hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scheffé's lemma
In mathematics, Scheffé's lemma is a proposition in measure theory concerning the convergence of sequences of integrable functions. It states that, if  is a sequence of integrable functions on a measure space  that converges almost everywhere to another integrable function , then  if and only if .

The proof is based fundamentally on an application of the triangle inequality and Fatou's lemma.

Measure space
A measure space is a basic object of measure theory, a branch of mathematics that studies generalized notions of volumes. It contains an underlying set, the subsets of this set that are feasible for measuring (the σ-algebra), and the method that is used for measuring (the measure). One important  example of a measure space is a probability space.

A measurable space consists of the first two components without a specific measure.
Pagus of Liugas
Liugas, Leuwa-gau, or Luihgau, was a small pagus or gau from the late 8th to mid-11th centuries, east of the Meuse (or Maas) river roughly between Liège, Maastricht, and Aachen, an area where Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands meet today. There were only a small number of mentions made of this territory, all between 779 and 1059.

Much of Liugas was located in the modern Belgian province of Liège in Belgium and South Limburg in the Netherlands. Based on some of the many spelling variants, it was traditionally believed to have been named after the nearby city of Liège. This is now seen as incorrect by modern scholars.

It was administered by one or more counts. There are two counts associated with the area in the 10th century, Sigehard and Richar. After 1000 there are also some records which indicate that a Count Theobald or Thibaut held a county there. After him, the area was divided into new jurisdictions such as those based in Valkenburg, Limbourg-sur-Vesdre, Voeren and Dalhem.

Limbourg
Limbourg (French pronunciation: [lɛ̃buʁ] ⓘ; German: Limburg an der Weser; Dutch: Limburg; Walloon: Limbôr) or Limbourg-sur-Vesdre is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2008, Limbourg had a total population of 5,680. The total area is 24.63 km2 which gives a population density of 231 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bilstain, Goé, and Limbourg.

The lower part of the town, along the Vesdre, is called Dolhain.
New York's 15th State Senate district
New York's 15th State Senate district is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Joseph Addabbo Jr. since 2009, following his defeat of longtime Republican incumbent Serphin Maltese.

Woodhaven, Queens
Woodhaven is a neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Queens. It is bordered on the north by Park Lane South and Forest Park, on the east by Richmond Hill, on the south by Ozone Park and Atlantic Avenue, and the west by the Cypress Hills area of East New York, Brooklyn.

Woodhaven, once known as Woodyville, has one of the greatest tree populations in the borough and is known for its proximity to the hiking trails of Forest Park. Woodhaven contains a mixture of urban and suburban land uses, with both low-density residential and commercial sections. It retains the small-town feel of bygone days and is home to people of many different ethnicities.

Woodhaven is located in Queens Community District 9 and its ZIP Code is 11421. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 102nd Precinct. Politically, Woodhaven is represented by the New York City Council's 28th, 30th, and 32nd Districts.
Linguistic monogenesis and polygenesis
In historical or evolutionary linguistics, monogenesis and polygenesis are two different hypotheses about the phylogenetic origin of human languages. According to monogenesis, human language arose only once in a single community, and all current languages come from the first original tongue. On the other hand, according to polygenesis, human languages came into being in several communities independently, and current tongues derived from different sources.

David A. Freedman
David Amiel Freedman (5 March 1938 – 17 October 2008) was a Professor of Statistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a distinguished mathematical statistician whose wide-ranging research included the analysis of martingale inequalities, Markov processes, de Finetti's theorem, consistency of Bayes estimators, sampling, the bootstrap, and procedures for testing and evaluating models. He published extensively on methods for causal inference and the behavior of standard statistical models under non-standard conditions – for example, how regression models behave when fitted to data from randomized experiments.  Freedman also wrote widely on the application—and misapplication—of statistics in the social sciences, including epidemiology, public policy, and law.
Brady Sallee
Brady Sallee is an American women's college basketball coach. He is the current head women's basketball coach at Ball State University. He previously held the same position at Eastern Illinois University (EIU) in Charleston, Illinois.

