya (Russian: Би́я; Altay: Бий, Biy) is a river in the Altai Republic and Altai Krai in Russia. At its confluence with the Katun, downstream of the city Biysk, the Ob is formed. The Biya is 301 km long; the area of its drainage basin is 37,000 km2. It flows out of the Lake Teletskoye. The river freezes up in mid-November to early December (some parts of the river freeze over on a year-to-year basis). It breaks up in early or mid-April. The Biya is navigable on its entire length.

The maximum depth of river is 28 feet (8.5 m).

Altai languages
Altai or Altay (Altay: Алтай тил, romanized: Altay til, IPA: [ɐɫtʰɐ́ɪ̯ tʰɪ̆l]) is a set of Turkic languages spoken officially in the Altai Republic, Russia. The standard vocabulary is based on the Southern Altai language, though it is also taught to and used by speakers of the Northern Altai language as well. Gorno–Altai refers to a subgroup of languages in the Altai Mountains. The languages were called Oyrot (ойрот) prior to 1948.

Altai is spoken primarily in the Altai Republic. A small community of speakers lives in the neighbouring Altai Krai as well.
George Armitage (footballer)
George Henry Armitage (17 January 1898 – 28 August 1936) was a footballer who played in The Football League for Charlton Athletic. He also made one appearance for England. He was born in Stoke Newington, England.

Stoke Newington
Stoke Newington is an area in the northwest part of the London Borough of Hackney, England. The area is five miles (eight kilometres) northeast of Charing Cross. The Manor of Stoke Newington gave its name to Stoke Newington, the ancient parish. Stoke Newington was part of the former county of Middlesex.

The historical core on Stoke Newington Church Street retains the distinct London village character that led Nikolaus Pevsner to write in 1953 that he found it hard to see the district as being in London at all.
Alturas station (Nevada–California–Oregon Railway)
The Nevada—California—Oregon Railway Co. Depot, commonly known as the N.C.O. Depot or The Whistle Stop, is a historic site in Alturas, California, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built 1908 to serve as the passenger station for Alturas on the Nevada–California–Oregon Railway. It has been home to the Alturas Garden Club since at least 1962.

Nevada–California–Oregon Railway
The Nevada–California–Oregon Railway (reporting mark NOCR) was a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railroad originally planned to connect Reno, Nevada, to the Columbia River. However, only 238 mi (383 km) of track were laid so service never extended beyond Lakeview, Oregon. Because of the company’s reputation for mismanagement, it was often called the "Narrow, Crooked & Ornery" railroad.
Alizapride
Alizapride (Litican, Plitican, Superan, Vergentan) is a dopamine antagonist with prokinetic and antiemetic effects used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting, including postoperative nausea and vomiting. It is  structurally related to metoclopramide and other benzamides.

Benzamide
Benzamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C7H7NO. It is the simplest amide derivative of benzoic acid. In powdered form, it appears as a white solid, while in crystalline form, it appears as colourless crystals. It is slightly soluble in water, and soluble in many organic solvents. It is a natural alkaloid found in the herbs of Berberis pruinosa.
Gustav Zander
Dr. Jonas Gustav Vilhelm Zander (29 March 1835 in Stockholm – 17 June 1920) was a Swedish physician, orthopedist and one of the originators of mechanotherapy. He is known for inventing a therapeutic method of exercise carried out by means of a special apparatus. He began his work in the 1860s. He established the Zander Therapeutical Institute in Stockholm.

In 1880 he became a lecturer of the Stockholm University, and in 1896 he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Zander exhibited his Institute at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia where his exercise machines won a gold medal. By 1906 he had established Institutes in 146 countries, and by 1910 "ample numbers of Americans were familiar with the machines". They were established at health spas, and some were privately owned though expensive.

Mechanotherapy
Mechanotherapy is a type of medical therapeutics in which treatment is given by manual or mechanical means. Mechanotherapy is a general term for physical therapy modalities that exploit mechanobiology principles for tissue rehabilitation and regeneration using the application of specific mechanical forces. The terms was defined in 1890  as “the employment of mechanical means for the cure of disease”. Mechanotherapy employs mechanotransduction to stimulate tissue repair and remodelling.
Amvrosii Krushelnytskyi
Amvrosii Vasylovych Krushelnytskyi coat of arms of Sas (Ukrainian: Амвросій Васильович Крушельницький; 7 January 1841 in Ozeriany, now Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast – 31 December 1902 in Bila, now Ternopil Raion) was a Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest, public figure, and choral conductor. He was the father of Solomiya, Hanna, Anton, Emilia, Osypa Krushelnytskyi and son-in-law of the UGCC priest and writer Hryhorii Savchynskyi.

