hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chestnut (horse anatomy)
The chestnut, also known as a night eye, is a callosity on the body of a horse or other equine, found on the inner side of the leg above the knee on the foreleg and, if present, below the hock on the hind leg.  It is believed to be a vestigial toe, and along with the ergot form the three toes of some other extinct Equidae. Darren Naish dissents from this belief, noting that the chestnut is "not associated with the metacarpus or metatarsus, the only places where digits occur."

Chestnuts vary in size and shape and are sometimes compared to the fingerprints in humans. For purposes of identification, some breed registries require photographs of them, among other individual characteristics. However, because chestnuts grow over time and horse groomers often peel or trim off the outer layers for neatness, their appearance is subject to change.

Equinae
Equinae is a subfamily of the family Equidae, known from the Hemingfordian stage of the Early Miocene (16 million years ago) onwards. They originated in North America, before dispersing to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. They are thought to be a monophyletic grouping. Members of the subfamily are referred to as equines; the only extant equines are the horses, asses, and zebras of the genus Equus, with two other genera Haringtonhippus and Hippidion becoming extinct at the beginning of the Holocene, around 11–12,000 years ago.

The subfamily contains tree tribes, the extant Equini as well as the extinct Hipparionini and Protohippini. Members of the family ancestrally had three toes, while members of the tribe Equini from the Middle Miocene onwards developed monodactyl feet. They belong to the order Perissodactyla, meaning they are odd-toed animals.
Damoh district
Damoh district (Hindi pronunciation: [d̪əmoːɦ]) is located in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The town of Damoh is the district's headquarters. It has an area of 7,306 square km (2,821 sq mi).

Katni
Katni officially Murwara is a city on the banks of the Katni River in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Katni District. It is in the Mahakoshal region of central India. The city is 90 km (56 mi) from the divisional headquarters of the region, Jabalpur.
Berbere (woreda)
Berbere is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the Bale Zone, Berbere is bordered on the south by Mennana Harena Buluk, on the northwest by Goba, on the north by Sinanana Dinsho, on the northeast by Goro, and on the east by Guradamole; the Mena River separates it from Shinanana Dinsho and Goro. The administrative center of the woreda is Haro Dumal.

Districts of Ethiopia
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (Amharic: ወረዳ; Oromo: woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states.

These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia.
Pykulovychi
Pykulovychi (Ukrainian: Пикуловичі), also known as Pikulovychi (Ukrainian: Пікуловичі) is a rural locality (selo) in Lviv Raion of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine, located 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the city of Lviv. It belongs to Novyi Yarychiv settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. When the area belonged to Poland (1918–1939) the village was also known as Pikulovitse (Polish: Pikułowice).

Pykulovychi was first mentioned in 1464. In the selo, a wooden Church of the Saint Mary survived. The church was built in 1794 in the traditions of Galician wooden architecture, with three domes, and is designated as a monument of architecture.

Until 18 July 2020, Pykulovychi belonged to Pustomyty Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Pustomyty Raion was merged into Lviv Raion.

Lviv Oblast
Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, romanized: Lvivska oblast, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Ukrainian: Львівщина, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is 2,478,133 (2022 estimate).
C. P. Sadashivaiah
C. P. Sadashivaiah (9 January 1931 – 2 June 2007) was an Indian freedom fighter, industrialist, and inventor from Tumakuru, Karnataka. He was known for designing and improving agricultural machinery and for receiving recognition from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) for innovation.

Freedom fighter
A freedom fighter is a person engaged in a struggle to achieve political freedom, particularly against an established government. The term is typically reserved for those who are actively involved in armed or otherwise violent rebellion.
Myiotheretes
Myiotheretes is a genus of South American birds in the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. These superficially thrush-like birds are large tyrants (19–24 cm/7.5-9.5 in long) of the Andean highlands. 
The red-rumped bush tyrant is considered closely related.

Thrush (bird)
The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World flycatchers. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
Adaköy, Karaman
Adaköy (also: Ada) is a village in the Karaman District of Karaman Province, Turkey. Its population is 174 (2022). It is situated in the mountainous area to the south east of Karaman. It is called Adaköy (meaning "island village") because it is almost surrounded by creeks. Its distance to Karaman is 65 kilometres (40 mi).

