hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rubber diode
In electronics, a rubber diode or VBE multiplier is a bipolar junction transistor circuit that serves as a voltage reference.  It consists of one transistor and two resistors, and the reference voltage across the circuit is determined by the selected resistor values and the base-to-emitter voltage (VBE) of the transistor.  The circuit behaves as a voltage divider, but with the voltage across the base-emitter resistor determined by the forward base-emitter junction voltage.

It is commonly used in the biasing of push-pull output stages of amplifiers, where one benefit is thermal compensation: The temperature-dependent variations in the multiplier's VBE, approximately -2.2 mV/°C, can be made to match variations occurring in the VBE of the power transistors by mounting to the same heat sink. In this context, it is sometimes called a bias servo.

Biasing
In electronics, biasing is the setting of DC (direct current) operating conditions (current and voltage) of an electronic component that processes time-varying signals. Many electronic devices, such as diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes, whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals, also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their terminals to operate correctly. This current or voltage is called bias. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage.

The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, quiescent point, or Q-point, is the DC voltage or current at a specified terminal of an active device (a transistor or vacuum tube) with no input signal applied. A bias circuit is a portion of the device's circuit that supplies this steady current or voltage.
2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D
In 2010, the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D, the fourth division of the Brazilian League, will be contested for the second time in history. The competition has 40 clubs, four of which will eventually qualify to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C to be contested in 2011.

Campeonato Brasileiro Série C
The Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, commonly known as the Série C or the Brazilian Série C to distinguish it from the Italian Serie C, is the third tier of the Brazilian football league system.

Unlike the first and second divisions, the Série C is not played in a double round robin system, and the tournament is organized in a different format.

From 1981 to 2008, it was the lowest national division of the country. However, beginning in 2009, the Série C was reduced from 64 teams to 20 and the new Campeonato Brasileiro Série D was introduced. In its current format, the first phase is played in a single round, with 19 matches. The top eight teams qualify for a second stage and the top two of each 4-team group are promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, and the group winners decide the title. The four lowest-placed teams are relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D.
Muriba
Muriba is a ward in Tarime District, Mara Region of northern Tanzania, East Africa. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 11,985 people in the ward, from 10,861 in 2012.: 155-156 : 183

National Bureau of Statistics (Tanzania)
The National Bureau of Statistics is a branch of the Government of Tanzania which has the mandate to provide official statistics to the Government of Tanzania, business community and the public at large. It is based in Dodoma and obtains a wide range of economic, social and demographic statistics about the country. The bureau compiled data on every village in Tanzania for the censuses of 2002, 2012 and 2022, but also provides the results of the previous censuses of 1967, 1978 and 1988.
2017 Waterford Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 2017 Waterford Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 54th staging of the Waterford Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1964.

The final was played on 28 October 2017 at Walsh Park in Waterford, between An Rinn and Clonea, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. An Rinn won the match by 0–18 to 0–13 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title in five years.

An Rinn's Donie Breathnach was the top scorer with 0–14.

Walsh Park
Walsh Park (Irish: Páirc Breathnach) is a GAA stadium in Waterford, Ireland named after Willie Walsh, a well-known referee and long time campaigner for Gaelic games in Waterford. It is one of the two homes of the Waterford Gaelic football and hurling teams, the other being Fraher Field in Dungarvan. The two grounds are rivals for important games. The current Waterford hurling manager Davy Fitzgerald has stated that "(T)here's this endless battle between Walsh Park and Fraher Field, a political battle almost. If one field gets a game, the other has to get the next one. Dungarvan was a nice field, but my personal preference was always Walsh Park, because I felt it had more of the feel of a fortress."

Walsh Park is named after Willie Walsh, who refereed many All-Ireland SFC and SHC finals, including the 1916 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final.
Merve Demir
Merve Cansu Demir (born 6 September 2001) is a Turkish para table tennis player who competes at international table tennis competitions. She is a three-time European champion and double World bronze medalist. She competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics where she competed in the singles and was defeated in the quarterfinals by Shiau Wen Tien in straight sets.

World Para Table Tennis Championships
The World Para Table Tennis Championships are the world championships for para table tennis where athletes with a disability compete. They are organised by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) on a four-year rotation with the Paralympic Games (every four years).

The first edition was held in 1990 in Assen, Netherlands, the second in 1998, from that the championships was held every four years.
Rugby union in the United States
Rugby union in the United States (almost always referred to as simply "Rugby") is played at youth, high school, college, amateur, professional, and international levels and governed by USA Rugby. There were over 125,000 players registered with USA Rugby as of 2016.  Over 2,500 rugby union clubs exist around the country, including those who are part of college rugby. Professional club competition has existed as Major League Rugby (MLR) since 2017.

