hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surinder Singh Kanda v Federation of Malaya
B Surinder Singh Kanda v. The Government of the Federation of Malaya, [1962] 1 MLJ 169 is a Malaysian case heard before the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, which ruled that in a case of conflict between existing laws and the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the latter prevails and as such it is necessary for the courts to modify the existing laws under article 162 of the Federal Constitution and that members of the Public Service Commission were guaranteed the rules of natural justice, including the right to know the case made against him or her, the evidence given and the statements made affecting him or her and he or she must be given a fair opportunity to correct or contradict them under article 135(2) of the Federal Constitution. The Privy Council held that the Commissioner of the Royal Federation of Police Force had acted without proper authority and the appellant was not given a reasonable opportunity to be heard, deeming his dismissal void and inoperative.

Void (law)
In law, void means of no legal effect.  An action, document, or transaction which is void is of no legal effect whatsoever: an absolute nullity—the law treats it as if it had never existed or happened. The term void ab initio, which means "to be treated as invalid from the outset", comes from adding the Latin phrase ab initio (from the beginning) as a qualifier.  For example, in many jurisdictions where a person signs a contract under duress, that contract is treated as being void ab initio. The frequent combination "null and void" is a legal doublet.

The term is frequently used in contradistinction to the term "voidable" and "unenforceable".
Henderson Force
The Henderson Force are a junior ice hockey team in the United States Premier Hockey League (USPHL). The Force play their home games at America First Center in Henderson, Nevada, in the Las Vegas Valley.

Henderson, Nevada
Henderson is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, about 16 miles (26 km) southeast of  Las Vegas. It is the 2nd most populous city in Nevada, after Las Vegas, with 317,610 residents as of the 2020 census. The city is part of the Las Vegas Valley.

Henderson is notable for its extensive system of outdoor recreation facilities, including over 220 miles (350 km) of trails and 72 parks.

Incorporated in 1953, Henderson was originally known for its role in magnesium production during World War II. Since then, it has grown rapidly through the development of master planned communities starting with the large Green Valley neighborhood, redevelopment and reinvestment after the PEPCON disaster, and the city government's historically proactive planning and management.
Willie Marais
Willie Marais (10 August 1928 – 26 December 2007) was an Afrikaner nationalist and the leader of the far-right South African political party, the Herstigte Nasionale Party, from 2001 until his death. In 1969, when he was MP for Wonderboom, he resigned from the National Party in sympathy with the expelled Albert Hertzog.

He died on 26 December 2007 from a heart attack while on holiday.

Wonderboom South, Pretoria
Wonderboom South is a northern residential suburb of Pretoria, South Africa. It lies to the south of Wonderboom and the Wonderboom tree itself, on the southern slopes of the northern range of the Magaliesberg mountains.
Londrina
Londrina (Portuguese pronunciation: [lõˈdɾĩnɐ], literally "from London") is a city located in the north of the state of Paraná, South Region, Brazil, and is 388 km (241 miles) away from the state capital, Curitiba. It is the second largest city in the state and fourth largest in the southern region of the country, with 555,965 inhabitants in the whole municipality (2022).

Londrina was originally explored by British settlers, and then officially established in 1930 by a small group of Italian, Japanese and German settlers. It rapidly became the commercial, political, and cultural centre of the state's northern pioneer zone. Its universities include the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (Londrina State University) and the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (Federal University of Technology – Paraná).

Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)
The Social Democratic Party (Portuguese: Partido Social Democrático, PSD) is a political party in Brazil led by Gilberto Kassab and uniting dissidents from various political parties, especially the Democrats, Brazilian Social Democracy Party and Party of National Mobilization.

The party has become a major force for centrism in Brazil and commonly unites with both left-wing and right-wing parties. In this way, the party managed to have members occupying positions in ministries and important secretariats in the governments of presidents Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer, and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. As such, PSD has been considered by political scientists as a big tent party and part of the Centrão. While one of the youngest parties in Brazil, PSD's pragmatic nature has allowed it to grow exponentially, becoming one of the largest parties in Brazil.

