hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Erdős–Rado theorem
In partition calculus, part of combinatorial set theory, a branch of mathematics, the Erdős–Rado theorem  is a basic result extending Ramsey's theorem to uncountable sets. It is named after Paul Erdős and Richard Rado. It is sometimes also attributed to Đuro Kurepa who proved it under the additional assumption of the generalised continuum hypothesis, and hence the result is sometimes also referred to as the Erdős–Rado–Kurepa theorem.

Continuum hypothesis
In mathematics, specifically set theory, the continuum hypothesis (abbreviated CH) is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. It states:

There is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and the real numbers.

In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), this is equivalent to the following equation in aleph numbers: , or even shorter with beth numbers: .

The continuum hypothesis was advanced by Georg Cantor in 1878, and establishing its truth or falsehood is the first of Hilbert's 23 problems presented in 1900. The answer to this problem is independent of ZFC, so that either the continuum hypothesis or its negation can be added as an axiom to ZFC set theory, with the resulting theory being consistent if and only if ZFC is consistent. This independence was proved in 1963 by Paul Cohen, complementing earlier work by Kurt Gödel in 1940.

The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum for the real numbers.
Awan Chaharmi
Awan Chaharmi is a village in Nakodar in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 15 km from Nakodar, 29 km from Kapurthala, 15.6 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 155 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Jalandhar district
Jalandhar district is a district in Doaba region of the state of Punjab, India. The district headquarters is the city of Jalandhar.

Before the Partition of India, Jalandhar was also the headquarters of the Jalandhar Division, with constituent districts Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ferozepur and Kangra. The entire Jalandhar Division was awarded to India when Punjab was partitioned.
Bruno Henrique (footballer, born 1990)
Bruno Henrique Pinto (born 30 December 1990), known as Bruno Henrique, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a winger for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Flamengo.

He made his Campeonato Brasileiro Série A debut with Goiás in 2015. Then he moved to Germany, where he made just 17 appearances in a year with VfL Wolfsburg before returning home to Santos for  €4 million. In January 2019, he moved to Flamengo for a fee of R$23 million, and won the Campeonato Carioca, Brazilian Serie A and Libertadores Cup in his first year, ending as top scorer in the first and voted The Best of the tournament in the last, being the first in the history of the Libertadores to be rewarded with a 18k gold and diamonds ring.

Bruno Henrique made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2019.

Brazilian real
The Brazilian real (pl. reais;  sign: R$; code: BRL) is the official currency of Brazil. It is subdivided into 100 centavos. The Central Bank of Brazil is the central bank and the issuing authority. The real replaced the cruzeiro real in 1994.

As of April 2019, the real was the twentieth most traded currency.
Frank Wiegand
Frank Wiegand (born 15 March 1943) is a German former swimmer, Olympic medalist and world record holder. He participated in the 1960, 1964 and  1968 Summer Olympics, winning a total of four silver medals.

He won eight medals at two European championships, in 1962 and 1966, including four gold medals in freestyle and medley events. In 1966, he also set a new world record in the 400 metres freestyle and was chosen East German German Sportspersonality of the Year.

Wiegand studied sports science aiming to become a coach, but was redirected to a labour union instead. After the reunification of Germany he worked as a real estate manager at Zeuthen near Berlin.

World record progression 400 metres freestyle
The first world record in the men's 400 metres freestyle in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by FINA (now World Aquatics) in 1908. In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since 3 March 1991.

The drop in world record times in 2008–2009 coincided with the introduction of polyurethane suits from Speedo (LZR, 50% polyurethane) in 2008 and by Arena (X-Glide), Adidas (Hydrofoil) and Italian swimming suit manufacturer Jaked (all 100% polyurethane) in 2009.  FINA's ban on non-textile suit came into effect in January 2010. FINA also released a list of approved suits.
2011–12 in the Mexican drug war
In 2011 and 2012, during the Mexican drug war, hundreds of people were killed in massacres by rival drug cartels who were fighting for power and territory. These organized-crime syndicates were grappling for control over the drug corridors to the United States, the drug markets in local cities, extortion rackets, and human smuggling. Massacres occurred in the states of Veracruz, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Tamaulipas and Nuevo León.

