hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
RSS enclosure
RSS enclosures are a way of attaching multimedia content to RSS feeds with the purpose of allowing that content to be prefetched. Enclosures provide the URL of a file associated with an entry, such as an MP3 file to a music recommendation or a photo to a diary entry. Unlike e-mail attachments, enclosures are merely hyperlinks to files.  The actual file data is not embedded into the feed (unless a data URL is used). Support and implementation among aggregators varies: if the software understands the specified file format, it may automatically download and display the content, otherwise provide a link to it or silently ignore it.

The addition of enclosures to RSS, as first implemented by Dave Winer in late 2000 , was an important prerequisite for the emergence of podcasting, perhaps the most common use of the feature as of 2012. In podcasts and related technologies enclosures are not merely attachments to entries, but provide the main content of a feed.

Download
In computer networks, download means to receive data from a remote system, typically a server such as a web server, an FTP server, an email server, or other similar systems. This contrasts with uploading, where data is sent to a remote system.

A download is a file offered for downloading or that has been downloaded, or the process of receiving such a file.
Gaius Arrius Antoninus
Gaius Arrius Antoninus was a Roman senator and jurist active in the last half of the second century AD, who held a number of offices in the emperor's service. The date when he was suffect consul is not attested, but has been estimated to be around AD 173. Edward Champlin includes him, along with Gaius Aufidius Victorinus and Tiberius Claudius Julianus, as "marked out as a special intimate of Fronto's." Champlin notes that while Victorinus received five of the surviving letters of the rhetor Fronto, "as the beloved pupil and son-in-law", Antoninus received four, taking "the place of Fronto's son."

He is thought to have a son, Gaius Arrius Quadratus, praetor of Dacia, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa.

Despite the similarity in names, Antoninus was not related to Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, the maternal grandfather of the emperor Marcus Aurelius; Géza Alföldy notes an inscription attests that his father was a leading citizen of Cirta in North Africa.

Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

Following the partition of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea into a tetrarchy in 4 BC, it was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing Iturea and Trachonitis. By the late 2nd century AD, the province was divided into Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice.
Riedera
Riedera is a genus of fungi in the Helotiales order. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family.

The genus name of Riedera is in honour of Johann Georg von Rieder (fl. 1825–36), who was a botanist (Mycology), he was also Manager of the (Kaiserlichen) Imperial Botanical Garden in Kamtschatka and plant collector.

The genus was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in Summa Veg. Scand. on page 358 in 1849.

It currently has one known species, Riedera elaeochrysa Fr. (1849).
A former species Riedera melaxantha Fr. & H. Hoffm. (1863) is now a synonym of Desmazierella melaxantha (with the Chorioactidaceae family).

Elias Magnus Fries
Elias Magnus Fries FRS FRSE FLS  (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. He is sometimes called the "Linnaeus of Mycology". In his works he described and assigned botanical names to hundreds of fungus and lichen species, many of which remain authoritative today.
Søren Rieks
Søren Krucov Rieks (Danish pronunciation: [ˈsœːɐ̯n̩ ˈʁiːks]; born 7 April 1987) is a Danish former professional footballer who plays as a winger. During his career, he represented Esbjerg fB, NEC, IFK Göteborg, and Malmö FF. A full international between 2009 and 2010, he won three caps and scored one goal for the Denmark national team.

Svenska Cupen
Svenska cupen (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsvɛ̂nːska ˈkɵ̌pːɛn], lit. 'the Swedish cup'), also known as the Swedish Cup in English, is a knockout cup competition in Swedish football and the main Swedish football cup. Svenska cupen usually refers to the men's tournament, although a women's tournament is also held. Each year 96 teams compete, comprising the 16 teams from Allsvenskan and the 16 teams of Superettan together with 64 teams from lower tiers of the league system. The winners qualify for the qualifying stages of the UEFA Europa League. The winner is awarded the Gustaf VI Adolf cup.

