hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pulsational pair-instability supernova
A pulsational pair-instability supernova is a supernova impostor event that generally occurs in stars at around 100 to 130 solar mass (M☉), as opposed to a typical pair-instability supernova which occurs in stars of 130 to 250 M☉. Like pair-instability supernovae, pulsational pair-instability supernovae are caused by draining of a star's energy in the production of electron-positron pairs but, whereas a pair-instability supernova completely disrupts the star in a massive supernova, the star's pulsational pair-instability eruption sheds 10–25 M☉. This generally shrinks it down to a mass of less than 100 M☉, too small for electron-positron pair creation, where it then undergoes a core-collapse supernova or hypernova. It is possible that this is what occurred during the 1843 eruption of the primary star of the Eta Carinae star system although there is no substantial evidence supporting this.

Supernova impostor
Supernova impostors are stellar explosions that appear at first to be a supernova but do not destroy their progenitor stars. As such, they are a class of extra-powerful novae. They are also known as Type V supernovae, Eta Carinae analogs, and giant eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBV).
45th parallel north
The 45th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 45 degrees north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.
The 45th parallel north is often called the halfway point between the equator and the North Pole, but the true halfway point is 16.0 km (9.9 mi) north of it (approximately between 45°08'39" and 45°08'40") because Earth is an oblate spheroid; that is, it bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles.

At this latitude, the sun is visible for 15 hours 37 minutes during the summer solstice, and 8 hours 46 minutes during the winter solstice.  The midday Sun stands 21.6° above the southern horizon at the December solstice, 68.4° at the June solstice, and exactly 45.0° at either equinox.

June solstice
The June solstice is the solstice on Earth that occurs annually between 20 and 22 June according to the Gregorian calendar. In the Northern Hemisphere, the June solstice is the summer solstice (the day with the longest period of daylight), while in the Southern Hemisphere it is the winter solstice (the day with the shortest period of daylight). It is also known as the northern solstice. During the June solstice, the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer, located in the northern hemisphere.
Symphony No. 20 (Haydn)
The Symphony No. 20 in C major (Hoboken I/20) is a festive symphony by Joseph Haydn. Hodgson places the composition date in either 1761 or 1762 while Brown states that it was likely composed before 1761. Calvin Stapert affirmatively states that it was composed in the group of 15 symphonies within Haydn's tenure with Count Morzin (1757 – March 1761), and that it is festive, like C major Symphonies 32, 33, and 37.

The symphony is scored for two oboes, bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, strings, and continuo.

It is in four movements:

The winds are silent in the serenade-like second movement with the melody in the first violins, broken chords in the second violins and a pizzicato bassline.

Horn (instrument)
A horn is any of a family of musical instruments made of a tube, usually made of metal and often curved in various ways, with one narrow end into which the musician blows, and a wide end from which sound emerges. In horns, unlike some other brass instruments such as the trumpet, the bore gradually increases in width through most of its length—that is to say, it is conical rather than cylindrical. In jazz and popular-music contexts, the word may be used loosely to refer to any wind instrument, and a section of brass or woodwind instruments, or a mixture of the two, is called a horn section in these contexts.
Real structure
In mathematics, a real structure on a complex vector space is a way to decompose the complex vector space in the direct sum of two real vector spaces. The prototype of such a structure is the field of complex numbers itself, considered as a complex vector space over itself and with the conjugation map , with , giving the "canonical" real structure on , that is .

The conjugation map is antilinear:  and .

Complex conjugate of a vector space
In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex vector space  is a complex vector space  that has the same elements and additive group structure as  but whose scalar multiplication involves conjugation of the scalars. In other words, the scalar multiplication of  satisfies

where  is the scalar multiplication of  and  is the scalar multiplication of 
The letter  stands for a vector in   is a complex number, and  denotes the complex conjugate of

More concretely, the complex conjugate vector space is the same underlying real vector space (same set of points, same vector addition and real scalar multiplication) with the conjugate linear complex structure  (different multiplication by ).
Silke Launert
Silke Launert (born 27 December 1976) is a German judge and politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2013, representing Bayreuth.