Eastern Illinois University
Eastern Illinois University (EIU, Eastern) is a comprehensive public university in Charleston, Illinois, United States. Established in 1895, EIU offers a broad range of curricula leading to bachelor's and master's degrees within its four Colleges (Arts and Sciences, Business and Technology, Education, and Health & Human Services).
Du Tiehuan
Du Tiehuan (Chinese: 杜铁环; born August 1938) is a general (shangjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). He was a member of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a delegate to the 9th National People's Congress.

15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1997 to 2002. The 14th Central Committee preceded it. It was followed by the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. This was the first Central Committee that current CCP general secretary Xi Jinping was elected to, as an alternative member.

It elected the 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1997. Plenary sessions were held by the politburo.
Robert Marsland Groves
Air Commodore Robert Marsland Groves, CB, DSO, AFC (3 January 1880 – 27 May 1920) was a Royal Navy officer involved with naval aviation during the First World War. He was awarded his Aviator's Certificate no. 969 on 15 November 1914. After transferring to the Royal Air Force in 1918, he served as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff and held high command in the Middle East. He was killed in a flying accident in 1920 aged 40 whilst serving in Egypt.

Air commodore
Air commodore (Air Cdre or Air Cmde) is an air officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force. The rank is also used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence and it is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure.

Air commodore is immediately senior to group captain and immediately subordinate to air vice-marshal. It is usually equivalent to a commodore or a brigadier/brigadier general.

The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, Women's Royal Air Force (until 1968) and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (until 1980) was "air commandant".
A. S. Albery
Alfred Stuart Albery (1854 – ) was a British political figure active in the Socialist movement during the first decade of the twentieth century.

Albery was a member of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), and later of the May 1904 Provisional Committee,  which led to the founding in June of the Socialist Party of Great Britain. An early public speaker and Executive Committee member for the Party, he withdrew after a few months and by 1906 was back in the SDF. Along with Socialist Standard writer Alec Gray, he is known to have been a member of the Independent Labour Party.

At the 1922 London County Council election, Albery stood unsuccessfully for the Labour Party in Clapham.

Independent Labour Party
The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was a British political party of the left, established in 1893 at a conference in Bradford, after local and national dissatisfaction with the Liberals' apparent reluctance to endorse working-class candidates. A sitting independent MP and prominent union organiser, Keir Hardie, became its first chairman.

The party played a key role in the formation of the Labour Representation Committee, to which ILP members Hardie and Ramsay MacDonald were delegates at its foundation in 1900. The committee was renamed the Labour Party in 1906, and the ILP remained affiliated until 1932. In 1947, the organisation's three parliamentary representatives defected to the Labour Party, and the organisation joined Labour as Independent Labour Publications in 1975.
Propylene glycol methyl ether
Propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME or 1-methoxy-2-propanol) is an organic solvent with a wide variety of industrial and commercial uses. Similar to other glycol ethers, it is used as a carrier/solvent in printing/writing inks and paints/coatings. It also finds use as an industrial and commercial paint stripper.  It is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines.

Paint
Paint is a material or mixture that, when applied to a solid material and allowed to dry, adds a film-like layer. As art, this is used to create an image or images known as a painting. Paint can be made in many colors and types. Most paints are either oil-based or water-based, and each has distinct characteristics.

Primitive forms of paint were used tens of thousands of years ago in cave paintings.

Clean-up solvents are also different for water-based paint than oil-based paint. Water-based paints and oil-based paints will cure differently based on the outside ambient temperature of the object being painted (such as a house).
Lindiwe Dikana
Lindiwe Bettina Dlamini-Zwane (née Dlamini )also known as Lindiwe Dikana is a fictional TV Character portrayed by Sindi Dlathu on 1Magic telenovela The River. The character has received widespread acclaim and Dlathu has been praised for her portrayal of the character and has received a SAFTA Award for Best Actress in a telenovela in 2020 and 2021.

