hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1980 Avon Championships of Chicago
The 1980 Avon Championships of Chicago  was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the International Amphitheatre  in Chicago, Illinois in the United States that was part of the 1980 Avon Championships Circuit. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from January 21 through January 27, 1980. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $40,000 first-prize money.

International Amphitheatre
The International Amphitheatre was an indoor arena located in Chicago, Illinois, that opened in 1934 and was demolished in 1999. It was located on the west side of Halsted Street, at 42nd Street, on the city's south side, in the Canaryville neighborhood, adjacent to the Union Stock Yards.
Josh Thomson (actor)
Josh Thomson (born 1981 in Timaru, New Zealand) is a New Zealand actor and comedian of Tongan heritage. He is best known for his work as a comedian on 7 Days, Taskmaster New Zealand, Have You Been Paying Attention NZ, Patriot Brains, and as a host on The Project NZ.

The Project (New Zealand TV programme)
The Project is a New Zealand current affairs show hosted by Jesse Mulligan, Kanoa Lloyd, and Jeremy Corbett with rotating guest panelists. It aired at 7 pm weeknights on Three.

The programme was officially cancelled on 26 October 2023, and its last episode aired on 1 December 2023.
Richard Douglass
Captain Richard Douglass (1746–1828) was an American cooper, soldier, deacon, and a politician. He was born in New London, Connecticut, in 1746 and was the son of Stephen and Patience Douglass. He ran a successful business as a cooper. In 1760, there were already more than 40 ships from brigs to sloops registered in New London. Many of them were under the Shaw Family flag conducting business in the East and West Indies, as well as foreign ports in Lisbon, Barcelona, Amsterdam, England and Russia. Coopering was a valuable trade, especially with New London and the Colonies' increasing demand for Bajan (Barbados) rum.

Cooper (profession)
A cooper is a craftsman who produces wooden casks, barrels, vats, buckets, tubs, troughs, and other similar containers from timber staves that were usually heated or steamed to make them pliable.

Journeymen coopers also traditionally made wooden implements, such as rakes and wooden-bladed shovels. In addition to wood, other materials, such as iron, were used in the manufacturing process. The trade is the origin of the surname Cooper.
Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask
The Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask was, may be, the first Russian gas mask with activated carbon which had the ability to absorb a wide range of chemical warfare agents. This gas mask was developed in 1915 by St. Petersburg chemistry professor Nikolay Zelinsky and technologist of the Triangle plant M.I. Kummant. The design was later improved by I. D. Avalov and entered mass production. After adoption by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, casualties from chemical attacks decreased sharply.

Chemical warfare
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), a term that contrasts with conventional weapons.

The use of chemical weapons in international armed conflicts is prohibited under international humanitarian law by the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits signatories from acquiring, stockpiling, developing, and using chemical weapons in all circumstances except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective).
1999 Corby Borough Council election
The 1999 Corby Borough Council election took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Corby Borough Council in Northamptonshire, England. It was the first election be held under new ward boundaries. The Labour Party retained overall control of the council, which it had held continuously since 1979.

Borough of Corby
Corby was a non-metropolitan district with borough status in the county of Northamptonshire, England. It bordered East Northamptonshire to the east, Kettering to the south and west, the Harborough district of Leicestershire to the north-west, and the county of Rutland to the north-east. In 2021 the district had a population of 75,571. The council, Corby Borough Council was based at the Cube in the town of Corby.
Unified Popular Front
The Unified Popular Front (Arabic: الجبهة الشعبية المتحدة) was a political party in Iraq. The party was licensed on May 26, 1951. Immediately after being legalized, the party began cooperating with other opposition parties. It was especially close to the National Democratic Party.

The party was banned along with all other political parties during the interim government of General Nureddin Mahmud. However, the party continued to exist for some time and launched candidates for the 1953 election, with the support of other opposition forces. In the election the candidates of the party won eleven out of 138 seats.

1953 Iraqi parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 17 January 1953 to elect the members of the Chamber of Deputies. The result was a victory for the Constitutional Union Party, which won 67 of the 135 seats. Only 57 seats were contested.
Application Interface Specification
The Application Interface Specification (AIS) is a collection of open specifications that define the application programming interfaces (APIs)  for high-availability application computer software. It is developed and published by the Service Availability Forum (SA Forum) and made freely available. Besides reducing the complexity of high-availability applications and shortening development time,  the specifications intended to ease the portability of applications between different middleware implementations and to admit third party developers to a field that was highly proprietary in the past.