Culiacán
Culiacán, officially Culiacán Rosales, is the capital and largest city of Sinaloa in northwestern Mexico.  It is located within the Culiacán Municipality. The city was founded on 29 September 1531 by the Spanish conquistadors Lázaro de Cebreros and Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán originally under the name "Villa de San Miguel", in honor of its patron saint Michael the Archangel.

According to the 2020 INEGI census, Culiacán had an estimated population of 808,416, making it the 21st most populous city in Mexico. Its metropolitan area, with a population of 1,003,530, was the 17th most populous metropolitan area in Mexico.

The city sits in a valley on the slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental, at the confluence of the Tamazula and Humaya Rivers, where both join to form the Culiacán River 55 meters above sea level.
Olivia Smith
Olivia Smith may refer:

Olivia Smith (soccer) (born 2004), Canadian soccer player

Olivia Smith (journalist) (born 1988), American journalist

Olivia Griffitts (née Smith; born 2001), American soccer player

Olivia Smith (journalist)
Olivia Maeve Smith (born 1988) is an American journalist. Smith has worked for ABC News and Good Morning America, including as a coordinating producer and reporter. She has also worked for KABC-TV Channel 7 in Los Angeles, California, as the Executive Producer of Next Generation Storytelling and for the GenAI Content Engineering team at Meta.
Machat
Machat, Machát is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bohumír Machát (born 1947), Czechoslovak slalom canoeist

Jeff Machat (born 1961), American ophthalmologist

Mike Machat, American artist, author, and aviator

Steven Machat (born 1952), American lawyer and entertainment executive

Steven Machat
Steven Machat (born October 18, 1952) is an American music-business executive, author, and producer. He is credited as the producer of the 2010 restoration of Leonard Cohen: Bird on a Wire, the documentary of Cohen's 1972 European tour. He has also received credits on several feature film soundtracks. In the 2020s, he co-founded The SSK Organization, a company that includes SSK Music Presents, SSK Records, SSK Music Publishing Orbit, and the School of Sacred Knowledge, through which he produces the Buena Vista Orchestra.
One Capital Center
One Capital Center is a high rise building in Boise, Idaho. It is located at 999 Main Street. The building has 14 floors and is 206 feet tall and was completed in 1975 by Mountain Bell. From 1975 to 1978 it was the tallest building in the city of Boise and the state of Idaho, but now it is the fourth tallest building in Boise.

Billionaire J. R. Simplot (1909–2008) had an office on the 13th floor of the building.

J. R. Simplot
John Richard Simplot (/ˈsɪmplɒt/; January 4, 1909 – May 25, 2008) was an American entrepreneur and businessman best known as the founder of the J. R. Simplot Company, a Boise, Idaho–based agricultural supplier specializing in potato products. In 2007, he was estimated to be the 89th-richest person in the United States, at $3.6 billion. At the time of his death at age 99 in May 2008, he was the oldest billionaire on the Forbes 400.
Arrillaga Musical College
Arrillaga Musical College was a music college in San Francisco. The school was established  and directed by pianist Santiago Arrillaga Ansola, a Basque immigrant. After his death it was run by his son Vincent. Fernando Michelena (1858–1921), a Venezuelan born tenor and the father of Vera Michelena and Beatriz Michelena, also served as its president. It was located at 2315 Jackson Street.

Arrillaga came to San Francisco in 1875. San Francisco developed a significant Basque presence with hotels and musical venues.

Alumni included Howard E. Couper A.M.

The Musical Courier reported on performances at the 1918 commencement. A separate writeup in the same issue described the school as having its own building, an "imposing faculty", and many pupils.

Basques
The Basques are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture, shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians, and are considered among the last remaining direct descendants of Neolithic Europeans populations in Europe. Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria)—a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.
Bulgarian Basketball Cup
The Bulgarian Basketball Cup is an annual cup competition, organized by the Bulgarian Basketball Federation since 1951. The cup was not held in 1957, 1958, 1960 and 1961. BC CSKA Sofia is the all-time record holder with 17 titles.

National Basketball League (Bulgaria)
The National Basketball League (NBL) (in Bulgarian: Националната баскетболна лига) is the highest-level professional basketball league in Bulgaria. The current league was founded in 2008, though the first-tier level existed since 1942 and was previously called the Bulgarian A Division. The games in the NBL are played under FIBA rules.

The most successful team in NBL history is PBC Academic, which has won 26 national titles.
Lela Evans
Lela Margaret Ann Evans is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly in the 2019 provincial election. She represents the electoral district of Torngat Mountains as a Progressive Conservative. Having been elected as a PC MHA, she left the party in 2021 and joined the New Democratic Party in 2022. She returned to the PCs in 2024. She was first elected in the 2019 provincial election and was re-elected in 2021.

Evans has over 20 years experience in the environmental field, including environmental assessments, mining and construction.

Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (French: Chambre d'assemblée de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador) is the unicameral deliberative assembly of the General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It meets in the Confederation Building in St. John's. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, in the name of the Sovereign.

The governing party sits on the left side of the speaker of the House of Assembly as opposed to the traditional right side of the speaker. This tradition dates back to the 1850s as the heaters in the Colonial Building were located on the left side. Thus, the government chose to sit near the heat, and leave the opposition sitting in the cold.
Ballycastle (District Electoral Area)
Ballycastle was one of the three district electoral areas in Moyle, Northern Ireland which existed from 1985 to 2014. The district elected five members to Moyle District Council, and formed part of the North Antrim constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament.

It was created for the 1985 local elections, replacing Moyle Area C which had existed since 1973, and contained the wards of Bonamargy and Rathlin, Dalriada, Glentaisie, Kinbane and Knocklayd. It was abolished for the 2014 local elections and most of the area was transferred to The Glens DEA.

1985 Moyle District Council election
Elections to Moyle District Council were held on 15 May 1985 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 15 councillors.
Tomb of the People's Heroes, Zagreb
The Tomb of the People's Heroes (Croatian: Grobnica narodnih heroja) is located in Zagreb's central graveyard, Mirogoj. It was designed by the Croatian sculptor Đuro Kavurić and built in 1968. Buried in the tomb are not only the recipients of the Order of the People's Hero, but also some of the most notable workers' movement activists of Croatia and Yugoslavia.

During the night of February 1, 2001, unknown group of vandals activated an explosive in front of the Tomb, which caused serious damage. Some Croatian officials strongly opposed this act of vandalism. The damage has been repaired.

Order of the People's Hero
The Order of the People's Hero or the Order of the National Hero (Serbo-Croatian: Orden narodnog heroja / Oрден народног хероја; Slovene: Red narodnega heroja, Macedonian: Oрден на народен херој, romanized: Orden na naroden heroj) was a Yugoslav gallantry medal, the second highest military award, and third overall Yugoslav decoration. It was awarded to individuals, military units, political and other organisations who distinguished themselves by extraordinary heroic deeds during war and in peacetime. The recipients were thereafter known as People's Heroes of Yugoslavia or National Heroes of Yugoslavia. The vast majority was awarded to partisans for actions during the Second World War. A total of 1,322 awards were awarded in Yugoslavia, and 19 were awarded to foreigners.

In 1998, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia decided to award the Order of the People's Hero again and decorated several military units, but no individuals.
Linopodes
Linopodes is a cosmopolitan genus of mites in the family Cocceupodidae. These are large mites with oval bodies, usually reddish, yellowish or brownish, and with an extremely long (up to six times longer than the idiosoma) and flimsy first pair of legs.

Green colored Linopodes mites have been found a bit less frequently in North America.