An international competition, the USA Sevens is held every February at Dignity Health Sports Park in Los Angeles, draws over 60,000 fans, and is broadcast on Paramount+.  The U.S. national team hosts international matches every June, with an attendance of around 20,000.  Collegiately, the Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC) is held every June at rotating venues, draws around 20,000 fans, and is broadcast on The Rugby Network.

2012 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy
The 2012 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy was the fifth annual international rugby union competition for Under 20 national teams, second-tier world championship. The winner of the competition, the United States, was promoted to the IRB Junior World Championship for the 2013 tournament.

The event was held in the USA from 18 June until 30 June by rugby's governing body, the International Rugby Board. All matches took place at the Murray Rugby Park Stadium in Salt Lake City, Utah. Attendance was strong for the tournament, with all four match days resulting in packed crowds filling Murray Rugby Park Stadium. All matches in the tournament were streamed live by Deseret News and KSL, with more than 70,000 users logging on to view the official stream. The 2012 JWRT landed several commercial sponsors, including Gatorade, Gilbert, and World Rugby Shop.
Dedepaşa, Pazarcık
Dedepaşa is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. The village is inhabited by Kurds of the Kılıçlı tribe with a minority of Sunni Turks. It had a population of 72 in 2022.

Pazarcık
Pazarcık is a municipality and district of Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,253 km2, and its population is 70,173 (2022). It is in the southeastern part of the province. The cement plant is a major source of greenhouse gas. The town includes Abdals of the Kara Hüseyinler tribe.

On 6 February 2023, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Pazarcık.
Charles Ehrmann
Charles Ehrmann (7 October 1911 – 8 August 2011) was a French politician. A member of the Union for French Democracy (UDF), he was a deputy in the National Assembly from 1976 to 1981 and from 1986 to 2002, as well as a city councillor in Nice from 1965 to 1983.

Deputy (France)
Deputies (French: députés and députées, pronounced [depyte] ⓘ), also known in English as members of Parliament (MPs), are the legislators who sit in the National Assembly, the lower house of the French Parliament. The 17th and current legislature of the Fifth Republic has a total of 577 deputies, elected in 577 constituencies across metropolitan (539) and overseas France (27), as well as for French residents overseas (11).
Richetli Pass
The Richetli Pass (German: Richetlipass) is a high mountain pass in the Glarus Alps in the Swiss canton of Glarus. The pass crosses between the heads of the valleys of the Linth and the Sernf rivers, using the col between the Hausstock and Kärpf mountains, at an elevation of 2,261 m (7,418 ft).

The pass is traversed by a trail, which connects the village of Elm, at an elevation of 977 m (3,205 ft) with the village of Linthal, at an elevation of  650 m (2,130 ft). The trail forms part of the Alpine Pass Route, a long-distance hiking trail across Switzerland between Sargans and Montreux.

Sernftal
46°57′40″N 9°10′16″E﻿ / ﻿46.961°N 9.171°E﻿ / 46.961; 9.171

The Sernftal or Kleintal is an alpine valley within Glarus Süd, in the  canton of Glarus, Switzerland. It is formed by the Sernf, a right tributary of the Linth. Situated in the Sernftal are the villages of Elm (977 m) and Engi (812 m). The Panix Pass at 2407 m connects the Sernftal with the anterior Rhine valley in Grisons.
Life with Lucy
Life with Lucy is an American sitcom starring Lucille Ball. Created by Bob Carroll Jr. and Madelyn Davis, the series aired for one season on ABC from September 20 to November 15, 1986. It is the only Lucille Ball sitcom to not air on CBS.

Developed amidst an industry-wide interest in comeback vehicles, ABC and producer Aaron Spelling coaxed Ball out of retirement for a new series. Unlike Ball's previous sitcoms, Life with Lucy was a failure in the ratings and poorly received by critics and viewers alike. Only eight out of the 13 episodes produced were aired before ABC cancelled the series. Its cancellation devastated her. This was the last television series or film she starred in before her death in 1989.

Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor. His productions included the television series Family (1976–1980); Charlie's Angels (1976–1981); The Love Boat (1977–1986); Hart to Hart (1979–1984); Dynasty (1981–1989); Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000); Melrose Place (1992–1999); 7th Heaven (1996–2007); and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976) and Sunset Beach (1997–1999).

Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in American television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits. Forbes ranked him the 11th-highest-earning deceased celebrity in 2009.
The Atlas of North American English
The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change (abbreviated ANAE; formerly, the Phonological Atlas of North America) is a 2006 book that presents an overview of the pronunciation patterns (accents) in all the major dialect regions of the English language as spoken in urban areas of the United States and Canada. It is the result of a large-scale survey by linguists William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg. Speech data was collected, mainly from 1992 to 1999, by means of telephone interviews with individuals in metropolitan areas in all regions of the U.S. and Canada. Using acoustic analysis of speech from these interviews, ANAE traces sound changes in progress in North American English, and defines boundaries between dialect regions based on the different sound changes taking place in them.

