hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Carter (film editor)
John Neares Carter (September 22, 1922 – August 13, 2018) was an American film editor. He rose to the ranks at CBS on the Ed Sullivan Show, becoming the first African-American film editor to be employed by network television in New York. For the last four of his twelve years with CBS, he was the supervising film editor for the award-winning documentary unit, Eye On New York. John left CBS to form his own company John Carter Associates, Inc.

The Ed Sullivan Show
The Ed Sullivan Show is an American television variety show that ran on CBS from June 20, 1948, to March 28, 1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie.

In 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked No. 15 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No. 31 in TV Guide Magazine's 60 Best Series of All Time.
Variable structure system
A variable structure system, or VSS, is a discontinuous nonlinear system of the form

where  is the state vector,  is the time variable, and  is a piecewise continuous function. Due to the piecewise continuity of these systems, they behave like different continuous nonlinear systems in different regions of their state space. At the boundaries of these regions, their dynamics switch abruptly. Hence, their structure varies over different parts of their state space.

The development of variable structure control depends upon methods of analyzing variable structure systems, which are special cases of hybrid dynamical systems.

Classification of discontinuities
While continuous functions are important in mathematics, not all functions are continuous. If a function is not continuous at a limit point (also called an "accumulation point" or "cluster point") of its domain, it has a discontinuity there. The set of all points of discontinuity of a function may be a discrete set, a dense set, or even the entire domain of the function.
David Jarrett
David William Jarrett (born 19 April 1952) is an English schoolmaster who was the first man to win cricket Blues for both Cambridge University and Oxford University. He attended Wellington College before matriculating at the University of Oxford. He served as headmaster of Reed's School in Cobham, Surrey, from 1997 to 2014.

Schoolmaster
A schoolmaster, or simply master, is a male school teacher. The usage first occurred in England in the Late Middle Ages and early modern period. At that time, most schools were one-room or two-room schools and had only one or two such teachers, a second or third being often called an assistant schoolmaster. The use of the traditional term survives in British private schools, both secondary and preparatory, and in grammar schools, as well as in some Commonwealth boarding schools (such as the Doon School in India) which are modelled on British grammar and public schools.
Mundugumor language
Mundugumor (Munduguma, Mundukomo) a.k.a. Biwat is a Yuat language of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in Biwat village (4°24′55″S 143°51′36″E﻿ / ﻿4.415234°S 143.859962°E﻿ / -4.415234; 143.859962﻿ (Biwat)) of Yuat Rural LLG, East Sepik Province.

East Sepik Province
East Sepik is a province in Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Wewak. East Sepik has an estimated population of 450,530 people (2011 census) and is 43,426 km square in size. Its density is 10.4 people per square kilometer.
C. H. Yoe High School
The C.H. Yoe High School is a public high school located in Cameron, Texas (USA). Founded in 1921  in honor of donor Charles Yoe, It is part of the Cameron Independent School District located in north central Milam County and classified as a 3A school by the UIL. The school uses the unusual symbol oYe to pay tribute to the school's namesake, C.H. Yoe, the school's founder.  In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

The boundary of its school district includes Cameron, Ben Arnold, and a piece of Burlington.

University Interscholastic League
The University Interscholastic League (UIL) is an organization that creates rules for and administers almost all athletic, musical, and academic contests for public primary and secondary schools in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the largest organization of its type in the world.

Activities range from American football and cross-examination debate to mathematics and marching band competitions; however, the UIL does not administer Academic Decathlon competitions.

The UIL is under the governance of the Vice President for Diversity and Community Engagement at the University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. Although the Texas Education Agency governs the activities of schools and school districts in Texas, the UIL does not report to TEA, but is instead a separate entity.
Ramp A/7th Street Transit Center
Ramp A/7th Street Transit Center is a bus rapid transit station in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. The transit center is a southbound station on the Metro C Line and D Line, as well as several local routes. The transit center is located inside of Ramp A, a 3,637 stall parking ramp built over sunken Interstate 394.

