hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Banister v. Davis
Banister v. Davis, 590 U.S. ___ (2020), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) motion to alter or amend a habeas court’s judgment is not a second or successive habeas petition under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act.

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. L. 104–132 (text) (PDF), 110 Stat. 1214, enacted April 24, 1996, was introduced to the United States Congress in April 1995 as a Senate Bill (S. 735). The bill was passed with broad bipartisan support by Congress in response to the 1996 Oklahoma City bombing. It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton.

Controversial for its changes to the law of habeas corpus in the United States, the AEDPA also contained a number of provisions to "deter terrorism, provide justice for victims, provide for an effective death penalty, and for other purposes."
Giovanni I Bentivoglio
Giovanni I (c. 1358 in Bologna – June 26, 1402 in Bologna) was the first ruler of Bologna from the Bentivoglio family, who rose to power among the faction-conflicts within the commune of Bologna. He ruled in 1401–1402.

On March 14, 1401, he declared himself the ruler as signore and Gonfaloniere di Giustizia, and secured his reign with the aid of the Visconti family. After the Visconti turned against him, he was killed in 1402 in the Battle of Casalecchio. He was later buried in the church of San Giacomo Maggiore. He was briefly succeeded by his son, Antongaleazzo, who was soon deposed. The next person to fully restore the power of the house was his grandson, Annibale I.

Visconti of Milan
The Visconti of Milan are a noble Italian family. They rose to power in Milan during the Middle Ages where they ruled from 1277 to 1447, initially as lords and then as dukes, and several collateral branches still exist. The effective founder of the Visconti Lordship of Milan was the Archbishop Ottone, who wrested control of the city from the rival Della Torre family in 1277.
Budaiya
Al Budaiya (Arabic: البديع) is a coastal town located in the northwestern region of Bahrain Island, in the Northern Governorate of the Kingdom of Bahrain. It neighbors the villages of Diraz and Bani Jamra.

Northern Governorate
The Northern Governorate (Arabic: المحافظة الشمالية, romanized: Al-Muḥāfaẓat aš-Šamālīyah) is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the former municipalities of Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah al Shamaliyah, Jidd Haffs and Madinat Hamad. It also includes the island of Umm an Nasan.
Montezuma Well springsnail
The Montezuma Well springsnail (Pyrgulopsis montezumensis) is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails. It is endemic to Montezuma Well, a large sinkhole in Yavapai County, Arizona, in the United States.

This snail has an ovate shell measuring no more than 2.7 millimeters tall. The tip of the snout is pigmented. The species is sexually dimorphic.

This aquatic snail lives in springs with substrates of travertine limestone. It is limited to Montezuma Well and the first 100 meters of its outflow. The snail has a preference for areas of the spring with bare limestone and no vegetation or sediment. It tolerates relatively high amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide and remains in areas of the springs where the CO2 concentration is high, possibly as a means of avoiding predators that cannot tolerate these conditions.

Travertine
Travertine (/ˈtrævərtiːn/ ⓘ TRAV-ər-teen) is a form of fresh water limestone deposited around mineral springs, especially hot springs. It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems.

Travertine is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material. Similar, but softer and extremely porous deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa.
Niger Delta University
Niger Delta University (NDU) is in Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State in the southern part of Nigeria.  It was established in 2000. It is a Bayelsa state government-funded university  which was established by Chief D.S.P. Alamieyeseigha, then governor of Bayelsa state.  It has two main campuse, one in the state capital, Yenagoa, which houses the law faculty, and the other in Amassoma. It also has its teaching hospital known as Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH) in Okolobiri.

The university offers education at Bachelor, Masters and PhD levels. It is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. It is accredited and recognized by the National Universities Commission (NUC)

Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or an existing drug into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patients. The patients could be either humans or animals. Pharmaceutics helps relate the formulation of drugs to their delivery and disposition in the body. Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance into a dosage form.
Otto Colee
Otto Leonard Colee (December 4, 1895 – August 10, 1969) was a college football player and dental surgeon. A star guard and fullback for the Tulane Green Wave, he was All-Southern in 1917, captain in 1918.

