hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Papyrus 54
Papyrus 54 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum 𝔓54, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 5th century (or 6th century).

It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle of James, it contains only fragments of James 2:16-18.22-26; 3:2-4.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it, with some hesitation, in Category III (possibly II).

It is currently housed at the Princeton University Library (P. Princ. 15; earlier Garrett Depots 7742) in Princeton, New Jersey.

Scribal abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse.

In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between different such manuscripts).
Nong Chom
Nong Chom (Thai: หนองจ๊อม) is a tambon (subdistrict) of San Sai District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 13,657 people. The tambon contains nine villages.

18°50′55″N 99°01′21″E﻿ / ﻿18.848708°N 99.022502°E﻿ / 18.848708; 99.022502

Chiang Mai province
Chiang Mai is the largest province (changwat) of Thailand by area. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lampang and Lamphun to the south, Tak to the southwest, Mae Hong Son to the west, and Shan State of Burma to the north. The capital, Chiang Mai, is 685 kilometres (426 mi) north of Bangkok.
Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia
Tufts Cove is an urban neighbourhood in the community of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is situated on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour in the North End of Dartmouth. The neighbourhood boundaries of Tufts Cove are approximately from Albro Lake Road in the south to Highway 111 in the north, and from Victoria Road in the east with the harbour to the west.

Nova Scotia Highway 111
Highway 111 is a 13-kilometre (8 mi) controlled-access highway in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. Varying in width from four to twelve lanes, Highway 111 is also known as the Circumferential Highway because it forms a partial orbital road around Dartmouth. The highway runs from Pleasant Street in the neighbourhood of Woodside in the south to the A. Murray MacKay Bridge in the north.
Louis W. Schultz
Louis W. Schultz (March 24, 1927 – February 19, 2008) is a former justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from August 19, 1980, to September 6, 1993, appointed from Johnson County, Iowa.

Born in Deep River, Iowa, to Martin and Esther Schultz, he served in the United States Navy during World War II, as a pharmacist mate 3rd class aboard the USS Benevolence and the USS President Adams. He graduated from Deep River High School in 1944, and attended Central College. He received an LL.B. from Drake University in 1949. He worked for Farm Bureau Insurance for a time, and entered the practice of law in Marengo, Iowa in 1956, serving as a county attorney from 1960 to 1968. He was a judge of the 6th Judicial District of Iowa from 1970 to August 19, 1980, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court.

Schultz died in his sleep from heart disease in his home in Williamsburg, Iowa, at the age of 80.

USS Benevolence
USS Benevolence (AH-13) a United States Navy Hospital Ship, was built as SS Marine Lion in 1944 by Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., in Chester, Pennsylvania, under a Maritime Commission contract. She was a C4-class ship, which were the largest cargo ships built by the United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) during World War II. Among the variations of the design were the Haven-class hospital ship, including Benevolence and five others.

She displaced 11,141 tons fully loaded, was 520 feet (160 m) long, had a beam of 71.6 feet (21.8 m) and a draft 24 feet (7.3 m). Her maximum speed was 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph). She was sponsored by Mrs. Daisy Unter, transferred to the United States Navy on 31 July 1944, converted to a hospital ship by Todd-Erie Basin Shipyard, Inc., Brooklyn and was commissioned on 12 May 1945.
Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's field hockey tournament at the 2008 Summer Olympics was the 21st edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympic Games. It was held over a thirteen-day period beginning on 11 August, and culminating with the medal finals on 23 August. All games were played at the hockey field constructed on the Olympic Green in Beijing, China.

Germany won the gold medal for the third time after defeating Spain 1–0 in the final. Defending champions Australia won the bronze medal by defeating Netherlands 6–2. This was the only edition India has missed out in its Olympic history.

Field hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's field hockey tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics was the 20th edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympic Games. It was held over a thirteen-day period beginning on 15 August, and culminating with the medal finals on 27 August. All games were played at the hockey centre within the Hellinikon Olympic Complex in Athens, Greece.

Australia won the gold medal for the first time after defeating defending champions the Netherlands 2–1 in the final. Germany won the bronze medal by defeating Spain 4–3. Pakistan's Sohail Abbas was the top scorer of the tournament, netting 11 goals.
Viyaluwa Electoral District
Viyaluwa electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between July 1977 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Viyaluwa in Badulla District, Uva Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Viyaluwa electoral district was replaced by the Badulla multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the proportional representation system.

Elections in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. Sri Lanka has a multi-party system, with two dominant political parties. All elections are administered by the Election Commission of Sri Lanka.
Lord's Island
Lord's Island, which is one of the seven islands on Derwent Water in Keswick, Cumbria, England, got its name from the Earls of Derwentwater who used to live here. Not only was there a fine house on this island but it also had a drawbridge which was used to cross to the mainland.