Interstate 394
Interstate 394 (I-394) is a short east–west auxiliary Interstate Highway in Hennepin County in the US state of Minnesota. It is also commonly referred to by its pre-1991 name, Wayzata Boulevard, and by its other designation for most of its route, US Highway 12 (US 12). It runs for 9.8 miles (15.8 km) from downtown Minneapolis to I-494 in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka. At its western terminus, the roadway loses its Interstate designation but continues as US 12. I-394 serves as the most direct link for commuters and other drivers who are traveling between downtown Minneapolis and parts of the western Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.

I-394 maintains at least three lanes in each direction except under the Minnesota State Highway 100 (MN 100) interchange and also between I-94/US 52 and its eastern terminus downtown.
2022–23 Winnipeg Jets season
The 2022–23 Winnipeg Jets season was the 24th season for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise that was established on June 25, 1997, and the 12th in Winnipeg, since the franchise relocated from Atlanta prior to the start of the 2011–12 NHL season. This was the first season since the Jets moved from Atlanta that the team did not have a captain, as Blake Wheeler was stripped of his captaincy on September 16, 2022. The Jets clinched a playoff spot after defeating the Minnesota Wild on April 11, 2023, but lost to the Pacific Division champion and eventual Stanley Cup champions, the Vegas Golden Knights, in five games in the First Round.

2022–23 Minnesota Wild season
The 2022–23 Minnesota Wild season was the 23rd season for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise that was established on June 25, 1997. On April 3, 2023, the Wild clinched a playoff spot after a shootout loss to the Vegas Golden Knights and after the Dallas Stars defeated the Nashville Predators. The Wild lost their eighth consecutive playoff series on April 28, 2023, after the Stars eliminated them in six games.
Munka mine
The Munka mine is one of the largest molybdenum mines in Sweden. The mine is located in Rappen geological district of the Arjeplog Municipality in northern Sweden. It is currently owned by Beowulf Mining and has reserves amounting to 1.7 million tonnes of molybdenum ore grading 0.156% molybdenum thus resulting 2,652 tonnes of molybdenum. All exploration work at the mine has been carried out by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU).

Geological Survey of Sweden
not to be confused with the Geologiska föreningen (Swedish: Geologiska föreningen)

Geological Survey of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges geologiska undersökning, SGU) is a Swedish government agency that was founded by Axel Erdmann in 1858, that supervises all mineral deposits activities (surveys and extractions) in Sweden, and further the development of knowledge in the field of geology. The institution also has the right to issue instructions regarding groundwater administration in Sweden.
Hitler Umanath
Hitler Umanath is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by P. Madhavan. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, K. R. Vijaya, Sathyaraj and Suruli Rajan. Based on Mahendran's play of the same name, it was released on 26 January 1982.

Mahendran (filmmaker)
J. Alexander (25 July 1939 – 2 April 2019), known professionally as Mahendran, was an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor, known for his work in the Tamil film industry. Mahendran is regarded as one of the greatest film makers of Indian cinema and has influenced several filmmakers of the generations that followed.

Mahendran entered the film industry as a screenwriter, writing scripts for nearly 26 films. He made an immediate impact with his first directional venture Mullum Malarum (1978). Mahendran's next film Uthiripookkal, based on a short story written by Pudumaipithan, firmly established him as an important filmmaker in Tamil cinema. His Nenjathai Killathe won three National Film Awards including the award for the best regional film.

He has also acted in films during the latter part of his film career, including Kamaraj (2004), Theri (2016), Nimir (2018) and Petta (2019).
Izsák Lőwy
Izsák Lőwy (also known as Isaac Lowy) (1793, Nagysurány, Kingdom of Hungary – 8 April 1847, Újpest, Kingdom of Hungary) was a Hungarian industrialist and founder of the city Újpest, now a district of Budapest, Hungary. He created the city name Újpest (New Pest). He was the leader of the Jewish community and the town's first judge. In 1866 a street was named after Izsák Lőwy in his town (next to present Újpest-Városkapu metro station).