Sindi Dlathu
Sindiswa Dlathu (born 9 January 1974) is a South African actress and musician. She is well known for portraying ThandazaMokoena on Muvhango, a role she played from the show's inception in 1997 until her departure in 2017.

Dlathu left Muvhango to play a leading role in the telenovela The River, where she played the role of Lindiwe Dlamini-Dikana, a fierce woman who would do anything to protect her wealth and maintain her lavish lifestyle.
Mojca Osojnik
Mojca Osojnik (born 29 June 1970) is a Slovene painter and illustrator, best known for her children's books illustrations.

Osojnik was born in Kranj in 1970. She graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Ljubljana in 1997 and obtained her Master's degree in 2001. From 2001 to 2003 she lived and worked in Los Alamos. She has participated at numerous art exhibitions in Slovenia and abroad. She also works as a children's book illustrator, some of which she has also written herself.

In 2003 she won the Levstik Award for her book Hiša, ki bi rada imela sonce (The House That Wanted to Be in the Sun).

Kranj
Kranj (pronounced [ˈkɾàːn] ⓘ, German: Krainburg) is the fourth-largest city in Slovenia and the largest urban center of the traditional region of Upper Carniola (northwestern Slovenia) and the Slovene Alps. It is located approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) northwest of the national capital Ljubljana, acting as the seat of the City Municipality of Kranj.
Matteo Pontarollo
Matteo Pontarollo (born 1974) is an Italian slalom canoeist who competed from the early 1990s to the late 2000s.

He won two silver medals in the K1 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships, earning them in 2002 and 2005. He also won a gold medal in the same event at the 2000 European Championships in Mezzana.

2000 European Canoe Slalom Championships
The 2000 European Canoe Slalom Championships took place in Mezzana, Italy between June 24 and 25, 2000 under the auspices of the European Canoe Association (ECA). It was the 3rd edition. The competitors took part in 8 events, but medals were awarded for only 7 of them. The C2 team event only had 3 teams participating. An event must have at least 5 nations taking part in order to count as a medal event.
Weak Hero
Weak Hero (Korean: 약한영웅) is a South Korean television series written and directed by Yoo Soo-min with Kim Jin-seok and Park Dan-hee, starring Park Ji-hoon. It is based on the Naver webtoon Weak Hero by Seopass and Kim Jin-seok (Razen), which was published in 2018. The first three episodes premiered at the 27th Busan International Film Festival, which was held from October 5 to 14, 2022. The first season was released on Wavve on November 18, 2022. The second season was released on Netflix on April 25, 2025.

Primary (musician)
Choi Dong-hoon (Korean: 최동훈; born January 31, 1983), better known by the stage name Primary (프라이머리), is a South Korean hip hop musician and record producer. Formerly an artist under Amoeba Culture, he established his own record label Paktory Company on April 22, 2020.

Primary has collaborated with various artists to produce the albums Back Again, Primary Score, Daily Apartment, Primary and the Messengers, and 2. He has also produced albums for other Korean hip hop artists, including Supreme Team's first album Supremier and Dynamic Duo's Kill, as well as several of MBLAQ's singles, including "I'm Back" and "Smokey Girl". He appeared in the MBC variety program Infinite Challenge in 2013.
Jesus eats with sinners and tax-collectors
This narrative is told in Matthew 9:10–17, Mark 2:15–22, and Luke 5:29–39. The Pharisees rebuke Jesus for eating with sinners, to which Jesus responds, "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick."

Jesus shows mercy as opposed to self-righteous judgment. The narrative occurs directly after the Calling of Matthew.