Svenska cupen was first held in 1941. The current holders of the cup are BK Häcken who beat Malmö FF in the 2025 final. Malmö FF are the most successful club of the competition having won 16 titles, the latest in 2024.
Dalpat Vilas
The Dalpat Vilas is the surviving fragment of a historical manuscript. Written in the Rajasthani language, it is the earliest known Charan source of Mughal-Rajput relations. The initial portion of the manuscript covers the genealogy of the Rathores (of Marwar) and the Sur dynasty. The bulk of the manuscript chronicles events in Marwar and adjoining areas during the reign of Akbar.

Rajasthani languages
The Rajasthani languages are a group of various languages derived from Western Indo-Aryan languages, primarily spoken in Rajasthan and Malwa, and adjacent areas of Haryana, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India and Bahawalpur division of Pakistani Punjab and the adjacent areas of Sindh. They have also reached different corners of India, especially eastern and southern parts, due to the migrations of people of the Marwari community who use them for internal communication. Rajasthani languages are also spoken to a lesser extent in Nepal, where they are spoken by 25,394 people according to the 2011 Census of Nepal.

The term Rajasthani is also used to refer to a literary language mostly based on Marwari.: 441
Suppression of Communism Act, 1950
The Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 (Act No. 44 of 1950), renamed the Internal Security Act in 1976, was legislation of the national government in apartheid South Africa which formally banned the Communist Party of South Africa and proscribed any party or group subscribing to communism, according to a uniquely broad definition of the term. It was also used as the basis to place individuals under banning orders, and its practical effect was to isolate and silence voices of dissent.

Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development
The minister of justice and constitutional development is the justice minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The minister is the political head of the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development and the Office of the Chief Justice. DoJCD in turn is responsible for administrative support to the courts, oversight of the National Prosecuting Authority, the provision of legal services to departments of state, and law reform.

The minister was called the minister of justice until 1999, when constitutional matters were added to his portfolio. Between May 2014 and June 2024, the Department of Correctional Services was subsumed under the ministry, which was led by the minister of justice and correctional services. This merger was reversed at the outset of President Cyril Ramaphosa's third cabinet, when a separate minister of correctional services was appointed.
Simsir, Republic of Dagestan
Simsir (Russian: Симсир; Chechen: Симсара, Simsara) is a rural locality (a selo) in Osmanyurtovsky Selsoviet, Khasavyurtovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population:  1,062 (2010 Census); 822 (2002 Census); 585 (1989 Soviet census). There are 10 streets.

Chechen language
Chechen (Нохчийн, Noxçiyn, [ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː]) is a Northeast Caucasian language, spoken primarily by the Chechen people, native to the Russian republic of Chechnya, as well as its neighbouring republics. With approximately 1.8 million speakers, it is also spoken by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of the world.
Chuck Versus the Marlin
"Chuck Versus the Marlin" is the 13th episode and season finale of the first season of Chuck. It aired in a special two-episode block on NBC on January 24, 2008 with "Chuck Versus the Undercover Lover." Chuck's time as a civilian may be coming to a close when a Fulcrum bug is discovered at the Buy More, while Devon asks Chuck for a very personal favor.

Stripes (film)
Stripes is a 1981 American war comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman and starring Bill Murray, Harold Ramis, Warren Oates, P. J. Soles, Sean Young, and John Candy. Ramis wrote the film with Len Blum and Dan Goldberg, the latter of whom also served as producer alongside Reitman. It tells the story of an immature taxi cab driver and his teacher friend who enlist in the United States Army with comical results. Numerous actors, including John Larroquette, John Diehl, Conrad Dunn, Judge Reinhold, Joe Flaherty, Dave Thomas, Timothy Busfield, and Bill Paxton, appear in the film in some of the earliest roles of their careers. The film's score was composed by Elmer Bernstein. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences, and was a commercial success.
Sioux Falls Cougars
The Sioux Falls Cougars are the athletic teams that represent the University of Sioux Falls, located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC) since the 2012–13 academic year. Prior to joining the NCAA, the Cougars previously competed in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2000–01 to 2010–11; and in the defunct South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC) from 1977–78 to 1999–2000.