College Football All-Southern Team
The College Football All-Southern Team was an all-star team of college football players from the Southern United States.  The honor was given annually to the best players at their respective positions. It is analogous to the All-America Team and was most often selected in newspapers. Notable pickers of All-Southern teams include John Heisman, Dan McGugin, George C. Marshall, Grantland Rice, W. A. Lambeth, Reynolds Tichenor, Nash Buckingham, Innis Brown, and Dick Jemison.
Cochrane South
Cochrane South was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1926 to 1999. It encompassed the southern part of the Cochrane District, including the city of Timmins.

For the 1999 election, in which all electoral districts in the province were realigned to match their federal counterparts, Cochrane South was divided between the new districts of Timmins—James Bay and Timiskaming—Cochrane.

1999 Ontario general election
General elections were held on June 3, 1999, to elect members of the 37th Legislative Assembly of the Canadian province Ontario.

The governing Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, led by Premier Mike Harris, was re-elected to a second majority government.

The last time the Legislative Assembly of Ontario had experienced a reduced number of seats heading into an election was in 1934. Previously, the province's riding boundaries were different from those used in federal elections. In the 1999 election, as a consequence of an Act passed in 1996, provincial riding boundaries were redrawn to precisely match federal ridings, resulting in 27 fewer seats in the legislature. Notably, in a number of ridings this resulted in incumbent MPPs directly facing each other in the new seats; in a few ridings, incumbent MPPs from the same party even had to compete against each other for their own party's nomination.
Pediatric pathology
Pediatric pathology is the sub-specialty of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of children. The duties of pediatric pathologists can be divided into two categories: the examination of tissue samples, and the performing autopsies and placental examinations.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis (pl.: diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in a lot of different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine "cause and effect". In systems engineering and computer science, it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms, mitigations, and solutions.
Strathlethan Bay
Strathlethan Bay is on the North Sea coast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland just south of Stonehaven.
To the north is Downie Point near which lies Stonehaven's Black Hill war memorial – the popular walk from Stonehaven to Dunnottar Castle runs along this part of the trail. On the other side of the bay is Dunnicaer, an inaccessible sea stack just offshore of Bowdun Head.
The long-distance Aberdeenshire Coastal Trail runs around the bay at the top of steep cliffs. 
On 19 November 1916 the wreckage of the Norwegian steamer Isa Fiord (meaning ice fiord) was washed ashore in the bay and on 8 October 1940 the Danish ship Bellona II came aground after it had suffered bombing damage off Gourdon.

Downie Point
Downie Point is a prominent headland located at the southern edge of Stonehaven Bay in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. (United Kingdom, 2004)  From the Stonehaven Harbour, there is a panoramic view of this cliff landform, especially from the tip of Bellman's Head.
WFIF
WFIF (1500 AM) is a brokered time radio station broadcasting a Christian talk and teaching radio format. Licensed to Milford, Connecticut, it serves Greater New Haven and Greater Bridgeport. The station is owned by the K.W. Dolmar Broadcasting Company, which also owns religious stations in other New England communities, including WSDK Hartford.  Programs are hosted by national religious leaders including John MacArthur, Alistair Begg, Nancy DeMoss Wolgemuth, Chuck Swindoll, Michael Youssef, June Hunt, J. Vernon McGee, David Jeremiah and Erwin Lutzer

WFIF broadcasts at 5,000 watts days only.  To protect other stations on 1500 AM from interference at night, WFIF goes off the air.  And for daytime protection, WFIF uses a directional antenna with a three-tower array.  The transmitter and studios are on Kay Avenue in Milford, near the Housatonic River.  Programming is heard around the clock on 250-watt FM translator W270DL at 101.9 MHz.