Karaman District
Karaman District (also: Merkez, meaning "central" in Turkish) is a district of the Karaman Province of Turkey. Its seat is the city of Karaman. Its population is 206,240 (2022). With an area of 4,036 km2, it is the largest district of Turkey.
Lumbard
Lumbard is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

J. Edward Lumbard (1901–1999), American judge

Joseph E. B. Lumbard (born 1969), American author and professor

Nicholas Lumbard (died after 1364), Irish barrister and judge

Joseph E. B. Lumbard
Joseph E. B. Lumbard (born 1969) is an American Muslim scholar of Islamic studies, and associate professor of Quranic studies at the College of Islamic Studies at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar. He is the author, editor, and translator of several scholarly books and many articles on Islamic philosophy, Sufism, and Quranic studies.
Ambassador (album)
Ambassador is the title of the first full-length album released by the Canadian alternative country band Elliott Brood. It was released in October 2005 on the independent music label Six Shooter Records. The album is titled for the Ambassador Bridge, which links Windsor, Ontario — the hometown of two of the band's three members — to Detroit, Michigan.

The album was nominated for Roots and Traditional Album of the Year (Group) at the 2006 Juno Awards, but lost to the self-titled album by The Duhks.

The Duhks
The Duhks were a Canadian folk fusion band, formed in 2002 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Featuring banjo, fiddle, guitar, percussion, and vocals, The Duhks blended folk music together with various Canadian and American traditional styles, including soul, gospel, old-time country string, and zydeco. The band also commonly played traditional Irish dance music, integrating Latin-influenced percussion as well as often Celtic- and Cajun-influenced fiddle-playing.
1985 Davis Cup Americas Zone
The Americas Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1985 Davis Cup.

8 teams entered the Americas Zone in total, with the winner promoted to the following year's World Group. Mexico defeated Brazil in the final and qualified for the 1986 World Group.

1986 Davis Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1986.

Australia won the title, defeating the two-time defending champions Sweden in the final, 3–2. The final was held at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne, Australia, from 26 to 28 December. It was the Australian team's first Davis Cup title since 1983 and their 26th Davis Cup title overall.
Marc Trachtenberg
Marc Trachtenberg (born February 9, 1946) is a professor of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles. He received his Ph.D. in history from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1974 and taught for many years for the history department at the University of Pennsylvania before coming to University of California, Los Angeles.

Trachtenberg was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow in 1966–1967, a Guggenheim Fellow in 1983–1984, a German Marshall Fund Fellow in 1994–1995, and an adjunct research fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government's Center for Science and International Affairs in 1986–1987. In 2000 he received the American Historical Association's George Louis Beer Prize. He maintains a website dedicated to Cold War research.

American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."
Killers (Iron Maiden album)
Killers is the second studio album by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was first released on 2 February 1981 in the United Kingdom by EMI Records and on 11 May in the United States by Harvest and Capitol Records. The album was their first with guitarist Adrian Smith, and their last with vocalist Paul Di'Anno, who was fired after problems with his stage performances arose due to his alcohol and cocaine use. Killers was also the first Iron Maiden album recorded with producer Martin Birch, who went on to produce their next eight albums until Fear of the Dark (1992).

Samson (band)
Samson were a British heavy metal band formed in 1977 by guitarist and vocalist Paul Samson. They are best known for their first three albums with future Iron Maiden singer Bruce Dickinson, then known as "Bruce Bruce", and drummer Thunderstick (real name Barry Graham Purkis), who wore a leather mask and performed on stage in a metal cage. Drummer Clive Burr was also a member of the band, both before and after his tenure with Iron Maiden. Dickinson's replacement on vocals, Nicky Moore, performed with Samson throughout the mid-1980s and again from the late 1990s onwards. Samson were a part of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal.
Umaru Shehu
Umaru Shehu CON, CFR (8 December 1930 – 2 October 2023) was a Nigerian physician and academic administrator. He held significant positions in several universities, including the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Ahmadu Bello University, and the University of Maiduguri. He was the chairman of the board of directors of the Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria (IHVN).

North-Eastern State
North-Eastern State is a former administrative division of Nigeria. It was created on 27 May 1967 from parts of the Northern Region. Its capital was the city of Maiduguri.

On 3 February 1976, two states were carved out of North-Eastern state, namely Bauchi state and Gongola state, and the remaining portion of the North-Eastern state was renamed to Borno state. The North-Eastern state was divided into Bauchi, Borno and Gongola states. Gombe State was later split out of Bauchi, Yobe State from Borno and Gongola was split into Taraba State and Adamawa State.
Baphala phaeolella
Baphala phaeolella is a species of snout moth in the genus Baphala. It was described by Herbert H. Neunzig in 1997 and is found in North America, including Maryland, Mississippi and West Virginia.

The larvae probably feed on scale insects.

Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera. The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis retain the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea.

The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.

It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.
Yves Blein
Yves Blein (born 12 October 1954 in Lyon) is a French politician from the department of Rhône. He is a Member of Parliament representing La République En Marche! after being elected to the French National Assembly in Rhône's 14th constituency on 18 June 2017

Deputy (France)
Deputies (French: députés and députées, pronounced [depyte] ⓘ), also known in English as members of Parliament (MPs), are the legislators who sit in the National Assembly, the lower house of the French Parliament. The 17th and current legislature of the Fifth Republic has a total of 577 deputies, elected in 577 constituencies across metropolitan (539) and overseas France (27), as well as for French residents overseas (11).
Shelley Hughes
Shelley Hughes (born January 6, 1958) is an American politician who served as a  Republican member of the Alaska Senate from 2017 to 2025. Hughes represented Palmer and other parts of the southern Matanuska-Susitna Borough. She was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from January 18, 2013, until January 22, 2017.

Palmer, Alaska
Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States, located 42 miles (68 km) northeast of Anchorage on the Glenn Highway in the Matanuska Valley.  It is the ninth-largest city in Alaska, and forms part of the Anchorage metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 5,888, down from 5,937 in 2010.

Palmer hosts the annual Alaska State Fair, and is also the headquarters of the National Tsunami Warning Center.
Love Is a Beautiful Thing (Phil Vassar song)
"It's a Beautiful Thing", also known as "Love Is a Beautiful Thing", is a country music song co-written by American songwriters Jeffrey Steele and Craig Wiseman. The first version of this song was released on September 14, 1999, by Canadian singer Paul Brandt from his 1999 album That's the Truth, from which it was released as a single in both Canada and the United States. Eight years later, American singer Phil Vassar covered the song under the title "Love Is a Beautiful Thing" on his album Prayer of a Common Man. Vassar's version reached its peak of #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts in mid-2008.

Craig Wiseman
Craig Michael Wiseman is an American country music songwriter and producer, and the owner/founder of the Big Loud enterprise. He has been writing since the late 1980s, and his songs have been recorded by Lorrie Morgan, Tim McGraw, Kenny Chesney, Dolly Parton, Blake Shelton, and numerous other acts. He has written twenty-six No. 1 songs on the Billboard Hot Country Songs music charts, and has won a number of industry awards. In 2009, he was named "Songwriter of the Decade" by the Nashville Songwriters Association International, and in 2015, he was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Omar Quintana
Omar Quintana Baquerizo (March 22, 1944 – April 3, 2020) was an Ecuadorian politician, sports executive, businessman, and member of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party (PRE) and Institutional Renewal Party of National Action (PRIAN) political parties. Quintana served in the former National Congress of Ecuador from 2003 to 2005, including a tenure as the President of the National Congress from January 5, 2005, until April 20, 2005.

Additionally, Quintana was the former director of C.S. Emelec, a professional football sports club based in Guayaquil. Under his leadership, C.S. Emelec won three national football championships in 1979, 2001, and 2002. He also headed the Club 9 de Octubre football club when the team qualified for the Copa Libertadores competition in 1984 and 1985. Quintana owned the Ecuadorian franchises of Gold's Gym and built soccer fields in Guayaquil.

National Congress (Ecuador)
The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) was the unicameral legislative branch of the government of Ecuador prior to November 2007.

Under the 1998 Constitution, Congress met in Quito and was made up of 100 deputies (diputados). Each of the country's 22 provinces returned a minimum of two deputies plus one additional seat for every 200,000 inhabitants.

It was dissolved on 29 November 2007 by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly and replaced by the National Assembly of Ecuador under the 2008 Constitution. Its demise came when it was already weakened by the disfavorable perception of the Ecuadorian public opinion, which for decades saw it as a corrupt and incompetent entity, as well as a venue for violent disputes between its members and political intrigues, such as the removal of Presidents Abdalá Bucaram in 1997 and Lucio Gutiérrez in 2005.
Verticordia sect. Elachoschista
Verticordia sect. Elachoschista is one of eleven sections in the subgenus Verticordia. It includes a single species in the genus Verticordia. Plants in this section resemble those in section Infuscata except that the sepal lobes are not divided but may have an irregularly toothed edge. Plants in this section superficially resemble some of the smaller Darwinia species. The leaves are crowded and the flower are cream-coloured, turning greenish-brown as they age. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he formally described this section, publishing the description in the journal Nuytsia. The name Elachoschista is derived from the Ancient Greek words elachys meaning "little": 488  and schizo meaning "cut": 247  referring to the sepals which have almost smooth edges.

