hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)
The Vallum is a huge earthwork associated with Hadrian's Wall in England. Unique on any Roman frontier, it runs practically from coast to coast to the south of the wall. It was built a few years after the wall. Current opinion is that the Vallum demarcated the southern boundary of a military zone, bounded on the north by the wall.

The earliest surviving mention of the earthwork is by Bede who refers to a vallum, or earthen rampart, as distinct from the wall, or murus; the term is still used despite the fact that the essential element is a ditch, or fossa.

Rampart (fortification)
In fortification architecture, a rampart  is a length of embankment or wall forming part of the defensive boundary of a castle, hillfort, settlement or other fortified site. It is usually broad-topped and made of excavated earth and/or masonry.
Typhoons (album)
Typhoons is the third studio album by English rock duo Royal Blood, released through Warner Records on 30 April 2021. A predominantly self-produced effort, the band recorded the album throughout 2019 and 2020. The album also marks a notable shift in the band's sound, pairing their usual alternative and hard rock sound with elements of dance-rock and disco. The album was preceded by three singles—"Trouble's Coming", "Typhoons", and "Limbo"—in addition to the promotional single "Boilermaker".

Typhoons received generally favourable reviews from critics, some of whom deemed it the band's best work to date, and was a commercial success, becoming the band's third consecutive UK number one album.

FIFA 21
FIFA 21 is an association football simulation video game published by Electronic Arts as part of the FIFA series. It is the 28th installment in the FIFA series, and was released on 9 October 2020 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Enhanced versions for the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S were released on 3 December 2020, in addition to a version for Stadia in March 2021. The online servers for the game for Stadia were shut down on 18 January 2023, whilst the online servers for all other platforms were shut down on 6 November 2023.
2006–07 Angola Basketball Super Cup
The 2007 Angola Basketball Super Cup (14th edition) was contested by Petro Atlético, as the 2006 league champion and Primeiro de Agosto, the 2006 cup winner. Primeiro de Agosto was the winner, making it its 6th title.

The 2007 Women's Super Cup (12th edition) was contested by Primeiro de Agosto, as the 2006 women's league champion and Interclube, the 2006 cup runner-up. Interclube was the winner, making it its 1st title.

Petro de Luanda (basketball)
8°49′34″S 13°15′19″E﻿ / ﻿8.825996°S 13.255204°E﻿ / -8.825996; 13.255204

Atlético Petróleos de Luanda, commonly known as Petro de Luanda, is an Angolan basketball club based in Luanda. It competes at the local level, in the Luanda Provincial Basketball Championship and in the Angola National Basketball Championship. Additionally, the club plays at the continental level, in the Basketball Africa League (BAL), which they have won in 2024.

Established in 1976, the team is part of a multi-sports club which includes football and handball teams as well. Petro has been one of the most successful teams in Angola, having won the second most Angolan championships with 16 titles, trailing only Primeiro de Agosto, and sharing the record for most Angolan Cups with 14 cups. The team has won three continental titles as well, having won the FIBA African Champions Cup in 2006 and 2015, and the BAL in 2024.
1964 Sugar Bowl
The 1964 Sugar Bowl was the thirtieth edition of the college football bowl game, played at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Wednesday, January 1. Part of the 1963–64 bowl game season, it matched the seventh-ranked Ole Miss Rebels and the #8 Alabama Crimson Tide, both of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), although the two teams had not met in years. This would mark the last Sugar Bowl with two SEC teams until 2026.

The matchup was the first between the flagship universities of these neighboring states in almost two decades (1944), and only the second in over thirty years.  In a defensive struggle, Alabama upset the Rebels 12–7 without scoring a touchdown.

New Orleans received a rare substantial snowfall of 3.6 inches (9 cm) the previous day, and cleared snow lay in large banks around the edges of the field.