Chuck Swindoll
Charles Rozell Swindoll /ˈswɪnˌdɒl/ (born October 18, 1934) is an evangelical Christian pastor, author, educator, and radio preacher. He founded Insight for Living, headquartered in Frisco, Texas, which airs a radio program of the same name on more than 2,000 stations around the world in 15 languages. He was the founding pastor at Stonebriar Community Church, in Frisco, Texas, and also sat on its elder board.
Barleywood
Barleywood is a farm in Jefferson County, West Virginia, on land once owned by Samuel Washington, brother of George Washington. The farm is close to Samuel's manor house, Harewood, from which the Barleywood property was subdivided in 1841. The Barleywood house was built in 1842, as well as several outbuildings which survive.  The house sat vacant from the 1960s to the late 2010s and during that time it suffered from vandalism. It is now a private residence.

Samuel Washington
Samuel Washington (November 16, 1734 – September 26, 1781) was an American planter, politician and military officer best known for being the younger brother of George Washington, the first president of the United States.
Eric Chewning
Eric Chewning is an American businessman, Army veteran, and former senior military official. As of 2025, he is executive vice president of strategy and development for HII, America’s largest shipbuilder.

Huntington Ingalls Industries
Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc. (HII) is the largest military shipbuilding company in the United States as well as a provider of professional services to partners in government and industry. HII was formed on 31 March 2011, as a divestiture from  Northrop Grumman.

HII comprises three divisions: Newport News Shipbuilding in Virginia, Ingalls Shipbuilding in Mississippi, and Mission Technologies.

In April 2022, Huntington Ingalls Industries changed its branding name to HII.
Mountain Grove Campground
The Mountain Grove Campground was a campground, active between 1872 and 1901, that formed part of the 19th- to early 20th-century camp meeting movement, where camping was combined with worshiping and listening to preachers. These meetings were often held by Protestants, in this case, Methodists. Mountain Grove Campground was a site and resort on the Danville, Hazleton and Wilkes-Barre Railroad in Black Creek Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.  It existed for approximately 30 years and was run by the Mountain Grove Camp Meeting Association. A businessman named G.M. Shoop was the original owner of the campground's land. Many prominent citizens of the surrounding area were in the association. During the campground's operation between 1872 and 1901, it was renovated and expanded several times. While the camp meetings that were held there were intended for Methodists, non-Methodists occasionally attended them.

Resort
A resort (North American English) is a self-contained commercial establishment that aims to provide most of a vacationer's needs. This includes food, drink, accommodation, sports, entertainment and shopping, on the premises. A hotel is frequently a central feature of a resort and the term resort may be used for a hotel that provides an array of entertainment and recreational activities.

Some resorts are also condominium complexes that offer timeshares or fractional ownership, in addition to wholly owned condominiums. A resort is not always a commercial establishment operated by a single company, but in the late 20th century, this type became more common.

In British English, "resort" means a town which people visit for holidays and day trips, typically containing hotels where holidaymakers stay. Blackpool and Brighton in UK and Ayia Napa in Cyprus are examples of such places.
Bleker
Bleker is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gerrit Claesz Bleker (1592–1656), Dutch painter

Dirck Bleker (1621–1702), Dutch painter, son of Gerrit

Henk Bleker (born 1953), Dutch politician and jurist

Lars Bleker (born 1994), German footballer

Gerrit Claesz Bleker
Gerrit Claesz Bleker (1592, in Haarlem – February 8, 1656, in Haarlem), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

According to Houbraken in 1718, who repeated a list of names from Theodorus Schrevelius's 1648 book on Haarlem called Harlemias, he was a good landscape painter of Haarlem along with Cornelis Vroom, son of Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, "Joh. Jakobsz.", who was in Italy for many years, "Nicol. Zuyker", Salomon van Ruysdael, and Reyer van Blommendael.