The type and only species in this section is Verticordia verticordina.

Alex George (botanist)
Alexander Segger George AM (born 4 April 1939) is an Australian botanist. He is an authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra. The "bizarre" Restionaceae genus Alexgeorgea was named in his honour in 1976.
Phuparash Peak
Phuparash Peak is a mountain in Hispar Valley in the Gilgit District, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. It lies east of Miar Peak (6,824 m). The Phuparash and Miar glaciers are nearby. the peak is visible while trekking to Rush Lake.

Miar Glacier
Miar Glacier is a glacier that forms in the north of Miar Peak (6,824 m (22,388 ft)) in Hoper Valley in Nagar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It is a major component of the Barpu Glacier. The access to Rush Lake and Rush Peak is through Miar Glacier.
Eleni Theocharous
Eleni Theocharous (Greek: Ελένη Θεοχάρους; born 24 June 1953) is a Cypriot paediatric surgeon and politician who leads the political party Solidarity Movement. She was elected to the European Parliament in 2009, re-elected in 2014 and served until 2019. Between 2001 and 2009, Theocharous was a member House of Representatives of Cyprus for the Limassol constituency.

House of Representatives (Cyprus)
The House of Representatives (Greek: Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων Voulī́ tōn Antiprosṓpōn; Turkish: Temsilciler Meclisi) is the national unicameral legislature of the Republic of Cyprus. Members and three observers representing Armenian, Latin, and Maronite Cypriots are elected by proportional representation every five years. 30% of seats are allocated to Turkish Cypriots, but these have been vacant since 1964. The House of Representatives of Cyprus is the only legislature in the European Union within a fully presidential system.
National Stadium, Ta' Qali
The National Stadium, locally also referred to as Ta' Qali, officially known as Grawnd Nazzjonali (Maltese for National Stadium), is a stadium located in Ta' Qali, Malta. The stadium, which also contains the headquarters of the Malta Football Association, seats 16,997 people and is, by far, the largest stadium in the country. It serves as the national football stadium of Malta and is the home stadium of the Malta national football team. The stadium, together with three other stadiums, also hosts the Maltese Premier League.

Maltese Premier League
The Maltese Premier League, known as Yo Health Malta Premier for sponsorship reasons with Yo Health (colloquially known as Il-Kampjonat Premjer), is the highest level of professional football in Malta. Managed by the Malta Football Association, the Premier League is contested by 12 teams and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the Challenge League. As of June 2022, the Premier League ranks 46th out of 55 members in the UEFA coefficient.

The league was first contested in 1909 as the First Division, before switching to its current name in 1980; the First Division in turn replaced the Second Division. Sliema Wanderers and Floriana have won the title a record 26 times. The current champions are Ħamrun Spartans who won their 11th title in the 2024-25 season.
Russell Dupuis
Russell Dean Dupuis (born 9 July 1947) is an American electrical engineer and physicist.

He holds the Steve W. Chaddick Endowed Chair in Electro-Optics in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Tech. He has made pioneering contributions to metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and continuous-wave room-temperature quantum-well lasers. His other work has focused on III-V heterojunction devices, and LEDs.

Dupuis was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 1989 for pioneering work in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and demonstration of heterostructure devices.

Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy
Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy (MOVPE), also known as organometallic vapour-phase epitaxy (OMVPE) or metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD), is a chemical vapour deposition method used to produce single- or polycrystalline thin films. It is a process for growing crystalline layers to create complex semiconductor multilayer structures.  In contrast to molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), the growth of crystals is by chemical reaction and not physical deposition.  This takes place not in vacuum, but from the gas phase at moderate pressures (10 to 760 Torr). As such, this technique is preferred for the formation of devices incorporating thermodynamically metastable alloys, and it has become a major process in the manufacture of optoelectronics, such as light-emitting diodes, its most widespread application. It was first demonstrated in 1967 at North American Aviation (later Rockwell International) Autonetics Division in Anaheim CA by Harold M. Manasevit.