hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Borthwick Institute for Archives
The Borthwick Institute for Archives is the specialist archive service of the University of York, York, England. It is one of the biggest archive repositories outside London. The Borthwick was founded in 1953 as The Borthwick Institute of Historical Research. It was originally based at St Anthony's Hall, a fifteenth-century guild hall on Peasholme Green, in central York. Since 2005 it has been based in a purpose-built building, situated adjacent to the JB Morrell Library on the University of York's Heslington West campus. This new building was made possible due to a grant of £4.4 million by the Heritage Lottery Fund and designed by Leach Rhodes Walker and Buro Happold.

Buro Happold
Buro Happold Limited (previously BuroHappold Engineering) is a British professional services firm that provides engineering consultancy, design, planning, project management, and consulting services for buildings, infrastructure, and the environment. It was founded in Bath, Somerset, in 1976 by Sir Edmund Happold when he took up a post at the University of Bath as Professor of Architecture and Engineering Design.

Originally working mainly on projects in the Middle East, the firm now operates worldwide and in almost all areas of engineering for the built environment, working in 24 locations around the world.
Progreso, Yucatán
Progreso (Spanish pronunciation: [pɾoˈɣɾeso]) is a port city in the Mexican state of Yucatán, located on the Gulf of Mexico in the north-west of the state some 30 minutes north of state capital Mérida (the biggest city on the Yucatán Peninsula) by highway. As of the Mexican census of 2010, Progreso had an official population of 37,369 inhabitants, the sixth largest community in the state in population. The city is also the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of the same name. The municipality's area is 270.10 km2 (104.29 sq mi) and its population at the census was 49,454 inhabitants. It includes Scorpion Reef with its five islets 130 km offshore (north) on the outer edge of Campeche Bank. Its largest other towns are Chicxulub Puerto, Campestre Flamboyanes, and Chelem.

Campeche Bank
Campeche Bank is part of the Gulf of Mexico and extends from the Yucatan Straits in the east to the Tabasco-Campeche Basin in the west. The Campeche ocean bank is 81 miles (130 km) from Mexico's geography of Campeche nautically bearing 100 nautical miles (120 mi; 190 km) south of the Tropic of Cancer.

Campeche Bank is cast as cays and reefs with islets encompassing Arrecife Alacran and Sigsbee Deep to the north with a southwest island arc of the Cayos Arcas archipelago isolated 92 nautical miles (106 mi; 170 km) north of Ciudad del Carmen.
Truncated square tiling
In geometry, the truncated square tiling is a semiregular tiling by regular polygons of the Euclidean plane with one square and two octagons on each vertex. This is the only edge-to-edge tiling by regular convex polygons which contains an octagon. It has Schläfli symbol of t{4,4}.

Conway calls it a truncated quadrille, constructed as a truncation operation applied to a square tiling (quadrille).

Other names used for this pattern include Mediterranean tiling and octagonal tiling, which is often represented by smaller squares, and nonregular octagons which alternate long and short edges.

There are 3 regular and 8 semiregular tilings in the plane.

Schläfli symbol
In geometry, the Schläfli symbol is a notation of the form {p,q,r, ...}  that defines regular polytopes and tessellations.

The Schläfli symbol is named after the 19th-century Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli, who generalized Euclidean geometry to more than three dimensions and discovered all their convex regular polytopes, including the six that occur in four dimensions.
American Radiator Company
The American Radiator Company was established in 1892 by the merger of a number of North American radiator manufacturers. The company expanded in the early 20th century into Europe under the brand National Radiator Company.

In 1929, it amalgamated with the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company to form the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation, which evolved in 1967 into today's American Standard Companies.

Panic of 1893
The Panic of 1893 was an economic depression in the United States. It began in February 1893 and officially ended eight months later. The Panic of 1896 followed. It was the most serious economic depression in history until the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Panic of 1893 deeply affected every sector of the economy and produced political upheaval that led to a political realignment and the presidency of William McKinley.