The Atlas of North American English received the Leonard Bloomfield Book Award at the 2008 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America.

Linguistic Society of America
The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) is a learned society for the field of linguistics. Founded in New York City in 1924, the LSA works to promote the scientific study of language. The society publishes three scholarly journals: Language, the open access journal Semantics and Pragmatics, and the open access journal Phonological Data & Analysis. Its annual meetings, held every winter, foster discussion amongst its members through the presentation of peer-reviewed research, as well as conducting official business of the society. Since 1928, the LSA has offered training to linguists through courses held at its biennial Linguistic Institutes held in the summer. The LSA and its 3,600 members work to raise awareness of linguistic issues with the public and contribute to policy debates on issues including bilingual education and the preservation of endangered languages.
Submarine Cargo Vessel
The Submarine Cargo Vessel (Russian: Подводное транспортное судно) is a proposed idea from the Russian Rubin Design Bureau. The idea is to use decommissioned SSBNs (nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine) from the Russian Navy to carry cargo under the Arctic Ocean. The reason for this solution is that it would be considerably cheaper than designing and producing an entirely new type of submarine.

Nuclear marine propulsion
Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship or submarine with heat provided by a nuclear reactor. The power plant heats water to produce steam for a turbine used to turn the ship's propeller through a gearbox or through an electric generator and motor. Nuclear propulsion is used primarily within naval warships such as nuclear submarines and supercarriers. A small number of experimental civil nuclear ships have been built.

Compared to oil- or coal-fuelled ships, nuclear propulsion offers the advantage of very long intervals of operation before refueling. All the fuel is contained within the nuclear reactor, so no cargo or supplies space is taken up by fuel, nor is space taken up by exhaust stacks or combustion air intakes. The low fuel cost is offset by high operating costs and investment in infrastructure, however, so nearly all nuclear-powered vessels are military.
Fixing it for Freddie
"Fixing it for Freddie" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, and features the young gentleman Bertie Wooster and his valet Jeeves. Originally starring Reggie Pepper, the story was published in The Strand Magazine  as "Helping Freddie" in the United Kingdom in September 1911, and in Pictorial Review as "Lines and Business" in the United States in March 1912. The story was later changed to feature Bertie Wooster and Jeeves when it was included in the 1925 collection Carry On, Jeeves.

In the story "Fixing it for Freddie", Bertie tries to reunite his friend Freddie Bullivant with Freddie's ex-fiancée, Elizabeth Vickers. To accomplish this, Bertie comes up with a scheme involving a child he saw Elizabeth playing with, though this scheme does not go as planned.

Bertie Wooster
Bertram Wilberforce Wooster is a fictional character in the comedic Jeeves stories created by British author P. G. Wodehouse. An amiable English gentleman and one of the "idle rich", Bertie appears alongside his valet, Jeeves, whose intelligence manages to save Bertie or one of his friends from numerous awkward situations. Bertie Wooster and Jeeves have been described as "one of the great comic double-acts of all time".

Bertie is the narrator and central figure of most of the Jeeves short stories and novels. The two exceptions are the short story "Bertie Changes His Mind" (1922), which is narrated by Jeeves, and the novel Ring for Jeeves (1953), a third-person narration in which Bertie is mentioned but does not appear. First appearing in "Extricating Young Gussie" in 1915, Bertie is the narrator of ten novels and over 30 short stories, his last appearance being in the novel Aunts Aren't Gentlemen, published in 1974.
Anne Henderson Haws
Anne Henderson Haws is an American politician who, as of 2025, serves in the Idaho House of Representatives representing Idaho's 16th legislative district. She was appointed in 2025 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Todd Achilles and is a member of the Idaho Democratic Party.

Idaho's 16th legislative district
Idaho's 16th legislative district is one of 35 districts of the Idaho Legislature. It is currently represented by Grant Burgoyne, Democrat  of Boise, John McCrostie, Democrat of Garden City, and Hy Kloc, Democrat of Boise.
Abequose
Abequose is a hexose and a 3,6-dideoxysugar. It is a constituent of the in O-specific chains in lipopolysaccharides that occur in certain serotypes of Salmonella and Citrobacter bacteria.  It is the enantiomer of colitose.

Citrobacter
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped coliform bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.

Citrobacter spp. cause opportunistic infections (including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia).
Royal Automobile Club Volunteer Force
The Royal Automobile Club Volunteer Force (also known as "RAC Corps of Volunteer Motor Drivers") was a group of civilian members of the Royal Automobile Club, who at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, took their personal cars and joined the British Army in France and Belgium, to act as chauffeurs for senior officers. Following their involvement in the early battles of the war, several of their number were appointed to senior positions in the British military establishment.