Tulane Stadium
Tulane Stadium was an outdoor football stadium in the Southern United States on the campus of Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. It stood from 1926 to 1980 and was officially the Third Tulane Stadium, following the "Second Tulane Stadium", which was located where the Telephone Exchange Building is now.

The former site is currently bound by Willow Street to the south, Ben Weiner Drive to the east, the Tulane University property line west of McAlister Place, and the Hertz Basketball/Volleyball Practice Facility and the Green Wave's current home, Yulman Stadium, to the north.

Tulane Stadium hosted the Sugar Bowl through December 1974 and three of the first nine Super Bowls, in January 1970, 1972, and 1975.
Kjell Roar Kaasa
Kjell Roar Kaasa (born 15 March 1966) is a Norwegian retired professional footballer who played as a striker.

Kaasa's clubs include Drangedal, Kjosen, Bøler, Skeid, Kongsvinger, Lyn, Rosenborg, Stabæk, Vålerenga, Follo and Manglerud Star.

Follo FK
Follo Fotballklubb is a football club from Ski, Akershus, Norway.

Follo play in light blue, and their home ground is Ski stadion. It was founded in September 2000 and their biggest achievement was playing in the 2010 Norwegian Football Cup final.
Prelude No. 2 (Villa-Lobos)
Prelude No. 2 is a guitar piece written by Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos.

The piece is subtitled "Melodia capadócia" (Capadocian Melody), is in the key of E major, marked "Andantino", and is the second of the Five Preludes, written in 1940. The others are in E minor, A minor, E minor, and D major. It was first performed, together with its four companions, by Abel Carlevaro in Montevideo on 11 December 1942.

The subtitle refers to the capadócio, also called malandro carioca: a rascally character of the Rio de Janeiro Carnival.

This prelude relies on the musical genre of the choro, similar to the composer's Chôros No. 1, also for solo guitar. This is especially evident in the systematic rubato and harmonic structure of the first section, and in the rhythms and melody in parallel fifths for the central section, which recalls the berimbau (musical bow) and the stylized capadócio dance-game called capoeira.

Teddy Boys
The Teddy Boys or Teds were a mainly British youth subculture  originating in the early 1950s to mid-1960s and then revived in the 1970s who were interested in rock and roll and R&B music, wearing clothes partly inspired by the styles worn by dandies in the Edwardian period, which Savile Row tailors had attempted to reintroduce in Britain after the Second World War.
Fringe gene
Fringe genes are important in the workings of the notch signaling pathway.

In Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) the fringe gene (fng) was identified as part of the notch mechanism by Dr. Kenneth Irvine at the Waksman Institute at Rutgers. Later based on similarity, the manic fringe (MFNG), the radical fringe (RFNG) and lunatic fringe (LFNG) genes were identified in mammals.

Fringe genes encode O-fucose specific β-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases (GlcNAcT) glycosyltransferases.

The gene products of radical fringe stimulate the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in limb-bud formation.

The mouse and human Fringe family members map to three different chromosomes:

Mfng maps to mouse Chr 15 and to human Chr 22.

Lfng maps to mouse Chr 5 and human Chr 7.

Rfng maps to mouse Chr 11 and human Chr 17.

Waksman Institute of Microbiology
The Waksman Institute of Microbiology is a research facility on the Busch Campus of Rutgers University. It is named after Selman Waksman, a student and then faculty member at Rutgers who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1952 for research which led to the discovery of streptomycin. The Nobel Prize is on display in the lobby of the institute. The institute conducts research on microbial molecular genetics, developmental molecular genetics, plant molecular genetics, and structural and computational biology.

In 2019, Dr. Kenneth D. Irvine was appointed as Interim Director of the Waksman Institute. Dr. Irvine has been a member of the Waksman Institute since 1995 and is currently a Distinguished Professor of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Director of the Rutgers Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology. He was selected by his peers after the untimely passing of the Institute's fourth director, Joachim Messing.
Ścięgny
Ścięgny [ˈɕt͡ɕɛɡnɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Podgórzyn, within Jelenia Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

The village was first mentioned in a document of the Wrocław cathedral chapter from 1305, when it was part of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland.