The panic climaxed with a run on gold from the United States Treasury. Unemployment rates in many states rose above 25%, and poverty became widespread.
Oberman
Oberman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Claire Oberman (born 1956), Dutch-born New Zealand actress

Gustavo Oberman (born 1985), Argentine football player

Heiko Oberman (1930–2001), Dutch historian and theologian

Martin J. Oberman, American government employee

Miller Wolf Oberman, American poet

Sheldon Oberman (1949–2004), Canadian children's writer

Tracy-Ann Oberman (born 1969), English actress

Martin J. Oberman
Martin Jay Oberman (April 23, 1945) is an American government official and attorney who served as a member of the Surface Transportation Board (STB) from 2019 to 2024 and as STB chair from 2021 to 2024. He previously served as the chair of the board of directors at Metra, the Chicago commuter rail system.

From 1975 to 1987, Oberman was a member of the Chicago City Council, representing the 43rd Ward. During his tenure, he earned a reputation as a reform leader, committed to promoting transparency in key governing processes while also working to reduce government corruption and profligate spending. He was one of the few white Council members who supported Mayor Harold Washington during the Council Wars. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Illinois Attorney General in the 1982, 1986 and 1994 elections.
French Forces of the West
The French Forces of the West (French: Forces françaises de l'Ouest (FFO)), was a French Army Group created on 14 October 1944 by the Provisional Government of the French Republic to regroup French military forces in Western France, with the aim to contain or reduce the remaining pockets of German resistance on the French Atlantic coast.

In March 1945, the FFO were renamed Atlantic Army Detachment (French: Détachement d'Armée de l'Atlantique (DDA)).
Its commander was General Edgard de Larminat.

Saint-Nazaire pocket
The Saint-Nazaire Pocket (German: Festung St. Nazaire, French: Poche de Saint-Nazaire) was an Atlantic pocket that existed from August 1944 until 11 May 1945 and was formed by the withdrawal of German troops from Loire-Inférieure (now Loire-Atlantique) during the liberation of the department by the allied forces. It was centred around the port and the submarine base of Saint-Nazaire and extended to the east as far as Saint-Omer-de-Blain and from La Roche-Bernard in the north to Pornic in the south.
Doğukan
Doğukan is a common masculine Turkish given name. It is composed of two words: doğu ("east") and kan ("blood" or "khan"). Thus, "Doğukan" can mean either "sovereign/ruler of the east" or "blood of the east".

Turkish name
A Turkish name consists of an ad or an isim (given name; plural adlar and isimler) and a soyadı or soyisim (surname). Turkish names exist in a "full name" format. While there is only one soyadı (surname) in the full name there may be more than one ad (given name). Married women may carry both their maiden and husband's surnames. The soyadı is written as the last element of the full name, after all given names (except that official documents related to registration matters often use the format "Soyadı, Adı").
Solipsis
Solipsis is a free and open-source system for a massively multi-participant shared virtual world designed by Joaquin Keller and Gwendal Simon at France Télécom Research and Development Labs. It aims to provide the infrastructure for a metaverse-like public virtual territory. Relying on peer-to-peer architecture, the virtual world may potentially be inhabited by a theoretically unlimited number of participants.

Metaverse
A metaverse is a virtual world in which users interact while represented by avatars, typically in a 3D display, with the experience focused on social and economic connection.

The term metaverse originated in the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash as a portmanteau of "meta" and "universe". In Snow Crash, the metaverse is envisioned as a version of the Internet that is a single, universal, and immersive virtual world, facilitated by the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) headsets.

The term "metaverse" is often linked to virtual reality technology, and beginning in the early 2020s, with Web3. The term has been used as a buzzword by companies to exaggerate the development progress of various related technologies and projects for public relations purposes. Information privacy, user addiction, and user safety are concerns within the metaverse, stemming from challenges facing the social media and video game industries as a whole.
Stępień (surname)
Stępień, also transcribed as Stepien is a Polish surname. Sometimes it may be phonetically transliterated as Stempien. The archaic feminine forms are Stępniowa (married) and Stępniówna (unmarried). It is derived from the nickname based on the verb stąpać, "to step" and which literally meant either a peasant who acquired land/farm via marriage (przyżeniony) or "successor"/"heir". Notable people with the surname include:

