hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aqueous two-phase system
Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are clean alternatives for traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems.

ABS are formed when either two polymers, one polymer and one kosmotropic salt, or two salts (one chaotropic salt and the other a kosmotropic salt) are mixed at appropriate concentrations or at a particular temperature.  The two phases are mostly composed of water and non volatile components, thus eliminating volatile organic compounds.   They have been used for many years in biotechnological applications as non-denaturing and benign separation media. Recently, it has been found that ATPS can be used for separations of metal ions like mercury and cobalt, carbon nanotubes, environmental remediation, metallurgical applications and as a reaction media.

Chaotropic agent
A chaotropic agent is a molecule in water solution that can disrupt the hydrogen bonding network between water molecules (i.e. exerts chaotropic activity). This has an effect on the stability of the native state of other molecules in the solution, mainly macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) by weakening the hydrophobic effect. For example, a chaotropic agent reduces the amount of order in the structure of a protein formed by water molecules, both in the bulk and the hydration shells around hydrophobic amino acids, and may cause its denaturation.

Conversely, an antichaotropic agent (kosmotropic) is a molecule in an aqueous solution that will increase the hydrophobic effects within the solution. Antichaotropic salts such as ammonium sulphate can be used to precipitate substances from the impure mixture. This is used in protein purification processes, to remove undesired proteins from solution.
Upsilon Boötis
Upsilon Boötis is a single, orange-hued star in the northern constellation of Boötes. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from υ Boötis, and abbreviated Upsilon Boo or υ Boo. This is a fourth magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 12.38 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located about 243 light-years (75 pc) distant. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −6 km/s.

This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K5.5 III. Astroseismology was used to obtain a mass estimate of 1.11 times the mass of the Sun, while interferometric measurements give a size of about 38 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating about 332 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,920 K. The star is roughly 10 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 5.1 km/s.

Naked eye
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying, light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope, or eye protection.

In astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers, and the brightest asteroids, including 4 Vesta. Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye.
Olabisi Afolabi
Olabisi ("Bisi") Afolabi listenⓘ(born 31st October 1975 in Ilorin, Kwara State) is a retired female track and field athlete from Nigeria, who specialized in the 400 metres during her career. She was a member of the Nigerian team that won the silver medal in the 1996 Olympics 4 x 400 metres relay.

She won the World Junior Championships in 1994. She also has a silver medal from the 1999 All-Africa Games and a bronze medal from the 1995 All-Africa Games.

She is now married and has children.

Athlete
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or the gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether they compete in a sport.

Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
Joylord Gumbie
Joylord Gumbie (born 25 December 1995) is a Zimbabwean international cricketer. He was part of Zimbabwe's squad for the 2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In December 2020, he was selected to play for the Mountaineers in the 2020–21 Logan Cup. In April 2021, he was named as a standby player for Zimbabwe's Test matches against Pakistan. In July 2021, Gumbie was named in Zimbabwe's Test squad for their one-off match against Bangladesh.

2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup
The 2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was a one-day cricket competition for sixteen international U-19 cricketing teams which was played in the United Arab Emirates. It was the tenth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup. Sixteen nations competed: the ten Test-playing teams, the United Arab Emirates as hosts, and five additional associate and affiliate qualifiers (Afghanistan, Canada, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, and Scotland). India entered the tournament as defending champions, having won the title in 2012 in Australia under the captaincy of Unmukt Chand.
In the final, South Africa beat Pakistan by six wickets to win the tournament. South Africa captain Aiden Markram was awarded Man of the Series.
I Was Totally Destroying It
I Was Totally Destroying It is a five-piece powerpop band from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, featuring current and former members of Saddle Creek band Sorry About Dresden. After self-releasing and touring the country behind their first full-length album, the band signed with Portland-based indie label Greyday Records. Since forming in 2007, the band has toured much of the country, playing with artists such as Conor Oberst and the Mystic Valley Band, Motion City Soundtrack, Cursive, Superchunk, Portastatic, Ryan Ferguson (formerly of No Knife), Dear and the Headlights, Margot & the Nuclear So and So's, Snowden, Billy Bragg, Annuals, Joan Jett, The Actual, Ozma, Polvo and Birds of Avalon. Their next full-length, Horror Vacui, was released by Greyday in October 2009, and was co-produced by Josh Cain of Motion City Soundtrack.

