hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gauss–Seidel method
In numerical linear algebra, the Gauss–Seidel method, also known as the Liebmann method or the method of successive displacement,  is an iterative method used to solve a system of linear equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel. Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the diagonals, convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is either strictly diagonally dominant, or symmetric and positive definite. It was only mentioned in a private letter from Gauss to his student Gerling in 1823. A publication was not delivered before 1874 by Seidel.

Christian Ludwig Gerling
Christian Ludwig Gerling (10 July 1788 – 15 January 1864) studied under Carl Friedrich Gauss, obtaining his doctorate in 1812 for his thesis Methodi proiectionis orthographicae usum ad calculos parallacticos facilitandos explicavit simulque eclipsin solarem die at the University of Göttingen. He is notable for his work on geodetics, and in 1927 some 60 letters of correspondence between Gerling and Gauss on the topic were published. He is also notable as the doctoral advisor of Julius Plücker.

Gerling, whose father was also called Christian Ludwig Gerling and was a pastor at the St. James's Church, was born in Hamburg and attended the Johanneum. In 1817, he became a professor of mathematics at the University of Marburg.
Villa Giraffa, Goito
Villa Giraffa is a rural palace located on the banks of the Mincio River, near the town of Goito, province of Mantua, Lombardy, Italy. It was initially remodeled in the 15th century as a villa by the ruling Gonzaga family.

House of Gonzaga
The House of Gonzaga (US: /ɡənˈzɑːɡə, ɡɒn-, -ˈzæɡ-/; Italian: [ɡonˈdzaːɡa]) is an Italian princely family that ruled Mantua in Lombardy, northern Italy from 1328 to 1708 (first as a captaincy-general, then margraviate, and finally duchy). They also ruled Monferrato in Piedmont and Nevers in France, as well as many other lesser fiefs throughout Europe. The family includes a saint, twelve cardinals and fourteen bishops. Two Gonzaga descendants became empresses of the Holy Roman Empire (Eleonora Gonzaga and Eleonora Gonzaga-Nevers), and one became Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Marie Louise Gonzaga).
Oulainen
Oulainen (Swedish: Oulainen, also Oulais) is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Northern Ostrobothnia region, 101 kilometres (63 mi) south of the city of Oulu. The municipality has a population of 6,887
(30 June 2025) and covers an area of 597.53 square kilometres (230.71 sq mi) of
which 10.01 km2 (3.86 sq mi)
is water. The population density is
11.72 inhabitants per square kilometre (30.4/sq mi). Oulainen is founded in 1865, and it received township rights in 1977.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish. The municipality has previously also been known as "Oulais" in Swedish documents, but is today referred to as "Oulainen" also in Swedish.

Regions of Finland
Finland is divided into 19 regions (Finnish: maakunta; Swedish: landskap)
which are governed by regional councils that serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of each region. The councils are composed of delegates from the municipal councils. The main tasks of regional councils are regional planning, the development of enterprises, and education. Between 2004 and 2012, the regional council of Kainuu was elected via popular elections as part of an experimental regional administration.

In 2022, new Wellbeing services counties were established as part of a health care and social services reform. The wellbeing services counties follow the regional borders, and are governed by directly elected county councils.
Savage River State Forest
Savage River State Forest is located in the north and northeastern part of Garrett County, in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state forest has many waterways, including Savage River Reservoir, which was built in 1952 by the U.S. Army. The dam was built as an emergency water supply for Washington, D.C. Savage River State Forest is known for its hunting, fishing, camping, and hiking trails.

Savage River State Forest is mostly located on the eastern side of the Eastern Continental Divide, which means that most of its waterways will eventually lead to the Potomac River and thus the Chesapeake Bay. But some of its waterways flow into the Youghiogheny River.

Eastern Continental Divide
The Eastern Continental Divide, Eastern Divide or Appalachian Divide is a hydrological divide in eastern North America that separates the easterly Atlantic Seaboard watershed from the westerly Gulf of Mexico watershed.  It is one of six continental hydrological divides of North America which define several drainage basins, each of which drains to a particular body of water.

