hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Samuel Verplanck Jr.
William Samuel Verplanck Junior (January 16, 1916 in Plainfield, New Jersey – September 30, 2002 in Knoxville, Tennessee) was an American psychologist. He conducted a series of significant experiments in the fields of ethology, experimental psychology, and especially in the field of radical behaviorism. After compiling a review of the writings and research of B.F. Skinner for the 1950 Dartmouth conference, culminating in the publication of Modern Learning Theory,  Verplanck adopted the psychological and philosophical stance of Interbehaviorism - a position which he maintained throughout the remainder of his career.

Ethology
Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals. It has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig. The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of the Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and the Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, the three winners of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ethology combines laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to neuroanatomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
Censorship by copyright
Copyright can be used to enact censorship. Critics of copyright argue that copyright has been abused to suppress free speech, as well as criticism, business competition, academic research, investigative reporting (and freedom of press) and artistic expression.

The most common form of censorship by copyright concerns the abuse of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) either by copyright holders or by the service providers. The DMCA forces web hosts to be overly sensitive to claims of copyright infringement and act as de facto gatekeepers, infringing upon fair use as well as facilitating abuse in the form of bogus copyright claims.

Content ID
Content ID is a digital fingerprinting system developed by Google which is used to easily identify and manage copyrighted content on YouTube. Videos uploaded to YouTube are compared against audio and video files registered with Content ID by content owners, looking for any matches. Content owners have the choice to have matching content blocked or to monetize it. The system began to be implemented around 2007. By 2016, it had cost $60 million to develop and led to around $2 billion in payments to copyright holders. By 2018, Google had invested at least $100 million into the system.
Pirom Un-prasert
Pirom Un-Prasert (Thai: ภิรมย์ อั๋นประเสริฐ) (born 16 November 1953) is a retired international football referee from Thailand. He is best known for refereeing the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final and two matches in the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France; the Norway-Morocco and Paraguay-Nigeria matches in the first round. He also officiated at the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 1996 Olympic tournament in Atlanta, the 1996 AFC Asian Cup, and eight matches in 1998 World Cup qualifiers.

1998 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)
Listed below are the dates and results for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds for the Asian zone (AFC). For an overview of the qualification rounds, see the article 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification.
WAMO (AM)
WAMO (660 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, and serving the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. It broadcasts an urban contemporary radio format, is owned by the Martz Communications Group and is operated by Audacy, Inc., under a local marketing agreement (LMA).

Its studios and AM transmitter are located in Braddock, east of Pittsburgh.

By day, WAMO is powered at 1,400 watts. To protect the nighttime signal of Class A station WFAN in New York City on the same frequency, WAMO is a daytimer, required to go off the air at night. Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W297BU (107.3 MHz) in Pittsburgh. It uses the FM dial position in its moniker WAMO 107.3.

Greater Pittsburgh
Greater Pittsburgh is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Pittsburgh in Western Pennsylvania, United States. The region includes Allegheny County,  Pittsburgh's urban core county and economic hub, and seven adjacent Pennsylvania counties: Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Lawrence, Washington, and Westmoreland in Western Pennsylvania, which constitutes the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.

As of the 2020 census, the Greater Pittsburgh region had a population of over 2.45 million people. Pittsburgh, the region's core city, has a population of 302,971, the second-largest in the state after Philadelphia. Over half of the region's population resides within Allegheny County, which has a population of 1.24 million and is the state's second-largest county after Philadelphia County.
Phillip Balisle
Vice Adm. Phillip Monroe Balisle (born 1948) a native of Idabel, Oklahoma, was commissioned in the United States Navy in 1970 after graduating from Oklahoma State University. At sea, he commanded the destroyer USS Kidd (DDG-993), the cruiser USS Anzio (CG-68) and the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) Battle Group.   He served as Director, Surface Warfare Division (OPNAV N76) on the Chief of Naval Operations staff at the Pentagon.

Balisle assumed command of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) 28 June 2002, where he previously served as vice commander.

