hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of institutions for deaf education
The establishment of schools and institutions specializing in deaf education has a history spanning back across multiple centuries. They utilized a variety of instructional approaches and philosophies. The manner in which the language barrier is handled between the hearing and the deaf remains a topic of great controversy. Many of the early establishments of formalized education for the deaf are currently acknowledged for the influence they've contributed to the development and standards of deaf education today.

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (December 10, 1787 – September 10, 1851) was an American educator. Along with Laurent Clerc and Mason Cogswell, he co-founded the first permanent institution for the education of the deaf in North America, and he became its first principal. When opened on April 15, 1817, it was called the "Connecticut Asylum (at Hartford) for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons", but it is now known as the American School for the Deaf.
History of Lethbridge
The modern history of Lethbridge extends to the mid-19th century, when the area was developed from drift mines opened by Nicholas Sheran in 1874, and the North Western Coal and Navigation Company in 1882. Prior to the development of drift mines in the area, Lethbridge, Alberta was known as Coal Banks, and was part of the territory of the Blackfoot Confederacy. The Confederacy was made up of the Kainai Nation, the Northern Peigan, the Southern Peigan (Blackfeet), and the Siksika Nation.

Drift mining
Drift mining is either the mining of an ore deposit by underground methods, or the working of coal seams accessed by adits driven into the surface outcrop of the coal bed.  A drift mine is an underground mine in which the entry or access is above water level and generally on the slope of a hill, driven horizontally into the ore seam.

Drift is a more general mining term, meaning a near-horizontal passageway in a mine, following the bed (of coal, for instance) or vein of ore. A drift may or may not intersect the ground surface. A drift follows the vein, as distinguished from a crosscut that intersects it, or a level or gallery, which may do either.  All horizontal or subhorizontal development openings made in a mine have the generic name of drift. These are simply tunnels made in the rock, with a size and shape depending on their use—for example, haulage, ventilation, or exploration.
Clement Jimbo
Inemesit Clement Jimbo (born 12 March 1983) is a Nigerian politician. Hon. Jimbo also Known as 'Youth slot' hails from Abak Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. He is currently serving as the member representing Abak/Etim Ekpo/Ika Federal Constituency of Akwa Ibom State in the House of Representatives.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
Dandelion Wine (band)
Dandelion Wine are a musical trio based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The band combines medieval and Middle Eastern instruments with electronic beats, analogue synths, female vocals and swirling guitars. Their music incorporates elements of ethereal, medieval, world music, dream pop, electronica and darkwave.

Ethereal wave
Ethereal wave, also called ethereal darkwave, ethereal goth or simply ethereal, is a subgenre of dark wave music that is variously described as "gothic", "romantic", and "otherworldly". It developed in the early 1980s in the United Kingdom as an outgrowth of gothic rock, and was mainly represented by 4AD bands such as Cocteau Twins, This Mortal Coil, and early guitar-driven Dead Can Dance.

In the second half of the 1980s, the genre continued to develop in the United States and was primarily associated with C'est La Mort Records, which featured artists such as Area (later the Moon Seven Times) and Heavenly Bodies, a band formed by ex-members of Dead Can Dance and This Mortal Coil, as well as with Projekt Records, which featured groups like Black Tape for a Blue Girl, Love Spirals Downwards and Lycia.

Ethereal wave, especially the music of Cocteau Twins, was one of the key inspirations for the British dream pop/shoegaze scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Joseph Arthur Calixte Éthier
Joseph Arthur Calixte Éthier, KC (May 26, 1868 – August 14, 1936) was a Canadian politician.

Born in St-Benoît, Quebec, the son of J. B. Éthier and Julie Boyer, Éthier was educated at Montreal College. A lawyer, he was called to the Quebec Bar in 1895 and was created a King's Counsel in 1906. He was Deputy-prothonotary for the District of Terrebonne from 1888 to 1895 and was a Crown Prosecutor for that District in 1901. He was mayor of Sainte-Scholastique, Quebec from 1899 to 1906. He was first elected to Canadian Parliament at the general elections of 1896 for the riding of Two Mountains winning by 17 votes. A Liberal, he was re-elected in every following election including the 1921 election. He did not run in 1925.