The divide nearly spans the United States from south of Lake Ontario through the Florida peninsula, and consists of raised terrain including the Appalachian Mountains to the north, the southern Piedmont Plateau and lowland ridges in the Atlantic Coastal Plain to the south.
Samuel Point
Samuel Point (Nos Samuil \'nos sa-mu-'il\) is on the coast of Bransfield Strait forming the southwest side of the entrance to Brunow Bay on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  The point is situated on the east side of Rozhen Peninsula, surmounted by Needle Peak (370 m), a conspicuous offshoot of Friesland Ridge. Opitsvet Lake lies at the point's base.

The feature is named after Czar Samuil of Bulgaria, 980-1014 AD.

Livingston Island
Livingston Island (Russian name Smolensk, 62°36′S 60°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.600°S 60.500°W﻿ / -62.600; -60.500) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, part of the South Shetlands Archipelago, a group of Antarctic islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude in 1819, a historic event that marked the end of a centuries-long pursuit of the mythical Terra Australis Incognita and the beginning of the exploration and utilization of real Antarctica. The name Livingston, although of unknown derivation, has been well established in international usage since the early 1820s.
Nyngan Parish (Robinson County), New South Wales
Nyngan Parish is a civil parish of Robinson County, a cadastral division of New South Wales. It is located on Yanda Creek and the Kidman Way north east of Cobar, New South Wales.

It is west of the town of Nyngan, New South Wales.

Cobar
Cobar is a town in Outback New South Wales, Australia, whose economy is based mainly upon base metals and gold mining. The town is 712 km (442 mi) by road northwest of the state capital, Sydney.  It is at the crossroads of the Kidman Way and Barrier Highway. The town and the local government area, the Cobar Shire, are on the eastern edge of the Outback.  At the 2021 census, the town of Cobar had a population of 3,369. The Shire has a population of approximately 4,700 and an area of 44,065 square kilometres (17,014 sq mi).

Many sights of cultural interest can be found in and around Cobar. The town retains much of its colonial 19th-century architecture. The Towsers Huts, 3 km south of town but currently inaccessible to the public, are ruins of very simple colonial dwellings from around 1870. The ancient Aboriginal rock paintings at Mount Grenfell are some of the largest and most important in Australia. The Cobar Sound Chapel opened in April 2022.
Mount Sanderson
Mount Sanderson (69°17′S 70°47′W﻿ / ﻿69.283°S 70.783°W﻿ / -69.283; -70.783) is a mountain rising to about 2,300 m in south Rouen Mountains, situated in the northern portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. It is situated 22.5 km east of Breze Peak in Havre Mountains. The mountain was first surveyed by the British Antarctic Survey in 1975–76. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1980 after Timothy John Oliver Sanderson, glaciologist who was a member of the British Antarctic Survey during 1975–78, he worked on the George VI Ice Shelf.

Glaciology
Glaciology (from Latin  glacies 'frost, ice' and Ancient Greek  λόγος (logos) 'subject matter'; lit. 'study of ice') is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology. The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".
Tatiana Sharanova
Tatiana Alexandrovna Sharanova (Russian: Татьяна Александровна Шаранова; born 28 November 1946) is a Russian former pair skater who represented the Soviet Union in the 1960s and early 1970s. Competing in partnership with Aleksandr Gorelik, she won bronze at the 1962 Blue Swords and placed 7th at the 1964 European Championships in Grenoble, France.

Sharanova's partnership with her husband, Anatoli Evdokimov, began by 1966.  The two finished 5th at the 1967 European Championships in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, and 8th at the 1967 World Championships in Vienna, Austria. They won silver at the 1966 Prize of Moscow News, gold at the 1967 Prague Skate, and silver at the 1970 Blue Swords.

After retiring from competition, Sharanova worked for an ice ballet based in Kiev, Ukraine.