Balisle has received the Distinguished Service Medal, five awards of the Legion of Merit, seven Meritorious Service Medals and the Bronze Star Medal.

After retiring from the Navy, Balisle took a role as executive vice president of DRS Technologies, Inc.

Leonardo DRS
Leonardo DRS, Inc. is a United States–based defense contractor. Originally founded as DRS Technologies, Inc. and traded on the NYSE, it was acquired by Leonardo’s predecessor Finmeccanica in 2008. Leonardo DRS provides advanced defense technologies and systems primarily to the U.S. military.
Mormon abuse cases
Mormon abuse cases are cases of confirmed and alleged abuse, including child sexual abuse, by churches in the Latter Day Saint movement and its agents, referring to people in the church, regardless of whether the church was actually involved or not.

Ward (LDS Church)
A ward is a local congregation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), with a smaller local congregation known as a branch.

A ward is presided over by a bishop, the equivalent of a pastor in many other Christian denominations. As with all local LDS Church leadership, the bishop is considered lay clergy and as such is not paid. Two counselors serve with the bishop to help with administrative and spiritual duties of the ward and to preside in the absence of the bishop. Together, these three men (never women) constitute the bishopric. A branch is presided over by a branch president who may also have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are generally organized into districts.
Maltokinase
Maltokinase (EC 2.7.1.175) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP:alpha-maltose 1-phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

ATP + maltose  ADP + alpha-maltose 1-phosphate

This enzyme requires Mg2+ for activity.

Maltose
Maltose (/ˈmɔːltoʊs/ or /ˈmɔːltoʊz/), also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond. In the isomer isomaltose, the two glucose molecules are joined with an α(1→6) bond. Maltose is the two-unit member of the amylose homologous series, the key structural motif of starch. When beta-amylase breaks down starch, it removes two glucose units at a time, producing maltose. An example of this reaction is found in germinating seeds, which is why it was named after malt. Unlike sucrose, it is a reducing sugar.
Satisfaction (Australian TV series)
Satisfaction is an Australian television drama series which screened on the subscription television channel Showcase. It also screens in the Republic of Ireland on free-to-air channel TV3 and its sister channel 3e, and in New Zealand on free-to-air channel TV2 respectively.

The series was filmed in Melbourne, and was created by writer/producer Roger Simpson with producer Andy Walker and executive producer Kim Vecera. It centres on the lives and loves of a group of women who are sex workers in a high class brothel.

Production for the third season began in June 2009 and commenced screening in December 2009.

On 31 December 2010, it was revealed by TV Tonight that Satisfaction was officially cancelled, and that season 3 was the last season in production.

Showtime Movie Channels
Showtime Movie Channels was a group of Australian pay television movie channels, available on the Foxtel, Optus and Austar TV platforms. The service consisted of five original channels (showtime premiere, showcase, showtime action, showtime comedy, showtime drama), three HD simulcasts (showtime premiere HD, showcase HD, showtime action HD) and two timeshift channels (showtime two, showcase two). It was owned and operated by the Premium Movie Partnership (PMP), a joint venture in which Sony Pictures Entertainment, NBCUniversal, Viacom, News Corporation and Liberty Global had equal shares. Foxtel took over managing and producing the Showtime channels as of 31 October 2012, with it purchasing assets of the PMP. On 9 December 2012, it was announced that Movie Network and Showtime (with the exception of Showcase) would be replaced with a new line-up of Foxtel branded movie channels to be named Foxtel Movies

The main competitor to Showtime was Movie Network Channels.
Vijayanarayana Temple, Gundlupet
The Vijayanarayana Temple is located in the town of Gundlupet of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka state, India. The temple dates back to the 10th century rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty, though it has received continuous patronage from later kingdoms as well, up to the 15th century Vijayanagara period. Tradition has it that the Hoysala Empire King Vishnuvardhana was responsible for the consecration of the deity Vijayanarayana, a version of the Hindu god Narayana (or Vishnu).