Ternopil Raion
Ternopil Raion (Ukrainian: Тернопільський район) is a raion in Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil. It has a population of 559,357 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast was reduced to three, and the area of Ternopil Raion was significantly expanded. Six abolished raions, Berezhany, Kozova, Pidhaitsi, Pidvolochysk, Terebovlia, and Zboriv Raions, a part of one more abolished raion, Zbarazh Raion, as well as Berezhany Municipality and the city of Ternopil, which was previously incorporated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to the raion, were merged into Ternopil Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 67,199 (2020 est.).
Andrea Arnaboldi
Andrea Arnaboldi (Italian pronunciation: [anˈdrɛːa arnaˈbɔldi]; born 27 December 1987) is an Italian former tennis player who competed on the ATP Challenger Tour. He advanced to the main draw of the 2014 French Open, 2015 French Open, and 2019 Wimbledon.

2015 French Open
The 2015 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 114th edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the Stade Roland Garros from 24 May to 7 June and consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles play. Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events.

Rafael Nadal was the five-time defending champion in the Men's Singles, but lost to Novak Djokovic in the quarter finals. Stan Wawrinka won his first French Open title, defeating Djokovic in the final. Maria Sharapova was defending the Women's Singles title, but lost to Lucie Šafářová in the fourth round. Serena Williams defeated Šafářová in the final and won her third French Open title, 20th Grand Slam singles title, and third Career Grand Slam (joining Steffi Graf as the only two women in the Open Era to do so).
Malacañang of the South
The Malacañang of the South, also known as the Presidential Guest House in Davao or Panacañang, is a presidential guest house in Panacan, Davao City that serves as the Philippine President's official residence in Mindanao. It is located in the compound and office complex of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Davao Region.

Department of Public Works and Highways
The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH; Filipino: Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang Pambayan) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for serving as the country's engineering and construction arm. It is tasked with implementing the government's policy to maintain and develop its engineering capabilities to ensure the safety, efficiency, and quality of public infrastructure and construction projects.

The DPWH oversees the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure across the country, particularly national highways, flood control systems, water resources development, and other public works. Its functions are to be carried out in a decentralized manner, as much as possible.

Since 2025, following the flood control project controversy, the department is heavily criticized for regarding the mismanagement of aid, including reports of financial corruption and money laundering.
Frederica Going
Frederica Going (August 13, 1895 - April 11, 1959) was an American actress that performed in Broadway plays.

Going's father is Frederick Going who was a Shakespearean actor. She performed in plays ever since she was child and has performed in multiple productions. The plays that she had performed in ranged from Shakespeare to musical comedy. Her Broadway performances include roles in Street Scene, For the Defense, Two on an Island, and A New Life which were all produced by Elmer Rice. She had a role in the 1938 educational film The Birth of a Baby.

Street Scene (play)
Street Scene is a 1929 American play by Elmer Rice. It opened January 10, 1929, at the Playhouse Theatre in New York City. After a total of 601 performances on Broadway, the production toured the United States and ran for six months in London. The action of the play takes place entirely on the front stoop of a New York City brownstone and in the adjacent street in the early part of the 20th century. It studies the complex daily lives of the people living in the building (and surrounding neighborhood) and the sense of despair that hovers over their interactions. Street Scene received the 1929 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
Tú Te Imaginas
"Tú Te Imaginas" is a song by American singer De la Ghetto, released in 2008 as the second single from his debut studio album Masacre Musical (2008). It was written by Rafael Castillo, Álex Ferreira and Jason Walker.

Masacre Musical
Masacre Musical (English: Musical Massacre) is the debut studio album by American singer De la Ghetto, released on October 14, 2008 by Sony BMG Norte. The album features Mavado, Randy, Guelo Star and Teddy Riley.
Alberto Espinoza Barrón
Alberto Espinoza Barrón (also known as La Fresa or 'The Strawberry') is a Mexican former drug trafficker and lieutenant of the La Familia Michoacana ("Michoacán Family") drug cartel.

Alberto Espinoza was arrested by the Mexican military on 29 December 2008, and was succeeded by Rafael Cedeño Hernández, who was also arrested on 20 April 2009.