No Knife
No Knife was a band from San Diego, California. They played an innovative form of rock that combined aspects of post-punk, post-hardcore, indie rock, and many other genres, influenced by a wide variety of acts, including Pixies, the Cure, Erik Satie, Steel Pulse, and Édith Piaf. No Knife once won the San Diego Music Award for "Best Punk Rock Band," and are cited as an influence by Thrice.
Glendale Springs Inn
Glendale Springs Inn is a historic hotel building located at Glendale Springs, Ashe County, North Carolina.  It was built in 1895, and expanded in 1902. A wing was added in 1905. It is a two-story, "T"-plan, frame structure with a steeply pitched intersecting gable roofs and sheathed in plain white weatherboard. It features a wraparound porch and second story balconies. It housed a vacation resort and inn for guests visiting the mineral waters at Glendale Springs.  From 1935 to 1938, the inn housed the Works Progress Administration headquarters during construction of the nearby Blue Ridge Parkway. The building was renovated in 1975 with a Family Style Restaurant, underwent subsequent renovations in 1995, and now houses a bed and breakfast inn.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Bed and breakfast
A bed and breakfast (typically shortened to B&B or BnB) is a small lodging establishment that offers overnight accommodation and breakfast. In addition, a B&B sometimes has the hosts living in the house.

Bed and breakfast is also used to describe the level of catering included in a hotel's room prices, as opposed to room-only, half-board, or full-board.
Sim Chon Siang
Sim Chon Siang is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the Pahang State Executive Council (EXCO) in the Barisan Nasional (BN) state administration under Menteri Besar Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail since December 2022 and Member of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Teruntum since May 2013. He is a member, State Vice Chairman and Deputy Branch Chief of Kuantan of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions. He is one of the only two Pahang EXCO Members of PH and Chinese ethnicity alongside Triang MLA Leong Yu Man.

Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail
Wan Rosdy bin Wan Ismail (Jawi: وان رسدي بن وان إسماعيل; born 1 October 1958) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 14th Menteri Besar of Pahang since May 2018 and Member of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Jelai since March 2004. He served as Member of the Pahang State Executive Council (EXCO) from March 2008 to May 2018. He is a member and State Chairman of Pahang of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. He has also served as one of the Vice Presidents of UMNO since March 2023.
BRICSat-P
BRICSat-P or OSCAR 83 (NO-83) previously known as PSat-B, is a U.S. technology demonstration satellite and an amateur radio satellite for Packet Radio. BRICSat-P (Ballistic Reinforced Communication Satellite) is a low cost 1.5U CubeSat built by the U.S. Naval Academy Satellite Lab in collaboration with George Washington University, that will demonstrate on-orbit operation of a Micro-Cathode Arc Thruster (μCAT) electric propulsion system and carries an amateur communication payload.

Cathode
A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device such as a lead–acid battery. This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs. Conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons, which are the carriers of current in most electrical systems, have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the conventional current flow: this means that electrons flow into the device's cathode from the external circuit. For example, the end of a household battery marked with a + (plus) is the cathode.

The electrode through which conventional current flows the other way, into the device, is termed an anode.
Ayoub Mansour
Ayoub Mansour (Arabic: أيوب منصور; 1938 - 2008) was a Syrian writer, born in the Al-Sabboura district of the city of Salamiyah in Hama Governorate. He was a member of the Story and Novel Society of the Arab Writers Union - Syria. He was educated in Hama, finished primary school in 1901, continued his preparatory studies there, and soon dropped out of school and went to practical life in agriculture and construction. He worked in journalism from 1980 to 1985, wrote poetry, story and novel and was more famous for writing for children.

Arab Writers Union
The Arab Writers Union (ar.: اتحاد الكتاب العرب) is an association of Arab writers, founded in 1969, in Damascus, Syria, at the initiative of a group of Arab writers including Syrian novelist Hanna Mina. In 2008, the union was moved from Damascus to Cairo and in 2015 to Abu Dhabi. Its current president is Muhammad Al-Hourani.

In 2010, the Union published a list of the "100 Best Arabic novels," although the list in fact contained 105 entries. It ranked Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz's Cairo Trilogy as the best Arabic-language novel, followed by In Search of Walid Masoud by Syrian author Jabra Ibrahim Jabra in second place and Honor by Egyptian Sonallah Ibrahim in third.
Tracheotome
A tracheotome is a medical instrument used to perform an incision in the trachea with a cutting blade operated by a powered cannula. It is often called a tracheostomy tube because once it enters the stoma in the trachea, a breathing tube is connected to a ventilator and oxygen is provided to the lungs.