Two Mountains (electoral district)
Two Mountains (French: Deux-Montagnes) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. The electoral district was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Laval—Two Mountains riding.
Lahuli–Spiti languages
The Lahuli–Spiti languages the exonym for a subgroup of the Tibetic languages related to the (Stöd) Ngari Tibetan spoken in the Lahaul and Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh, India, belonging to the South-Western group of Tibetic languages, earlier classified as  Western Innovative Tibetan. They are more closely related to Standard Tibetan than to the neighboring Ladakhi–Balti languages spoken further north.

According to Tournadre (2014), the Lahuli–Spiti languages include:

Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)

Spiti

Nyamkat

Bhoti Kinnauri

Tukpa (Nesang)

Lhasa Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan or Standard Tibetan is a standardized dialect of Tibetan spoken by the people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan). In terms of mutual intelligibility, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot. Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become tonal and do not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan.
Rep (fabric)
Rep, rip, repp, or reps is a cloth woven in fine cords or ribs across the width of a piece, usually made of silk, wool, or cotton. The name is said to have been adapted from the French reps, a word of unknown origin; it has also been suggested that it is a corruption of rib. In silk it is used for dresses, neckties, and to some extent, for ecclesiastical vestments. In wool and cotton it is used for various upholstery purposes.

Upholstery
Upholstery is the work of providing furniture, especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing, and fabric or leather covers. The word also refers to the materials used to upholster something.

Upholstery comes from the Middle English word upholder, which referred to an artisan who makes fabric furnishings. The term is equally applicable to domestic, automobile, airplane and boat furniture, and can be applied to mattresses, particularly the upper layers, though these often differ significantly in design. A person who works with upholstery is called an upholsterer. An apprentice upholsterer is sometimes called an outsider or trimmer. Traditional upholstery uses materials like coil springs (post-1850), animal hair (horse, hog and cow), coir, straw and hay, hessians, linen scrims, wadding, etc., and is done by hand, building each layer up. In contrast, today's upholsterers employ synthetic materials like dacron and vinyl, serpentine springs, and so on.
Marcel-Claude Roy
Marcel-Claude Roy (11 September 1936 – 31 May 2018) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Laval-des-Rapides, Quebec, Roy was an agrologist by career.

He entered national politics at the Quebec riding of Laval in the 1968 federal election. He was re-elected at Laval (subsequently Laval West) in the 1972, 1974, 1979 and 1980 federal elections but was defeated by Guy Ricard of the Progressive Conservative party. Roy served five successive terms from the 28th to the 32nd Canadian Parliaments.

Laval West
Laval West (French: Laval-Ouest; formerly known as Mille-Iles and Laval) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 2004.

It was created as the riding of "Mille-Iles" in 1976 from parts of Laval riding. It was renamed "Laval" in 1977, and "Laval West" in 1990.

In 2003, the riding was abolished when it was redistributed into Laval and Laval—Les Îles ridings.
GPC (Mystery Science Theater 3000)
Gypsy, also known as Gypsum, GPC/GPC 1/GPC 2  , is one of the fictional robot characters on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. She is larger and less talkative than the other robots. Gypsy normally only appears during the show's host segments and introduction, but briefly took a seat in the theater to watch the movie in episode #412 (Hercules and the Captive Women). She only delivered a couple of "riffs" – partially because she took the movie and what the 'boys' were saying too literally, and left after realizing how bad the movie was. Along with the other robots, Gypsy was designed and built by series creator Joel Hodgson. She was named Gypsy after a pet turtle his brother once owned, as the robot's size and ponderousness reminded him of the turtle.