Failover
Failover is switching to a redundant or standby computer server, system, hardware component or network upon the failure or abnormal termination of the previously active application, server, system, hardware component, or network in a computer network. Failover and switchover are essentially the same operation, except that failover is automatic and usually operates without warning, while switchover requires human intervention.
Model railroad layout
In model railroading, a layout is a diorama containing scale track for operating trains.  The size of a layout varies, from small shelf-top designs to ones that fill entire rooms, basements, or whole buildings.

Attention to modeling details such as structures and scenery is common. Simple layouts are generally situated on a table, although other methods are used, including using a flush-sided door as a base. More permanent construction methods involve attaching benchwork framing to the walls of the room or building in which the layout is situated.

Railway track
Railway track (CwthE and UIC terminology) or railroad track (NAmE), also known as permanent way (per way) (CwthE) or "P way" (BrE and Indian English), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers (railroad ties in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable, low-friction surface on which steel wheels can roll. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast-iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers. Since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.
Proposed federal subjects of Russia
Numerous proposed federal subjects have been put forward since the dissolution of the Soviet Union that would partition existing federal subjects of the Russian Federation. Many new federal subjects were declared in the 1990s, most of them were not recognized, while others, like Adygea and Altai Republics, which were previously autonomous oblasts, were recognized.

While some breakaway states of the former Soviet Union have petitioned to joined Russia, the historical context is too different to be included in this article.

Secession
Secession (from Latin: sēcessiō, lit. 'a withdrawing') is a term and a concept which is used in reference to the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.

In international law, secession is understood as a process in which an integral part of a state's territory unilaterally withdraws without the consent of the original state.

The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to separatism.
Trailer Park Boys: Jail
Trailer Park Boys: Jail is a Canadian mockumentary television series created by John Paul Tremblay, Robb Wells and Mike Smith. It is a spin-off of the series Trailer Park Boys. The show follows the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents, mostly from inside the prison.

Dave Lawrence
David (Dave) Lawrence is a Canadian actor, improviser, and producer. He most recently played Terry on the Trailer Park Boys: Jail series, during its first season. He is best known for his role as the writer, creator and star of the FUBAR franchise.
Holyland (Belfast)
The Holylands, The Holy Land or The Holyland is a residential area of inner-south Belfast, Northern Ireland. Composed of a series of streets behind The Queen's University of Belfast near to the River Lagan, the area has been dubbed 'the Holyland' from its street names: Jerusalem Street, Palestine Street, Damascus Street, Carmel Street and Cairo Street. The boundaries of the Holyland are generally considered to be the area between University Street, the Ormeau Road, the River Lagan, Botanic Gardens and Queen's. Originally home to many working class families, the area now has a high proportion of students, with many reports of anti-social behaviour.

Botanic Gardens (Belfast)
Botanic Gardens is a public garden in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Occupying 28 acres (110,000 m2) of south Belfast, the gardens are popular with office workers, students and tourists. They are located on Stranmillis Road in Queen's Quarter, with Queen's University nearby. The Ulster Museum is located at the main entrance.
Rupert II, Count of Laurenburg
Rupert II of Laurenburg, German: Ruprecht II. von Laurenburg  (died c. 1159) was count of Laurenburg and one of the ancestors of the House of Nassau.

Rupert was a son of count Rupert I of Laurenburg and Beatrix of Limburg, a daughter of Walram II the Pagan, Count of Limburg and Duke of Lower Lorraine, and Jutta of Guelders (daughter of count Gerard I of Guelders).

Rupert is mentioned as count of Laurenburg between 1154 and 1158. He ruled together with his brother Arnold II. Rupert and Arnold were, together with their mother, last mentioned in a charter dated 1 April 1158.

Lower Lotharingia
The Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, also called Northern Lotharingia, Lower Lorraine or Northern Lorraine (and also referred to as Lothier or Lottier in titles), was a stem duchy of the medieval Kingdom of Germany established in 959, which encompassed almost all of  modern Belgium, Luxembourg, the northern part of the German Rhineland province and the eastern parts of France's Nord-Pas de Calais region. It also included almost all of modern Netherlands.
2014 Copa Verde
The 2014 Copa Verde was the first edition of a football competition held in the Brazil. Featuring 16 clubs, with Pará has three vacancies; Amazonas, Distrito Federal and Mato Grosso with two each and Acre, Amapá, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins. The champion earned the spot in the 2015 Copa Sudamericana.

Brasília won the final over Paysandu. However, on July 28, 2014, the title was awarded to Paysandu, due to irregularities of the squad of Brasília. Brasília appealed the decision, and obtained a suspension which reversed this decision temporarily. A final decision by the Superior Court of Sports Justice (STJD) declared Brasília as the champion.

