hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Criticism of welfare
The modern welfare state has been criticized on economic and moral grounds from all ends of the political spectrum. Many have argued that the provision of tax-funded services or transfer payments reduces the incentive for workers to seek employment, thereby reducing the need to work, reducing the rewards of work and exacerbating poverty. On the other hand, socialists typically criticize the welfare state as championed by social democrats as an attempt to legitimize and strengthen the capitalist economic system which conflicts with the socialist goal of replacing capitalism with a socialist economic system.

Social insurance
Social insurance is a form of social welfare that provides insurance against economic risks. The insurance may be provided publicly or through the subsidizing of private insurance. In contrast to other forms of social assistance, individuals' claims are partly dependent on their contributions, which can be considered insurance premiums to create a common fund out of which the individuals are then paid benefits in the future.

Types of social insurance include:

Public health insurance

Social Security

Public Unemployment Insurance

Public auto insurance

Universal parental leave
Population exchange between Poland and Lithuanian SSR
The population exchange between Poland and Lithuanian SSR at the end of World War II (1944-1947) was based on an agreement signed on 9 September 1944 by the Lithuanian SSR with the newly formed Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN). It stipulated the resettlement of ethnic Lithuanians from Poland to Lithuania and of ethnic Poles and Jews who had Polish citizenship before 17 September 1939 (date of the Soviet Invasion of Poland) from Lithuania to Poland, in accordance with the resolutions of the Yalta and Tehran conferences and the plans about the new Lithuania–Poland border. Similar agreements were signed with the Ukrainian SSR (see Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine) and the Byelorussian SSR (see Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Belarus); the three documents are commonly known as the Republican Agreements.

Lithuania–Poland border
The Lithuania–Poland border is the state border between the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Poland. The length of the border is 104 kilometres (65 mi). It runs from the Lithuania–Poland–Russia tripoint southeast to the Belarus–Lithuania–Poland tripoint. It is an internal border of the European Union and the Schengen Zone.

It is the only land border that one of the Baltic states (which are members of the EU and NATO) shares with a country that is not a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Eribe
Eribe is a hamlet and concejo located in the municipality of Zigoitia, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. The parish church, dedicated to Saint Martin, contains pre-Romanesque elements; although most of it was built in later periods.

Zigoitia
Zigoitia (Basque pronunciation: [s̻iɣoiti.a], Spanish: Cigoitia [θiˈɣojtja]) is a municipality  in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Its capital is the village of Ondategi. In 2013 the largest common grave from the Spanish Civil War in the Basque Country was excavated in the locality.
Soudron
Soudron (French pronunciation: [sudʁɔ̃]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. The town of Soudron belongs to the canton of Châlons-en-Champagne-3 and the arrondissement of Châlons-en-Champagne. The number of inhabitants of Soudron
in 2017 was 301.

The town's surface is 43.0 km². It is situated at an elevation of about 114 meters.

Canton of Châlons-en-Champagne-3
The canton of Châlons-en-Champagne-3 is an administrative division of the Marne department, northeastern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Châlons-en-Champagne.

It consists of the following communes:
Ljudmila Dolar Mantuani
Ljudmila Dolar Mantuani, (5 July 1906 Celje, Slovenia – 22 September 1988 Toronto, Canada) was a Slovenian petrologist (a rock scientist). She was the first female assistant professor of petrography in Yugoslavia.

Petrology
Petrology (from Ancient Greek  πέτρος (pétros) 'rock' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the branch of geology that studies rocks, their mineralogy, composition, texture, structure and the conditions under which they form. Petrology has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology. Igneous and metamorphic petrology are commonly taught together because both make heavy use of chemistry, chemical methods, and phase diagrams. Sedimentary petrology is commonly taught together with stratigraphy because it deals with the processes that form sedimentary rock. Modern sedimentary petrology is making increasing use of chemistry.
Pachok
Pachok  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2690 people living in 509 individual households.