Andrzej Stępień (born 1953), Polish Olympic athlete

Bill Stepien (born 1978), American political consultant

Karol Herman Stępień (1910–1943), Polish Roman Catholic martyr

Marek Stępień (born 1964), Polish fencer

Mariusz Stepien (born 1976), metal detector enthusiast in Scotland

Piotr Stępień (born 1963), Polish wrestler

Ted Stepien (1925–2007), American sports team owner

Władysław Stępień (born 1946), Polish politician

Włodzimierz Stępień (born 1952), Polish politician

Bill Stepien
William Stepien is an American political consultant who served as the campaign manager for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign beginning in July of that year. A member of the Republican Party, he was the White House Director of Political Affairs in the Trump administration from 2017 to 2018.

Stepien managed both of Chris Christie's gubernatorial campaigns and served as his Deputy Chief of Staff before being fired in 2014 after Christie said he "lost confidence" in Stepien's judgment for his role in the Fort Lee lane closure scandal, also known as Bridgegate, in which Stepien approved of the action, meant to embarrass a Democratic mayor.
Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium
Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium (岐阜メモリアルセンター長良川競技場) is a multi-purpose stadium at the Gifu Memorial Center in Gifu, Japan.  It is currently used mostly for football matches.  It is the host of FC Gifu.  The stadium was originally opened in 1991 and has a capacity of 26,109 spectators.

It serves as the start and finish point for the annual Gifu Seiryu Half Marathon each May.

Gifu
Gifu (岐阜市, Gifu-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [ɡʲi.ɸɯ, ɡʲi.ɸɯ̥ꜜ.ɕi]) is a city located in the south-central portion of Gifu Prefecture, Japan, and serves as the prefectural capital. The city has played an important strategic role in Japan's history because of its location in the middle of the country. During the Sengoku period, various warlords used the area as a base in their efforts to unify and control Japan. Among them, Oda Nobunaga, who gave the region the name it is known by today. Gifu continued to flourish even after Japan's unification as both an important shukuba along the Edo period Nakasendō and, later, as one of Japan's fashion centers. It has been designated a core city by the national government. The city is a part of the Chūkyō metropolitan area, centered around Nagoya.
Duke Zhuang I of Qi
Duke Zhuang of Qi, known in historiography as Duke Zhuang I of Qi (Chinese: 齊前莊公; pinyin: Qí Qián Zhuāng Gōng) to distinguish from the later ruler with the same posthumous name, personal name Lü Gou, was a monarch of the Qi state. He reigned from 794 BC to 731 BC.

Qi (state)
Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization,  was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, whose rulers held titles of Hou (侯), then Gong (公), before declaring themselves independent Kings (王). Its capital was Linzi, located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou conquest of Shang, c. 1046 BCE. Its first monarch was Jiang Ziya (Lord Tai; r. 1046–1015 BCE), minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BCE. Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by Qin during its unification of China.
Field hockey at the 2025 Bolivarian Games
The field hockey competition at the 2025 Bolivarian Games, will be the second edition of the event at the Bolivarian Games. It will take place from 22–28 November at the Andrés Avelino Cáceres Complex in Lima, Peru.

Venezuela women's national field hockey team
The Venezuela women's national field hockey team represents Venezuela in women's international field hockey competitions. The team is controlled by the Venezuelan Field Hockey Federation, the governing body for field hockey in Venezuela.
Anu Komsi
Anu Komsi (born 9 January 1967) is a Finnish operatic and concert soprano.

Komsi was born in Kokkola. She graduated 1993 from the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki and gave her first concert. She sings jazz as well as classical music.

Komsi has been the soloist with numerous major orchestras like New York Philharmonic, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, BBC Symphony Orchestra London, DSO Berlin, La Scala Theatre Orchestra Milan, Vienna Symphony, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Mahler Chamber Orchestra, Chamber Orchestra of Europe, Ensemble Modern, Czech Philharmonic, Ensemble InterContemporain, London Sinfonietta, Oslo Philharmonic, Royal Stockholm Philharmonic, Philharmonic Orchestra of Radio France, Rotterdam Philharmonic, and Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra. She is a founding member and artistic director of West Coast Kokkola Opera.