Chauffeur
A chauffeur (French pronunciation: [ʃɔ.fœʁ]) is a person employed to drive  passenger motor vehicle, especially a luxury vehicle such as a large sedan, SUV or a limousine.

Initially, such drivers were often personal employees of the vehicle owner, but this has changed to specialist chauffeur service companies or individual drivers that provide both driver and vehicle for hire. Some service companies merely offer the driver.
Arthur N. Sager
Arthur Noble Sager (October 2, 1871 – October 17, 1949) was an American lawyer and college football coach. He served as the head football coach at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana from 1892 to 1893, where he was a law student. Sager moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1896 to become a lawyer. There, he also served as the head football coach at Washington University in St. Louis in 1899.

DePauw University
DePauw University (/dəˈpɔː/ də-PAW) is a private liberal arts college in Greencastle, Indiana, United States. It was founded in 1837 as Indiana Asbury College and changed its name to DePauw University in 1884. The college has a Methodist heritage and was founded to be an ecumenical institution of national stature, "conducted on the most liberal principles, accessible to all religious denominations and designed for the benefit of our citizens in general".

In 2023, DePauw had an enrollment of about 1,800 students. Its residential campus is located 45 miles (72 km) west of Indianapolis and is spread across 175 acres (71 ha) and 36 buildings, with an additional 520-acre (210 ha) DePauw Nature Park.
Belle Kogan
Belle Kogan (1902–2000) was a Russian-American industrial designer and is regarded as the first prominent female in the profession in the United States (Godmother of Industrial Design) as well as one of the founders of the profession itself.  In 1994, she was recognized as a fellow of both the Industrial Designers Society of America (IDSA) and Industrial Designers Institute (IDI).

Red Wing Pottery
Red Wing pottery refers to American stoneware, pottery, or dinnerware items made by a company initially set up in Red Wing, Minnesota, in 1861 by German immigrant John Paul, which changed its names several times until finally settling on Red Wing Potteries, Inc. in 1936.  The pottery factory that started in 1861 continues to the present day under the names of Red Wing Pottery and Red Wing Stoneware. There was a respite in production when Red Wing Pottery Sales, Inc. had a strike in 1967 causing them to temporarily cease trading. The company still makes both zinc/Bristol glazed products as well as salt-glazed, hand-thrown, kiln fired items.
Penthorum
Penthorum is a genus of plants in the order Saxifragales.  They are erect herbaceous perennials about half a meter tall.  The genus consists of two species, one from east Asia and one from eastern North America.  It is variously classified in the family Saxifragaceae or its own family Penthoraceae. Its closest relatives may be in Haloragaceae.

Haloragaceae
Haloragaceae (the watermilfoil family) is a eudicot flowering plant family in the order Saxifragales, based on the phylogenetic APG system. In the Cronquist system, it was included in the order Haloragales.
Atte Pakkanen
Atte Mikael Johannes Pakkanen (13 November 1912, in Urjala – 22 December 1994) was a Finnish politician. He was Minister of Defence from 27 May to 1 September 1957 and Minister of the Interior from 29 August 1958 to 12 January 1959. He was a Member of the Parliament of Finland from 1948 to 1970, representing the Agrarian League, in 1965 renamed the Centre Party.

Urjala
Urjala (Finnish: [ˈurjɑlɑ]; Swedish: Urjala, also Urdiala) is a municipality of Finland. It is part of the Pirkanmaa region, near the town of Forssa. The municipality has a population of 4,492 (31 December 2024) and covers an area of 505.37 square kilometres (195.12 sq mi) of which 30.16 km2 (11.64 sq mi) is water. The population density is 9.45 inhabitants per square kilometre (24.5/sq mi).

Neighbouring municipalities are Akaa, Forssa, Humppila, Hämeenlinna, Punkalaidun, Sastamala, Tammela, and Vesilahti. The city of Tampere is located 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Urjala.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

The oldest glassblowing factory in Finland is located in the village of Nuutajärvi, Urjala.
Alternative fuel
Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are fuels derived from sources other than petroleum. Alternative fuels include gaseous fossil fuels like propane, natural gas, methane, and ammonia; biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol, and refuse-derived fuel; and other renewable fuels like hydrogen and electricity.

These fuels are intended to substitute for more carbon intensive energy sources like gasoline and diesel in transportation and can help to contribute to decarbonization and reductions in pollution. Alternative fuel is also shown to reduce non-carbon emissions such as the release of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, as well as sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases in the exhaust. This is especially important in industries such as mining, where toxic gases can accumulate more easily.

Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula SO2. It is a colorless gas with a pungent smell that is responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a by-product of metals refining and the burning of sulfur-bearing hydrocarbon fuels.

Sulfur dioxide is somewhat toxic to humans, although only when inhaled in relatively large quantities for a period of several minutes or more. It was known to medieval alchemists as "volatile spirit of sulfur".