1970 Blue Swords
The 1970 Blue Swords (German: Pokal der Blauen Schwerter) was an international figure skating competition organized in East Germany. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles and pair skating. It was the tenth edition of the annual event and included skaters from ten countries. East Germany won all three categories, with Jan Hoffmann taking the men's title, Sonja Morgenstern winning the ladies' event, and Manuela Groß / Uwe Kagelmann becoming the pair champions.
Zac Williams (cyclist)
Zachary Williams (born 21 July 1995) is a New Zealand cyclist.

Williams was educated at St Peter's College, Auckland.

Williams won the 1000 m time trial at the 2016 Oceania Championships and was fourth in the keirin at the World Cup in Hong Kong. He was selected for the team sprint at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, and filled New Zealand's second place in the men's road race but dropped out of the road race after 40 km.

Oceania Road Cycling Championships
The Oceania Road Championships are a series of road cycling races held annually to determine the Oceanian champion in each event. The event has been held since 1995 and consists of an elite and under-23 men's and an elite women's road race and time trial.

The Oceania Cycling Confederation hosts the events to provide an opportunity for athletes to gain UCI points, and to help selection for national team representation at world championships.
Black Reel Award for Outstanding Breakthrough Performance
This article lists the winners and nominees for the Black Reel Award for Outstanding Breakthrough Performance. Academy Award-nominated or winning performances also honored with nominations or wins at the Black Reel Awards include Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls), Octavia Spencer (The Help), Quvenzhané Wallis (Beasts of the Southern Wild) and Gabourey Sidibe (Precious).

During the 2014 ceremony, the category was divided into gender-specific categories (Outstanding Breakthrough Performance, Male and Outstanding Breakthrough Performance, Female). At the 2024 ceremony, the category was reintegrated into a single award and expanded to include ten nominees.

Quvenzhané Wallis
Quvenzhané Wallis (/kwəˈvɛnʒəneɪ/ kwə-VEN-zhə-nay; born August 28, 2003) is an American actress and author. She made her acting debut in the drama film Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, making her the youngest nominee in the category and the first born in the 21st century. Subsequent credits included Steve McQueen's 12 Years a Slave (2013) and the musical Annie, in which her portrayal of the title character earned her a nomination for the Globe Award for Best Actress, as well as a voice role in the animated film Trolls (2016).

Offscreen, Wallis has published four children's books, these being Shai & Emmie Star in Break an Egg! (2017), A Night Out with Mama (2017), Shai & Emmie Star in Dancy Pants! (2018), and Shai & Emmie Star in To the Rescue! (2018).
Whisman station
Whisman is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. This station is served by the Orange Line of the VTA light rail system.

The station is surrounded by a residential area built as transit-oriented development. There is no connecting bus transit at this station.

Orange Line (VTA)
The Orange Line is a light rail line in Santa Clara County, California, and part of the VTA light rail system. It serves 26 stations in the cities of Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Milpitas, and San Jose, traveling between Downtown Mountain View and Alum Rock stations, stopping at Ames Research Center, Great America, and Levi's Stadium along the way. The line connects to Caltrain at Mountain View and to the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system at Milpitas station. The line runs for 20 hours per day on weekdays, with headways of 15 minutes for most of the day. On weekends, the train runs at 20-minute headways for most of the day. After around 8 pm on weekdays and weekends trains run at 30-minute headways.
Maurus Gerner-Beuerle
Maurus Gerner-Beuerle (28 January 1903 – 10 August 1982) was a German Lutheran theologian and pastor who served for many years as the "Domprediger" at Bremen Cathedral.   His gifts as a narrator and as a preacher, along with his commitment to truth led to his becoming one of the best known Christian preachers of the post-war generation in West Germany.   He was, in addition, an author and poet.   Much of his published work appeared in German, but some was written and published, at least partially, in the Alemannic he had learned as a child in South Baden.