Narayana
Narayana (Sanskrit: नारायण, IAST: Nārāyaṇa) is one of the forms and epithets of Vishnu. In this form, the deity is depicted in yogic slumber under the celestial ocean, symbolising the masculine principle and associated with his role of creation. He is also known as Purushottama, and is considered the Supreme Being in Vaishnavism.
Johnny Was
Johnny Was is an Irish/English gangster movie directed by Mark Hammond, written by Brendan Foley, and made in 2005 by Ben Katz Productions, Borderline Productions and Nordisk Film. It was released in the UK in 2006 by Sony Pictures and in the US by First Look Studios.

Patrick Bergin
Patrick Connolly Bergin (born 4 February 1951) is an Irish actor and singer. In 1991, he starred opposite Julia Roberts in Sleeping with the Enemy and played the title character in Robin Hood. His other roles include terrorist Kevin O'Donnell in Patriot Games (1992) and the villainous Aidan Maguire in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (2017–2018).
Helleh River
The Helleh is a river which is formed by the confluence of the Shapur River and the Dalaki River which run from the Zagros Mountains. At the confluence, which is near the city of Bushehr, there are important wetlands for migrating birds.  The Helleh River enters the Persian Gulf at the north end of Bushehr Bay where it forms a delta.

Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains are a mountain range in West Asia spanning Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. The mountain range has a total length of 1,600 km (990 miles). The Zagros range begins in northwestern Iran and roughly follows Iran's western border while covering much of southeastern Turkey and northeastern Iraq. From this border region, the range continues southeast to the waters of the Persian Gulf. It spans the southern parts of the Armenian highlands, and the whole length of the western and southwestern Iranian plateau, ending at the Strait of Hormuz. The highest point is Mount Dena, at 4,409 metres (14,465 ft).
Kisarawe District, Pwani
Kisarawe District Council (Wilaya ya Kisarawe, in Swahili) is one of eight administrative districts of Pwani Region in Tanzania. The District covers an area of 5,031 km2 (1,942 sq mi). It is bordered to the east by Dar es Salaam Region's Ilala and Ubungo Municipal Councils. The Kibaha District and Kibaha Town Council border the district to the north, and the Mkuranga District and Kibiti District border it to the south-east. By the Rufiji District to the south, and the Morogoro District of the Morogoro Region to the west. The district is comparable in size to the land area of Trinidad and Tobago. The town of Kisarawe serves as its administrative capital. According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of the District was 159,226.

Morogoro Region
Morogoro Region (Mkoa wa Morogoro in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. It covers an area of 70,624 km2 (27,268 sq mi). and is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Ireland. Morogoro Region is bordered to the north by the Manyara Region and Tanga Region, to the east by the Pwani and Lindi Regions, to the south by the Ruvuma Region and to the west by the Iringa Njombe and Dodoma Regions. The regional capital is the municipality of Morogoro. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 3,197,104.
Shyamal Sinha
Shyamal Sinha, also known as Shyamlal Sinha, (10 July 1930 – 7 June 1963) was an Indian  first-class cricketer and cricket coach.

Sinha played regularly for Bihar from 1951-52 to 1962-63 as a bowler. His best figures were 4 for 82 off 29 overs against Bengal in 1958-59. His highest score was 34 not out at number nine, the second-top score of the innings, in a close victory over Orissa in 1960-61.

While teaching at his alma mater, Patna University, in the 1950s, he and some of his colleagues, including Sujit Mukherjee, began informally coaching local boys and promoting cricket in Patna. Sinha was appointed state cricket coach by the Bihar government, a position he held until his early death. The cricket competition among Bihar schools has since been held for the Shyamal Sinha Memorial Trophy.

Bengal cricket team
The  Bengal cricket team is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the state of West Bengal. The team is based in Kolkata. It is administered by the Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) and participates in tournaments organized by the Board of Control of Cricket in India (BCCI). The team competes in the First-class cricket competition known as the Ranji Trophy, the List A cricket Vijay Hazare Trophy, and the T20 competition Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy (SMAT).

