hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Warner White
John Warner White (1921–2010) was an American Army Air Forces Major who completed fifty bombing missions in 1943 in the Allies' Tunisian, Sicilian, and Italian Campaigns of World War II. As a first lieutenant in the 487th Bombardment Squadron, he flew many raids as lead bombardier facing enemy fighter aircraft and concentrated anti-aircraft fire which caused frequent casualties.
Decades after the war's end, White published a personal narrative about his wartime experiences entitled "Tuff Stuffː Memoirs of John Warner White". The title Tuff Stuff refers to the name given to the B–25 bomber flown by White's six-man crew. The information below draws heavily on White's account of what he experienced from 1941 to 1944.

North American B-25 Mitchell
The North American B-25 Mitchell is an American medium bomber that was introduced in 1941 and named in honor of Brigadier General William "Billy" Mitchell, a pioneer of U.S. military aviation. Used by many Allied air forces, the B-25 served in every theater of World War II, and after the war ended, many remained in service, operating across four decades. Produced in numerous variants, nearly 10,000 B-25s were built. It was the most-produced American medium bomber and the third-most-produced American bomber overall. These included several limited models such as the F-10 reconnaissance aircraft, the AT-24 crew trainer, and the United States Marine Corps' PBJ-1 patrol bomber.
Anna Wu
Anna Wu Hung-yuk (Traditional Chinese: 胡紅玉; born 1951, Hong Kong) is a former non-official member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong. She qualified as a solicitor after graduating from the Faculty of Law of the University of Hong Kong. She is currently a management consultant.

Formerly, she served as Chairperson of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority and Council Member of the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre.

On 26 April 2013, she was appointed Chairperson of the Competition Commission, a position she continues to hold today.

Politically, she is considered on good terms with the pan-democratic camp. She has urged democratic parties to "roll up their sleeves" and set up a shadow cabinet that offers alternative policy programmes, in preparation for a time when they might hold political office.

Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority
The Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority (MPFA) of Hong Kong is the statutory body charged with regulating the operations of Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) schemes and occupational retirement (ORSO) schemes. It is a regulator run independently of the Government of Hong Kong.
Zangmar River
The Zangibar (also known as the Ṭłmut River) is a river in Maku County, West Azarbaijan Province, Iran. It originates in the Zagros Mountains above Maku, Iran along the Iran–Turkey border, not far from Mount Ararat and flows south and east into the Araxes at the town of Pol Dasht.

A major tributary of the Zangibar is the Barun River which is dammed at 39°11′17″N 44°28′55″E﻿ / ﻿39.18806°N 44.48194°E﻿ / 39.18806; 44.48194  some 12 miles (19 km) above Maku, forming the Maku-Barun reservoir. The dam is rammed earth and riprap with a clay lining 78 metres (256 ft) high, impounding some 135,000,000 cubic metres (109,000 acre⋅ft) of water.

Beyond Maku, the Zangibar flows past the villages of Tappeh Bashi-ye Namaz, and Moradluy-e Olya before entering the Araxes as a right tributary.

Iran–Turkey border
The Iran–Turkey border (Persian: مرز ترکیه و ایران; Turkish: İran–Türkiye sınırı) is 534 kilometres (332 miles) in length, and runs from the tripoint with Azerbaijan in the north to the tripoint with Iraq in the south. Should Turkey, which is a candidate for EU membership, accede to the EU, Iran will be a border neighbor with the European Union.
Lizzie Simmonds
Elizabeth Clare Simmonds (born 22 January 1991) is an English competitive swimmer who has represented Great Britain in the Olympics, FINA World Aquatics Championships, and European championships, and England in the Commonwealth Games.  She specialises in backstroke events, and is a former European champion in the 200-metre backstroke.

Simmonds represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics in both the 100-metre and 200-metre backstroke swimming events. She also competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 200-metre backstroke swimming event, coming in fourth place.