Drug cartel
A drug cartel   is a criminal organization composed of independent drug lords who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade. Drug cartels form with the purpose of controlling the supply of the illegal drug trade and maintaining prices at a high level. The formations of drug cartels are common in Latin American countries. Rivalries between multiple drug cartels cause them to wage turf wars against each other. Drug cartels often transport both drugs and narcotics, and most often the term "Narcotics cartel" is not used to describe an organization that transports the latter legally defined set of illegal substances, such as marijuana.
Coylumbridge
Coylumbridge  (Scottish Gaelic Drochaid na Cuingleum) is a small rural newly built hamlet, that lies six miles (9.7 km) northeast of Dalnavert, Highland, and three miles (4.8 km) southeast of Aviemore, in the valley of the River Spey, in the west Cairngorms National Park,  in Badenoch and Strathspey, Inverness-shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

River Spey
The River Spey (Scottish Gaelic: Uisge Spè) is a river in the northeast of Scotland. At 107 mi (172 km) it is the ninth longest river in the United Kingdom and the third longest and fastest-flowing river in Scotland.  It is an important location for the traditions of salmon fishing and whisky production in Scotland.
Mehrdad Seidi
Mehrdad Seidi (born 22 July 1992) is an Iranian deaf judoka. He has represented Iran at the Deaflympics on three occasions in 2013, 2017, and 2021. He finished third and was awarded a Bronze Medal competing in the U100 category in the Deaflympics 2017 Samsun.

Demographics of Iran
Iran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 80 million by 2016. As of 2025, Iran's population is around 86.6 million. In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly. Studies project that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilises above 100 million by 2050. Half of Iran's population was under 35 years old in 2012. As of January 2025, the average age of the Iranian population is 32 years.

In 2009, the number of households stood at 15.3 million (4.8 persons per household). Families earn some 11.8 million rials (about $960) per month on average (2012).

According to the OECD/World Bank statistics population growth in Iran from 1990 to 2008 was 17.6 million and 32%. The literacy rate was 80% in 2002, and 85% in 2016. The fertility rate has fallen to 1.44, below the natural replacement rate of 2.1.
Gillis van Berlaymont
Gilles van Berlaymont (c. 1545 – 18 June 1579 in Maastricht) was stadtholder for the Spanish Crown of Drenthe, Friesland, Groningen and Overijssel (1572–1573), stadtholder of Guelders (1572–1577), substitute stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht (1574–1577), stadtholder of Namur and Artois (after 1578) and baron of Hierges.

He was the son of Charles de Berlaymont and Adriana de Ligne Barbançon, and a brother of Claude de Berlaymont and Florent de Berlaymont.
In 1572 he was made a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece, and on 2 September 1577 became a member of the Council of State.

In 1567 Gilles took part in the Siege of Valenciennes (1567), the first siege of the Eighty Years' War. He captured and sacked Schoonhoven, and Oudewater in August 1575. He was killed during the Siege of Maastricht (1579).

Siege of Valenciennes (1566–1567)
The siege of Valenciennes took place between 14 December 1566 and 23 March 1567 at Valenciennes, then in the Spanish Netherlands. It is sometimes considered the first siege of the Eighty Years' War. Following the Beeldenstorm, which reached the city on 24 August 1566, Calvinists under the leadership of Pérégrin de La Grange and Guido de Brès (also called "Guy de Bray", the author of the 1561 Belgic Confession) fortified themselves within Valenciennes' walls. The acting stadtholder of Hainaut, Philip of Noircarmes, subdued the city after months of failed negotiations, starvation, and finally an artillery bombardment.
Alireza Samimi
Alireza Samimi (Persian: علیرضا صمیمی; born 29 June 1987) is an Iranian professional futsal player. He is a Goalkeeper, and currently a member of Mes Sungun and the Iran national futsal team.

He was among the top ten goalkeepers in the world in 2018, 2017 and 2016, according to the list published by the Futsal Planet website.

Iran national futsal team
The Iran national futsal team represents Iran in international futsal competitions and is controlled by the Futsal Commission of the Iranian Football Federation. According to the FIFA Men's Futsal Ranking, it is ranked 4th in the world, and 1st amongst Asian Football Confederation members.

The Iranian national team is a regular participant of the FIFA Futsal World Cup, reaching third place in 2016, after eliminating the favorites, Brazil, in the round of 16. Iran has won the first Futsal Confederations Cup in 2009, and also reached the second place in the Grand Prix de Futsal, known as Futsal Mini-World Cup, in multiple editions.
Stanley S. Surrey
Stanley S. Surrey (October 3, 1910 – August 27, 1984) was a United States tax law scholar known as "a dean of the academic tax bar" and "the greatest tax scholar of his generation". Among his notable contributions to the field was the phrase "tax expenditure", which he coined in a 1967 speech to refer to tax breaks that serve as government subsidies unrelated to attempts to accurately measure the tax base.

Tax law
Tax law or revenue law is an area of legal study in which public or sanctioned authorities, such as federal, state and municipal governments (as in the case of the US) use a body of rules and procedures (laws) to assess and collect taxes in a legal context. The rates and merits of the various taxes, imposed by the authorities, are attained via the political process inherent in these bodies of power, and not directly attributable to the actual domain of tax law itself.