Gandaki Zone
Gandaki zone (Nepali: गण्डकी अञ्चलListenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, located in the Western Development Region.  It was named Sapta Gandaki after the seven tributaries (Kali Gandaki, Trishuli, Budhi Gandaki, Marsyangdi, Madi, Seti Gandaki, and Daraundi) that make up the Gandaki River. Pokhara served as its regional and zonal headquarter. It was also the birthplace of Bhanubhakta Acharya, first poet of Nepal.

The Gandaki Zone was home to multiple cultures which are unique in themselves. Some, like the Magar and Gurung, have attained fame much like the Gurkha people.
Appler
Appler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Barton Appler Bean (1860–1947), American ichthyologist

Johann Appler (1892–1978), German Nazi politician

Kathleen Appler, American Roman Catholic nun

Johann Appler
Johann Paulus Appler (13 June 1892 – 21 December 1978) was a German soldier, civil servant and Nazi Party politician who served as a Reichstag deputy and the mayor of Gunzenhausen. He escaped from Germany after the end of the Second World War, but returned, was put on trial and briefly incarcerated.
2018 West Kalimantan gubernatorial election
The 2018 West Kalimantan gubernatorial election took place on 27 June 2018 as part of the simultaneous local elections. It was held to elect the governor of West Kalimantan along with their deputy, whilst members of the provincial council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah) will be re-elected in 2019.

With incumbent Cornelis M.H. barred after serving two full terms, the election was contested by three pairs of candidates: Pontianak mayor Sutarmidji, Landak regent Karolin Margret Natasa and former regent of Sintang Milton Crosby.

The election resulted in victory for Sutarmidji, who secured 51.5 percent of the votes. Karolin came in second with 41.8 percent while Milton won less than 7 percent of votes.

2018 Indonesian local elections
Local elections (Indonesian: Pemilihan Kepala Daerah or Pilkada) were held in Indonesia on 27 June 2018. Voters elected 17 governors, 39 mayors and 115 regents across the country. The elections included gubernatorial elections for Indonesia's four most populous provinces: West Java, East Java, Central Java and North Sumatra.

Like other local elections in Indonesia (except for Jakarta), the elections followed a simple plurality, first-past-the-post system where the candidates with the most votes automatically wins the seat even if they have less than 50% of the votes.
Deputy Emir of Qatar
The deputy emir of the State of Qatar (Arabic: نائب دولة قطر) is the heir presumptive to the emir of Qatar.

The Constitution of Qatar published in 2005 dictates that the rule is hereditary and limited to descendants of Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. The order of succession in Qatar is determined by appointments within the House of Al Thani.

They are members of the House of Al Thani, whose origins are in the Banu Tamim, one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. The present ruler is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, who succeeded on 25 June 2013.

On 11 November 2014, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani appointed his half brother Abdullah to the post of deputy emir, unofficially making him heir to the throne of Qatar. Emir Tamim is one day expected to appoint one of his own sons as crown prince.

Heir presumptive
An heir presumptive is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question. This is in contrast to an heir apparent, whose claim on the position cannot be displaced in this manner.
Clarence Hamilton
Clarence Hamilton (December 29, 1833 – January 14, 1894) was a merchant and political figure in Quebec. He represented Bonaventure in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1871 as a Liberal.

He was born in New Carlisle, Lower Canada, the son of John Robinson Hamilton and Eliza Racey, and was educated at Quebec City. He owned a fishing operation at Longue-Pointe near Mingan and was also involved in the export of fish. Hamilton married Jane Wiley. He was defeated by Théodore Robitaille when he ran for reelection in 1871. Hamilton died at Longue-Pointe at the age of 60 and was buried in New Carlisle.

Quebec Liberal Party
The Quebec Liberal Party (QLP; French: Parti libéral du Québec [paʁti libeʁal dy kebɛk], PLQ) is a provincial political party in Quebec. It has been independent of the federal Liberal Party of Canada since 1955.