They have been playing first-class cricket since 1935. Bengal have won the Ranji Trophy twice and been runners-up 13 times. They also play in the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy and the Vijay Hazare Trophy, both of which they have won once.

Several international cricketers have played for the team including Dilip Doshi, Sourav Ganguly, Deep Dasgupta, Mohammed Shami, Pankaj Roy, and Wriddhiman Saha.
Sune Agerschou
Sune Agerschou (born 10 March 1974) is a Danish former handballer. He played for Danish Handball League side Skjern Håndbold, GOG Svendborg and German league side SC Magdeburg, with whom he won the Champions League.

He made 33 appearances for the Danish national team.

He ended his career at the age of 36 in 2010 due to a concussion.
Today he is a sporting director at Ribe-Esbjerg HH.

GOG Håndbold
GOG is a professional handball club based in the small town of Gudme on Funen, Denmark. The club is one of the most successful in the history of Danish handball having won the Danish Handball Championship 9 times and the Danish Handball Cup a record 13 times. Currently GOG competes in the men's Danish Handball League.
GOG is famous for their academy, which is one of the best in the world. The academy won the first edition of the 2025 EHF Youth Club Trophy.
Sorgenfreispira brachystoma
Sorgenfreispira brachystoma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

The subspecies Sorgenfreispira brachystoma africana Ardovini, 2004 has become a synonym of  Sorgenfreispira africana Ardovini, 2004

Mangeliidae
Mangeliidae  is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Prior to 2011, both the subfamilies Mangeliinae and Oenopotinae had been placed in the family Conidae. In 2011, Bouchet, Kantor et al merged the two subfamilies into one taxon, which they elevated to the rank of family. This was based on anatomical characters and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments.

Mangeliidae is a sister-clade to the family Raphitomidae

As with their relatives in the family Conidae, species in the family Mangeliidae use potent venoms to catch their prey. Through this characteristic, they are of interest in pharmacological research.
Meykhosh
Meykhosh (Persian: ميخوش) is a village in Ojarud-e Sharqi Rural District of Muran District in Germi County, Ardabil province, Iran.

Meykhosh is about 4 km south of Zahra, the capital of Muran District. Zahra is 30 km east of Germi. Meykhosh and Zahra are close (one km) to the border of Azerbaijan.

Ardabil province
Ardabil province (Persian: استان اردبیل) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ardabil. The province is in the northwest of the country, in Region 3, bordering the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Iranian provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and Gilan. Spanning an area of 18,011 km2, and established in 1993, Ardabil was carved out of the eastern part of East Azerbaijan province.
Xestia staudingeri
Xestia staudingeri is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from Siberia (West Siberian Lowland, Middle Siberia, and the mountains of north-east Siberia), as well as North America (including Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador).

West Siberian Plain
The West Siberian Plain (Russian: Западно-Сибирская равнина, romanized: Zapadno-Sibirskaya ravnina) is a large plain that occupies the western portion of Siberia, between the Ural Mountains in the west and the Yenisei River in the east, and the Altai Mountains on the southeast. Much of the plain is poorly drained and consists of some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Important cities include Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Tomsk, as well as Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk.

Winters on the West Siberian Plain are harsh and long. The climate of most of the plain areas is either subarctic or continental. The plain had large petroleum and natural gas reserves. Most of Russia's oil and gas production was extracted from this area during the 1970s and 80s.
Church of Our Lady Queen of Poland, Kraków
The Church of Our Lady Queen of Poland (Polish: Kościół Matki Bożej Królowej Polski), known colloquially as The Ark of the Lord Church (Polish: Kościół Arka Pana) is a historic Roman Catholic parish church located at 1 Obrońców Krzyża Street in Nowa Huta, the former district of Kraków, Poland.

