hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joseph Howard (judge)
Joseph Howard (March 14, 1800 – December 10, 1877) was an American lawyer and politician from Maine. Howard served as Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court from October 23, 1848 to October 22, 1855.

Born in Brownfield, Maine, Howard graduated from Bowdoin College in 1821 and read law to gain admission to the bar in 1824. He was a United States Attorney from 1837 to 1841. On October 23, 1848, Governor John W. Dana appointed Howard to a seat as an associate justice on the Maine Supreme Judicial Court vacated by the elevation of Ether Shepley to the position of chief justice. Howard served until his retirement on October 22, 1855. In 1860, he was elected Mayor of Portland, Maine, and, in 1865, he ran as the Democratic candidate for governor of Maine, which he lost to Samuel Cony by 63.3% to 37.7%.

He died in Brownfield.

Reading law
Reading law was the primary method used in common law countries, particularly the United States, for people to prepare for and enter the legal profession before the advent of law schools. In Commonwealth countries, becoming an articled clerk was a similar practice.

It consisted of an extended internship or apprenticeship under the tutelage or mentoring of an experienced lawyer. The practice largely died out in the early 20th century. A few U.S. states, namely California, Maine, New York, Vermont, Virginia and Washington, still permit people to become lawyers by reading law instead of attending some or all of law school, although the practice is uncommon.

In this sense, "reading law" specifically refers to a means of entering the profession, although in England it is still customary to say that a university undergraduate is "reading" a course, which may be law or any other.
Kołaczkowice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Kołaczkowice [kɔwat͡ʂkɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Busko-Zdrój, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) east of Busko-Zdrój and 47 km (29 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

Busko County
Busko (Polish: powiat buski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Busko-Zdrój, which lies 47 kilometres (29 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

The county covers an area of 967.39 square kilometres (373.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 67,821, out of which the population of Busko-Zdrój is 15,832 and the rural population is 51,989.
László Detre (microbiologist)
László Detre (October 29, 1874, Nagysurány  – May 7, 1939, Washington, DC (a.k.a. Ladislas Deutsch, Ladislaus Deutsch) was a Hungarian physician and microbiologist, the founder and first director of the Hungarian Serum Institute in Budapest.

Detre coined the term "antigen" in a 1903 French-language paper co-authored with Russian biologist Élie Metchnikoff (referring to "substances immunogènes ou antigènes"), although the word and concept appears in his research as early as 1899. He is also a codiscoverer of the Wassermann reaction, publishing his discovery in humans just two weeks after Wassermann documented his findings in apes.

Šurany
Šurany (until 1927, Veľké Šurany) is a town and a railroad hub in the Nové Zámky District, Nitra Region, southern Slovakia.

Alongside the main settlement, it has the boroughs of Kostolný Sek and Nitriansky Hrádok, both annexed 1976.
Pecan Creek School (Gillespie County, Texas)
Pecan Creek School is located at 3410 Pecan Creek Road in Gillespie County, in the U.S. state of Texas. It was consolidated with Fredericksburg Independent School District in 1955.  The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Gillespie County, Texas on May 10, 2005. The Bernhard Friedrich house served as the first school in 1899.  Land, materials and labor were donated in 1916 to relocate the structure. Originally a one-room schoolhouse, additional rooms and storage were added as needed.  Included in the later additions were a stage and dance floor. The local historical club Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools has restored the building, including original desks and other furnishings. The building is now used as a community center.

Fredericksburg Independent School District
Fredericksburg Independent School District is a public school district based in Fredericksburg, Texas (USA).

In addition to Fredericksburg, the district serves the unincorporated communities of Stonewall, Luckenbach, Willow City, and Albert. Located in Gillespie County, small portions of the district extend into Blanco and Kendall counties.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
2018 RideLondon–Surrey Classic
The 2018 Prudential RideLondon–Surrey Classic was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 29 July in London, England. It was the seventh edition of the London–Surrey Classic and was the twenty-sixth event of the 2018 UCI World Tour.

The race was won in a sprint finish by Germany's Pascal Ackermann, riding for Bora–Hansgrohe.

Red Bull–Bora–Hansgrohe
Red Bull–BORA–hansgrohe (UCI Code: RBH) is a UCI WorldTeam cycling team established in 2010 with a German license, founded and managed by Ralph Denk. It is sponsored by global energy drinks brand Red Bull, BORA, a German manufacturer of extractor hoods and cooktops, and Hansgrohe, a bathroom fittings manufacturer. Its aim is "improving the image of road cycling in Germany".
Freedom of religion in Jordan
The Constitution of Jordan provides for the freedom to practice the rights of one's religion and faith in accordance with the customs that are observed in the Kingdom, unless they violate public order or morality. The state religion is Islam. The Government prohibits conversion from Islam and proselytization of Muslims.