The house, which was built in c.1450, gradually fell into a state of disrepair when the Earls moved away in c.1623. The stone from this dilapidated house was moved into Keswick and used to build the Moot Hall in 1695.

The last Earl, James Radclyffe, only managed to visit the area once, as having raised an army he decided to side with the Jacobites in 1714. He was, however, defeated at the Battle of Preston and beheaded in 1716.

Drawbridge
A drawbridge or draw-bridge is a type of moveable bridge typically at the entrance to a castle or tower surrounded by a moat. In some forms of English, including American English, the word drawbridge commonly refers to all types of moveable bridges, such as bascule bridges, vertical-lift bridges and swing bridges, but this article concerns the narrower historical definition where the bridge is used in a defensive structure.

As used in castles or defensive structures, drawbridges provide access across defensive structures when lowered, but can quickly be raised from within to deny entry to an enemy force.
Llanelli (UK Parliament constituency)
Llanelli is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. From 1918 to 1970 the official spelling of the constituency name was Llanelly. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It has been represented since 2005 by Nia Griffith of the Labour Party.

The Llanelli Senedd constituency was created with the same boundaries in 1999 (as an Assembly constituency).

The constituency retained its name and gained wards, as part of the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies and under the June 2023 final recommendations of the Boundary Commission for Wales for the 2024 general election.

Llannon
Llannon is a village, community and electoral ward in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is located on the A476 road 11 mi (18 km) south east of the county town, Carmarthen, between Tumble and Swiss Valley.

The community of Llannon contains Llannon village, Tumble and Cross Hands. The community is bordered by the communities of: Gorslas; Llandybie; Llanedi; Llangennech; Llanelli Rural; and Pontyberem, all being in Carmarthenshire. The community had a population of 5,270 as of the 2011 census.
2021 Qatar Grand Prix
The 2021 Qatar Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Ooredoo Qatar Grand Prix 2021) was a Formula One motor race, held on 21 November 2021 at the Lusail International Circuit in Qatar. The inaugural Qatar Grand Prix, it was the 20th round of the 2021 Formula One World Championship.

Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton won the race ahead of Red Bull driver Max Verstappen, while Alpine's Fernando Alonso scored his first podium since the 2014 Hungarian Grand Prix, as well as his first podium with Team Enstone since the 2009 Singapore Grand Prix.

As a result of Hamilton's victory, Losail became the 30th different circuit where he has won a Grand Prix.

Team Enstone
"Team Enstone" is the colloquial name for a Formula One team based in Enstone, Oxfordshire, which has won seven Formula One World Championships. Since 1981, the same team has competed under five identities—most notably Benetton Formula and Renault F1 Team—and three nationalities (British, Italian and French). It is currently owned by Renault and known as the Alpine F1 Team.

As of the 2025 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, forty-seven drivers have competed for the five constructors in the lineage in 799 Grands Prix, winning fifty of them. Notable drivers include World Champions Ayrton Senna, Nelson Piquet, Michael Schumacher, Jenson Button, Fernando Alonso, and Kimi Räikkönen. Schumacher and Alonso both won two Drivers' Championships with the team.
Bushy Park Wetlands
Bushy Park Wetlands is a 30-hectare (74-acre) conservation park in Glen Waverley, Victoria, Australia. On the edge of suburbia, it is bounded by Dandenong Creek and houses along King Arthur Drive and Knights Drive. There is a cycling and walking path, and a bird watching hide, where egrets, pelicans, coots, dusky moorhen, ibis and occasionally spoonbill can be observed. It is accessible from the end of Highbury Road, or at the Drummies Bridge Reserve off High Street Road. It is also connected by the Dandenong Creek Trail to Shepherds Bush Park, Koomba Park and Napier Park.

Dusky moorhen
The dusky moorhen (Gallinula tenebrosa) is a bird species in the rail family and is one of the eight extant species in the moorhen genus. It occurs in Australia, New Guinea, Borneo and Indonesia. It is often confused with the purple swamphen and the Eurasian coot due to similar appearance and overlapping distributions. They often live alongside birds in the same genus, such as the Tasmanian nativehen and the common moorhen.
2015 Speedway World Cup Event 2
Event Two of the 2015 Monster Energy FIM Speedway World Cup was the second race of the 2015 edition of the Speedway World Cup. It was run on June 8 at the Adrian Flux Arena in King's Lynn, Great Britain and was won by Australia from hosts Great Britain, the United States, and Latvia. As a result, Australia progressed directly to the 2015 Speedway World Cup Final, while Great Britain and the United States progressed to the 2015 Speedway World Cup Race-off. Latvia were eliminated.

Australia were led to victory by Jason Doyle, and he was well supported by Nick Morris, Troy Batchelor and former world champion Chris Holder. Tai Woffinden and Chris Harris top scored for the hosts, while reigning world champion Greg Hancock starred for the United States.