Great Plains Athletic Conference
The Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Member institutions are located in Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota. The conference was founded in 1969 as the Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (NIAC), later becoming the Nebraska–Iowa Athletic Conference (1992) before being renamed the Great Plains Athletic Conference (2000).
Tes, Uvs
Tes (Mongolian: Тэс) is a sum (district) of Uvs Province in western Mongolia, and was established in 1924.

It is named after the Tesiin gol river that flows through the sum. Part of the area is covered with sand dunes. The sum's western end is the eastern shore of Uvs Nuur. Tes's population in 2021 was 5,211, down from 7,769 in 1990.

Uvs Province
Uvs Province (/ˈʊfs/ UUFS) is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. It is located in the west of the country, 1,336 kilometres or 830 miles away from the national capital, Ulaanbaatar. Its capital is Ulaangom, which lies 936 metres or 3,070 feet above sea level.

The province is named after Mongolia's biggest lake, Uvs Lake.
Gobara Koto
Gobara Koto (August 8, 1887 – April 6, 1965: 286 ), whose real name was Horie Tōichirō, was a Japanese painter a native of Shiojiri City, Nagano Prefecture, and an art educator during the period of Japanese rule in Taiwan. Inspired by the model of the Imperial Art Exhibition (Japan Fine Arts Exhibition) held in mainland Japan, Gobara Koto collaborated with artists such as Kinichiro Ishikawa, Tōho Shiotsuki, and Kinoshita Seigai to establish the Taiwan Art Exhibition in Taiwan. He was highly dedicated to nurturing younger generations of artists, with notable students including Chen Jin (painter), Lin Aqin, Qiu Jinlian, and Zhou Hongchou, etc., who have a huge influence on Taiwan's painting circles.

Kinoshita Seigai
Kinoshita Seigai (Japanese: 木下 靜涯; 1887-1988), whose real name was Kinoshita Genjuro (Japanese: 木下 源重郎), with his pen name being Seigai, was born in Komagane, Nagano Prefecture . He was a painter of Japanese paintings of the Kyoto school. He resided and created his works in Tamsui County, Taihaku Prefecture (now Tamsui, New Taipei City) during the Japanese rule of Taiwan for more than 20 years.
2021 Vesthimmerland municipal election (Denmark)
Per Bach Laursen was seeking a second term, after winning the mayor's position following the election in 2017.

In this election, Venstre won 9 seats, and increased their vote share by 7.2 points, The Conservatives, who had held the mayor's position from 2014 to 2017, decreased their vote share by 2.0 points. As the traditional blue bloc now had 18 of the 27 seats, Venstre was in pole position to secure the mayoralty. Following the election night a constitution was agreed on that would see Per Bach Laursen as mayor for a second term.

Conservative People's Party (Denmark)
The Conservative People's Party (Danish: Det Konservative Folkeparti, DKF), also known as The Conservatives (De Konservative), is a centre-right political party in Denmark. The party is a member of the International Democracy Union and the European People's Party.
Quiet City (film)
Quiet City is a 2007 film directed by Aaron Katz that premiered at the 2007 South by Southwest Film Festival in the Emerging Visions category. It subsequently played at film festivals around the world, including the Sarasota Film Festival, Maryland Film Festival, Stockholm Film Festival and Milano Film Festival, before premiering theatrically in New York in August 2007.

Milan Film Festival
Milan Film Festival (MFF, Italian: Milano Film Festival) is an annual independent film festival held since 1996 in Milan, Italy.

It was founded as a competition of only local short films, but grew to have a feature film competition program along with numerous other sections and events.
UGC 9684
UGC 9684 is a barred spiral galaxy with a ring structure in the Boötes constellation. It is located 250 million light-years from the Solar System and has an approximate diameter of 90,000 light-years.