According to the RKD he was a landscape painter of historical allegories who became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke sometime before 1643 and who later became the teacher of Dirck Bleker (possibly his son), Pieter Adelaar, David Decker, and Paulus van der Goes. He was probably the pupil of Nicolaes Moeyaert.
All for Love (British TV series)
All For Love was a Granada television production consisting of adaptations of short stories by authors such as Rumer Godden, Elizabeth Taylor, and William Trevor. The series presents 12 unrelated episodes all concerning various types of human love.

Four episodes from the series were broadcast in the US on PBS as part of their Masterpiece Theatre series. They were Mona, L'Elegance, A Bit of Singing and Dancing, and Letting the Birds Go Free.

Elizabeth Taylor (novelist)
Elizabeth Taylor (née Coles; 3 July 1912 – 19 November 1975) was an English novelist and short-story writer. Kingsley Amis described her as "one of the best English novelists born in this century". Antonia Fraser called her "one of the most underrated writers of the 20th century", while Hilary Mantel said she was "deft, accomplished and somewhat underrated".
Drew Christiansen
Andrew Joseph Christiansen SJ (February 20, 1945 – April 6, 2022) was an American Jesuit priest and author. He was Distinguished Professor of Ethics and Human Development at the Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service, a senior fellow at the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, and the former editor-in-chief of the Jesuit magazine America. His areas of research included nuclear disarmament, nonviolence and just peacemaking, Catholic social teaching, and ecumenical public advocacy.

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs (or simply Berkley Center) is an academic research center at Georgetown University in Washington, DC dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of religion, ethics, and politics. The center was founded in 2006 under a gift from William R. Berkley, a member of Georgetown's Board of Directors. The center's founding director is Thomas Banchoff.
Huvenia
Huvenia is a genus of extinct plants of the Early Devonian (Pragian or Siegenian stage, around 413 to 411 million years ago), found in slate deposits of the Rhenish Massif. The sporophyte generation consisted of leafless stems (axes), which appear to be flattened, and which branch dichotomously. The strand of conducting tissue contains simple tracheids, making this a vascular plant (tracheophyte). The sporangia (spore-forming organs) are borne on the ends of short branching stems (sporangiophores) rather than terminating main stems as in some other early land plants. Sporangia appear to be twisted, but it is not clear whether this feature was present in life or developed after death.

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram for the polysporangiophytes, in which Huvenia is placed in the Rhyniaceae. (See that article for the cladogram.)

Tracheid
A tracheid is a long and tapered lignified cell in the xylem of vascular plants. It is a type of conductive cell called a tracheary element. Angiosperms also use another type of conductive cell, called vessel elements, to transport water through the xylem. The main functions of tracheid cells are to transport water and inorganic salts, and to provide structural support for trees. There are often pits on the cell walls of tracheids, which allows for water flow between cells. Tracheids are dead at functional maturity and do not have a protoplast. The wood (softwood) of gymnosperms such as pines and other conifers is mainly composed of tracheids. Tracheids are also the main conductive cells in the primary xylem of ferns.

The tracheid was first named by the German botanist Carl Gustav Sanio in 1863, from the German Tracheide.
Arta FM
Arta FM (Arabic: آرتا إف إم) is a Syrian community radio station. It was established on 6 July 2013 in Amuda. A multi-ethnic Syrian team in several cities in al-Hasakah and Aleppo is producing radio programs in Kurdish, Syriac, Arabic and Armenian. A radio station allied with Arta FM, Jin FM, produces a program for women. As of 2013, the station had about 45 employees. It is supported by the US government and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation.

Arta FM has five 500W FM transmitters in the Syrian cities Amuda, Qamishli, Al-Malikiyah,  Ras al-Ayn and Kobani

Qamishli
Qamishli (Kurdish: قامیشلۆ, romanized: Qamişlo; Arabic: القامشلي, romanized: al-Qamishli; Syriac: ܩܡܫܠܝ) is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria–Turkey border, adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey. The Jaghjagh River flows through the city. With a 2004 census population of 184,231, it is the ninth most-populous city in Syria and the second-largest in Al-Hasakah Governorate after Al-Hasakah. Qamishli has traditionally been a Christian Assyrian majority city, but is now predominantly populated by Kurds with large numbers of Arabs and Assyrians and a smaller number of Armenians. It is 680 kilometres (420 mi) northeast of Damascus.

