hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Variational methods in general relativity
Variational methods in general relativity refers to various mathematical techniques that employ the use of variational calculus in Einstein's theory of general relativity. The most commonly used tools are Lagrangians and Hamiltonians and are used to derive the Einstein field equations.

Hamiltonian mechanics
In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities  used in Lagrangian mechanics with (generalized) momenta. Both theories provide interpretations of classical mechanics and describe the same physical phenomena.

Hamiltonian mechanics has a close relationship with geometry (notably, symplectic geometry and Poisson structures) and serves as a link between classical and quantum mechanics.
Liam Robinson (footballer)
Spencer Liam Robinson (born 29 December 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker in the Football League for Huddersfield Town, Tranmere Rovers, Bury, Bristol City, Burnley and Scarborough. He began his career as an apprentice with Nottingham Forest, but never played for the first team, and after Scarborough he played non-league football for teams including Northwich Victoria, Stalybridge Celtic, Stocksbridge Park Steels, Queensbury, Harrogate Railway, Eccleshill United and Rossendale United.

Harrogate Railway Athletic F.C.
Harrogate Railway Athletic Football Club is a football club based in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Counties East League Division One and play at Station View.
Keko, Temeke
Keko   (Kata ya Keko , in Swahili)  is an administrative ward in the Temeke district of the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. Mchafukoge, Gerezani, and Ilala of the Ilala MC's border the ward on its northern side. Kurasini Ward is to the east of the ward. Miburani ward is in the south. Chang'ombe is to the west. Keko also hosts the largest Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA) in Temeke District. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 35,163.

Ilala District, Dar es Salaam
Ilala District, officially the Ilala Municipal Council (Halimashauri ya Manispaaa ya Ilala, in Swahili) is one of five districts of the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The district is bordered to the north and northeast by Kinondoni District and Ubungo District, to the east by the Zanzibar Channel, the west by Pwani Region, and to the south by the Temeke District. It covers an area of 364.9 km2 (140.9 sq mi).  The district is comparable in size to the land area of U.S Virgin Islands.  The administrative seat is Mchafukoge. The 2022 National Tanzania Census states the population for Ilala as 1,649,912.
Dongdan Kingdom
Dongdan (926–936) (simplified Chinese: 东丹; traditional Chinese: 東丹; Khitan language: Dan Gur), was a puppet kingdom established by the Liao dynasty to rule the former realm of Balhae (Bohai) in eastern Manchuria. The territory was later absorbed into the Liao dynasty.

Khitan language
Khitan or Kitan ( in large script or  in small, Khitai; Chinese: 契丹語, Qìdānyǔ), also known as Liao, is an extinct language once spoken in Northeast Asia by the Khitan people (4th to 13th century CE). It was the official language of the Liao Empire (907–1125) and the Qara Khitai (1124–1218). Owing to a narrow corpus of known words and a partially undeciphered script, the language has yet to be completely reconstructed.
Viktor Beletsky
Viktor Nikolaevich Beletsky (Russian: Виктор Николаевич Белецкий; 1928 – late 1990s) was a Soviet diplomat and ambassador.

Beletsky defended a habilitation in historical sciences. He held the following positions:

1954–1958 – official of the Soviet Embassy to Austria

1958–1961 – official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

1961–1968 – official of the Soviet Embassy to East Germany

1969–1972 – official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

1972–1974 – official of the Soviet Embassy to East Germany

1974–1978 – official of the Soviet Embassy to Czechoslovakia

1978–1980 – deputy rector of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

1980–1982 – official of the Soviet Embassy to East Germany

1982–1985 – ambassador of the Soviet Union to the Netherlands

Beletsky was married to Rimma and had two stepsons, born ca. 2001 and 2013. His family disappeared in 2013 under unclear circumstances.

Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
The Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is among the oldest diplomatic institutes in the world, that provides education in the field of international relations, international economic relations and international law.
Aşağıyolak, Bitlis
Aşağıyolak (Kurdish: Çeman) is a village in the Bitlis District of Bitlis Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and had a population of 34 in 2021.

It was burned by authorities in the early 1990s, during the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.

Bitlis Province
Bitlis Province (Turkish: Bitlis ili; Armenian: Բաղեշի մարզ, romanized: Bagheshi marz; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Bidlîsê) is a province of eastern Turkey, located to the west of Lake Van. It takes its name from the central city, Bitlis. Its area is 8,294 km2, and its population is 353,988 (2022). The province was part of Moxoene of the Kingdom of Armenia. Before the Armenian genocide, the area was part of the Six Armenian Vilayets and considered part of Western Armenia by Armenians. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. The current Governor of the province is Erol Karaömeroğlu.
Lou fo tong
Lou fo tong (Chinese: 老火湯; Cantonese Yale: lóuhfótōng) is a distinctive variety of soup in Cantonese cuisine popular among Chinese people in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau, and overseas. These soups are usually made by simmering various vegetables, fruits, meat or Chinese herbs in a pressure cooker, vacuum cooker, claypot, wok or clay jar for a few hours, and are believed to have skincare, heart-protective, vision-enhancing, bile-reducing, and bone-strengthening benefits. Owing to the hot and humid climate in the Lingnan region, the locals have developed a penchant for drinking lou fo tong for its nourishing and health-boosting effects.