The QLP has traditionally supported a form of Quebec federalist ideology with nuanced Canadian nationalist tones that supports Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation, while also supporting reforms that would allow substantial autonomism in Quebec. In the context of federal Canadian politics, it is a more centrist party when compared to Conservative and Liberal parties in other provinces, such as the former British Columbia Liberal Party.
Inti tanager
The Inti tanager (Heliothraupis oneilli), also known as the San Pedro tanager, is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is the only member of the genus Heliothraupis. It is restricted to the lower Yungas of western Bolivia and southern Peru. Despite its striking coloration, call, and evolutionary distinctiveness, it was only described in 2021, and the bird's discovery and documentation to Western science only occurred during the prior two decades. On January 31, 2022, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC) announced its formal addition to their South American species list.

Yungas
The Yungas (Aymara yunka; 'warm or temperate Andes or earth', Quechua yunka; 'warm area on the slopes of the Andes') is a bioregion of a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from Peru and Bolivia, and extends into Northwest Argentina at the slope of the Andes pre-cordillera. It is a transitional zone between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. Like the surrounding areas, the Yungas belong to the Neotropical realm; the climate is rainy, humid, and warm.
Commerce Bank & Trust Company
Commerce Bank & Trust Company is a financial institution based in Worcester, Massachusetts, with 16 branches located throughout central and eastern Massachusetts. Commerce Bank & Trust was founded in 1955 and is now a full-service commercial bank with branch offices in Worcester, Holden, Leominster, Marlborough, Milford, Shrewsbury, Webster, West Boylston, Westborough, and, through its recent acquisition of Mercantile Bank & Trust Company, Boston.

In August 2012, Commerce Bank & Trust Company completed its acquisition of Boston-based Mercantile Capital Corp. and its subsidiary, Mercantile Bank & Trust Co. The three Mercantile Bank & Trust offices, located in the Fenway, South End, and Brighton sections of Boston, are now operating as branches of Commerce Bank & Trust Company. The combined organization has assets of $1.93 billion and 16 retail banking offices servicing people and businesses across Central and Eastern Massachusetts.

Leominster, Massachusetts
Leominster (/ˈlɛmənstər/ LEM-ən-stər) is a city in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the second-largest city in Worcester County, with a population of 43,222 at the 2023 census. Leominster is located north of Worcester and northwest of Boston. Both Route 2 and Route 12 pass through Leominster. Interstate 190, Route 13, and Route 117 all have starting/ending points in Leominster. Leominster is bounded by Fitchburg and Lunenburg to the north, Lancaster to the east, Sterling and Princeton to the south, and Westminster to the west.
Daivari
Daivari (Persian: داوری), also spelled Davari, is a Persian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ariya Daivari (born 1989), Iranian-American professional wrestler

Shawn Daivari (born 1984), Iranian-American professional wrestler, brother of Ariya

Ariya Daivari
Ariya Daivari (Persian: آریا داوری; born April 11, 1989) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), and is a member of The Premier Athletes stable. He also works as a coach for the promotion. Daivari is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed in the now-defunct Cruiserweight Division. He has also performed for Ring of Honor (ROH), New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), and has made brief appearances for Global Force Wrestling and Impact Wrestling's project Ring Ka King.
Covert One: The Hades Factor
Covert One: The Hades Factor (a.k.a. Robert Ludlum's Covert One: The Hades Factor, The Hades Factor) is a made-for-TV thriller filmed in Toronto that first aired in 2006. Directed by Mick Jackson, the miniseries is loosely based on The Hades Factor, a 2000 novel written by Gayle Lynds as part of the Covert-One series created by Robert Ludlum.

The film depicts an Ebola outbreak in Berlin, which is connected to a bio-terrorism conspiracy.

Gayle Lynds
Gayle Lynds (born 1945) is an American former journalist, editor and author. Lynds is known as the Queen of Espionage Fiction for her spy fiction or spy thrillers novels. Lynds is the co-founder of International Thriller Writers.
Fox Valley Technical College
Fox Valley Technical College (Fox Valley Tech or FVTC) is a public technical college in Grand Chute, Wisconsin.  It is a member of the Wisconsin Technical College System and serves people in the Appleton, Wisconsin/Fox Cities area. It serves about 50,000 people each year and offers more than 200 associate degree, technical diploma, and certificate programs as well as instruction related to 20 apprenticeship trades. It has credit transfer agreements with more than 30 four-year colleges and universities.