In June 2006, the Government published the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in the Official Gazette, which, according to Article 93.2 of the Constitution, gives the Covenant the force of law. Article 18 of the ICCPR provides for freedom of religion (See Legal and policy framework). Despite this positive development, restrictions and some abuses continued. Members of unrecognized religious groups and converts from Islam face legal discrimination and bureaucratic difficulties as well as societal intolerance;  Shari'a courts have the authority to prosecute proselytizers.

Constitution of Jordan
The Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was adopted on 1 January 1952.  It revised the previous Constitution of 1947 to expand the powers of the legislature and add checks to the executive power of the cabinet. The Constitution defines a system of hereditary monarchic rule with a parliamentary system of representation. It stipulates the separation of state power into three branches: the executive, composed of the King and an appointed cabinet; the legislative, consisting of a bicameral legislature; and the judicial, composed of civil, religious, and constitutional courts. The Constitution also outlines the citizenry's rights and duties, legal protocols, taxation procedures and other constitutional regulations.
Amir Ohana
Amir Ohana (Hebrew: אָמִיר אוֹחָנָה; born 15 March 1976) is an Israeli lawyer, former Shin Bet official and politician who has served as the Speaker of the Knesset since 2022, and as a member of the Knesset for Likud. He previously held the posts of Minister of Justice and Minister of Public Security. He was the first openly gay right-wing member of the Knesset and the first openly gay man from Likud to serve in the Knesset. He is also the first openly gay person to be appointed as a minister in the Israeli government and the first openly gay Speaker of the Knesset.

Israeli system of government
The Israeli system of government is based on parliamentary democracy. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of government and leader of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government (also known as the cabinet). Legislative power is vested in the Knesset. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The political system of the State of Israel and its main principles are set out in 11 Basic Laws.  Israel does not have a written constitution.
Fellhanera baeomycoides
Fellhanera baeomycoides is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) lichen in the family Ectolechiaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2017 by the lichenologists Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by the authors along a trail near a field station in the Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus); here it was found growing on the ground in an open area of an old-growth rainforest. The lichen has a granular, grayish-green thallus that lacks a cortex and a prothallus. The species epithet refers to the way the stipitate apothecia resemble those in genus Baeomyces.

Baeomyces
Baeomyces is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Baeomycetaceae. Members of Baeomyces are commonly called beret lichens. These lichens are radily recognised by their distinctive "matchstick" appearance, with small brown fruiting bodies held up on short stalks above a crusty base. They typically grow in disturbed habitats such as roadsides, bare soil, and mining sites, where they act as pioneer colonisers of acidic ground.
Kasper Wiksten
Kasper Wiksten (born 9 June 1980, in Hvidovre Municipality) is a Danish curler.

At the national level, he is Danish men's champion curler (2020), Danish mixed doubles champion curler (2020) and a four-time Danish junior champion curler (1996, 1998, 1999, 2000).

Hvidovre Municipality
Hvidovre Municipality (Danish: Hvidovre Kommune) is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the Capital Region near Copenhagen on the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi), and has a total population of 53,760 (1 January 2025).  Its mayor is Anders Wolf Andresen, a member of the Green Left (Socialistisk Folkeparti) political party.

The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Hvidovre.  Other towns in the municipality are Avedøre and Friheden.

Neighboring municipalities are Copenhagen to the east,  Rødovre to the north, and Brøndby to the west. Part of its eastern border are the waters of Kalveboderne, and to the south is Køge Bay (Køge Bugt).  The southernmost section of the municipality, known as Avedøre Holme, juts out into Køge Bay and forms part of the entryway into Kalveboderne, the waters of which separate the island of Zealand from neighboring Amager.  Avedøre Holme houses two harbours.
South Florida Bulls baseball
The South Florida Bulls baseball team is the intercollegiate men's baseball program representing the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida. The team competes in the American Conference of NCAA Division I. Founded in 1966, the baseball team is one of the oldest teams at the university. The Bulls have captured eleven conference titles (six regular season and five tournament) and 14 NCAA tournament appearances. The team plays their home games on campus at USF Baseball Stadium at Red McEwen Field and are coached by Mitch Hannahs.

Red McEwen Field
Red McEwen Field (originally USF Baseball Field) was a baseball venue located on the campus of the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida, United States. It opened in 1967 and had a capacity of 2,500 for most of its history. "The Red" was home to the South Florida Bulls baseball team from 1967 to 2010. Besides hosting USF baseball for over 40 years, Red McEwen Field was the temporary home of the Class-A minor league Tampa Yankees, who played their first two seasons there in 1994 and 1995 while their permanent home at Legends Field was under construction.