Mite
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods) of two large orders, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari. However, most recent genetic analyses do not recover the two as each other's closest relative within Arachnida, rendering the group invalid as a clade. Most mites are tiny, less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. The small size of most species makes them easily overlooked; some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating galls, while others are predators or parasites. This last type includes the commercially destructive Varroa parasite of honey bees, as well as scabies mites of humans. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases.

The scientific discipline devoted to the study of mites is called acarology.
To All We Stretch the Open Arm
To All We Stretch the Open Arm is a collection of political songs by a variety of songwriters, performed by Mirah and the Black Cat Orchestra. It met with a positive review in AllMusic and mixed review from Pitchfork.

Horacio Guarany
Eraclio Catalin Rodríguez Cereijo, better known as Horacio Guarany (May 15, 1925 – January 13, 2017), was one of the main Argentine folklore singers, and a writer. Guarany died on January 13, 2017, at the age of 91.

He was born in Las Garzas, Santa Fe Province, the thirteenth child of Jorge Rodríguez, a Guaraní man from Corrientes, and Feliciana Cereijo, a Spanish woman from León. He was a member and supporter of the Communist Party of Argentina, which led to him being persecuted by the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance, and forced him into exile in 1974. He settled in Venezuela, later moving to Mexico and Spain. He returned to Argentina in 1978. The military dictatorship made all their records disappear, in addition to censoring the diffusion of some songs such as "La guerrillera" or "Coplera del prisionero", among others.
The Magnificent Lie (1931 film)
The Magnificent Lie is a 1931 American pre-Code drama film directed by Berthold Viertel and written by Vincent Lawrence, Leonard Merrick and Samson Raphaelson. The film stars Ruth Chatterton, Ralph Bellamy, Stuart Erwin, Françoise Rosay, Sam Hardy, Charles Boyer and Tyler Brooke. The film was released on July 25, 1931, by Paramount Pictures. It was based on Merrick's novel Laurels and the Lady.

Samson Raphaelson
Samson Raphaelson (March 30, 1894 – July 16, 1983) was an American playwright, screenwriter and fiction writer.

While working as an advertising executive in New York, he wrote a short story based on the early life of Al Jolson, called The Day of Atonement, which he then converted into a 1925 play, The Jazz Singer. In 1927 this would become the first talking picture, with Jolson its star. He then worked as a screenwriter with Ernst Lubitsch on sophisticated comedies such as Trouble in Paradise, The Shop Around the Corner, and Heaven Can Wait and with Alfred Hitchcock on Suspicion. His short stories appeared in The Saturday Evening Post and other leading magazines, and he taught creative writing at the University of Illinois.
Dominique Robert
Dominique Robert (born 1957) is a Canadian writer living in Quebec.

She was born in Hull, Quebec (now Gatineau, Quebec) and grew up in the Outaouais region. She studied literature in Ottawa and studied the teaching of French at the Université du Québec à Montréal. Robert taught French at the secondary school level in Montreal. More recently, she has been an assistant editor at the publishing house Les Herbes rouges. She is a member of the Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois.

Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois
L'Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois (UNEQ; English: Québec Union of Writers) is a professional union of writers in Québec, Canada.

Founded on March 21, 1977 by some 50 writers following the leadership of Jacques Godbout, it represents today some 1,200 writers (poets, novelists, drama authors, essayists, authors of scientific and practical works). Its stated mission is to promote Québec literature and defend the social and economic rights of persons of the literary profession.
Louis Belzile
Louis Belzile (April 17, 1929 – February 12, 2019) was one of the main figures in geometric abstraction in painting in Quebec and one of the members of the Plasticiens group in Montreal along with Rodolphe de Repentigny (Jauran), Jean-Paul Jérôme and Fernand Toupin.