Simmonds went to secondary school in Lincoln and trained with the Vulcans Swimming Club, later attending Loughborough University. Her early career largely coincided with that of her friend, teammate and former World champion and record holder Gemma Spofforth, with whom she shared the gold and silver medals at both the 100 and 200 metre backstroke at the 2010 European Aquatics Championships.

Loughborough University
Loughborough University (abbreviated as Lough or Lboro for post-nominals) is a public research university in the market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. It has been a university since 1966, but it dates back to 1909, when Loughborough Technical Institute was founded. In March 2013, the university announced it had bought the former broadcast centre at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park as a second campus. The annual income of the institution for 2024–25 was £386.2 million, of which £57.0 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £379.5 million. In 2024, Loughborough ranked ninth nationally for undergraduate education.
Chichilaki
The chichilaki (Georgian: ჩიჩილაკი) is a Georgian traditional Christmas tree made from dried hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaved to form a small "tree". These pale-colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm (8 in) to 3 meters (10 feet). Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions near the Black Sea, but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi.

Chichilaki is currently proposed by the President of Georgia to be inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Guria
Guria (Georgian: გურია) is a region (mkhare) in Georgia, in the western part of the country, bordered by the eastern end of the Black Sea. The region has a population of 104,338 (2023), with Ozurgeti as the regional capital.
Louise Sahlgreen
Louise Rudolfine Sahlgreen (née Marcher; 17 September 1818 – 15 August 1891) was a Danish operatic soprano. She was engaged by the Royal Danish Theatre in 1836, first as a member of the chorus but from 1842 as an opera singer. As a result of her plain looks, she did not reach prima donna status but nevertheless had a powerful soprano voice which extended to contralto, allowing her to perform a wide variety of roles. She was particularly successful as a soloist in the theatre's passion concerts in the Church of Our Lady where she sang every year from 1851 to 1869.

Church of Our Lady, Copenhagen
The Church of Our Lady (Danish: Vor Frue Kirke) is the Lutheran cathedral of Copenhagen. It is situated on the Frue Plads public square in central Copenhagen, next to the historic main building of the University of Copenhagen.

The present-day version of the church was designed by the architect Christian Frederik Hansen (1756–1845) in the Neoclassical style and was completed in 1829.
Cadieu
Cadieu is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bert Cadieu (1903–1990), Canadian politician

Jean-Marie Cadieu (born 1963), French rugby union player

Trevor Cadieu, Canadian military officer

Jean-Marie Cadieu
Jean-Marie Cadieu (born 16 October 1963 in Tulle) is a former French rugby union player. He played as a lock.

Cadieu played for Stade Toulousain from 1982/83 to 1992/93, where he won 3 titles of the French Championship, in 1984/85, 1985/86 and 1988/89, and a Cup of France, in 1983/84. He then moved to RC Narbonne, where he developed from 1993/94 to 2005/06, when he finished his career.

Cadieu had 12 caps for France, from 1991 to 1992, scoring 1 try, 4 points in aggregate. He played 4 games at the 1991 Rugby World Cup. He had 2 matches at the Five Nations Championship in 1992.
Hannah Gadsby's Gender Agenda
Hannah Gadsby's Gender Agenda is a 2024 Netflix stand-up comedy special starring Hannah Gadsby and seven genderqueer comedians: Asha Ward, Jes Tom, Alok, Chloe Petts, DeAnne Smith, Krishna Istha and Mx. Dahlia Belle.

The show was filmed in 2024 at the Alexandra Palace Theatre in London, England and debuted on Netflix on March 5, 2024.

Alexandra Palace Theatre
The Alexandra Palace Theatre was originally built in London, England, in 1873 for the performance of opera and ballet, but within a few weeks was burnt to the ground with the rest of Alexandra Palace. The Palace, including the theatre, was rebuilt and reopened in 1875 and is now a Grade II listed building. The new theatre included a 22-foot (6.7 m) cellar below the stage which housed complex machinery for use in scene changes and movement of actors. The theatre fell into disrepair for many years but was reopened in 2018 after refurbishment to consolidate it into a state of arrested decay. The stage machinery is one of the few surviving examples of its type in the country.
Shorewood, Minnesota
Shorewood is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 7,783 at the 2020 census. The city is located around the southern shore of Lake Minnetonka. State Highway 7 serves as a main route.