Built between 1967 and 1977, it was the first new church to be built in Nowa Huta.

Bronisław Chromy
Bronisław Chromy (3 June 1925 – 4 October 2017) was a Polish sculptor, medalist, painter, and draughtsman, and a professor at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków.

Chromy was a Member of the Polish Academy of Learning. He was born at Leńcze near Lanckorona in 1925, he was educated at the Secondary School of Fine Arts and the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, graduating in 1956. He was a student of Xawery Dunikowski.
Devin Gambit
The Devin Gambit is an offbeat chess opening that begins with the moves:: 194–195 : 455 : 201–202

d4 Nf6

c4 e6

g4!?

In this gambit, White offers a sacrifice of the g-pawn on g4, where it can be captured by Black's knight. In offering the gambit, White plans to play for central control by placing a pawn on e4.: 194 : 201–202

The opening is tricky and may offer practical chances for White in fast chess. The gambit is rare in high-level games, though it was used over-the-board by grandmaster Shakhriyar Mamedyarov in a classical game against Andrey Esipenko during the 2022 Tata Steel Masters tournament in Wijk aan Zee. Since then, the opening has seen more frequent use in blitz chess, though there are multiple responses by Black that result in Black obtaining a good position.

Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
Shahriyar Hamid oglu Mammadyarov (Azerbaijani: Şəhriyar Həmid oğlu Məmmədyarov; born 12 April 1985), known internationally as Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, is an Azerbaijani chess grandmaster. As of July 2025, he is Azerbaijan's highest rated chess player. His personal best  rating of 2820 makes him the sixth-highest-rated player in chess history.

Mamedyarov has competed in the Candidates Tournament in 2011 (eliminated in quarterfinals), in 2014 (placing fourth) and in 2018 (placing second). He is a two-time World Junior Champion (2003 and 2005) and was World Rapid Champion in 2013.

A gold medalist at the 2012 Chess Olympiad on the third board, he is a three-time European Team Champion (2009, 2013, 2017) with Azerbaijan. He is also a two-time winner at Tal Memorial (2010 joint and 2014 Blitz) and Shamkir Chess (2016 and 2017), as well as the winner of 2018 Biel Chess Festival where he beat reigning World Champion Magnus Carlsen.
Bwamba virus
Bwamba virus (BWAV) is an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus. BWAV is present in large parts of Africa, endemic in Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda. It is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and results in a brief benign generalised infection with headache, skin rash, diarrhea and joint pain and lasts 4–5 days. The animal reservoir of the virus includes birds, monkeys and donkeys.

RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) based genome. The genome can be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

All RNA viruses use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication and are categorized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) into the realm Riboviria. This includes viruses belonging to Group III, Group IV, Group V, and Group VI of the Baltimore classification system. Group VI comprises the retroviruses, which have RNA genetic material but use DNA intermediates in their life cycle. Riboviria does not include viroids and satellite nucleic acids: Deltavirus, Avsunviroidae, and Pospiviroidae are taxa that were mistakenly included in 2019, but this was corrected in 2020.
Rachel Cliff (athlete)
Rachel Cliff (born 1 April 1988) is a Canadian long-distance runner. She competed in the women's 10,000 meters at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics. In 2018, she set the Canadian record with a time of 1:10:08 in The Woodlands Half-Marathon, in March 2018. The same year, Cliff also secured the fastest ever debut-marathon by a Canadian woman when finishing the 2018 Berlin Marathon in 11th place. She won the bronze medal in the 10,000m at the 2018 NACAC Championships and placed 9th at both the 2015 Universiade 5000m in Korea, as well as the 10,000m at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. At the Nagoya Women's 2019 Marathon, she set the Canadian record, running the Japanese marathon as only her second career marathon ever.

2017 World Championships in Athletics
The 2017 IAAF World Championships, the sixteenth edition of the IAAF World Championships, were held from 4 to 13 August at London Stadium in London, United Kingdom. London was officially awarded the championships on 11 November 2011.