hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leone Wollemborg
Leone Wollemborg (4 March 1859 – 19 August 1932) was an Italian economist and politician. He made significant contributions to the spread of co-operative enterprises, specifically rural credit unions and agricultural co-operative banks.

Leone was born in Padua on 4 March 1859. At fifteen, he enrolled in the University of Padua and graduated in law 4 years later with a thesis on autonomous tax municipalities. He had memorized all of the poems of Heinrich Heine and was studying the works of Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. Wollemborg and a group of about 30 farm workers and small landowners founded Italy's first rural credit union in Loreggia in 1883 (several Banca Popolare found before 1883). The intent of the bank was to help tenants, small landowners and agricultural workers to rise from poverty by granting loans at low interest and with long deadlines. In 1885, he established the monthly publication Cooperazione rurale (Rural Co-operation), which was published until 1904.

Loreggia
Loreggia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Venice and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Padua.

Loreggia borders the following municipalities: Camposampiero, Castelfranco Veneto, Piombino Dese, Resana, San Martino di Lupari, Santa Giustina in Colle.
Cornwall County Cricket Club
Cornwall County Cricket Club  is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Cornwall. The team has played in the Minor Counties Championship since 1904 and became champions in 2012. They also play in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Cornwall played List A matches occasionally from 1970 until 2004 but is not classified as a List A team per se.

The club play home matches at various venues including Roskear in Camborne, Trescobeas in Falmouth, Boscawen Park in Truro and  Wheal Eliza ground in St Austell.

Camborne
Camborne (Cornish: Kammbronn, meaning "crooked hill") is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 23,831 and the population of the built up area was 20,450. The town lies about 2 miles (3 km) inland, but the northern boundary of the parish is the coast, including Hell's Mouth and Deadman's Cove. The coast is followed by the South West Coast Path. As well as Camborne itself, the parish also includes a number of hamlets.

Camborne was formerly one of the most significant tin mining areas in the world. It is home to the Camborne School of Mines.
Climatic geomorphology
Climatic geomorphology is the study of the role of climate in shaping landforms and the earth-surface processes. An approach used in climatic geomorphology is to study relict landforms to infer ancient climates. Being often concerned about past climates climatic geomorphology considered sometimes to be an aspect of historical geology. Since landscape features in one region might have evolved under climates different from those of the present, studying climatically disparate regions might help understand present-day landscapes. For example, Julius Büdel studied both cold-climate processes in Svalbard and weathering processes in tropical India to understand the origin of the relief of Central Europe, which he argued was a palimpsest of landforms formed at different times and under different climates.

Palimpsest (geology)
In geology,  a palimpsest is a geographical feature composed of superimposed structures created at different times. Palimpsest is beginning to be used by glaciologists to describe contradicting glacial flow indicators, usually consisting of smaller indicators (i.e., striae) overprinted upon larger features (i.e., stoss and lee topography, drumlins, etc.).

The name arises by analogy to a medieval palimpsest, a reused parchment manuscript page in which the previous text can sometimes be deciphered.
Ingrid Haubold
Ingrid Haubold (born 1943) is a German operatic soprano. After beginning her career in Munich and continuing with German companies, she moved on to major international opera houses, appearing as Isolde in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde at the Teatro Real in Madrid in 1986, as Senta in Der fliegende Holländer at the Savonlinna Opera Festival, and in the title role of Beethoven's Fidelio at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.

Elektra (opera)
Elektra, Op. 58, is a one-act opera by Richard Strauss, to a German-language libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, which he adapted from his 1903 drama Elektra. The opera was the first of many collaborations between Strauss and Hofmannsthal. It was first performed at the Königliches Opernhaus in Dresden on 25 January 1909. It was dedicated to his friends Natalie and Willy Levin.
Magnus Vahlquist
Alf Magnus Vahlquist (born 24 May 1938) is a Swedish diplomat. He joined the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1962, with early postings in Moscow and Beijing, and later served as first embassy secretary in Geneva. He held senior roles at the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) before leading Sweden's foreign trade unit and serving as deputy managing director of the Swedish Trade Council.

Vahlquist was ambassador to Japan (1992–1997) and Norway (1997–2002), later serving as Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps and Grand Master of Ceremonies at the Swedish Royal Court. He has also been active in cultural and foundation work, including establishing the Märta Christina and Magnus Vahlquist Foundation

Vadstena
Vadstena (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈvâsːˌteːna] ⓘ) is a locality and the seat of Vadstena Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden, with 5,802 inhabitants in 2023. From 1974 to 1979 Vadstena was administered as part of Motala Municipality.

Despite its small population, Vadstena is, for historical reasons, still referred to as a city: though it received its city privileges in 1400), Statistics Sweden only counts  as cities Swedish urban localities with more than 10,000 inhabitants.
1849 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1849.

Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show.

—Dickens, opening of David Copperfield

James Anthony Froude
James Anthony Froude FRSE (/fruːd/ FROOD; 23 April 1818 – 20 October 1894) was an English historian, novelist, biographer, and editor of Fraser's Magazine. From his upbringing amidst the Anglo-Catholic Oxford Movement, Froude intended to become a clergyman, but doubts about the doctrines of the Anglican church, published in his scandalous 1849 novel The Nemesis of Faith, drove him to abandon his religious career. Froude turned to writing history, becoming one of the best-known historians of his time for his History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Inspired by Thomas Carlyle, Froude's historical writings were often fiercely polemical, earning him a number of outspoken opponents. Froude continued to be controversial until his death for his  Life of Carlyle, which he published along with personal writings of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle. These publications led to persistent gossip and discussion of the couple's marital problems.
David Nyström
David Nyström (born February 21, 1980) is a former Swedish professional ice hockey player who played in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) and Norwegian GET-ligaen. Nyström was drafted in the eighth round of the 1999 NHL Entry Draft by the Philadelphia Flyers, but he never played professionally in North America. He spent the first eight seasons of his professional career in Sweden, playing parts of two seasons in the SHL with Frölunda HC and Södertälje SK, and five of his final six seasons in Norway, playing for Vålerenga and Frisk Asker. He is the son of former SHL player and head coach Lars-Fredrik Nyström.

Södertälje SK
Södertälje Sportklubb, also known as Södertälje SK and often referred to as SSK, is a Swedish professional ice hockey club playing in HockeyAllsvenskan, the second highest level of pro hockey in Sweden. Södertälje were charter members of Elitserien when the league was founded in 1975 and have since played 24 seasons in the league (1975–1978, 1980–1981, 1983–1992, 1996–1998, 2001–2006, 2007–2011). Södertälje SK's fan club is known as Supporterklubben
Alexander of Cyprus
Alexander of Cyprus or Alexander Cyprius, perhaps also known as Alexander the Monk or Alexander Monachus, was apparently a 6th-century Cypriot monk active in the cloister near the sanctuary of St. Barnabas in Salaminia or Constantina. He also had as one of his aims the authentication of the ecclesiastical independence of Cyprus.

Constantina
Flavia Valeria Constantina (also sometimes called Constantia and Constantiana; Greek: Κωνσταντίνα; b. after 307/before 317 – d. 354), later known as Saint Constance, was the eldest daughter of Roman emperor Constantine the Great and his second wife Fausta, daughter of Emperor Maximian. Constantina may have received the title of Augusta from her father, and is venerated as a saint, having developed a medieval legend wildly at variance with what is known of her actual character.
Eszter Muhari
Eszter Muhari (born 30 September 2002) is a Hungarian fencer.

At the 2023 European Games in Kraków, Poland, she won the silver medal in the women's team épée event. In 2024, she won the silver medal in the women's team épée event at the European Fencing Championships in Basel, Switzerland.

She represented Hungary at the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, France, where she won the bronze medal in the women's épée event.

2023 European Games
The 3rd European Games (Polish: III Igrzyska Europejskie, Igrzyska Europejskie 2023), also known as the 2023 European Games or Kraków-Małopolska 2023, was an international multi-sport event held from 21 June to 2 July 2023 in Kraków and Małopolska, Poland. It was the first time that Poland hosted the European Games. All Olympic sports held at the European Games provided qualification opportunities for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.
Long Live Freedom
Long Live Freedom (Italian: Viva la libertà) is a 2013 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Roberto Andò. It won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Screenplay and the David di Donatello for Best Script and the David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actor to Valerio Mastandrea.

Rai Cinema
Rai Cinema S.p.A. is an Italian film production company owned by RAI, the national public broadcaster of Italy. Since its inception, the company has invested nearly €1 billion in the production of over 900 films.
M. R. Vittal
M. R. Vittal was an Indian film director and screenwriter who worked primarily Kannada cinema. He directed over 18 films in his career, with most of them being very successful and attaining a cult status. In a career spanning two decades, Vittal won three National Award and three Karnataka State Awards for his films.

Vittal is considered one of the "doyens" of Kannada cinema and is considered to have "carved a niche in the Kannada film industry by exhibiting a rare insight and boldness" while selecting the themes for his films. Most of his films were based on novels written by eminent scholars. Popular directors such as K. S. L. Swamy and K. V. Jayaram worked as assistant directors under the guidance of Vittal.

National Film Awards
The National Film Awards are awards for artistic and technical merit given for excellence within the Indian film industry. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals from 1973 until 2020, and by the NFDC since 2021.

Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country.
Edward Loxton
Edward James Loxton KC (11 October 1864 – 17 February 1935) was an Australian politician.

He was born at Neutral Bay to Thomas Loxton and Lucinda Jane, née Forster. After attending Sydney Grammar School and the University of Sydney (BA 1886, MA 1888), he was articled to the solicitors' firm Allen & Allen, qualifying but not seeking admission as a solicitor. In 1891, he married Jane Rosa Marshall, with whom he had five children.

Loxton was called to the Bar in 1892 and practised in the Equity Court. In the late 1910s, he became active in political campaigns, strongly supporting conscription and six o'clock closing of public bars. He was elected in 1920 to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as an independent Nationalist member for Ryde, but joined the Nationalist Party in 1922, serving in parliament until 1925. He died in Sydney in 1935.

Six o'clock swill
The six o'clock swill was an Australian and New Zealand slang term for the last-minute rush to buy drinks at a hotel bar before it closed. During a large part of the 20th century, most Australian and New Zealand hotels shut their public bars at 6 pm. A culture of heavy drinking developed during the time between finishing work at 5 pm and the mandatory closing time only an hour later.
Emu Hall
Emu Hall is a historic house in the Sydney suburb of Emu Plains in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 58 kilometres (36 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. The house is on the western side of the Nepean River, located at the foot of the Blue Mountains.

Nepean River
The Nepean River (Darug: Yandhai), is a major perennial river, located in the south-west and west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Nepean River, and, continuing by its downstream name, the Hawkesbury River, almost encircles the metropolitan region of Sydney.

The headwaters of the Nepean River rise near Robertson, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Sydney and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the Tasman Sea. The river flows north in an unpopulated water catchment area into Nepean Reservoir, which supplies potable water for Sydney. North of the dam, the river forms the western edge of Sydney, flowing past the town of Camden and the city of Penrith, south of which flowing through the Nepean Gorge. Near Wallacia it is joined by the dammed Warragamba River; and north of Penrith, near Yarramundi, at its confluence with the Grose River, the Nepean becomes the Hawkesbury River.
Sisters of Mercy of Verona
The Sisters of Mercy of Verona  (Italian: Sorelle della Misericordia; Latin: Institutum Sororum a Misericordia Veronensium; abbreviation: ISM) is a religious institute of pontifical right in the Roman Catholic Church. Its members make public vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and follow the evangelical way of life in common.

Their mission is primarily for the care of the sick in hospitals and subsequently for the education of youth. Their rule is based on that of Vincent de Paul.

This religious institute was founded in Verona, Italy, in 1840, by Charles Steeb, with the help of Vincenza Maria Poloni, the first superior, who assumed the name of "mother Vincent Mary". The institute received pontifical status in 1931.

The sisters have houses in Albania, Angola, Argentina, Brazil, Burundi, Chile, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Tanzania and the Generalate of the Congregation can be found in Verona, Italy; in 2008 there are 1029 sisters around the world.

Pontifical right
In Catholicism, "of pontifical right" is the term given to ecclesiastical institutions (religious and secular institutes, societies of apostolic life) either created by the Holy See, or approved by it with the formal decree known by the Latin name decretum laudis ('decree of praise'). The term is included in the names of institutions, often capitalised in English: "Institute of [xxx] of Pontifical Right".

The institutions of pontifical right depend immediately and exclusively on the Holy See on matters of internal governance and discipline.
NR postcode area
The NR postcode area, also known as the Norwich postcode area, is a group of 35 postcode districts in the east of England, within 16 post towns. These cover central, north and eastern Norfolk (including Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Attleborough, Wymondham, Dereham, Fakenham, Walsingham, Wells-next-the-Sea, Melton Constable, Holt, Sheringham, Cromer and North Walsham) and part of north-east Suffolk (including Lowestoft, Beccles and Bungay).

Beccles
Beccles (/ˈbɛkəlz/ BEK-əlz) is a market town and civil parish in the East Suffolk district, in the county of Suffolk, England. The town is located along the A145 and A12 roads, situated 16 miles (26 km) south-east of Norwich and 33 miles (53 km) north-northeast of Ipswich. Nearby towns include Lowestoft to the east and Great Yarmouth to the north-east. The town lies on the River Waveney on the edge of The Broads National Park.

It had a population at the 2021 census of 10,069. Beccles is twinned with Petit-Couronne in France, and has been since 1978.
Mussorgskij (crater)
Mussorgskij is a crater on Mercury. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1979. Mussorgskij is named for the Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky, who lived from 1839 to 1881.   The crater was first imaged by Mariner 10 in 1974.

There are irregular depressions at the center of Mussorgskij, which are similar to those within Navoi, Lermontov, Scarlatti, and Praxiteles.  The depressions resemble those associated with volcanic explosions.

Mariner 10
Mariner 10 was an American robotic space probe launched by NASA on 3 November 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It was the first spacecraft to visit Mercury and the first to perform a flyby of multiple planets.

Mariner 10 was launched approximately two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program. (Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 were allocated to the Voyager program and redesignated Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.)

The mission objectives were to measure Mercury's environment, atmosphere, surface, and body characteristics and to make similar investigations of Venus. Secondary objectives were to perform experiments in the interplanetary medium and to obtain experience with a dual-planet gravity assist mission. Mariner 10's science team was led by Bruce C. Murray at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio
Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio, or sometimes just pomodorino vesuviano, is a grape tomato grown in Naples, Italy. It has protected designation of origin (PDO) status, which was granted in 2009.

The cultivation area is restricted to 18 comuni (municipalities) around Mount Vesuvius, within the Vesuvius National Park.

Protected designation of origin
The protected designation of origin (PDO) is a type of geographical indication of the European Union aimed at preserving the designations of origin of food-related products. The designation was created in 1992 and its main purpose is to designate products that have been produced, processed and developed in a specific geographical area, using the recognized know-how of local producers and ingredients from the region concerned.
Schanzenkopf (Schwedenschanze)
Schanzenkopf (Schwedenschanze) is a wooded hill in the Aschaffenburg district of Bavaria, Germany. It is part of the Mittelgebirge Spessart and lies right on the border with the state of Hesse.

There is another hill named Schanzenkopf south of Alzenau.

Mittelgebirge
A Mittelgebirge (pronounced [ˈmɪtl̩ɡəˌbɪʁɡə] ⓘ; German: Mittel, "middle or mid"; Gebirge, "mountains or mountainous area") is a type of relatively low mountain range or highland area typical of the geography of central Europe, especially central and southern Germany; it refers to something between rolling low hill country or Hügelland and a proper mountain range (German: Gebirge or Hochgebirge) like the High Alps.
Emil M. Mrak
Emil Marcel Mrak (October 27, 1901 – April 9, 1987) was an American food scientist, microbiologist, and second chancellor of the University of California, Davis. He was recognized internationally for his work in food preservation and as a world authority on the biology of yeasts.

Food science
Food science (or bromatology) is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope overlaps with agricultural science and nutritional science and extends to the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology.

Food science is an interdisciplinary field that integrates concepts from chemistry, physics, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It evolved from early preservation practices such as salting to an organized research-driven field central to modern food production.

Food scientists develop new food products, design processing methods to produce these foods, select packaging materials, conduct shelf life and sensory evaluation studies of products using survey panels or potential consumers, and perform microbiological and chemical testing. Food scientists may study more fundamental phenomena that are directly linked to the production of food products and its properties.
Philodoria nigrella
Philodoria nigrella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the island of Hawaii.

The larvae probably mine the leaves of their host plant like other members of the Philodoria genus.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
Andy Dun
Andrew Frederick Dun (26 November 1960 — 23 July 2023) was an English rugby union international.

Dun was born and raised in Bristol, attending Bristol Grammar School.

A back row forward, Dun played for Bristol between 1980 and 1990, appearing in 170 senior matches, with two seasons as club captain. While undergoing his medical training at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Dun played for London club Wasps and stood in for Nigel Melville as club captain in the 1983-84 season. He was a Middlesex county player and got capped once for England, against Wales at Twickenham during the 1984 Five Nations Championship.

Dun is the father of Bristol Bears player James Dun.

1984 Five Nations Championship
The 1984 Five Nations Championship was the fifty-fifth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the ninetieth edition of the competition. Ten matches were played between 21 January and 17 March.

Scotland won the championship outright for the first time since 1938. It was their twelfth outright championship, excluding a further seven shared titles. Their four wins gave them the Grand Slam for the first time since 1925 and the second in all, and the Triple Crown for the ninth time and the first since 1938.

It was also the second time, after 1978, in which two teams with three victories each faced off against each other in the final round of matches, with both capable of completing a Grand Slam with a victory.