There are different types of tracheotomes. They can be made of metal, plastic or silicone. Plastic and silicone are widely used since they reduce the complications from the tracheotomy procedure such as subglottic stenosis and erosion of large blood vessels.

Subglottic stenosis
Subglottic stenosis is a congenital or acquired narrowing of the subglottic airway. It can be congenital, acquired, iatrogenic, or very rarely, idiopathic. It is defined as the narrowing of the portion of the airway that lies between the vocal cords and the lower part of the cricoid cartilage. In a normal infant, the subglottic airway is 4.5-5.5 millimeters wide, while in a premature infant, the normal width is 3.5 millimeters. Subglottic stenosis is defined as a diameter of under 4 millimeters in an infant. Acquired cases are more common than congenital cases due to prolonged intubation being introduced in the 1960s. It is most frequently caused by certain medical procedures or external trauma, although infections and systemic or autoimmune diseases can also cause it.
Control-flow diagram
A control-flow diagram (CFD) is a diagram to describe the control flow of a business process, process or review.

Control-flow diagrams were developed in the 1950s, and are widely used in multiple engineering disciplines. They are one of the classic business process modeling methodologies, along with flow charts, drakon-charts, data flow diagrams, functional flow block diagram, Gantt charts, PERT diagrams, and IDEF.

Gantt chart
A Gantt chart is a bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. It was designed and popularized by Henry Gantt c. 1910–1915. Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities and the current schedule status.
Siddheswara Swamy Temple
Siddheswara Swamy Temple is a large Hindu temple located in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Talakona in the Sri Venkateswara National Park of Tirupati district. The temple is located in the deep forest of the park (just 20 minutes walk from the well-known Talakona Waterfall). The main deity of the temple is Shiva and the primary festival celebrated is Maha Shivaratri. Locals also gather to celebrate Holi.

Sri Venkateswara National Park
Sri Venkateswara National Park is a national park and biosphere reserve in Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh, India. The total area of the park is 353 km2 (136 sq mi). The park is known for its many waterfalls, including the Talakona, Gundalakona and Gunjana. As the Government of India declared the Seshachalam Hills as one of the biosphere reserves of India in 2010, this national park becomes the part of it.
2001 West Coast Conference Baseball Championship Series
The 2001 West Coast Conference Baseball Championship Series was held on May 18–20, 2001 at Pepperdine's home field, Eddy D. Field Stadium in Malibu, California, and pitted the winners of the conference's two four-team divisions. The event determined the champion of the West Coast Conference for the 2001 NCAA Division I baseball season. Pepperdine won the series two games to one over Gonzaga and earned the league's automatic bid to the 2001 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.

West Coast Conference
The West Coast Conference (WCC) — known as the California Basketball Association from 1952 to 1956 and then as the West Coast Athletic Conference until 1989 — is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with NCAA Division I consisting of nine member schools across the states of California, Oregon, and Washington.

All of the current full members are private, faith-based institutions. Seven members are Catholic Church affiliates, with five of these schools being Jesuit institutions, including the newest member of the conference, Seattle. Pepperdine is an affiliate of the Churches of Christ. The conference's second-newest member, the University of the Pacific (which rejoined in 2013 after a 42-year absence), is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, although it has been financially independent of the church since 1969.
Flag of Katanga
The flag of the unrecognised and now-defunct State of Katanga, a regime in the southern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that briefly existed during the Congo Crisis, was designed by an architect Louis Dressen, former manager of Banque du Congo Belge in Elisabethville (modern-day Lubumbashi).

Components of the flag represent the motto of Katanga: Force, espoir et Paix dans la Prospérité (English: Power, Hope and Peace in Prosperity). The red component is for power, green for hope, white for peace and the croisettes (based on the area's traditional currency, the Katanga cross) for prosperity.

Despite an official guide having been published as to the flag's design and dimensions, due to the state of affairs in the region at the time, this was not enforced. Variants were common, including ones of different ratios (such as 2:3 or 3:5), ones with golden coloured croisettes, and ones where the croisettes were replaced with saltires (diagonal crosses).