There is a memorial to Wacław Koler, 16th-century philologist and physician, one of the pioneers of Polish Hellenic studies and one of Poland's first numismatists, who was born in the village.

Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo dolnośląskie, [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ dɔlnɔˈɕlɔ̃skjɛ] ⓘ) in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. It covers an area of 19,946 square kilometres (7,701 sq mi) and as of 2019 has a total population of 2,899,986.

It is one of the wealthiest provinces in Poland, as natural resources such as copper, brown coal and rock materials are widely present.

Its capital and largest city is Wrocław, situated on the Oder River. The voivodeship is host to several spa towns, many castles and palaces, and the Giant Mountains, with several ski resorts. For this reason, tourism is a large part of this region's economy.
Personals (musical)
Personals is a musical revue with comic scenes and songs about people writing and responding to newspaper personal advertisements. It is written by David Crane, Seth Friedman and Marta Kauffman, with songs by William Dreskin, Joel Phillip Friedman, Seth Friedman, Alan Menken, Stephen Schwartz and Michael Skloff.

The revue was first performed Off-Broadway at the Minetta Lane Theater opening in November 1985 with a cast including Jason Alexander, Laura Dean, Dee Hoty, Jeff Keller, Nancy Opel and Trey Wilson. It was nominated for the 1986 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical.

Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical
The Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical is an annual award presented by Drama Desk in recognition of achievements in theatre across collective Broadway, off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City.

Stephen Sondheim is the artist with the most wins and nominations in the category, winning four of his eight nominations. Following closely behind are Thomas Meehan, Cy Coleman and James Lapine with three wins each. For nominations, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Alan Menken, Terrence McNally and Jeanine Tesori follow Sondheim with seven nominations each.
Apple cake
Apple cakes are cakes in which apples feature as a main flavour and ingredient. These cakes incorporate apples in a variety of forms, including diced, pureed, or stewed, and can feature common additions like raisins, nuts, and 'sweet' spices such as cinnamon or nutmeg. They are a common and popular dessert worldwide, thanks to millennia of apple cultivation in Asia and Europe, and their widespread introduction and propagation throughout the Americas during the Columbian Exchange and colonisation. As a result, apple desserts, including cakes, have a huge number of variations.

Apples are also used in other cakes to add moisture and sweetness, often as a partial substitute for refined sugar.

Nut (fruit)
A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, many dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context, "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed (indehiscent).

Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, and acorns, which have hard shell walls and originate from a compound ovary.
Down Came a Blackbird (play)
Down Came a Blackbird is a 1953 comedy play  by the British writer Peter Blackmore. It was first staged at Q Theatre in London before transferring to the West End where it ran for 53 performances at the Savoy Theatre between 22 December 1953 and 6 February 1954. Directed by Henry Kendall the cast included Peter Arne, Viola Keats, John Loder and Betty Paul. The title is taken from a line in the traditional nursery rhyme Sing a Song of Sixpence. It takes place entirely in the garden room of the Egyptian villa of Sir Clive Dawson.

Betty Paul
Betty Paul (21 May 1921 – 27 February 2011) was a British actress, screenwriter, and novelist. She starred in stage plays, including one Broadway play.

Paul wrote for television with her husband Peter Lambda. She received a nomination for a New York Critics' Award.
Jake Butler
Jacob Butler (born 12 November 1984) is a New Zealand footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for National Premier Leagues Victoria club Brunswick City. He has also appeared for the New Zealand national football team. Butler was the captain of Waitakere United during its most successful period, winning the New Zealand national competition five times, including leading the team to four consecutive titles after taking over captaincy. Butler has played in seven editions of the OFC Champions League winning it twice, which also led to two appearances at the FIFA Club World Cup. Butler is the leading appearance holder at Waitakere United, having played for the club since its first year of existence in 2004 until he left in 2019.