Jason Doyle
Jason Kevin Doyle (born 6 October 1985) is an Australian motorcycle speedway rider. He became World Champion in 2017 after winning the 2017 Speedway Grand Prix.

Doyle is a member of the Australia national speedway team and represented his country in the Speedway World Cup and was a part of the Australian team that won the 2022 Speedway of Nations.
Battle of Chedabucto
The Battle of Chedabucto occurred against Fort St. Louis in Chedabucto (present-day Guysborough, Nova Scotia) on June 3, 1690, during King William's War (1689–97). The battle was part of Sir William Phips and New England's military campaign against Acadia. New England sent an overwhelming force to conquer Acadia by capturing the capital Port Royal, Chedabucto, and attacking other villages. The aftermath of these battles was unlike any of the previous military campaigns against Acadia. The violence of the attacks alienated many of the Acadians from the New Englanders, broke their trust, and made it difficult for them to deal amicably with the English-speakers.

Guysborough, Nova Scotia (community)
Guysborough (population: 397) is an unincorporated village in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Guysborough County.

Located at the head of Chedabucto Bay, fronting Guysborough Harbour, it is the administrative seat of the Guysborough municipal district. The community is named after Sir Guy Carleton (Guy's borough).

The area was first settled by the French in 1634. The Acadian population left the region in the early 1760's and English settlers began arriving shortly afterwards. The current settlement of Guysborough was founded by loyalists in 1784, after the America  Revolutionary War.
2004 Pacific Life Open – Women's singles
Justine Henin-Hardenne defeated Lindsay Davenport in the final, 6–1, 6–4 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2004 Indian Wells Masters.

Kim Clijsters was the defending champion, but withdrew before her third round match against Laura Granville due to a wrist injury that would ultimately sideline her for the remainder of the season.

Lindsay Davenport
Lindsay Ann Davenport Leach (born June 8, 1976) is an American former professional tennis player. She was ranked as the world No. 1 in women's singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for 98 weeks (including as the year-end No. 1 four times), and as the world No. 1 in women's doubles for 32 weeks. Davenport won 55 WTA Tour-level singles titles, including three majors (the 1998 US Open, 1999 Wimbledon Championships, and 2000 Australian Open), the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, and the 1999 Tour Finals. She also won 38 doubles titles, including three majors (the 1996 French Open, 1997 US Open, and the 1999 Wimbledon Championships) and three consecutive Tour Finals.

In 2005, TENNIS Magazine ranked Davenport as the 29th-greatest player (male or female) of the preceding 40 years. She amassed career-earnings of US$22,166,338; formerly first in the all-time rankings. Davenport was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2014.
Middleton High School
Middleton is a name for several high schools in North America, including:

Middleton High School (Florida) — Tampa, Florida

Middleton High School (Idaho) — Middleton, Idaho

Middleton High School (South Carolina) — Charleston, South Carolina

Middleton High School (Tennessee) — Middleton, Tennessee

Middleton High School (Middleton, Wisconsin) — Middleton, Wisconsin

Middleton Transition School — Middleton, Idaho

Middleton, Idaho
Middleton is a city in Canyon County, Idaho, United States. The population amounted to 9,091 at the 2021 census estimate, up from 5,524 at the 2010 census and 2,978 in 2000. It is part of the Boise City–Nampa, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Lies (g.o.d song)
"Lies" (Korean: 거짓말; RR: Geojitmal) is a song performed by South Korean boy band g.o.d. It was the title track from their third album Chapter 3, which was released in 2000. At the time of its release, the song became one of the group's most popular songs, dominating the rankings in music programs, and is still considered one of their representative songs and a classic K-pop song of the early 2000s.

JYP Entertainment
JYP Entertainment Corporation (Korean: JYP 엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean multinational entertainment and record label conglomerate founded in 1997 by J.Y. Park. Operating as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management company, concert production company and music publishing house, it is one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea. The company also operates subsidiary ventures and divisions internationally.
Tsirku Glacier
The Tsirku Glacier is a large icefield in the Saint Elias Mountains, spanning the border between British Columbia and Alaska, to the south of the Jarvis Glacier.  It is the source of the Tsirku River, which flows northwest to become the second-largest tributary of the Chilkat River. GNIS gives its head at 59°17′00″N 136°47′00″W﻿ / ﻿59.28333°N 136.78333°W﻿ / 59.28333; -136.78333 and describes it as flowing across the Canada–US border one mile west of the head of the Tsirku River.

Chilkat River
The Chilkat River is a river in British Columbia and southeastern Alaska that flows southward from the Coast Range to the Chilkat Inlet and ultimately Lynn Canal. It is 84 kilometres (52 mi) long. It begins at Chilkat Glacier, in Alaska, flows west and south in British Columbia for 27 kilometres (17 mi), enters Alaska and continues southwest for another 60 kilometres (37 mi). It reaches the ocean at the abandoned area of Wells, Alaska and deposits into a long delta area.

