hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Decentralized partially observable Markov decision process
The decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP) is a model for coordination and decision-making among multiple agents. It is a probabilistic model that can consider uncertainty in outcomes, sensors and communication (i.e., costly, delayed, noisy or nonexistent communication).

It is a generalization of a Markov decision process (MDP) and a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) to consider multiple decentralized agents.

Decision-making
In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either rational or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action.

Research about decision-making is also published under the label problem solving, particularly in European psychological research.
Dăm Thnăm
ភូមិ តូចថ្មី or phum toch tmey is a small town in Dang Tong District in Kampot Province, Cambodia. The National Highway 3 passes through the town in a north-east-south west direction while the National Road 124 connects it to the north through Khum Srang several kilometres west of the town. The town lies along the National Highway 3 which connects it to the town of Chhuk to the north-east and Kampot on the Gulf of Thailand.

National Highway 3 (Cambodia)
National Highway 3 or National Road No.3 (10003) is one of the national highways of Cambodia. With a length of 202 km (126 mi), it connects the capital of Phnom Penh with Veal Renh. The road underwent significant refurbishment in 2008 and forms part of an international "North-South economic corridor" from Kunming in China to Bangkok in Thailand.
Lucy Crowe
Lucy Mary Elizabeth Crowe OBE is an English soprano in opera and concert. She has performed at international opera houses and music festivals such as the Glyndebourne Festival and Rheingau Musik Festival.

Paul McCreesh
Paul McCreesh (born 24 May 1960) is an English conductor.

Paul McCreesh is the founder and artistic director of the Gabrieli Consort & Players. With them he has performed in major concert halls and festivals across the world. He has been the artistic director of the Wratislavia Cantans Festival in Wrocław, Poland and of the Brinkburn Festival in England.

In 2005 Loughborough University conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters.
Diocese of Varaždin
The Diocese of Varaždin (Latin: Dioecesis Varasdinensis) is a Latin ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in northern Croatia. The diocese is centred in the city of Varaždin. It is a new diocese, having only been erected on July 5, 1997, from the Archdiocese of Zagreb. Bishop Marko Culej was the first to be head of the diocese. Bishop Bože Radoš is the current bishop of Varaždin.

The Church of the Assumption of Mary into Heaven was built in 1646 and was proclaimed a cathedral on September 28, 1997.

The diocese's patron saint is Saint Marko of Križevci.

Marko Krizin
Marko Stjepan Krizin (c. 1588 – 7 September 1619), or Marko Križevčanin (Hungarian: Kőrösi Márk, lit. 'Mark of Križevci') was a Croatian Roman Catholic priest, professor of theology and missionary, who was active in the 17th century. In the course of the struggle between Catholicism and Calvinism in the region then, he was executed for his faith. He has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church, the third Croat to be so honored.
Ulrich of Sanneck
Ulrich of Sanneck (German: Ulrich von Sanneck, Slovene: Ulrik Žovneški; around 1255 – 1316), Lord of Žovnek (Sanneck, in German), was a free noble (roughly equivalent to a baron) in the March of Savinja in what was then the Holy Roman Empire and is now in Slovenia. During the struggle between Henry, Duke of Carinthia and the Habsburg rulers of Austria and Styria, he sided with the latter. By accepting the Habsburgs as his liege lords, he was instrumental in transferring the lordship over the Savinja region from the Meinhardiner-dominated Carniola to Habsburg Styria. His second marriage with the noblewoman Catherine of Heunburg would enable their son to claim the Heunburg inheritance in Carinthia and in the Savinja Valley, including the strategically important Celje Castle. This union of the Sanneck (Žovnek) and Heunburg (Vovbre) noble houses would give birth to the House of Celje.