Joel Hodgson
Joel Gordon Hodgson (born February 20, 1960) is an American writer, comedian, and television actor. He is the creator and star of the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K). In 2007, MST3K was listed as "one of the top 100 television shows of all time" by Time.

From 2007 to 2013, Hodgson was part of the "movie riffing" project Cinematic Titanic with several of his fellow MST3K alumni, performing live and producing content for DVDs and direct download. He has been the creative lead for media at Cannae, a technology firm in Doylestown, Pennsylvania north of Philadelphia.
Andy Stapp
Andrew Dean Stapp (March 25, 1944 – September 3, 2014) was an American activist known for forming the American Servicemen's Union, an unofficial union for the U.S. military, in opposition to the Vietnam War.

Stapp began as a student activist until he was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1966. There he rallied anti-war sentiment, leading to two highly publicized courts-martial. After establishing the American Servicemen's Union, Stapp was discharged for subversive activity. He was married to Deirdre Griswold; both were members of the Workers World Party.

Student activism
Student activism or campus activism is work by students to cause political, environmental, economic, or social change. In addition to education, student groups often play central roles in democratization and winning civil rights.

Modern student activist movements span all ages, races, socio-economic backgrounds, and political perspectives. Some student protests focus on the internal affairs of an institution (like disinvestment); others tackle wars or dictatorships. Student activism is most often associated with left-wing politics.
Kevin Collins (ice hockey)
Kevin Collins (born December 15, 1950, in Springfield, Massachusetts) is a retired National Hockey League linesman. His career started in 1971 and ended in 2005.  During his career (in which he never wore a helmet due to a grandfather clause), he officiated 2,438 regular season games, 296 playoff games, twelve Stanley Cup Finals (including Game 7 in 1994 and 2001) and two All-Star games. He also worked the 1996 World Cup of Hockey, four Canada Cups and the 1998 Nagano Olympics. From the 1994-95 season until his retirement, he wore uniform number 50.

Hockey helmet
A hockey helmet is worn by players of ice hockey, inline hockey, and bandy to help protect the head from potential injury when hit by the puck, sticks, skates, boards, other players, or the ice. The shell of a hockey helmet is generally made of a substance called vinyl nitrile that disperses force from the point of contact, while the liner may be made of either vinyl nitrile foam, expanded polypropylene foam, or other material to absorb the energy, to reduce the chances of concussion. Hockey helmets grip the head from inside by cupping the back of head, or the occipital protuberance. Helmet manufacturers will have a chart that relates their helmet sizes to head measurements. On older models, the helmet size is adjusted by loosening the screws on the side to slide the front portion forward or back.
Thatch Caye
Thatch Caye is an island in Belize, located 9 miles (14 km) off of the coast of Dangriga, about two miles from the Belize Barrier Reef.  The 11 acres (4.5 ha) island is near Southwater Caye, Tobacco Caye, Cocoplum Caye, and Fantasy Caye and South Water Caye Marine Reserve.

The island is home to five locals, according to the 2012 census, and is a tourist destination. Thatch Caye Resort is a resort managed by Muy'Ono  located on the island that limits occupancy to no more than 30 people.

The name Thatch Caye originated  from island co-owner Travis Holub, who built each residence with thatched roofs. Each of the five thatched-roof structures stand high over the water, making them over-the-water bungalows.

South Water Caye Marine Reserve
South Water Caye Marine Reserve is the largest marine reserve in the Stann Creek district of Belize. It was established in 1996 and covers 47,702 hectares (117,870 acres) of mangrove and coastal ecosystems. It includes the crown reserve of Man-O-War Caye, a nesting site for the brown booby and magnificent frigatebird. In 2017, National Geographic named Pelican Beach on South Water Caye one of the 21 best beaches in the world.
The Bachelor (American TV series) season 19
The nineteenth season of The Bachelor premiered on January 5, 2015. This season featured 33-year-old Chris Soules, a farmer from Arlington, Iowa.