Self-righteousness
Self-righteousness (also called sanctimony, sententiousness, and holier-than-thou attitudes) is an attitude and belief of moral superiority derived from a person deeming their own beliefs, actions, or affiliations to be of greater virtue than those of the average person. Self-righteous individuals are intolerant of the opinions and behaviors of others that they deem to be less moral and virtuous. A self-righteous person will often exhort or rebuke certain behaviors and actions from others.
Robert Forster (Australian politician)
Robert Henry Mariner Forster (1818 – 2 February 1880) was an Australian politician.

He was born at sea near Corfu to Henry and Margaret Forster; his father would later serve as governor of Goulburn Gaol. He arrived in Australia around 1836 and became a solicitor, based ar Armidale. On 9 September 1847 he married Maria Ann Morris, with whom he had seven children. In 1862 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for New England, but he was defeated in 1864. He returned in 1870 as the member for Goldfields North; he was defeated in 1872, re-elected in 1875 and defeated again in 1877. Forster died at Greenwich in 1880.

Electoral district of New England
New England was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the then colony of New South Wales.

Initially created in 1859 in the New England region of northern New South Wales, it partly replaced the Electoral district of New England and Macleay.

Originally electing one member, New England elected two members from 1880 to 1891 and three members from 1891 to 1894. With the introduction of single-member electorates in 1894, New England was replaced by Armidale, Uralla-Walcha and Bingara.
Synemon nais
Synemon nais, the orange sun-moth, is a moth in the Castniidae family. It is found in Australia, including Victoria, South Australia and south-eastern Western Australia.

The wingspan is about 27 mm for males and 30 mm for females.

Adults are on wing from mid-October to mid-November.

The larvae probably feed on Austrodanthonia setacea and Austrostipa species.

Rytidosperma setaceum
Rytidosperma setaceum, known by various common names including small-flowered wallaby-grass, mulga- or bristly wallaby-grass, is a species of grass native to Australia. Originally described by Robert Brown under the name Danthonia setacea, it was transferred into Austrodanthonia by Hans Peter Linder in 1993 and finally Rytidosperma in 2011.

From the earlier name, setacea means bristle or stiff hair. It is a species with short bristles and the smallest delicate in appearance of the wallaby grasses.

It grows as a perennial clump, with flowering stems from 15 to 60 cm high. It flowers from September to December.
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1864–1869
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly  who served in the fifth parliament of New South Wales held their seats from 1864 until 1869. The 1864–65 election was held between 22 November 1864 and 10 January 1865 with parliament first meeting on 24 January 1865. The Speaker was John Hay until 31 October 1865 and then William Arnold.

By-elections
Under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed. These by-elections are only noted when the minister was defeated; in general, he was elected unopposed.

Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
The Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly, New South Wales's lower chamber of Parliament. The current Speaker is Greg Piper, who was elected on 9 May 2023.
Favourite Things
"Favourite Things" is a song by British hip hop and R&B group Big Brovaz from their 2002 debut album, Nu-Flow. The album was re-released for a third time only six weeks after the previous re-issue to include "Favourite Things", which was not contained on either of the previous two issues of the album. The track was released as the album's third single (second in Australia) on 5 May 2003. The song is based on "My Favourite Things" from the musical The Sound of Music.

"Favourite Things" became Big Brovaz' third UK top-10 hit as well as their highest-charting single, peaking at number two and spending three months inside the top 75 of the UK Singles Chart. It also entered the top 10 in Australia, reaching number three to match the peak of the group's debut single "Nu Flow". The video for the song consists mainly of the group at a funfair with bright lights and a merry-go-round.

Big Brovaz
Big Brovaz (pronounced as "brothers") are an R&B and hip hop music group from London, England. In their seven-year career they released two studio albums and eight singles. There were three line-up changes with two of the original members leaving halfway through. In 2006, the only two female members launched their own band Booty Luv, which was taking off following the success of their debut single "Boogie 2nite". After their second album failed to chart and with low sales of their last two singles, the band decided to split. In May 2012, the four members from the third line-up reformed and toured Australia with S Club 3.
Karin Liltorp
Karin Liltorp (born 6 May 1972) is a Danish politician and Member of the Folketing for Copenhagen from the Moderates. Alongside sixteen other members of The Moderates, Liltorp was elected to the Folketing in November 2022. She was her party's spokesperson on global environment, higher education, research and the European Union. In February 2025, she announced she was leaving the party. She joined The Alternative a short time later.