After the 2024 Brazilian municipal elections, it has become the party with the most number of mayors in Brazil.
Raymond Julkowski
Raymond J. Julkowski (February 2, 1908 – August 22, 1989) was an American businessman, lawyer, and politician.

Julkowski was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and went to the Minneapolis parochial and public schools. He graduated from Edison High School, in Minneapolis, in 1928. Julkowski graduated from University of St. Thomas (formerly College of St. Thomas) and then he received his law degree from University of St. Thomas School of Law (formerly St. Thomas College of Law) in 1931. He then practiced law in Minneapolis and was involved with the banking business. Julkowski served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1935 to 1938 and then served in the Minnesota Senate from 1939 to 1954.

He died from a heart ailment at his home in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Minnesota Senate
The Minnesota Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. At 67 members, half as many as the Minnesota House of Representatives, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the State Capitol in Saint Paul. Committee hearings, as well as offices for senators and staff, are located north of the State Capitol in the Minnesota Senate Building. Each member of the Minnesota Senate represents approximately 85,000 constituents.
1982 Big Sky Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1982 Big Sky Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 5–6 at the Kibbie Dome at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.

Top-seeded Idaho defeated Nevada in the championship game, 85–80, to clinch their second consecutive (and second overall) Big Sky men's basketball tournament. Entering the conference tournament, Idaho was 24–2 and ranked sixth in both national polls (AP, UPI), then fell to eighth in both final polls the following week.

University of Idaho
The University of Idaho (U of I, or UIdaho) is a public land-grant research university in Moscow, Idaho, United States. Established 137 years ago in 1889 and opened three years later, it was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963.

The university comprises ten undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools. It enrolls approximately 12,000 students across its campuses, with 11,000 on the Moscow campus. The university is classified among "Research 1: Very High Spending and Doctorate Production".

Located on the rural Palouse, the university is represented in intercollegiate athletics by the Idaho Vandals, who compete in NCAA Division I, primarily in the Big Sky Conference. In addition to the main campus in Moscow, the U of I has branch campuses in Coeur d'Alene, Boise, and Idaho Falls; it also operates a research park in Post Falls, and dozens of extension offices statewide.
Marinovka air base
Marinovka is an air base of the Russian Aerospace Forces as part of the 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, Southern Military District.

As of 2022, the base is home to the 11th Composite Aviation Regiment (11th SAP) which had two squadrons of Sukhoi Su-24M/MR (NATO: Fencer-D/E)

Russian Aerospace Forces
The Russian Aerospace Forces or Russian Air and Space Forces (VKS) comprise the aerial, space warfare, and missile defence branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It was established on 1 August 2015 with the merging of the Russian Air Force (VVS) and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces (VVKO), as recommended by the Ministry of Defence to improve efficiency and logistical support. The VKS is headquartered in Moscow.
Magnolia lotungensis
Magnolia lotungensis (syn. Parakmeria lotungensis), the eastern joy lotus tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae, native to southern China, including Hainan. An androdioecious, hexaploid evergreen tree reaching 30 m (98 ft), it is typically found in forests from 700 to 1,400 m (2,300 to 4,600 ft) above sea level. It is used as a street tree in a number of southern Chinese cities. Due to its strength, easy maintenance, narrow growth habit with a rounded crown, and cold hardiness, it is showing promise as an ornamental tree in North America and Europe.

Androdioecy
Androdioecy is a reproductive system characterized by the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites. Androdioecy is rare in comparison with the other major reproductive systems: dioecy, gynodioecy and  hermaphroditism. In animals, androdioecy has been considered a stepping stone in the transition from dioecy to hermaphroditism, and vice versa.