Staatsexamen
The Staatsexamen ("state examination" or "exam by state"; pl.: Staatsexamina) is a German government licensing examination that future physicians, dentists, physical therapists, teachers, research librarians, archivists, pharmacists, food chemists, psychotherapists and jurists (i.e., lawyers, judges, public prosecutors, civil-law notaries) as well as surveyors have to pass to be allowed to work in their profession. The examination is generally organized by government examination agencies which are under the authority of the responsible ministry. These agencies create examination commissions which consist of members of the examination agency, university professors and/or representatives from the professions.
The Staatsexamina are both legally equivalent to a master's degree in the respective operating ranges.
Peru at the CONCACAF Gold Cup
This is a record of the Peru national football team's results at the CONCACAF Gold Cup. Peru was invited for the 2000 edition of the North American tournament, its first and (as of 2023) only appearance. Despite having been invited only once, Peru is ranked 20th in the all-time table of the CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament.

CONCACAF Gold Cup records and statistics
This is a list of records and statistics of the CONCACAF Gold Cup, which was the direct successor of the CONCACAF Championship (1963–1989). Before the founding of CONCACAF in 1961 due to the merger of NAFC and CCCF, football in North America, Central America and the Caribbean was divided into two regional confederations, each with its own top tournament for senior national teams, the NAFC Championship for North America and the CCCF Championship for Central America and the Caribbean.
Royal Saxon Army
The Royal Saxon Army (German: Königlich Sächsische Armee) was the military force of the Electorate (1682–1807) and later the Kingdom of Saxony (1807–1918). A regular Saxon army was first established in 1682 and it continued to exist until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918. With the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon the Royal Saxon Army joined the French "Grande Armée" along with 37 other German states.

3rd Army (German Empire)
The 3rd Army (German: 3. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 3 / A.O.K. 3) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I.  It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 seemingly from the II Army Inspectorate.  The army was disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war.
Sandy Spit
Sandy Spit is an uninhabited islet of the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean, sitting midway between Sandy Cay and Green Cay.  It measures less than half an acre in size, and consists entirely of a ring of sandy beach surrounding light foliage.  It has the appearance of a classic paradise "desert island" and has been photographed for use in print medium in a number of advertising campaigns. Sandy Spit is a popular stop for day and term boat charters from Tortola, St. Thomas, and St. John. There are no moorings, but the sandy bottom is suitable for anchoring.

Sandy Spit was nearly wiped out by Hurricane Irma. Half the beach is gone as of 12 September 2017.

The island provides habitat for the crested anole (Anolis cristatellus wileyae), and the big-scaled least gecko (Sphaerodactylus macrolepis macrolepis).

Big-scaled least gecko
There are two species of gecko  named big-scaled least gecko:

Sphaerodactylus macrolepis, distributed in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean

Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis, endemic to Puerto Rico
André Beauneveu
André Beauneveu (born c. 1335 in Valenciennes, died c. 1400 in Bourges) was an Early Netherlandish sculptor and painter, born in the County of Hainaut (Valenciennes is today in France), who is best known for his work in the service of the French King Charles V, and of the Valois Duke, Jean de Berry. His work in all media shows a generally naturalistic and 'sculptural' style, characteristic of the 'Pucellian revival' of the latter 14th century.

Valenciennes
Valenciennes (/ˌvælɒ̃ˈsjɛn/, also UK: /ˌvælənsiˈɛn/, US: /-nz, vəˌlɛnsiˈɛn(z)/, French: [valɑ̃sjɛn] ⓘ; also Dutch: Valencijn; Picard: Valincyinnes or Valinciennes; Latin: Valentianae) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France.

It lies on the Scheldt (French: Escaut) river. Although the city and region experienced a steady population decline between 1975 and 1990, it has since rebounded.
Thijs Nijhuis
Thijs Matthias Nijhuis (born 20 September 1992, in the Netherlands) is a Danish long-distance runner.

He finished tenth at the 2013 European U23 Championships (10,000 m), fourth at the 2015 Summer Universiade (5000 m), fifteenth at the 2017 Summer Universiade (5000 m) and tenth at the 2017 Summer Universiade (10,000 m). He also competed at the 2015 European Indoor Championships (3000 m) without reaching the final.

In 2019 he competed in the senior men's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. He finished in 116th place. In 2019, he also competed in the men's marathon at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He finished in 31st place. In 2020, he competed in the men's race at the 2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships held in Gdynia, Poland. At the Seville Marathon 2020 he finished in time 2:10:57, qualifying him for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships were hosted in the city of Aarhus in Denmark. It was the 43rd edition of the championships and was held on 30 March 2019.

A part of the course was run on the grounds and grass roof of the Moesgaard Museum. The race was held in challenging conditions, due to the very muddy course and steep hills. The senior men's race was won by Ugandan Joshua Cheptegei, while the senior women's race was won by Kenyan Hellen Obiri.
Christopher Billop
Colonel Christopher Billopp (c. 1738 – March 29, 1827) was an American-born military officer and politician who served in the American Revolutionary War. During the conflict, he was nicknamed the "Tory Colonel" by Patriots. After the conflict ended in 1783, Billopp emigrated to New Brunswick along with other Loyalists and became a politician, representing Saint John in the 1st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly.

1st New Brunswick Legislature
The 1st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between January 3, 1786, and 1792. The lower house was the Legislative Assembly and the upper house was named the Legislative Council.

The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick, Thomas Carleton. The first and second sessions were held at the Mallard House, an inn in Saint John. Subsequent sessions were held in Fredericton.

Amos Botsford was chosen as Speaker Of The House.
Demi Vermeulen
Demi Vermeulen (born 9 April 1995) is a Dutch Paralympic equestrian.

Vermeulen competed at the 2016 Paralympic Games where she won a silver medal in the championship grade II event and a bronze medal in the team event, alongside Nicole den Dulk, Frank Hosmar and Rixt van der Horst.

Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Individual championship test grade II
The Individual Championship Test, grade II, para-equestrian dressage event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics was contested on the afternoon of 15 September 2016 at the Olympic Equestrian Centre in Rio de Janeiro.
The Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy
The Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy is a book authored by Amrita Jash, an assistant professor in the Department of Geopolitics and International Relations at Manipal Academy of Higher Education. The book describes the core national interests of China along with its strategic intentions and military capabilities. It describes 'The Science of Military Strategy' (SMS), one of the main doctrinal military publications of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China on the study of war, and the directions of the current Chinese military strategy.

The book was released by N. N. Vohra, the former Governor of Jammu & Kashmir.

Manipal Academy of Higher Education
The Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) is a private deemed university in the Udupi district of Karnataka, India. The school has campuses in Mangaluru, Bengaluru, and Jamshedpur in India, as well as global campuses in Dubai and Malaysia. Its sister universities are Manipal University Jaipur and Sikkim Manipal University, all managed by the Manipal Education and Medical Group (MEMG).
Raschèr Saxophone Quartet
The Raschèr Saxophone Quartet is a professional ensemble of four saxophonists which performs classical and modern music.

The quartet was founded in the United States in 1969 by prominent classical saxophonist Sigurd Raschèr and his daughter, Carina (Karin).  Some years later the quartet relocated to Germany and has been based there ever since.

The Quartet has appeared at major concert halls in Europe and the United States, including Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center in New York City, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., Opera Bastille Paris, Royal Festival Hall in London, Kölner Philharmonie, Concertgebouw, Schauspielhaus Berlin, Berliner Philharmonie, Musikverein Vienna, Tonhalle Zürich.

The quartet has received strong reviews and was acclaimed as the "Uncrowned Kings of the Saxophone"  by the Wiener Zeitung.

Kölner Philharmonie
The Kölner Philharmonie is a symphonic concert hall located in Cologne, Germany. It is part of the building ensemble of the Museum Ludwig and was opened in 1986. The Kölner Philharmonie is located close to the Cologne Cathedral and the Cologne Main Station. The ensemble was designed by the architects Busmann + Haberer in the 1980s.

Roughly 400 concerts are performed annually with approximately 600,000 visitors. The Kölner Philharmonie is the home base for the Gürzenich Orchester Köln and the WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln.