hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Traveling purchaser problem
The traveling purchaser problem (TPP) is an NP-hard problem studied in operations research and  theoretical computer science. Given a list of marketplaces, the cost of travelling between different marketplaces, and a list of available goods together with the price of each such good at each marketplace, the task is to find, for a given list of articles, the route with the minimum combined cost of purchases and traveling. The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a special case of this problem.

Special case
In logic, especially as applied in mathematics, concept A is a special case or specialization of concept B precisely if every instance of A is also an instance of B but not vice versa, or equivalently, if B is a generalization of A. A limiting case is a type of special case which is arrived at by taking some aspect of the concept to the extreme of what is permitted in the general case. If B is true, one can immediately deduce that A is true as well, and if B is false, A can also be immediately deduced to be false. A degenerate case is a special case which is in some way qualitatively different from almost all of the cases allowed.
Isaku Kageyama
Isaku Kageyama (born December 12, 1981, in San Francisco, United States) is an American musician, composer, producer, and educator, specialized in taiko drums. He is a member of Tokyo-based taiko ensemble called Amanojaku and is a graduate of Berklee College of Music. He is famous for his fusion of traditional Japanese music with jazz, rock and club music, whereby he has collaborated with many jazz artists such as Eric Gravatt, Terumasa Hino, Toshinori Kondo, and Kazutoki Umezu, as well as a wide range of ethnic musicians.

Terumasa Hino
Terumasa Hino (日野 皓正, Hino Terumasa; born October 25, 1942) is a Japanese jazz trumpeter. He is considered one of Japan's finest jazz musicians. His instruments include the trumpet, cornet, and flügelhorn.
Prudden
Prudden is an English surname.

Notable people with this surname include:

Bonnie Prudden, American physical fitness pioneer

Edward Prudden, Canadian politician

Emily Prudden, American educator

George H. Prudden, American engineer

Josh Prudden, Australian footballer

Peter Prudden, English Puritan

Theophil Mitchell Prudden, American pathologist

Emily Prudden
Emily Catherine Prudden (June 13, 1832 – December 25, 1917) was an American educator and home missionary, credited with founding at least fifteen schools in rural North Carolina and South Carolina, including Linwood Female College and Pfeiffer College.
Chester Terrace (Duluth, Minnesota)
Chester Terrace is a historic rowhouse in Duluth, Minnesota, United States.  Built in 1890, it was designed in Romanesque Revival style by Oliver G. Traphagen and Francis W. Fitzpatrick.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its local significance in the theme of architecture.  It was nominated as one of Duluth's outstanding examples of a Romanesque Revival rowhouse.

Chester Terrace was built using brick and brownstone.  The design features towers, turrets, gables, and finials.  The building is named after Chester Creek, which flows into Lake Superior near the building.

Brownstone
Brownstone is a brown Triassic–Jurassic sandstone that was historically a popular building material. The term is also used in the United States and Canada to refer to a townhouse clad in this or any other aesthetically similar material.

Brownstone was a popular building material because it is unusually easy to quarry and carve; these qualities also make structures clad in it susceptible to weathering and damage over time.
Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome
Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome (SAS) is a network protocol flaw in the original versions of TFTP. It was named after Goethe's 1797 poem "Der Zauberlehrling" (popularized in the US by the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" segment of the 1940 animated film Fantasia), because the details of its operation closely resemble the disaster that befalls the sorcerer's apprentice: the problem resulted in an ever-growing replication of every packet in the transfer.

The problem occurred because of a known failure mode of the internetwork which, through a mistake on the part of the TFTP protocol designers, was not taken into account when the protocol was designed; the failure mode interacted with several details of the mechanisms of TFTP to produce SAS.

Internetworking
Internetworking is the practice of interconnecting multiple computer networks.: 169  Typically, this enables any pair of hosts in the connected networks to exchange messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork, or simply an internet.

The most notable example of internetworking is the Internet, a network of networks based on many underlying hardware technologies. The Internet is defined by a unified global addressing system, packet format, and routing methods provided by the Internet Protocol.: 103

The term internetworking is a combination of the components inter (between) and networking. An earlier term for an internetwork is catenet, a short-form of (con)catenating networks.
Syed Jamil Ahmed
Syed Jamil Ahmed (born 7 April 1955)   is a Bangladeshi scholar, theatre director, and founding chair of the Department of Theatre and Music at  the University of Dhaka.  He served as the Director General of Shilpakala Academy during 2024–2025. His most notable theatre productions include Kamala Ranir Sagar Dighi (1997), Ek Hazar Aur Ek Thi Rate (1998), Behular Bhasan (2004), Pahiye (2006) and Shong Bhong Chong (2009). He won Nandikar National Theatre Award of Calcutta and the B.V. Karanth Award of India's National School of Drama (NSD).

Ahmed announced his resignation from Shilpakala Academy on 28 February 2025 citing bureaucratic challenges and restrictions on artistic expression.

Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy
Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy, known as Shilpakala Academy, is the principal state-sponsored national cultural centre of Bangladesh. It is an academy of fine and performing arts, established on 19 February 1974 under the Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy Act. The Academy has branches in all 64 districts of Bangladesh to promote cultural activities and foster artistic development at the regional level.
Archiephestia
Archiephestia is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1955. Its single species, Archiephestia adpiscinella, was described by Pierre Chrétien in 1911. It was described from North Africa but is also known from Spain.

The wingspan is 6.5-10.5 mm.

Pierre Chrétien
Pierre Chrétien (1846 – 15 June 1934, in Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques) was a French entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He was a member of Société entomologique de France. Trifurcula chretieni Z. & A. Lastuvka & van Nieukerken, 2013 is "named in honour of Pierre Chrétien (1846–1934), who discovered nepticulid mines on Bupleurum, including those on Bupleurum rigidum, and the first author to describe a number of Mediterranean species that are now placed in Trifurcula (Glaucolepis)." His collection is held by National Museum of Natural History in Paris.
Aura farming
Aura farming is a term denoting the act of cultivating an appearance of effortless charisma or "coolness", often through repetitive, "cool" actions. Popularized in 2024, the term became attached to a viral dance originated by Rayyan Arkan Dikha, an Indonesian boy.

Cool (aesthetic)
Coolness, or being cool, is the aesthetic quality of something (such as attitude, behavior, appearance, or style) being compatible with currently admirable social norms of society or a group of people. Because of the varied and changing interpretation of what is considered cool, as well as its subjective nature, the word has no single meaning. For most, coolness is associated with exemplifying composure and self-control. When used in conversation, it is often as an expression of admiration or approval, and can be used when referencing both people and items of interest. Although commonly regarded as slang, cool is widely used among disparate social groups and has endured in usage for generations.
Mershops North County
Mershops North County (formerly known as North County Fair, Westfield Shoppingtown North County, Westfield North County, and North County Mall) is a shopping mall in Escondido, California, owned by Mershops. The mall includes Target, JCPenney, Round1 and Macy's, and 24 Hour Fitness.

Robinsons-May
Robinsons-May was an American department store chain founded in 1993 with the merger of J. W. Robinson's and May Company California. It retained the former May headquarters in Los Angeles, California, and operated in Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. The holding company The May Department Stores Company was acquired by Federated Department Stores, and remaining Robinsons-May stores were converted to Bloomingdale's and Macy's, in 2005.
African scraping feeder
The African scraping feeder (Labeobarbus beso) is a species of ray-finned fish in the  family Cyprinidae. It is found in Lake Tana, and the Blue Nile and Awash River systems in Africa. It feeds by scraping algae off from the bottom with its mouth.

Blue Nile
The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It travels for approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) through Ethiopia and Sudan. Along with the White Nile, it is one of the two major tributaries of the Nile and supplies about 85.6% of the water to the Nile during the rainy season.
Col de la Cayolle
Col de la Cayolle (el. 2,326 m) is a high mountain pass in the French Alps at the border between the departments of Alpes-Maritimes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in France. The highway connects Barcelonnette in the Ubaye Valley and Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes.

The mountain lies parallel to the Col d'Allos and Col de la Bonette in the Parc National du Mercantour. The Var River has its source near the pass, and the road leads to the red-rock Gorges de Daluis.

Mercantour National Park
Mercantour National Park (French: Parc national du Mercantour) a French national park located in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments. Since it was created in 1979, the park has proven popular, with 800,000 visitors annually enjoying the 600 km (372 mi) of marked footpaths and visiting its villages.
Robert Troy
Robert Troy (born 24 January 1982) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Longford–Westmeath constituency since 2011. He has been a minister of state since January 2025. He served as minister of state from 2020 to 2022, resigning after failing to declare property interests.

Westmeath County Council
Westmeath County Council (Irish: Comhairle Chontae na hIarmhí) is the local authority of County Westmeath, Ireland. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, and environment. The council has 20 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of Cathaoirleach (chairperson). The county administration is headed by a chief executive, Pat Gallagher. The county town is Mullingar.
2003 Idea Prokom Open
The 2003 Idea Prokom Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Sopot, Poland, that was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour and of Tier III of the 2003 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 28 July through 3 August 2003. Guillermo Coria and Anna Pistolesi won the singles title.