Red McEwan Field was demolished after the Bulls' 2010 baseball season and the new USF Baseball Stadium was built at the same location in time for their 2011 season.
Shahroz Sabzwari
Shahroz Sabzwari (Urdu: شہروز سبزواری; born 25 August 1985) is a Pakistani actor and model who is known for his role in the film Khulay Aasman Ke Neechay directed by Javed Sheikh. He played the lead role in the 2016 television drama series Deewana produced by Hum TV.

Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.
Little Pine State Park
Little Pine State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on 2,158 acres (873 ha) in Cummings Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Little Pine State park is along 4.2 miles (6.8 km) of Little Pine Creek, a tributary of Pine Creek, in the midst of the Tiadaghton State Forest. A dam on the creek has created a lake covering 94 acres (38 ha) for fishing, boating, and swimming. The park is on Pennsylvania Route 4001, 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of the unincorporated village of Waterville or 8 miles (13 km) southwest of the village of English Center. The nearest borough is Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania, about 15 miles (24 km) south at the mouth of Pine Creek on the West Branch Susquehanna River.

Little Pine Creek
Little Pine Creek is a tributary of Pine Creek in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 15.8 miles (25.4 km) long and flows through Pine Township and Cummings Township.
House of Lannoy
The House of Lannoy is the name of an old and important Belgian noble family that takes its name from the town of Lannoy in northern France. In their capacity as Princes of Rheina-Wolbeck, members of the House of Lannoy held a hereditary seat in the Prussian House of Lords (Preußisches Herrenhaus), through which they were formally incorporated into the German high nobility. The name of the family comes from l'Annoy (or l'Annoit,  from Latin alnetum), which means 'the alderwood' in Picard French of Flanders.

Belgian nobility
The Belgian nobility comprises Belgian individuals or families recognized as noble with or without a title of nobility in the Kingdom of Belgium. The Belgian constitution states that no specific privileges are attached to the nobility.
Plavsk
Plavsk (Russian: Плавск) is a town and the administrative center of Plavsky District in Tula Oblast, Russia, located on the Plava River. Population:  16,165 (2010 Census); 16,750 (2002 Census); 16,559 (1989 Soviet census).

Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, romanized: Tulʹskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in European Russia and is administratively part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of 25,700 square kilometers (9,900 sq mi). It has a population of 1,553,925 (2010 census). Tula is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast.

Tula Oblast borders Moscow Oblast in the north, Ryazan in the east, Lipetsk in the southeast, Oryol in the southwest, and Kaluga in the west. Tula Oblast is one of the most developed and urbanized territories in Russia, and the majority of the territory forms the Tula-Novomoskovsk Agglomeration, an urban area with a population of over 1 million.
Prince Józef Poniatowski Monument
The Prince Józef Poniatowski Monument in Warsaw (Polish: Pomnik księcia Józefa Poniatowskiego) is a monument currently located at 46/48 Krakowskie Przedmieście in the courtyard of the Presidential Palace. Created by Rome-based Danish-Icelandic sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen in 1829, it depicts  Józef Poniatowski (1763–1813) riding a horse and dressed as  Roman general.

Thorvaldsen Museum
The Thorvaldsen Museum is a single-artist museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, dedicated to the art of Danish and Icelandic Neoclassical sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844), who lived and worked in Rome for most of his life (1796–1838). The museum is located on the small island of Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen next to Christiansborg Palace. Designed by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll, the building was constructed from 1838 to 1848 following a public collection of funds in 1837.
Flat-sixteen engine
A flat-sixteen engine (also known as a horizontally opposed-sixteen) is a sixteen-cylinder piston engine with eight cylinders on each side of a central crankshaft.

Flat-sixteen engines are less common than V16 engines, with only a couple of prototype racing engines using a flat-sixteen layout.

Crankshaft
A crankshaft is a mechanical component used in a piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating shaft containing one or more crankpins, that are driven by the pistons via the connecting rods.

The crankpins are also called rod bearing journals, and they rotate within the "big end" of the connecting rods.

Most modern crankshafts are located in the engine block. They are made from steel or cast iron, using either a forging, casting or machining process.
Silvermines
Silvermines, historically known as Bellagowan (Irish: Béal Átha Gabhann), is a village in County Tipperary in Ireland. It lies immediately north of the Silvermine mountain range and takes its name from the extensive mines of lead, zinc, copper, baryte and silver nearby. Towards the very south of the Silvermine Mountains is the highest peak in the mountains, Keeper Hill (Irish: Sliabh Cimeálta), which rises to 695m, dominating the area. Silvermines village is located near the town of Nenagh on the R499 regional road. It is a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe and is also in the historical barony of Ormond Upper.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe
The Diocese of Killaloe (/ˌkɪləˈluː/ kil-ə-LOO; Irish: Deoise Chill Dalua) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in mid-western Ireland, one of six suffragan dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of Cashel and Emly.

The cathedral church of the diocese is the Cathedral of Ss Peter and Paul in Ennis, County Clare.

