hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charge transfer coefficient
Charge transfer coefficient, and symmetry factor (symbols α and β, respectively) are two related parameters used in description of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. They appear in the Butler–Volmer equation and related expressions.

The symmetry factor and the charge transfer coefficient are dimensionless.

According to an IUPAC definition, for a reaction with a single rate-determining step, the charge transfer coefficient for a cathodic reaction (the cathodic transfer coefficient, αc) is defined as:

The anodic transfer coefficient (αa) is defined by analogy:

where:

: stoichiometric number, i.e., the number of activated complexes formed and destroyed in the overall reaction (with n electrons)

: universal gas constant

: absolute temperature

: number of electrons involved in the electrode reaction

: Faraday constant

: electrode potential

: partial cathodic (anodic) current

Faraday constant
In physical chemistry, the Faraday constant (symbol F, sometimes stylized as ℱ) is a physical constant defined as the quotient of the total electric charge (q) by the amount (n) of elementary charge carriers in any given sample of matter: F = q/n; it is expressed in units of coulombs per mole (C/mol). 
As such, it represents the "molar elementary charge", that is, the electric charge of one mole of elementary carriers (e.g., protons).  It is named after the English scientist Michael Faraday. Since the 2019 revision of the SI, the Faraday constant has an exactly defined value, the product of the elementary charge (e, in coulombs) and the Avogadro constant (NA, in reciprocal moles):

F = e × NA = 9.64853321233100184×104 C/mol.
Brevis ordinacio de predicacione Sancte Crucis
The Brevis ordinacio de predicacione Sancte Crucis ("The Short Ordinance for Preaching the Holy Cross"), sometimes known as the Ordinacio de predicacione Sancti Crucis in Anglia ("The Ordinance for Preaching the Holy Cross in England"), is a 13th-century Latin manual for preaching a crusade. It is anonymous.

The Ordinacio is one of only two known crusade preaching tracts from the 13th century, before the fall of Acre. It is the earlier and shorter, the other being Humbert of Romans' De predicatione Sancti Crucis of the 1260s.

Siege of Acre (1291)
The siege of Acre (also called the fall of Acre) took place in 1291 and resulted in the Crusaders' losing control of Acre to the Mamluks. It is considered one of the most important battles of the period. Although the crusading movement continued for several more centuries, the capture of the city marked the end of further crusades to the Levant. When Acre fell, the Crusaders lost their last major stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Clematis fremontii
Clematis fremontii is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known as Fremont's leather flower. It is endemic to the United States where it is known from several disjunct populations throughout the central and southeastern states. Previously unknown populations were discovered in the mid-2000s in Tennessee and Georgia. Other names for this plant include Fremont's crowsfoot, Fremont's leather-plant, leatherplant, and rattleweed.

Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae (/rənʌŋkjuːˈleɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/ rə-nung-kew-LAY-see-e(y)e, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin rānunculus "little frog", from rāna "frog") is a large family of flowering plants, distributed worldwide.

As of February 2026, World Flora Online accepted 53 genera and over 3,700 species. The largest genera are Ranunculus with more than 1,600 species, Delphinium with more than 500, and Clematis with almost 400.
Ridgedale
Ridgedale has multiple meanings, including:

Ridgedale, Saskatchewan

Ridgedale Center, a regional shopping mall in Minnetonka, Minnesota

Ridgedale, Hampshire County, West Virginia

Ridgedale, Missouri

Ridgedale (also known as Washington Bottom Farm), the plantation of George W. Washington, a distant relative of George Washington

Ridgedale, Missouri
Ridgedale is an unincorporated community in southern Taney County, Missouri, United States. It lies approximately ten miles south of Branson on U.S. Route 65, about one-half mile north of the Arkansas state line. The community is part of the Branson, Missouri Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Kannemeyeria
Kannemeyeria is a genus of dicynodont that lived during the Anisian age of Middle Triassic period in what is now Africa and South America. The generic name is given in honor of Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer, the South African fossil collector who discovered the original specimen. It is one of the first representatives of the family, and hence one of the first large herbivores of the Triassic.