The main campus is in Grand Chute with a second campus in Oshkosh. FVTC has smaller regional centers in Chilton, Clintonville, Waupaca, and Wautoma. It also operates a Public Safety Training Center in Greenville.

Waupaca, Wisconsin
Waupaca (/wəˈpækə/ ⓘ wə-PAK-ə) is a city in and the county seat of Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 6,282 at the 2020 census.

The city is located mostly within the Town of Waupaca, and it is politically independent of the town. A portion extends west into the adjacent Town of Farmington, and there is also a noncontiguous area of the city in the Town of Lind to the south. The city is divided into natural areas, city areas, and industrial areas.
Party lists in the 2017 New Zealand general election
The 2017 New Zealand general election was held on Saturday, 23 September 2017, to determine the membership of the 52nd New Zealand Parliament. Parliament has 120 seats, and 71 were filled by electorate MPs, with the remaining 49 from ranked party lists. Writ day, i.e. the day when the Governor-General issues a formal direction to the Electoral Commission to hold the election, was set for Wednesday, 23 August 2017. As stipulated in section 127 of the Electoral Act 1993, the writ will set a date by which registered parties must submit a "list of candidates for election to the seats reserved for those members of Parliament elected from lists". Party lists must have been submitted by Monday, 28 August, at noon. On Wednesday, 30 August, the Electoral Commission released details of candidates for election, party lists, and the polling places. This page lists candidates by party, including their ranking on a list.

Electoral Commission (New Zealand)
The Electoral Commission (Māori: Te Kaitiaki Take Kōwhiri) is an independent Crown entity set up by the New Zealand Parliament. It is responsible for the administration of parliamentary elections and referendums, promoting compliance with electoral laws, servicing the work of the Representation Commission, and the provision of advice, reports and public education on electoral matters.  The commission also assists electoral agencies of other countries on a reciprocal basis with their electoral events.
Dan Merfeld
Daniel M. Merfeld is an American neuroengineer, neuroscientist, academic, author, and inventor. He is a professor of Otolaryngology at The Ohio State University, and serves as Senior Vestibular Scientist at the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, which is part of the Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton.

Conducting both fundamental and translational research in the field of the vestibular system and balance, Merfeld is best known as an inventor of vestibular implants, and the 2014 recipient of Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA) Champion of Vestibular Medicine Award in 2014. He is a co-author of the textbook Sensation and Perception.

Merfeld was named a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 2012, and a Senior Member of the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) in 2012.

Otorhinolaryngology
Otorhinolaryngology (/oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærɪnˈɡɒlədʒi/ oh-toh-RY-noh-LARR-in-GOL-ə-jee, abbreviated ORL and also known as otolaryngology, otolaryngology – head and neck surgery (ORL–H&N or OHNS), or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians.

Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face, scalp, and neck.
Virginia Company of London
The Virginia Company of London (sometimes called "London Company") was a division of the Virginia Company with responsibility for colonizing the east coast of North America between latitudes 34° and 41° N.

Division (business)
A division, sometimes called a business sector or business unit (segment), is one of the parts into which a business, organization or company is divided. Divisions are created to focus on different markets, consumers or types of product or service and are a way of structurally organising a business.
2020 Brabantse Pijl
The 2020 Brabantse Pijl was the 60th edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 7 October 2020. The race covered 197.2 km (122.5 mi), starting in Leuven and finishing in Overijse. Originally, the race was to be held on 15 April 2020, but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

With around 11 kilometers to go, on the final ascent of the Moskesstraat, a decisive selection of three riders broke and managed to stay away to contest for the win. Last year's runner-up Julian Alaphilippe of Deceuninck–Quick-Step managed to hold off last year's winner Mathieu van der Poel of Alpecin–Fenix for the win. In doing so, Alaphilippe won his first race as world champion after a premature celebration and relegation at the 2020 Liège–Bastogne–Liège a few days prior cost him the win there. Benoît Cosnefroy of AG2R La Mondiale finished third to complete the podium.