In addition to her work in parliament, Launert has been serving as a Parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of Research in the government of Chancellor Friedrich Merz since 2025.

Parliamentary State Secretary
A Parliamentary State Secretary (Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär, PStS) is a member of the Bundestag given a portfolio to assist a Minister with running a government ministry. The position is roughly analogous to deputy ministers.

The position was first introduced in 1967 to help younger politicians gain experience for future ministerial roles. In 2021, there were 36 parliamentary state secretaries in the Merkel IV Cabinet.
Global Guardian
Global Guardian is an annual training exercise sponsored by the United States Strategic Command in conjunction with Air Force Space Command and NORAD.  Its main purpose is to test the military's command and control procedures in the event of nuclear warfare.

Global Guardian is performed in conjunction with "Vigilant Guardian", the annual training exercise conducted by NORAD in which a threat to North American airspace is simulated.  The simulated scenario is varied from year to year.

9/11 Commission Report
The 9/11 Commission Report, officially the Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report into the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It was prepared by the 9/11 Commission, chaired by former New Jersey governor Thomas Kean, at the request of U.S. president George W. Bush and Congress.

The commission was established on November 27, 2002, 442 days after the September 11 attacks. The report, which is 585 pages in length, was originally scheduled for release on May 27, 2004, but Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert approved the commission's request for a sixty-day extension through July 26. The report was released on July 22, 2004, immediately to the public, and remains available for sale or free download.
Two-wheel drive
Two-wheel drive (2WD) denotes vehicles with a powertrain that allows two wheels to be driven, and receive power and torque from the engine, simultaneously. Also called all-wheel drive for motorcycles without sidecars.

Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force, or simply the moment. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen axis. For example, driving a screw uses torque to force it into an object. The torque is applied by the screwdriver, rotating around its axis, to the drive on the head of the screw.

Torque is generally referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study, with torque generally being associated with physics and moment being associated with engineering. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque.

Torque is typically represented mathematically using  the lowercase Greek letter tau (). When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
Den Frie Udstilling
Den Frie Udstilling (transl. The Free Exhibition) is a Danish artists' association, founded in 1891 by artists in protest against the admission requirements for the Kunsthal Charlottenborg. Modeled on the Salon des Refusés, it is Denmark's oldest association of artists. Now located on Copenhagen's Oslo Plads next to Østerport Station, it works as an arts centre, continuing to exhibit works created and selected by contemporary artists rather than those chosen by cultural authorities.

Salon des Refusés
The Salon des Refusés, French for "exhibition of rejects" (French pronunciation: [salɔ̃ de ʁəfyze]), is generally known as an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863.

Today, by extension, salon des refusés refers to any exhibition of works rejected from a juried art show.
Ali bin Ali Douha
Ali bin Ali Douha was a citizen of Yemen described as an al Qaeda leader.
He was reported to have died during a raid by Yemeni security officials on August 9, 2007.
Qasim al Rimi and two other suspected militants were reported to have been killed during the raid.
Yemeni security officials are reported to have been tracking the suspects by helicopter 15 kilometers outside of Ma'rib.

According to the Arab News Ali bin Ali Douha and Qasim al Rimi "are believed to be among 10 Al-Qaeda fugitives suspected of having links to the July 2 suicide car bombing attack on a convoy of Spanish tourists near an archaeological site in Marib."

Marib
Marib (Arabic: مَأْرِب, romanized: Maʾrib; Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩧𐩨/𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨 Mryb/Mrb) is the capital city of Marib Governorate, Yemen. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Sabaʾ (Arabic: سَبَأ), which some scholars believe to be the ancient Sheba of biblical fame. It is about 120 kilometres (75 miles) east of Yemen's modern capital, Sanaa, and is in the region of the Sarawat Mountains. In 2005 it had a population of 16,794. However, in 2021, it had absorbed close to a million refugees fleeing the Yemeni Civil War.

