hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kees Hengeveld
Pieter Cornelis Hengeveld (born November 20, 1957) is a Dutch linguist, professor emeritus of theoretical linguistics at the University of Amsterdam.

He is particularly associated with a layered approach to the analysis of pragmatics, semantics, morphosyntax and phonology, which was incorporated into Simon C. Dik's Functional Grammar and which Hengeveld developed into Functional Discourse Grammar, of which he is considered "the intellectual father". He is a co-editor of the textbook Linguistics.

Phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either:

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages.
Sanjay Lake
Sanjay Lake is an artificial lake developed by Delhi Development Authority (DDA) in Trilokpuri in East Delhi, India, adjoining Mayur Vihar II residential area. The lake is Spread over an area of approximately 17 hectares (42 acres) in the middle of a 69 hectares (170 acres) forest area, also known as Sanjay Lake Park. Sanjay Lake was developed in the 1970s by DDA and opened in 1982. The lake attracts some migratory birds and has many indigenous trees. A well-laid-out fitness track is very popular with walking-enthusiasts.

Hindon River
Hindon River  is an Indian river that originates from the Shakumbhari Devi Range (in Upper Sivaliks foothills of Himalayas) in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and falls into Yamuna river near Gautam Buddha University in Noida.
2022 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open – Men's doubles
Robert Lindstedt and Jonny O'Mara were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

André Göransson and Ben McLachlan won the title after defeating Treat Huey and John-Patrick Smith 6–7(4–7), 7–6(9–7), [11–9] in the final.

John-Patrick Smith
John-Patrick Tracey "JP" Smith (born 24 January 1989) is an Australian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 108 on 28 September 2015 and his highest doubles ranking of No. 39 on 2 February 2026.

Smith reached the finals of the 2019 Australian Open mixed doubles alongside fellow Australian Astra Sharma and of the 2025 Australian Open mixed doubles alongside another compatriot Kimberly Birrell.
Pelorism
Pelorism is the abnormal production of radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers in a species that usually produces bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers. These flowers are spontaneous floral symmetry mutants. The term epanody is also applied to this phenomenon. Bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers are known to have evolved several times from radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers, these changes being linked to increasing specialisation in pollinators.

Dianthus caryophyllus
Dianthus caryophyllus (/daɪˈænθəs ˌkɛəriəˈfɪləs/ dy-AN-thəs KAIR-ee-ə-FIL-əs), commonly known as carnation or clove pink, is a species of Dianthus native to the Mediterranean region. While its exact natural range is uncertain due to extensive cultivation over the last 2,000 years, wild carnations are most common in the Mediterranean region. Carnations are prized for their wide variety of colors, delicate fringed petals, and fragrance, often described as spicy, clove-like, or reminiscent of a combination of cinnamon and nutmeg, hence the common name "clove pink". This aroma has made carnations a popular choice for use in perfumes, potpourri, and scented products. Culturally, carnations are associated with affection, distinction, and maternal love, with variations depending on color and area within its wide geographical range.
Portrait of George III (Lawrence)
George III is an 1809 portrait painting by the English artist Thomas Lawrence depicting the British monarch George III. It is an oil painting on canvas depicting the King in his robes for the State Opening of Parliament. It was commissioned by George as a gift for the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Henry Addington. George had reigned since 1760, but he was troubled by occasional bouts of mental instability. In 1810, shortly after celebrating the Golden Jubilee on the throne, George was overcome by a more lasting loss of control and his eldest son George was declared Prince Regent. The image by Lawrence continued to be used to represent the King throughout the remainder of his reign.

George is shown in a pose that mixes the ceremonial and the informal. The King wears his robes of state and holds a document in one hand. It is now part of the Royal Collection.

Henry Addington
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth (30 May 1757 – 15 February 1844) was a British Tory statesman who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804 and as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1789 to  1801.

Addington is best known for obtaining the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, an unfavourable peace with Napoleonic France which marked the end of the Second Coalition during the French Revolutionary Wars. When that treaty broke down, Addington resumed the war without allies. He conducted relatively weak defensive hostilities, ahead of what would become the War of the Third Coalition. He was forced from office in favour of William Pitt the Younger, who had preceded Addington as prime minister. Addington is also known for his reactionary crackdown on advocates of democratic reforms during a ten-year spell as Home Secretary from 1812 to 1822. He is the longest continuously serving holder of that office since it was created in 1782.
Urban design
Urban design is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes based on geographical location. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns, cities, and regional spaces, urban design considers 'bigger picture' issues of economic, social and environmental value and social design. The scope of a project can range from a local street or public space to an entire city and surrounding areas. Urban designers connect the fields of architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning to better organize local and community environments' dependent upon geographical location.