Újpest-városkapu metro station
Újpest-városkapu (lit. Újpest-City Gate) is a station on the Budapest Metro Line 3 (North-South). The station was opened on 14 December 1990 as part of the extension from Árpád híd.

It primarily serves the extreme southwest corner of Újpest district, northwest Angyalföld and several northern suburbs through the bus terminal, railway station (commuter rail to Esztergom) and park and ride lot, located over the station.
Apisak Tantivorawong
Apisak Tantivorawong (Thai: อภิศักดิ์ ตันติวรวงศ์; born 28 August 1953) is a Thai banker and financial executive. He served as Minister of Finance in the first cabinet of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha from 2015 to 2019.

Ministry of Finance (Thailand)
The Ministry of Finance (Abrv: MOF; Thai: กระทรวงการคลัง, RTGS: Krasuang Kan Khlang) is a cabinet ministry in the Government of Thailand.

Considered one of the country's most important ministries, the Ministry of Finance has numerous responsibilities over public finance, taxation, the treasury, government properties, the operations of government monopolies, and revenue-generating enterprises. The ministry is also vested with the power to provide loan guarantees for governmental agencies, financial institutions, and state enterprises.
Subsonic aircraft
A subsonic aircraft is an aircraft with a maximum speed less than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The term technically describes an aircraft that flies below its critical Mach number, typically around Mach 0.8. All current civil aircraft, including airliners, helicopters, future passenger drones, personal air vehicles and airships, as well as many military types, are subsonic.

Drag (physics)
In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, and also known as viscous force, is a force acting opposite to the direction of motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers, or between a fluid and a solid surface. Drag forces tend to decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path.

Unlike other resistive forces, drag force depends on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the relative velocity for low-speed flow and is proportional to the velocity squared for high-speed flow. This distinction between low and high-speed flow is measured by the Reynolds number.
Steve Wilcockson
Christianity portal

Stephen Anthony (Steve) Wilcockson (b Connah's Quay May 1951) is a British retired Anglican priest who served as the Archdeacon of Doncaster from 2012 until 31 December 2019.

Wilcockson was educated at  Birkenhead Park High Grammar School for Boys  and  the University of Nottingham. He studied for the priesthood at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford and was ordained in 1976. After curacies in Pudsey and Wandsworth he held incumbencies at  Rock Ferry, Lache-cum-Saltney and [Howell Hill, Surrey[Burgh Heath]]. He was Parish Development Officer for the Diocese of Chester from 2009 to 2012.

Saltney
Saltney is a town straddling the counties of Flintshire and Cheshire on the England–Wales border. The local government community of Saltney lies entirely in Wales, while the English areas are unparished. The town forms part of Chester's built-up area and is around 5 miles from Deeside.

Saltney is located next to the River Dee. In the 2001 census the population of the town was 4,769, rising to 5,132 at the time of the 2011 census.
Muhammad Sheeraz
Muhammad Sheeraz (born 18 July 1956) is a Pakistani politician hailing from Topi, Swabi District, who served a member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly and he belongs to the Pakistan Muslim League (N). He is also serving as a member of different committees.

Swabi District
Swabi District (Pashto: سوابۍ ولسوالۍ) is a district in the Mardan Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. It lies between the Indus and Kabul Rivers. Before becoming a district in 1988, it was a tehsil within the Mardan District. 96% of the population speaks Pashto as their first language.

The dominating tribe of Swabi is the Yusufzai,  followed by the minor Utmankhel, Lodi, Tarakai, Jadoon and Khattak.
Verbena bonariensis
This is about the Verbena bonariensis described by Linnaeus. See also below for a common misapplication of this taxon.