Tax law is part of public law. It covers the application of existing tax laws on individuals, entities and corporations, in areas where tax revenue is derived or levied, e.g. income tax, estate tax, business tax, employment/payroll tax, property tax, gift tax and exports/imports tax. There have been some arguments that consumer law is a better way to engage in large-scale redistribution than tax law because it does not necessitate legislation and can be more efficient, given the complexities of tax law.: 213
Haji clan
The Haji clan (土師氏, Haji-uji, Haji-shi) is a Japanese clan. The clan administered earthenware artisans, organized collectively into a group called Haji-be (土師部).  During the Yamato period, these artisans worked chiefly on soil-related matters, such as creating haniwa, constructing tombs and kofun, and handling other civil engineering. The kabane titles of the clan are Sukune or Muraji. They were engaged in constructing the tombs of high-ranking people as well as managing the funeral ceremonies of the ōkimi ("great lords").

Kofun
Kofun (古墳; from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.
Topp Dogg
Topp Dogg (Korean: 탑독), also known briefly as Xeno-T (Korean: 제노티), was a South Korean boy band. The group consists of five members: Hojoon, Sangdo, B-Joo, Xero and Sangwon. Originally a thirteen-member group created by Cho PD in 2013 under Stardom Entertainment, the group moved to Hunus Entertainment, following Stardom Entertainment's merger with the company. After multiple line-up changes, the remaining five members subsequently changed their name to XENO-T in 2018.

As Topp Dogg, the group released one studio album, four EPs, three repackages, eight singles and had three soundtrack appearances.

Stardom Entertainment
Stardom Entertainment (Korean: 스타덤) (formerly known as Brand New Stardom Entertainment) was a music record label based in South Korea. Founded by South Korean entertainer Cho PD during mid-2009, the company was renamed Stardom Entertainment when it split into Stardom Entertainment and Brand New Music.

In July 2015, it was acquired by Hunus Entertainment.
Peyman Givi
Peyman Givi (Persian: پیمان گیوی) is a Persian-American rocket scientist and engineer.

Givi currently serves as a Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and the James T. McLeod Professor at the University of Pittsburgh, and previously was Distinguished Professor of Aerospace Engineering at State University of New York.

He is an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Academy of Mechanics (AAM), American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), American Physical Society (APS), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the Combustion Institute.

His research interests include thermal-fluid sciences, numerical methods, applied mathematics, random data analysis, stochastic processes, and quantum computing.

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) is a professional society for the field of aerospace engineering. The AIAA is the U.S. representative on the International Astronautical Federation and the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences. In 2015, it had more than 30,000 members among aerospace professionals worldwide (a majority are American or live in the United States).
Șieuț
Șieuț (Hungarian: Kissajó; German: Kleinschogen) is a commune in Bistrița-Năsăud County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Lunca (formerly Friș; Friss), Ruștior (Sajósebes), Sebiș (Sajófelsősebes), and Șieuț.

The commune is located in the southeastern part of Bistrița-Năsăud County, 26 km (16 mi) from the county seat, Bistrița, on the border with Mureș County. The Șieuț train station serves the CFR Line 400, which runs from Brașov to Satu Mare.

Mureș County
Mureș County (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈmureʃ], Romanian: Județul Mureș, Hungarian: Maros megye) is a county (județ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș. The county was established in 1968, after the administrative reorganization that re-introduced the historical județ (county) system, still used today. This reform eliminated the previous Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region, which had been created in 1952 within the People's Republic of Romania. Mureș County has a vibrant multicultural fabric that includes Hungarian-speaking Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons, with a rich heritage of fortified churches and towns.
WOXY (FM)
WOXY (97.7 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to Mason, Ohio as part of the Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio markets.  Nicknamed 97.7/106.7/94.5 The Oasis, the station broadcasts an oldies music format.

Originally located in Oxford, Ohio, the station began broadcasting in 1959 as WOXR before changing its call sign to WOXY in 1978. The station became widely known, as 97X, for its successful alternative rock format from 1983 to 2004.

Oxford, Ohio
Oxford is a city in Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 23,035 at the 2020 census. A college town, Oxford was founded in 1810 to serve as the home of Miami University. The city lies in southwestern Ohio roughly 4 miles (6.4 km) from the Indiana–Ohio border, approximately 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Cincinnati and 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Dayton.
Postage stamps and postal history of the Gambia
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Gambia.

The Gambia is a country in West Africa surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Gambia River, from which the country takes its name, flows through it. The capital city is Banjul.

Gambia River
The Gambia River (formerly known as the River Gambra, French: Fleuve Gambie, Portuguese: Rio Gâmbia) is a major river in West Africa, running 1,120 kilometres (700 mi) from the Fouta Djallon plateau in north Guinea westward through Senegal and The Gambia to the Atlantic Ocean at the city of Banjul.  It is navigable for about half that length.

The river is strongly associated with The Gambia, the smallest country in mainland Africa, which occupies the downstream half of the river and its two banks.