The ancient city of Mirwah is one of the most important places for Arabian archaeology, and in 2023, was added by the UNESCO to its World Heritage Site List, as one of the Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib.
Jeff Guiel
Jeff Guiel (born January 12, 1974) is a Canadian former baseball outfielder.

Guiel is a graduate of Oklahoma State University and was a two time all American.  He was inducted into the Oklahoma state Hall of Fame in 2015. Jeff was voted by NCAA as one of the top nine players to play baseball at Oklahoma state.

He was a draft pick of the Anaheim Angels and first played with the Cedar Rapids Kernels in 1997, Lake Elsinore Storm in 1998, then the Erie SeaWolves in 1999 and 2000, the Arkansas Travelers and Salt Lake Stingers in both 2001 and 2002 and again with Salt Lake in 2003, completing his active playing career with the Blue Jays triple A team Syracuse Chiefs in 2004.

He was with Team Canada at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, which finished in fourth place.

He is the younger brother of former Kansas City Royals and New York Yankees outfielder Aaron Guiel.

He now coaches Lynn Valley Little League 9 selects

Erie SeaWolves
The Erie SeaWolves are an American professional baseball team based in Erie, Pennsylvania. They compete in Minor League Baseball (MiLB) as a member of the Eastern League's Southwest Division, serving as the Double-A affiliate of the Detroit Tigers. The team was founded in 1989 and began playing in Erie for the 1995 season. The SeaWolves currently play their home games at UPMC Park in downtown Erie, next door to Erie Insurance Arena and the Warner Theatre.

The "SeaWolves" name refers to the city's location along Lake Erie as well as their original affiliation with the Pittsburgh Pirates. "Sea wolf" is a historical epithet for sailors who engaged in piracy.
Paul Christie (cricketer)
Paul Christie (born 9 February 1971 in Sunderland, County Durham) is a former English cricketer.  Christie was a right-handed batsman who bowled left-arm medium-fast.

Christie made a single first-class appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against M Parkinson's World XI at the North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough. In this match, he bowled 13 wicket-less overs for the cost of 63 runs in the World XIs first-innings, while in their second-innings he took 3 wickets for the cost of 57 runs from 14 overs.  In the Marylebone Cricket Club's first-innings he didn't bat, while in their second he was dismissed for a duck by Wasim Akram. M Parkinson's World XI won the match by 257 runs.

In 1991, Christie made a single Minor Counties Championship for Durham against Hertfordshire. With Durham being elevated to first-class status for the 1992 season, his services were not retained by the county.

Hertfordshire County Cricket Club
Hertfordshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Hertfordshire.

The team is currently a member of the Minor Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Hertfordshire played List A matches occasionally from 1964 until 2004 but is not classified as a List A team per se.

The club is based at Balls Park, Hertford and also plays matches around the county at Cricket Field Lane in Bishop's Stortford, Long Marston, Brunton Memorial Ground in Radlett and North Mymms.
SkyCube (satellite)
SkyCube was an American crowdsourced CubeSat. It was first announced on Kickstarter on 14 July 2012 and successfully funded on 12 September 2012, meeting its US$82,500 goal with a total of US$116,890. It was developed and built in 2012–2013, completed flight integration at Nanoracks in late 2013, and launched aboard the Cygnus CRS Orb-1 flight at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on Wallops Island, Virginia on 9 January 2014. SkyCube was deployed from the International Space Station on 28 February 2014. Contact with the satellite was last made on 27 March 2014. SkyCube re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 9 November 2014. It is one of several crowdfunded satellites launched during the 2010s.

Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport
The Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) is a commercial space launch facility located at the southern tip of NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island in Virginia, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and south of Chincoteague, Virginia, United States. It is owned and operated by the Virginia Spaceport Authority.
Sylvan Retreat
Sylvan Retreat, also known as the J. H. Pumphrey Home, is a historic raised former plantation house at 610 N. 3rd Street in Gibsland in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.  It was built in 1848 by William George Walker in another location, and was moved into Giblsland in 1884.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

It was built as a five-bay Greek Revival raised plantation house, with wood frame built of virgin cypress joined by mortises and pinned with wooden pegs.  It had a front gallery and a hip roof.   All doors and window sashes were cut on site and assembled with wooden pegs.  It included five 17 by 20 feet (5.2 m × 6.1 m) rooms and a 12 by 35 feet (3.7 m × 10.7 m) central hall, with 15 feet (4.6 m) ceilings.  It had front and rear galleries plus a separated kitchen.

It was altered in 1884 by moving it to Gibsland, by combining four exterior fireplaces, and by reducing the front gallery to a four-column portico.

Gibsland, Louisiana
Gibsland is a town in Bienville Parish in northern Louisiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 773. The town is best known for its connecting railroads, as the birthplace of the defunct historically black Coleman College, and for being the place where notorious criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were ambushed and killed by Texas Rangers on May 23, 1934.

Gibsland native John McConathy was a champion basketball player at Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, Louisiana, who later was the superintendent for the Bossier Parish School Board, in which capacity he was the guiding force behind the establishment of the $57 million Bossier Parish Community College.
Fujisaki Line
The Fujisaki Line (藤崎線, Fujisaki-sen) is a 2.3 km railway line owned by the Kumamoto Electric Railway, serving Kumamoto City, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The line branches southward from Kita-Kumamoto Station to Fujisakigū-mae Station.

Previously, this line extended to Kami-Kumamoto Station on one side and Kikuchi on the other. The section between Kita-Kumamoto and Kikuchi was transferred to the Kikuchi Line on October 1, 1950, and the section between Fujisakigū-mae and Kami-Kumamoto was transferred to the Kumamoto City Tram as the Tsuboi Line on June 1, 1954. The Tsuboi Line ceased operations in 1970.

Kami-Kumamoto Station
Kami-Kumamoto Station (上熊本駅, Kami-Kumamoto-eki) is a railway station in Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, Japan. It is on the Kagoshima Main Line of JR Kyushu and the Kikuchi Line of Kumamoto Electric Railway. In front of the station is a tram stop of the tram operated by Kumamoto City Transportation Bureau named Kami-Kumamoto-Ekimae Station.
The Savage Seven
The Savage Seven is a 1968 outlaw biker exploitation film directed by Richard Rush, who had directed the previous year's Hells Angels on Wheels. Rush agreed to direct The Savage Seven in exchange for the opportunity to make the psychedelic film Psych-Out.

Penny Marshall appears in one of her earliest screen roles.

Exploitation film
An exploitation film is a film that seeks commercial success by capitalizing on current trends, niche genres, or sensational content. Exploitation films often feature themes such as suggestive or explicit sex, sensational violence, drug use, nudity, gore, destruction, rebellion, mayhem, and the bizarre. While often associated with low-budget "B movies", some exploitation films have influenced popular culture, attracted critical attention, gained historical significance, and developed cult followings.
Community (Fear Itself)
"Community" is the seventh episode of the television series Fear Itself, the episode originally aired on July 24, 2008. The plot revolves around a young couple move into a secure gated community and discover its horrifying secret.

Fear Itself (TV series)
Fear Itself is an American horror-suspense anthology television series. It debuted on NBC on June 5, 2008, but was pulled from the air after late July 2008 with five episodes remaining unaired. On March 13, 2009, it was confirmed that the series had been canceled and would not return to NBC.
Arboretum de Combe Noire
44°57′36″N 5°46′59″E﻿ / ﻿44.96°N 5.783°E﻿ / 44.96; 5.783

The Arboretum de Combe Noire (20 hectares) is an arboretum located near La Mure, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France. It is open daily without charge in the warmer months.