Overseas Chinese
Overseas Chinese people or the Chinese diaspora are a diaspora people of Chinese origin who reside outside Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan). As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese. As of 2023, there were 10.5 million people living outside mainland China who were born in mainland China, corresponding to 0.7 percent of China's population. Overall, China has a low percent of its population living overseas.
Saison (restaurant)
Saison is a San Francisco restaurant that earned the highest rating of three stars from the Michelin Guide in 2014. It is located in the SoMa district. The founder is Beverage Director and Winemaker for Saison Winery, Mark Bright. The Executive Chef is Richard Lee.

South of Market, San Francisco
South of Market (SoMa) is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California, so named due to its location south of Market Street. It contains several sub-neighborhoods including South Beach, Yerba Buena, and Rincon Hill.

SoMa is home to many of the city's museums, to the headquarters of several major software and Internet companies, and to the Moscone Conference Center.
Akō Rōshi (1964 TV series)
Akō Rōshi  (赤穂浪士) is a 1964 Japanese television series. It is the 2nd NHK taiga drama.

The viewership rating was well over 30%, and the episode where the raid was broadcast had a viewership rating of 53.0%. It also set the record for the highest viewership rating in the history of taiga dramas. This record has not yet been broken as of 2021. The average audience rating for all episodes is 31.9%, making it the 4th of all-time (as of 2019).

A scene from episode 7 and the full footage of episode 47 still remain today, the latter of which garnered the highest viewership rating.

Ōishi Yoshio
Ōishi Yoshio  (大石 良雄; 24 April 1659 – 20 March 1703) was the chamberlain (karō) of the Akō Domain in Harima Province (now Hyōgo Prefecture), Japan (1679 - 1701). He is known as the leader of the Forty-seven Rōnin in their 1703 vendetta and thus the hero of the Chūshingura. He is often referred to by his pseudonym (kemyō), Ōishi Kuranosuke (大石内蔵助; Japanese pronunciation: [oꜜː.i.ɕi̥ kɯ.ɾa.no.sɯ̥.ke]).
Daule, Guayas
Daule, Guayas, Ecuador is a city located in central Guayas, Ecuador, on the Daule River. It is the seat of Daule Canton, created November 26, 1820.

It is called the "rice capital of Ecuador" for its important rice production. In the 2022 census it had a population of 161,498 which makes it the fourteenth most populous city in the country. It is part of the metropolitan area of Guayaquil, because its economic, social and commercial activity is strongly linked to Guayaquil, being a dormitory city for thousands of people who move to Guayaquil by land daily.

Every September 14 in Daule people celebrate "El Señor de Los Milagros" festival. That day people go to the church called El Señor de los Milagros and at night to watch fireworks. Daule was the name of the indigenous tribe called Daulis.

On February 2, 2022, Pope Francis erected the new Roman Catholic Diocese of Daule.

Guayas Province
Guayas (English: /ˈɡwɑːjəs/, Spanish: [ˈɡwaʝas] ⓘ) is a coastal province in Ecuador. It is bordered to the west by Manabí, Santa Elena, and the Pacific Ocean (as the Gulf of Guayaquil); to the east by Los Ríos, Bolívar, Chimborazo, Cañar, and Azuay; to the north by Los Ríos and Bolívar; and to the south by El Oro and the Pacific Ocean.

With a population of over 4 million people, it is the most populous province in Ecuador. In terms of area it is the seventh largest province in the country. The main port of Ecuador, Guayaquil, is located within the province.
Xenon oxydifluoride
Xenon oxydifluoride is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula XeOF2. The first definitive isolation of the compound was published on 3 March 2007, producing it by the previously-examined route of partial hydrolysis of xenon tetrafluoride.

XeF4 + H2O  →  XeOF2 + 2 HF

The compound has a T-shaped geometry.  It is a weak Lewis acid, adducing acetonitrile and forming the trifluoroxenate(IV) ion in hydrogen fluoride.  With strong fluoride acceptors, the latter generates the hydroxydifluoroxenonium(IV) ion (HOXeF+2), suggesting a certain Brønsted basicity as well.

