hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Critical transition
Critical transitions are abrupt shifts in the state of ecosystems, the climate, financial and economic systems or other complex dynamical systems that may occur when changing conditions pass a critical or bifurcation point. As such, they are a particular type of regime shift. Recovery from such shifts may require more than a simple return to the conditions at which a transition occurred, a phenomenon called hysteresis. In addition to natural systems, critical transitions are also studied in psychology, medicine, economics, sociology, military, and several other disciplines.

Bifurcation theory
Bifurcation theory is the mathematical study of changes in the qualitative or topological structure of a given family of curves, such as the integral curves of a family of vector fields, and the solutions of a family of differential equations. Most commonly applied to the mathematical study of dynamical systems, a bifurcation occurs when a small smooth change made to the parameter values (the bifurcation parameters) of a system causes a sudden "qualitative" or topological change in its behavior. Bifurcations occur in both continuous systems (described by ordinary, delay or partial differential equations) and discrete systems (described by maps).

The name "bifurcation" was first introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1885 in the first paper in mathematics showing such a behavior.
Stephone Paige
Stephone Paige (born October 15, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). An undrafted free agent after playing college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs, Paige played in nine seasons for the Chiefs.

Fresno State Bulldogs football
The Fresno State Bulldogs football team represents California State University, Fresno, in NCAA Division I FBS college football as a member of the Mountain West Conference (Pac-12 Conference in 2026). The green "V" on the Bulldogs' helmets, uniforms, and playing field symbolizes California's Central Valley, specifically the San Joaquin Valley, the agricultural valley from which they draw their support.
Larisa Bergen
Larisa Abramovna Bergen (Russian: Лариса Абрамовна Берген; 22 September 1949 – 7 April 2023) was a volleyball player for the USSR.  She was Jewish, and was born in Akmolinsk, Kazakh SSR.  Bergen played for ADK Alma-Ata and Dynamo Moscow.  She won a silver medal in volleyball at the 1976 Olympics, in Montreal, Canada.

Bergen died on 7 April 2023, at the age of 73.

VC Dynamo Moscow
VC Dynamo Moscow (Russian: ВК Динамо Москва) is a Russian professional men's volleyball team based in Moscow which is playing in the Super League. Dynamo Moscow won the title of Russian Championionship for times (2006, 2008, 2021, 2022). The club won a silver and two bronze medals at the CEV Champions League.
The Bloody Red Baron
Anno Dracula: The Bloody Red Baron, or simply The Bloody Red Baron, is a 1995 alternate history/horror novel by British author Kim Newman. It is the second book in the Anno Dracula series and takes place during the Great War, 30 years after the first novel.

Bertie Wooster
Bertram Wilberforce Wooster is a fictional character in the comedic Jeeves stories created by British author P. G. Wodehouse. An amiable English gentleman and one of the "idle rich", Bertie appears alongside his valet, Jeeves, whose intelligence manages to save Bertie or one of his friends from numerous awkward situations. Bertie Wooster and Jeeves have been described as "one of the great comic double-acts of all time".

Bertie is the narrator and central figure of most of the Jeeves short stories and novels. The two exceptions are the short story "Bertie Changes His Mind" (1922), which is narrated by Jeeves, and the novel Ring for Jeeves (1953), a third-person narration in which Bertie is mentioned but does not appear. First appearing in "Extricating Young Gussie" in 1915, Bertie is the narrator of ten novels and over 30 short stories, his last appearance being in the novel Aunts Aren't Gentlemen, published in 1974.
Lynette Howell Taylor
Lynette Howell Taylor (born May 1979) is a British producer for film and television who serves as the president of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 2025. She was co-nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture for producing A Star Is Born (2018).  She founded the production company 51 Entertainment in 2017.  She also produced the 92nd Academy Awards with Stephanie Allain.

In addition to A Star Is Born, Howell Taylor also produced the films Stephanie Daley (2006), Half Nelson (2006), Phoebe in Wonderland (2008), The Greatest (2009), Blue Valentine (2010), The Place Beyond the Pines (2012), Big Eyes (2014), Captain Fantastic (2016) and The Accountant (2016).