The luminosity class of UGC 9684 is I–II and it is classified as an active star-forming galaxy according to a study published in 2022, in which produces one solar mass of stars every few years, with levels of stellar formation.

Diameter
In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the centre of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle. Both definitions are also valid for the diameter of a sphere.

In more modern usage, the length  of a diameter is also called the diameter. In this sense one speaks of the diameter rather than a diameter (which refers to the line segment itself), because all diameters of a circle or sphere have the same length, this being twice the radius

The word "diameter" is derived from Ancient Greek: διάμετρος (diametros), "diameter of a circle", from διά (dia), "across, through" and μέτρον (metron), "measure". It is often abbreviated  or
Don Toth
Donald James Toth (born May 31, 1948) is a Canadian retired provincial politician. He was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan during the first term of the Saskatchewan Party government of Premier Brad Wall, from 2007 to 2011. He represented the constituency of Moosomin in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1986 to 2016. While he was originally elected as a member of the Progressive Conservatives, he and some other Tories and Liberals co-founded the Saskatchewan Party in 1997. On December 10, 2007, he was elected Speaker by acclamation. Dan D'Autremont defeated him in the speakership election in the second term of the Wall government (2011–2016).

He was educated at the University of Saskatchewan and the Full Gospel Bible Institution in Eston (now Eston College).

Toth did not run for reelection in 2016. He was the last sitting legislator who had served during the Grant Devine government of the 1980s.

Eston College
Eston College is a private Christian post-secondary educational institution located in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Since 1944 it has served as the primary training center for the Apostolic Church of Pentecost (ACOP).
Kateřina Nash
Kateřina Nash (née Hanušová; born 9 December 1977) is a Czech cross-country skier and cyclist who competed from 1994 to 2003 in skiing and is still active in cycling for the Clif Pro Team. Competing in two Winter Olympics, she finished sixth in the 4 × 5 km relay at Nagano in 1998 and had her best individual finish of 20th in the 15 km event in Salt Lake City in 2002.

Since September 2021 Nash serves as Vice-President of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

Mont-Sainte-Anne
Mont-Sainte-Anne is a ski resort in eastern Canada, located in the town of Beaupré, Quebec, about 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Quebec City. The mountain is part of the Laurentian mountain chain and has a summit elevation of 800 m (2,625 ft) above sea level with a vertical drop of 625 m (2,051 ft).

For day skiing, there are 71 available downhill ski trails covering 71 km (44 mi) the southern, northern and western sides of the mountain. For night skiing, there are 19 trails covering 15.2 km (9.4 mi) the southern part of the mountain only. It is the highest vertical for night skiing in Canada. The average natural snowfall at the summit is 475 cm (187 in).
Gettman Hollow
Gettman Hollow is a valley in Taney County in the Ozarks of southwestern Missouri. Gettman Hollow is a tributary to Bull Creek.

The head of the valley is located at 36°45′57″N 93°08′06″W﻿ / ﻿36.76583°N 93.13500°W﻿ / 36.76583; -93.13500 and its confluence is at 36°44′57″N 93°10′16″W﻿ / ﻿36.74917°N 93.17111°W﻿ / 36.74917; -93.17111. The stream begins as a mountainside spring. The stream flows to the southwest and joins Bull Creek about 1.5 miles northeast of Walnut Shade.

The name was sometimes spelled "Getman Hollow". The valley has the name of the local Getman family.

Taney County, Missouri
Taney County is a county in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 56,066. Its county seat is Forsyth. It is included in the Branson Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Taney County was officially organized on January 4, 1837, and named in honor of Roger Brooke Taney, the fifth Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, best known for delivering the infamous majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford. However, unlike Roger B. Taney, who pronounced his name /ˈtɔːni/, the "Taney" in Taney County is generally pronounced /ˈteɪni/.