Some important focuses of urban design on this page include its historical impact, paradigm shifts, its interdisciplinary nature, and issues related to urban design.

Gordon Cullen
Thomas Gordon Cullen (9 August 1914 – 11 August 1994) was an influential British architect and urban designer who was a key motivator in the Townscape movement. Cullen presented a new theory and methodology for urban visual analysis and design based on the psychology of perception, such as the human need for visual stimulation and the notions of time and space. He is best known for the book Townscape, first published in 1961. Later editions of Townscape  were published under the title The Concise Townscape.
Anatomy of pterosaurs
The anatomy of pterosaurs was highly modified from their reptilian ancestors by the adaptation to flight. The  bones of pterosaurs were hollow and air-filled, like those of birds. This provided a higher muscle attachment surface for a given skeletal weight. The bone walls were often paper-thin. They had a large and keeled breastbone for flight muscles and an enlarged brain able to coordinate complex flying behaviour. Pterosaur skeletons often show considerable fusion. In the skull, the sutures between elements disappeared. In some later pterosaurs, the backbone over the shoulders fused into a structure known as a notarium, which served to stiffen the torso during flight, and provide a stable support for the shoulder blade. Likewise, the sacral vertebrae could form a single synsacrum while the pelvic bones fused also.

Skeleton
A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is a rigid outer shell that holds up an organism's shape; the endoskeleton, a rigid internal frame to which the organs and soft tissues attach; and the hydroskeleton, a flexible internal structure supported by the hydrostatic pressure of body fluids.

Vertebrates are animals with an endoskeleton centered around an axial vertebral column, and their skeletons are typically composed of bones and cartilages. Invertebrates are other animals that lack a vertebral column, and their skeletons vary, including hard-shelled exoskeleton (arthropods and most molluscs), plated internal shells (e.g. cuttlebones in some cephalopods) or rods (e.g. ossicles in echinoderms), hydrostatically supported body cavities (most), and spicules (sponges). Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that is found in the skeletal systems of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Interleukin 23
Interleukin 23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of an IL-12B (IL-12p40) subunit (which is shared with IL-12) and an IL-23A (IL-23p19) subunit. IL-23 is part of the IL-12 family of cytokines. The functional receptor for IL-23 (the IL-23 receptor) consists of a heterodimer between IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23R.

RAR-related orphan receptor gamma
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RORC (RAR-related orphan receptor C) gene. RORγ is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. It is mainly expressed in immune cells (Th17 cells) and it also regulates circadian rhythms. It may be involved in the progression of certain types of cancer.
Trujillo Municipality
Trujillo is one of the 20 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Trujillo and, according to a 2011 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 54,213. The city of Trujillo is the municipal seat of Trujillo Municipality.

Trujillo (state)
Trujillo State (Spanish: Estado Trujillo, Spanish pronunciation: [esˈtaðo tɾuˈxiʝo] ⓘ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Its capital is Trujillo and the largest city is Valera. The state is divided into 20 municipalities and 93 parishes. Trujillo State covers a total surface area of 7,198 km2 (2,779 sq mi) and, has a 2011 census population of 686,367.
Henry Brzustewicz
Henry Brzustewicz (born February 9, 2007) is an American junior ice hockey defenceman for the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted 31st overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2025 NHL entry draft.

London Knights
The London Knights are a junior ice hockey team from London, Ontario, Canada, playing in the Ontario Hockey League, one of the leagues of the Canadian Hockey League. The Knights started out in 1965 as the London Nationals but changed to their current name in 1968. The Knights have won three Memorial Cup championships.
Viper
Vipers are snakes in the family Viperidae, found in most parts of the world, except for Antarctica, Australia, Hawaii, Madagascar, Ireland, and various other isolated islands. All vipers are venomous, and have long (relative to non-vipers), hinged fangs that permit deep envenomation of their prey. Three subfamilies are currently recognized. They are also known as viperids. The name "viper" is derived from the Latin word vipera, -ae, also meaning viper, possibly from vivus ("living") and parere ("to beget"), referring to the trait viviparity (giving live birth) common in vipers like most of the species of Boidae. The earliest known vipers are believed to have diverged from the rest of the clade Caenophidia in the early Eocene.

Envenomation
Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected by the bite or sting of a venomous animal.

Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda), reptiles (e.g., many snakes), spiders, insects (e.g., wasps) and  other arthropods, and fish (e.g., stone fish) employ venom for hunting and for self-defense.

In particular, snakebite is considered to be a neglected tropical disease causing over 100,000 deaths and maiming over 400,000 people per year.
Kani Shaie
Kani Shaie is a small ancient Near East archaeological site located within the Sulaymaniyah Governorate in the Kurdistan Region of northeast Iraq in the Basian Basin at the western edge of the Zagros Mountains. It lies about 23 kilometers west of modern Sulaymaniyah and to the northeast of the ancient site of Girdi Qala and Logardan.

Its main period of occupation was from the 5th millennium BC Chalcolithic period until the middle of the 3rd millennium BC Early Bronze Age, roughly 5000 BC until 2500 BC, encompassing the Ubaid period, Uruk period and Early Dynastic period. Minor occupation was noted in the lower town from the Halaf, Ubaid, Neo-Assyrian, Parthian, and Islamic periods, along with an Ottoman period cemetery.

Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Sulaymaniyah Governorate (Sorani Kurdish: پارێزگای سلێمانی; Kurmanji Kurdish: Parêzgeha Silêmaniyê; Arabic: محافظة السليمانية) or Sulaymaniyah Province is a governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its capital and largest city is Sulaymaniyah. Halabja Governorate was formerly the Halabja District of Sulaymaniyah, until it became a separate governorate in 2014.
Fulse people
Fulse people, or Foulse, are a cultural and ethnic group in West Africa, primarily living in western Burkina Faso. The Fulse people speak a Niger-Congo dialect within the Grusi linguistic and Gurunsi cultural groups. There are an estimated 100,000 people who identify themselves as Fulse.

Gurunsi languages
The Grũsi or Gurunsi languages, also known as the East Mabia languages, are a group of Gur languages, comprising about 20 languages spoken by the Gurunsi peoples. The Grũsi languages are spoken in northern Ghana, adjacent areas of Burkina Faso and Togo. The largest language in the Grusi group is Kabiye, a language spoken by approximately 1.2 million people (of which 550,000 are native speakers) throughout central Togo.
Te Tapuwae
Te Tapuwae is a Māori cemetery at Otenuku Marae in Ruatoki, in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand. Ngāi Tūhoe tribal leader Takurua Tamarau was buried on marae land in 1958, and subsequently that part of the land became a cemetery for the Ngāti Koura hapu of Tūhoe. Tribal leaders of the Ngāi Tūhoe iwi are traditionally buried there.

In Māori folklore, the cemetery is said to be protected by a powerful tapu which will curse anyone entering the cemetery without permission of the marae kaumātua. On leaving the sacred cemetery, visitors must always wash their hands with cleansing water.

Tuhoe refer to the buried ground as "Te Tapuwae, Te Urupa ō Ngā Rangatira ō Ngāi Tūhoe” ("Te Tapuwae is the elder of the kings of the Tuhoe people")

Kaumātua
A kaumātua is a respected tribal elder in a Māori community who has been involved with their whānau for a number of years. They are appointed by their people who believe the chosen elders have the capacity to teach and guide both current and future generations. Kaumātua have good knowledge of Māori tikanga, language and history; and their contribution ensures that the mana of the whānau, hapū and iwi are maintained. Barlow (1994) refers to kaumātua as being the "keepers of knowledge and traditions of the family, sub-tribe and tribe". Although the term kaumātua is widely used to refer to all elders, male kaumātua are more correctly called koroua or koro, and female elders are called kuia.

The word kaumātua comes from kau, meaning alone, without or none, and mātua, meaning parents; thus, kaumātua literally means "no parents" and reflects how the parents of older generations have passed on.
Plasma beta
The beta of a plasma, symbolized by β, is the ratio of the plasma pressure (p = nkBT) to the magnetic pressure (pmag = B2/2μ0). The term is commonly used in studies of the Sun and Earth's magnetic field, and in the field of fusion power designs.

In the fusion power field, plasma is often confined using strong magnets. Since the temperature of the fuel scales with pressure, reactors attempt to reach the highest pressures possible. The costs of large magnets roughly scales like β1/2.  Therefore, beta can be thought of as a ratio of money out to money in for a reactor, and beta can be thought of (very approximately) as an economic indicator of reactor efficiency. For tokamaks, betas of larger than 0.05 or 5% are desired for economically viable electrical production.

The same term is also used when discussing the interactions of the solar wind with various magnetic fields. For example, beta in the corona of the Sun is about 0.01.

Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the molar gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, and is used in calculating thermal noise in resistors. The Boltzmann constant has dimensions of energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy and heat capacity. It is named after the Austrian scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.

As part of the 2019 revision of the SI, the Boltzmann constant is one of the seven "defining constants" that have been defined so as to have exact finite decimal values in SI units. They are used in various combinations to define the seven SI base units. The Boltzmann constant is defined to be exactly 1.380649×10−23 joules per kelvin, with the effect of defining the SI unit kelvin.
Franz Dannehl
Franz Dannehl (7 February 1870, Rudolstadt – 1947) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He was degree in Biology in 1894 in Berlin..

He was an insect dealer first in Bözen, then in Munich.

His private collection, mainly butterflies and moths from the German Tyrol is in Museo Civico di Zoologia, Rome, Zoologische Staatssammlung München in Munich and Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.

According to Peter Levenda, Dannehl was a member of the occultist Thule Society, and joined the Nazi Party early on.

Dannehl also trained as a composer. According to Daniel Gregory Mason, "He studied composition in Brussels, Weimar, and Berlin"; a violin sonata is among music compositions of his that survive in score. Some of his songs were reviewed in The Monthly Musical Record (February 1, 1901, page 40) as containing "only slight interest" when performed in a concert at the time.

Museo Civico di Zoologia
The Museo Civico di Zoologia is a natural history museum in Rome, central Italy. It is situated next to the Bioparc (Zoo) and can be entered by the Zoo or through the entrance on via Ulisse Aldrovandi. Founded in 1932, it is said to continue the natural history tradition of the Gabinetto di Zoologia dell'Università Pontificia and the collections date from 1792.
Qatranilestes
Qatranilestes is an extinct genus of afrosoricid which existed in Fayum, Egypt during the earliest Oligocene period (Rupelian age). It was first named by Erik R. Seiffert in 2010 and the type species is Qatranilestes oligocaenus. As of 2010, Qatranilestes was the youngest known afrosoricid fossil from Egypt.

Rupelian
The Rupelian, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 33.9 and 27.3 Ma. It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian Stage. The Rupelian is also known, informally, as the early Oligocene  and lower Oligocene.
2023 World Cup of Pool
The 2023 World Cup of Pool was a professional pool doubles tournament, and the 16th edition of the World Cup of Pool. The event was contested by 32 pairs representing different nations, and took place at the Pazo de Feiras e Congresos de Lugo in Lugo, Spain, from 27 June to 2 July 2023.

The Spanish team of Francisco Sánchez Ruiz and David Alcaide were the defending champions, but they were eliminated by the Philippine team consisting of James Aranas and Johann Chua in the first round of the tournament. Aranas and Chua would go on to win their country its fourth World Cup title.

Francisco Sánchez Ruiz
Francisco Sánchez Ruiz (born December 29, 1991) is a Spanish professional pool player, nicknamed "The Ferrari" and by his initials "FSR". He won both the 2022 WPA World Eight-ball Championship and the 2023 WPA World Nine-ball Championship.
Köthen Solar Park
The Köthen Solar Park is a photovoltaic power station in Köthen, Germany. It has a capacity of 45 megawatts (MW) and an expected annual electricity generation of 42 gigawatt-hours. The solar park was developed and built by RGE Energy.

The PV project is built on a former military airfield in Köthen on 116 hectares (290 acres). In 2009, the project was the largest solar power plant in Saxony-Anhalt and the world's largest system using string inverters. The project is equipped with 205,000  solar module made of crystalline silicon by BP Solar. Total investment in the project was around €133 million. The solar park was connected to the grid in 2009. Payment was fixed to 35.49 Euro-cents per kilowatt-hour for 20 years.

Solar inverter
A solar inverter or photovoltaic (PV) inverter is a type of power inverter which converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
DeRidder, Louisiana
DeRidder is a city in, and the parish seat of, Beauregard Parish, Louisiana, United States. A small portion of the city extends into Vernon Parish. As of the 2020 census, DeRidder had a population of 9,852. It is the smaller principal city of the DeRidder-Fort Polk South CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Fort Polk South (Vernon Parish) and DeRidder (Beauregard Parish) micropolitan areas, which had a combined population of 87,988 at the 2010 census.

Canadian Pacific Kansas City
Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited, doing business as CPKC (known as Canadian Pacific Railway Limited until 2023), is a Canadian Class I freight railway, headquartered in Calgary. It operates about 32,000 kilometres (20,000 mi) of rail in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and is the only single-line rail corporation ever to connect the three countries.