Lubumbashi
Lubumbashi (UK: /ˌluːbʊmˈbæʃi/ LOO-buum-BASH-ee, US: /ˌluːbuːmˈbɑːʃi/ LOO-boom-BAH-shee), formerly Élisabethville ([elizabɛtvil]; Dutch: Elisabethstad [eːˈlisaːbɛtstɑt] ⓘ), is the second-largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the country's southeasternmost part, near the border with Zambia. The capital and principal city of the Haut-Katanga Province, Lubumbashi is the center of mining in the region, acting as a hub for many of the country's largest mining companies. No definite population figures are available, but the population of the city's urban area is estimated to be around 2,584,000 in 2021.
Gilling West (wapentake)
Gilling West was a wapentake in the North Riding of Yorkshire.  It was bounded by Gilling East to the east; and by Hang East and Hang West to the south; County Durham to the north; with Westmorland to the west. In 1831, it had a population of 17,471.

It was one of 12 wapentakes of the old North Riding of Yorkshire, and it contained the parishes of Arkengarthdale, Barningham, Bowes, Brignall, Easby, Forcett, Gilling, Hutton Magna, Kirby Ravensworth, Marrick, Marske, Melsonby, Romaldkirk, Stanwick, Wycliffe, Rokeby, and Startforth.

Rokeby, County Durham
Rokeby (/ˈroʊkbi/ ROHK-bee) is a civil parish about 2.5 miles from Barnard Castle, in the County Durham district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England. The parish includes the hamlet of Greta Bridge. In 2011 the parish had a population of 158. The parish touches Barningham, Boldron, Bowes, Brignall, Egglestone Abbey, Westwick, Whorlton and Wycliffe with Thorpe. The A66 runs through the area. Rokeby shares a parish council with Brignall and Egglestone Abbey called "Rokeby, Brignall & Egglestone Abbey Parish Council".
Josh Primeau
Josh Primeau (born November 14, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who is currently playing with the SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the National League (NL). Primeau holds a Swiss player license which allows him to play in the National League as a non-import player.

Primeau made his National League A debut playing with Lausanne HC during the 2013–14 NLA season.

Lausanne HC
Lausanne Hockey Club is a professional ice hockey team based in Lausanne, Switzerland. The team competes in the National League (NL), the highest league in Switzerland. The team plays its home games in the 10,000-seat Vaudoise Aréna.
Beijing Olympic Green Circuit
Beijing Olympic Green Circuit was a street circuit in Beijing, China, which was first used on 13 September 2014 during the first ePrix of Formula E. It ran around the grounds of the Olympic Stadium used in the 2008 Summer Olympics. The track featured 20 turns, and at 3.453 km (2.146 mi) was still the longest track currently used in Formula E. Choosing the location and designing the track was done by designer Rodrigo Nunes in close cooperation with the FIA, Formula E, the Federation of Automobile and Motorcycle Sports of PR China, the Olympic Green management, the Mayor of Beijing, the Chinese Government, and event organiser China Racing.

Kiro Race Co
Kiro Race Co, competing as CUPRA Kiro, is an American and Spanish-owned, British-based motor racing team that currently competes in the FIA Formula E Championship, an all-electric racing series. The team was previously owned and managed by Chinese companies Lisheng Sports and Gusto Engineering respectively, before being acquired by  The Forest Road Company, a Los Angeles-based investment firm.

The team, previously competing under the names China Racing, NEXTEV TCR, NEXTEV Nio, Nio Formula E Team, Nio 333 Racing, and Electric Racing Technologies (ERT) Formula E Team, has participated in the FIA Formula E World Championship since its inaugural season, winning the first Drivers' Championship with Nelson Piquet Jr.
CNN v. Trump
CNN v. Trump is a lawsuit filed on November 13, 2018, in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The plaintiffs are the Cable News Network (CNN) and their chief White House correspondent Jim Acosta, and the defendants are members of the Donald Trump administration and United States Secret Service. Citing Sherrill v. Knight, Pursuing America's Greatness v. Federal Election Commission, and Elrod v. Burns, the suit argued that the White House wrongfully revoked Acosta's press credentials in violation of the First Amendment right to freedom of the press and Fifth Amendment right to due process, respectively; and, additionally citing federal regulations (namely, "Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a) and Local Rule 65.1"), the suit successfully sought immediate relief from damage to CNN and Acosta by way of a temporary restraining order for the return of Acosta's press pass. CNN dropped the suit on November 19.

Due Process Clause
A Due Process Clause is found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, which prohibit the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the federal and state governments, respectively, without due process of law.

The U.S. Supreme Court interprets these clauses to guarantee a variety of protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings); substantive due process (a guarantee of some fundamental rights); a prohibition against vague laws; incorporation of the Bill of Rights to state governments; and equal protection under the laws of the federal government.