Soudal Quick-Step
Soudal–Quick-Step (UCI team code: SOQ) is a Belgian UCI WorldTeam cycling team led by team manager Jurgen Foré. The directeurs sportifs are Davide Bramati, Iljo Keisse, Klaas Lodewyck, Wilfried Peeters, Tom Steels, Geert Van Bondt, Dries Devenyns and Kevin Hulsmans.

The team is nicknamed 'The Wolfpack' and has used the term in its branding since 2017.
Cusick Motorsports
Cusick Morgan Motorsports is an American auto racing organization competing in the NTT IndyCar Series and Indy NXT. They have previously competed in the IMSA and the IMSA SportsCar Championship.

Past Cusick Morgan Motorsports entrants have had Stefan Wilson, in conjunction with DragonSpeed and A. J. Foyt Enterprises. In IMSA past entries included the #99 Porsche 911 GT3 R for Rob Ferriol, Katherine Legge, Wilson and Nick Boulle, in conjunction with Team Hardpoint.

Stefan Wilson
Stefan James Wilson (born 20 September 1989 in Sheffield, UK) is a British racing driver. He is the younger brother of the late Formula One and IndyCar Series driver Justin Wilson.  He is also the winner of the 2007 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award for promising young British drivers.
2004 AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships – Men's doubles
Justin Gimelstob and Nicolas Kiefer were the defending champions, but Kiefer did not compete this year. Gimelstob teamed up with Ashley Fisher and lost in quarterfinals to Yves Allegro and Michael Kohlmann.

Jared Palmer and Pavel Vízner won the title by defeating Jiří Novák and Petr Pála. Palmer and Vízner were leading 5–1 in the first set until Novák was forced to retire due to a rib injury.

Nicolas Kiefer
Nicolas Kiefer (German pronunciation: [ˈnɪkolas ˈkiːfɐ]; born 5 July 1977) is a German former professional tennis player. He reached the semifinals of the 2006 Australian Open and won a silver medal in men's doubles with partner Rainer Schüttler at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Kiefer's career-high singles ranking was world No. 4, achieved in January 2000.
Sunrise English Medium School
Sunrise (English Medium) School is a co-educational English-medium institution located in Belur, Howrah, West Bengal, India. 
The school is affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), New Delhi, and prepares students for the ICSE (Class X) and ISC (Class XII) examinations.

Howrah district
Howrah district (/ˈhaʊrə/, Bengali: [ˈɦao̯ɽa]) is a district of the West Bengal state in eastern India. Howrah district is one of the highly urbanised area of West Bengal. It has thousands of years of rich heritage in the form of the great Bengali kingdom of Bhurshut. The district is named after its headquarters, the city of Howrah.
Bronimierz Wielki
Bronimierz Wielki (Polish pronunciation: [brɔˈɲimjɛʂ ˈvjɛlkʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotniki Kujawskie, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

Inowrocław County
Inowrocław County (Polish: powiat inowrocławski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Inowrocław, which lies 36 km (22 mi) south-west of Toruń and 40 km (25 mi) south-east of Bydgoszcz. The county contains four other towns: Kruszwica, lying 14 km (9 mi) south of Inowrocław, Janikowo, lying 12 km (7 mi) south-west of Inowrocław, Gniewkowo, 16 km (10 mi) north-east of Inowrocław, and Pakość, 13 km (8 mi) west of Inowrocław.

The county covers an area of 1,224.94 square kilometres (473.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 165,237, out of which the population of Inowrocław is 72,786, that of Kruszwica is 8,809, that of Janikowo is 8,745, that of Gniewkowo is 7,110, that of Pakość is 5,706, and the rural population is 57,060.