Verbena bonariensis, commonly known as the purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, Argentinian vervain, tall verbena  or pretty verbena, is a member of the verbena family cultivated as a flowering annual or herbaceous perennial plant. In United States horticulture, it is also known by the ambiguous names purpletop (also used for the grass Tridens flavus) and South American vervain (which can mean any of the numerous species in the genus Verbena occurring in that continent). For the misapplication "Brazilian verbena" see below.

It is native to tropical South America where it grows throughout most of the warm regions, from Colombia and Brazil to Argentina and Chile.

Agricultural Research Service
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with extending the nation's scientific knowledge and solving agricultural problems through its four national program areas: nutrition, food safety and quality; animal production and protection; natural resources and sustainable agricultural systems; and crop production and protection. ARS research focuses on solving problems affecting Americans every day. The ARS Headquarters is located in the Jamie L. Whitten Building on Independence Avenue in Washington, D.C., and the headquarters staff is located at the George Washington Carver Center (GWCC) in Beltsville, Maryland. For 2018, its budget was $1.2 billion. For 2023, the budget grew to $1.9 billion.
Kit Young
Christopher William Young (born 1994) is a British actor. He began his career in theatre, earning an Ian Charleson Award nomination. On television, he starred as Jesper Fahey in the Netflix fantasy series Shadow and Bone (2021–2023). He won a Scottish BAFTA for his performance in the horror film Out of Darkness (2022). His other films include The School for Good and Evil (2022).

Bridge Theatre
The Bridge Theatre is a commercial theatre near Tower Bridge in London that opened in October 2017. It was developed by Nick Starr and Nicholas Hytner as the home of the London Theatre Company, which they founded following their tenancy as executive director and artistic director, respectively, at the National Theatre.
Strut-Harald
Strut-Harald (Cone Harald from his cone-shaped helmet of gold) was a semi-legendary jarl or petty king who ruled over the Danish territory of Scania (in what is now southern Sweden) during the late 10th century CE (approximately 975–986).

According to Snorri Sturluson, Strut-Harald was jarl of "Jomsborg in Wendland."

Strut-Harald was the father of Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson and Thorkell the Tall, both of whom became prominent members of the Jomsviking order and who fought against the Norwegian Haakon Jarl.

Sweyn Forkbeard succeeded him in his Scanian territories.

Lüchow-Dannenberg
Lüchow-Dannenberg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany, which is usually referred to as Hanoverian Wendland (Hannoversches Wendland) or Wendland. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Uelzen and Lüneburg and the states of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (district of Ludwigslust-Parchim), Brandenburg (district of Prignitz), and Saxony-Anhalt (districts of Stendal and Altmarkkreis Salzwedel).
Stavnes Lighthouse
Stavnes Lighthouse or Stavneset Lighthouse (Norwegian: Stavenes fyr / Stavneset fyr) is a coastal lighthouse in Averøy Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.  The lighthouse sits on the Stavneset peninsula on the northeastern coast of the island Averøya, along the Bremsnesfjorden.  The lighthouse was built to mark the entrance to the fjord, which is near the port of the city of Kristiansund, a few kilometres away.

The lighthouse was originally built in 1842 and it was rebuilt in 1894.  The lighthouse was automated in 1976.  The light sits at an elevation of 22 metres (72 ft) above sea level and it emits a white, red, or green light (depending on direction) occulting in groups of three every 10 seconds. The light burns from 16 July until 21 May every year, but it does not burn in the summer due to the midnight sun.  The lighthouse is painted white with a red top.

Midnight sun
Midnight sun, also known as polar day, is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, when the Sun remains visible at the local midnight. When midnight sun is seen in the Arctic, the Sun appears to move from left to right. In Antarctica, the equivalent apparent motion is from right to left. This occurs at latitudes ranging from approximately 65°44' to exactly 90° north or south, and does not stop exactly at the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle, due to refraction.