Komsi is married to the conductor Sakari Oramo. She is the twin sister of soprano and cellist Piia Komsi.

Vienna Symphony
The Vienna Symphony (Vienna Symphony Orchestra, German: Wiener Symphoniker) is an Austrian orchestra based in Vienna. Its primary concert venue is the Vienna Konzerthaus. In Vienna, the orchestra also performs at the Musikverein and at the Theater an der Wien.
2016 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold
The 2016 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold was the second grand prix's badminton tournament of the 2016 BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was the 8th edition of the Syed Modi International Badminton Championships. The tournament was held at the Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium in Lucknow, India on 26 – 31 January 2016 and had a total purse of $120,000.

Shin Baek-cheol
Shin Baek-cheol (Korean: 신백철; born 19 October 1989) is a mixed and men's doubles badminton player from South Korea. He is a World, Asian and World Junior Champions, as well a gold medalists in the Asian Games and Summer Universiade.
Execution of Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini
Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini (Persian: سید محمد حسینی; 21 February 1983 – 7 January 2023) was a 39-year-old Iranian man who was executed by Iran's Islamic Republic for his participation in the Mahsa Amini protests. He was also known as Kian Hosseini. He was found guilty of Fisad-e-filarz (an Arabic term translating to "corruption on Earth") for his alleged involvement in the murder of a Basij militiaman during demonstrations in Karaj during the 40th-day memorial of Hadis Najafi. Hosseini was hanged with Mohammad Mehdi Karami, a 21-year-old sportsman who was also convicted of Fisad-e-filarz for his alleged role in the same killing. Hosseini maintained his innocence throughout his detention and trial.

Karaj
Karaj (Persian: کرج; pronounced [kæˈɾædʒ] ⓘ) is a city in the Central District of Karaj County, Alborz province, Iran, serving as capital  of the province, the county, and the district. Earliest evidence of inhabitation in Karaj can be dated to the Bronze Age at Tepe Khurvin. The city was developed under the rule of the Safavid and Qajar Empire and is home to historical buildings and memorials from those eras. This city has a unique climate due to access to natural resources such as many trees, rivers, and green plains. After Tehran, Karaj is the largest immigrant-friendly city in Iran, so it has been nicknamed "Little Iran."

Although the county hosts a population around 1.97 million, as recorded in the 2016 census, most of the 1,419 km2 (548 sq mi) county is rugged mountain. The urban area is the fourth-largest in Iran, after Tehran, Mashhad, and Isfahan. Eshtehard County and Fardis County were split off from Karaj County since the previous census.
Independent Guanacaste Party
The Independent Guanacaste Party (Spanish: Partido Guanacaste Independiente') was a political party in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Its president was José Angel Jara Chavarría, and the General Secretary Luis Eduardo (Chito) Arata Herrero.

The party was founded in 1989 and first contested general elections in 1994. However, it received only 0.2% of the vote and failed to win a seat. In the 1998 elections it received just 0.1% of the vote and remained without parliamentary representation.

In 2010 the party was officially declared as "cancelled" by the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones.

Supreme Electoral Court of Costa Rica
The Supreme Electoral Court of Costa Rica (TSE) (Spanish: Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica), is the supreme election commission of the Republic of Costa Rica. The Electoral Court was established in 1949 by the present Constitution of Costa Rica.
1946–47 Ivorian General Council election
General Council elections were held in French Ivory Coast (which included Upper Volta at the time) in December 1946 and 5 January 1947. The Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally won all 15 seats in the Second College in Ivory Coast, and 24 of the 30 Second College seats overall.

Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally
The Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally (French: Parti Démocratique de la Côte d'Ivoire — Rassemblement Démocratique Africain; abbreviated PDCI-RDA) is a centre-right political party in Ivory Coast.
Ancient Asian history
Ancient history in Asia is usually taken to include

Southwest Asia

The Ancient Near East

History of Iran, from Elam to the Persian Empire

South Asia

Ancient India, from the Indus Valley civilization to Iron Age India

Middle kingdoms of India, from the Maurya Empire to the Gupta Empire

For southern India, History of South India#Ancient period
Southern kingdom of India, the Chola dynasty.