The river was named by the Russians for the Chilkat group of Tlingit, called /t͡ʃiɬqut/ in their own language, who lived in the region. The name means "salmon storehouse".

Near the Chilkat River is the Alaska Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve, where thousands of bald eagles appear between October and February, to take advantage of late salmon runs. Nearby Haines, the nearest town, is the most common organization spot for birdwatchers.
Yury Petrov (politician, born 1947)
Yury Alexandrovich Petrov (Russian: Юрий Александрович Петров; born 10 April 1947) is a Russian political figure and a deputy of the 8th State Duma. He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

After graduating from the Leningrad State University, Petrov started working there first as an assistant and later as an associate professor of the Faculty of Law. Simultaneously with that, he was also working as a lawyer in a number of Saint Petersburg law firms. In September 2004, Petrov was appointed deputy chair of the Russian fund of federal property (liquidated in 2008). From 2008 to 2011, he headed the Federal Agency for State Property Management. In 2011, 2016, and 2021 he was elected deputy of the 6th, 7th, and 8th State Dumas, respectively.

1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation
1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation (Russian: действительный государственный советник Российской Федерации 1 класса) is the highest federal state civilian service rank of Russia.

The rank of the 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation was first introduced with enactment of the Federal Law of 31 July 1995 No.119-FZ "About fundamentals of state service of Russian Federation" (as qualification class) and was retained with enactment of the Federal Law of 27 July 2004 No.79-FZ "About state civilian service of Russian Federation" (as state civilian service rank).

The rank is assigned by the President of Russia. This rank is one step above the rank of 2nd class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

According to the Table approved by the Presidential Decree of 1 February 2005 No.113, the rank of the 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation is equal to the military rank of the Army general/Fleet admiral.
Case Sprenkle
Case M. Sprenkle

was a monetary economist, serving as Professor at the University of Illinois until 2016.
He is known for his early 
 
contributions to 

option pricing theory. 
A revision of his doctoral thesis, since widely cited,
 
was published in 1961: 

Here, Sprenkle "developed the first modern model of option pricing and was used as the foundation of the equilibrium pricing model developed by Black and Scholes".

Professor Sprenkle's later research  

focused on the demand for money, and on optimal monetary policy under various sources of uncertainty.
He received his PhD from Yale University in 1960, with his BA in 1956 from the University of Colorado Boulder.

Asset pricing
In financial economics, asset pricing refers to the formal development of the  principles used in pricing, together with the resultant models. The treatment inheres the interrelated paradigms of general equilibrium asset pricing and rational asset pricing, the latter corresponding to risk neutral pricing.

Investment theory, which is near synonymous, encompasses the body of knowledge used to support the decision-making process of choosing investments, and the asset pricing models are then applied in determining the asset-specific required rate of return on the investment in question, and for hedging.
Eli Pariser
Eli Pariser (born December 17, 1980) is an author, activist, and entrepreneur. He has stated that his focus is "how to make technology and media serve democracy". He became executive director of MoveOn.org in 2004, where he helped pioneer the practice of online citizen engagement. He is the co-founder of Upworthy, a website for meaningful viral content, and Avaaz, a global citizen's organization. His bestselling book, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You, introduced the term “filter bubble” to the lexicon. He is currently an Omidyar Fellow at New America and co-directs New_ Public.

Viral phenomenon
Viral phenomena or viral sensations are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. Analogous to the way in which viruses propagate, the term viral pertains to a video, image, or written content spreading to numerous online users within a short time period. This concept has become a common way to describe how thoughts, information, and trends move into and through a human population.

The popularity of viral media has been fueled by the rapid rise of social network sites,: 17  wherein audiences—who are metaphorically described as experiencing "infection" and "contamination"—play as passive carriers rather than an active role to 'spread' content, making such content "go viral".: 21  The term viral media differs from spreadable media as the latter refers to the potential of content to become viral. Memes are one known example of informational viral patterns.
IIMT University
IIMT University is a private university situated in Meerut, West U.P. (Uttar Pradesh), North India. The University is a leading state private institution, ranked 1st in the category "The New-Age Emerging University" by the IIRF University Ranking 2025. It is NAAC accredited with an 'A' grade and is affiliated with UGC Section 2(f) & 12B. The University is dedicated to providing high-quality higher and professional education. Offering over 140 programs across 40 disciplines, the university boasts robust infrastructure, experienced faculty, well-structured academic courses, and a vast central library. With a vibrant campus life, research and development cell, business incubators, diverse activities, and excellent placement opportunities.

National Assessment and Accreditation Council
The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) is a public autonomous body of the government of India that assesses and accredits higher education institutions (HEIs) in India. It is funded by the University Grants Commission and headquartered in Bengaluru.