Androdioecy, trioecy and gynodioecy are sometimes referred to as a mixed mating systems. Androdioecy is a dimorphic sexual system in plants comparable with gynodioecy and dioecy.
Federico Marchetti
Federico Marchetti (Italian pronunciation: [fedeˈriːko marˈketti]; born 7 February 1983) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Maltese Premier League club Marsaxlokk.

Marchetti began his professional club career with Torino in 2002, and was subsequently loaned out to Pro Vercelli, Crotone, and Treviso. In 2005, he spent a season with Biellese, and later played for AlbinoLeffe and Cagliari, before moving to Lazio in 2011, where he won the Coppa Italia in 2013. At international level, he has represented Italy at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup (winning a bronze medal), and at UEFA Euro 2016.

UC AlbinoLeffe
Unione Calcio AlbinoLeffe is an Italian association football club representing Albino and Leffe, two small towns located in Val Seriana, Lombardy. The club played in Serie B for nine consecutive years and narrowly missed promotion in Serie A at the end of the 2007–08 season. It currently plays in Serie C and has been in the Italian third tier since its relegation in 2011–12.
William T. Sterling
William T. Sterling (January 29, 1808 – January 12, 1903) was an American politician and pioneer from Wisconsin.

Born in Woodford County, Kentucky, Sterling came with Henry Dodge to the lead mines of Wisconsin. Sterling served as a clerk in the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature. In 1848 and 1850, Sterling served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. In 1852, Sterling platted what is now the village of Mount Sterling in Crawford County. Sterling died at his daughter's home in Scott, Wisconsin in 1903.

Scott, Crawford County, Wisconsin
Scott is a town in Crawford County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 503 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Harmony Hill, Mount Zion, and Plugtown are located in the town.
1976 SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship
The 1976 SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship  was the tenth running of the SCCA Continental Championship open wheel racing series, and the third to be co-sanctioned by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) and the United States Auto Club (USAC).

The championship was won by Brian Redman driving a Lola T332 Chevrolet. It was Redman's third consecutive SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship title win. For the first time in three years, a vehicle other than a Lola won a race, with March and Shadow winning one race each. 1976 also marked the first race win by a non-Chevrolet powered car since the 1971 season, with a Dodge-powered Shadow winning at Road America.

1976 was to be the final year of the SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship as the SCCA replaced it with a revived Can Am Series for 1977. The rules for the new series were to allow the Formula 5000 cars to compete with fully enveloping bodywork.

Can–Am
The Canadian-American Challenge Cup, or Can-Am, was an SCCA/CASC sports car racing series from 1966 to 1974, and again from 1977 to 1987.

The Can-Am rules were deliberately simple and placed few limits on the entries. This led to a wide variety of unique car body designs and powerful engine installations. Notable among these were Jim Hall's Chaparrals and entries with over 1,000 horsepower.
Call Me Mañana
"Call Me Mañana" is a song by German group Scooter. It was released in January 1999 as the third and final single from the 1998 album No Time to Chill. The melodic theme of the track is a sample from L.A. Style's 1991 single "James Brown Is Dead".

James Brown Is Dead
"James Brown Is Dead" is a song by Dutch electronic dance music duo L.A. Style, produced by Wessel van Diepen and Denzil Slemming. It was released in August 1991 as the lead single from their debut album, L.A. Style (1993). The song was a major hit across Europe, reaching number one in Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. Additionally, it also reached the top 10 in Australia, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. In the United States, it peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The song inspired multiple answer songs and is considered a "techno classic" with artists like DJ Irene mixing it into their sets and DJ Boozy Woozy who used samples of Mary J. Blige's "Family Affair" with the main sample of "James Brown Is Dead" to create his song "Party Affair" (2002). In 2001, Wessel van Diepen and Arista Records released "James Brown Is Dead 2001", a new version of the L.A. Style original.
Augmented tridiminished icosahedron
In geometry, the augmented tridiminished icosahedron is a composite convex polyhedron with regular faces, a Johnson solid. It can be obtained by joining a regular tetrahedron to another Johnson solid, the tridiminished icosahedron. The resulting polyhedron has seven equilateral triangular and three regular pentagonal faces. Out of 92 solids, the augmented tridiminished icosahedron is listed as 64th Johnson solid .