Phoebe in Wonderland
Phoebe in Wonderland is a 2008 American drama film written and directed by Daniel Barnz. It stars Felicity Huffman, Patricia Clarkson,  Elle Fanning (in her first leading role), Campbell Scott, and Bill Pullman.

It was screened in the Dramatic Competition at the Sundance Film Festival and the RiverRun International Film Festival in 2008. The film received a limited theatrical release on March 6, 2009, it received mixed reviews by the critics.
Groza (surname)
Groza is a Romanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksander Groza (1807–1875), Polish poet and writer

Alex Groza (1926–1995), American basketball player

Ana Maria Groza (born 1976), Romanian racewalker

Anca Groza (born 23 1956), Romanian swimmer

Loredana Groza (born 1970), Romanian singer

Lou Groza (1924–2000), American footballer, Hall of Fame placekicker for the Cleveland Browns
Lou Groza Award, annual college football award for best placekicker

Petru Groza (1884–1958), Romanian politician

Alex Groza
Alex John Groza (October 7, 1926 – January 21, 1995) was an American professional basketball player from Martins Ferry, Ohio. Resulting from the 1951 college basketball point-shaving scandal, Groza was banned from the National Basketball Association (NBA) for life in 1951. In college, he won two NCAA championships as captain of the University of Kentucky Wildcats, and was a two-time All-NBA player for the Indianapolis Olympians before his career abruptly ended.
Renilla-luciferin sulfotransferase
In enzymology, a Renilla-luciferin sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + Renilla luciferin  adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + luciferyl sulfate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and Renilla luciferin, whereas its two products are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and luciferyl sulfate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:Renilla luciferin sulfotransferase. Other names in common use include luciferin sulfotransferase, luciferin sulfokinase, luciferin sulfokinase (3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate:luciferin, and sulfotransferase).

3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is a derivative of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) that is phosphorylated at the 3′ position and has a sulfate group attached to the 5′ phosphate.  It is the most common coenzyme in sulfotransferase reactions and hence part of sulfation pathways. It is endogenously synthesized by organisms via the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), an intermediary metabolite. In humans such reaction is performed by bifunctional 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthases (PAPSS1 and PAPSS2) using ATP as the phosphate donor.
NCSL
NCSL can refer to several things:

National College for School Leadership – British government-funded Non-Departmental Public Body for head teachers and school leaders

National Conference of State Legislatures – non-governmental organization for members and staff of US state legislatures

New Caledonia Super Ligue, top division association football league of New Caledonia

New Caledonia Second Level, second division association football league of New Caledonia

NCSL International – non-profit organization concerned with metrology and related fields

Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway - American railway which operated from 1851-1957

National College for Teaching and Leadership
The National College for Teaching and Leadership (NCTL) was an executive agency of the British Department for Education from 2013 to 2018. It inherited the responsibilities of the National College for School Leadership (NCSL). The NCTL aimed to improve academic standards by ensuring a well-qualified teaching workforce and supporting schools.

The NCTL also regulated the teaching profession by:

Prohibiting teachers from working in cases of serious professional misconduct.

Overseeing teacher inductions.

Awarding Qualified Teacher Status and Early Years Teacher Status.

In April 2018, the NCTL was dissolved, with its regulatory functions shifting to the Teaching Regulation Agency and its remaining responsibilities absorbed by the Department for Education.
Roderick D. McKenzie
Roderick Duncan McKenzie (3 February 1885 – 3 May 1940) was a Canadian-American sociologist, who became head of the sociology department at the  University of Michigan.
McKenzie served as the 2nd vice-president of the American Sociological Association (ASA) in 1932–1933, and was a charter member of the Sociological Research Association.

American Sociological Association
The American Sociological Association (ASA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and profession of sociology. Founded in December 1905 as the American Sociological Society at Johns Hopkins University by a group of fifty people, the first president of the association was Lester Frank Ward. Today, most of its members work in academia, while around 20 percent of them work in government, business, or non-profit organizations.

ASA publishes ten academic journals and magazines, along with four section journals, including the American Sociological Review and Contexts.

The ASA had 9,893 members in 2023, as an association of sociologists even larger than the International Sociological Association. It is composed of researchers, students, college/university faculty, high school faculty, and various practitioners The "American Sociological Association Annual Meeting" is an annual academic conference held by the association consisting of over 4,000 participants.
Fältrittklubben
Fältrittklubben (more specifically Stockholms fältrittklubb) or the Stockholm Cross Country Riding Club is an equestrian club located in Stockholm, Sweden, established in 1886 by Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland. During the 1912 Summer Olympics, it hosted the endurance trials for the equestrian eventing competition.

Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland
Prince Carl of Sweden and Norway, Duke of Västergötland (27 February 1861 – 24 October 1951) was a Swedish prince. Through his daughters Märtha and Astrid, for whom he arranged dynastic marriages, he is an ancestor of current members of the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg, Belgian royal family and Norwegian royal family.
History of Vojvodina
Vojvodina (Serbian: Војводина, romanized: Vojvodina;
Hungarian: Vajdaság; Slovak: Vojvodina; Romanian: Voivodina; Croatian: Vojvodina; Rusyn: Войводина) is an autonomous province located in northern Serbia. It consists of the Pannonian Plain in the south, and the Danube and Sava  (part of the Mačva region that belongs to Vojvodina is located south of Sava) rivers in the north.

Administrative divisions of Serbia
The administrative divisions of Serbia are regulated by the Government decree of 29 January 1992, and by the Law on Territorial Organization adopted by the National Assembly on 29 December 2007.

There are two types of administrative divisions in Serbia: political (regional and local self-government - autonomous provinces and cities and municipalities) and administrative (administrative districts for decentralized services of the state and statistical regions for statistical purposes).
Patrick Aleph
Patrick Beaulier, known formerly by his professional name as Patrick Aleph, is an American writer, blogger, podcaster, non-denominational rabbi and spiritual leader, educator, and retired punk musician. He has been the lead vocalist for the bands The Love Drunks, Can Can, and Ice Bats.  He is also the co-founder and  creative director of PunkTorah, a non-profit website and Jewish outreach organization, and its subsidiaries OneShul.org and Darshan Yeshiva, an online synagogue and yeshiva, respectively. He has written for Jewcy, The Atlanta Jewish Times, and The Times of Israel, and hosts the semi-weekly Rabbi Patrick Podcast.

Jewcy
Jewcy is an online magazine of Jewish pop culture and offbeat news.  The site was launched on November 15, 2006. The Guardian has described Jewcy as "a cultural icon" and "at the forefront of a reinvention of Jewish identity by young US Jews". The New York Times has described Jewcy as part of "the Jewish Hipster movement".

In October 2009, the not-for-profit JDub Records announced that it had adopted Jewcy, making it a new project of the seven-year-old organization. Jewcy had over 100,000 unique visitors monthly and over 1,000 bloggers. Lilit Marcus served as editor-in-chief until February 2010, when Jason Diamond took over the position. In 2011, Tablet Magazine acquired Jewcy, and the former has been Jewcy's "big sister" site ever since.

Jewcy went on hiatus in 2018, and became active again in August 2021.
Skara (animal)
Skara is a genus of oligostracan pancrustaceans known from the Upper Cambrian Orsten deposit of Sweden, similarly aged deposits in China, and possibly Poland. It is the only genus in the order Skaracarida and family Skaraidae, and contains three species, S. anulata, S. minuta and S. hunanensis.

Pancrustacea
Pancrustacea is the clade that comprises all crustaceans and all hexapods (insects and relatives). This grouping is contrary to the Atelocerata hypothesis, in which Hexapoda and Myriapoda are sister taxa, and Crustacea are only more distantly related. As of 2010, the Pancrustacea taxon was considered well accepted, with most studies recovering Hexapoda within Crustacea. The clade has also been called Tetraconata, referring to having a four-part cone in the ommatidium. The term "Tetraconata" is preferred by some scientists in order to avoid confusion with the use of "pan-" to indicate a clade that includes a crown group and all of its stem group representatives.
2023 Internationaux Féminins de la Vienne
The 2023 Internationaux Féminins de la Vienne is a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the twenty-ninth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Poitiers, France between 23 and 29 October 2023.

Jessika Ponchet
Jessika Ponchet (born 26 September 1996) is a French professional tennis player. She has career-high WTA rankings of world No. 104 in singles, achieved on 9 September 2024, and No. 101 in doubles, reached on 28 November 2022.
Fossils (band)
Fossils (ফসিল্‌স) is an Indian hard rock band from Bengal formed in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in 1998. The group is considered one of the pioneering rock acts in Kolkata's Bengali music scene. The band currently comprises Rupam Islam (lead vocals, additional guitars), Deep Ghosh (rhythm guitar), Allan Temjen Ao (lead guitar), Arindam Sen (additional rhythm guitar) Tanmoy Das (drums), Prasenjit 'Pom' Chakraborty (bass guitar), Subhadeep Pan (Backing Vocals).

Their music is flavoured by a blend of blues, rock and psychedelia,  hard rock along with Rupam Islam's vocal renditions of his characteristic psychoanalytical lyrics. They are noted for their social commentary and advocation of causes such as the welfare of HIV-positive people.

Bassist
A bassist (also known as a bass player or bass guitarist) is a musician who plays a bass instrument such as a double bass (upright bass, contrabass, wood bass), bass guitar (electric bass, acoustic bass), keyboard bass (synth bass) or a low brass instrument such as a tuba or trombone. Many musical genres tend to be associated with at least one or more of these instruments.
Anna Doig
Anna Maree Doig (born 18 December 1965) is a former freestyle and butterfly swimmer from New Zealand, who represented her native country at 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She is now a seventh grade teacher at a middle school.

Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics
The swimming competitions of the 1984 Summer Olympics were held at the McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium, located on the University of Southern California (USC) campus. There were a total of 494 participants from 67 countries competing.

This was the first Olympic Games at which only two swimmers per country, per event, were permitted; previously, three swimmers were allowed and many countries would sweep the medal stand. In addition, the 200-metre individual medley for both men and women returned to the program from a twelve-year absence, following a proposal by the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC).
12 Lyncis
12 Lyncis, abbreviated 12 Lyn, is a triple star system in the constellation Lynx. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.87. When seen through a telescope, it can be separated into three stars: two components with magnitudes 5.4 and 6.0 that lie at an angular separation by 1.8″ (as of 1992) and a yellow-hued star of magnitude 7.2 at a separation of 8.6″ (as of 1990). The orbit of the two brighter stars is not known with certainty, but appears to have a period of somewhere around 700 to 900 years. The pair have a projected separation of 128 AU. Parallax indicates the system is 210±10 light years distant from Earth.

Glossary of astronomy
This glossary of astronomy is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to astronomy and cosmology, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. Astronomy is concerned with the study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth. The field of astronomy features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of sophisticated terminology.
Galole Constituency
Galole Constituency is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of three constituencies in Tana River County. The constituency has eight wards, all electing ward representatives to the Tana River County Assembly. The constituency was established for the 1988 elections.

Constituencies of Kenya
The constituencies of Kenya are used to elect members of the National Assembly, the lower chamber of the Kenyan Parliament. In accordance with Article 89 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya, there are 290 constituencies, based on a formula where these constituencies were to be delineated based on population numbers. Each constituency returns one Member of National Assembly. The constituencies are further divided into electoral wards.
Siano (surname)
Siano is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alessandro Siano (born 2001), Italian footballer

Joe Siano, American vocalist

Michele Siano (born 1991), Italian footballer

Nicky Siano (born 1955), American DJ

Tony Siano (1907–1986), American football player

Joe Siano
Joe Siano was the vocalist for the psychedelic rock band the Head Shop, which released an album on Epic Records in 1969.

In 1972, together with his better-known younger brother – Nicky Siano – they opened The Gallery, a landmark disco in New York during the early 1970s.  Nicky Siano was later a resident DJ at the famed Studio 54 disco in New York.
Naometria
Naometria ("temple measurement") is a book of prophecies attributed to Simon Studion and published in 1604.  Its two thousand pages cover predictions based on numerology that include destruction of the Papacy.  It was dedicated to Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg.

Its appearance in Tübingen drew enough interest that a "Society Naometrica" was formed, which included Bible and cabala scholar Tobias Hess and Lutheran theologian Johann Valentin Andreä.

It is addressed in the 1983 volume of Hermetic Journal.

Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg
Friedrich I of Württemberg (19 August 1557 – 29 January 1608) was the son of George of Mömpelgard and his wife Barbara of Hesse, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.

Several references are made to him in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, in which a series of anti-German jokes start with a horse theft, several references are made to German travellers in England and to a German duke who is not expected to come to Windsor.
September 1993 Tuvaluan general election
General elections were held in Tuvalu on 2 September 1993. As there were no political parties, all candidates for the twelve seats ran as independents. Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu was re-elected, along with all members of his cabinet, except Naama Latasi. However, supporters of Paeniu held six seats while supporters of the previous Prime Minister Tomasi Puapua (Otinielu Tausi, Koloa Talake, Faimalaga Luka, Vave Founuku and Vavae Katalake) held the other six.

In order to break the impasse, the Governor-General dissolved Parliament on 22 September and fresh elections were held in November.

Faimalaga Luka
Faimalaga Luka, OBE (15 April 1940 – 19 August 2005) was a political figure from the Pacific nation of Tuvalu. He represented the constituency of Nukufetau in the Parliament of Tuvalu. He served as Governor-General and the Prime Minister of Tuvalu.
Cumberland Valley Rail Trail
Cumberland Valley Rail Trail (CVRT) is a National Recreation Trail rail trail that follows the former Cumberland Valley Railroad corridor for 9.5 miles in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. CVRT travels through the farmlands from Shippensburg to Newville.

Cumberland Valley Railroad
The Cumberland Valley Railroad (reporting mark CVRR) was an early railroad in Pennsylvania, United States, originally chartered in 1831 to connect with Pennsylvania's Main Line of Public Works. Freight and passenger service in the Cumberland Valley in south central Pennsylvania from near Harrisburg to Chambersburg began in 1837, with service later extended to Hagerstown, Maryland, and then extending into the Shenandoah Valley to Winchester, Virginia. It employed up to 1,800 workers.

During the American Civil War the line had strategic importance in supplying Union troops in the Shenandoah Valley. It also ran the first passenger sleeping car in the U.S. on the Chambersburg-Harrisburg route in 1839. The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) gained control of the CVRR as early as 1859, and officially purchased it on June 2, 1919. The PRR's successor, the Penn Central, closed all railway facilities in Chambersburg in 1972 and its successor, Conrail, abandoned major pieces of the line in 1981.
Francis Asbury Memorial
Francis Asbury, also known as the Francis Asbury Memorial, is a public equestrian statue, by American artist Henry Augustus Lukeman, located at 16th Street and Mt. Pleasant Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood.

It was originally surveyed as part of the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1994.

Northwest (Washington, D.C.)
Northwest (NW or N.W.) is the northwestern quadrant of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, and is located north of the National Mall and west of North Capitol Street. It is the largest of the four quadrants of the city (NW, NE, SW and SE), and it includes the central business district, the Federal Triangle, and the museums along the northern side of the National Mall, as well as many of the District's historic neighborhoods.

Politically, Northwest is made up of parts of Wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with Wards 1 and 3 being the only wards located entirely within the quadrant. The Northwest is the wealthiest quadrant of the city, particularly west of 16th Street.