Engineers Australia
Engineers Australia (EA), known formally as the Institution of Engineers, Australia, is an Australian professional body and not-for-profit organisation whose purpose is to advance the science and practice of engineering for the benefit of the community. Engineers Australia is Australia's recognised organisation for accreditation of professional engineering qualifications under the Washington Accord. As of 2022, EA has 115,000 members, which includes 31,000 students.
Ken Lucas (wrestler)
Ken Lucas (August 20, 1940 – August 6, 2014) was an American professional wrestler who won many tag and singles championships in the southern US National Wrestling Alliance territories between 1960 and 1985, before finishing his career as a jobber in the American Wrestling Association. He trained Ricky Morton to wrestle, and they teamed often in the early 1980s, winning three championships six times. He was from Mesa, Arizona and died at his home in Pensacola, Florida.

Mesa, Arizona
Mesa (/ˈmeɪsə/ ⓘ MAY-sə) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 504,258 at the 2020 census. It is the third-most populous city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the 37th-most populous city in the U.S., and the most populous city that is not a county seat (except for independent cities Washington, D.C. and Baltimore which are not part of any county). It is the most populous city in the East Valley of the Phoenix metropolitan area. It borders Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek, and Apache Junction on the east.

At least ten colleges and universities were located in Mesa, as is the Mesa Arizona Temple, one of the first LDS temples constructed outside of Utah. The city is home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area, Mesa Gateway Airport, located in the southeastern corner of the city.
Xiao Bai
Xiao Bai (Chinese: 萧白; Liaoning Province, July 1932) is a Chinese conductor and composer. He is an ethnic Manchu. In the West, he is best known for his opera Farewell My Concubine, which toured America with the CNOH in 2008.

China National Opera
The China National Opera House (CNOH) or China Central Opera (中央歌剧院) is a State-run opera company based in Beijing, China, and under the Chinese Ministry of Culture. CNOH consists of an opera troupe, a choir, a symphony orchestra and a stagecraft, costume and scenery departments. It is affiliated, through common direction under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, with the Shanghai Opera House company and other geju companies around China.
Eguafo
Eguafo was a Guan kingdom in what is now southern Ghana that existed from at least the 15th century up until its incorporation into the Fante Confederacy and then the Gold Coast (British Colony) in the 19th century. Shama and Elmina were major trading ports for Eguafo.

Eguafo fought a series of wars against the Fante Confederacy and the Fetu Kingdom in the 17th century. This culminated in the Komenda Wars of the 1690s, in which the Dutch attempted to take control of the kingdom by supporting a rival claimant to the throne. By the late 18th century the king's power had declined, and the kingdom was no longer able to control trade passing through its borders. It was conquered by the Fante in the 19th century.

Shama, Ghana
Shama or Esima is a fishing community, and it is the capital of Shama district, a district in the Western Region of Ghana. The town lies about 20 km east of Sekondi-Takoradi, on the mouth of the Pra River. The town is home to Fort San Sebastian, in whose graveyard philosopher Anton Wilhelm Amo, the first African known to have attended a European university, is interred.

The town is situated in the Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan district and Shama constituency of the Western region of Ghana. The people of the town are mostly engaged in fishing and its related activities such as fish processing for local markets. Shama is the sixtieth most populous settlement in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 117,224 people.
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium is located at Ghod Dod Road, Surat, Gujarat, India. It was built by Surat Municipal Corporation in 1998 at the cost of ₹ 21 crores. Named after the veteran Jana Sangh leader, Deendayal Upadhyaya, it was the first Indoor Sports Complex to be constructed in Western India.

Surat Municipal Corporation
Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) is the local civic body responsible for the administration of Surat, Gujarat which has come into being under the Bombay Provincial Municipal Act, 1949. The Surat Municipal Corporation was established on 2 October 1966. Surat Municipal Corporation area 462.149 km2. It carries out the designated functions under the 1949 Act, with the following mission.

To make Surat a dynamic, vibrant, self-reliant and sustainable city with all basic amenities, Surat Municipal Corporation perceives its role as the principal facilitator and provider of services as detailed below to provide a better quality of people life.