Carniola
Littoral

Carniola: 2a Upper, 2b Inner, 2c Lower

Carinthia

Styria

Prekmurje

Carniola (Slovene: Kranjska [ˈkɾàːnska]; German: Krain [kʁaɪn] ⓘ; Italian: Carniola; Hungarian: Krajna) is a historical region that comprised parts of present-day Slovenia. Slovenes living within the former borders of the region still tend to identify with its traditional parts Upper Carniola, Lower Carniola (with the sub-part of White Carniola), and to a lesser degree Inner Carniola. In 1991, 47% of the population of Slovenia lived within the borders of the former Duchy of Carniola.
Re-Ron
"Re-Ron" is a 1984 song by Gil Scott-Heron.  It criticizes the campaign for the re-election of Ronald Reagan.  It was recorded in collaboration with Bill Laswell.

Notable lines include:

"Would we take Fritz without Grits? We'd take Fritz the Cat. Would we take Jesse Jackson? Hell, we'd take Michael Jackson!"

Re-Ron was recorded three years after "B-movie", which also criticized the initial election of Reagan, a former B-movie actor, as the new president of the United States of America. These two songs by Scott-Heron were among many songs criticizing Reagan recorded by artists during the 1980s. The song features Bernie Worrell of Parliament-Funkadelic on synthesizer and clavinet.

Fritz the Cat
Fritz the Cat is a comic strip created by Robert Crumb. Set in a "supercity" of anthropomorphic animals, it focused on Fritz, a tabby cat who frequently went on wild adventures that sometimes involved sexual escapades. Crumb began drawing the character in homemade comic books as a child, and Fritz would become one of his best-known characters.

The strip first appeared in Help! and Cavalier magazines, and subsequently in publications associated with the underground comix scene between 1965 and 1972; Fritz the Cat comic compilations elevated it to one of the underground scene's most iconic features.

Fritz the Cat received further attention when it was adapted into a 1972 animated film of the same name. The directorial debut of animator Ralph Bakshi, it was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States, and the most successful independent animated feature to date. Crumb ended the strip later that year due to disagreements with the filmmakers.
Rennie Ellis
Reynolds Mark Ellis (11 November 1940 – 19 August 2003) was an Australian social and social documentary photographer. He also worked, at various stages of his life, as an advertising copywriter, seaman, lecturer, television presenter and founder of Brummels Gallery of Photography, Australia's first dedicated photography gallery, where he established both a photographic studio and an agency dedicated to his work, published 17 photographic books, and held numerous exhibitions in Australia and overseas.

National Portrait Gallery (Australia)
The National Portrait Gallery, also known as the National Portrait Gallery of Australia (NGA or NPGA) in Canberra is a public art gallery containing portraits of prominent Australians. It was established in 1998 and moved to its present building on King Edward Terrace in December 2008.
Hardware disease
Hardware disease in livestock is traumatic puncture of the gastrointestinal tract with resultant spread of infection, caused by ingestion of a sharp, hard object, usually a piece of hardware (hence the name). These pieces of metal settle in the reticulum and can irritate or penetrate the lining.   It is most common in dairy cattle, but is occasionally seen in beef cattle. It is very rarely reported in any other ruminants. It can be difficult to conclusively diagnose, but can be prevented by the oral administration of a magnet around the time that the animal reaches the age of one year. Depending on where the infection spreads, the medical names for it include bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis and bovine traumatic reticulopericarditis.

Household hardware
Household hardware (or simply, hardware) is equipment that can be touched or held by hand such as keys, locks, nuts, screws, washers,  hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, belts, plumbing supplies, electrical supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts. Household hardware is typically sold in hardware stores.
Cirrus (Seattle building)
Cirrus is a 440-foot-tall (130 m) residential skyscraper in the Denny Triangle neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. The building, named after the cirrus cloud, has 41 floors and is located at the intersection of Westlake Avenue, 8th Avenue and Lenora Street. Construction on Cirrus, then known as 2030 8th Avenue, began in May 2013 and opened in 2015. The building was originally designed for condominiums but was reconfigured for smaller apartments by architects Weber Thompson after GID Development desired a move to the rental market.