2015 Copa Sudamericana
The 2015 Copa Sudamericana (Portuguese: Copa Sul-Americana 2015) was the 14th edition of the Copa Sudamericana, South America's secondary club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL.

Colombian team Santa Fe qualified to play in the 2016 Copa Libertadores, the 2016 Recopa Sudamericana, and the 2016 Suruga Bank Championship, after winning the final against Argentinian team Huracán 3–1 on penalties (0–0 on aggregate after extra time). River Plate were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Huracán in the semifinals.
Jakob Liiv
Jakob Liiv (28 February 1859 Alatskivi Parish, Tartu County – 17 January 1938 Rakvere) was an Estonian writer and playwright.

His younger brother was the writer Juhan Liiv.

After 1897 he was a teacher at Triigi-Avispea School in Väike-Maarja Parish. Because he was a notable public figure, writers gathered around him (earning him the nickname the Parnassus of Väike-Maarja). In 1913 he moved to Rakvere, where he worked as a bank clerk and at the same time as an editor for the local newspaper.

From 1919 to 1921 he was the mayor of Rakvere.

He was a member of the Estonian Labour Party.

Estonian Labour Party
The Estonian Labour Party (Estonian: Eesti Tööerakond, ETE) was a political party in Estonia. It was formed in 1919 by a merger of the Radical Socialist Party and the Social Travaillist Party, and ceased to exist in 1932, when it merged with other centrist parties to form the National Centre Party. It was a member of government coalitions between 1919 and 1925, and again from 1927 until 1931.
Intel Developer Zone
The Intel Developer Zone is an international online program designed by Intel to encourage and support independent software vendors in developing applications for Intel hardware and software products. This support is provided for the key stages of the business life cycle from planning to development and in various forms: web sites, newsletters, developer conferences, trade media, and blogs.

Products supported through Intel Developer Zone include support for multiprocessor offerings like Intel Threading Building Blocks (Intel TBB) and Intel Parallel Studio, as well as programming tools like Intel's compiler products (Intel C++ Compiler and Intel Fortran Compiler) and Intel VTune Amplifier, and libraries like Intel Integrated Performance Primitives (Intel IPP) and Intel Math Kernel Library (Intel MKL).

Newsletter
A newsletter is a printed or electronic report  or news concerning the activities of a business or an organization, that is sent to its members, customers, employees or other subscribers, or a communication containing individuals' personal opinions or interests.

Newsletters generally contain one main topic of interest to its recipients and may be considered grey literature. E-newsletters are delivered electronically via e-mail and can be viewed as spamming if e-mail marketing is sent unsolicited.

The newsletter, sometimes a periodical, is the most common form of serial publication. About two-thirds of newsletters are internal publications, aimed towards employees and volunteers, while about one-third are external publications, aimed towards advocacy or special interest groups.
Spialia mafa
Spialia mafa, the Mafa grizzled skipper or Mafa sandman, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in south-western Africa, in KwaZulu-Natal, Botswana, Zimbabwe and from the Cape in South Africa to Sudan and southern Arabia.

These skippers are dark brown with white spots and both sides of the wings.

Wingspan is from 22–26 mm.

Flight period is year-round but peaks from September to April.

The larvae feed on Hermannia, Pavonia and Hibiscus species (including Hibiscus aethiopicus).

Hermannia
Hermannia is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It includes 170 species.

The genus commemorates Prof. Paul Hermann (1646-1695), a German professor of botany at Leyden and one of the first collectors to visit the Cape.

The genus has a large number of species, each with very limited distribution, but they are generally common and not threatened, with little interest shown in them for horticulture or medicine.

Their distribution ranges across Southern Africa, the vast majority of species being endemic. They are also found in Madagascar and in tropical East Africa to North East Africa and Arabia. A single species, Hermannia tigrensis, is found in western, southern and North-East Africa. Three species are found in northern Mexico and adjacent regions of the United States, one species in southern Mexico, and one in Australia. Hermannia's greatest diversity is found in the Western and Northern Cape, and Namibia.
Certamen de Guitarra flamenca
Certamen de Guitarra flamenca is a flamenco guitar competition held Spain since 1986 to "the most impressive players of flamenco guitar". Previous winners include Pedro Javier González and Antonio Rey. The 2004 competition was held in the second week of December at the Teatro Villamarta in Jerez de la Frontera and the 2010 competition was held on 13-15 October 2010.

Antonio Rey
Antonio Rey Navas (Madrid, born 9 March 1981) is a Spanish flamenco guitarist and composer. He is a winner of several national and international flamenco guitar competitions including the Concurso Nacional de Arte Flamenco de Córdoba (National Competition of the Art of Flamenco of Córdoba), the Concurso Nacional de Guitarra Flamenca Niño Ricardo (Niño Ricardo National Competition of Flamenco Guitar) and the Concurso Internacional de Guitarra Flamenca Los Cernícalos de Jerez (International Flamenco Guitar Competition in Kestrels, Jerez).
Allura Red AC
Allura Red AC, also known as FD&C Red 40 or E129, is a red azo dye commonly used in food. It was developed in 1971 by the Allied Chemical Corporation.

It is usually supplied as its red sodium salt but can also be used as the calcium and potassium salts. These salts are soluble in water. In solution, its maximum absorbance lies at about 504 nm.: 921

Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes. When, as is often but not necessarily the case, the sum of the mole fractions of solutes is small compared with unity, the solution is called a dilute solution." One parameter of a solution is the concentration, which is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. The term "aqueous solution" is used when one of the solvents is water.
Joel Sánchez (race walker)
Joel Sánchez Guerrero (born September 15, 1966) is a Mexican race walker, who made his debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. There he was disqualified in the men's 20 km race. His greatest achievement was a bronze medal in the 50 kilometres walk at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Among his other international performances, he was the gold medallist at the 1999 Pan American Games and a silver medallist at the 1991 Pan American Games.

1999 Pan American Games
The 1999 Pan American Games, officially the XIII Pan American Games (French: XIII Jeux panaméricains) or the 13th Pan American Games and commonly known as Winnipeg 1999, were a major international multi-sport event that was held from July 23 to August 8, 1999, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and surrounding towns and cities. Canoeing competitions started the day before the games officially began. Approximately 5,000 athletes from 42 nations participated in the games to vie for a total of 330 medal events in 34 sports and 42 disciplines.

Financially, the 1999 games were a success, generating a surplus of $8.9 million through a combination of fiscal restraint and the contribution of nearly 20,000 volunteers.

The 1999 Pan American Games were the second Pan American Games hosted by Canada and Winnipeg. Previously, Winnipeg hosted the 1967 Pan American Games.
Bara, Punjab
Bara is a village in Rupnagar District in Punjab, India. The village has mainly two Jatt Sikh surnames Chakkal and Heer and lies on the Rupnagar-Morinda Road at the left bank of a seasonal monsoon rivulet called Budki Nadi, about four kilometers south-west of the city Ropar and 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Chandigarh on National Highway 205 (India) (NH-205). Bara is the site of significant archeological excavations connected with the Indus Valley civilization. It has some evidence of being home to a culture (sometimes called Baran Culture) that was a pre-Harappan strand of the Indus Valley Civilization. Baran and Harappan cultures may have intertwined and coexisted in some places, such as Kotla Nihang Khan, also in modern-day Punjab.

Budki Nadi
Budki Nadi (Punjabi: ਬੁਦਕੀ ਨਦੀ), sometimes called the Budki torrent, is a seasonal, monsoon-driven rivulet in the Indian state of Punjab.
 It begins in the Shivalik Hills of the lower Himalayas and flows in a southwest direction to eventually join the Sutlej River.
Red Slate Mountain
Red Slate Mountain is a summit in the Sierra Nevada. It lies along the Sierra Crest that divides Fresno County from Mono County, California.

Red Slate Mountain can be reached by scrambling either from McGee Pass, or starting from Bighorn Lake.

The area to the north of Red Slate Mountain is among the most seismically active in California which is associated with the Long Valley Caldera.

Red Slate Mountain was named by the California Geological Survey, in 1873. However, it is not clear whether the survey meant to name this peak, or Red and White Mountain.

Fresno County, California
Fresno County (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ ⓘ), officially the County of Fresno, is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno, the fifth-most populous city in California. Fresno County comprises the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Fresno–Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno County's and the entire Central Valley's water security.
Royal Albert Hall Organ
The Grand Organ (described by its builder as The Voice of Jupiter) situated in the Royal Albert Hall in London is the second largest pipe organ in the United Kingdom, after the grand organ of Liverpool Cathedral.

It was originally built by Henry "Father" Willis and most recently rebuilt by Mander Organs. It has 147 stops and, since its restoration in 2004, 9,999 pipes. Anna Lapwood has served as the Royal Albert Hall's first official organist since 2025.

Henry Willis
Henry Willis (27 April 1821 – 11 February 1901), also known as "Father" Willis, was an English organ player and builder, who is regarded as the foremost organ builder of the Victorian era. His company Henry Willis & Sons remains in business.