The surface area of an augmented tridiminished icosahedron is the sum of the area of seven equilateral triangles and three regular pentagons. Its volume can be obtained by summing the volume of a tridiminished icosahedron and a regular tetrahedron. Let  be its edge length. Then its surface area  and volume  are:

Composite polyhedron
In geometry, a composite polyhedron is a convex polyhedron that produces two convex, regular-faced polyhedra when sliced by a plane. Repeated slicing of this type until it cannot produce more such polyhedra again is called the elementary polyhedron or non-composite polyhedron.
Bobo Karlsson
Bobo Karlsson (30 December 1946 – 7 March 2017) was a Swedish journalist and author.

Karlsson was born in Karlstad. He created the magazine City in 1978, and worked as a journalist for Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet and Göteborgs-Posten. Karlsson also published the books New York, New York: En guide till 80-talets metropolis (1981) and Drömmen om Kalifornien: Los Angeles, San Francisco & Las Vegas (1984) both by Prisma publishers. He would later also publish the books Urban Safari: 12 storstäder and Urban Safari 2: 12 nya storstäder.

Karlsson resided his later years in Brazil and died 7 March 2017 in Stockholm, Sweden.

Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈdɑ̌ːɡɛns ˈnŷːˌheːtɛr] ⓘ, lit. 'news of the day'), abbreviated DN, is a daily newspaper in Sweden. It is published in Stockholm and aspires to full national and international coverage, and is widely considered Sweden's newspaper of record.
Carry On Girls
Carry On Girls is a 1973 British comedy film, the 25th release in the series of 31 Carry On films (1958–1992). The film features regulars Sid James, Barbara Windsor, Joan Sims, Kenneth Connor, Bernard Bresslaw and Peter Butterworth. This Carry On featured neither Kenneth Williams nor Charles Hawtrey; Williams was unavailable because of stage commitments and Hawtrey had been dropped from the series due to his alcoholism and unreliability.

Patsy Rowlands makes her seventh appearance in the series. Robin Askwith makes his only appearance in the series. Jack Douglas makes his third appearance, this time upgraded to a main role. This is the final of six Carry On films for Valerie Leon and Jimmy Logan makes the second of his two Carry On appearances. The film was followed by Carry On Dick in 1974.

Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)
George Frederick Joffre Hartree (30 November 1914 – 27 October 1988), known professionally as Charles Hawtrey, was an English actor, comedian, singer, pianist and theatre director.

He began at an early age as a boy soprano, in which role he made several records, before moving on to radio. His later career encompassed the theatre (as both actor and director), the cinema (where he regularly appeared supporting Will Hay in the 1930s and 1940s in films such as The Ghost of St. Michael's), through the Carry On films, and television.
Glen Affric
Glen Affric (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Afraig) is a glen south-west of the village of Cannich in the Highland region of Scotland, some 15 miles (25 kilometres) west of Loch Ness. The River Affric runs along its length, passing through Loch Affric and Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin. A minor public road reaches as far as the end of Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin, but beyond that point only rough tracks and footpaths continue along the glen.

Often described as the most beautiful glen in Scotland, Glen Affric contains the third largest area of ancient Caledonian pinewoods in Scotland, as well as lochs, moorland and mountains.
The area is a Caledonian Forest Reserve, a national scenic area and a national nature reserve, as well as holding several other conservation designations.

The forests and open landscapes of the glen, and the mountains on either side, are a popular destination for hikers, climbers and mountain bikers.