The incumbent bishop of the diocese is Fintan Monahan.
Ian Tait
Ian Greville Tait (18 August 1926 – 4 February 2013) was a British medical doctor who spent most of his career as a general practitioner (GP) in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. He was a major figure in the modernisation of general practice in the UK during the 1960s and 1970s. According to Stephen Lock, former editor of the BMJ, Tait's work "helped transform general practice into a major medical specialty, giving family physicians a status equivalent to hospital consultants."

Royal College of General Practitioners
The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) is the professional body for general (medical) practitioners (GPs/Family Physicians/Primary Care Physicians) in the United Kingdom. The RCGP represents and supports GPs on key issues including licensing, education, training, research and clinical standards. It is the largest of the medical royal colleges, with more than 54,000 members. The RCGP was founded in 1952 in London, England and is a registered charity. Its motto is Cum Scientia Caritas – "Compassion [empowered] with Knowledge."
Gordon baronets of Earlston, Kirkcudbright (1706)
The Gordon baronetcy of Earlston, Kirkcudbrightshire, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia for William Gordon of Afton, son of William Gordon of Earlston, a Covenanter. He was an army officer, a soldier of fortune under Frederick I of Prussia who took part in Monmouth's Rebellion and the Williamite Wars. He was succeeded by his elder brother Alexander Gordon of Earlston.

William Gordon of Earlston
William Gordon (1614-1679) was a Scottish landowner and Covenanter. He is remembered as being a correspondent in Samuel Rutherford's Letters and being one of the biographies in John Howie's Scots Worthies. He was regarded as a man of strong religious convictions and piety. In 1664 he was banished for listening to ministers who lacked a government licence, both at his mother's house and in the woods. He arrived at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge after the fighting was over and, hesitating to surrender, was shot.
Ferdinando Arborio Gattinara di Breme
Ferdinando Arborio Gattinara di Breme (or François de Brême, or François Gattineau de Brême,  or Ferdinando Arborio di Gattinara), Duc de Sartirana Lomellina, marquis de Breme (30 April 1807 in Milan – 23 January 1869 in Florence) was an Italian naturalist and entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera and Diptera. 
He was a "sénateur" of the Société entomologique de France and president of that society in 1844.

Société entomologique de France
The Société entomologique de France (French pronunciation: [sɔsjete ɑ̃tɔmɔlɔʒik də fʁɑ̃s]), or French Entomological Society, is devoted to the study of insects. The society was founded in 1832 in Paris, France.

The society was created by eighteen Parisian entomologists on 31 January 1832. The first (honorary) president was Pierre André Latreille (1762–1833) who was elected unanimously and established the goal of the society to contribute to and progress the development of entomology in all its aspects. The main publications of the society are Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, Annales de la Société entomologique de France and, for a few years, L'Entomologiste, Revue d'Amateurs. The library contains 15,000 volumes and 1,500 titles of old or current literature.
Mnombo Zwelendaba
Mnombo Zwelendaba (born 21 February 2000) is a South African professional rugby union player for the Griquas in the Currie Cup. His regular position is centre.

Zwelendaba was named in the Western Province side for the 2022 Currie Cup Premier Division. He made his Currie Cup debut for the Western Province against the Golden Lions in Round 1 of the 2022 Currie Cup Premier Division.

Griquas (rugby union)
Griquas (Afrikaans: Griekwas), known as the Suzuki Griquas for sponsorship reasons, are a South African professional rugby union team based in Kimberley in Northern Cape, that participates in the annual Currie Cup tournament. Their home ground is Griqua Park in Kimberley and they draw their players mostly from Northern Cape Province. They have won the Currie Cup four times – in 1899, 1911, 1970, and 2025 – and the Vodacom Cup a joint-record five times.
TC0
In theoretical computer science, and specifically computational complexity theory and circuit complexity, TC0 (Threshold Circuit) is the first class in the hierarchy of TC classes. TC0 contains all languages which are decided by Boolean circuits with constant depth and polynomial size, containing only unbounded fan-in AND gates, OR gates, NOT gates, and MAJ gates, or equivalently, threshold gates.

TC0 contains several important problems, such as sorting n n-bit numbers, multiplying two n-bit numbers, integer division or recognizing the Dyck language with multiple types of parentheses. It is commonly used to model the computational complexity of bounded-depth neural networks, and indeed, it was originally proposed for this purpose.

Dyck language
In the theory of formal languages of computer science, mathematics, and linguistics, a Dyck word is a balanced string of brackets. The set of Dyck words forms a Dyck language. The simplest, Dyck-1, uses just two matching brackets, e.g. ( and ).

Dyck words and language are named after the mathematician Walther von Dyck. They have applications in the parsing of expressions that must have a correctly nested sequence of brackets, such as arithmetic or algebraic expressions.