Brunswick City SC
Brunswick City Soccer Club is a soccer club from Brunswick West, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

The club was formed in 1970 by local Greek Australians as Thornbury Soccer Club and today has teams playing in Senior Men's, Senior Women's and Junior competitions. Brunswick City currently participates in the Victoria Premier League 1.
High Sheriff of Avon
The office of High Sheriff is over 1000 years old, with its establishment before the Norman Conquest. The Office of High Sheriff remained first in precedence in the counties until the reign of Edward VII when an Order in Council in 1908 gave the Lord-Lieutenant the prime office under the Crown as the Sovereign's personal representative. The High Sheriff remains the Sovereign's representative in the County for all matters relating to the Judiciary and the maintenance of law and order.

The county of Avon was formed in 1974 and abolished in 1996.  Before and after this time the area covered was in a variety of other shrievalties, including Somerset, Bristol and Gloucestershire.

Clifton, Bristol
Clifton is an inner suburb of Bristol, England, and the name of one of the city's thirty-five electoral wards. The Clifton ward also includes the areas of Cliftonwood and Hotwells. The eastern part of the suburb lies within the ward of Clifton Down.

Clifton is home to Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge; many buildings of the University of Bristol, including Goldney Hall; the Roman Catholic Clifton Cathedral; Christ Church, Clifton Down; Clifton College; Clifton High School; the former Amberley House preparatory school; Queen Elizabeth's Hospital School and The Clifton Club. It is also noted for the Downs, a large, open park.
Penex
The Penex process is a continuous catalytic process used in the refining of crude oil. It isomerizes light naphtha (C5/C6) into higher-octane, branched C5/C6 molecules. It also reduces the concentration of benzene in the gasoline pool. It was first used commercially in 1958. Ideally, the isomerization catalyst converts normal pentane (nC5) to isopentane (iC5) and normal hexane (nC6) to 2,2- and 2,3-dimethylbutane. The thermodynamic equilibrium is more favorable at low temperature.

Naphtha
Naphtha (/ˈnæfθə/, recorded as less common or nonstandard in all dictionaries: /ˈnæpθə/) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture. Generally, it is a fraction of crude oil, but it can also be produced from natural-gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the fractional distillation of coal tar and peat.  In some industries and regions, the name naphtha refers to crude oil or refined petroleum products such as kerosene or diesel fuel.

Naphtha is also known as Shellite in Australia.
Port Oneida Rural Historic District
The Port Oneida Rural Historic District is a historic district located along M-22 between Glen Arbor and Lake Leelanau in Leelanau County, Michigan.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

Glen Arbor, Michigan
Glen Arbor is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Glen Arbor Township, Leelanau County, Michigan, United States. A small tourist town, Glen Arbor lies on an isthmus between Lake Michigan and Glen Lake. It is adjacent to Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.

Its population was 261 as of the 2020 census, up from 229 at the 2010 census. The community is located along M-22 and the Lake Michigan shore. Glen Arbor has a post office with ZIP code 49636.
Voiceless alveolar affricate
A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:

A voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type, similar to the ts in English cats.

A voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] – or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the extIPA – is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.

A voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

This article discusses the first two.

Retroflex consonant
A retroflex (/ˈrɛtrəflɛks, -roʊ-/ ⓘ) consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants—especially in Indology. Other terms are domal and cacuminal (/kəˈkjuːmɪnəl/ ⓘ), though in rare cases either word can mean palatal consonants more broadly.

The Latin-derived word retroflex means "bent back"; some retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue fully curled back so that articulation involves the underside of the tongue tip (subapical). These sounds are sometimes described as "true" retroflex consonants. However, retroflexes are commonly taken to include other consonants having a similar place of articulation without such extreme curling of the tongue; these may be articulated with the tongue tip (apical) or the tongue blade (laminal). When apical, they have been called apico-domal or apico-palatal consonants.
Salar de Aguas Calientes IV
Salar de Aguas Calientes IV is a salt pan in Chile. It is adjacent to the Llullaillaco National Park and is within the Central Andean dry puna ecoregion. Its drainage basin area is 536 km2 (207 sq mi).

The site is significant as a staging area for sandpiper species  and other long-distance migratory birds. Three species of flamingos (Chilean flamingo, Andean flamingo and James's flamingo) can be found here.

James's flamingo
James's flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi), also known as the puna flamingo, is a species of flamingo that lives at high altitudes in the Andean plateaus of Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and northwest Argentina.

It is named for Harry Berkeley James, a British naturalist who studied the bird. James's flamingo is closely related to the Andean flamingo, and the two species are the only members of the genus Phoenicoparrus. The Chilean flamingo, Andean flamingo, and James's flamingo are all sympatric, and all live in colonies (including shared nesting areas). James's flamingo had been thought to be extinct until a population was discovered in a remote area in 1956.
2023 CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers
The 2023 CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers was the 3rd edition of the CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers tournament organised by the UNAF for the women's clubs of association nations. This edition was held from 22 to 30 August 2023 in Alexandria, Egypt. The winners of the tournament qualified for the 2023 CAF Women's Champions League final tournament to be held in Ivory Coast.

UNAF
The Union of North African Football (UNAF; Arabic: اتحاد شمال إفريقيا لكرة القدم, romanized: Ittiḥād Shamāl Ifrīqyā li-Kurat al-Qadam; French: Union nord-africaine de football) is an association football organising body. It was launched in 2005 by the North African members of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia, with Mauritania joining in 2025. The post of president will be rotated among the five founding nations.
Sterol ester
Sterol esters are a heterogeneous group of chemical compounds. They are created when the hydroxyl group of a sterol and a fatty acid undergo an esterification reaction. They can be found in trace amounts in every cell type but are highly enriched in foam cells and are common components of human skin oil.

Plant sterol (phytosterol) esters have been shown to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in blood when ingested. Plant sterol esters used for dietary supplements are made from phytosterols and fatty acids also derived from plants. They are added to certain oil-containing products like margarine, milk, or yogurt to make functional foods for controlling cholesterol levels. Studies have indicated that consumption of about 2 grams per day of phytosterol esters provides a reduction in LDL cholesterol of around 10%.
Sterol esters are added to certain Unilever products under the brand name Becel/Flora.

Foam cell
Foam cells, also called lipid-laden macrophages, are a type of cell that contain cholesterol. These can form a plaque that can lead to atherosclerosis and trigger myocardial infarction and stroke.

Foam cells are fat-laden cells with an M2 macrophage-like phenotype. They contain low density lipoproteins (LDL) and can be rapidly detected by examining a fatty plaque under a microscope after it is removed from the body. They are named because the lipoproteins give the cell a foamy appearance.

Despite the connection with cardiovascular diseases they might not be inherently dangerous.

Some foam cells are derived from smooth muscle cells and present a limited macrophage-like phenotype.
Pickerill
Pickerill is an English surname.

Notable people with this surname include:

Cecily Pickerill (1903-1988), New Zealand surgeon

Clive Pickerill (born 1956), English rugby player

Henry Percy Pickerill (1879–1956), New Zealand surgeon

Jenny Pickerill (born 1973), British environmental geographer

Terrie Pickerill, American political strategist

William Pickerill, also spelled William Pikerell, English academic

Cecily Pickerill
Dame Cecily Mary Wise Pickerill DBE (née Clarkson, 9 February 1903 – 21 July 1988) was a New Zealand plastic surgeon who specialised in treating infants with cleft palates and other conditions needing plastic surgery. She successfully demonstrated that care of hospitalised infants by their mothers prevented infections.