East Asia

Iron Age China, from the Spring and Autumn period and the early imperial period under the Han dynasty

History of China, from the Han dynasty to the Tang dynasty

The Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea and Three Kingdoms of Korea

The History of Japan from the Kofun period to the Heian period

The Thục dynasty to the Second Chinese domination in Vietnam

Southeast Asia

History of Southeast Asia, from prehistory to Contemporary Southeast Asia.

Outline of ancient India
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:

Ancient India is the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the start of Medieval India, which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE.
Hyundai FB
The Hyundai FB (hangul: 현대 에프비, 현대FB) is a line of front engine bus built by Hyundai Motor Company.

They are commonly referred to as "FB", as in Front engine Bus.

In Japan, Asia-Pacific, Mid-East, Africa, South America, its principal competitors are Asia AM907, Daewoo BF101/BF105,

Nissan Diesel UA
The Nissan Diesel UA (kana:日産ディーゼル・UA) was a full-size single-decker bus produced by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan Diesel for 32 years of production from 1973 until 2005. It can be built as either a bus chassis or an integral bus. Competitors of the UA include the Isuzu Cubic, Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star and the Hino Blue Ribbon.
Plaine Morte Glacier
The Plaine Morte Glacier (lit.: Dead Plain Glacier; French: glacier de la Plaine Morte [ɡlasje də la plɛn mɔʁt]) is a glacier located at an elevation of 2,750 m (9,020 ft), in the canton of Bern above Lenk and in the Valais above Crans-Montana
in Switzerland. The ice field, which covers 7.88 square kilometres (3.04 sq mi), is located below the mountain of Wildstrubel in the Bernese Alps. Its largest tongue is also called in German Rezligletscher or Rätzligletscher.

The area of Plaine Morte is easily accessible from Crans-Montana by cable car and the practice of cross-country skiing is possible throughout the year. The summit of the Pointe de la Plaine Morte offers impressive views of the Valais Alps.

A large lake formed at the eastern base of the glacier, south of the Schneehorn, at a height of 2,752 metres above sea level. The surface area of the lake is 0.11 km².

Aerial lift
An aerial lift, also known as a cable car or ropeway, is a means of cable transport in which cabins, cars, gondolas, or open chairs are hauled above the ground by means of one or more cables. Aerial lift systems are frequently employed in a mountainous territory where roads are relatively difficult to build and use, and have seen extensive use in mining. Aerial lift systems are relatively easy to move and have been used to cross rivers and ravines. In more recent times, the cost-effectiveness and flexibility of aerial lifts have seen an increase of gondola lift being integrated into urban public transport systems.
Whiteford (surname)
Whiteford is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andy Whiteford (born 1977), Scottish footballer and manager

Blackie Whiteford (1889–1962), American actor

Derek Whiteford (born 1947), Scottish footballer and manager

Doug Whiteford (died 1979), Australian racing driver

Eilidh Whiteford (born 1969), Scottish politician

Hugh C. Whiteford, American politician

Joseph S. Whiteford (politician) (1859–1923), American politician from Maryland

Kate Whiteford (born 1952), Scottish artist

Peter Whiteford (born 1980), Scottish golfer

Robert Whiteford, Scottish mixed martial artist

Samuel M. Whiteford (1809–1889), American politician

William Whiteford, American politician

William M. Whiteford (died 1936), American politician

Doug Whiteford
Douglas Seymour Whiteford (1914 – 15 January 1979) was an Australian racing driver.

Whiteford raced from the mid-1930s through to 1975 with a short period of inactivity during the 1960s. He was best known as a competitor in the Australian Grand Prix which he won three times in four years. He raced a Talbot-Lago T26 Formula One car which he used to win his second and third Grands Prix. His third win was at the first Albert Park street circuit which today hosts the modern Australian Grand Prix. Whiteford first contested the Australian Grand Prix in 1948 and continued to compete in the race regularly up to 1961 with a final appearance in the 1964 event. Whiteford also raced touring cars well into the 1970s. As a regular member of the Datsun Racing Team he was a fixture in small capacity Datsuns, usually as partner to John Roxburgh.

Doug Whiteford died on 15 January 1979.