Loch
Loch (/lɒx/ LOKH) is a word meaning "lake" or "sea inlet" in Scottish and Irish Gaelic, subsequently borrowed into English. In Irish contexts, it often appears in the anglicized form "lough". A small loch is sometimes called a lochan. Lochs which connect to the sea may be called "sea lochs" or "sea loughs".
Museum of Childhood (Edinburgh)
The Museum of Childhood is a museum that houses a collection of children's toys and playthings, situated on the Royal Mile, in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the first museum in the world to specialise in the history of childhood. Admission to the museum is free. It is run and owned by City of Edinburgh Council.

History of childhood
The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential book Centuries of Childhood, published by French historian Philippe Ariès in 1960. He argued "childhood" as a concept was created by modern society. Ariès studied paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records.  He found before the 17th-century, children were represented as mini-adults.

Other scholars have emphasized how medieval and early modern child rearing was not indifferent, negligent, nor brutal. The historian Stephen Wilson argues that in the context of pre-industrial poverty and high infant mortality (with a third or more of the babies dying), actual child-rearing practices represented appropriate behavior in the circumstances. He points to extensive parental care during sickness, and to grief at death, sacrifices by parents to maximize child welfare, and a wide cult of childhood in religious practice.
Contrastive analysis
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a couple of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities.  Historically it has been used to establish language genealogies.

Second language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country, or a foreign language.

A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable with, is not necessarily the speaker's first language. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands?", recognizing that for some, the earliest language may be lost, a process known as language attrition. This can happen when young children start school or move to a new language environment.
Kozma Cove
Kozma Cove (Zaliv Kozma \'za-liv koz-'ma\) is a 1.8 km wide cove indenting for 1.2 km the north coast of Desolation Island between the two arms of that V-shaped island situated in the entrance to Hero Bay, Livingston Island, Antarctica.  The area was frequented by early nineteenth century English and American sealers operating from nearby Blythe Bay.  British mapping in 1968, Spanish in 1991 and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009.  Named after the Bulgarian scholar Presbyter Cosmas (10th century AD).

62°27′10″S 60°20′15″W﻿ / ﻿62.45278°S 60.33750°W﻿ / -62.45278; -60.33750

Blythe Bay
Blythe Bay (62°28′S 60°20′W﻿ / ﻿62.467°S 60.333°W﻿ / -62.467; -60.333) is an anchorage at the southeast side of Desolation Island, lying north of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  The bay is bounded by Craggy Island to the northeast, Desolation Island to the northwest, the Miladinovi Islets to the west and Wood Island to the south.

The feature was known to American and British sealers as Blythe Bay as early as 1821. In the 1930s, however, the name was applied to a large bay between Williams Point and Cape Shirreff (now Hero Bay).  This error has now been rectified and the name Blythe Bay is approved as originally used. The name is probably after Blythe (now Blyth), England, home of William Smith who reported the discovery of the South Shetland Islands in 1819.
Salvadori's seedeater
Salvadori's seedeater or Salvadori's serin (Crithagra xantholaema) is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is found only in Ethiopia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Salvadori's seedeater was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. The genus was therefore split and a number of species including Salvadori's seedeater were moved to the resurrected genus Crithagra.

Serinus
Serinus is a genus of small birds in the finch family Fringillidae found in West Asia, Europe and Africa. The birds usually have some yellow in their plumage. The genus was introduced in 1816 by the German naturalist Carl Ludwig Koch. Its name is Neo-Latin for "canary-yellow".

Many species were at one time assigned to the genus but it became clear from phylogenetic studies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences that the genus was polyphyletic. This was confirmed by Dario Zuccon and coworkers in a comprehensive study of the finch family published in 2012. The authors suggested splitting the genus into two monophyletic groups, a proposal that was accepted by the International Ornithologists' Union. The genus Serinus was restricted to the European serin and seven other species while a larger clade from Africa and Arabia was assigned to the resurrected genus Crithagra.

The genus contains eight species: