hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The City and the Mountains
The City and the Mountains (Portuguese: A Cidade e as Serras) is a satirical novel comparing the emptiness of upper-class life in Paris with the pleasures found in rural Portugal. It was written in 1895 by José Maria de Eça de Queirós (1845–1900), also known as Eça de Queiroz, when he was living in Paris. The novel was published posthumously in Portuguese in 1901 with a final edit and an ending contributed by his friend, Ramalho Ortigão. The first English version, translated by Roy Campbell, was published by the Ohio University Press in 1967. A new translation by Margaret Jull Costa was published by Dedalus Books in 2008, and republished in 2018.

Ramalho Ortigão
José Duarte Ramalho Ortigão (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ ˈðwaɾtɨ ʁɐˈmaʎu oɾtiˈɣɐ̃w]) (24 November 1836 – 27 September 1915) was a Portuguese writer of the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Supraśl Manuscript
The Supraśl Manuscript is a codex compiled in 1519. It has 175 folios in total. On folios 3r up to 108v of the manuscript, it contains a compilation of first-redaction Lithuanian Chronicles (sometimes dubbed the "Supraśl Chronicle"), that are estimated to have been originally written in Early Ruthenian in the mid-15th century. It also contains copies of the Kyiv Caves (Pechersk) Patericon and the Wiślica Statutes of Casimir the Great, amongst other things. The codex was rediscovered in 1822 in the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery (near Białystok in present-day Poland, close to Belarus).

Supraśl Orthodox Monastery
The Monastery of the Annunciation in Supraśl (Polish: Monaster Zwiastowania Najświętszej Marii Panny w Supraślu; Belarusian: Супрасльскі Дабравешчанскі манастыр; Russian: Супрасльский Благовещенский монастырь), also known as the Supraśl Lavra is a monastery in Supraśl in north-eastern Poland in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Today it belongs to the autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church and is one of six Eastern Orthodox Christian men's monasteries in Poland. In 2023, the monastery was designated an official Polish Historic Monument.
Clara Rackham
Clara Dorothea Rackham née Tabor (3 December 1875 – 11 March 1966) was an English feminist and politician active in the women's suffrage movement, the Women's Co-operative Guild, the peace movement, adult education, family planning and the labour movement. She was a pioneering magistrate, Poor Law Guardian, educator, anti-poverty campaigner and penal reformer in Cambridge where she was a long-serving city and county councillor. Rackham was vice-chairman of Cambridgeshire County Council from 1956 to 1958 and chairman of the Cambridgeshire County Council Education Committee from 1945 to 1957. She first came to prominence through her leading role in the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and later became a significant national figure in the labour movement, acquiring a national reputation for her expertise on factory conditions, workers' rights, equal pay, and national insurance.

Bedford College, London
Bedford College was founded in London in 1849 as the first higher education college for women in the United Kingdom. In 1900, it became a constituent of the University of London. Having played a leading role in the advancement of women in higher education and public life in general, it became fully coeducational (i.e. open to men) in the 1960s. In 1985, Bedford College merged with Royal Holloway College, another constituent of the University of London, to form Royal Holloway and Bedford New College. This remains the official name, but it is commonly called Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL).
The Lights of Baku
The Lights of Baku (Russian: Огни Баку, romanized: Ogni Baku) is a 1950 Soviet drama film directed by Iosif Kheifits, Rza Tahmasib and Aleksandr Zarkhi. The film portrays workers in the oil fields of Azerbaijan during the Second World War, when they were of great strategic importance. Scenes featuring Mikheil Gelovani as Joseph Stalin were later cut after the dictator's death when his cult of personality had come under attack from the new Soviet leadership.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Mikhail Yuferov.

Cult of personality
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader, is the result of an effort to create an idealized and heroic image of an admirable leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise.

Historically, it has been developed through techniques such as the manipulation of the mass media, the dissemination of propaganda, the staging of spectacles, the manipulation of the arts, the instilling of patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies. A cult of personality is similar to apotheosis (deification), except that it is established through the use of modern social engineering techniques, and it is usually established by the state or the party in one-party states and dominant-party states. Cults of personality often accompany the leaders of totalitarian or authoritarian governments. They can also be found in some monarchies, theocracies, failed democracies, and liberal democracies.
Dongguk University station
Dongguk University Station (Korean: 동대입구역) is a station on the Seoul Subway Line 3 located in Jangchung-dong 2-ga, Jung District, Seoul, South Korea. As its name indicates, it serves the nearby Dongguk University. In addition, Jangchung Gymnasium, an indoor sports arena most famous for hosting ssireum (Korean wrestling) matches on holidays, is outside Exit 5. It is also the closest station to Shilla Hotel.

Ssireum
Ssireum (Korean: 씨름; pronounced [ɕ͈iɾɯm]) or Korean wrestling is a folk wrestling style and  traditional national sport of Korea that began in the fourth century.

In the modern form each contestant wears a belt (satba) that wraps around the waist and the thigh. The competition employs a series of techniques, which inflict little harm or injury to the opponent: opponents lock on to each other's belt, and one achieves victory by bringing any part of the opponent's body above the knee to the ground.
Eduard Seren
Eduard Seren (after 1937 Saarepere; 23 May 1900 – 25 July 1941) was an Estonian sport shooter.

He was born in Rae Rural Municipality. He participated in Estonian War of Independence. In 1927 he graduated from a military school.

He began his shooting career in 1929. In total, he won 3 medals at ISSF World Shooting Championships. In 1937 he won Estonian championships. 1934–1937 he was a member of Estonian national shooting team.

He died in 1941, being one of the leaders of Forest Brothers.

Rae Parish
Rae Parish (Estonian: Rae vald) is a rural municipality in northern Estonia. It is a part of Harju County. The municipality has a population of 23,145 (as of 31 December 2022) and covers an area of 206.7 km². The population density is 111.974/km2 (290.01/sq mi).
Human rights in Western Sahara
The Government of Morocco sees Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. The Moroccan government considers the Polisario Front as a separatist movement given the alleged Moroccan origins of some of its leaders.

The Polisario Front argues that according to international organizations, like the United Nations or the African Union, the territory of Western Sahara has the right of self-determination, and that according to those organizations Morocco illegally occupies the parts of Western Sahara under its control. Polisario regards this as a consequence of the vision of a Great Morocco, fuelled in the past by the Istiqlal and Hassan II, and considers itself a national liberation movement aiming at leading the disputed territory to independence under the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

The European Union, the African Union and the United Nations do not recognize the sovereignty of Morocco over Western Sahara.

Istiqlal Party
The Istiqlal Party (Arabic: حزب الإستقلال, romanized: ḥizb al-istiqlāl, lit. 'Independence Party'; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵇⵍⴰⵍ, romanized: akabar n listiqlal; French: Parti Istiqlal) is a political party in Morocco. It is a conservative and monarchist party and a member of the Centrist Democrat International and International Democracy Union. Istiqlal headed a coalition government under Abbas El Fassi from 19 September 2007 to 29 November 2011. From 2013 to 2021, it was part of the opposition. Since 2021 it is part of a coalition government led by Aziz Akhannouch.

The party emerged in January 1944 during the anti-colonial struggle against French and Spanish imperial rule, making it the oldest active political party in Morocco.
James Bennett McCord
James Bennett McCord (April 5, 1870 – October 5, 1950) was an American medical missionary and physician who founded the McCord Zulu Hospital and spent over three decades treating mostly African, Native, and mixed race patients in Durban, South Africa. He pioneered the training program for the first African nurses, worked towards the establishment of a medical school dedicated to training black doctors, and shared his life story in his autobiography titled My Patients Were Zulus.

Zulu language
Zulu (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), or isiZulu as an endonym, is a Southern Bantu language of the Nguni branch spoken in, and indigenous to, Southern Africa with about 13.56 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The word "KwaZulu-Natal" translates into English as "Home of the Zulu Nation is Natal". Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population. It became one of South Africa's 12 official languages in 1994.

According to Ethnologue, it is the second-most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Swahili. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet.

In South African English, the language is often referred to in its native form, isiZulu.
2017 Renault UK Clio Cup
The 2017 Renault UK Clio Cup is a multi-event, one make motor racing championship held across England. The championship features a mix of professional motor racing teams and privately funded drivers competing in the Clio Renaultsport 200 Turbo EDC that conform to the technical regulations for the championship. Organised by the British Automobile Racing Club, it forms part of the extensive program of support categories built up around the British Touring Car Championship. It will be the 22nd Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom season and the 42nd of UK motorsport undertaken by Renault and Renault Sport. The first race takes place on 2 April at Brands Hatch on the circuit's Indy configuration and concluded on 1 October at the same venue, utilising the Grand Prix circuit, after eighteen races held at nine meetings.

Brands Hatch
Brands Hatch is a motor racing circuit in West Kingsdown, Kent, England. Originally used as a grasstrack motorcycle circuit on farmland, it hosted 12 runnings of the British Grand Prix between 1964 and 1986 and currently hosts many British and International racing events. The venue is owned and operated by Jonathan Palmer's MotorSport Vision organisation.
Olari Taal
Olari Taal (born 7 August 1953) is an Estonian businessman and politician.

He was born in Valga, Estonia.

In 1971, he graduated from Varstu Secondary School (Estonian: Varstu Keskkool). In 1976, he graduated from the Tallinn University of Technology as a civil engineer.

From January 30 ― June 15, 1995, he served as the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications under Tiit Vähi. From January 28, 1998 ― March 25, 1999, he served as the Ministry of the Interior of Estonia under Mart Siimann.

Since October 2008, he has been on the Supervisory Board of AS Merko Ehitus.

In 2018, he was one of the founders of Riigireformi SA.

Valga, Estonia
Valga (German: Walk; Latvian: Valka) is a town in southern Estonia and the capital of Valga County and Valga Parish. Until their separation in 1920, Valga and the town of Valka in northern Latvia were one town. They are now twin-towns. The area of Valga is 16.5 square kilometres (6.4 square miles). The population is 12,261. On 21 December 2007 all border-crossing points were removed and roads and fences opened between the two countries with both countries joining the Schengen Agreement.
Behavior modification facility
A behavior modification facility (or youth residential program) is a residential educational and treatment total institution enrolling adolescents who are perceived as displaying antisocial behavior, in an attempt to alter their conduct.

Due to irregular licensing rules across countries and states, as well as ambiguity regarding the labels that facilities use themselves, it is hard to gauge how widespread the facilities are. The facilities are part of what has been called the Troubled Teen Industry. Programs in the United States have been controversial due to widespread allegations of abuse and trauma imposed on the adolescents who are enrolled, as well as deceptive marketing practices aimed at parents. Critics say the facilities do not use evidence-based treatments.

Total institution
A total institution or residential institution is a facility of work and residence in which a number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered, and regimented round of life. Total institutions are hybrids of social organization and residential community.: 44 : 855  Privacy and civil liberties are limited or non-existent in total institutions, as all aspects of life including sleep, play, and work, are conducted in the same place, under the same absolute authority. The concept is mostly associated with the work of sociologist Erving Goffman.
Outline of humans
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to humans:

Humans are great apes characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligence. Humans have large brains, enabling more advanced cognitive skills that facilitate successful adaptation to varied environments, development of sophisticated tools, and formation of complex social structures and civilizations.

Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
Nakedness and clothing use are characteristics of humans related by evolutionary and social prehistory. The major loss of body hair distinguishes humans from other primates. Current evidence indicates that anatomically-modern humans were naked in prehistory for at least 90,000 years before they invented clothing. Today, isolated Indigenous peoples in tropical climates continue to be without clothing in many everyday activities.
Boten-Vientiane through train
The Boten–Vientiane through train, designated as the K11/12 service,  train is a conventional passenger service operated by the Laos–China Railway, running between Boten and Vientiane. Covering a distance of 406 km, it is one of the few non-high-speed passenger services on the line. The train commenced service on 13 April 2022 to meet increased demand during the Songkran festival.

Boten–Vientiane railway
The Boten–Vientiane railway is the Lao section of the Laos–China Railway (LCR), running between the capital Vientiane and the northern town of Boten on the border with Yunnan, China. The line was officially opened on 3 December 2021.

A collaborative project between Laos and China, the line's northern end is directly connected to the Chinese rail system at Mohan in Yunnan, through the Yuxi–Mohan railway, and has provisions in the south to link up with the Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway in Thailand and possibly all the way to Singapore via HSR. The railway ends at Vientiane South cargo station. The Boten–Vientiane railway is an integral section of the central line on the Kunming–Singapore railway, and was constructed as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
Eboni
Eboni is a female given name. Notable people with this name include:

Eboni Booth, American playwright and actress

Eboni Boykin, public figure

Eboni Deon, American meteorologist

Eboni Foster, member of Nuttin' Nyce

Eboni Stocks, winner of Australia's Next Top Model (season 2)

Eboni Usoro-Brown (born 1988), English netball player

Eboni K. Williams (born 1983), American celebrity

Eboni K. Williams
Eboni Kiuhnna Williams (born September 9, 1983) is an American lawyer and television host. She hosts the nightly news show The Grio with Eboni K. Williams on TheGrio. She co-hosted a talk show on WABC Radio in New York City and was a co-host of Fox News' 2017 show Fox News Specialists. In October 2020, she was cast in The Real Housewives of New York City for its thirteenth season.
Hampstead (Tunstall, Virginia)
Hampstead is a historic plantation house located near Tunstall, New Kent County, Virginia.  It was built about 1825, as a two-story, rectangular Federal style brick dwelling with a hipped roof. The front facade features alternating window bays and pilasters and a central two-story pedimented projecting portico.  Also located on the property are the contributing ruins of a granary, an 18th-century cottage and an icehouse

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Plantation house
A plantation house is the main house of a plantation, often a substantial farmhouse, which often serves as a symbol for the plantation as a whole. Plantation houses in the Southern United States and in other areas are known as quite grand and expensive architectural works today, though most were more utilitarian, working farmhouses.
Ideogram
An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idéa 'idea' + gráphō 'to write') is a symbol that is used within a given writing system to represent an idea or concept in a given language. (Ideograms are contrasted with phonograms, which indicate sounds of speech and thus are independent of any particular language.) Some ideograms are more arbitrary than others: some are only meaningful assuming preexisting familiarity with some convention; others more directly resemble their signifieds. Ideograms that represent physical objects by visually illustrating them are called pictograms.

Numerals and mathematical symbols are ideograms, for example ⟨1⟩ 'one', ⟨2⟩ 'two', ⟨+⟩ 'plus', and ⟨=⟩ 'equals'.

The ampersand ⟨&⟩ is used in many languages to represent the word and, originally a stylized ligature of the Latin word et.

Other typographical examples include ⟨§⟩ 'section', ⟨€⟩ 'euro', ⟨£⟩ 'pound sterling', and ⟨©⟩ 'copyright'.

Phonogram (linguistics)
A phonogram or phonograph (from Ancient Greek phōnḗ 'sound' + grắphō 'writing') is a basic unit of writing (or grapheme) that represents a sound used when speaking a particular language, like a phoneme or syllable. For example, in the English word high, ⟨igh⟩ is a grapheme representing the phoneme /aɪ/—while ⟨igh⟩ is written using three letters potentially treated as distinct in other contexts, they cannot be analyzed separately in this case, as the intended sound is only indicated when read as a single unit. While the word phoneme refers to the sound itself, phonogram instead refers to the written representation of the sound.

A writing system that consists of phonograms shows phonography, and can be called phonographic. Phonograms are contrasted with logograms, graphemes that represent units of meaning like words, morphemes, and determinatives (silent characters used to mark semantic categories).

Language portal

Linguistics portal
Paul Burkhard
Paul Burkhard (21 December 1911 – 6 September 1977) was a Swiss composer. He primarily wrote oratorios, musicals and operettas. The contemporaneous and similarly named Swiss composer Willy Burkhard was no relation to him.