Sopot
Sopot (Polish: [ˈsɔpɔt] ⓘ; Kashubian: Sopòt or Sopòtë) is a seaside resort city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland, with a population of approximately 40,000. It has the status of county – the smallest city in Poland to have that status. Sopot lies between the larger cities of Gdańsk to the southeast and Gdynia to the northwest. The three cities together form the Tricity metropolitan area.

Sopot is a major health-spa and resort destination. It has the longest wooden pier in Europe, at 511.5 metres, stretching out into the Bay of Gdańsk. The city is also famous for the Sopot International Song Festival, the largest such event in Europe after the Eurovision Song Contest. Among its other attractions is a fountain of bromide spring water, known as the "inhalation mushroom".
Adrian Burnside
Adrian Mark Burnside (born 15 March 1977) is an Australian former baseball player born in Alice Springs.

He was a member of the Australian Olympic baseball team, which achieved a silver medal in the baseball tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He later played for the Lamigo Monkeys in the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan.

Baseball at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Baseball at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on two separate diamonds within the Helliniko Olympic Complex, from 15 to 25 August. For the second time in Olympic competition, professional baseball players were eligible to participate, though no active players from Major League Baseball were available.

The competition consisted of a preliminary round with each team playing all the other teams once, for a total of seven games. The top four teams at the end of this round advanced to the medals round. The medals round consisted of two semifinal games with the winners advancing to the gold medal game. The losing teams of the semifinals would play in the bronze medal game.
Still engine
The Still engine was a piston engine that simultaneously used both steam power from an external boiler, and internal combustion from gasoline or diesel, in the same unit. The waste heat from the cylinder and internal combustion exhaust was directed to the steam boiler, resulting in claimed fuel savings of up to 10%.

Reciprocating engine
C. Crankshaft

E. Exhaust camshaft

I. Intake camshaft

P. Piston

R. Connecting rod

S. Spark plug

W. Water jacket for coolant flow

V. Valves

A reciprocating engine, more often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles; the steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution; and the Stirling engine for niche applications. Internal combustion engines are further classified in two ways: either a spark-ignition (SI) engine, where the spark plug initiates the combustion; or a compression-ignition (CI) engine, where the air within the cylinder is compressed, thus heating it, so that the heated air ignites fuel that is injected then, in a diesel engine, or earlier, in a hot bulb engine.
Stange (surname)
Stange is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bernd Stange (born 1948), German football manager

Daniel Stange (born 1985), American baseball player

Howie Stange (1924–1990), American musician

Hugh Stanislaus Stange (1894–1966), American playwright

Iekeliene Stange (born 1984), Dutch fashion model

Janne Stange (born 1986), Norwegian football defender

Julia-Christina Stange (born 1978), German politician

Lee Stange (1936–2018), former Major League Baseball player

Mary Zeiss Stange (1950–2024), American academic

Rodolfo Stange (1925–2023), Chilean politician

Stanislaus Stange (1862–1917), Anglo-American lyricist and playwright

Ulrike Stange (born 1984), German handball player

Ute Stange (born 1966), German rower

Ulrike Stange
Ulrike Mertesacker (née Stange; born 25 April 1984) is a German former professional handball player. She played for several top-flight handball clubs and the Germany national team in her seven years as a professional. Since 2011 she has lived in London with her husband, Arsenal Academy manager and retired footballer Per Mertesacker, and last played for amateur side Thames Handball Club.
Empire Today
Empire Plastic Covers Home Services Carpet Today,  is an American home improvement and home furnishing company based in Chicago, Illinois, specializing in installed carpet and flooring. The company operates in more than 75 metropolitan areas within the United States, and is most well-known for TV ads featuring a distinctive jingle that recites the company's phone number and name. The company's name comes from the slogan on some of its commercials, "Empire today, carpet tomorrow". Empire Today claims that it is the largest in-home sales flooring company in the United States.

Flooring
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid materials.

Materials almost always classified as flooring include carpet, laminate, tile, and vinyl.
Müftizade Ahmed Pasha
Müftizade Ahmed Pasha (died May 1824) was an Ottoman statesman. He served myriad provincial governorships and high-level managerial roles throughout his career.

Ahmed Pasha was born in modern-day Mersin Province, Turkey. His father was a mufti in the town of Silifke, and thus he was known by the epithet Müftizade ("mufti's son"). He served as the mayor of Damietta (1802), Macin (1807–08), Veliko Tarnovo (1808), and Nasebar (1808–10). He served as the Ottoman governor, mostly to spite his brother, of Jeddah (1802; never arrived to enter office because of closed roads), Egypt (1803; served for one day), Aleppo (?–1806, 1817–18), Karaman Eyalet (1806–07), Diyarbekir (1812), Morea (August 1812 – 1817), Bursa and Kocaeli (1817), Aydin (1821), Saruhan (1821 – January 1824), Kars (January 1824), Damascus (January – May 1824; never took office).

Habesh Eyalet
Habesh Eyalet (Arabic: إيالة الحبشة; Ottoman Turkish: ایالت حبش, romanized: Eyālet-i Ḥabeş) was an Ottoman eyalet. It was also known as the Eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh, as Jeddah was its chief town, and Habesh and Hejaz. It extended on the areas of coastal Hejaz and Northeast Africa of Eritrea that border the Red Sea basin. On the Northeast Africa littoral, the eyalet extended from Suakin and their hinterlands to Zeila.

Like Ottoman control in North Africa, Yemen, Bahrain, and Lahsa, the Ottomans had no "effective, long term control" outside of the ports where there was a direct Ottoman presence.
Michaela Seibold
Michaela Seibold (born 15 August 1975) is a German former professional tennis player.

Seibold, who grew up in the Schleswig-Holstein town of Kuddewörde, reached a career high singles ranking of 223 while competing on the professional tour in the 1990s. Her only WTA Tour main draw appearance came in doubles, partnering Maja Palaveršić at the 1995 Amelia Island Championships.

Kuddewörde
Kuddewörde (old Saxon: Kuthenworden) is a municipality in the district of Lauenburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated at the river Bille.

In 1230 Kuddewörde is mentioned in the records of the bishop of Ratzeburg.

Today Kuddewörde is composed of the former municipalities of Kuddewörde and Rotenbek (former Rothenbek), which was integrated into the municipality of Kuddewörde in 1936.
Antifungal
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available over the counter (OTC). The evolution of antifungal resistance is a growing threat to health globally.

Cryptococcus
Cryptococcus (from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós), meaning "hidden", and κόκκος (kókkos), meaning "grain") is a genus of fungi in the family Cryptococcaceae that includes both yeasts and filamentous species. The filamentous, sexual forms or teleomorphs were formerly classified in the genus Filobasidiella, while Cryptococcus was reserved for the yeasts. Most yeast species formerly referred to Cryptococcus have now been placed in different genera. Some Cryptococcus species cause a disease called cryptococcosis.
And Their Children After Them (novel)
And Their Children After Them (French: Leurs enfants après eux, literal translation Their Children After Them) is a 2018 novel by French writer Nicolas Mathieu. Actes Sud published the novel, Mathieu's second. An English translation by William Rodarmor was published by Hodder & Stoughton and Other Press in April 2020. The novel portrays the lives of teenagers and adolescents in peri-urban areas of eastern France in the 1990s, and deals with the consequences of deindustrialization.

The novel received positive reviews from the literary press. It received the Prix Goncourt on November 7, 2018. In November 2021, the English translation won the Albertine Prize, a readers' choice prize administered by the French embassy in New York.

Prix Goncourt
The Prix Goncourt (French: Le prix Goncourt [lə pʁi ɡɔ̃kuʁ], "The Goncourt Prize") is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". The prize carries a symbolic reward of only 10 euros, but results in considerable recognition and book sales for the winning author. Four other prizes are also awarded: prix Goncourt du Premier Roman (first novel), prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle (short story), prix Goncourt de la Poésie (poetry) and prix Goncourt de la Biographie (biography). Of the "big six" French literary awards, the Prix Goncourt is the best known and most prestigious. The other major literary prizes include the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, the Prix Femina, the Prix Renaudot, the Prix Interallié and the Prix Médicis.
1992 Grand Prix (snooker)
The 1992 Rothmans Grand Prix was a professional snooker tournament and the second of nine WPBSA ranking events in the 1992/1993 season, preceding the UK Championship. It was held from 12 to 25 October 1992 at the Hexagon Theatre in Reading, England. The event was the eleventh edition of the Grand Prix, first held in 1982 as the 1982 Professional Players Tournament.

Stephen Hendry was the defending champion, but he lost his last 64 match against Tony Chappel. Jimmy White played Ken Doherty in the final, with the latter contesting his first ranking event final. White defeated Doherty 10–9 in the final to win his eighth ranking title.

Fred Davis, at the age of 79, lost 5–1 in the qualifying rounds to 17-year-old Ronnie O'Sullivan. Also in the qualifiers, O'Sullivan defeated Jason Curtis 5–0 in 43 minutes 36 seconds, the fastest best-of-nine-frames match to date. The event featured a prize of £80,000 for the winner of the event.

The Hexagon
The Hexagon is a multi-purpose theatre and arts venue in Reading, Berkshire, England.  Built in 1977 in the shape of an elongated hexagon, the theatre is operated by Reading Borough Council under the name "Reading Arts and Venues" along with South Street Arts Centre and Reading's concert hall.