The city is the administrative capital of the Qamishli District in Al-Hasakah Governorate, and the administrative center of Qamishli Subdistrict, consisting of 92 localities with a combined population of 232,095 in 2004. Qamishli was the de facto capital of the DAANES, until it was moved to Ayn Issa.
Tulley
Tulley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daniel Tulley, American military officer

Edwin Tulley Newton (1840–1930), British politician

Gever Tulley, American writer

Joe Tulley (1922–2003), American politician

Paul Tulley (born 1942), American actor

Daniel Tulley
Daniel H. Tulley is a United States Air Force lieutenant general serving as the commander and president of Air University. He previously served as the director of operations at the United States Transportation Command.
Siegfried Lienhard
Siegfried Lienhard (29 August 1924, in Sankt Veit an der Glan – 6 March 2011) was a professor of Indology at Stockholm University and a scholar of Sanskrit and the Newar language.

He published on the history of poetry in South Asia, as well as a catalogue of the Newar manuscripts held in the State Library of Berlin, a collection of Newar folk songs, and textual studies of classical Newar texts. In 1995 his students and colleagues published a Festschrift in his honour. In 2007 Oskar von Hinueber edited the collected minor writings of Siegfried Lienhard.

St. Veit an der Glan
St. Veit an der Glan (Austrian German: [saŋkt ˈfaɪt an deːɐ̯ ˈɡlaːn]) is a town in the Austrian state of Carinthia, the administrative centre of the St. Veit an der Glan District. It served as the capital of the Duchy of Carinthia until 1518. The famous chef Wolfgang Puck was born there in 1949.
St Michael's Church, Inveresk
St Michael’s Church, Inveresk is a Church of Scotland church serving the parish of Musselburgh: St Michael's Inveresk, in Scotland. Known as "the Visible Kirk" because of its prominent position at the top of the hill within the historic village of Inveresk, it is a Category A listed building.

Inveresk
Inveresk (Gaelic: Inbhir Easg) is a village in East Lothian, Scotland situated 5⁄8 mi (1 km) to the south of Musselburgh. It has been designated a conservation area since 1969. It is situated on slightly elevated ground on the north bank of a loop of the River Esk. This ridge of ground, 20 to 25 metres above sea level, was used by the Romans as the location for Inveresk Roman Fort in the 2nd century AD.

The prefix "Inver" (Gaelic inbhir) means a river mouth and refers to the point where the River Esk meets the Firth of Forth.

The village was formerly in the Midlothian parish of Inveresk and developed separately from the burgh of Musselburgh.
Bremen Ratskeller
The Bremen Ratskeller is the council wine cellar (German: "Ratskeller") of the Townhall of Bremen. Since it was erected in the year 1405, German wines were stored and sold there. With its history over 600 years the Ratskeller of Bremen is one of the oldest wine cellars of Germany, furthermore the oldest wine barrel of Germany, a wine from Rüdesheim which is dated 1653, is stored here.

In the cellar there has long been a traditional tavern and today a large part of it is a gourmet restaurant.

Wine cellar
A wine cellar is a storage room for wine in bottles or barrels, or more rarely in carboys, amphorae, or plastic containers. In an active wine cellar, important factors such as temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate control system. In contrast, passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled, and are usually built underground to reduce temperature swings. An aboveground wine cellar is often called a wine room, while a small wine cellar (fewer than 500 bottles) is sometimes termed a wine closet. The household department responsible for the storage, care and service of wine in a great mediaeval house was termed the buttery.  Large wine cellars date back over 3,700 years.