Probably his most famous artistic creation was the song "O mein Papa" ("Oh! My Pa-Pa") about the death of a beloved clown-father, written for the musical Der schwarze Hecht (re-issued in 1950 as Das Feuerwerk) that premiered in April 1939. The song rose to #1 on the Sheet Music Chart and stayed in the chart for 26 weeks. The song has been performed and recorded by numerous artists since then, including Alan Breeze, Billy Cotton, Billy Vaughn, Connie Francis, Diana Decker, Eddie Calvert, Eddie Fisher, The Everly Brothers, Harry James, Lys Assia, Ray Anthony & his Orchestra, Russ Morgan & his Orchestra, and many others.

Diana Decker
Diana Charlotte Landeryou (born Isabella Charlotte Decker; 9 January 1925 – 4 January 2019) was an American-born British actress, singer, and television personality, whose career lasted from the 1940s to the early 1960s.
History of the Cleveland Cavaliers
The Cleveland Cavaliers first began play in the NBA in 1970 as an expansion team under the ownership of Nick Mileti. Jerry Tomko, the father of future Major League Baseball pitcher Brett Tomko, submitted the winning entry to name the team the "Cavaliers" through a competition sponsored by The Plain Dealer; supporters preferred it to "Jays", "Foresters" and "Presidents". Playing their home games at Cleveland Arena under the direction of head coach Bill Fitch, they compiled a league-worst 15–67 record in their inaugural season. The team hoped to build around the number one 1971 draft pick Austin Carr, who had set numerous scoring records at Notre Dame, but Carr severely injured his leg shortly into his pro career and never was able to realize his potential.

Zydrunas Ilgauskas
Zydrunas Ilgauskas (Lithuanian: Žydrūnas Ilgauskas; Lithuanian pronunciation: [ʑiːˈdrûːnɐs ɪɫˈɡɐ̂ˑʊ̯skɐs] ⓘ; born June 5, 1975) is a Lithuanian-born American former professional basketball player who played the center position. The 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) Ilgauskas played for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association from 1997 to 2010 and played for the Miami Heat during the 2010–11 season. He was named to the 1997–98 All-Rookie First Team and is a two-time NBA All-Star.

Ilgauskas played in the 2007 NBA Finals as a member of the Cavaliers. He is known for his accurate jump shot, for his rebounding, and for overcoming difficult injury challenges during his career. Nicknamed Big Z, Ilgauskas is the Cavaliers' career leader in blocked shots; his jersey no. 11 has been retired by the team. In 2012, Ilgauskas joined the Cavaliers' front office, becoming a special advisor to the organization.
Wakulla Springs
Wakulla Springs is a first magnitude spring and major exposure point for the Floridan Aquifer that forms the Wakulla River.  Located 14 miles (23 km) south of Tallahassee, Florida and 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Crawfordville in Wakulla County, Florida at the crossroads of State Road 61 and State Road 267, it is protected in the Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park.

The Springs contain the fossilized remains of at least ten extinct mammals that date to the last glacial period, including mastodons.

Crawfordville, Florida
Crawfordville is an unincorporated community, census-designated place (CDP), and county seat of Wakulla County, Florida, United States. The population at the 2020 census was 4,853, up from 3,702 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Tallahassee metropolitan area.
Hans Reichhart
Hans Georg Reichhart (born 20 June 1982 in Burgau) is a German politician serving as Landrat of Günzburg since 2020. From 2018 to 2020, he served as minister of construction and transport of Bavaria. From 2013 to 2018, he was a member of the Landtag of Bavaria. From 2013 to 2019, he served as chairman of the Young Union in Bavaria.

Landtag of Bavaria
The Landtag of Bavaria, officially known in English as the Bavarian State Parliament, is the unicameral legislature of the German state of Bavaria. The parliament meets in the Maximilianeum in Munich.

Elections to the Landtag are held every five years and have to be conducted on a Sunday or public holiday. The following elections have to be held no earlier than 59 months and no later than 62 months after the previous one, unless the Landtag is dissolved. The most recent elections to the Bavarian Landtag were held on 8 October 2023.

Bavaria's current state government, the third Söder cabinet, was formed after the 2023 election and is a coalition of the Christian Social Union (CSU) and the Free Voters (FW). An identical coalition was in power as the second Söder cabinet between 2018 and 2023. Markus Söder has been Minister-President of Bavaria since March 2018, when he succeeded Horst Seehofer.