The opposite phenomenon, polar night, occurs in winter, when the Sun stays below the horizon throughout the day.
Red-billed hornbill
The red-billed hornbills are a group of hornbills found in the savannas and woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa. They are now usually split into five species, the northern red-billed hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus), western red-billed hornbill (T. kempi), Tanzanian red-billed hornbill (T. ruahae), southern red-billed hornbill (T. rufirostris) and Damara red-billed hornbill (T. damarensis), but some authorities consider the latter four all subspecies of Tockus erythrorhynchus.

Lumpers and splitters
Lumpers and splitters are opposing factions in any academic discipline that has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories. The lumper–splitter problem occurs when there is the desire to create classifications and assign examples to them, for example, schools of literature, biological taxa, and so on. A "lumper" is a person who assigns examples broadly, judging that differences are not as important as signature similarities. A "splitter" makes precise definitions, and creates new categories to classify samples that differ in key ways.
Tibor Karczag
Tibor Karczag (born 9 September 1967 in Győr) is a Hungarian weightlifter. He competed in the Olympic Games in 1992 and 1996. In Barcelona (1992) finished 6th place in 56 kg category. Four years later, in Atlanta he missed all of his 107.5 kg snatch attempt and did not finish the competition in the 54 kg category.

Győr
Győr (US: /djɜːr, dʒɜːr/ DYUR, JUR, Hungarian: [ɟøːr] ⓘ; German: Raab; names in other languages) is the main city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and Western Transdanubia region, and – halfway between Budapest and Vienna – situated on one of the important roads of Central Europe. It is the sixth largest city in Hungary, and one of its seven main regional centres. The city has county rights.
Modus non excipiens
In logic, modus non excipiens  is a valid rule of inference that is closely related to modus ponens. This argument form was created by Bart Verheij to address certain arguments which are types of modus ponens arguments, but must be considered to be invalid. An instance of a particular modus ponens type argument is

A large majority accept A as true. Therefore, there exists a presumption in favor of A.

However, this is an argumentum ad populum, and is not deductively valid. The problem can be addressed by drawing a distinction between two types of inference identified by Verheij:

Modus ponens:

Premises:
As a rule, if P then Q
P

Conclusion:
Q

and

Modus non excipiens

Premises:
As a rule, if P then Q
P
It is not the case that there is an exception to the rule that if P then Q

Conclusion:
Q

Logical form
In logic, the logical form of a statement is a precisely specified semantic version of that statement in a formal system. Informally, the logical form attempts to formalize a possibly ambiguous statement into a statement with a precise, unambiguous logical interpretation with respect to a formal system. In an ideal formal language, the meaning of a logical form can be determined unambiguously from syntax alone. Logical forms are semantic, not syntactic constructs; therefore, there may be more than one string that represents the same logical form in a given language.

The logical form of an argument is called the argument form of the argument.
Pico de las Nieves
Pico de las Nieves is the highest peak and a stratovolcano on the island of Gran Canaria,  Canary Islands, Spain. Its height is 1,949 metres (6,394 ft) above sea level. On its slopes, Canary Islands Pine was reintroduced in the 1950s.

Traditionally, Pico de las Nieves has been considered the highest peak  on the island of Gran Canaria; however, this is uncertain since Morro de la Agujereada stands at 1,956 metres (6,417 ft), which would make it higher than Pico de las Nieves. The two mountains stand next to each other.

Gran Canaria has the highest elevation of the province of Las Palmas and the third highest in the Canary Islands. Of the other Canary Islands, only Tenerife and La Palma have higher peaks.

Province of Las Palmas
The Province of Las Palmas (/lɑːs ˈpɑːlməs/, UK: /ˈpɑːməs/; Spanish: Provincia de Las Palmas) is a province of Spain, consisting of the eastern part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, capital city of this province and of the island of Gran Canaria, is the largest city in the Canary Islands.

In 1927, the Province of Canary Islands was split into two provinces: Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. In 1982, both provinces became part of the newly founded autonomous community of the Canary Islands.