The county includes the popular tourist destinations Branson and Table Rock, Taneycomo and Bull Shoals lakes.
G. Kolff & Co.
G. Kolff & Co., was a firm specializing in bookselling, publishing and printing based in Batavia (now Jakarta).

The firm was one of the first booksellers to open in Batavia, the other (and probably the oldest) was Lange & Co. which is based on Rijswijkstraat (now the southern Jalan Ir. H. Juanda), Batavia. G. Kolff & Co. was one of the largest and most successful book selling company in the colonial Dutch East Indies before present-day Gramedia. In the field of publishing G. Kolff & Co.'s main competitors were Lange & Co., G.C.T. van Dorp, and Albrecht & Co.

G. Kolff & Co. has ceased to exist.

Printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing) appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
Pneumodermatidae
The Pneumodermatidae are a family of sea angels, or small floating predatory sea snails or sea slugs. They are pelagic marine heterobranch opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata.

These small pelagic snails lack shells (except in their early embryonic stage). They are carnivores, equipped with swimming parapoda (fleshy, wing-like outgrowths), strong jaws, and grasping tentacles, often with suckers resembling those of cephalopods.

Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton (from Ancient Greek  έξω (éxō) 'outer' and  σκελετός (skeletós) 'skeleton') is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs, in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g. that of a human) which is enclosed underneath other soft tissues. Some large, hard and non-flexible protective exoskeletons are known as shell or armour.

Examples of exoskeletons in animals include the cuticle skeletons shared by arthropods (insects, chelicerates, myriapods and crustaceans) and tardigrades, as well as the skeletal cups formed by hardened secretion of stony corals, the test/tunic of sea squirts and sea urchins, and the prominent mollusc shell shared by snails, clams, tusk shells, chitons and nautilus. Some vertebrate animals, such as the turtle, have both an endoskeleton and a protective exoskeleton.
Kohlberg (surname)
Kohlberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Kohlberg (1887–1960), American businessman and anti-communist

Andy Kohlberg (born 1959), American tennis player

Benny Kohlberg (born 1954), Swedish cross-country skier

Jerome Kohlberg, Jr., (1925-2015), American financier

Lawrence Kohlberg, (1927–1987) developmental psychologist

Olga Bernstein Kohlberg (1864–1935), German-American philanthropist

Yaron Kohlberg (born 1983), Israeli pianist

Olga Bernstein Kohlberg
Olga Bernstein Kohlberg (August 2, 1864 – August 12, 1935) was a Jewish Texan philanthropist and founder of the first public kindergarten in Texas. Kohlberg served as president of the Woman's Club of El Paso for two terms, one from 1899-1900 and the other from 1901-1902. Kohlberg lived in the historic Sunset Heights neighborhood.
Nepenthes diatas
Nepenthes diatas (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz daɪˈætəs/ nih-PEN-theez dy-AT-əs; from Indonesian di atas "above, on top") is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at an altitude of 2,000–2,900 metres (6,600–9,500 ft) above sea level. No forms or varieties of N. diatas have been described.

Pitcher plant
Pitcher plants are  carnivorous plants that have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—prey-trapping mechanisms featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves. The plants attract and drown the prey with nectar.
Antoniówka Świerżowska
Antoniówka Świerżowska (Polish pronunciation: [antɔˈɲufka ɕfjɛrˈʐɔfska]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Maciejowice, within Garwolin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

Garwolin County
Garwolin County (Polish: powiat garwoliński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Garwolin, which lies 56 kilometres (35 mi) south-east of Warsaw. The county contains three other towns: Łaskarzew, 13 km (8 mi) south of Garwolin, Pilawa, 10 km (6 mi) north-west of Garwolin, and Żelechów, 22 km (14 mi) south-east of Garwolin.

The county covers an area of 1,284.29 square kilometres (495.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 104,917, out of which the population of Garwolin is 17,501, that of Łaskarzew is 4,840, that of Pilawa is 4,578, that of Żelechów is 3,988, and the rural population is 74,010.