The building opened in October 2015, with the average monthly rent for a 1-bedroom apartment at $2,903. GID Development has also developed a second apartment building named "Stratus" across Lenora Street from Cirrus.

Renting
Renting, also known as hiring or letting, is an agreement where a payment is made for the use of a good, service or property owned by another over a fixed period of time. Typically a written agreement is signed to establish the roles and expectations of both the tenant and landlord.  There are many different types; a rental agreement tends to refer to short-term rental, whereas lease refers to longer-term rental, also known as leasing.
Berna Carrasco
Berna Carrasco Araya (Carrasco de Budinich) (19 December 1914 – 7 July 2013) was a Chilean chess master, born in San Bernardo, Chile.  At the 1939 Women's World Championship in Buenos Aires, she finished in third place behind Vera Menchik and Sonja Graf.
Carrasco was awarded the Woman International Master (WIM) title in 1954.

Chess title
A chess title is a title regulated by a chess governing body and bestowed upon players based on their performance and rank. Such titles are usually granted for life. The international chess governing body FIDE grants several titles, the most prestigious of which is Grandmaster; many national chess federations also grant titles such as National Master. More broadly, the term "master" can refer to any highly skilled chess player.
Martin Albrecht (businessman)
Martin Carl Albrecht is an Australian businessman, best known for his service as chairman, previously CEO (1985–2000), of Thiess. In June 2002 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia "For service to the construction industry, to the development of export markets, to the engineering profession, and to the community in the areas of education, corporate social responsibility and industrial safety."

International River Foundation
The International River Foundation, sometimes stylised as the International RiverFoundation, is an Australian environmental organisation focused on global river restoration and protection. It was co-founded in 2003 by Brisbane City Council, the Queensland Government, and the mining companies Thiess and BHP Mitsubishi Alliance.
Norma Foley
Norma Foley (born 1970) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as Minister for Children, Disability and Equality since January 2025. She previously served as Minister for Education from 2020 to 2025. She has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for Kerry since 2020.

Kerry North (Dáil constituency)
Kerry North was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament), from 1937 to 2011. The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Edwin Baker (American football)
Edwin Baker (born June 1, 1991) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round of the 2012 NFL draft. He played college football for the Michigan State Spartans.

Michigan State Spartans football
The Michigan State Spartans football program represents Michigan State University (MSU) in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level. The Spartans are members of the Big Ten Conference. Michigan State claims a total of six national championships, including two (1952, 1965) from the major wire-services: AP Poll and/or Coaches' Poll. The Spartans have also won eleven conference championships, with two in the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and nine in the Big Ten.

Home games of the Spartans are played at Spartan Stadium, which is located on the main university campus. Spartan Stadium is consistently ranked among the NCAA's top 25 in attendance. The Spartans are currently coached by Pat Fitzgerald.
Galerida
Galerida is a genus of birds in the family Alaudidae. The current scientific name is derived from Latin. Galerida was the name for a lark with a crest, from galerum, "cap". The name Galerida is synonymous with the earlier genus names Calendula, Heliocorys and Ptilocorys.

Lark
Larks are passerine birds of the family Alaudidae. Larks have a cosmopolitan distribution with the largest number of species occurring in Africa. Only a single species, the horned lark, occurs in North America, and only Horsfield's bush lark occurs in Australia.  Habitats vary widely, but many species live in drier regions.  When the word "lark" is used without specification, it often refers to the Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis).
Grenzaa
Grenzaa or Schoonebeker Diep is a river on the border of Lower Saxony, Germany and Drenthe, Netherlands, near the town Twist. It forms some of the border between the Netherlands and Germany. Through the Coevorden-Piccardie-Kanal and the Coevorden-Vechtkanaal it discharges into the Vechte near Coevorden.

Twist, Germany
Twist is a municipality in the Emsland district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated directly on the Dutch border.

Situation of the local parts in the municipality of Twist:

More than half of the population lives in the center of the municipality (i.e. Twist-Siedlung and Bült). The other half is spread over the other villages, of which Schöningsdorf (population about 1100) and Rühlerfeld (900) are the largest. The other villages are smaller (Adorf about 500, Hebelermeer 400, Neuringe 300 inhabitants).
1996 Donegal North-East by-election
A by-election was held in the Dáil Éireann constituency of Donegal North-East in Ireland on Tuesday, 2 April 1996. It followed the death of Independent Fianna Fáil TD and former Minister Neil Blaney on 8 November 1995.

The election was won by Donegal County Councillor Cecilia Keaveney of Fianna Fáil.

Among the candidates were Donegal County Councillor, brother of Neil Blaney, and future TD Harry Blaney, Senator and Donegal County Councillor Seán Maloney and Vice President of Sinn Féin Pat Doherty

On the same day, a by-election took place in Dublin West.

Seanad Éireann
53°20′26″N 6°15′14″W﻿ / ﻿53.34055°N 6.254021°W﻿ / 53.34055; -6.254021
Seanad Éireann (/ˈʃænəd ˈɛərən, ˈʃænəð/ ⓘ SHAN-əd(h) AIR-ən; Irish: [ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]; "Senate of Ireland") is the upper house of the Oireachtas (the Irish legislature), which also comprises the President of Ireland and Dáil Éireann (the lower house).

It is commonly called the Seanad or Senate and its members are known as senators (Irish: seanadóirí, singular: seanadóir). Unlike Dáil Éireann, it is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members chosen by various methods. Its powers are much weaker than those of the Dáil and it can only delay laws with which it disagrees, rather than veto them outright. It can introduce new legislation. Since its establishment, it has been located in Leinster House.
Nimbus (cipher)
In cryptography, Nimbus is a block cipher invented by Alexis Machado in 2000. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.

The algorithm uses a 128-bit key. It operates on blocks of 64 bits and consists of 5 rounds of
encryption. The round function is exceedingly simple. In each round the block is XORed with a subkey, the order of its bits is reversed, and then it is multiplied mod 264 by another subkey, which is forced to be odd.

Nimbus was broken by Vladimir Furman; he found a differential attack using only 256 chosen plaintexts.

Differential cryptanalysis
Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in information input can affect the resultant difference at the output. In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques for tracing differences through the network of transformation, discovering where the cipher exhibits non-random behavior, and exploiting such properties to recover the secret key (cryptography key).
HMS Chichester (1785)
HMS Chichester was a two-deck, fifth-rate ship of the Royal Navy. One of the Adventure-class ships designed by Edward Hunt, she was built to carry 44 guns but for her entire career she served as a troopship, never carrying more than 22. In 1803, she was part of the squadron under Samuel Hood that captured the French held islands of St Lucia and Tobago, and the Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Christian Schreier
Christian Schreier (born 4 February 1959) is a German former professional footballer and the general manager of SC Paderborn. He played as a midfielder, most notably with VfL Bochum and Bayer Leverkusen, and won one cap for West Germany, in 1984. His biggest successes came in 1988, when he won the UEFA Cup and an Olympic bronze Medal.

SC Paderborn 07
Sport-Club Paderborn 07 e.V., commonly known as simply SC Paderborn 07 (pronounced [ʔɛs t͡seː paːdɐˈbɔʁn nʊl ziːbm̩]) or SC Paderborn, is a German association football club based in Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club has enjoyed its greatest success since the turn of the millennium, becoming a mainstay in the 2. Bundesliga before securing promotion to the Bundesliga in the 2013–14 season. However, they got relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after only a season in the top division, and then again to the 3. Liga the season after. This relegation streak almost continued as low as the Regionalliga West, but were saved in the 2016-17 season because 1860 Munich were refused a license. The club returned to 2. Bundesliga, reaching 2nd place in the 2018–19 season and was promoted to the Bundesliga. The club finished 18th in the 2019–20 season and returned to the 2. Bundesliga.
Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari
Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari (transl. One Girl, One Bachelor) is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language comedy film, produced by P. Gangadhar Rao Jothee Navshakthee Combines and directed by K. Pratyagatma. It stars Jeetendra and Mumtaz, with music composed by Shankar Jaikishan. The film is a remake of the Telugu film Brahmachari (1968) which itself was based on the 1967 Tamil movie Penne Nee Vaazhga. The 2021 bollywood film Hungama 2 was loosely based on this film.

Penne Nee Vaazhga
Penne Nee Vaazhga (pronounced [peɳɳeː n̪iː ʋaːɻɡa] transl. Oh woman, may you live long!) is a 1967 Indian Tamil-language film produced and directed by P. Madhavan, starring Jaishankar and K. R. Vijaya. It was released on 14 January 1967 and emerged a success.
Interstate 69C
Interstate 69C (I-69C) is a north–south Interstate Highway running through South Texas. Once complete, the freeway (with connections to both Federal Highway 40 and Federal Highway 97) will begin at I-2/U.S. Highway 83 (US 83) in Pharr and head northward before terminating at I-69W/US 59 in George West near I-37. For its entire length, I-69C is concurrent with US 281. As of 2023, only an 18-mile (29 km) segment has been completed from the route's southern terminus in Pharr.

Mexican Federal Highway 40
Federal Highway 40, (Carretera Federal, Fed. 40) also called the Carretera Interoceánica (Interoceanic Highway), is a road beginning at Reynosa, Tamaulipas, just west of the Port of Brownsville, Texas, and ending at Fed. 15 in Villa Unión, Sinaloa, near Mazatlán and the Pacific coast. It is called Interoceanic as, after its opening, the cities of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, on the Gulf of Mexico and Mazatlán on the Pacific Ocean have been linked.

It passes through Monterrey, Nuevo León; Saltillo, Coahuila; Torreón; Gómez Palacio and Durango City. The Monterrey to Durango City section is a four-lane divided highway. The rest of the road is a two-lane undivided road. Parallel to this highway, in some sections, runs Fed. 40D, a four-lane restricted-access toll road.

The Cadereyta Jiménez massacre occurred on 13 May 2012 along the road outside the city of Monterrey.
Downtown Yangon
Downtown Yangon (also known as the Yangon Central Business District or Yangon CBD, formerly the Cantonment) is the central business district of Yangon, Myanmar, located close to the geographic centre of the metropolitan area. The area features many of the city's major arts institutions and sports facilities.

Metropolis
A metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural area for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications.

A big city belonging to a larger urban agglomeration, but which is not the core of that agglomeration, is not generally considered a metropolis but a part of it. The plural of the word is metropolises, although the Latin plural is metropoles, from the Greek metropoleis (μητρoπόλεις).

For urban areas outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction on a smaller scale for their region, the concept of the regiopolis ("regio" for short) was introduced by urban and regional planning researchers in Germany in 2006.
Oglander baronets
The Oglander Baronetcy, of Nunwell in the County of Southampton, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 12 December 1665 for William Oglander, Member of Parliament for Yarmouth and Newport. The sixth Baronet was member of parliament for Bodmin. The title became extinct on the death of the seventh Baronet, Sir Henry Oglander, in 1874. He left the Nunwell estate to his cousin John Henry Glynn, who, in compliance with Sir Henry's will, took the name of Oglander by royal licence in 1895, and was the possessor of Nunwell as of 1912.

The family seat was Nunwell House, Nunwell, Isle of Wight.

Nunwell
Nunwell is the location of Nunwell House, near Brading on the Isle of Wight, which was the home of the Oglander from the start of Henry I's reign until 1874. It is in the civil parish of Brading.
The present family are not direct descendants through the male line and thus the baronetcy has died out.