Copenhagen (Folketing constituency)
Copenhagen (Danish: København) is one of the 12 multi-member constituencies of the Folketing, the national legislature of Denmark. The constituency was established in 2007 following the public administration structural reform. It consists of the municipalities of Copenhagen, Dragør, Frederiksberg and Tårnby. The constituency currently elects 17 of the 179 members of the Folketing using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2022 general election it had 549,748 registered electors.
Institute for Financial Management and Research
IFMR - Graduate School of Business at Krea University is a private business school located at Sri City, in Andhra Pradesh, India, about 70 km from Chennai. IFMR offered a 2-year PGDM program which is accredited by AICTE till 2016. Currently, it offers a 2-year MBA program. It is an approved institution by the University of Madras for pursuing a Ph.D. degree in Finance, Economics and Management.

Business school
A business school is a higher education institution or professional school that teaches courses leading to degrees in business administration or management.

A business school may also be referred to as school of business, school of management, management school, school of business administration, college of business, business college, or colloquially b-school or biz school.
Offenbach (Main) Hauptbahnhof
Offenbach am Main Hauptbahnhof is a railway station serving the German city of Offenbach am Main. It is located on the Frankfurt–Göttingen railway between Frankfurt and Hanau on the south bank of the Main. It is also the starting point of the Rodgau Railway, via Obertshausen, Rodgau and Ober-Roden to Dieburg (originally to Reinheim).

Frankfurt–Göttingen railway
The Frankfurt–Göttingen railway is a continuously double track and electrified main line in Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, Germany. The line was initially built from Bebra towards Fulda by the Kurhessen State Railway. After the Prussian annexation of the Electorate of Hesse  as a result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, it was completed to Frankfurt as the Frankfurt-Bebra Railway. The line was later extended from Bebra to Göttingen.

During the division of Germany, it became part of one of the most important German north-south axes in long-distance rail freight and rail passenger transport, the North–South railway. The route continues to be of great importance for traffic, but has been relieved in sections since 1991 by the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway. Further new lines are being planned as part of the Aus- und Neubaustrecke Hanau–Würzburg/Fulda–Erfurt ("Hanau-Würzburg/Fulda-Erfurt upgraded and new line") project.
Jimmy Hickey Jr.
Milton Jimmy Hickey Jr. (born November 5, 1966) is an American businessman in  construction and property management as well as a state senator in Arkansas. He serves in the Arkansas Senate. He has served in the state senate since 2013. He lives in Texarkana. He worked as a banker.

Hickey served as Senate president pro tempore during the 93rd Arkansas General Assembly. He is a Republican.

93rd Arkansas General Assembly
The Ninety-Third Arkansas General Assembly is the legislative body of the state of Arkansas in 2021 and 2022. The Arkansas Senate and Arkansas House of Representatives were both controlled by the Republicans. In the Senate, 28 senators were Republicans and 7 were Democrats. In the House, 78 representatives were Republicans and 22 were Democrats.
Rural Municipality of Westbourne
The Rural Municipality of Westbourne is a former rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was originally incorporated as a rural municipality on December 1, 1877. It ceased on January 1, 2015 as a result of its provincially mandated amalgamation with the RM of Lakeview and the Town of Gladstone to form the Municipality of WestLake – Gladstone.

2015 Manitoba municipal amalgamations
The 2015 municipal amalgamations in Manitoba was the result of new legislation (Municipal Amalgamations Act) in the province that required a minimum population threshold of 1,000 people in order to incorporate a municipality.

To meet this new threshold, Manitoba's smaller municipalities—those with a population of less than 1,000—merged with one or more neighbouring municipalities by 2015.