The arboretum was established in 1992 by teachers in La Mure to help mingle mentally handicapped children with those of normal schooling. In collaboration with the National Forestry Office, teachers and children cleared and planted fallow land at an altitude of about 1400 meters in Signaraux. Hundreds of trees were planted in that first year, with follow-up plantings and trail maintenance since. There are currently two trail circuits through the site.

Isère
Isère (US: /iːˈzɛər/ ee-ZAIR; French: [izɛʁ] ⓘ; Arpitan: Isera; Occitan: Isèra, Occitan pronunciation: [iˈsɛɾa]) is a landlocked department in the southeastern French region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,271,166 in 2019. Its prefecture is Grenoble. It borders Rhône to the northwest, Ain to the north, Savoie to the east, Hautes-Alpes to the south, Drôme and Ardèche to the southwest and Loire to the west.
Rebecca Gayheart
Rebecca Gayheart (born August 12, 1971) is an American actress and model. Gayheart began her career as a teen model in the 1980s before becoming an advertising spokeswoman. She has been active as an actress since 1990.

Noxzema
Noxzema (/nɒkˈsiːmə/ nok-SEE-mə) is an American brand of skin cleanser marketed by Elida Beauty. Since 1914, it was sold in a small cobalt blue jar; it is now sold in a blue plastic jar. Noxzema contains camphor, menthol, phenol and eucalyptus, among other ingredients. Originally developed as a sunburn remedy, it is a type of cold cream or vanishing cream (so named because it disappears after being left on for a few minutes) which is used as a facial cleanser and make-up remover.

It can also be used for soothing chapped, sunburned, or otherwise irritated skin, and for getting rid of acne and other blemishes (as it draws dirt out of pores when left on for a few minutes or more). Since the introduction of Noxzema, the brand name has appeared on shaving cream, razors, and skin-cleansing cloths.

The main product and its line extensions have been marketed by a series of companies: Noxzema Chemical Company, Noxell Corporation, Procter & Gamble, and Alberto-Culver (Unilever).
Soltis
Soltis is an Americanized spelling of Slavic surnames such as Polish Sołtys or Czech and Slovak Šoltys. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Soltis (born 1947), American chess Grandmaster

Bob Soltis (1936–2009), American football player

Douglas E. Soltis (born 1953), American botanist

Frank Soltis (born 1940), American computer scientist

Pamela S. Soltis (born 1957), American botanist

Kristen Soltis Anderson (born 1984), American political writer and television personality

Sołtys (surname)
Sołtys is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Darlene M. Soltys (born 1965), Associate Judge on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia

Mieczysław Sołtys (1863–1929), Polish composer, conductor, teacher, musician and public figure

Nikolay Soltys (1974–2002), the 466th fugitive to be placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list

Stanisław Sołtys (1433–1489), birth name of Stanisław Kazimierczyk, Polish Roman Catholic priest
Archie Green
Archie Green (June 29, 1917 – March 22, 2009) was an American folklorist specializing in laborlore (defined as the special folklore of workers) and American folk music. Devoted to understanding vernacular culture, he gathered and commented upon the speech, stories, songs, emblems, rituals, art, artifacts, memorials, and landmarks which constitute laborlore. He is credited with winning Congressional support for passage of the American Folklife Preservation Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-201), which established the American Folklife Center in the Library of Congress.

Vernacular culture
Vernacular culture is the cultural forms made and organised by ordinary, often indigenous people, as distinct from the high culture of an elite. One feature of vernacular culture is that it is informal. Such culture is generally engaged in on a non-profit and voluntary basis, and is almost never funded by the state.

The term is used in the modern study of geography and cultural studies. It generally implies a cultural form that differs markedly from a deeply rooted folk culture, and also from tightly organised subcultures and religious cultures. In cultural and communication studies, vernacular rhetoric is the discursive aspect of vernacular culture, referring to "mundane, bottom-up, and informal discursive expressions that challenge and criticize the institutional".