Hennepin County, Minnesota
Hennepin County (/ˈhɛnəpɪn/ HEN-ə-pin) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,281,565, and was estimated to be 1,273,334 in 2024, making it the most populous county in Minnesota and the 34th-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Minneapolis, the most populous city in Minnesota and the 46th-most populous city in the United States. The county is named for the 17th-century explorer Louis Hennepin. It extends from Minneapolis to the suburbs and outlying cities in the western part of the county. Its natural areas are covered by extensive woods, hills, and lakes. It contains over 21.98% of the state's population. It is included in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul–Bloomington metropolitan statistical area.
Kamuthi looting of 1918
The Kamuthi looting was an invasion of Kamuthi by Maravars from neighbouring villages on 17 September 1918. The looting ended with around 50 rioters being shot dead by the police and two policemen being killed. It also resulted in property losses estimated at Rupees 50,000.

Mukkulathor
The Mukkulathor people, who are also collectively known as Thevar, are a community or group of communities native to the central and southern districts of Tamil Nadu, India. They comprise the Agamudayar, Kallar, and Maravar communities that share a common myth of origin and claim to have once been members of various ancient South Indian dynasties.
Diocese of Vĩnh Long
The Diocese of  Vĩnh Long (Latin: Dioecesis Vinhlongensis) is a Roman Catholic diocese in southern Vietnam. The current bishop is Peter Huỳnh Văn Hai, since October 2015.

The creation of the diocese in present form was declared November 24, 1960.

The diocese covers an area of 6,772 km², and is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City.

By 2014, the diocese of Vĩnh Long had about 199,404 Catholics (4.5% of the population), 179 priests and 209 parishes.

St. Anne’s Cathedral in Vĩnh Long town has been assigned as the Cathedral of the diocese.

Suffragan diocese
A suffragan diocese is one of the dioceses other than the metropolitan archdiocese that constitute an ecclesiastical province. It exists in some Christian denominations, in particular the Catholic Church, the Episcopal Church, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and the Romanian Orthodox Church.

In the Catholic Church, although such a diocese is governed by its own bishop or ordinary, who is the suffragan bishop, the metropolitan archbishop has in its regard certain rights and duties of oversight. He has no power of governance within a suffragan diocese, but has some limited rights and duties to intervene in cases of neglect by the authorities of the diocese itself.
NGC 3026
NGC 3026 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo. It is classified as a type SBm galaxy. It was discovered by Lewis Swift on the 22nd of May, 1886. It was discovered while attempting to locate Winnecke's Comet.

It is thought to be in a pair with NGC 3032.

Lewis A. Swift
Lewis A. Swift (February 29, 1820 – January 5, 1913) was an American astronomer who discovered 13 comets and 1,248 previously uncatalogued nebulae. Only William Herschel discovered more nebulae visually.
Tommaso Bai
Tommaso Bai, or Tommaso Baj, was born in Crevalcore around 1650 and died in Rome on 22 December 1714. He was an Italian conductor, composer, and tenor at the Vatican. He is most well known for his Miserere, which is associated with Gregorio Allegri's Miserere. During the last years of his life he had been the Kapellmeister of the Cappella Giulia in Rome.

Kapellmeister
Kapellmeister (/kəˈpɛlmaɪstər/ kə-PEL-my-stər, US also /kɑːˈ-/ kah-, German: [kaˈpɛlˌmaɪstɐ] ⓘ), from Kapelle ('chapel') and Meister ('master'), literally 'master of the chapel choir', is a word of German origin that designates the leader of an ensemble of musicians. Originally used to refer to somebody in charge of music in a chapel, the term has evolved considerably in its meaning and is today used for denoting the leader of a musical ensemble, often smaller ones used for TV, radio, and theatre.
Hamble River H.L.1 Seaplane
The Hamble River H.L.1 Seaplane was a British pusher biplane seaplane designed by Frank Murphy and built by Hamble River, Luke & Co Limited at Southampton.

The H.L.1 was exhibited uncompleted at the exhibition at Olympia in February 1914 fitted with a 150 hp (112 kW) NAG C.II engine. It was ordered by the British Admiralty to be fitted with a 160 hp (119 kW) Gnome engine and issued with serial number 105. The H.B.1 was launched in May 1914 but partly sank and was damaged due to being unbalanced.  It was repaired and fitted with pontoon-floats and tested by Eric Gordon England without much success. It was not accepted by the Navy and was sold at auction in May 1915 for £30.

Pusher configuration
In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

“Pusher configuration” describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostats (airship) or aerodynes (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboats, and propeller-driven snowmobiles.
Catechol dioxygenase
Catechol dioxygenases are metalloprotein enzymes that carry out the oxidative cleavage of catechols.  This class of enzymes incorporate dioxygen into the substrate. Catechol dioxygenases belong to the class of oxidoreductases and have several different substrate specificities, including catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.1), catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.2), and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3).  The active site of catechol dioxygenases most frequently contains iron, but manganese-containing forms are also known.

The Pseudomonas putida xylE gene, which encodes catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, is often used as a reporter to quantitate gene expression.

An example of the reaction carried out by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase is the formation of cis,cis-muconic acid from catechol, shown below.

Metalloprotein
Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor. A large proportion of all proteins are part of this category. For instance, at least 1000 human proteins (out of ~20,000) contain zinc-binding protein domains although there may be up to 3000 human zinc metalloproteins.
Centre de Recherche en Epistémologie Appliquée
The Centre de Recherche en Épistémologie Appliquée (CRÉA, Paris) — the Center for Research in Applied Epistemology — conducts research in humanities and the social sciences.  It was founded in 1982 as a center for cognitive science and epistemology as part of the École Polytechnique in Paris.

From the beginning it focused on two areas:

modeling the self-organization of complex systems related to cognition, economics and social phenomena, and

the philosophy of science, in particular the epistemology of cognitive science.

Over 20 researchers, as well as post-doctoral fellows, Ph.D. students, and visiting scholars work on interdisciplinary topics related to cognitive science, including cognitive neuroscience and cognitive economics, cognitive linguistics, epistemology, phenomenology, and on mathematical models related to dynamic systems theory, control theory, and logic.  They explore both theoretical and empirical perspectives.

The CREA lab was shut in December 2011.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Shri Camel
Shri Camel is an album by experimental music and classical minimalism pioneer Terry Riley.  Riley began composing the work in 1975 on commission from West Germany's Radio Bremen, and performed an early version of the work in Bremen in May 1976. In 1978 Riley recorded a different version of the piece, separated into four suites, at CBS Studios in San Francisco as the final part of a three album deal with CBS; however, CBS did not release the recording until 1980.

For the studio recording, Riley performed the work solo on a modified Yamaha YC-45D combo organ tuned in just intonation and augmented with studio digital delay.

Radio Bremen
Radio Bremen (pronounced [ˈʁaːdi̯o ˈbʁeːmən]), shortened to RB (pronounced [ɛʁˈbeː]) is the legally mandated broadcaster for the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (which includes Bremerhaven) in Germany. With its headquarters sited in Bremen, Radio Bremen is a member of the consortium of German public broadcasting organizations, ARD, and is Germany's smallest public radio and television broadcaster.
Sumo at the World Games
Sumo was introduced as an official World Games sport at the 2005 World Games in Duisburg. It had previously appeared as an invitational sport at the 2001 World Games in Akita.

Sumo was removed from the World Games program for 2025 due to issues during competition at the 2022 World Games.

2005 World Games
The 2005 World Games (German: Weltspiele 2005), the seventh World Games, also known as Duisburg 2005, were an international multi-sport event held in Duisburg, Germany from 14 July 2005 until 24 July 2005. Three other cities, namely Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Oberhausen, also held some of the competition events. More than 3,000 athletes competed in 31 official sports and 6 invitational sports.
Union of Coppersmiths of Germany
The Union of Coppersmiths of Germany (German: Verband der Kupferschmiede Deutschlands) was a trade union representing coppersmiths in Germany.

The union was established on 1 July 1886, by 760 workers.  In 1919, it was a founding affiliate of the General German Trade Union Confederation.  It spread across Germany and Danzig, and by the start of the 1930s, it had 98 districts, grouped in 9 regions.  However, it remained small, with 7,024 members in 1928.  Leaders of the union were Julius Saupe, Max Hecht, and then Otto Jahrmarkt.  Internationally, it was part of the International Metalworkers' Federation.

In 1933, the union was banned by the Nazis.  After World War II, coppersmiths were represented by the IG Metall union.

Coppersmith
A coppersmith, also known as a brazier, is a person who makes artifacts from copper and brass. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The term "redsmith" is used for a tinsmith that uses tinsmithing tools and techniques to make copper items.
Čuma
Čuma or kuga (Serbian: чума, куга) is the personification of plague in Serbian mythology. It was imagined as an old (rarely, as young) woman dressed in white. Mentioning čuma was avoided, so euphemisms kuma (godmother) or teta (aunty) (Serbian: кума, тета) were used.

Čumas were believed to live in a far away land, from where they set out to infect people. They hate dirtiness and are especially eager to infect a dirty house, hence if plague would appear in the vicinity, it was believed that every house and its occupants must be thoroughly cleaned; which was a useful belief that actually helps with real plague. Offerings of food, clean water, basil and a comb could also be made to her.

Dirt
Dirt  is any matter considered unclean, especially when in contact with a person's clothes, skin, or possessions. In such cases, they are said to become dirty.
Common types of dirt include:

Debris: scattered pieces of waste or remains

Dust: a general powder of organic or mineral matter

Filth: foul matter such as excrement

Grime: a black, ingrained dust such as soot

Soil: the mix of clay, sand, and humus which lies on top of bedrock.  The term 'soil' may be used to refer to unwanted substances or dirt that are deposited onto surfaces such as clothing.
Tsaft
Tsaft (Tarifit: Tsaft, ⵜⵙⴰⴼⵜ; Arabic: تسافت) is a commune in Driouch Province of the Oriental administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2014 census, the commune had a total population of 9,578 people living in 1786 households.

Driouch Province
Driouch Province (Arabic: الدريوش) is a province in Morocco that was formed in 2009 by dividing the Nador Province into two parts, all falling under the Oriental administrative region of northeastern Morocco. The province has a population of 188,191 people as of 2024.
Peter J. Dale
Peter J. Dale (July 4, 1845 – April 20, 1935) was a Norwegian-American elected official who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Peter Jorgen Dale was born in Lyster Municipality in Nordre Bergenhus county, Norway. He was one of six children born to Jorgen Pederson Dale and Martha Larsdotter Dale. In 1860, he emigrated to the United States with his family and settled in Wisconsin.

He served as Justice of the peace and town clerk of Coon Prairie (now Christiana, Wisconsin).
During the 1877, he was elected to serve as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly session from Vernon County, Wisconsin. Originally elected to public office as a Republican, he later supported the People's Party. In 1890, he moved to Kandiyohi County, Minnesota where he settled on a farm near Willmar, Minnesota. Peter Dale married Gjertrud Olsdotter and together they had eight children.

Kandiyohi County, Minnesota
Kandiyohi County (/ˌkændiˈjoʊhaɪ/ KAN-dee-YOH-hy) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, its population is 43,732. As of November 20, 1871, its county seat is Willmar.

Kandiyohi County comprises the US Census Bureau's "Willmar, MN Micropolitan Statistical Area".