Although stable at low temperatures, it rapidly decomposes upon warming, either by losing the oxygen atom or by disproportionating into xenon difluoride and xenon dioxydifluoride:

2 XeOF2  →  2 XeF2 + O2

2 XeOF2  →  XeF2 + XeO2F2

Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen fluoride (fluorane) is an inorganic compound with chemical formula HF. It is a very poisonous, colorless gas or liquid that dissolves in water to yield hydrofluoric acid. It is the principal industrial source of fluorine, often in the form of hydrofluoric acid, and is an important feedstock in the preparation of many important compounds including pharmaceuticals and polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). HF is also widely used in the petrochemical industry as a component of superacids. Due to strong and extensive hydrogen bonding, it boils near room temperature, a much higher temperature than other hydrogen halides.

Hydrogen fluoride is an extremely dangerous gas, forming corrosive and penetrating hydrofluoric acid upon contact with moisture. The gas can also cause blindness by rapid destruction of the corneas.
Coffee Creek, Montana
Coffee Creek is an unincorporated community in Fergus County, Montana, United States. It is located along Montana Highway 81 in west central Fergus County, several miles northwest of Denton. Coffee Creek has a post office with the ZIP code 59424.

Montana Highway 81
Montana Highway 81 (MT 81) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Montana. The highway begins at an intersection with MT 80 north of the hamlet of  Arrow Creek. The highway extends eastward from this point for approximately 42 miles (68 km), ending at an intersection with U.S. Route 191 (US 191) at the post office of Brooks. The landscape traversed by MT 81 is uneven and largely rural, used mainly for agriculture and livestock grazing. For much of its length, the highway is roughly paralleled by the main line of  Central Montana Rail, which is headquartered in Denton.

Before receiving its current designation, MT 81 was designated as Secondary Highway 235.
William Burnley
William Burnley (c.1813 – 21 June 1860) was a politician in colonial Victoria (Australia), and was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council.

Burnley was born in Thorpe Arch, Yorkshire, and arrived in the area known then as the Port Phillip District of New South Wales around 1839.

He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council for North Bourke from August 1853 until the original Council was abolished in March 1856. He  was an unsuccessful candidate in the election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Evelyn and Mornington in 1856.

Burnley died in Richmond, Victoria on 21 June 1860 and was buried in Melbourne General Cemetery.

The Melbourne suburb of Burnley is named after him.

Electoral district of North Bourke
The Electoral district of North Bourke was one of the original sixteen electoral districts of the old unicameral Victorian Legislative Council of 1851 to 1856. Victoria being a colony in Australia at the time.

The district's area was defined as: "Bounded on the north by the great dividing range from the source of the River Plenty to the source of the Werribee River on the west by the Werribee River to Port Phillip Bay on the south by Port Phillip Bay to the mouth of the Yarra Yarra River and by that river to the confluence of the River Plenty and on the east by the River Plenty to its head in the great dividing range."

From 1856 onwards, the Victorian parliament consisted of two houses, the Victorian Legislative Council (upper house, consisting of Provinces) and the Victorian Legislative Assembly (lower house).
1993–94 Israel State Cup
The 1993–94 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina) was the 55th season of Israel's nationwide football cup competition and the 40th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

The competition was won by Maccabi Tel Aviv who had beaten Hapoel Tel Aviv 2–0 in the final.

By winning, Maccabi Tel Aviv qualified to the 1994–95 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, entering in the qualifying round.

Israel State Cup
The Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina), is a knockout cup competition in Israeli football, run by the Israel Football Association (IFA).

The State Cup was first held in 1928 as the People's Cup. Because it involves clubs of all standards playing against each other, there is the possibility for "minnows" from the lower divisions to become "giant-killers" by eliminating top clubs from the tournament, although lower division teams rarely reach the final.

The last below the top-flight club to make the final was Maccabi Netanya in 2014, they have since been promoted to the Israeli Premier League.

Hapoel Be'er Sheva are the current Israel State Cup holders, having beaten Beitar Jerusalem 2–0 in the final for their fourth title.

Maccabi Tel Aviv have 24 titles, holding the record for most titles won. Hapoel Tel Aviv in 1937–1939 and 2010–2012 are the only club to have retained the State Cup for three consecutive seasons.
Australian Gold Nugget
The Australian Gold Nugget, also sometimes known as the Australian Gold Kangaroo, is a gold bullion coin minted by the Perth Mint. The coins have been minted in denominations of 1⁄20 oz, 1⁄10 oz, 1⁄4 oz, 1⁄2 oz, 1 oz, 2 oz, 10 oz, and 1 kg of 24 carat gold.

They have legal tender status in Australia—though worth far more as bullion than their face value—and are one of few legal tender bullion gold coins to change their design every year, another being the Chinese Gold Panda. This may raise their numismatic value over the value of gold used, unlike many other bullion coins.