Soules finished in third place on season 10 of The Bachelorette featuring Andi Dorfman. The season concluded on March 9, 2015, with Soules choosing to propose to 29-year-old fertility nurse Whitney Bischoff. They ended their engagement on May 28, 2015.

Chris Harrison
Christopher Bryan Harrison (born July 26, 1971) is an American television and game show host, best known for his role as the host of the ABC reality television dating show The Bachelor from 2002–2021. He also hosted its spin-offs The Bachelorette from 2003–2021, Bachelor Pad from 2010–2012, Bachelor in Paradise from 2014-21, the first season of Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise in 2015, Bachelor Live in 2016, and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018.  He also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire from 2015–2019.
Keratoderma climactericum
Keratoderma climactericum, also known as climacteric keratoderma, Haxthausen's disease, or acquired plantar keratoderma, is a skin condition characterized by hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles beginning at about the time of menopause.: 213

Hyperkeratosis
Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis, or skin), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin, and is usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer. As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites, some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyperkeratosis.

It can be caused by vitamin A deficiency or chronic exposure to arsenic.

Hyperkeratosis can also be caused by B-Raf inhibitor drugs such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib.

It can be treated with urea-containing creams, which dissolve the intercellular matrix of the cells of the stratum corneum, promoting desquamation of scaly skin, eventually resulting in softening of hyperkeratotic areas.
Kartsopheli
Kartsopheli  (Georgian: კართსოფელი; Ossetian: Хъаратыхъæу, Qaratyqæw — ″village of the Qaratæ″ ) is a village in the historical region of Khevi, north-eastern Georgia. It is located on the left bank of the river Tergi. Administratively, it is part of the Kazbegi Municipality in Mtskheta-Mtianeti. Distance to the municipality center Stepantsminda is 38 km.

Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Mtskheta-Mtianeti (Georgian: მცხეთა-მთიანეთი, IPA: [mt͡sʰχetʰa‿mtʰianetʰi]) is a region (mkhare) in eastern Georgia comprising the town of Mtskheta, which serves as a regional capital, together with its district and the adjoining mountainous areas. The western part of the region, namely the entire Akhalgori Municipality, is controlled by breakaway South Ossetia since the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.
Pouch snake eel
The Pouch snake eel (Paraletharchus opercularis) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by George S. Myers and Charles Barkley Wade in 1941, originally under the genus Letharchus. It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the eastern central and southeastern Pacific Ocean, including the Galapagos Islands, the Revillagigedo Islands, and the Cocos Islands. It is known to dwell at a maximum depth of 10 metres (33 ft), and inhabits sand sediments. Males can reach a maximum total length of 64.3 centimetres (25.3 in).

The IUCN redlist currently lists the pouch snake eel as vulnerable under Criterion D2, due to its limited range, and speculation that increasing frequency of ENSO events will have negative effects on the species' habitat.

Ophichthidae
Ophichthidae is a family of fish in the order Anguilliformes, commonly known as the snake eels. The term "Ophichthidae" comes from Greek ophis ("serpent") and ichthys ("fish"). Snake eels are also burrowing eels.  They are named for their physical appearance, as they have long, cylindrical, snake-like bodies. This family is found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from coastal shallows and even rivers, to depths below 800 m (2,600 ft). Most species are bottom dwellers, hiding in mud or sand to capture their prey of crustaceans and small fish, but some are pelagic.

These species range in total length from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) or more. Many species lack fins altogether, improving their ability to burrow into the substrate like worms. They are often spotted or striped in colour, mimicking the appearance of venomous sea snakes to deter predators. Often, they are washed ashore by large storms.
English-language Scrabble
English-language Scrabble is the original version of the popular word-based board game invented in 1938 by US architect Alfred Mosher Butts, who based the game on English letter distribution in The New York Times. The Scrabble variant most popular in English is standard match play, where two players compete over a series of games. Duplicate Scrabble is not popular in English, and High score Scrabble is no longer practised.