Anisian
In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 246.7 million years ago until 241.464 million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age (part of the Lower Triassic Epoch) and precedes the Ladinian Age.
Ali Hisam-ad-Din Naqshbandi
Shah Ali Hisâm-ad-Dîn Naqshbandî (Arabic:  حسام الدين نقشبندي, Persian: علي حسام الدین نقشبند, Turkish: Şâh Ali Hüsâmeddîn) also known as Hâzrat-i Shâh and Bâbâ Ali (b. 1861 Tawella, Iraq / d. 1939 Bahakon, Iraq) was a 19th-century sufi, awliya' and  Islamic scholar born in Tawella village which was part of Ottoman Empire lands at that time. He is sayyid and sherif also a descendant of Sayyid Battal Gazi. Muhammad Ali Hisâm-ad-Dîn is the grandson of Uthman Sirâj-ud-Dîn Naqshbandi of Tawella who is the first caliph of Mawlânâ Khâlid al-Baghdadî in Sulaymaniyah. He belonged to one of the most influential noble households of the Middle East and Ottoman Empire, the Sheikhs of Tavil.

Shah
Shāh (/ʃɑː/; Persian: شاه [ˈʃaːɦ] ⓘ) is a royal title meaning 'king' in Persian. Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Khanate of Bukhara and the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, and various Afghan dynasties, as well as among Gurkhas. With regard to Iranian history, in particular, each ruling monarch was not seen simply as the head of the concurrent dynasty and state, but as the successor to a long line of royalty beginning with the original Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great. To this end, he was more emphatically known as the Shāhanshāh (شاهنشاه, šāhanšāh, 'king of kings' [ˌʃaːhanˈʃaːɦ]), since the Achaemenid dynasty. A roughly equivalent title is Pādishāh (پادشاه, pādišāh, pādšāh, 'master king'), which was most widespread during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.
AveDesk
AveDesk is a freeware (although it is touted as "Donationware", which means the software is solely donation-supported in terms of financing) widget engine for Windows XP that runs small, self-contained widgets called "desklets", as well as ObjectDock "docklets" (small plugins intended for use by ObjectDock and other similar programs), and is created by Andreas Verhoeven, a freelance software programmer.

Unlike most other software programs of its kind, AveDesk is heavily community driven. A dedicated section of the forums on Aqua-Soft, an online community of skinning enthusiasts dedicated to emulating the look and feel of Mac OS X Leopard, is used by users of the software to report bugs or request for new software features directly to the programmer, cutting any red tape in the way. New features are also better discussed among the users of the software program and the programmer himself.

The "Ave" in "AveDesk" is a shortened version of the author's name, Andreas Verhoeven.

Software bug
A software bug is a defect (bug) in computer software. A computer program with many or serious bugs may be described as buggy.

The effects of a software bug range from minor (such as a misspelled word in the user interface) to severe (such as frequent crashing).

In 2002, a study commissioned by the US Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology concluded that "software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually, or about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product".

Since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to detect or auto-correct various software errors during operations.
Sleaford, Hampshire
Sleaford in Hampshire, England is a hamlet of Headley Civil Parish and the Northanger Ecclesiastical Benefice. It is in the civil parish of Whitehill

It lies on the A325 and B3004 roads where they cross the small River Slea, a tributary of the Wey. Since the road junction has been re-aligned, there are now three bridges across the river.

Sleaford is at the edge of Broxhead Common, a part of the belt of heathland on the Surrey-Hampshire border from Berkshire to West Sussex, which the British Army found attractive for training. There are numerous military colleges, camps and training grounds in the region which extends in a zone southwards from Windsor, through Camberley, Frimley and Aldershot to Bordon (near Sleaford), Woolmer and Longmoor Military Camp (grid reference SU795310). The last two were set up to train engineers to run railways, a very important skill in the Great War period.

Frimley
Frimley is a town in the borough of Surrey Heath, in Surrey, England. It lies approximately 30 mi (48 km) south-west of central London. The town is of Saxon origin, although it is not listed in Domesday Book of 1086.
Salvatore A. Angelella
Lieutenant General Salvatore A. "Sam" Angelella (born 1959) is a retired United States Air Force officer who last served as commander, United States Forces Japan and commander, 5th Air Force from July 2012 to August 2015. During that assignment, Angelella was the senior United States military representative in Japan and commander of United States Air Force units in Japan.

332nd Air Expeditionary Wing
The 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing (332 AEW) is a Provisional Wing of Air Combat Command, currently active. It was last inactivated on 8 May 2012, and most recently reactivated on 19 May 2015.

The Wing's 332nd Expeditionary Operations Group (332 EOG), is the direct descendant organization of the World War II 332nd Fighter Group, the Tuskegee Airmen.  The title Tuskegee Airmen refers to all who trained in the groundbreaking Army Air Forces African-American pilot training program at Moton Field and Tuskegee Army Airfield, Alabama between 1941 and 1945. It includes pilots, navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, instructors and all the personnel who kept the planes in the air.
Strömstedt
Strömstedt is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anna Karin Strömstedt (born 1981), Swedish cross-country skier and biathlete

Jenny Strömstedt (born 1972), Swedish television host and journalist

Lasse Strömstedt (1935–2009), Swedish writer

Niklas Strömstedt (born 1958), Swedish singer and songwriter

Ulla Strömstedt (1939–1986), Swedish actress

Jenny Strömstedt
Jenny Kristina Östergren Strömstedt (née Andersson; 2 August 1972) is a Swedish journalist, author and television host. She has worked on the TV4 television program Nyhetsmorgon and hosted Kalla Fakta, Pangea.nu, Svart eller Vitt and Diskus. Since 8 October 2012 Strömstedt is hosting her talk show Jenny Strömstedt on TV4. On 16 July 2011, Jenny who at that time had the last name Östergren married singer Niklas Strömstedt. Jenny Strömstedt has three children from a previous relationship. She also competed in Let's Dance 2015.
Lavenham Priory
Lavenham Priory is a 13th-century Grade I listed building in Lavenham, Suffolk, England.

Aubrey de Vere I was the Lord of the Manor, according to the Domesday Book of 1086. In the early 13th Century De Vere gifted the property to an Order of Benedictine Monks. It was a monastic house until probably the early part of the 15th Century, after which it was acquired by Roger Ruggles - who made a fortune from the cloth industry. It is rumoured that Henry VIII's Comptroller was dispatched to Lavenham (and specifically to Lavenham Priory) and fined the then owner the equivalent today of £1 million for "displaying too much ostentatious wealth". This may explain the Tudor pargeting on the front of the building.

For the past 20 years Lavenham Priory has operated as a boutique guest house.

Aubrey de Vere I
Aubrey (Albericus) de Vere (died circa 1112-1113) was a tenant-in-chief in England of William the Conqueror in 1086, as well as a tenant of Geoffrey de Montbray, bishop of Coutances and of Count Alan, lord of Richmond.  A much later source named his father as Alphonsus.
Chulhawali
Chulhawali (Chulhāwalī), also spelled Chulhaoli, is a village in Tundla block of Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a population of 7,151, in 1,211 households. The population is mainly Hindu, with the most prominent community being Jats of the Solanki gotra. Other castes include Brahmans and Jatavs (ravidasiya).

The village is well connected by road to the nearby town of Tundla and also to the old National Highway 2. The major Tundla Junction railway station is just 2 km from Chulhawali. The main Agra to Kanpur railway line goes through the village, cutting it into two parts. It is known as the village of lawyers as many residents of this village are in the legal practice.

The village is highly congested with narrow gulleys in its inside, making it almost impossible for tractors or four wheelers to reach the houses that are situated inside. However the outer or peripheral area is not congested and tractors can easily get to those houses.

Jatav
Jatav, also known as Jatava/Jatan/ Jatua/Jhusia /Jatia/Jatiya, is an Indian Dalit community that are considered to be a sub-caste of the Chamar caste, who are classified as a Scheduled Caste under modern India's system of positive discrimination.

According to the 2011 Census of India, the Jatav community of Uttar Pradesh comprised 54% of that state's total 22,496,047 Scheduled-Caste population.
Oromo expansion
The Oromo expansions or the Oromo invasions (in older historiography, Galla invasions), were a series of expansions in the 16th and 17th centuries by the Oromo primarily documented by the Gamo monk Bahrey, but also mentioned in other Christian, Muslim and Portuguese records. Prior to their great expansion in the 16th century, the Oromo inhabited only the area of what is now modern-day southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. Over the centuries, many factors – mostly the wars between the Adal Sultanate and the Ethiopian Empire – would further encourage the numerous Oromo tribes to expand towards what is now central and eastern Ethiopia.

Gamo people
The Gamo people are an Ethiopian ethnic group located in the Gamo Highlands of southern Ethiopia. They are found in more than 42 communities, including Chencha, Bonke, Kucha, Garbansa, Zargula, Kamba, Dorze, Birbir, Ochello, Boroda, Ganta, Gacho Baba, Eligo, Shella, Kolle, Dita, Kogo and Daramalo.
Dan Mircea Ionel
Dan Mircea Ionel is Professor of electrical engineer, the L. Stanley Pigman Chair in Power, and the Director of the SPARK Laboratory and of the PEIK Institute at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Professor Ionel's research includes the electric machines, wind turbines, power system, applications of power electronics, smart buildings. 
By the number of citations, he is among the world top 2% highly cited researchers.

Electric power system
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power. An example of a power system is the electrical grid that provides power to homes and industries within an extended area.  The electrical grid can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the generating centers to the load centers, and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries.

Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial buildings, and homes. A single line diagram helps to represent this whole system. The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world. Specialized power systems that do not always rely upon three-phase AC power are found in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners, submarines, and automobiles.
Love Rocks Starring Shakira
Love Rocks was a mobile tile-matching puzzle video game, developed by Rovio Entertainment released on October 15, 2015, for Android and iOS devices worldwide. The game featured Colombian singer, composer and actress, Shakira. However, after several updates within its first few months, the game was discontinued and was eventually removed from the app stores in 2018.

Rovio Entertainment
Rovio Entertainment Oy (formerly Relude Oy and Rovio Mobile Oy) is a Finnish video game developer based in Espoo. Founded in 2003 by Helsinki University of Technology students Niklas Hed, Jarno Väkeväinen and Kim Dikert, the company is best known for the Angry Birds franchise. The company currently operates studios in Barcelona, Toronto, Espoo, Stockholm, and Copenhagen, with former offices in Montreal. The company's success has helped to establish Finland as a leading player in the mobile game industry and has helped to create a thriving ecosystem for game development in the country. In August 2023, Sega purchased Rovio for US$776 million and it was made a subsidiary of the Sega Europe division.
Hal McPhail
Harold Thomas McPhail (October 26, 1912 – August 1977) was an American football fullback.

McPhail was born in 1912 in Saginaw, Michigan. He attended Aquinas High School in Columbus, Ohio. He played college football for the 1929 Army Cadets football team and for the 1930, 1931, and 1932 Xavier Musketeers football teams. He was elected captain of the 1932 team.

McPhail also played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Boston Redskins during the 1934 and 1935 seasons. He appeared in 18 games for the Redskins, scoring 22 points and rushing for 461 yards. He also played in the American Football League for the Cincinnati Bengals in 1937 and 1938 and for the Columbus Bullies in 1939.

After his football career ended, McPhail worked as a clerk for Cincinnati Annex of the Post Office. He died of a heart attack at age 64 in 1977 while mowing the grass at his home in Fort Thomas, Kentucky.

American Football League (1936)
The American Football League (AFL) was a professional American football league that operated in 1936 and 1937. The AFL operated in direct competition with the more established National Football League (NFL) throughout its existence. While the American media generally ignored its operation (often relegating game coverage to "page filler" status), this second AFL was the first "home" of the Cleveland Rams, which joined the National Football League after one year in the AFL.

In 1937, the Los Angeles Bulldogs, the first professional football team to play its home games on the West Coast, also became the first professional football team to win a league championship with a perfect record (no losses, no ties) – 11 years before the Cleveland Browns (AAFC) and 35 years before the Miami Dolphins (NFL) accomplished the same feat.
Rose Thomas (rugby union)
Rose Thomas (born 29 November 1988) is a French rugby sevens player. She was selected as a member of the France women's national rugby sevens team to the 2016 Summer Olympics. She made the last try in the second round of the 2015 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Championships to help France beat Spain 20-0 and qualify for the Olympics.

Spain women's national rugby sevens team
Spain women's national rugby sevens team participates in the European Women's Sevens Series and finished second overall in the 2012 FIRA-AER Women's Sevens Grand Prix Series. Spain qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics by winning the 2016 Women's Rugby Sevens Final Olympic Qualification Tournament in Dublin, Ireland. They defeated Russia in the finals 19–12.
2017 Challenger La Manche – Doubles
Ken and Neal Skupski were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Roman Jebavý and Igor Zelenay won the title after defeating Dino Marcan and Tristan-Samuel Weissborn 7–6(7–4), 6–7(4–7), [10–6] in the final.

Igor Zelenay
Igor Zelenay (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈiɡɔr ˈzelenaj]; born 10 February 1982) is a Slovak former professional tennis player who was a doubles specialist. He reached a career-high ranking of world No. 50 in July 2009. His career-high singles ranking is No. 279, achieved in August 2005. Zelanay has won one ATP Tour title and finished runner-up at four other ATP tournaments.
Levien
Levien is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Levien (born 1967), American screenwriter, novelist, director and producer

Hannah Levien, Australian actress and writer

Jason Levien (born 1971), American sports executive

Jonas Levien (1840–1906), Australian politician

Julia Levien (1911–2006), American dancer, dance teacher and choreographer

Meredith Kopit Levien (born 1971), American media executive

Norman Joseph Levien (1871–1967), New Zealand army officer

Raph Levien, American software programmer

Robert Levien (1849–1938), Australian politician

Sonya Levien (1888–1960), Russian-born American screenwriter

Raph Levien
Raphael Linus Levien (also known as Raph Levien) is a software developer, a member of the free software developer community, through his creation of the Advogato virtual community and his work with the free software branch of Ghostscript. From 2007 until 2018, and from 2021 until 2025, he was employed at Google.  He holds a PhD in computer science from UC Berkeley. He also made a computer-assisted proof system similar to Metamath: Ghilbert. In April 2016, Levien announced a text editor made as a "20% Project" (Google allows some employees to spend 20% of their working hours developing their own projects): Xi.
Gates Brown
William James "Gates" Brown (May 2, 1939 – September 27, 2013) was an American Major League Baseball left fielder who spent his entire career with the Detroit Tigers (1963–1975). He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

Left fielder
In baseball, a left fielder, abbreviated LF, is an outfielder who plays defense in left field. Left field is the area of the outfield to the left of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher's mound. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the left fielder is assigned the number seven.
Yungas sparrow
The Yungas sparrow (Rhynchospiza dabbenei) is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae endemic to the Southern Andean Yungas of southeastern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. It was formerly considered a subspecies of what was then called the stripe-capped sparrow (R. strigiceps).

New World sparrow
New World sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming the family Passerellidae. They are seed-eating birds with conical bills, brown or gray in color, and many species have distinctive head patterns.

Although they share the name sparrow, New World sparrows are more closely related to Old World buntings than they are to the Old World sparrows (family Passeridae). New World sparrows are also similar in both appearance and habit to finches, with which they sometimes used to be classified.