Numismatics
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency,  including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects.

Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods.

The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems.
Midwest Military Academy
Midwest Military Academy (MMA) was an 5th through 8th grade school in Wheaton, Illinois. The school was demolished in 1988 creating the Academy Highlands subdivision.

Located among 16.5 acres (6.7 ha) at Academy Lane and Orchard Road (1800 Academy Lane previously 425 Foothill Drive), the school was established in 1931. The last owner was Jerry Williams. Upon closure of the school, the Chicago area had one remaining military school located in Aurora, Illinois, the Marmion Military Academy.

Tuition for the year was $4,800 at the time of closing. About a dozen Midwest students transferred to St. John's Military Academy near Lake Geneva.

Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. Situated on Geneva Lake, the population was 8,277 at the 2020 census. It is located 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Milwaukee and 65 miles (105 km) northwest of Chicago.

Given its relative proximity to the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas, Lake Geneva has become a popular resort town that thrives on tourism. Since the late 19th century, it has been home to numerous lakefront mansions owned by wealthy Chicagoans as second homes, leading it to be nicknamed the "Newport of the West."
Lincoln International Academy
Lincoln International Academy is located in Managua, Nicaragua. It is a Catholic private school. This school that was founded in 1995. It is one of the few schools in Nicaragua that offer bilingual education (Spanish-English). LIA is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since February 2009. LIA is also a member of the National Catholic Educational Association, the Association of American Schools in Central America, and hosts the Masters in Education Program by Framingham State University.

National Catholic Educational Association
The National Catholic Educational Association (NCEA) is a private, professional educational membership organization in the United States. It provides professional support and development for educators working in Catholic schools, universities, and religious education programs. According to the organization, NCEA includes more than 150,000 members involved in Catholic education across the country.
Limal
Limal (French pronunciation: [limal]; Walloon: Nîmal) is a sub-municipality of the city of Wavre located in the province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Wavre.

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.
Quantum walk
Quantum walks are quantum analogs of classical random walks. In contrast to the classical random walk, where the walker occupies definite states and the randomness arises due to stochastic transitions between states, in quantum walks randomness arises through:

Quantum superposition of states,

Non-random, reversible unitary evolution and,

Collapse of the wave function due to state measurements.

Quantum walks are a technique for building quantum algorithms.

As with classical random walks, quantum walks admit formulations in both discrete time and continuous time.

Stochastic
Stochastic (/stəˈkæstɪk/; from Ancient Greek  στόχος (stókhos) 'aim, guess') is the property of being well-described by a random probability distribution. Stochasticity and randomness are technically distinct concepts. Stochasticity refers to a modeling approach, while randomness describes phenomena. These terms are often used interchangeably. In probability theory, the formal concept of a stochastic process is also referred to as a random process.

Stochasticity is used in many different fields, including actuarial science, image processing, signal processing, computer science, information theory, telecommunications, chemistry, ecology, neuroscience, physics, and cryptography. It is also used in finance, medicine, linguistics,  music, media, colour theory,  botany, manufacturing and geomorphology.
Rich White Ladies
Rich White Ladies is an American pop/rap music duo. Singers Tokyo Diiva and Scotty Rebel were both raised in the Bronx where they met.

The exorbitant lifestyles of the wealthy are a recurring theme in their music. In 2012 the duo released the singles "One Percent" and "White Powder Perm".

The videos for "No Bad Vibez" and "Wimbledon" were directed by Frederic Esnault. The "Wimbledon" video has cameos from Justin Tranter and Cole Whittle of Semi Precious Weapons.

The Rich White Ladies released a self-titled EP with Motown Records in April 2015. They were preparing their major label debut with Tricky Stewart that same year.

They released the singles "Love is For the WEEK" in 2017 and "Girlfriend" in 2019.

Justin Tranter
Justin Drew Tranter (born June 16, 1980) is an American songwriter, singer, and activist. Tranter has written songs for artists such as Britney Spears, Gwen Stefani, Linkin Park, Kelly Clarkson, Sara Bareilles, Selena Gomez, Justin Bieber, DNCE, Citizen Queen, Kesha, Imagine Dragons, Cynthia Erivo, The Knocks, Fifth Harmony, 5 Seconds of Summer, Chappell Roan, Halsey, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Raye, Bea Miller, Demi Lovato, Dua Lipa, Måneskin, Fall Out Boy and KATSEYE. From 2004 to 2014, Tranter was the lead singer of Semi Precious Weapons, a rock band based in New York City. Since February 2017, they have been a board member of GLAAD, an organization that promotes LGBT acceptance in the entertainment and news industries. Tranter's songs have garnered over 50 million single sales and 40 billion streams on Spotify and YouTube as of May 2021.