Although English is a worldwide language, the official list of allowable words and some tournament rules differ between territories.

Bezique
Bezique (/bəˈziːk/) or bésigue (French: [beziɡ]) is a 19th-century French melding and trick-taking card game for two players, which was imported to Britain and is still played today. The game is derived from piquet, possibly via marriage (sixty-six) and briscan, with additional scoring features, notably the peculiar liaison of the Q♠ and J♦ that is also a feature of  pinochle, Binokel, and similarly named games that vary by country.
Flottille 14F
Flottille 14F was a unit of the Aéronavale, the air arm of the French Navy. Originally formed in 1953 as a carrier-based close air support squadron, it later served as a fleet air defence unit before returning to its original role in the 1970s. The squadron served until being disbanded in 1991.

French Naval Aviation
French Naval Aviation (often abbreviated in French to: Aéronavale (contraction of Aéronautique navale), or Aviation navale, or more simply l'Aéro) is the naval air arm of the French Navy. The long-form official designation is Force maritime de l'aéronautique navale. Born as a fusion of aircraft carrier squadrons and the naval patrol air force, the Aéronavale was created in 1912. The force is under the command of a flag officer officially titled Admiral of Naval Aviation (ALAVIA) with his headquarters at Toulon naval base. It has a strength of around 6,800 military and civilian personnel. It operates from four airbases in Metropolitan France and several detachments in foreign countries or French overseas territories. Carrier-borne pilots of the French Navy do their initial training at Salon-de-Provence Air Base after which they undergo their carrier qualification with the US Navy.
Meta-historical fall
The meta-historical fall (also called a metaphysical, supramundane, atemporal, or pre-cosmic fall) is an understanding of the biblical fall of man as a reality outside of empirical history that affects the entire history of the universe. This understanding of the human fall is a minority view among contemporary Christian theologians and is associated by some with theological concepts often considered heresies, such as belief in the pre-existence of souls.

Nikolai Berdyaev
Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (/bərˈdjɑːjɛf, -jɛv/; Russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бердя́ев; 18 March [O.S. 6 March] 1874 – 24 March 1948) was a Russian philosopher, theologian, and Christian existentialist who emphasized the existential spiritual significance of human freedom and the human person.
Arizona Hawks
The Arizona Hawks is a United States Australian Football League team, based in Arizona, United States. It was founded in 1998 by Jess Keller and then fully functional by Andrew Ashworth in 1999, becoming the first Australian rules football club in Arizona.

The Hawks have won the USAFL National Championships Men's Div 2 Grand Final in 2004, the Men's Div 3 Grand Final in 2011, 2021 and were runner up in 2022. The Women's Team were runners up in the Women's Div 1 Grand Final in 2007.

Arizona Hawk Dani Marshall was drafted to the AFLW in 2020 to play the sport professionally in Australia.

Danielle Marshall
Danielle Marshall (born 15 August 1991) is a former American Australian rules football player who played for the Western Bulldogs and Essendon in the AFL Women's (AFLW) League. Marshall was the first American and first USA Freedom representative to play in the AFLW league, and the first player recruited to play professionally at AFL level from a club outside Australia.
Brawer
Brawer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dina Brawer, first Orthodox woman rabbi in the United Kingdom

Mara Brawer (born 1962), Argentine psychologist and politician

Moshe Brawer (1919–2020), Israeli geographer

Dina Brawer
Dina Brawer (born Dina Elmaleh) is an Open Orthodox woman rabbi and the founder of the Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance division in the United Kingdom (JOFA UK). Brawer received her rabbinical ordination at Yeshivat Maharat in the United States and is the first Orthodox woman rabbi to serve in the UK. Brawer's work at JOFA UK focuses on women's rights in  Orthodox Judaism and the religious education of adult women in Orthodox communities in the UK.